# 北平
## Chinese

* 北平 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 北平郡 (Written Standard Chinese)

### Etymology

From 北 (běi, “north”) + 平 (píng, “peace, pacification”), used in the sense of pacified or conquered territory.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Běipíng
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄟˇ ㄆㄧㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bak$^1$ ping$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Pak-pêng
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Běipíng
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄟˇ ㄆㄧㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Běipíng
*** Wade–Giles: Pei$^3$-pʻing$^2$
*** Yale: Běi-píng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Beeipyng
*** Palladius: Бэйпин (Bɛjpin)
*** Sinological IPA : /peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bak$^1$ ping$^4$
*** Yale: bāk pìhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bak$^7$ ping$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: beg$^1$ ping$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɐk̚⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Pak-pêng
*** Tâi-lô: Pak-pîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pakpeeng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /pak̚³²⁻⁴ piɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ piɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pak̚³²⁻⁵ piɪŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /pak̚³²⁻⁴ piɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pak̚³²⁻⁴ piɪŋ²³/
* Middle Chinese: pok bjaeng
Rime :
| Character | 北 | 平 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) | 並 (3) |
| Final (韻) | 德 (131) | 庚 (111) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 博墨切 | 符兵切 |
| Baxter | pok | bjaeng |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pək̚/ | /bˠiæŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pək̚/ | /bᵚiaŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /pək̚/ | /biaŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /pək̚/ | /biajŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /pək̚/ | /biɐŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /pək̚/ | /bĭɐŋ/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /pək̚/ | /bʱi̯ɐŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bo | píng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | bak$^1$ | ping$^4$ |

### Proper noun

北平
* (～郡) (historical) Beiping, Peiping (an ancient commandery in present-day Baoding, Hebei, China)
* (historical) Beiping/Peiping (the name of Beijing during the early Ming dynasty, between its conquest by the Hongwu emperor and its renaming by the Yongle emperor)
* (～市) (historical or dated Taiwan officialese) Beiping/Peiping (the name of Beijing during the early 20th century when the Republic of China removed its capital to Nanking)
** Apr 1931, Lao She, “一些印象”, in 齊大月刊, volume 1, number 6, pages 555–557:
       Duìyú yīge zài Běipíng zhù guàn de rén, xiàng wǒ, dōngtiān yào shì bù guā dàfēng, biàn juéde shì qíjì; Jǐnán de dōng tiān shì méiyǒu fēngshēng de. [Pinyin]
       For someone like me who is accustomed to living in Beiping, if there is no strong wind in winter, it feels like a miracle; in Jinan, the winter is without the sound of wind.
    From: 1976 September 10, in China Times
    dàjiān jùduì èguànmǎnyíng Máo fěi Zédōng bìmìng Běipíng [Pinyin]
    Criminal Traitor Mao Bandit Tsetung Dies in Peiping
    From: 1986, Qian Gang, 《唐山大地震》 [The Great Tangshan Earthquake]
    7 yuè 28 rì […] 1937 nián Rìběn zhànlǐng Zhōngguó Běipíng [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: 1986, Qian Gang, 《唐山大地震》 [The Great Tangshan Earthquake]
    Zhōngguó Táiběi “Zhōngyāng Qìxiàngjú” chēng: Yángmíng Shān ānbù de dìzhènyí cè dào Dàlù běibù de qiángliè dìzhèn, guīmó wèi 8 jí. Zhènzhōng zài “Běipíng” dōngbù 135 gōnglǐ fùjìn. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Usage notes

In the third sense, the most common English usage is Peiping, Pei-ping, or Pei-p'ing, all based on the Wade-Giles romanization of Chinese characters which was more commonly used in English during this period of Chinese history.

#### Synonyms

* (Beijing): 北京 (Běijīng), (literary, or ironic, humorous) 帝都 (dìdū), (historical, archaic) 燕京 (Yānjīng)

#### Derived terms

* 北平烤鴨／北平烤鸭 (Běipíng kǎoyā)

#### Descendants

* → English: Peiping
* → Japanese: 北平(ペーピン) (pēpin)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 北 | 平 |
| Grade: 2 | Grade: 3 |
* Alternative spelling
* ペーピン

### Etymology

From Mandarin 北平 (Běipíng, “Beiping”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [pe̞ːpʲĩɴ]

### Proper noun

北平(ペーピン) • (Pēpin)
* (historical) Beiping, a former name of Beijing.

#### Usage notes

Note that Chinese sources use Beiping for the name of Beijing during its Japanese occupation amid the Second Sino-Japanese War; Japan, however, formally restored the name Beijing (北京, Pekin) during this period in an attempt to legitimize the Chinese state it established there.