# 耐

| 耐 | U+8010, &#32784; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8010 |
| ← 耏 [U+800F] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 耑 → [U+8011] |

## Translingual
### Han character

耐 (Kangxi radical 126, 而+3, 9 strokes, cangjie input 一月木戈 (MBDI), four-corner 1420$_0$, composition ⿰而寸)

#### Derived characters

* 𭱈, 𪹅

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 962, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28879
* Dae Jaweon: page 1409, character 24
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2811, character 3
* Unihan data for U+8010

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 耐 | *nɯːs |
| 耏 | *nɯːs, *njɯ |
| 而 | *njɯ |
| 鮞 | *njɯ, *njuɡ |
| 鴯 | *njɯ |
| 栭 | *njɯ |
| 陑 | *njɯ |
| 峏 | *njɯ |
| 輀 | *njɯ |
| 胹 | *njɯ |
| 洏 | *njɯ |
| 髵 | *njɯ |
| 恧 | *nɯɡ, *nuɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *nɯːs) : phonetic 而 (OC *njɯ) + semantic 寸.

### Etymology 1

STEDT compares this to 難 (OC *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns) and Proto-Tibeto-Burman *na-n/t (“ill, pain, sore, ache, difficult, evil spirit”)

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): nài (nai$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄋㄞˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): noi$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): nai
* Eastern Min (BUC): nâi / ngài
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): nai$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): nāi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): nai$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: nài
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: nài
*** Wade–Giles: nai$^4$
*** Yale: nài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nay
*** Palladius: най (naj)
*** Sinological IPA : /naɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: noi$^6$
*** Yale: noih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: noi$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: noi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /nɔːi̯²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nai
*** Hakka Romanization System: nai
*** Hagfa Pinyim: nai$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /nai̯⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: nâi / ngài
*** Sinological IPA : /nˡɑi²⁴²/, /ŋai⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: nai$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /nai²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nāi
*** Tâi-lô: nāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: nai
*** IPA (Xiamen): /nãi²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /nãi⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /nãi²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /nãi³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /nãi³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: nai$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: năi
*** Sinological IPA : /nai³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: nojH
Rime :
| Character | 耐 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 泥 (8) |
| Final (韻) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 奴代切 |
| Baxter | nojH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /nʌi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /nəi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /nɒi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /nəj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /nᴀi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /nɒi$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /nɑ̆i$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | nài |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | noi$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*nˤə-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*nɯːs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 耐 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | nài |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ noj$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*nˁə-s/ |
| English | endure |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 耐 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 2718 |
| Phonetic component | 而 |
| Rime group | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 耐 |
| Old Chinese | /*nɯːs/ |
| Notes | 說文同耏 |

#### Definitions

耐
* to be durable; to be able to withstand
    耐火 ― nàihuǒ ― fire resistant
* to bear; to endure
    吃苦耐勞／吃苦耐劳 ― chīkǔnàiláo ― (literally) to consume bitterness and to endure hardship
* (Cantonese, of time) long; taking a long time to happen
       ngo$^5$ ji$^5$ ging$^1$ dang$^2$ zo$^2$ hou$^2$ noi$^6$ aa$^3$! [Jyutping]
       I've already waited forever!
       gaa$^3$ baa$^1$ si$^{6-2}$ gam$^3$ noi$^6$ dou$^1$ mei$^6$ lai$^4$ gaa$^3$? [Jyutping]
       Why is the bus taking so long to arrive?
* (literary) to be worth; to merit; to deserve; to be worthy of
* (literary) suitable; appropriate
* (literary) an ancient punishment involving shaving one's beard and temples

##### Synonyms

* (to bear):
* 克服 (kèfú)
* 包容 (bāoróng)
* 受
* 含 (literary, or in compounds)
* 容忍 (róngrěn)
* 忍 (rěn)
* 忍受 (rěnshòu)
* 忍耐 (rěnnài)
* 打限 (Malaysia, Singapore)
* 消受 (xiāoshòu)
* (long):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 久 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 久 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 久 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 久 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 久 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 耐 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 耐 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) | 耐 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 久 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 久 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 耐 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 久 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 耐 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 耐 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 久 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 久 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 久 |
| Hakka | Boluo (Bendihua) | 久 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 久 |
| Hakka | Longchuan (Tuocheng Bendihua) | 久 |
| Hakka | Heping (Linzhai Bendihua) | 久 |
| Hakka | Lianping (Longjie Bendihua) | 久 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 久 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 久 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 久 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 久 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 久 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 久 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 久 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 久 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 久 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 𣆯 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 𣆯 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 𣆯 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 𣆯 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 長久 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 𣆯 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 𣆯 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 長遠 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 長遠 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 久 |
| Eastern Min | Singapore (Fuqing) | 𣆯 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 久 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 久 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 久 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 久 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 久 GT |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 久 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 久 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 久 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 久 |
| Southern Min | Raoping | 久 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 久 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 久 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 久 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 久 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 久 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 久 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 久 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 久 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 久長 |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no particular region identified) | GT - General Taiwanese (no particular region identified) |
* (to be worth):
* 值得
* 值當／值当 (zhídàng) (Mandarin, colloquial, including Jin)
* 犯 (fàn)
* 足 (literary, or in compounds)
* (suitable):
* 一定 (yīdìng)
* 停當／停当 (tíngdàng)
* 允 (literary, or in compounds)
* 允當／允当 (yǔndàng) (literary)
* 剛好／刚好 (gānghǎo)
* 合宜 (héyí)
* 合手 (héshǒu)
* 合用 (héyòng) (literary or Min Nan)
* 合適／合适 (héshì)
* 啱 (ngaam$^1$) (Cantonese, Hakka)
* 妥 (tuǒ)
* 妥善 (tuǒshàn)
* 妥實／妥实 (tuǒshí)
* 妥帖 (tuǒtiē)
* 妥當／妥当
* 安帖 (āntiē)
* 定當／定当 (dìngdàng)
* 對勁／对劲 (duìjìn) (colloquial)
* 對路／对路 (duìlù) (colloquial)
* 對頭／对头
* 得宜 (déyí) (literary)
* 得當／得当 (dédàng)
* 得體／得体 (détǐ)
* 恰當／恰当 (qiàdàng)
* 拄仔好 (Hokkien)
* 拄好 (Hokkien)
* 的當／的当 (dídàng)
* 相宜 (xiāngyí)
* 相當／相当 (xiāngdāng)
* 貼切／贴切 (tiēqiè)
* 適合／适合 (shìhé)
* 適宜／适宜 (shìyí)
* 適用／适用 (shìyòng)
* 適當／适当 (shìdàng)
* 適量／适量 (shìliàng)
* 配合

