# 狼狽
## Chinese
### Etymology

An Old Chinese ideophone of the phonetic shape /*raːd(s) paːd(s) ~ *raːŋ paːd(s)/ (ZS), initially used to describe a limping or stumbling gait.
Folk etymology (as used by Tang-Dynasty Duan Chengshi) states that 狽／狈 (bèi) was a wolf-like animal in Chinese mythology, which had very short forelegs and long hind legs, and needed to mount a wolf in order to walk, so the two animals would always hunt together. This eventually led to the meaning of “to conspire”.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lángbèi
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄤˊ ㄅㄟˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): long$^4$ bui$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): lòng-pi
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): liông-pōe / lông-pōe
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lángbèi
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄤˊ ㄅㄟˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lángbèi
*** Wade–Giles: lang$^2$-pei$^4$
*** Yale: láng-bèi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: langbey
*** Palladius: ланбэй (lanbɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /lɑŋ³⁵ peɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: long$^4$ bui$^3$
*** Yale: lòhng bui
*** Cantonese Pinyin: long$^4$ bui$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: long$^4$ bui$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɔːŋ²¹ puːi̯³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lòng-pi
*** Hakka Romanization System: long$^ˇ$ bi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: long$^2$ bi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /loŋ¹¹ pi⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, variant in Taiwan, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liông-pōe
*** Tâi-lô: liông-puē
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liongpoe
*** IPA (Xiamen): /liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² pue²²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɔŋ²³⁻³³ pue³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɔŋ¹³⁻²² pue²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² pue⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pue³³/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lông-pōe
*** Tâi-lô: lông-puē
*** Phofsit Daibuun: longpoe
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɔŋ²³⁻³³ pue³³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /lɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pue³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² pue²²/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /lɔŋ¹³⁻²² pue²²/
* Middle Chinese: lang pajH
Rime :
| Character | 狼 | 狽 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 唐 (101) | 泰 (25) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 魯當切 | 愽蓋切 |
| Baxter | lang | pajH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɑŋ/ | /pɑi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lɑŋ/ | /pɑi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /lɑŋ/ | /pɑi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /laŋ/ | /paj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /lɑŋ/ | /pɑi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /lɑŋ/ | /pɑi$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /lɑŋ/ | /pɑi$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | láng | bèi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | long$^4$ | bui$^3$ |

### Adjective

狼狽
* in an awkward or difficult position
* fatigued; exhausted; tired
* untidy; slovenly
* (literary) shabby; worn out
* (Hokkien) down and out
** 2007, 蕭煌奇 [Ricky Hsiao] (lyrics and music), “阿嬤的話”‎performed by 蕭煌奇 [Ricky Hsiao]:
       m̄-thang tōa-hàn chhiūⁿ lín lāu-pē-á hiah-nī-á liông-pōe--o͘h [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       Don't grow up to be like your daddy, so down and out.

#### Synonyms

* (in an awkward position): 尷尬／尴尬 (gāngà), 困窘 (kùnjiǒng), 難堪／难堪 (nánkān), 為難／为难 (wéinán)

### Adverb

狼狽
* (literary) hurriedly

### Noun

狼狽
* (archaic) two types of wolves
* (archaic) evil person

### Verb

狼狽
* to collude; to conspire; to gang up
* (literary) to cooperate; to coordinate
* (literary) to strive; to do one's best

### Derived terms

* 周章狼狽／周章狼狈 (zhōuzhānglángbèi)
* 狼狽不堪／狼狈不堪
* 狼狽為奸／狼狈为奸 (lángbèiwéijiān)
* 狼狽相倚／狼狈相倚
* 狼狽萬狀／狼狈万状
* 狼狽而逃／狼狈而逃
* 首尾狼狽／首尾狼狈

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 狼狽(ろうばい) (rōbai)
* → Korean: 낭패(狼狽) (nangpae)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 狼 | 狽 |
| ろう Jinmeiyō | ばい Hyōgai |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɾo̞ːba̠i]

### Noun

狼(ろう)狽(ばい) • (rōbai)
* flustering; confusion

### Verb

狼(ろう)狽(ばい)する • (rōbai suru) suru (stem 狼(ろう)狽(ばい)し (rōbai shi), past 狼(ろう)狽(ばい)した (rōbai shita))
* to be flustered; to be confused

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 狼狽し | ろうばいし | rōbai shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 狼狽し | ろうばいし | rōbai shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 狼狽する | ろうばいする | rōbai suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 狼狽する | ろうばいする | rōbai suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 狼狽すれ | ろうばいすれ | rōbai sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 狼狽せよ¹ 狼狽しろ² | ろうばいせよ¹ ろうばいしろ² | rōbai seyo¹ rōbai shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 狼狽される | ろうばいされる | rōbai sareru |
| Causative | 狼狽させる 狼狽さす | ろうばいさせる ろうばいさす | rōbai saseru rōbai sasu |
| Potential | 狼狽できる | ろうばいできる | rōbai dekiru |
| Volitional | 狼狽しよう | ろうばいしよう | rōbai shiyō |
| Negative | 狼狽しない | ろうばいしない | rōbai shinai |
| Negative continuative | 狼狽せず | ろうばいせず | rōbai sezu |
| Formal | 狼狽します | ろうばいします | rōbai shimasu |
| Perfective | 狼狽した | ろうばいした | rōbai shita |
| Conjunctive | 狼狽して | ろうばいして | rōbai shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 狼狽すれば | ろうばいすれば | rōbai sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||