# 涼瓜
## Chinese
### Etymology

Refers to the "coldness" of the melon according to traditional Chinese medicine. Reportedly arising from taboo of mentioning the 苦 (fu2, “bitter; misery”) in 苦瓜 (fu2 gwaa1, “bitter melon”).

### Pronunciation

* Cantonese (Jyutping): loeng$^4$ gwaa$^1$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: loeng$^4$ gwaa$^1$
*** Yale: lèuhng gwā
*** Cantonese Pinyin: loeng$^4$ gwaa$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lêng$^4$ gua$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /lœːŋ²¹ kʷaː⁵⁵/

### Noun

涼瓜
* (Cantonese) bitter melon
    涼瓜炒牛肉／凉瓜炒牛肉 [Cantonese] ― loeng$^4$ gwaa$^1$ caau$^2$ ngau$^4$ juk$^6$ [Jyutping] ― stir-fried beef with bitter melon
** 1955 April 2, “涼瓜首批上市　販商搶先購入”, in 大公報, page 5:
       gan$^2$ ceoi$^4$ mou$^4$ gwaa$^1$ soeng$^5$ si$^5$, loeng$^4$ gwaa$^1$ sau$^2$ pai$^1$ jik$^6$ wan$^6$ dou$^3$. zok$^6$ tin$^1$ jau$^4$ gwong$^2$ zau$^1$ wan$^6$ dou$^3$ dik$^1$ zi$^2$ saam$^1$, sei$^3$ sap$^6$ gan$^1$, faan$^3$ soeng$^1$ man$^4$ seon$^3$ zik$^1$ coeng$^2$ sin$^1$ maai$^5$ jap$^6$. [Jyutping]
       (please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 1961 September 2, “凉瓜燒腩”, in 華僑日報, page 11:
       loeng$^4$ gwaa$^1$ man$^1$ fo$^2$ naam$^5$, bun$^2$ loi$^4$ si$^6$ jat$^1$ zung$^2$ ho$^2$ hau$^2$ dik$^1$ si$^4$ ling$^6$ fu$^3$ sik$^6$, daan$^6$ si$^6$, jau$^4$ jyu$^1$ loeng$^4$ gwaa$^1$ mei$^6$ daai$^3$ fu$^2$, jau$^5$ han$^2$ do$^1$ jan$^4$ bat$^1$ hei$^2$ fun$^1$ hek$^3$. [Jyutping]
       (please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 苦瓜 |
| Taxonomic name | Taxonomic name | 苦瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 苦瓜, 癩瓜兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 苦瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Langfang | 苦瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 苦瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 苦瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 苦瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 苦瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 苦瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 苦瓜, 癩瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 苦瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 苦瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 苦瓜, 癩瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 苦瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 苦瓜, 癩瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 癩瓜兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 苦瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 苦瓜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 苦瓜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 苦瓜, 癩不頭 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 苦瓜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 苦瓜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 苦瓜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 苦瓜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 苦瓜 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 癩瓜兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 苦瓜 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 苦瓜 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 苦瓜 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Daming | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 苦瓜 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 苦瓜 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 苦瓜 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 苦瓜 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 苦瓜 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 苦瓜兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 苦瓜, 苦瓜子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 苦瓜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 癩葡萄, 苦瓜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 苦瓜, 癩葡萄 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 苦瓜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 苦瓜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 苦瓜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 苦瓜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 苦瓜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 苦瓜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 苦瓜 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 苦瓜, 涼瓜, 菩薘 dated |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 苦瓜, 涼瓜, 菩薘 dated |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) | 菩薘 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 苦瓜 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 菩薘 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 苦瓜 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 涼瓜 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 苦瓜, 涼瓜, 菩薘 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 菩薘 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 苦瓜 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 苦瓜 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 苦瓜 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 苦瓜 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 苦瓜 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 苦瓜 |
| Gan | Pengze | 苦瓜 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 苦瓜 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 苦瓜 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 苦瓜 |
| Hakka | Zengcheng (Zhengguo) | 苦瓜 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 苦瓜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 苦瓜 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 苦瓜 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) | 苦瓜 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) | 苦瓜 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) | 苦瓜仔 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 苦瓜 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 苦瓜 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 苦瓜 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 苦瓜 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 苦瓜 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Daqiao) | 苦瓜 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Datong | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Linhe | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Jining | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Handan | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Suide | 苦瓜 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 苦瓜 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 苦瓜 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Pingxi) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Cijin) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Tianliao) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Luodong) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Toucheng) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Tainan (Anping) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Xiyu) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping (Yongfu) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Datian | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 苦瓜 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) | 苦瓜 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 苦瓜 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 菩督 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 苦瓜 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 苦瓜 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 苦瓜 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Songjiang) | 金蓮子 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Jiading) | 錦荔子 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 苦瓜 |
| Wu | Danyang | 癩葡萄瓜 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 苦瓜 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 苦瓜 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 紅瓤 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 苦瓜 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 苦瓜 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 苦瓜 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 苦瓜 |