# 緊張
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jǐnzhāng
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄣˇ ㄓㄤ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gan$^2$ zoeng$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): gin$^2$ ziang$^{1*}$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kín-chông
    (Hailu, HRS): gin$^ˊ$ zhong$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gin$^3$ zong$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kín-tiuⁿ / kín-tiang / kán-chiong / kín-chiong
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ging$^2$ ziang$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jǐnzhāng
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣˇ ㄓㄤ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jǐnjhang
*** Wade–Giles: chin$^3$-chang$^1$
*** Yale: jǐn-jāng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiinjang
*** Palladius: цзиньчжан (czinʹčžan)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gan$^2$ zoeng$^1$
*** Yale: gán jēung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gan$^2$ dzoeng$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gen$^2$ zêng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɐn³⁵ t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: gin$^2$ ziang$^{1*}$
*** Sinological IPA : /kin⁵⁵ t͡siaŋ³³⁻³³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kín-chông
*** Hakka Romanization System: gin$^ˋ$ zong$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gin$^3$ zong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kin³¹ t͡soŋ²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: gin$^ˊ$ zhong$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kin²⁴⁻³³ t͡ʃoŋ⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: gin$^3$ zong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kin³¹ t͡sɔŋ⁴⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kín-tiuⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: kín-tiunn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kyndviw
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Philippines): /kin⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiũ³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /kin⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiũ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kin⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiũ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kín-tiang
*** Tâi-lô: kín-tiang
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kyndiafng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kin⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiaŋ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Singapore, Penang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kán-chiong
*** Tâi-lô: kán-tsiong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kafnciofng
*** IPA (Singapore): /kan⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Penang): /kan⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡siɔŋ³³/
** (Hokkien: Penang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kín-chiong
*** Tâi-lô: kín-tsiong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kynciofng
*** IPA (Penang): /kin⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡siɔŋ³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ging$^2$ ziang$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kíng tsiang
*** Sinological IPA : /kiŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡siaŋ³³/

### Adjective

緊張
* nervous; worried; stressed; anxious
       Wǒ yǒu shénme hǎo jǐnzhāng de ya? [Pinyin]
       What have I got to be worried about?
* (of muscle, rope, etc.) tense; taut
* (of situation etc.) tense; intense; acute; fierce; pressing
    擴大緊張形勢／扩大紧张形势 ― kuòdà jǐnzhāng xíngshì ― to escalate tensions
* in short supply; scarce
* fast-paced

#### Synonyms

* (worried):
* 不安 (bù'ān)
* 心急 (xīnjí)
* 擔憂／担忧 (dānyōu)
* 灼熱／灼热 (zhuórè)
* 焦切 (jiāoqiè) (literary)
* 焦急 (jiāojí)
* 焦慮／焦虑 (jiāolǜ)
* 焦灼 (jiāozhuó) (literary)
* 著急／着急 (zháojí)
* (pressing):
* 亟亟 (jíjí) (literary)
* 促迫 (cùpò)
* 倥傯／倥偬 (kǒngzǒng) (literary)
* 切切 (qièqiè) (literary)
* 加急 (jiājí) (attributive, of a telegram, test, etc.)
* 卒暴 (cùbào) (literary)
* 危迫 (wēipò) (literary)
* 吃緊／吃紧 (chījǐn)
* 孔亟 (kǒngjí)
* 孔急 (kǒngjí)
* 急 (jí)
* 急促 (jícù)
* 急切 (jíqiè)
* 急急 (jíjí) (literary)
* 急要 (jíyào) (literary)
* 急迫 (jípò)
* 打緊／打紧 (dǎjǐn)
* 火急 (huǒjí)
* 窘促 (jiǒngcù)
* 緊促／紧促 (jǐncù)
* 緊急／紧急 (jǐnjí)
* 緊要／紧要 (jǐnyào)
* 緊迫／紧迫 (jǐnpò)
* 緊逼逼／紧逼逼 (Hokkien)
* 要緊／要紧 (yàojǐn)
* 迫切 (pòqiè)
* 遑急 (huángjí) (literary)
* 險急／险急 (xiǎnjí)
* (in short supply): 緊缺／紧缺 (jǐnquē)

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “tense”): 輕鬆／轻松 (qīngsōng)
* (antonym(s) of “tense; taut”): 鬆弛／松弛 (sōngchí)

#### Derived terms

* 創傷後心理壓力緊張症候群／创伤后心理压力紧张症候群 (chuāngshānghòu xīnlǐ yālì jǐnzhāng zhènghòuqún)
* 緊張性／紧张性 (jǐnzhāngxìng)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 緊 | 張 |
| きん Grade: S | ちょう Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kʲĩɲ̟t͡ɕo̞ː]

### Noun

緊(きん)張(ちょう) • (kinchō)
* physical tension, strain
* mental strain, nervousness
* tension in a relationship
* the contracted state of a muscle

#### Derived terms

* 緊張緩和(きんちょうかんわ) (kinchō kanwa, “détente”)

### Verb

緊(きん)張(ちょう)する • (kinchō suru) intransitive suru (stem 緊(きん)張(ちょう)し (kinchō shi), past 緊(きん)張(ちょう)した (kinchō shita))
* be physically tense
* be mentally tense, be nervous
* for a relationship to suffer tension
* for a muscle to contract

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 緊張し | きんちょうし | kinchō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 緊張し | きんちょうし | kinchō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 緊張する | きんちょうする | kinchō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 緊張する | きんちょうする | kinchō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 緊張すれ | きんちょうすれ | kinchō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 緊張せよ¹ 緊張しろ² | きんちょうせよ¹ きんちょうしろ² | kinchō seyo¹ kinchō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 緊張される | きんちょうされる | kinchō sareru |
| Causative | 緊張させる 緊張さす | きんちょうさせる きんちょうさす | kinchō saseru kinchō sasu |
| Potential | 緊張できる | きんちょうできる | kinchō dekiru |
| Volitional | 緊張しよう | きんちょうしよう | kinchō shiyō |
| Negative | 緊張しない | きんちょうしない | kinchō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 緊張せず | きんちょうせず | kinchō sezu |
| Formal | 緊張します | きんちょうします | kinchō shimasu |
| Perfective | 緊張した | きんちょうした | kinchō shita |
| Conjunctive | 緊張して | きんちょうして | kinchō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 緊張すれば | きんちょうすれば | kinchō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 緊 | 張 |

### Noun

緊張 • (ginjang) (hangeul 긴장)
* hanja form of 긴장

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 緊 | 張 |

### Adjective

緊張
* chữ Hán form of khẩn trương (“urgent”).