# 罪惡
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zuì'è
    (Zhuyin): ㄗㄨㄟˋ ㄜˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zeoi$^6$ ok$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhui-ok
* Eastern Min (BUC): cô̤i-áuk
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chōe-ok / chǒe-ok
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zuê$^6$ ag$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zuì'è
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄨㄟˋ ㄜˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zuèi-è
*** Wade–Giles: tsui$^4$-o$^4$
*** Yale: dzwèi-è
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzueyeh
*** Palladius: цзуйэ (czujɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡su̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ˀɤ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zeoi$^6$ ok$^3$
*** Yale: jeuih ok
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzoey$^6$ ok$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zêu$^6$ og$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɵy̯²² ɔːk̚³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhui-ok
*** Hakka Romanization System: cui og$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cui$^4$ og$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰu̯i⁵⁵ ok̚²/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cô̤i-áuk
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡søy²⁴²⁻⁵³ ɑuʔ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chōe-ok
*** Tâi-lô: tsuē-ok
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zoexog
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sue³³⁻¹¹ ɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sue³³⁻²¹ ɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡sue²²⁻²¹ ɔk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chǒe-ok
*** Tâi-lô: tsuě-ok
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sue²² ɔk̚⁵/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: zuê$^6$ ag$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsuĕ ak
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sue³⁵⁻¹¹ ak̚²/
* Middle Chinese: dzwojX 'ak
Rime :
| Character | 罪 | 惡 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 從 (15) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 灰 (42) | 鐸 (103) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 徂賄切 | 烏各切 |
| Baxter | dzwojX | 'ak |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡zuʌi$^X$/ | /ʔɑk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡zuoi$^X$/ | /ʔɑk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡zuɒi$^X$/ | /ʔɑk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡zwəj$^X$/ | /ʔak̚/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡zuᴀi$^X$/ | /ʔɑk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡zuɒi$^X$/ | /ɑk̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /d͡zʱuɑ̆i$^X$/ | /ʔɑk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zuì | e |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zeoi$^6$ | ok$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[dz]ˤujʔ ʔˤak/
    (Zhengzhang): /*zuːlʔ qaːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 罪 | 惡 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zuì | è |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzwoj$^X$ › | ‹ ʔak › |
| Old Chinese | /*[dz]ˁujʔ/ | /*ʔˁak/ |
| English | crime, offense | bad, ugly |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 罪 | 惡 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 3/3 |
| No. | 17981 | 14220 |
| Phonetic component | 罪 | 亞 |
| Rime group | 微 | 鐸 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 辠 | 惡 |
| Old Chinese | /*zuːlʔ/ | /*qaːɡ/ |
| Notes | 同辠 | |

### Noun

罪惡
* crime; evil; sin (Classifier: 樁／桩 m)

#### Synonyms

* 罪過／罪过 (zuìguò)

#### Derived terms

* 罪惡如山／罪恶如山
* 罪惡感／罪恶感 (zuì'ègǎn)
* 罪惡昭彰／罪恶昭彰
* 罪惡昭著／罪恶昭著 (zuì'èzhāozhù)
* 罪惡深重／罪恶深重
* 罪惡滔天／罪恶滔天
* 罪惡貫盈／罪恶贯盈 (zuì'è guànyíng)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 罪悪(ざいあく) (zaiaku)
* → Korean: 죄악(罪惡) (joeak)
* → Vietnamese: tội ác (罪惡)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 罪 | 惡 |
| ざい Grade: 5 | あく Jinmeiyō |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [d͡za̠ia̠kɯ̟]

### Noun

罪(ざい)惡(あく) • (zaiaku)
* Kyūjitai form of 罪悪 (“crime; sin”)

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 罪 | 惡 |

### Noun

罪惡 • (joeak) (hangeul 죄악)
* hanja form of 죄악 (“vice; crime; sin”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 罪 | 惡 |

### Noun

罪惡
* chữ Hán form of tội ác (“crime; serious offence; vice”).