OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# optimism
## English
### Etymology

From French optimisme, equivalent to Latin optimus +‎ -ism.

### Pronunciation

* (General American) IPA: /ˈɑptɪmɪzəm/
* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈɒptɪmɪzəm/
* Audio (US):(file)

### Noun

optimism (usually uncountable, plural optimisms)
* a tendency to expect the best, or at least, a favourable outcome
    I love her youth, her beauty and above all her optimism that everything will turn out fine.
** 2021 February 9, Christina Newland, “Is Tom Hanks part of a dying breed of genuine movie stars?”, in BBC‎:Hanks is known as being an avid reader of history and biography, and seems to seek out stories which offer a certain optimism and humanism. In other words, he plays – fundamentally – good people.
* the doctrine that this world is the best of all possible worlds
* the belief that good will eventually triumph over evil

#### Antonyms

* pessimism

#### Derived terms

* optimist
* optimistic
* techno-optimism

#### Related terms

* optimal

#### Translations
## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French optimisme. By surface analysis, optim +‎ -ism.

### Noun

optimism n (uncountable)
* optimism

#### Declension
## Swedish
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

optimism c
* optimism
    Antonym: pessimism

#### Declension

| | | nominative | genitive |
| singular | indefinite | optimism | optimisms |
| singular | definite | optimismen | optimismens |
| plural | indefinite | — | — |
| plural | definite | — | — |

#### Related terms

* optimist
* optimistisk

### References

* optimism in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* optimism in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* optimism in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
# Sólbjartur
## Faroese
### Proper noun

Sólbjartur m
* a male given name

#### Usage notes

Patronymics
* son of Sólbjartur: Sólbjartsson
* daughter of Sólbjartur: Sólbjartsdóttir

#### Declension
## Icelandic
### Proper noun

Sólbjartur m (proper noun, genitive singular Sólbjarts)
* a male given name
# vetùro
## Venetan
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Noun

vetùro m (plural vetùri)
* A kind of wooden container used to transport grapes or to tread them
# Agdanan
## Hanunoo
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʔaɡdaˈnan/ [ʔɐɡ.dɐˈnɐn]
* Rhymes: -an
* Syllabification: Ag‧da‧nan

### Proper noun

Agdanán (Hanunoo spelling ᜠᜤ᜴ᜧᜨᜨ᜴) (literary)
* an indefinite place name

### Further reading

* Conklin, Harold C. (1953) Hanunóo-English Vocabulary (University of California Publications in Linguistics), volume 9, London, England: University of California Press, →OCLC, page 21
# imane
## Portuguese
### Verb

imane
* inflection of imanar:
** first/third-person singular present subjunctive
** third-person singular imperative

## Spanish
### Verb

imane
* inflection of imanar:
** first/third-person singular present subjunctive
** third-person singular imperative
# wuknica
## Lower Sorbian
### Etymology

wuknuś (“to learn”) +‎ -nica

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈuknʲitsa]

### Noun

wuknica f (masculine wuknik)
* schoolgirl
# byssiferous
## English
### Etymology

From byssus +‎ -i- +‎ -ferous.

### Pronunciation

* (UK) IPA: /bɪˈsɪfəɹəs/
* Rhymes: -ɪfəɹəs

### Adjective

byssiferous (not comparable)
* Bearing a byssus or tuft.

### References

* “byssiferous”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
# darovati
## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *darovati. By surface analysis, dȃr (“gift”) +‎ -ovati.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /darǒʋati/
* Hyphenation: da‧ro‧va‧ti

### Verb

daròvati pf (Cyrillic spelling даро̀вати)
* (transitive) to gift
    Ja ti darujem svijet (from Disney's "Aladin") - I give you a world
* (transitive) to donate

#### Related terms

* darívati pf
* darovit

## Slovene
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *darovati. By surface analysis, dȃr +‎ -ovati.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /darɔʋàːti/

### Verb

darováti impf or pf
* to gift
* to sacrifice

#### Derived terms

* obdarováti

### Further reading

* “darovati”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
# acidifier
## English
### Etymology

From acidify +‎ -er.

