# 悠

| 悠 | U+60A0, &#24736; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-60A0 |
| ← 悟 [U+609F] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 悡 → [U+60A1] |

## Translingual
### Han character

悠 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+7, 11 strokes, cangjie input 人大心 (OKP), four-corner 2833$_4$, composition ⿱攸心)

#### Derived characters

* 滺

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 388, character 7
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10681
* Dae Jaweon: page 720, character 22
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2300, character 15
* Unihan data for U+60A0

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 絛 | *l̥ʰɯːw |
| 窱 | *ʔl'ɯːwʔ, *l̥ʰɯːws |
| 蓧 | *l̥ʰɯːw, *l'ɯːwɢ |
| 條 | *l'ɯːw |
| 鋚 | *l'ɯːw |
| 鞗 | *l'ɯːw |
| 樤 | *l'ɯːw |
| 鰷 | *l'ɯːw |
| 莜 | *l'ɯːws |
| 翛 | *slɯːw, *hljɯwɢ |
| 筱 | *slɯːwʔ |
| 篠 | *slɯːwʔ |
| 修 | *slɯw |
| 脩 | *slɯw |
| 樇 | *slɯw |
| 滫 | *slɯwʔ |
| 悠 | *lɯw |
| 攸 | *lɯw |
| 浟 | *lɯw |
| 蓨 | *l̥ʰɯːwɢ |
| 滌 | *l'ɯːwɢ |
| 儵 | *hljɯwɢ |
| 倐 | *hljɯwɢ |
| 倏 | *hljɯwɢ |
| 虪 | *hljɯwɢ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lɯw) : phonetic 攸 (OC *lɯw) + semantic 心 (“heart; mind”)

### Etymology

Uncertain. Compare with Burmese ယော်ယမ်း (yauyam:, “to yearn for a distant thing”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yōu (you$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄡ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jau$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yû
* Eastern Min (BUC): iù
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hiu$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): iu / iû
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hiun$^1$ / hiu$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$ieu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yōu
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄡ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: you
*** Wade–Giles: yu$^1$
*** Yale: yōu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iou
*** Palladius: ю (ju)
*** Sinological IPA : /joʊ̯⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jau$^4$
*** Yale: yàuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jau$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yeo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐu̯²¹/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yû
*** Hakka Romanization System: iu$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yiu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯u²⁴/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yû
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)iu$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yiu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯u²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: iù
*** Sinological IPA : /ieu⁵³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hiu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hiu⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iu / iû
*** Tâi-lô: iu / iû
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iw, iuu
*** IPA (Xiamen): /iu⁴⁴/, /iu²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iu³³/, /iu²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /iu⁴⁴/, /iu¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /iu⁴⁴/, /iu²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /iu⁴⁴/, /iu²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hiun$^1$ / hiu$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiuⁿ / hiu
*** Sinological IPA : /hĩũ³³/, /hiu³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$ieu
*** MiniDict: ieu$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$ieu
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /iɤ⁵³/
* Middle Chinese: yuw
Rime :
| Character | 悠 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 以周切 |
| Baxter | yuw |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jɨu/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /jiu/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /iəu/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /juw/ |
| Li Rong | /iu/ |
| Wang Li | /jĭəu/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /i̯ə̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yóu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jau$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*liw/
    (Zhengzhang): /*lɯw/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 悠 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yōu |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ yuw › |
| Old Chinese | /*liw/ |
| English | long-brooding |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 悠 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 15479 |
| Phonetic component | 攸 |
| Rime group | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 猷 |
| Old Chinese | /*lɯw/ |

### Definitions

悠
* remote; distant
* leisurely
    悠遊字在／悠游字在 ― Yōuyóu Zìzài ― An animated series, also known as The Wonderful World of Chinese Characters
* to swing

### Compounds

* 悠久 (yōujiǔ)
* 悠停
* 悠哉 (yōuzāi)
* 悠哉悠哉 (yōuzāiyōuzāi)
* 悠忽
* 悠思
* 悠悠 (yōuyōu)
* 悠悠忽忽
* 悠悠盪盪／悠悠荡荡
* 悠揚／悠扬 (yōuyáng)
* 悠然 (yōurán)
* 悠著
* 悠蕩／悠荡 (yōudàng)
* 悠謬／悠谬
* 悠遊／悠游 (yōuyóu)
* 悠遠／悠远 (yōuyuǎn)
* 悠邈
* 悠長／悠长 (yōucháng)
* 悠閒／悠闲 (yōuxián)
* 悠闇／悠暗
* 悠陽／悠阳
* 悠颺／悠飏
* 慢悠悠 (mànyōuyōu)
* 晃悠
* 晃晃悠悠 (huànghuangyōuyōu)
* 篤悠悠／笃悠悠
* 蕩悠悠／荡悠悠
* 蕩蕩悠悠／荡荡悠悠
* 謬悠／谬悠
* 謬悠之說／谬悠之说
* 顫悠／颤悠
* 顫悠悠／颤悠悠
* 飄悠／飘悠

### References

* “悠”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “悠”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 288.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* permanence

#### Readings

* Go-on: ゆう (yū, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: ゆう (yū, Jōyō)
* Kun: とおい (tōi, 悠い)、はるか (haruka, 悠か)
* Nanori: ちか (chika)、ちかし (chikashi)、はるか (haruka)、ひさ (hisa)、ひさし (hisashi)、ゆ (yu)

### Proper noun

悠(ゆう) • (Yū)
* a male given name

### Proper noun

悠(はるか) • (Haruka)
* a female given name

## Korean
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ju]
* Phonetic hangul: [유]

### Hanja

Wikisource 悠 • (yu) (hangeul 유, revised yu, McCune–Reischauer yu, Yale yu)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

悠: Hán Nôm readings: du, đu
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.