# بحران
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

Probably from Aramaic בחרנא (bəḥrānā, “test, turning point of disease progression, crisis”), from בְּחַר (bəḥar, “judging, testing”); compare Hebrew בָּחַר (bāḥar, “to choose, appoint”). Perhaps eventually a calque of Ancient Greek κρίσις (krísis). The Arabic lexicographers identified the word as foreign and considered it of Greek origin.
Lane instead theorised it to be from archaic البَاحُور (al-bāḥūr, “the moon”, literally “expanding, widening; being at the full extent, the furthest extremities”), from the notion of a sudden change of health being linked to the phase of the moon. Compare for this Ancient Greek σεληνιάζομαι (selēniázomai, “epilepsy; sudden drastic symptoms”, literally “moonstruck”), Latin lunaticus, and English lunacy.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /buħ.raːn/

#### Noun

بُحْرَان • (buḥrān) m (plural بَحَارِين (baḥārīn))
* (now rare) crisis, panic
    Synonym: أَزْمَة (ʔazma)
* (medicine) crisis

##### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: böhran
* → Classical Persian: بحران (buḥrān)
** → Hindustani:
    Hindi: बोहरान (bohrān)
    Urdu: بُحْرَان (bohrān)
* → Middle Armenian: բուհրան (buhran), բուրհան (burhan), բուհրայն (buhrayn), պուրհան (purhan), պուհրան (puhran), պահրան (pahran), պոհրան (pohran), պոխրան (poxran)
* → Ottoman Turkish: بحران (buhran)
** Turkish: buhran

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

بحران • (baḥrān)
* dual of بَحْر (baḥr)

### References

* Freytag, Georg (1830) “بحران”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 1, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 88
* Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “بحران”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc‎ (in French), volume 1, Paris: Maisonneuve et C$^{ie}$, page 89
* Lane, Edward William (1863) “بحران”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate, page 157
* Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “بحران”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎ (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 67

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic بُحْرَان (buḥrān, “crisis”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [buh.ˈɾɑːn]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [bo̞ɦ.ɾɑ́ːn]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [bo̞ɦ.ɾɑ́ːn]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [bʊ.ɾɑ́ːn]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [bu.ɾɔ́ːn]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [boɦ.ɹɒ́ːn]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [bɵh.ɾɔ́n]
* Rhymes: -ɑːn

### Noun

| Dari | بحران |
| Iranian Persian | بحران |
| Tajik | бӯҳрон |
بحران • (bohrân)
* crisis
    بحران اقتصادی ― bohrân-e eqtesâdi ― financial crisis
    بحران بدهی ― bohrân-e bedehi ― debt crisis
    بحران بین‌المللی ― bohrân-e beyn-olmelali ― international crisis
    بحران سیاسی ― bohrân-e siyâsi ― political crisis

#### Descendants

* → Hindustani:
    Hindi: बोहरान (bohrān)
    Urdu: بُحْرَان (bohrān)

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian بحران (buhrān), from Arabic بُحْرَان (buḥrān).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /boːɦ.ɾɑːn/

### Noun

بُحْران • (bohrān) m (Hindi spelling बोहरान)
* crisis
* delirium

### References

* “بحران”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
* “بحران”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.