# 伐

| 伐 | U+4F10, &#20240; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4F10 |
| ← 伏 [U+4F0F] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 休 → [U+4F11] |

## Translingual
### Han character

伐 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+4, 6 strokes, cangjie input 人戈 (OI), four-corner 2325$_0$, composition ⿰亻戈)

#### Derived characters

* 𠲎 㘺 𢬩 浌 栰 䣹 𦨷 䤦 垡 茷 筏 薎 閥 (阀) 𰀿 𰁚

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 96, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 439
* Dae Jaweon: page 203, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 120, character 8
* Unihan data for U+4F10

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 伐 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). ||||
| | Old Chinese |
| 茷 | *paːds, *bads, *bad |
| 筏 | *paːd, *bad |
| 伐 | *bad |
| 閥 | *bad |
| 垡 | *bad |
| 栰 | *bad |

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fá, fā
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄚˊ, ㄈㄚ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fat$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): phat
* Eastern Min (BUC): huăk / puăk
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): huah$^7$ / huoh$^7$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hoa̍h / hoa̍t
    (Teochew, Peng'im): huag$^8$ / huêg$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^8$vaq; $^0$va
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fá
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄚˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fá
*** Wade–Giles: fa$^2$
*** Yale: fá
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: far
*** Palladius: фа (fa)
*** Sinological IPA : /fä³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fā
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄚ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fa
*** Wade–Giles: fa$^1$
*** Yale: fā
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fa
*** Palladius: фа (fa)
*** Sinological IPA : /fä⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fat$^6$
*** Yale: faht
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fat$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fed$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɐt̚²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phat
*** Hakka Romanization System: pad$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: pad$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰat̚²/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: huăk / puăk
*** Sinological IPA : /huaʔ⁵/, /pʰuaʔ⁵/
* huăk - literary;
* puăk - vernacular (“to stride; step”).
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit伐 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /fa³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /fa²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /fɑ⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /fa⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /fa⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /fa⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /fa²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /fa²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /fa¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /fa⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /fa⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /fa²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /fa³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /fa²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /fa̠³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /fɑʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /fɐʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /faʔ⁵⁴/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /xuʌʔ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /faʔ⁴³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /vaʔ¹/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /vaʔ³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /vɑʔ²/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ɦo²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /fa²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /fuːə⁵/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /fa²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ɸɒ²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /faʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /fat̚⁵/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /fɑt̚⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /fɐt̚²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /fat̚²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /fɐt̚²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /huat̚⁵/ /huaʔ⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /pʰuaʔ⁵/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /xua²⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /huak̚⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /fak̚⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: bjot
Rime :
| Character | 伐 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) |
| Final (韻) | 月 (68) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 房越切 |
| Baxter | bjot |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /bʉɐt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /bʷiɐt̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /biuɐt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /buat̚/ |
| Li Rong | /biuɐt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /bĭwɐt̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /bʱi̯wɐt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fá |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | faat$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-pat/
    (Zhengzhang): /*bad/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 伐 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | fá |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ bjot › |
| Old Chinese | /*m-pat/ |
| English | cut; strike; attack |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 伐 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 2859 |
| Phonetic component | 伐 |
| Rime group | 月 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 伐 |
| Old Chinese | /*bad/ |

#### Definitions

伐
* to kill; to slaughter; to behead
* to hack; to fell; to cut down; to hew
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Kǎnkǎn fá tán xī, zhì zhī hé zhī gān xī, héshuǐ qīng qiě lián yī. [Pinyin]
    Kan-kan go his blows on the sandal trees, And he places what he hews on the river's bank, Whose waters flow clear and rippling.
* to knock; to strike; to hit
* to send troops to suppress; to attack
** 4th cent. BC, 《竹書紀年》 (Bamboo Annals), s.v. "周宣王" (Xuan King):
    五年... 秋八月，方叔帥師伐荊蠻Year 5 [c. 820 BC]... Autumn, Month 8: "Uncle" Fang led a force to slaughter the Jingman.
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Chūn, Qí shī fá wǒ. [Pinyin]
    In the spring the Qi troops invaded us.
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Zhūhóu xiāng qīnfá, bàonüè bǎixìng. [Pinyin]
    The feudal lords raided one another and were violent and cruel against the common people.
* to remove; to eliminate; to take away
* to damage; to harm; to endanger
* to defeat; to thwart
* to criticize; to blame
* (Chinese astronomy) the name of three stars in the Three Stars mansion: 42 Orionis, θ2 Orionis and ι Orionis
* ridge soil
* Alternative form of 閥／阀 (fá, “merit; achievement”)
* to brag about (oneself); to flaunt
* Alternative form of 瞂 (fá, “shield”)
* Alternative form of 罰／罚 (fá, “to punish”)
* (Min) to stride; to take a stride; to step forward; to step over
* (Min) step; footstep; stride
* (Min) Classifier for footsteps: step
* (Wu) Alternative form of 𠲎 ($^0$va, “final interrogative particle on a yes/no question”)
* (Wu) Alternative form of 勿 (“not”)
* Used in transcription.
    斯洛伐克 ― Sīluòfákè ― Slovakia
    巴伐利亞／巴伐利亚 ― Bāfálìyà ― Bavaria
    威斯特伐利亞／威斯特伐利亚 ― Wēisītèfálìyà ― Westphalia
    呂伐登／吕伐登 ― Lǚfádēng ― Leeuwarden
    皮埃爾·賴伐爾／皮埃尔·赖伐尔 ― Pí'āi'ěr Làifá'ěr ― Pierre Laval
    伐樓拿／伐楼拿 ― Fálóuná ― Varuna
* a surname

