# 貨

| 貨 | U+8CA8, &#36008; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8CA8 |
| ← 貧 [U+8CA7] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 販 → [U+8CA9] |

## Translingual
### Han character

貨 (Kangxi radical 154, 貝+4, 11 strokes, cangjie input 人心月山金 (OPBUC), four-corner 2480$_6$, composition ⿱化貝)

#### Descendants

* 货

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1205, character 12
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 36678
* Dae Jaweon: page 1667, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3627, character 1
* Unihan data for U+8CA8

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 貨 :
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 訛 | *ŋʷaːl |
| 吪 | *ŋʷaːl |
| 鈋 | *ŋʷaːl |
| 囮 | *lu, *ŋʷaːl |
| 魤 | *ŋʷaːl |
| 靴 | *hʷa |
| 貨 | *hŋʷaːls |
| 花 | *hʷraː |
| 化 | *hŋʷraːls |
| 杹 | *hŋʷraːls |
| 匕 | *pilʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hŋʷaːls) : phonetic 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls) + semantic 貝 (“shell, money”) – valuable goods.

### Etymology

Related to 訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “to change”), 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls, “to transform”) (Schuessler, 2007).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): huò (huo$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄛˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): fo$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): fo$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): fo
    (Hailu, HRS): fo$^ˇ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): fo$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): hue$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): hua̿
* Eastern Min (BUC): huó
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hè / hèr / hòe / hò / hòⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): huê$^3$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^5$hu / $^5$hou
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ho$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: huò
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: huò
*** Wade–Giles: huo$^4$
*** Yale: hwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huoh
*** Palladius: хо (xo)
*** Sinological IPA : /xu̯ɔ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fo$^3$
*** Yale: fo
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fo$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fo$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɔː³³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: fo$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /fᵘɔ³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fo
*** Hakka Romanization System: fo
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /fo⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: fo$^ˇ$
*** Sinological IPA: /fo¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: fo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /fo⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: hue$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /xuɤ⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hua̿
*** Sinological IPA : /xua³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: huó
*** Sinological IPA : /huɔ²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Jinjiang, Taipei, Magong, Hsinchu, Taichung, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hè
*** Tâi-lô: hè
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hex
*** IPA (Xiamen): /he²¹/
*** IPA (Jinjiang, Philippines): /he⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /he¹¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Lukang, Sanxia, Kinmen, Hsinchu)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hèr
*** Tâi-lô: hèr
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hə⁴¹/
*** IPA (Lukang): /hə³¹/
*** IPA (Kinmen): /hə¹²/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Yilan, Tainan, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hòe
*** Tâi-lô: huè
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoex
*** IPA (Zhangzhou, Yilan, Tainan, Kaohsiung): /hue²¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hò
*** Tâi-lô: hò
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoix
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɤ²¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ho²¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hòⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: hònn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hvox
*** IPA (Taipei): /hɔ̃¹¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔ̃⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hɔ̃²¹/
* hè/hèr/hòe - vernacular;
* hò/hòⁿ - literary.
* Middle Chinese: xwaH
Rime :
| Character | 貨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 戈 (95) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 呼臥切 |
| Baxter | xwaH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /huɑ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /huɑ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xuɑ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /hwa$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /xuɑ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /xuɑ$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /xuɑ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | huò |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fo$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʷʰˁaj-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hŋʷaːls/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 貨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | huò |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xwa$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*qʷʰˁaj-s/ |
| English | (movable) property, goods |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 貨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 5325 |
| Phonetic component | 化 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 貨 |
| Old Chinese | /*hŋʷaːls/ |

### Definitions

貨
* (literary) money and goods; property
    殺人越貨／杀人越货 ― shārényuèhuò ― to kill people for their property
    From: Tao Te Ching, 4th century BCE
    Bù guì nándé zhī huò, shǐ mín bù wéi dào. [Pinyin]
    [N]ot to prize articles which are difficult to procure is the way to keep them from becoming thieves.
* goods; commodities; products
    現貨／现货 ― xiànhuò ― merchandise in stock
    百貨／百货 ― bǎihuò ― general merchandise
    退貨／退货 ― tuìhuò ― to return goods or merchandise
       gam$^1$ jat$^6$ wui$^5$ jau$^5$ pai$^1$ fo$^3$ sung$^3$ dou$^3$ lai$^4$. [Jyutping]
       (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* currency
    通貨／通货 ― tōnghuò ― currency
    From: The Book of Han, circa 1st century CE
    Bǎixìng kuìluàn, qí huò bù xíng, mín sī yǐ wǔ zhū qián shìmǎi. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (derogatory) used to refer to a person
    吃貨／吃货 ― chīhuò ― one who eats all day and does nothing
    蠢貨／蠢货 ― chǔnhuò ― idiot
    From: 2015 August 22, 芦宏伟 (Lu Hongwei), 《没种就别出来混》, in 《故事会》, →ISSN, issue 590, page 30
    Guāngtóu Lǐ, nǐ shénme yìsī? Zhè liǎ huò shénme wányìr, wǒ yàgēn jiù bù rènshí! [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (Southern Min) thing; stuff
* (obsolete) to bribe
* (obsolete) to buy; to purchase
* (obsolete) to sell
    From: 1740, Pu Songling, 聊齋志異(Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio), Volume 1
    Yǒu xiāngrén huò lí yú shì, pō gān fāng, jià téng guì. [Pinyin]
    There was a villager, selling pears in a market. The pears tastes quite sweet, but they are somewhat expensive.
* a surname