### Pronunciation

* Audio (US):(file)

### Noun

acidifier (plural acidifiers)
* (chemistry) A simple or compound principle, whose presence is necessary to produce acidity, as oxygen, chlorine, bromine, iodine, etc.

#### Translations
## French
### Etymology

From acide (“acid”) +‎ -ifier.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /a.si.di.fje/
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

acidifier
* to acidify (make something acid)

#### Conjugation
### Further reading

* “acidifier”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
# Hjörtur
## Icelandic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /çœr̥tʏr/
    Rhymes: -œr̥tʏr
    Homophone: hjörtur

### Proper noun

Hjörtur m (proper noun, genitive singular Hjartar)
* a male given name
# viatàra
## Venetan
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Noun

viatàra f (plural viatàre)
* moorhen
    Synonym: sfoio
# unslappable
## English
### Etymology

From un- +‎ slappable.

### Adjective

unslappable (comparative more unslappable, superlative most unslappable)
* Not slappable.
** 2020, Rachel Monroe, Savage Appetites: True Stories of Women, Crime, and Obsession, New York, NY: Scribner, →ISBN, page 76:Despite the family's attempts to rebuff her, Rosie kept popping up, buzzing at the margins of the family's life like an unslappable mosquito.
** 2023 March 12, Stephanie Goodman, “How the Slap Has Changed the Oscars”, in The New York Times‎:But the Oscars host, Jimmy Kimmel, doesn’t seem to have gotten the message. His commercial promoting the Oscars includes several references to Rock, a former host himself. And the spot, a spoof of “Top Gun: Maverick,” explains that ABC was intent on finding an M.C. “who’s unflappable — and unslappable.”
# 内田
## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 内田 – see 內田. (This term is the simplified form of 內田).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 内 | 田 |
| うち Grade: 2 | た > だ Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 內田 (kyūjitai)

### Proper noun

内(うち)田(だ) • (Uchida)
* a surname
# zemiska
## Latvian
### Adjective

zemiska
* inflection of zemisks:
** genitive singular masculine
** nominative singular feminine

## Lower Sorbian
### Etymology

zemja +‎ -iska

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈzɛmʲiska/, [ˈzemʲiska]

### Noun

zemiska f
* diminutive of zemja
# transfurs
## English
### Noun

transfurs
* plural of transfur

### Verb

transfurs
* third-person singular simple present indicative of transfur
# Thiago
## Portuguese
### Etymology

The th in this variant spelling was added unetymologically (see the main entry for the etymology); compare Nathália, a variant spelling of Natália, where a similar unetymological th was added, despite the name coming from nātālis (“natal, relating to birth”).

### Proper noun

Thiago m
* Alternative spelling of Tiago; a male given name, equivalent to English James
# octium
## English
### Pronunciation

* Audio (US):(file)

### Noun

octium (uncountable)
* (chemistry) The element oxygen.

#### Usage notes

* This is the name in the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)'s Systematic Element Name system, intended for use with newly discovered elements before a regular name is bestowed.
# sóknarprestur
## Icelandic
### Etymology

From sókn +‎ prestur.

### Noun

sóknarprestur m (genitive singular sóknarprests, nominative plural sóknarprestar)
* vicar, pastor, parish priest
# voxar
## Venetan
### Alternative forms

* oxar

### Verb

voxar
* To scream or yell

#### Conjugation

* Venetian conjugation varies from one region to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.
# curumim
## Portuguese
### Alternative forms

* curumi

### Etymology

Borrowed from Nheengatu kurumĩ.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /ku.ɾuˈmĩ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ku.ɾuˈmĩ/
* Hyphenation: cu‧ru‧mim

### Noun

curumim m (plural curumins)
* boy
* servant (young employee)
* (fishing) type of rod used to catch pirarucu

#### Synonyms

* menino
* rapazinho
* garoto
* rapaz
* criado
* jovem

#### Derived terms

* curuminzada
# registration marks
## English
### Noun

registration marks
* plural of registration mark
# zwěŕe
## Lower Sorbian
### Noun

zwěŕe n (genitive singular zwěŕeśa, diminutive zwěŕetko)
* Obsolete spelling of zwěrje.

