# 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽
## Gothic
### Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *blewwaną.

### Pronunciation

* (uncertain) IPA: /ˈbliɡɡʷan/, /ˈbliŋɡʷan/

### Verb

𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽 • (bliggwan)
* (transitive) to beat, scourge, cut, kill
** Mark 5:5:
    𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍉 𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌼 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌾𐍉𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌲𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌼 𐍅𐌰𐍃 𐌷𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌺 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌼.jah sinteinō nahtam jah dagam in aurahjōm jah in fairgunjam was hrōpjands jah bliggwands sik stainam.And always, night and day, he was in the mountains, and in the tombs, crying, and cutting himself with stones. (KJV)
** Mark 10:34:
    𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐍃𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌳 𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌹𐌽 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰 𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌸.jah bilaikand ina jah bliggwand ina jah speiwand ana ina jah usqimand imma, jah þridjin daga ustandiþ.And they shall mock him, and shall scourge him, and shall spit upon him, and shall kill him: and the third day he shall rise again. (KJV)
** Luke 20:11:
    𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌿𐌺 𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌺; 𐌹𐌸 𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐍅𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌰.jah anaaiauk sandjan anþarana skalk; iþ eis jah jainana bliggwandans jah unswērandans insandidēdun lausana.And again he sent another servant: and they beat him also, and entreated him shamefully, and sent him away empty. (KJV)
** 1 Timothy 1:9:
    𐍅𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌽𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌸 𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌸, 𐌰𐌺 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐍃𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼, 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 ** 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼, 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼witands þatei garaihtamma nist witōþ satiþ, ak witōdalausaim jah untalaim jah unsibjaim jah frawaurhtaim jah unairknaim jah usweihaim, attans bliggwandam jah aiþeins ** bliggwandam, mannans maurþrjandamKnowing this, that the law is not made for a righteous man, but for the lawless and disobedient, for the ungodly and for sinners, for unholy and profane, for murderers of fathers and murderers of mothers, for manslayers (KJV)

#### Conjugation

Class 2 strong :
| Infinitive | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽 bliggwan | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽 bliggwan | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽 bliggwan |
| Indicative | Present | Past | Present passive |
| 1st singular | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰 bliggwa | 𐌱𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅 blaggw | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌰 bliggwada |
| 2nd singular | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌹𐍃 bliggwis | 𐌱𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍄 blaggwt | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌶𐌰 bliggwaza |
| 3rd singular | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌹𐌸 bliggwiþ | 𐌱𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅 blaggw | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌰 bliggwada |
| 1st dual | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍉𐍃 bliggwōs | 𐌱𐌻𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌿 bluggwu | — |
| 2nd dual | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍃 bliggwats | 𐌱𐌻𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌿𐍄𐍃 bluggwuts | — |
| 1st plural | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌼 bliggwam | 𐌱𐌻𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌿𐌼 bluggwum | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 bliggwanda |
| 2nd plural | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌹𐌸 bliggwiþ | 𐌱𐌻𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌿𐌸 bluggwuþ | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 bliggwanda |
| 3rd plural | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳 bliggwand | 𐌱𐌻𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌿𐌽 bluggwun | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 bliggwanda |
| Subjunctive | Present | Past | Present passive |
| 1st singular | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌿 bliggwau | 𐌱𐌻𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌿 bluggwjau | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 bliggwaidau |
| 2nd singular | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍃 bliggwais | 𐌱𐌻𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 bluggweis | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌿 bliggwaizau |
| 3rd singular | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌹 bliggwai | 𐌱𐌻𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌹 bluggwi | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 bliggwaidau |
| 1st dual | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 bliggwaiwa | 𐌱𐌻𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 bluggweiwa | — |
| 2nd dual | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 bliggwaits | 𐌱𐌻𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 bluggweits | — |
| 1st plural | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 bliggwaima | 𐌱𐌻𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 bluggweima | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 bliggwaindau |
| 2nd plural | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌸 bliggwaiþ | 𐌱𐌻𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌸 bluggweiþ | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 bliggwaindau |
| 3rd plural | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 bliggwaina | 𐌱𐌻𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 bluggweina | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 bliggwaindau |
| Imperative | | | |
| 2nd singular | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅 bliggw | | |
| 3rd singular | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿 bliggwadau | | |
| 2nd dual | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍃 bliggwats | | |
| 2nd plural | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌹𐌸 bliggwiþ | | |
| 3rd plural | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 bliggwandau | | |
| | Present | Past | |
| Participles | 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 bliggwands | 𐌱𐌻𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽𐍃 bluggwans | |

#### Derived terms

* 𐌿𐍃𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽 (usbliggwan)

### References

* ↑ There is no clear scholarly consensus as to whether <ggw> resulting from Verschärfung was pronounced with a nasal or not. (Contrast words like 𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽 (siggwan), where the <ggw> derives from Proto-Germanic *-ngw-, and which was very likely pronounced with a nasal.) For a selection of perspectives on the issue of whether or not there was an etymological distinction in how <ggw> was pronounced, refer to: Miller, D. Gary (2019) The Oxford Gothic Grammar, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 29 Magnús Snaedal, "Gothic <ggw>", Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis 128 (2011) James Marchand (1973) The Sounds and Phonemes of Wulfila's Gothic, pp. 87-90.

### Further reading

* Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910). Die gotische Bibel. Zweiter Teil: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, p. 21