# Xi'an
## English
### Alternative forms

* Xian (sometimes proscribed)
* Sian, Sianfu, Hsian, Hsi-an, Hsi-an-fu, Singan, Si-ngan, Si-ngan-fou (obsolete)

### Etymology

The atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 西安 (Xī'ān), usually glossed as meaning "Western Peace" but inclusive of the idea of "Western Pacification" or "Pacified Area", first adopted under the Ming Dynasty in 1369 as the city was conquered from the Yuan and protected with a new wall. An apostrophe is usually required in pinyin to mark any non-initial syllable beginning with a, o, or e in a multi-syllable word. (See 隔音符號／隔音符号 (géyīn fúhào) for more.) In this case, the apostrophe happens to distinguish the two separate syllables of xī and ān from the monosyllabic words xiān, xián, xiǎn, and xiàn.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈʃiˈæn/, /ˈʃiːˈɑːn/, enPR: sēʹǎnʹ, shēʹänʹ

### Proper noun

Xi'an
* The provincial capital of Shaanxi, China; a subprovincial city in central China famed as the former capital of numerous Chinese dynasties, also known as Chang'an among other historical names.
** 1984 January, Nina Hyde, “The Queen of Textiles”, in National Geographic‎, volume 165, number 1, page 30:THE SILK ROAD was actually a perilous network of routes. It was hazardous to monks and pilgrims carrying Buddhist teachings between India and China and even more hazardous to traders, who intended to exchange gold, wool, horses, jade, and glass for silk. The road started in what is now Xi'an, in Shaanxi Province, traversed a barren crust of earth through treacherous mountains and desert across Central Asia to Antioch and Tyre; the last lap, to Europe and Egypt, was by water to other Mediterranean ports.
** 2005, Bill Clinton, My Life‎, volume II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 434:We began the trip at the ancient capital of Xi'an, where the Chinese put on an elaborate and beautiful welcoming ceremony. The next day we had the opportunity to walk among the rows of the famous terra-cotta warriors, and to have a roundtable discussion with Chinese citizens in the small village of Xiahe.
** 2010, Walter Mondale, David Hage, The Good Fight: A Life in Liberal Politics‎, Scribner, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 220:Then on Wednesday, after our formal talks concluded, Joan, Eleanor, and I traveled to the ancient city of Xi'an, home of the extraordinary exhibit of terra-cotta soldiers.
** 2016 October 28, Edward Wong, Vanessa Piao, “When China Wants Better Air Readings, Cotton Does the Trick”, in The New York Times‎, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 30 October 2016, Asia Pacific‎:The scheme was simple: Stuff cotton into air-monitoring equipment so that the air being read would be filtered and seem cleaner. The people doing this to produce better — but false — air-quality readings in Xi’an, the provincial capital of Shaanxi, got away with it for months, until inspectors noticed irregularities in the data.
** 2023 March 31, Didi Tang, “Terracotta Army’s broken arms may solve mystery of its creation”, in The Times‎, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 31 March 2023‎:Quite how the other 7,999 or so warriors — each about 6ft tall and weighing just over 28 stone — were made more than 2,000 years ago, however, has long been a subject of debate, with experts questioning how the intricately carved figures could have been produced on site in Xi’an, northwestern China.
** For more quotations using this term, see Citations:Xi'an.
* A district of Liaoyuan, Jilin, China.
** 2009 October 10, “Human Rights”, in Congressional-Executive Commission on China Annual Report 2009‎, Congressional-Executive Commission on China, page 126:In February 2009, the Xi’an District People’s Court in Liaoyuan city, Jilin province, reported that when preparing for a trial involving Falun Gong and other “cult organizations,” the court must first “petition” the municipal 6-10 Office, and only after receiving an affirmative response is the court then permitted to hear the case.
** 2012, Qing Chang, Xue Li, “Land Destruction Extent Assessment Based on RS and GIS in Liaoyuan Mining Area, China”, in 2012 2nd International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering‎, Nanjing, →DOI, →ISBN, →OCLC, archived from the original on July 03, 2024, pages 1–4‎:In 2008, Liaoyuan became one of twelve important cities for the economic […] study, the Xi’an district was chosen as the study area considering the distribution characteristics in Liaoyuan.
** 2021 February [2020], Ming Zhang, Colin G. Farquharson, Changsheng Liu, “Improved controlled source audio-frequency magnetotelluric method apparent resistivity pseudo-sections based on the frequency and frequency–spatial gradients of electromagnetic fields”, in Geophysical Prospecting‎, volume 69, number 2, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on June 30, 2024, pages 486, 489:In order to further assess the performance and demonstrate the effectiveness of the improved controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric (CSAMT) apparent resistivity pseudo-sections method based on the gradients of frequency-domain controlled-source electromagnetic fields in a practical survey, we present a real data example from the coal mining area of Xi’an District, Liaoyuan City, Jilin Province, China. Liaoyuan City is located in the south of Jilin Province (Fig. 11a), and the survey area is located immediately to the northwest of Liaoyuan City. […] Furthermore, the practicability of the proposed imaging method for real-life situations was assessed by its application to field data acquired in the coal mining area of Xi’an District, Liaoyuan City, Jilin Province, China.
** For more quotations using this term, see Citations:Xi'an.

#### Synonyms

* Feng, Fengjing, Hao, Haojing, Fenghao, Zongzhou, Daxing, Chang'an, Fengyuan, Anxi, Jingzhao, Xijing (historical)

#### Translations
### References

* ↑ “Selected Glossary”, in The Cambridge Encyclopedia of China‎, Cambridge University Press, 1982, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 476, 479: “The glossary includes a selection of names and terms from the text in the Wade-Giles transliteration, followed by Pinyin, […] Hsi-an (Xi'an) 西安”
* ↑ Leon E. Seltzer, editor (1952), “Sian or Hsi-an”, in The Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World‎, Morningside Heights, NY: Columbia University Press, →OCLC, page 1760, column 1: “Sian or Hsi-an (both: sēʹǎnʹ, Chinese shēʹänʹ). 1 […] Briefly called Peifeng, 1947–49. 2 […] Formerly spelled Singan.”

### Further reading

* Saul B. Cohen, editor (1998), “Xi'an”, in The Columbia Gazetteer of the World‎, volume 3, New York: Columbia University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 3501, column 1
* “Xi'an”, in Collins English Dictionary.
* Xi'an, Xian, Hsian, Hsi-an, Sian, Singan at the Google Books Ngram Viewer.
* “Xi’an”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.
* “Xi'an” in TheFreeDictionary.com, Huntingdon Valley, Pa.: Farlex, Inc., 2003–2024.

### Anagrams

* Axin, Naxi, axin