# 標準
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): biāozhǔn
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄧㄠ ㄓㄨㄣˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): biu$^1$ zeon$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): phêu-chún
    (Meixian, Guangdong): biau$^1$ zun$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): biĕu-cūng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): bieo$^1$ zong$^3$ / bieo$^1$ zuong$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): piau-chún / phiau-chún
    (Teochew, Peng'im): piou$^1$ zung$^2$ / piao$^1$ zung$^2$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^1$piau-tsen$_5$ / $^1$piau-tsen$_3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: biāozhǔn
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄧㄠ ㄓㄨㄣˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: biaojhǔn
*** Wade–Giles: piao$^1$-chun$^3$
*** Yale: byāu-jwǔn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: biaujoen
*** Palladius: бяочжунь (bjaočžunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /pi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: biu$^1$ zeon$^2$
*** Yale: bīu jéun
*** Cantonese Pinyin: biu$^1$ dzoen$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: biu$^1$ zên$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /piːu̯⁵⁵ t͡sɵn³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phêu-chún
*** Hakka Romanization System: peu$^ˊ$ zun$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: peu$^1$ zun$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰeu̯²⁴ t͡sun³¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: biau$^1$ zun$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /piau⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sun³¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: biĕu-cūng
*** Sinological IPA : /pieu⁵⁵⁻⁵³ $^{(t͡s-)}$ʒuŋ³³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: bieo$^1$ zong$^3$ [Phonetic: bieo$^5$ zong$^3$]
*** Sinological IPA : /pieu⁵³³⁻²¹ t͡sɔŋ⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: bieo$^1$ zuong$^3$ [Phonetic: bieo$^5$ zuong$^3$]
*** Sinological IPA : /pieu⁵³³⁻²¹ t͡suoŋ³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: piau-chún
*** Tâi-lô: piau-tsún
*** Phofsit Daibuun: piauzuon
*** IPA (Xiamen): /piau⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun⁵³/
*** IPA (Singapore): /piau⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun⁴²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /piau⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun⁴¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /piau³³ t͡sun⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /piau⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phiau-chún
*** Tâi-lô: phiau-tsún
*** Phofsit Daibuun: phiauzuon
*** IPA (Taipei): /pʰiau⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun⁵³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pʰiau⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sun⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pʰiau⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sun⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: piou$^1$ zung$^2$ / piao$^1$ zung$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: phiou tsúng / phiau tsúng
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰiou³³⁻²³ t͡suŋ⁵²/, /pʰiau³³⁻²³ t͡suŋ⁵²/
* piou1 zung2 - Chaozhou;
* piao1 zung2 - Jieyang, Shantou.
* Middle Chinese: pjiew tsywinX
Rime :
| Character | 標 | 準 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) | 章 (23) |
| Final (韻) | 宵 (91) | 諄 (47) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 甫遙切 | 之尹切 |
| Baxter | pjiew | tsywinX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /piᴇu/ | /t͡ɕiuɪn$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /piɛu/ | /t͡ɕʷin$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /pjæu/ | /t͡ɕjuen$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /piaw/ | /cwin$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /piɛu/ | /t͡ɕiuĕn$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /pĭɛu/ | /t͡ɕĭuĕn$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /pi̯ɛu/ | /t͡ɕi̯uĕn$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | biāo | zhǔn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | biu$^1$ | zeon$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*pew qʷjinʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 準 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhǔn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsywin$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*turʔ/ |
| English | water-level |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 標 | 準 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/2 |
| No. | 9742 | 12189 |
| Phonetic component | 票 | 隼 |
| Rime group | 宵 | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 飊 | 準 |
| Old Chinese | /*pew/ | /*qʷjinʔ/ |