#### Compounds

* 不可耐
* 不寧不耐／不宁不耐
* 不耐 (bùnài)
* 不耐心煩／不耐心烦
* 不耐煩／不耐烦 (bùnàifán)
* 俗不可耐 (súbùkěnài)
* 刻苦耐勞／刻苦耐劳
* 口耐
* 可耐
* 叵耐 (pǒnài)
* 吃苦耐勞／吃苦耐劳 (chīkǔnàiláo)
* 守耐
* 容耐
* 寧耐／宁耐
* 尀耐
* 忍耐 (rěnnài)
* 忍苦耐勞／忍苦耐劳
* 急不可耐
* 按耐
* 挨耐
* 施耐庵
* 末耐何
* 沒耐煩／没耐烦
* 爭耐／争耐
* 禁耐
* 等耐
* 美耐板 (měinàibǎn)
* 美耐皿 (měinàimǐn)
* 耐不住
* 耐久 (nàijiǔ)
* 耐久品
* 耐久朋
* 耐久財／耐久财
* 耐事
* 耐人咀嚼
* 耐人尋味／耐人寻味 (nàirénxúnwèi)
* 耐何
* 耐儲大蒜／耐储大蒜
* 耐冬
* 耐力 (nàilì)
* 耐勞／耐劳 (nàiláo)
* 耐可
* 耐官
* 耐寒 (nàihán)
* 耐實／耐实
* 耐心 (nàixīn)
* 耐心煩兒／耐心烦儿
* 耐心耐意
* 耐心耐腸／耐心耐肠
* 耐性 (nàixìng)
* 耐戰／耐战
* 耐撞
* 耐旱 (nàihàn)
* 耐朵
* 耐格
* 耐水
* 耐火 (nàihuǒ)
* 耐火材料
* 耐火磚／耐火砖
* 耐煩／耐烦 (nàifán)
* 耐熱／耐热 (nàirè)
* 耐用 (nàiyòng)
* 耐痛
* 耐看 (nàikàn)
* 耐磨
* 耐童兒／耐童儿
* 耐篤／耐笃
* 耐綸／耐纶
* 耐罪
* 耐肏 (nàicào)
* 耐苦
* 耐著性子
* 耐辛苦
* 耐辱
* 耐辱居士
* 耐酸 (nàisuān)
* 耐震 (nàizhèn)
* 耐静
* 耐靜／耐静
* 耐面
* 耐頭／耐头
* 耐飽／耐饱
* 耐龍／耐龙
* 能耐 (néngnài)
* 詎耐／讵耐
* 難耐／难耐
* 頗耐／颇耐

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): néng (neng$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄋㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): nang$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: néng
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: néng
*** Wade–Giles: nêng$^2$
*** Yale: néng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: neng
*** Palladius: нэн (nɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /nɤŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: nang$^4$
*** Yale: nàhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: nang$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: neng$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /nɐŋ²¹/

#### Definitions

耐
* Alternative form of 能 (“to be able to”)

### Etymology 3

* For pronunciation and definitions of 耐 – see 倷 (“you; you; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 倷).

### References

* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “耐”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 162.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* to withstand

#### Readings

* Go-on: ない (nai)、のう (nō)
* Kan-on: だい (dai)、どう (dō)
* Kan’yō-on: たい (tai, Jōyō)
* Kun: たえる (taeru, 耐える, Jōyō)

## Korean
### Hanja

耐 (eumhun 견딜 내 (gyeondil nae))
* hanja form of 내 (“endure, bear”)
* hanja form of 내 (“resist”)
* hanja form of 내 (“patient”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

耐: Hán Việt readings: nại
耐: Nôm readings: nại, nề, nài
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

### References

* 1 2 3 Trần (2004).
* 1 2 3 Hồ (1976).