# 鑽

| 鑽 | U+947D, &#38013; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-947D |
| ← 鑼 [U+947C] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 鑾 → [U+947E] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 鑽 |
| Shinjitai (extended) | 鑚 |
| Simplified | 钻 |

### Han character

鑽 (Kangxi radical 167, 金+19, 27 strokes, cangjie input 金竹山金 (CHUC), four-corner 8418$_6$, composition ⿰釒贊)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1327, character 27
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41082
* Dae Jaweon: page 1828, character 31
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4276, character 7
* Unihan data for U+947D

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 贊 | *ʔsaːns |
| 趲 | *ʔsaːns, *zaːnʔ |
| 讚 | *ʔsaːns |
| 酇 | *ʔsaːns, *zoːn |
| 饡 | *ʔsaːns |
| 濽 | *ʔsaːns |
| 襸 | *ʔsaːns |
| 攢 | *ʔsaːns, *ʔsoːnʔ |
| 瓚 | *zaːnʔ |
| 禶 | *zaːnʔ, *zoːn |
| 穳 | *zaːns, *zoːn |
| 囋 | *zaːns, *zaːd |
| 鑽 | *ʔsoːn, *ʔsoːns |
| 劗 | *ʔsoːn, *zoːn |
| 纘 | *ʔsoːnʔ |
| 儧 | *ʔsoːnʔ |
| 鄼 | *ʔsoːnʔ |
| 欑 | *ʔsoːnʔ, *zoːn |
| 籫 | *ʔsoːnʔ |
| 巑 | *zoːn |
| 攅 | *zoːns |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsoːn, *ʔsoːns) : semantic 釒 + phonetic 贊 (OC *ʔsaːns).

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsow-t (“to pierce, plant, erect; a thorn”). Cognate with Burmese စူး (cu:, “to be pierced”), 竄 (OC *sʰoːn, *sʰoːns, “to flee, exile”) (STEDT).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zuān (zuan$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄗㄨㄢ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zyun$^3$ / zyun$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chon
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): choàn / chǹg / chùiⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zeng$^3$ / neng$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$tsoe
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zuān
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄨㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zuan
*** Wade–Giles: tsuan$^1$
*** Yale: dzwān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzuan
*** Palladius: цзуань (czuanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡su̯än⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zyun$^3$ / zyun$^1$
*** Yale: jyun / jyūn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzyn$^3$ / dzyn$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: jun$^3$ / jun$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡syːn³³/, /t͡syːn⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chon
*** Hakka Romanization System: zon
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zon$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡son⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: choàn
*** Tâi-lô: tsuàn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zoaxn
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡suan⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡suan²¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chǹg
*** Tâi-lô: tsǹg
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zngx
*** IPA (Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /t͡sŋ̍²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sŋ̍¹¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sŋ̍⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chùiⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: tsuìnn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zvuix
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡suĩ²¹/
* choàn - literary;
* chǹg/chuìⁿ - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: tswan
Rime :
| Character | 鑽 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 精 (13) |
| Final (韻) | 桓 (62) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 借官切 |
| Baxter | tswan |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡suɑn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sʷɑn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡suɑn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡swan/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡suɑn/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡suɑn/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡suɑn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zuān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zyun$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ts]ˤor/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsoːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 鑽 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zuān |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tswan › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ts]ˁor/ |
| English | perforate, penetrate |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鑽 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 16527 |
| Phonetic component | 贊 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 鑚 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔsoːn/ |

#### Definitions

鑽
* to drill; to bore
* to study intensively
* to go deep into or go through; to get into; to break through; to pierce
* to secure personal gain

##### Synonyms

* (to drill):
* 戮空 (Hokkien)
* 打孔 (dǎkǒng)
* 打洞 (dǎdòng)
* 打眼 (dǎyǎn)
* 打窿 (Cantonese)
* 拍空 (Hokkien)
* 穿孔 (chuānkǒng)
* 鑿／凿
* 鑽孔／钻孔 (zuānkǒng)
* (to study intensively):
* 探討／探讨 (tàntǎo)
* 摳／抠 (kōu)
* 查考 (chákǎo)
* 研修 (yánxiū)
* 研究 (yánjiū)
* 研習／研习 (yánxí)
* 研討／研讨 (yántǎo)
* 精研 (jīngyán) (formal)
* 細究／细究 (xìjiū)
* 考究
* 調查／调查 (diàochá)
* 鑽研／钻研 (zuānyán)
* (to secure personal gain): 鑽營／钻营 (zuānyíng)

