# गोधूम
## Hindi
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गोधूम (godhūma). Doublet of गेहूँ (gehū̃), a tadbhava.

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /ɡoː.d̪ʱuːm/, [ɡoː.d̪ʱũːm]

### Noun

गोधूम • (godhūm) m (rare, formal)
* wheat
    Synonym: (more common) गेहूँ (gehū̃)
* orange
    Synonyms: संतरा (santrā), नारंगी (nāraṅgī)

#### Declension
### References

* Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975) “गोधूम”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. Sea of Hindi words] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha
* Platts, John T. (1884) “गोधूम”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

## Pali
### Alternative forms

* godhūma (Latin script)
* 𑀕𑁄𑀥𑀽𑀫 (Brahmi script)
* গোধূম (Bengali script)
* ගොධූම (Sinhalese script)
* ဂေါဓူမ or ၷေႃꩪူမ (Burmese script)
* โคธูม or โคธูมะ (Thai script)
* ᨣᩮᩤᨵᩪᨾ (Tai Tham script)
* ໂຄຘູມ or ໂຄຘູມະ (Lao script)
* គោធូម (Khmer script)
* 𑄉𑄮𑄙𑄫𑄟 (Chakma script)

### Noun

गोधूम m
* Devanagari script form of godhūma (“wheat”)

#### Declension
## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* গোধূম (Assamese script)
* ᬕᭀᬥᬹᬫ (Balinese script)
* গোধূম (Bengali script)
* 𑰐𑰺𑰠𑰳𑰦 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀕𑁄𑀥𑀽𑀫 (Brahmi script)
* ဂေါဓူမ (Burmese script)
* ગોધૂમ (Gujarati script)
* ਗੋਧੂਮ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌗𑍋𑌧𑍂𑌮 (Grantha script)
* ꦒꦺꦴꦣꦹꦩ (Javanese script)
* 𑂏𑂷𑂡𑂴𑂧 (Kaithi script)
* ಗೋಧೂಮ (Kannada script)
* គោធូម (Khmer script)
* ໂຄຘູມ (Lao script)
* ഗോധൂമ (Malayalam script)
* ᡤᠣᢡᡠᡠᠮᠠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘐𑘻𑘠𑘴𑘦 (Modi script)
* ᠺᠣᠸᠠᢑᠾᠤᠤᠮᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦰𑧜𑧀𑧕𑧆 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐐𑑀𑐢𑐹𑐩 (Newa script)
* ଗୋଧୂମ (Odia script)
* ꢔꣂꢤꢹꢪ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆓𑆾𑆣𑆷𑆩 (Sharada script)
* 𑖐𑖺𑖠𑖳𑖦 (Siddham script)
* ගොධූම (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩞𑩕𑩮𑩒𑩛𑩴 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚌𑚴𑚜𑚱𑚢 (Takri script)
* கே³ாதூ⁴ம (Tamil script)
* గోధూమ (Telugu script)
* โคธูม (Thai script)
* གོ་དྷཱུ་མ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒑𑒼𑒡𑒴𑒧 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨍𑨆𑨜𑨃𑨊𑨢 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gandʰúHmas ~ *gantúHmas, possibly ultimately from a Middle Eastern wanderwort (compare Proto-Semitic *ḥnṭ, whence Arabic حِنْطَة (ḥinṭa, “spelt, wheat”)). Cognate with Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬀 (gaṇtuma), 𐬔𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬎𐬨𐬀 (gantuma), Middle Persian gnwm (gannum).
Later reanalyzed as a native formation, गो (go, “earth”) +‎ धूम (dhūma, “smoke”).