#### Declension
### References

* Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “zwěŕe”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
# chromiferous
## English
### Pronunciation

* (UK) IPA: /krəʊˈmɪfəɹəs/
* Rhymes: -ɪfəɹəs

### Adjective

chromiferous (comparative more chromiferous, superlative most chromiferous)
* Containing, or yielding chromium.
# たいせつざん
## Japanese

For pronunciation and definitions of たいせつざん – see the following entry. :
| 【大雪山だいせつざん】 | [proper noun] Daisetsuzan, a mountain range located in middle Hokkaido. |
(This term, たいせつざん (taisetsuzan), is the hiragana spelling of the above term.) :
# acerate
## English
### Pronunciation

* (This entry needs pronunciation info)

### Etymology 1

From aceric +‎ -ate. See acetic.

### Pronunciation

* Audio (US):(file)

#### Noun

acerate (plural acerates)
* (chemistry) A combination of aceric acid with a salifiable base.

### Etymology 2

From Latin acer (“sharp”) +‎ -ate

#### Adjective

acerate (comparative more acerate, superlative most acerate)
* Acerose; needle-shaped; long and pointed

### Anagrams

* caetrae

## Latin
### Adjective

acerāte
* vocative masculine singular of acerātus

## Spanish
### Verb

acerate
* second-person singular voseo imperative of acerar combined with te
# hreistur
## Icelandic
### Noun

hreistur n (genitive singular hreisturs, no plural)
* scales (hard coverings of an animal)
# vérdo
## Venetan
### Etymology

From Vulgar Latin virdis, syncopated from Classical Latin viridis. Compare Italian verde.

### Adjective

vérdo (feminine singular vérda, masculine plural vérdi, feminine plural vérde)
* green
# 落地窗
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): luòdìchuāng
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄛˋ ㄉㄧˋ ㄔㄨㄤ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: luòdìchuāng
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄛˋ ㄉㄧˋ ㄔㄨㄤ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: luòdìchuang
*** Wade–Giles: lo$^4$-ti$^4$-chʻuang$^1$
*** Yale: lwò-dì-chwāng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: luohdihchuang
*** Palladius: лодичуан (lodičuan)
*** Sinological IPA : /lu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

### Noun

落地窗
* floor-to-ceiling window
* French window (Classifier: 扇 m)
# strewing
## English
### Verb

strewing
* present participle and gerund of strew

### Noun

strewing (plural strewings)
* The act of scattering or spreading.
    Synonyms: diffusion, dispersal, dispersion, respersion, spread
* Material that is strewn.
    Synonyms: diffusion, dispersion, sprinkling

### References

* “strewing”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.

### Anagrams

* Wingerts, wresting, wringest
# žeńska
## Lower Sorbian
### Etymology

Substantivized from the adjective žeński (“female”), from Proto-Slavic *žena, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈʒɛnʲska/

### Noun

žeńska f (diminutive žeńscycka)
* woman
* wife

#### Synonyms

* žona (literary)

#### Coordinate terms

* muski (“man”)
* cłowjek (“husband”)

#### Derived terms

* žeńscynka
* žeńscyny
* žeńskaŕ
* žeńskecy

### Further reading

* Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “žeńska”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
* Starosta, Manfred (1999) “žeńska”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag
# moghlai
## English
### Noun

moghlai
* Alternative form of Mughlai
# dichloro-
## English
### Alternative forms

* dichlor-

### Etymology

From di- +‎ chloro-.