#### Compounds

* 不鑽營／不钻营
* 刁鑽／刁钻 (diāozuān)
* 刁鑽古怪／刁钻古怪
* 幫懶鑽閑／帮懒钻闲
* 幫閑鑽懶／帮闲钻懒
* 見縫就鑽／见缝就钻
* 賣李鑽核／卖李钻核
* 踰牆鑽穴／逾墙钻穴
* 踰牆鑽隙／逾墙钻隙
* 鑽仰／钻仰
* 鑽冰取火／钻冰取火
* 鑽冰求火／钻冰求火
* 鑽冰求酥／钻冰求酥
* 鑽刺／钻刺
* 鑽堅仰高／钻坚仰高
* 鑽天／钻天
* 鑽天入地／钻天入地
* 鑽天打洞／钻天打洞
* 鑽孔／钻孔 (zuānkǒng)
* 鑽懶幫閑／钻懒帮闲
* 鑽探／钻探 (zuāntàn)
* 鑽故紙／钻故纸
* 鑽木取火／钻木取火 (zuānmùqǔhuǒ)
* 鑽機／钻机 (zuànjī)
* 鑽火／钻火
* 鑽火得冰／钻火得冰
* 鑽灼／钻灼
* 鑽營／钻营 (zuānyíng)
* 鑽燧／钻燧
* 鑽牛犄角／钻牛犄角
* 鑽牛角尖／钻牛角尖 (zuān niújiǎojiān)
* 鑽狗洞／钻狗洞
* 鑽疾／钻疾
* 鑽皮出羽／钻皮出羽
* 鑽研／钻研 (zuānyán)
* 鑽穴踰垣／钻穴逾垣
* 鑽穴踰牆／钻穴逾墙
* 鑽空子／钻空子 (zuān kòngzi)
* 鑽謀／钻谋
* 鑽錢眼／钻钱眼 (zuān qiányǎn)
* 鑽門路／钻门路
* 鑽隙踰牆／钻隙逾墙
* 鑽頭就鎖／钻头就锁
* 鑽頭覓縫／钻头觅缝

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zuàn (zuan$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄗㄨㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zyun$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): choàn / chǹg / chùiⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zeng$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$tsoe
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zuàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄨㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zuàn
*** Wade–Giles: tsuan$^4$
*** Yale: dzwàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzuann
*** Palladius: цзуань (czuanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡su̯än⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zyun$^3$
*** Yale: jyun
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzyn$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: jun$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡syːn³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: choàn
*** Tâi-lô: tsuàn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zoaxn
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡suan⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡suan²¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chǹg
*** Tâi-lô: tsǹg
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zngx
*** IPA (Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /t͡sŋ̍²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sŋ̍¹¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sŋ̍⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chùiⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: tsuìnn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zvuix
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡suĩ²¹/
* choàn - literary;
* chǹg/chuìⁿ - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: tswanH
Rime :
| Character | 鑽 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 精 (13) |
| Final (韻) | 桓 (62) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 子筭切 |
| Baxter | tswanH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡suɑn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sʷɑn$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡suɑn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡swan$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡suɑn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡suɑn$^H$/ |
| Bernhard Karlgren | /t͡suɑn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zuàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zyun$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsoːns/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鑽 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 16535 |
| Phonetic component | 贊 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 䂎 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔsoːns/ |

#### Definitions

鑽
* drill; auger (tool)
* diamond

#### Compounds

* 弓形鑽／弓形钻
* 扁鑽／扁钻
* 水鑽／水钻
* 牙鑽／牙钻
* 螺紋鑽／螺纹钻
* 金剛鑽／金刚钻 (jīngāngzuàn)
* 金剛鑽婚／金刚钻婚
* 鑽子／钻子 (zuànzi)
* 鑽床／钻床
* 鑽戒／钻戒 (zuànjiè)
* 鑽石／钻石 (zuànshí)
* 鑽石婚／钻石婚
* 鑽頭／钻头 (zuàntóu)
* 電鑽／电钻 (diànzuàn)

### References

* “鑽”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 鑚 |
| Kyūjitai | 鑽 |

### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 鑚)
* to start a fire (by friction)

#### Readings

* Go-on: さん (san)
* Kan-on: さん (san)
* Kun: きり (kiri, 鑽り)、きる (kiru, 鑽る)、たがね (tagane, 鑽)

#### Compounds

* 鑽孔(さんこう) (sankō): to bore, to punch
* 鑽孔機(さんこうき) (sankōki): punching machine

### Usage notes

An extended shinjitai character, 鑚 (U+945A) is available for this character.

## Korean
### Hanja

鑽 • (chan) (hangeul 찬)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

鑽: Hán Nôm readings: toản, xoảng, xoàn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.