# 地獄
## Chinese

* 地獄 (Written Standard Chinese)
* Diyu (English)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): dìyù
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄧˋ ㄩˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): dei$^6$ juk$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thi-ngiu̍k
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tē-ge̍k / tōe-ge̍k / tē-ga̍k / tōe-ga̍k / tē-gio̍k
    (Teochew, Peng'im): di$^7$ ghêg$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$di-gnioq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dìyù
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄧˋ ㄩˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dìyù
*** Wade–Giles: ti$^4$-yü$^4$
*** Yale: dì-yù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dihyuh
*** Palladius: диюй (dijuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ y⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$地域 地獄／地狱
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: dei$^6$ juk$^6$
*** Yale: deih yuhk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dei$^6$ juk$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: déi$^6$ yug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /tei̯²² jʊk̚²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thi-ngiu̍k
*** Hakka Romanization System: ti ngiug
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ti$^4$ ngiug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰi⁵⁵ ŋi̯uk̚⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tē-ge̍k
*** Tâi-lô: tē-gi̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dexgek
*** IPA (Xiamen): /te²²⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /te³³⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tōe-ge̍k
*** Tâi-lô: tuē-gi̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: doexgek
*** IPA (Taipei): /tue³³⁻¹¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tē-ga̍k
*** Tâi-lô: tē-ga̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dexgak
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /te⁴¹⁻²² ɡak̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /te³³⁻²¹ ɡak̚⁴/
** (Hokkien: Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tōe-ga̍k
*** Tâi-lô: tuē-ga̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: doexgak
*** IPA (Taipei): /tue³³⁻¹¹ ɡak̚⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tē-gio̍k
*** Tâi-lô: tē-gio̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dexgiok
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /te²²⁻²¹ ɡiɔk̚¹²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: di$^7$ ghêg$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tī ge̍k
*** Sinological IPA : /ti¹¹ ɡek̚⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$di-gnioq
*** MiniDict: di$^去$ nyoh
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$di-nyioq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /di²² n̠ʲioʔ⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: dijH ngjowk
Rime :
| Character | 地 | 獄 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 脂 (15) | 燭 (8) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 徒四切 | 魚欲切 |
| Baxter | dijH | ngjowk |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /diɪ$^H$/ | /ŋɨok̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /di$^H$/ | /ŋiok̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /djɪ$^H$/ | /ŋiok̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /di$^H$/ | /ŋuawk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /di$^H$/ | /ŋiok̚/ |
| Wang Li | /di$^H$/ | /ŋĭwok̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /dʱi$^H$/ | /ŋi̯wok̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dì | yù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | dei$^6$ | juk$^6$ |

### Noun

地獄
* (religion) hell; underworld; inferno
    From: 阿彌陀經通贊疏
    Dìyù zhě, fàn yún nàluòjiā, cǐ yún kǔ qì, shòukǔ zhòngshēng suǒ jū qìwù. [Pinyin]
    Hells are termed in Sanskrit "naraka", meaning "receptacle of suffering". They are a receptacle in which living beings who suffer reside.
* (figurative) hell on earth

#### Antonyms

* 天堂 (tiāntáng)

#### Derived terms

* 下地獄／下地狱
* 人間地獄／人间地狱 (rénjiān dìyù)
* 十八層地獄／十八层地狱
* 叫喚地獄／叫唤地狱 (jiàohuàn dìyù)
* 我不入地獄，誰入地獄／我不入地狱，谁入地狱 (wǒ bù rù dìyù, shéi rù dìyù)
* 拔舌地獄／拔舌地狱
* 活地獄／活地狱 (huódìyù)
* 酒食地獄／酒食地狱
* 阿呼地獄／阿呼地狱
* 阿鼻地獄／阿鼻地狱 (ābí dìyù)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 地(じ)獄(ごく) (jigoku)
* → Korean: 지옥(地獄) (jiok)
* → Vietnamese: địa ngục (地獄)

### Adjective

地獄
* (Internet slang, neologism, of jokes, memes or gags) having a punchline that is built upon other's misfortune or disabilities, such that one would go to hell after comprehending the joke (see hellish gag); cursed
    地獄哏／地狱哏 ― dìyùgén ― dark humor

#### Derived terms

* 地獄哏／地狱哏 (dìyùgén)

### Further reading

* Ding, Fubao (丁福保) (1922), “地獄” in 佛學大辭典 [A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms].

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 地 | 獄 |
| じ Grade: 2 | ごく Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 地獄 (diɪᴴ ŋɨok̚), literally “(under)ground prison”). Compare modern Min Nan reading tē-gio̍k, or Hakka thi-ngiu̍k.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) じごく [jìgókúꜜ] (Odaka –)
* (Tokyo) じごく [jìgókú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [d͡ʑiɡo̞kɯ̟]

### Noun

地(じ)獄(ごく) • (jigoku)
* hell
    地(じ)獄(ごく)に堕(お)ちる
       jigoku ni ochiru
       to fall into hell; to go to hell
** 1999 March 1, “ヘルゲート・ディーグ [Hellgate Deeg]”, in BOOSTER 1, Konami:
    おなかに地(じ)獄(ごく)へ通(つう)じる扉(とびら)があり、召(しょう)還(かん)もできる不(ぶ)気(き)味(み)なモンスター。
       Onaka ni jigoku e tsūjiru tobira ga ari, shōkan mo dekiru bukimi na monsutā.
       A weird monster that can summon allies through the gateway to hell on its belly.

#### Synonyms

* 奈(な)落(らく) (naraku): (Buddhism): hell

#### Antonyms

* 天(てん)国(ごく) (tengoku): heaven
* 天(てん)上(じょう) (tenjō): heaven
* 浄(じょう)土(ど) (jōdo): the pure land

#### Derived terms

* 地(じ)獄(ごく)道(どう) (jigokudō): (Buddhism): Hell; one of the six planes of existence in the cycle of samsara.
* 地(じ)獄(ごく)も住(すみ)処(か) (jigoku mo sumika, “even hell can be home”)

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 地 | 獄 |

### Noun

地獄 • (jiok) (hangeul 지옥)
* hanja form of 지옥 (“hell”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 地 | 獄 |

### Noun

地獄
* chữ Hán form of địa ngục (“hell”).