# 砧

| 砧 | U+7827, &#30759; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7827 |
| ← 砦 [U+7826] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 砨 → [U+7828] |

## Translingual
### Han character

砧 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+5, 10 strokes, cangjie input 一口卜口 (MRYR), four-corner 1166$_0$, composition ⿰石占)

#### Derived characters

* 𬊲

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 828, character 43
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24099
* Dae Jaweon: page 1243, character 22
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2423, character 1
* Unihan data for U+7827

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 砧 :
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 頕 | *taːm |
| 煔 | *ɦlaːm, *hljems, *hl'eːms |
| 炶 | *ɦlaːm |
| 詀 | *rteːm, *rdeːms, *teːm, *tʰjeb |
| 站 | *rteːms |
| 檆 | *sreːm |
| 黏 | *nem |
| 粘 | *nem |
| 枮 | *slem, *ʔl'ɯm |
| 霑 | *tem |
| 沾 | *tem, *teːms, *tʰeːm |
| 覘 | *tems, *tʰem |
| 鉆 | *tʰem, *ɡrem, *tʰeːb |
| 占 | *ʔljem, *tjems |
| 颭 | *tjemʔ |
| 佔 | *tjems, *teːm |
| 苫 | *hljem, *hljems |
| 痁 | *hljem, *teːms |
| 蛅 | *njem |
| 阽 | *lem |
| 敁 | *teːm |
| 掂 | *tiːm |
| 點 | *teːmʔ |
| 玷 | *teːmʔ, *teːms |
| 店 | *tiːms |
| 坫 | *tiːms, *tim |
| 黇 | *tʰeːm |
| 扂 | *deːmʔ |
| 拈 | *neːm |
| 鮎 | *neːm |
| 砧 | *ʔl'ɯm |
| 笘 | *teːb |
| 跕 | *teːb, *tʰeːb |
| 貼 | *tʰeːb |
| 帖 | *tʰeːb |
| 怗 | *tʰeːb |
| 呫 | *tʰeːb |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔl'ɯm) : semantic 石 + phonetic 占 (OC *ʔljem, *tjems).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhēn, zhān (zhen$^1$, zhan$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄣ, ㄓㄢ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zam$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): tiâm
* Eastern Min (BUC): tĭng / dōng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): dieng$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tiam / tim
    (Teochew, Peng'im): diam$^1$ / diang$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhēn
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhen
*** Wade–Giles: chên$^1$
*** Yale: jēn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jen
*** Palladius: чжэнь (čžɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, colloquial)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhān
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhan
*** Wade–Giles: chan$^1$
*** Yale: jān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jan
*** Palladius: чжань (čžanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂän⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zam$^1$
*** Yale: jām
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzam$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zem$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɐm⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tiâm
*** Hakka Romanization System: diam$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: diam$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ti̯am²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: tĭng / dōng
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰiŋ⁵⁵/, /touŋ³³/
* tĭng - literary;
* dōng - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: trim
Rime :
| Character | 砧 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 知 (9) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (140) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 知林切 |
| Baxter | trim |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʈˠiɪm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈᵚim/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȶiem/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈjim/ |
| Li Rong | /ȶjəm/ |
| Wang Li | /ȶĭĕm/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ȶi̯əm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhēn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zam$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔl'ɯm/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 砧 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 16734 |
| Phonetic component | 占 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 碪 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔl'ɯm/ |
| Notes | 同碪見漢賦 |

### Definitions

砧
* base for beating or chopping
** stone base for beating clothes
** anvil
** base for cutting or lethal sentence
* base in general
* (Hakka) to hold one's hands in closed fists and to strike with phalanx

#### Synonyms

* (Shanghainese) 鐵墩／铁墩

### Compounds

* 中間砧木／中间砧木
* 寒砧
* 砧上之肉
* 砧刀
* 砧子 (zhēnzi)
* 砧斧
* 砧木
* 砧杆
* 砧板 (zhēnbǎn)
* 砧杵
* 砧聲／砧声
* 砧鑕／砧锧
* 砧頭／砧头
* 砧骨 (zhēngǔ)
* 稿砧
* 鋼砧／钢砧
* 鐵砧／铁砧 (tiězhēn)

### References

* 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “砧”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 148.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: ちん (chin)
* Kan-on: ちん (chin)
* Kun: きぬた (kinuta)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 砧
* きぬた Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
From 衣板 (kinuita, literally “clothes board”), with elision of the i; see 衣 and 板 for more on the components.

### Noun

砧(きぬた) • (kinuta)
* a fulling block, a wooden or stone block used to beat fabric smooth as it dried
* a pillow shaped like a fulling block
* (after the shape of the mallet used with a fulling block) a long and thin, round glass bottle
* a Noh prop of bamboo bound into the shape of a fulling block
* (music) Clipping of 砧拍子 (kinuta-byōshi).

#### Derived terms

* 砧骨(きぬたこつ) (kinutakotsu)
* 砧草(キヌタソウ) (kinutasō)

## Korean
### Hanja

砧 • (chim) (hangeul 침, revised chim, McCune–Reischauer ch'im, Yale chim)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

砧: Hán Nôm readings: châm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Nôm: châm

#### References

* Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
* Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
* Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999