### Pronunciation

* Audio (US):(file)

### Prefix

dichloro-
* (chemistry) containing two chlorine atoms

#### Derived terms

* beta-chlorovinyldichloroarsine
* chlorovinyldichloroarsine
* dichloracetic acid
* dichlorhydrin
* dichlorodifluoromethane
* dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
* dichloromercury
* dichlorvos

### Anagrams

* chlorido, chloroid
# Falstur
## Icelandic
### Etymology

From Old Norse Falstr, probably from a Germanic stem *fal-, related to Old Swedish fala (“plain”) and Proto-Slavic *poľe (“field”). Could possibly instead be from *falh-, derived from the root of fela (“to hide”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈfalstʏr/
    Rhymes: -alstʏr

### Proper noun

Falstur n (proper noun, genitive singular Falsturs)
* Falster (Danish island)

#### Declension
### References

* “Falstur” in: Ásgeir Blöndal Magnússon — Íslensk orðsifjabók, (1989). Reykjavík, Orðabók Háskólans. (Available on Málið.is under the “Eldra mál” tab.)
# véro
## Venetan
### Alternative forms

* viéro

### Noun

véro m (plural véri)
* glass
# 幕田
## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 幕 | 田 |
| まく Grade: 6 | た Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi ||

### Proper noun

幕(まく)田(た) • (Makuta)
* a surname
# Borbora
## Lower Sorbian
### Etymology

From Latin Barbara, from Ancient Greek βαρβάρᾱ (barbárā, “barbarian woman”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbɔrbɔra/

### Proper noun

Borbora f
* a female given name from Ancient Greek, equivalent to English Barbara
# spearphishing
## English
### Alternative forms

* spear phishing

### Etymology

From spear +‎ phishing, modeled on spearfishing.

### Noun

spearphishing (uncountable)
* (computing, Internet) Phishing against a small group of selected targets who are more likely to be attracted.

#### Related terms

* phish
* phisherman
* spearphisher
# curvey
## English
### Etymology

From curve +‎ -y.

### Adjective

curvey
* Rare form of curvy.
** 1952, Robert Strausz-Hupé, “Western Dialectic”, in The Zone of Indifference, New York, N.Y.: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, →LCCN, pages 284–285:These radical reversals of high policy and the attendant about face of the mass media, operated with surprising facility, are new milestones on the curvey road of “extreme solutions” pursued by the West.
** 1966 May, Henny Youngman, 400 Traveling Salesmen’s Jokes, New York, N.Y.: Pocket Books, published 1967 June, →OCLC, page 101:Relatives of the late millionaire were gathered for the reading of the will, and at the far corner of the room was seated the curvey blonde who had served as his secretary for the past two years.
** 1998, Keith B. Saunders, Myall Road, Canberra, A.C.T.: Aboriginal Studies Press, →ISBN, page 97:Feeling the adrenalin pumping, I caught a cab to see the beautiful curvey blonde that I was kicking a goal with, named Terry.
** 2016, Paul Tremblay, Disappearance at Devil’s Rock: A Novel, New York, N.Y.: William Morrow, →ISBN, page 72:The vids were kind of dumb but fun, not scary or gory, and there wasn’t much math to it, really, just some graphs with curvey lines, yeah, so the vids, not much help.

### References

* “curvy”, in Dictionary.com Unabridged, Dictionary.com, LLC, 1995–present: “or curv·ey”
# hydrated
## English
### Pronunciation

* Audio (US):(file)

### Verb

hydrated
* simple past and past participle of hydrate
    We took the powdered milk and hydrated it until it was drinkable.

### Adjective

hydrated (comparative more hydrated, superlative most hydrated)
* (chemistry) Combined chemically with water.
* (of a person) Not suffering from dehydration.
    Stay hydrated.

#### Antonyms

* dehydrated
* hypohydrated
* unhydrated
# hamstur
## Icelandic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈhamstʏr/

### Etymology 1
#### Noun

hamstur m (genitive singular hamsturs, nominative plural hamstrar)
* hamster (small, short-tailed European rodent)

##### Declension
### Etymology 2
#### Noun

hamstur n (genitive singular hamsturs, no plural)
* hoarding (of items, etc.)
# vóxe
## Venetan
### Alternative forms

* vóse
* voxe

### Etymology

From Latin vōcem, accusative singular of vōx. Compare Italian voce.