### Compounds

* 一路貨／一路货
* 三寸貨／三寸货
* 下腳貨／下脚货
* 上貨／上货 (shànghuò)
* 乏貨／乏货
* 乾貨／干货 (gānhuò)
* 乾貨船／干货船
* 二手貨／二手货 (èrshǒuhuò)
* 交貨／交货 (jiāohuò)
* 人情貨／人情货
* 來路貨／来路货 (láilùhuò)
* 來頭貨／来头货
* 便宜貨／便宜货 (piányihuò)
* 俏貨／俏货
* 假貨／假货 (jiǎhuò)
* 入眼貨／入眼货
* 兩腳貨／两脚货
* 公有財貨／公有财货
* 冒牌貨／冒牌货 (màopáihuò)
* 冷貨／冷货
* 冷門貨／冷门货
* 出口貨／出口货
* 出貨／出货 (chūhuò)
* 剔莊貨／剔庄货
* 劣貨／劣货
* 北貨／北货 (běihuò)
* 南北貨／南北货
* 南貨／南货 (nánhuò)
* 卸貨／卸货 (xièhuò)
* 叉路貨／叉路货
* 吃貨／吃货 (chīhuò)
* 呆貨／呆货
* 售貨／售货 (shòuhuò)
* 售貨合約／售货合约
* 售貨員／售货员 (shòuhuòyuán)
* 單法貨制／单法货制
* 國貨／国货 (guóhuò)
* 土貨／土货 (tǔhuò)
* 地攤貨／地摊货 (dìtānhuò)
* 堆貨／堆货
* 塑膠貨幣／塑胶货币
* 外國貨／外国货 (wàiguóhuò)
* 外貨／外货 (wàihuò)
* 大貨車／大货车 (dàhuòchē)
* 大路貨／大路货 (dàlùhuò)
* 大陸貨／大陆货
* 夯貨／夯货
* 奇貨／奇货
* 奇貨可居／奇货可居 (qíhuòkějū)
* 好貨／好货
* 存貨／存货 (cúnhuò)
* 孱頭貨／孱头货
* 完稅貨價／完税货价
* 寶貨／宝货 (bǎohuò)
* 寶貨難售／宝货难售
* 封貨／封货
* 小貨／小货
* 小貨車／小货车
* 尖貨／尖货
* 山貨／山货 (shānhuò)
* 布貨／布货
* 年貨／年货 (niánhuò)
* 廣貨／广货
* 強勢貨幣／强势货币
* 快貨／快货
* 打年貨／打年货
* 批貨／批货 (pīhuò)
* 掉貨／掉货
* 掛貨鋪／挂货铺
* 提貨單／提货单 (tíhuòdān)
* 搶手貨／抢手货 (qiǎngshǒuhuò)
* 摟貨／搂货
* 攬貨／揽货
* 散裝貨／散装货
* 料貨／料货
* 期貨／期货 (qīhuò)
* 本地貨／本地货
* 次貨／次货 (cìhuò)
* 歪行貨／歪行货
* 殃人貨／殃人货
* 殖貨／殖货
* 殘貨／残货 (cánhuò)
* 殺人越貨／杀人越货 (shārényuèhuò)
* 水貨／水货 (shuǐhuò)
* 沒添貨／没添货
* 法償貨幣／法偿货币 (fǎcháng huòbì)
* 泡貨／泡货
* 洋廣貨／洋广货
* 洋貨／洋货 (yánghuò)
* 海貨／海货
* 清水貨／清水货
* 準貨幣／准货币
* 滯貨／滞货
* 潑皮貨／泼皮货
* 潑腳子貨／泼脚子货
* 潑辣貨／泼辣货
* 濫貨／滥货
* 炒貨／炒货 (chǎohuò)
* 炕頭子貨／炕头子货
* 烈貨／烈货
* 無貨／无货
* 熟貨／熟货
* 爛汙貨／烂污货
* 獄貨非寶／狱货非宝
* 獨門子貨／独门子货
* 現貨／现货 (xiànhuò)
* 現貨市場／现货市场
* 生貨／生货
* 發貨／发货 (fāhuò)
* 百貨／百货 (bǎihuò)
* 百貨公司／百货公司 (bǎihuò gōngsī)
* 百貨店／百货店 (bǎihuòdiàn)
* 百貨業／百货业
* 皮貨／皮货
* 盤貨／盘货 (pánhuò)
* 真貨／真货
* 瞎白貨／瞎白货
* 瞞貨／瞒货
* 硶貨／硶货
* 禮行貨／礼行货
* 私貨／私货 (sīhuò)
* 線上百貨／线上百货
* 繡貨／绣货
* 缺貨／缺货 (quēhuò)
* 老貨／老货
* 耍貨／耍货
* 膿包貨／脓包货
* 舊貨／旧货 (jiùhuò)
* 舊貨攤／旧货摊 (jiùhuòtān)
* 菜貨／菜货
* 落腳貨／落脚货
* 蠢貨／蠢货 (chǔnhuò)
* 行貨／行货 (hánghuò)
* 補助貨幣／补助货币
* 訂貨／订货 (dìnghuò)
* 訂貨單／订货单
* 識貨／识货 (shíhuò)
* 財貨／财货 (cáihuò)
* 貨主／货主 (huòzhǔ)
* 貨倉／货仓 (huòcāng)
