# 堇

| 堇 | U+5807, &#22535; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5807 |
| ← 堆 [U+5806] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 堈 → [U+5808] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 𦰌∣菫 |
| Simplified | 堇 |
| Traditional | 堇/菫/蓳 |

### Han character

堇 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 廿中手一 (TLQM), four-corner 4410$_4$, composition ⿱廿⿻口龶)

#### Derived characters

* 僅, 𠻨, 墐, 嫤, 𫹡, 慬, 㨷, 漌, 槿, 殣, 𰟐, 㹏, 瑾, 𬓑, 𥎊, 𥡣, 䌍, 螼, 謹(谨), 𡂬, 𮧧, 饉(馑), 騹(𬴆), 𩴗, 𡅸, 𪙟
* 𠞱, 勤, 鄞, 斳, 歏, 㝻, 𫮭, 覲(觐), 𭐅, 𩀤, 𩞎, 𪅀, 𫳱, 蓳, 𬔐, 䈽, 厪, 廑, 瘽, 𭶠

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 232, character 5
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5212
* Dae Jaweon: page 469, character 7
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 450, character 2
* Unihan data for U+5807

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 堇 :
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 囏 | *krɯːn |
| 螼 | *kʰrɯnʔ, *kʰrɯns |
| 堇 | *ɡrɯn, *kɯnʔ |
| 墐 | *ɡrɯn, *ɡrɯns |
| 𥎊 | *ɡrɯn |
| 僅 | *ɡrɯns |
| 瑾 | *ɡrɯns |
| 覲 | *ɡrɯns |
| 殣 | *ɡrɯns |
| 饉 | *ɡrɯns |
| 廑 | *ɡrɯns |
| 瘽 | *ɡrɯns, *ɡɯn, *ɡɯnʔ |
| 歏 | *ɡrɯns |
| 鄞 | *ŋɡrɯn, *ŋɡɯn |
| 謹 | *kɯnʔ |
| 槿 | *kɯnʔ |
| 漌 | *kɯnʔ |
| 慬 | *kɯnʔ, *ɡɯn |
| 勤 | *ɡɯn |
| 懃 | *ɡɯn |
| 懄 | *ɡɯn |
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) — a person being burned in a sacrificial ceremony (Li Xueqin, 2012) to invoke the rain. Compare 黃.

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qín (qin$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄣˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qín
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cín
*** Wade–Giles: chʻin$^2$
*** Yale: chín
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyn
*** Palladius: цинь (cinʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰin³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: gin
Rime :
| Character | 堇 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 群 (30) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (44) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 巨巾切 |
| Baxter | gin |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɡˠiɪn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɡᵚin/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɡien/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /gjin/ |
| Li Rong | /ɡjĕn/ |
| Wang Li | /ɡǐĕn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /gi̯ĕn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qín |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | kan$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]rə[r]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡrɯn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 堇 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qín |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ gin › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ]rə[r]/ |
| English | clay |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 堇 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 6731 |
| Phonetic component | 堇 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 𥎊 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡrɯn/ |
| Notes | 甲金文象人交手恭立爲覲初文， 再加土爲堇墐 |

#### Definitions

堇
* (obsolete) clay

#### Compounds

* 赤堇

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 堇 – see 蓳 (“Viola verecunda, a kind of violet.”). (This character is the simplified and variant form of 蓳).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

#### Compounds

* 三色堇 (sānsèjǐn)
* 堇堇菜
* 堇色 (jǐnsè)
* 堇菜 (jǐncài)
* 捕蟲堇菜／捕虫堇菜
* 紫堇 (zǐjǐn)

### Etymology 3

* For pronunciation and definitions of 堇 – see 僅 (“only; merely; etc.”). (This character is an ancient form of 僅).

#### Compounds

* 堇堇 (jǐnjǐn)

## Japanese

| Shinjitai (extended) | 𦰌 |
| Kyūjitai | 堇 |

### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 𦰌)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): きん (kin)
* Kun: すみれ (sumire)

## Korean
### Hanja

堇 • (geun) (hangeul 근, revised geun, McCune–Reischauer kŭn)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.