# 故人
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gùrén
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˋ ㄖㄣˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gu$^3$ jan$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gùrén
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˋ ㄖㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gùrén
*** Wade–Giles: ku$^4$-jên$^2$
*** Yale: gù-rén
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guhren
*** Palladius: гужэнь (gužɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gu$^3$ jan$^4$
*** Yale: gu yàhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gu$^3$ jan$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gu$^3$ yen$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kuː³³ jɐn²¹/
* Middle Chinese: kuH nyin
Rime :
| Character | 故 | 人 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) | 眞 (43) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 古暮切 | 如鄰切 |
| Baxter | kuH | nyin |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuo$^H$/ | /ȵiɪn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kuo$^H$/ | /ȵin/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ko$^H$/ | /ȵʑjen/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɔ$^H$/ | /ȵin/ |
| Li Rong | /ko$^H$/ | /ȵiĕn/ |
| Wang Li | /ku$^H$/ | /ȵʑĭĕn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kuo$^H$/ | /ȵʑi̯ĕn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gù | rén |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gu$^3$ | jan$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤaʔ-s ni[ŋ]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kaːs njin/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 故 | 人 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gù | rén |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ku$^H$ › | ‹ nyin › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁaʔ-s/ | /*ni[ŋ]/ |
| English | old (not new) | (other) person |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 故 | 人 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 4228 | 10800 |
| Phonetic component | 古 | 人 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 顧 | 仁 |
| Old Chinese | /*kaːs/ | /*njin/ |

### Noun

故人
* (literary) old friend
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Fūzǐ chū yú shān, shè yú gùrén zhī jiā. Gùrén xǐ, mìng shùzǐ shā yàn ér pēng zhī. [Pinyin]
    Having left the mountain, the Master lodged in the house of an old friend, who was glad to see him, and ordered his waiting-lad to kill a goose and boil it.
    From: 8th century, 王維 (Wang Wei), 渭城曲 (A Song at Weicheng)
    Quàn jūn gèng jìn yī bēi jiǔ, xī chū Yángguān wú gùrén. [Pinyin]
    Wait till we empty one more cup – West of Yang Gate there'll be no old friends.
* (literary) the dead; the deceased; the departed
* (literary) former spouse or lover
    From: Anonymous, 上山采蘼蕪
    xīnrén cóng mén rù, gùrén cóng gé qù, xīnrén gōng zhī jiān, gùrén gōng zhī sù [Pinyin]
    My new wife enters from the front door; my former wife leaves from the side door. My new wife is skilled in weaving fine silk; my former wife is skilled in weaving raw silk.
    From: Tang dynasty, 李白 (Li Bai), 怨情
    Xīnrén rú huā suī kě chǒng, gùrén sì yù yóulái zhòng. [Pinyin]
    Although my new lover is lovely like a flower, my old lover has always been dignified.
    From: Ming dynasty, 譚友夏, 官子時文稿序
    Shì zhī yǒu wén, rú nǚ zhī yǒu sè; wén zhī yǒu xiānbèi, shíbèi, rú sè zhī yǒu gùrén, xīnrén. [Pinyin]
    Gentlemen have literary talent, as ladies have beauty; those with literary talent may be elders or peers, as those who have beauty may be former or new lovers.

#### Synonyms

* (old friend):
* 以前的朋友 (yǐqián de péngyou)
* 故交 (gùjiāo) (literary)
* 故友 (gùyǒu)
* 故知 (gùzhī) (literary)
* 故舊／故旧 (gùjiù) (literary)
* 老友 (lǎoyǒu)
* 老朋 (Cantonese)
* 老朋友
* 老盆友 (lǎopényǒu) (neologism, Internet, slang, humorous, cute-sounding)
* 老相識／老相识 (lǎoxiāngshí)
* 舊交／旧交 (jiùjiāo)
* 舊友／旧友 (jiùyǒu)
* 舊故／旧故 (jiùgù) (literary)
* 舊知／旧知 (jiùzhī) (literary)
* (the dead):
* 亡人 (wángrén) (literary)
* 亡者 (wángzhě) (literary)
* 往生者 (wǎngshēngzhě) (Buddhism, euphemism)
* 死人 (sǐrén)
* 死者 (sǐzhě)
* 瓜碼子／瓜码子 (gua$^1$ ma$^3$ zr) (Xiang)
* 聖人／圣人 (Hokkien, euphemism)
* 逝者 (shìzhě) (literary)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 故 | 人 |
| こ Grade: 5 | じん Grade: 1 |
| kan'on ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こじん [kóꜜjìǹ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ko̞ʑĩɴ]

### Noun

故(こ)人(じん) • (kojin)
* a deceased person
* (archaic) an old friend; a friend from the past

#### Synonyms

* (deceased person): See Thesaurus:死人
* (old friend): 旧(きゅう)友(ゆう) (kyūyū)

### References

* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 故 | 人 |

### Noun

故人 • (goin) (hangeul 고인)
* hanja form of 고인 (“deceased”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 故 | 人 |

### Noun

故人
* chữ Hán form of cố nhân (“old friend”).