### Noun

vóxe f (plural vóxi)
* voice
* sound (of an animal, the wind etc.)

#### Usage notes

* Most dictionaries insist that this noun is invariant.
# babadeira
## Portuguese
### Adjective

babadeira
* feminine singular of babadeiro
# Bulgarska
## Lower Sorbian
### Etymology

Bulgaŕ +‎ -ska

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈbulɡarska]

### Proper noun

Bulgarska f
* Bulgaria (a country in Southeast Europe)

#### Declension
### Further reading

* Starosta, Manfred (1999) “Bulgarska”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag
# selma'o
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Lojban selma'o.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /selˈma.ho/
* Hyphenation: sel‧ma‧'o

### Noun

selma'o (plural selma'o)
* A set of cmavo (“structure words/particles”) which are grammatically interchangeable; a "part of speech" used in defining Lojban's formal grammar.

### See also

* Category:Lojban selma'o

### Anagrams

* maleos, lame-os, lameos, amoles, Meolas, Salome, semola, moales, almose
# perirenal
## English
### Etymology

From peri- +‎ renal.

### Adjective

perirenal (not comparable)
* (anatomy) Around the kidney.
    Near-synonym: adrenal
# univalent
## English
### Etymology

From uni- +‎ -valent.

### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˌjuːnɪˈveɪlənt/, /juːˈnɪvələnt/
* Audio (US):(file)

### Adjective

univalent (not comparable)
* (chemistry) Having an atomic valence of 1, or having only one valence.
    Synonym: monovalent
* (medicine) Having a vaccine valence of 1.
* (genetics) Of, or relating to, a chromosome that is not paired with its homologous chromosome during synapsis.
* (complex analysis, of a (holomorphic) function) (Holomorphic and) injective.
    Synonyms: schlicht, simple

#### Translations
### Noun

univalent (plural univalents)
* (genetics) Any univalent chromosome.

## French
### Pronunciation

* Audio (Paris):(file)

### Adjective

univalent (feminine univalente, masculine plural univalents, feminine plural univalentes)
* univalent

### Further reading

* “univalent”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French univalent.

### Adjective

univalent m or n (feminine singular univalentă, masculine plural univalenți, feminine and neuter plural univalente)
* univalent
# klettur
## Faroese
### Etymology

From Old Norse klettr, from Proto-Germanic *klintaz.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkʰlɛːʰtʊɹ/
    Rhymes: -ɛːʰtʊɹ

### Noun

klettur m (genitive singular klets, plural klettar)
* large stone, rock, cliff
* (humorous) klettarnir - the Faroe Islands (literally "the rocks")

#### Declension

| m9 | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural |
| | Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite |
| Nominative | klettur | kletturin | klettar | klettarnir |
| Accusative | klett | klettin | klettar | klettarnar |
| Dative | kletti | klettinum | klettum | klettunum |
| Genitive | klets | kletsins | kletta | klettanna |

## Icelandic
### Etymology

From Old Norse klettr, from Proto-Germanic *klintaz.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkʰlɛhtʏr/
    Rhymes: -ɛhtʏr

### Noun

klettur m (genitive singular kletts, nominative plural klettar)
* rock, crag, cliff
    Þverhníptur klettur.A sheer cliff.
# xovane
## Venetan
### Etymology

From Latin iuvenem, juvenem, accusative of iuvenis, from Proto-Italic *juwenis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yuh₁en-. Compare Italian giovane.

### Adjective

xovane m or f (masculine and feminine plural xovani)
* young, youthful

### Noun

xovane m (plural xovani)
* young man
* youth
# Scholomance
## English
### Proper noun

the Scholomance
* (folklore) A fabled underground school of black magic in Romania.
# biodegrade
## English
### Etymology

From bio- +‎ degrade.

