# 我慢
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wǒmàn
    (Zhuyin): ㄨㄛˇ ㄇㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ngo$^5$ maan$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wǒmàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄛˇ ㄇㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wǒmàn
*** Wade–Giles: wo$^3$-man$^4$
*** Yale: wǒ-màn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: woomann
*** Palladius: вомань (vomanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /wɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ män⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngo$^5$ maan$^6$
*** Yale: ngóh maahn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngo$^5$ maan$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ngo$^5$ man$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋɔː¹³ maːn²²/
* Middle Chinese: ngaX maenH
Rime :
| Character | 我 | 慢 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 歌 (94) | 刪 (69) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | II |
| Fanqie | 五可切 | 謨晏切 |
| Baxter | ngaX | maenH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋɑ$^X$/ | /mˠan$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋɑ$^X$/ | /mᵚan$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋɑ$^X$/ | /mɐn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋa$^X$/ | /maɨn$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋɑ$^X$/ | /man$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋɑ$^X$/ | /man$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /ŋɑ$^X$/ | /man$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | ě | màn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ngo$^5$ | maan$^6$ |

### Adjective

我慢
* (Buddhism) arrogant

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 我(が)慢(まん) (gaman, “arrogant”)
* → Korean: 아만(我慢) (aman)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 我 | 慢 |
| が Grade: 6 | まん Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) がまん [gáꜜmàǹ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɡa̠mã̠ɴ]
* (Kyoto) が​まん [gáꜜmàǹ] (Kōki)

### Noun

我(が)慢(まん) • (gaman)
* patience, endurance, tolerance
* (Buddhism) arrogance

#### Derived terms

* 我慢強(がまんづよ)い (gamanzuyoi)

### Verb

我(が)慢(まん)する • (gaman suru) suru (stem 我(が)慢(まん)し (gaman shi), past 我(が)慢(まん)した (gaman shita))
* endure, be patient, deny oneself something, hang in there, display restraint
    Synonyms: たえる, こらえる
    ここは我(が)慢(まん)が肝心(かんじん)だ。
       Koko wa gaman ga kanjin da.
       This is the time to be patient.

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 我慢し | がまんし | gaman shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 我慢し | がまんし | gaman shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 我慢する | がまんする | gaman suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 我慢する | がまんする | gaman suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 我慢すれ | がまんすれ | gaman sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 我慢せよ¹ 我慢しろ² | がまんせよ¹ がまんしろ² | gaman seyo¹ gaman shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 我慢される | がまんされる | gaman sareru |
| Causative | 我慢させる 我慢さす | がまんさせる がまんさす | gaman saseru gaman sasu |
| Potential | 我慢できる | がまんできる | gaman dekiru |
| Volitional | 我慢しよう | がまんしよう | gaman shiyō |
| Negative | 我慢しない | がまんしない | gaman shinai |
| Negative continuative | 我慢せず | がまんせず | gaman sezu |
| Formal | 我慢します | がまんします | gaman shimasu |
| Perfective | 我慢した | がまんした | gaman shita |
| Conjunctive | 我慢して | がまんして | gaman shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 我慢すれば | がまんすれば | gaman sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 “が‐まん 【我慢】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 我 | 慢 |

### Noun

我慢 • (aman) (hangeul 아만)
* hanja form of 아만