### Noun

標準
* standard; criterion
    法定標準／法定标准 ― fǎdìng biāozhǔn ― legal standard
    評分標準／评分标准 ― píngfēn biāozhǔn ― scoring criteria
    合乎標準／合乎标准 ― héhū biāozhǔn ― to conform to the standard
    統一標準／统一标准 ― tǒngyī biāozhǔn ― to unify standards
    收費標準／收费标准 ― shōufèi biāozhǔn ― charging standards; rates
    收緊貸款標準／收紧贷款标准 ― shōujǐn dàikuǎn biāozhǔn ― to tighten lending criteria
       Xiūliàn de biāozhǔn shì yángé. [Pinyin]
       Strictness is the standard of cultivation practice.
    From: 1937, 毛澤東 (Mao Zedong), 《實踐論》 (On Practice), 《毛澤東選集》. English translation based on the Foreign Languages Press edition
    Zhēnlǐ de biāozhǔn zhǐnéng shì shèhuì de shíjiàn. [Pinyin]
    Only social practice can be the criterion of truth.

#### Synonyms

* 判準／判准 (pànzhǔn)
* 基準／基准 (jīzhǔn)
* 尺寸 (chǐcùn)
* 尺度 (chǐdù)
* 尺碼／尺码 (chǐmǎ)
* 平臺／平台 (píngtái)
* 度程 (dùchéng) (literary)
* 式 (shì) (literary, or in compounds)
* 格 (gé) (literary, or in compounds)
* 格式 (géshì)
* 水準／水准 (shuǐzhǔn)
* 法度 (fǎdù)
* 準則／准则 (zhǔnzé)
* 準繩／准绳 (zhǔnshéng)
* 規格／规格 (guīgé)
* 規範／规范 (guīfàn)
* 道揆 (dàokuí) (Classical Chinese)

### Adjective

標準
* standard (falling within an accepted range of size, amount, power, quality, etc.)
    標準的普通話／标准的普通话 ― biāozhǔn de pǔtōnghuà ― standard Mandarin

#### Synonyms

* 正式 (zhèngshì)
* 正經／正经
* 正規／正规 (zhèngguī)
* 規範／规范 (guīfàn)

### Derived terms

* 國際標準書號／国际标准书号 (guójì biāozhǔn shūhào)
* 標準件／标准件 (biāozhǔnjiàn)
* 標準偏差／标准偏差 (biāozhǔn piānchā)
* 標準像／标准像 (biāozhǔnxiàng)
* 標準化／标准化 (biāozhǔnhuà)
* 標準大氣壓／标准大气压 (biāozhǔn dàqìyā)
* 標準工資／标准工资 (biāozhǔn gōngzī)
* 標準差／标准差 (biāozhǔnchā)
* 標準德語／标准德语 (biāozhǔn déyǔ)
* 標準時／标准时 (biāozhǔnshí)
* 標準時區／标准时区 (biāozhǔn shíqū)
* 標準時間／标准时间 (biāozhǔn shíjiān)
* 標準粉／标准粉 (biāozhǔnfěn)
* 標準語／标准语 (biāozhǔnyǔ)
* 標準間／标准间 (biāozhǔnjiān)
* 標準音／标准音 (biāozhǔnyīn)
* 標配／标配 (biāopèi)
* 生活標準／生活标准 (shēnghuó biāozhǔn)
* 美國信息交換標準代碼／美国信息交换标准代码 (Měiguó Xìnxī Jiāohuàn Biāozhǔn Dàimǎ)
* 美國資訊交換標準代碼／美国资讯交换标准代码 (Měiguó Zīxùn Jiāohuàn Biāozhǔn Dàimǎ)
* 雙重標準／双重标准 (shuāngchóng biāozhǔn)
* 非標準／非标准

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 標準(ひょうじゅん) (hyōjun)
* → Korean: 표준(標準) (pyojun)
* → Vietnamese: tiêu chuẩn (標準)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 標 | 準 |
| ひょう Grade: 4 | じゅん Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ひょーじゅん [hyòójúń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ço̞ːʑɨ̃ɴ]

### Noun

標(ひょう)準(じゅん) • (hyōjun)
* standard, level, the mark, norm

#### Derived terms

* 標準化(ひょうじゅんか) (hyōjunka)
* 標準語(ひょうじゅんご) (hyōjungo)

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 標 | 準 |

### Noun

標準 • (pyojun) (hangeul 표준)
* hanja form of 표준 (“standard”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 標 | 準 |

### Noun

標準
* chữ Hán form of tiêu chuẩn (“standard”).