### Verb

biodegrade (third-person singular simple present biodegrades, present participle biodegrading, simple past and past participle biodegraded)
* to decompose as a result of biological action, especially by microorganisms

#### Translations
## Spanish
### Verb

biodegrade
* inflection of biodegradar:
** first/third-person singular present subjunctive
** third-person singular imperative
# Kamjenica
## Lower Sorbian
### Alternative forms

* Kaḿenica (superseded)

### Etymology

From Upper Sorbian Kamjenica, from kamjenica (“rock, cobblestone”), a diminutive of kamjeń.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkamʲɛnʲit͡sa/, [ˈkamʲenʲit͡sa]

### Proper noun

Kamjenica f
* Chemnitz (an independent city in Saxony, Germany)

#### Declension
### Further reading

* Muka, Arnošt (1928) “Kaḿenica”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow, Ḿeńa ds. městow a wsow (in German), volume 3, Prague: ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
* Starosta, Manfred (1999) “Kamjenica”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag
# ahtlatl
## Classical Nahuatl
### Alternative forms

* atlatl

### Etymology

According to Andrews (2003), ah- ("not") + tlatl ("strip of cloth"), i.e. "a non-sling".

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aʔtɬatɬ/, [ˈáʔ.tɬatɬ]

### Noun

ahtlatl (possessed īahtlauh)
* an atlatl, a spearthrower; a combined spearthrower and spear / dart

### References

* Andrews, J. Richard. (2003) Workbook for Introduction to Classical Nahuatl, Revised Edition University of Oklahoma Press, p. 207.
* Karttunen, Frances. (1983) An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl University of Texas Press, p. 7.
# Kagalang-galang
## Tagalog
### Alternative forms

* Kgg. — abbreviation

### Etymology

See kagalang-galang.

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Tagalog) IPA: /kaˌɡalaŋ ˈɡalaŋ/ [kɐˌɣaː.lɐŋ ˈɡaː.lɐŋ]
* Rhymes: -alaŋ
* Syllabification: Ka‧ga‧lang-ga‧lang

### Adjective

Kagalang-galang (Baybayin spelling ᜃᜄᜎᜅ᜔ᜄᜎᜅ᜔) (politics)
* a courtesy title given to government officials such as senators, congressmen, governors, councilors, etc.
# pessimism
## English
### Etymology

From French pessimisme, from Latin pessimus (“worst”) +‎ -ism, superlative of malus (“bad”). As a doctrine, from German Pessimismus as used by the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer in 1819.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈpɛsɪmɪzəm/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)

### Noun

pessimism (usually uncountable, plural pessimisms)
* A general belief that bad things will happen.
    Hyponym: declinism
** 2017 January 19, Peter Bradshaw, “T2 Trainspotting review – choose a sequel that doesn't disappoint”, in The Guardian‎:T2 isn’t as good as T1: it is a little too long and unwinds a bit into caper sentimentality, broad comedy and self-mythologising. But it has the same punchy energy, the same defiant pessimism, and there’s nothing around like it. This sequel was a high-wire act, but Boyle has made it to the other side.
* The doctrine that this world is the worst of all possible worlds.
* (computing) The condition of being pessimal.

#### Antonyms

* optimism

#### Derived terms

* Afro-pessimism
* cultural pessimism
* ecopessimism
* Judeopessimism

#### Related terms

* pessimist
* pessimistic

#### Translations
### Further reading

* “pessimism”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
* “pessimism”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.
* “pessimism”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.

## Swedish
### Noun

pessimism c
* pessimism; a general belief that bad things will happen
    Antonym: optimism

#### Declension

| | | nominative | genitive |
| singular | indefinite | pessimism | pessimisms |
| singular | definite | pessimismen | pessimismens |
| plural | indefinite | — | — |
| plural | definite | — | — |

#### Related terms

* pessimist
* pessimistisk

### References

* pessimism in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* pessimism in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* pessimism in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)