# 墟

| 墟 | U+589F, &#22687; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-589F |
| ← 增 [U+589E] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 墠 → [U+58A0] |

## Translingual
### Han character

墟 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+12, 15 strokes, cangjie input 土卜心金 (GYPC) or 土卜心一 (GYPM), four-corner 4111$_7$, composition ⿰土虛)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 238, character 28
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5457
* Dae Jaweon: page 477, character 13
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 479, character 12
* Unihan data for U+589F

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 唬 | *qʰraːs, *kʷraːɡ |
| 戲 | *qʰral, *qʰrals, *qʰaː |
| 巇 | *qʰra |
| 隵 | *qʰra |
| 嚱 | *qʰras |
| 盧 | *b·raː |
| 鑪 | *raː |
| 壚 | *raː |
| 籚 | *raː |
| 蘆 | *raː, *ra |
| 顱 | *b·raː |
| 髗 | *b·raː |
| 鱸 | *raː |
| 攎 | *raː |
| 櫨 | *raː |
| 轤 | *raː |
| 黸 | *raː |
| 獹 | *raː |
| 鸕 | *raː |
| 艫 | *raː |
| 纑 | *raː |
| 瀘 | *raː |
| 瓐 | *raː |
| 爐 | *raː |
| 嚧 | *raː |
| 矑 | *b·raː |
| 罏 | *raː |
| 蠦 | *raː |
| 虜 | *raːʔ |
| 擄 | *raːʔ |
| 艣 | *raːʔ |
| 鐪 | *raːʔ |
| 虖 | *qʰaː, *qʰʷa, *qʰaː, *qʰʷa |
| 虍 | *qʰaː |
| 雐 | *qʰʷlaː |
| 虎 | *qʰlaːʔ |
| 琥 | *qʰlaːʔ |
| 萀 | *qʰlaːʔ |
| 臚 | *b·ra |
| 廬 | *ra |
| 驢 | *b·ra |
| 藘 | *ra |
| 爈 | *ra, *ras |
| 櫖 | *ra, *ras |
| 儢 | *raʔ |
| 慮 | *ras |
| 勴 | *ras |
| 鑢 | *ras |
| 濾 | *ras |
| 攄 | *r̥ʰa |
| 處 | *kʰljaʔ, *kʰljas |
| 豦 | *kas, *ɡa |
| 據 | *kas |
| 鐻 | *kas, *ɡa, *ɡaʔ |
| 澽 | *kas, *ɡas |
| 虛 | *kʰa, *qʰa |
| 墟 | *kʰa |
| 懅 | *ɡa |
| 蘧 | *ɡa, *ɡʷa |
| 籧 | *ɡa |
| 醵 | *ɡa, *ɡas, *ɡaɡ |
| 璩 | *ɡa |
| 虡 | *ɡaʔ |
| 遽 | *ɡas |
| 勮 | *ɡas |
| 噓 | *qʰa, *qʰas |
| 驉 | *qʰa |
| 歔 | *qʰa |
| 魖 | *qʰa |
| 膚 | *pla |
| 虧 | *kʰʷral |
| 噱 | *ɡaɡ |
| 臄 | *ɡaɡ |
| 劇 | *ɡaɡ |
| 諕 | *qʰʷraːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰa) : semantic 土 (“dirt”) + phonetic 虛 (OC *kʰa, *qʰa).

### Etymology
#### "ruin"

    Possibly a nominal derivation, with *k- prefix, from 虛 (OC *kʰa, *qʰa) (Karlgren, 1958, Schuessler, 2007), maybe related to Mizo ko (“raised ground; bank; mound”). Perhaps not related to 丘 (OC *kʰʷɯ) "mound, hill" (contra Wang, 1982).

#### "market"

    A Yuè (越) dialectal word, which also occurs in some Tai languages such as Yoy [script needed] (hɯ$^{A1}$, “market”) (Schuessler, 2007). It also occurs in some Min dialects; Kwok (2018) reconstructs Proto-Southern Min *hɯ$^1$.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xū (xu$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄩ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): heoi$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): hui$^1$ / hui$^{1-4}$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): hî
    (Meixian, Guangdong): hi$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): hṳ̆
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hy$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hi / hir / hu
    (Teochew, Peng'im): he$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xū
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄩ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: syu
*** Wade–Giles: hsü$^1$
*** Yale: syū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiu
*** Palladius: сюй (sjuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕy⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: heoi$^1$
*** Yale: hēui
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hoey$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hêu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɵy̯⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: hui$^1$ / hui$^{1-4}$
*** Sinological IPA : /hui³³/, /hui³³⁻²¹/
* hui1 - ruin;
* hui1-4 - market.
* Middle Chinese: khjo
Rime :
| Character | 墟 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 魚 (22) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 去魚切 |
| Baxter | khjo |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰɨʌ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰiɔ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰiɔ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰɨə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰiɔ/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰĭo/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kʰi̯wo/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qū |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | heoi$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.qʰ(r)a/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰa/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 墟 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xū |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khjo › |
| Old Chinese | /*C.qʰ(r)a/ |
| English | hill, mound; abandoned city |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 墟 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 5255 |
| Phonetic component | 虍 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 虚 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰa/ |
| Notes | 同虛 |

### Definitions

墟
* ruin
    殷墟 ― Yīnxū ― Yinxu (ruins of the last capital of the Shang dynasty)
* (literary) village
* fair; market
    趁墟 [Cantonese] ― can$^3$ heoi$^1$ [Jyutping] ― to go to a market

#### Compounds

* 丘墟 (qiūxū)
* 墟墓
* 墟市 (xūshì)
* 墟落
* 墟里 (xūlǐ)
* 宗廟丘墟／宗庙丘墟
* 廢墟／废墟 (fèixū)
* 村墟
* 歸墟／归墟
* 殷墟 (Yīnxū)
* 殷墟卜辭
* 殷墟書契
* 破墟
* 社稷為墟／社稷为墟
* 華屋丘墟／华屋丘墟
* 趁墟 (chènxū)
* 趕墟／赶墟

### References

* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “墟”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 267.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* ruins

#### Readings

* Go-on: こ (ko)
* Kan-on: きょ (kyo)
* Kun: あと (ato, 墟)

#### Compounds

* 廃墟(はいきょ) (haikyo): ruins, abandoned building

#### Usage notes

Rarely replaced by 虚 in modern usage.

## Korean
### Hanja

墟 • (heo) (hangeul 허, revised heo, McCune–Reischauer hŏ)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

墟: Hán Nôm readings: hư, khư
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation