# -ut
## Catalan
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin -ūtus.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈut]

### Suffix

-ut (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -uta, masculine plural -uts, feminine plural -utes)
* forms the past participle of most second-conjugation verbs
* forms adjectives from nouns that indicate an abundance

#### Derived terms
### Further reading

* “-ut”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
* “-ut” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.

## Finnish
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-ut.

#### Suffix

-ut (front vowel harmony variant -yt, linguistic notation -Ut)
* (chiefly poetic) Forms diminutive nouns.
* (usually poetic or literary) Forms some adjectives.

##### Usage notes

No longer productive. May include a preceding -h- when inserted after a vowel, which could be by analogy with the weak stem of -as.

##### Declension

Possessive forms of -ut (Kotus type 43/ohut, no gradation) :
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives. :

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

-ut (front vowel harmony variant -yt, linguistic notation -Ut)
* Alternative form of -nut

##### Usage notes

* Used for the following conjugation classes:
   * rohkaista (66)
   * tulla (67)
   * juosta (70)
   * (irregular) olla; seistä

##### Declension

Possessive forms of -ut (Kotus type 47/kuollut, no gradation) :
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives. :

### References

* ↑ Hakulinen, Lauri. 1941–2000. Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys ('The Structure and Development of the Finnish Language'). Helsinki: Otava/Helsingin yliopisto.

### Anagrams

* -tu

## Ingrian
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-ut. Cognates include Finnish -ut and Karelian -ut.

#### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /-ut/, [-ud]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /-ut/, [-ud̥]

#### Suffix

-ut (front vowel variant -yt)
* Used to form diminutive nouns.

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /-ut/, [-ud]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /-ut/, [-ud̥]

#### Suffix

-ut
* second-person singular indicative present of -ua

### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Pronunciation

* (Ala-Laukaa) IPA: /-ut/, [-ud]
* (Soikkola) IPA: /-ut/, [-ud̥]

#### Suffix

-ut
* nominative plural of -u

## Northern Sami
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

### Suffix

-ut
* Forms verbs from adjectives, meaning "to become, to become more".
* Forms verbs from adjectives, meaning "to act -ish, -ly", or from nouns, meaning "to act with, to act like".

#### Usage notes

* This suffix triggers the strong grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

#### Derived terms
## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Alternative forms

* -et (introduced as bracket form in the 1938 spelling reform, given equal status in 1959, and made non-standard in 2012)
* -ete (introduced with the 1959 spelling reform, became sole standard form in 2012)

### Etymology

From Old Norse -óttr. This was the form used by Aasen.

### Suffix

-ut
* forms adjectives from nouns ((pre-2012) alternative form of -ete)
    ‎båre + ‎-ut → ‎bårut
** 1863, Ivar Aasen, Nordmannen (3rd verse)
    Han saag ut paa det baarutte Havet; der var ruskutt aa leggja ut paa.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Derived terms
## Old Irish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ut/

### Suffix

-ut (suffixed pronoun)
* you (accusative singular), thee

#### See also

See Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used. Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.

## Romanian
### Etymology

Inherited from Latin -ūtus.

### Suffix

-ut
* Used with a stem to mark the past participle of second-conjugation verbs and regular third-conjugation verbs.
    ‎pierde (“lose”) + ‎-ut → ‎pierdut (“lost”)

#### Further reading

* Appendix:Romanian verb conjugation#Conjugation types: "some type 3 verbs have past participles ending in -ut"
* Carmen Dobrovie-Sorin, Ion Giurgea (eds.), A Reference Grammar of Romanian. Volume 1: The noun phrase, [Linguistik Aktuell / Linguistics Today 207], 2013, p. 665:
    "The supine suffix is identical to the suffix of the (passive) participle. [...] -ut (ține/ținut 'keep/keeping') [...]"
* Ramona Gönczöl, Romanian: An Essential Grammar, 2nd edition 2021 (1st ed. 2007), p. 105:
    "Conjugation 9 [...] Verbs in this conjugation have past participles that end in -ut [...]"