* 貨價／货价
* 貨利／货利
* 貨卜／货卜
* 貨品／货品 (huòpǐn)
* 貨尾／货尾 (fo3 mei5)
* 貨布／货布
* 貨幣／货币 (huòbì)
* 貨幣乘數／货币乘数
* 貨幣市場／货币市场 (huòbì shìchǎng)
* 貨幣政策／货币政策 (huòbì zhèngcè)
* 貨底／货底 (huòdǐ)
* 貨暢其流／货畅其流
* 貨棧／货栈 (huòzhàn)
* 貨樣／货样
* 貨機／货机 (huòjī)
* 貨櫃／货柜 (huòguì)
* 貨櫃船／货柜船 (huòguìchuán)
* 貨款／货款 (huòkuǎn)
* 貨殖／货殖 (huòzhí)
* 貨泉／货泉
* 貨源／货源 (huòyuán)
* 貨物／货物 (huòwù)
* 貨物稅／货物税
* 貨真價實／货真价实 (huòzhēnjiàshí)
* 貨短／货短
* 貨票／货票
* 貨罰／货罚
* 貨聲／货声
* 貨船／货船 (huòchuán)
* 貨艙／货舱
* 貨色／货色 (huòsè)
* 貨販子／货贩子
* 貨賂／货赂 (huòlù)
* 貨賄／货贿
* 貨賄公行／货贿公行
* 貨賂公行／货赂公行
* 貨車／货车 (huòchē)
* 貨輪／货轮 (huòlún)
* 貨運／货运 (huòyùn)
* 貨郎／货郎 (huòláng)
* 貨郎兒／货郎儿
* 貨郎擔兒／货郎担儿 (huòlángdànr)
* 貨郎鼓／货郎鼓
* 買陳貨／买陈货
* 賄貨公行／贿货公行
* 賤貨／贱货 (jiànhuò)
* 賠錢貨／赔钱货
* 起貨／起货
* 趁貨兒／趁货儿
* 蹩腳貨／蹩脚货
* 載貨／载货
* 輕量貨幣／轻量货币
* 辣貨／辣货
* 辦貨／办货 (bànhuò)
* 退貨／退货 (tuìhuò)
* 送貨／送货 (sònghuò)
* 通貨／通货 (tōnghuò)
* 通貨緊縮／通货紧缩 (tōnghuò jǐnsuō)
* 通貨膨脹／通货膨胀 (tōnghuò péngzhàng)
* 進口貨／进口货 (jìnkǒuhuò)
* 進貨／进货 (jìnhuò)
* 配貨／配货
* 金屬貨幣／金属货币
* 銀貨兩訖／银货两讫
* 闒茸貨／阘茸货
* 陳貨／陈货 (chénhuò)
* 陪錢貨／陪钱货
* 隔皮斷貨／隔皮断货
* 雌貨／雌货
* 雜貨／杂货 (záhuò)
* 雜貨店／杂货店 (záhuòdiàn)
* 電腦百貨／电脑百货
* 食貨／食货
* 食貨志／食货志
* 騷貨／骚货 (sāohuò)
* 驗貨／验货 (yànhuò)
* 驗貨單／验货单
* 鮮貨／鲜货
* 黃貨／黄货
* 黑貨／黑货 (hēihuò)

### References

* “貨”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* “Entry #7910”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: か (ka, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)
* Kun: たから (takara, 貨)

#### Compounds

* 硬貨(こうか) (kōka): coins
* 貨幣(かへい) (kahei): currency

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 貨
* か Grade: 4
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 貨 (MC xwaH).

### Affix

貨(か) • (ka)
* currency
* goods
* treasure

## Korean
### Hanja

貨 • (hwa) (hangeul 화, revised hwa, McCune–Reischauer hwa, Yale hwa)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

貨: Hán Nôm readings: hóa/hoá
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.