# -ए
## Hindi
### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /eː/

### Etymology 1

Merging from a few sources:
* Inherited from Prakrit -𑀅𑀲𑀺 (-asi), from Sanskrit -असि (-asi), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *-asi, from Proto-Indo-European *-esi (second person present).
* Inherited from Prakrit -𑀅𑀤𑀺 (-adi), from Sanskrit -अति (-ati), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *-ati, from Proto-Indo-European *-eti (third person present).
* Inherited from Prakrit -𑀏𑀲𑀺 (-esi), from Sanskrit -अयसि (-ayasi), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *-áyasi, from Proto-Indo-European *-éyesi (second person causative present).
* Inherited from Prakrit -𑀏𑀤𑀺 (-edi), from Sanskrit -अयति (-ayati), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *-áyati, from Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti (third person causative imperfective).

#### Suffix

-ए • (-e)
* Marks the second-person singular simple subjunctive.
* Marks the third-person singular simple subjunctive.

### Etymology 2

All forms are ultimately from Sanskrit -अक (-aka):
* The oblique singular probably inherited from Apabhramsa -अहिं (-ahiṃ), from Prakrit -𑀅𑀁𑀲𑀺 (-aṃsi), from Sanskrit -अस्मिन् (-asmin), the pronominal locative singular ending (cf. अस्मिन् (asmin), तस्मिन् (tasmin), etc). The nasality was lost due to interference from the alternative Apabhramsa -अए (-aĕ/-ai) ending, from -𑀅𑀕𑁂 (-age), ultimately from Sanskrit -अ (-a) + -के (-ke), the locative singular of -क (-ka). That this ending is continues the pronominal locative singular ending is not beyond doubt, because normally the oblique case is based on the genitive. Alternatively, this ending is the result of a crossing of the above two sources, Apabhramsa -अहु (-ahu, genitive singular) (from Sanskrit -अस्य (-asya)), and -एं (-ĕṃ/-iṃ, instrumental singular) (from Sanskrit -एन (-ena)).
* The vocative singular inherited from Apabhramsa -अय (-aya), from Prakrit -𑀅𑀕 (-aga), from Sanskrit -अक m (-aka), the vocative singular.
* The direct plural inherited from Apabhramsa -अय (-aya), from Prakrit -𑀅𑀕𑀸 (-agā), from Sanskrit -अकाः m (-akāḥ), the nominative plural.
* The oblique plural Sanskrit -अकानाम् (-akānām) gave -𑀅𑀕𑀸𑀡𑀸𑀁 (-agāṇāṃ), which developed into -ओं (-õ). For adjectives, the ending was affected by haplological shortening early on resulting in -𑀅𑀕𑀸(𑀡𑀸𑀁) (-agā(ṇāṃ)), later Apabhramsa -अय (-aya) and finally -ए (-e). The oblique vocative had similar haplology. Compare Hindi -ई (-ī).

#### Suffix

-ए • (-e)
* oblique singular of -आ (-ā)
* vocative singular of -आ (-ā)
* nominative plural of -आ (-ā)
* oblique plural of -आ (-ā) strictly for adjectives
    काले घोड़ों (kāle ghoṛõ) for "black horses" in the oblique plural; note the different conjugations for the adjective and noun
* vocative plural of -आ (-ā) strictly for adjectives

### References

* ↑ Oberlies, Thomas (2005) A Historical Grammar of Hindi, Grazer Vergleichende Arbeiten, →ISBN, page 1
* ↑ Oberlies, Thomas (2005) A Historical Grammar of Hindi, Grazer Vergleichende Arbeiten, →ISBN, pages 5-6

## Konkani
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɛ]

### Suffix

-ए • (-e) (Latin script -e, Kannada script -ಎ)
* masculine plural suffix

### References

* Madhavi Sardesai (2006) A Comparative Linguistic and Cultural Study of Lexical Influences on Konkani‎, Goa University (doctoral thesis)

## Nepali
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [‿e]
* Phonetic Devanagari: ए

### Suffix

-ए • (-e)
* (slang, derogatory) Used to form nouns with an attitude of disgrace.
    ‎राम (rām, “Ram(name)”) + ‎-ए (-e) → ‎रामे (rāme, “Rame”)

## Rajbanshi
### Suffix

-ए (-e)
* emphatic suffix in reduplicated nouns
    हड्डिए हड्डिhaḍḍie haḍḍinothing but bones, all bones

## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* -ᬏ (Balinese script)
* -ဧ (Burmese script)
* -ए (Devanagari script)
* -ਏ (Gurmukhi script)
* -𑌏 (Grantha script)
* -ꦌ (Javanese script)
* -𑂉 (Kaithi script)
* -ឯ (Khmer script)
* -ເອ (Lao script)
* -ഏ (Malayalam script)
* -ᡝ (Manchu script)
* -𑘊 (Modi script)
* -ᠧ (Mongolian script)
* -𑦪 (Nandinagari script)
* -𑐊 (Newa script)
* -ଏ (Odia script)
* -ꢍ (Saurashtra script)
* -𑆍 (Sharada script)
* -𑖊 (Siddham script)
* -එ (Sinhalese script)
* -𑩐𑩔 (Soyombo script)
* -𑚆 (Takri script)
* -ஏ (Tamil script)
* -เอ (Thai script)
* -ཨེ (Tibetan script)
* -𑨀𑨄 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *-ay, from Proto-Indo-European *-ey or *-oy, the locative singular of *-os.

### Suffix

-ए • (-e) m
* locative singular of -अ (-a)