# 雖然
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): suīrán, suírán
       (Zhuyin): ㄙㄨㄟ ㄖㄢˊ, ㄙㄨㄟˊ ㄖㄢˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xu$^1$ ran$^2$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): суйжан (suyřan, I-I)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): seoi$^1$ jin$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): lhui$^1$ ngen$^{3*}$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sûi-yèn / sûi-yàn
    (Hailu, HRS): sui$^ˋ$ rhan
    (Meixian, Guangdong): sui$^1$ yan$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): chŭi-iòng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sui-liân / sui-jiân
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sui$^1$ riêng$^5$ / sui$^1$ riang$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$soe-zoe
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: suīrán
*** Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄟ ㄖㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sueirán
*** Wade–Giles: sui$^1$-jan$^2$
*** Yale: swēi-rán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sueiran
*** Palladius: суйжань (sujžanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ ʐän³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, variant in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: suírán → suíran (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄟˊ ㄖㄢˊ → ㄙㄨㄟˊ ˙ㄖㄢ (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Tongyong Pinyin: suéirån
*** Wade–Giles: sui$^2$-jan$^5$
*** Yale: swéi-ran
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: swei.ran
*** Palladius: суйжань (sujžanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /su̯eɪ̯³⁵ ʐän³⁵/ → /su̯eɪ̯³⁵ ʐän³/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: xu$^1$ ran$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xyrhan
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕy⁵⁵ zan²¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: суйжан (suyřan, I-I)
*** Sinological IPA : /suei²⁴ ʐæ̃²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: seoi$^1$ jin$^4$
*** Yale: sēui yìhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: soey$^1$ jin$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sêu$^1$ yin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɵy̯⁵⁵ jiːn²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: lhui$^1$ ngen$^{3*}$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬui³³ ᵑɡen²²⁻²²⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sûi-yèn
*** Hakka Romanization System: sui$^ˊ$ ien$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: sui$^1$ yan$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /su̯i²⁴ i̯en¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sûi-yàn
*** Hakka Romanization System: sui$^ˊ$ (r)ian$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: sui$^1$ yan$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /su̯i²⁴ (j)i̯an¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: sui$^ˋ$ rhan
*** Sinological IPA: /sui⁵³ ʒan⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: sui$^1$ yan$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /suɪ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ian¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: chŭi-iòng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰui⁵⁵ yoŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sui-liân
*** Tâi-lô: sui-liân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: suilieen
*** IPA (Taipei): /sui⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sui³³ liɛn²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /sui⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sui-jiân
*** Tâi-lô: sui-jiân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: suijieen
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /sui⁴⁴⁻³³ ziɛn²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /sui⁴⁴⁻²² d͡ziɛn¹³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: sui$^1$ riêng$^5$ / sui$^1$ riang$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sui jiêng / sui jiâng
*** Sinological IPA : /sui³³⁻²³ d͡zieŋ⁵⁵/, /sui³³⁻²³ d͡ziaŋ⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$soe-zoe
*** MiniDict: soe$^平$ zoe
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$soe-zoe
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /sø⁵⁵ zø²¹/
* Middle Chinese: swij nyen
Rime :
| Character | 雖 | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 脂 (16) | 仙 (77) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 息遺切 | 如延切 |
| Baxter | swij | nyen |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /siuɪ/ | /ȵiᴇn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /sʷi/ | /ȵiɛn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /sjuɪ/ | /ȵʑjæn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /swi/ | /ȵian/ |
| Li Rong | /sui/ | /ȵiɛn/ |
| Wang Li | /swi/ | /ȵʑĭɛn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /swi/ | /ȵʑi̯ɛn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | suī | rán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | seoi$^1$ | jin$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-qʷij [n]a[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sqʰʷi njen/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 雖 | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | suī | rán |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ swij › | ‹ nyen › |
| Old Chinese | /*s-qʷij/ | /*[n]a[n]/ |
| English | although; even if | so, thus; (adv suffix) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 雖 | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 12844 | 10756 |
| Phonetic component | 唯 | 肰 |
| Rime group | 脂 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 綏 | 然 |
| Old Chinese | /*sqʰʷi/ | /*njen/ |

### Conjunction

雖然
* although
       Suīrán wǒ méiyǒu chē, dànshì wǒ xūyào xuéxí rúhé kāichē. [Pinyin]
       Although I don't have a car, I need to learn how to drive.
       Wáng Xiùyīng suīrán kǎo le dìyī, dànshì tā yīdiǎn yě bù jiāo'ào. [Pinyin]
       Although Wang Xiuying scored first in the exam, she was not at all arrogant about it.
       Dòuzhī suīrán nán hē, dànshì tā yǒu jùyǒu yǎngwèi, jiědú, qīnghuǒ de gōngxiào. [Pinyin]
       Although douzhi is difficult to drink, it can nourish the stomach, and relieve internal heat and inflammation.
* (Classical) although so; despite this; nevertheless; that being said
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Zhūhóu zhī lǐ, wú wèi zhī xué yě; suīrán, wú cháng wén zhī yǐ. [Pinyin]
    I have not learnt the ceremonies observed by the princes. Nevertheless, I have heard about them.
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Wáng yuē: “Suīrán, bì gào bùgǔ.” [Pinyin]
    The King of Chu said, "That being said, you have to tell me."

#### Usage notes

Unlike in English, in Chinese it is customary for 雖然／虽然 (suīrán, “although”) to be followed by 但是 (dànshì, “but; however”).

#### Synonyms

* (although):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 雖 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 雖然, 雖則, 雖說 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 雖然 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 雖然 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 雖說 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 雖然 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 雖說 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 雖說 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 雖然, 雖說 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 雖說 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 雖然, 雖則 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 雖然, 雖則 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 雖然 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 雖然 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 雖話 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 雖然 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 雖然 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 雖然 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 雖然 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 雖然 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 雖然 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 雖然 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 雖則其然 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 雖然 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 雖然, 雖罔, 雖講 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 雖然 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 雖然, 雖罔 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 雖然, 雖罔 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 雖然 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 雖然 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 雖呾, 名呾 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 雖然 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 雖然, 雖則 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 雖則 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 雖則 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 雖然得, 雖然得是 |

#### Related terms

* 固然 (gùrán)

#### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: tuy nhiên (雖然)