#### Usage notes

In transcriptions of Buddhist terms, 伐 (MC bjot) is often used to transcribe व (va).

#### Compounds

* 不矜不伐
* 以夷伐夷
* 伐交
* 伐兵
* 伐冰
* 伐喪／伐丧
* 伐善
* 伐子都
* 伐性
* 伐性之斧
* 伐木 (fámù)
* 伐東吳／伐东吴
* 伐柯 (fákē)
* 伐柯人 (fákērén)
* 伐檀
* 伐毛洗髓
* 伐生
* 伐異黨同／伐异党同
* 伐罪
* 伐罪弔民／伐罪吊民
* 伐薪
* 伐藝／伐艺
* 伐謀／伐谋
* 伐鼓
* 作伐
* 剪伐
* 勛伐／勋伐 (xūnfá)
* 北伐 (běifá)
* 南征北伐
* 口伐
* 口誅筆伐／口诛笔伐 (kǒuzhūbǐfá)
* 吊伐
* 吳剛伐桂／吴刚伐桂
* 執伐／执伐
* 執柯作伐／执柯作伐
* 大張撻伐／大张挞伐
* 央人作伐
* 奉辭伐罪／奉辞伐罪
* 巴伐利亞／巴伐利亚
* 弔民伐罪／吊民伐罪
* 征伐 (zhēngfá)
* 捷克斯洛伐克 (Jiékèsīluòfákè)
* 撻伐／挞伐 (tàfá)
* 操斧伐柯
* 攻伐 (gōngfá)
* 斫伐
* 斬伐／斩伐
* 斬刈殺伐／斩刈杀伐
* 旦旦而伐
* 木伐
* 東討西伐／东讨西伐
* 標同伐異／标同伐异
* 步伐 (bùfá)
* 步伐異常／步伐异常
* 殺伐／杀伐 (shāfá)
* 殺伐決斷／杀伐决断
* 濫伐／滥伐
* 百馬伐驥／百马伐骥
* 盜伐／盗伐 (dàofá)
* 直木必伐
* 矜伐
* 矜功伐善
* 矜功自伐
* 砍伐 (kǎnfá)
* 自伐
* 討伐／讨伐 (tǎofá)
* 蹶石伐木
* 阿伐射線／阿伐射线
* 阿伐粒子
* 阿伐蛻變／阿伐蜕变
* 黨同伐異／党同伐异 (dǎngtóngfáyì)

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 伐 – see 𠲎 (“final interrogative particle on a yes/no question.”). (This character is a variant form of 𠲎).

### Etymology 3

* For pronunciation and definitions of 伐 – see 筏 (“raft”). (This character is the second-round simplified form of 筏).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

### Etymology 4

* For pronunciation and definitions of 伐 – see 閥 (“contribution; family status; etc.”). (This character is the second-round simplified and variant form of 閥).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

### Etymology 5

* For pronunciation and definitions of 伐 – see 垡. (This character is the second-round simplified form of 垡).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

### Etymology 6

* For pronunciation and definitions of 伐 – see 勿 (“do not; don't; not; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 勿).

### References

* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “伐”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 61.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* to attack, to strike, to cut

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぼち (bochi)
* Kan-on: はつ (hatsu)
* Kan’yō-on: ばつ (batsu, Jōyō)
* Kun: うつ (utsu, 伐つ)、きる (kiru, 伐る)、ほこる (hokoru, 伐る)

## Korean
### Hanja

伐 (eumhun 칠 벌 (chil beol))
* hanja form of 벌 (“to attack, to strike, to cut”)

#### Compounds

* 정벌 (征伐, jeongbeol, “conquest”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

伐: Hán Nôm readings: phạt
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.