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /ɡɐw.dʱúː.mɐ/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ɡoːˈd̪ʱuː.mɐ/

### Noun

गोधूम • (godhū́ma) stem, m
* wheat
** c. 1200 BCE – 800 BCE, Kṛṣṇa-Yajurveda (Taittirīya Saṃhitā) IV.7.4:व्री॒हय॑श् च मे॒ यवाश् च मे॒ माषाश् च मे॒ तिलाश् च मे मु॒द्गाश् च॑ मे ख॒ल्वाश् च मे गो॒धूमाश् च मे म॒सुराश् च मे प्रि॒यङ्ग॑वश् च॒ मे ऽण॑वश् च मे श्या॒माकाश् च मे नी॒वाराश् च मे ॥vrīháyaś ca me yávā́ś cá me mā́ṣā́ś cá me tílā́ś cá mé mudgā́ś ca me khalvā́ś cá mé godhū́mā́ś cá mé masúrā́ś cá mé priyáṅgavaś ca mé ʼṇavaś ca me śyāmā́kā́ś cá mé nīvā́rā́ś cá mé.And to me may rice, barley, beans, sesame, kidney beans, vetches, wheat, lentils, Millet, Panicum miliaceum, Panicum frumentaceum, and wild rice [be granted].
* the orange tree
* name of a medicinal plant

#### Descendants

* Dardic:
** Kalasha: gúum
** Khowar: گوم (goóm)
* Pali: godhūma
* Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
** Central:
*** Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:
**** Awadhi: गेहूँ (gehū̃)
*** Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
**** Romani: giv, ghiu
***** Lomavren: gihu, giu
*** Sauraseni Apabhramsa:
**** Hindustani:
    Hindi: गोहूँ (gohū̃), गेहूँ (gehū̃), गहूँ (gahū̃)
    Urdu: گوہُوں (gohū̃), گیہُوں (gehū̃), گَہُوں (gahū̃)
** Eastern:
*** Magadhi Prakrit:
**** Assamese: ঘেঁহু (ghẽhu), গম (gom), গোম (güm), ঘেঁহু (ghẽhu), গোমধান (gümodhan)
**** Bengali: গম (gom), গোম (gōm), গম (gom)
***** → Burmese: ဂျုံ (gyum)
**** Bihari: गोहुँ (gohũ), गहुम (gahum)
***** Bhojpuri: गोहूँ (gōhū̃)
***** Maithili: गोहुम (gōhum), गहूम (gahūm)
**** Odia: ଗହୁଁ (gahũ), ଗହମ (gahama)
** Northern:
*** Khasa Prakrit:
**** Central Pahari:
***** Garhwali: गेवुँ (gevũ)
***** Kumaoni: ग्यूँ (gyū̃)
**** Eastern Pahari:
***** Nepali: गहुँ (gahũ), गउँ (ga͠u)
**** Western Pahari:
***** Bhadrawahi: गहूं (gahū̃), गेउं (geũ)
***** Pangwali: गिऊंह (giū̃h)
** Northwestern:
*** Paisaci Prakrit:
**** Vracada Apabhramsa:
***** Sindhi: गेहूं／گيهُون (g̠ehū̃)
****** Jadgali: [script needed] (gī̃ū̃)
** Southern:
*** Helu Prakrit:
**** Dhivehi: ގޮދަން (godan̊)
**** Sinhalese: ගොයම (goyama)
*** Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
**** Konkani: gãv
    Devanagari script: गंव
    Kannada script: ಗಂವ್
    Latin script: gonv
**** Marathi: गहू (gahū)
** Western:
*** Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀕𑁄𑀳𑀽𑀫 (gohūma)
**** Gurjara Apabhramsa:
***** Gujarati: ઘઉં (ghaũ), ઘઉં (ghaũ)
Borrowed terms
* → Kannada: ಗೋಧಿ (gōdhi)
* → Malayalam: ഗോതമ്പ് (gōtampŭ)
* → Tamil: கோதுமை (kōtumai)
* → Telugu: గోధుమ (gōdhuma)
* → Hindi: गोधूम (godhūm) (learned)

### References

* ↑ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “godhū́ma-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 498-9

### Further reading

* Monier Williams (1899) “गोधूम”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 365, column 1.
* Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “godhū́ma”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press