# poena
## Estonian
### Noun

poena
* essive singular of pood

## Latin
### Alternative forms

* pēna

### Etymology

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “penalty, fine, bloodmoney”)

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈpoe̯.na/, [ˈpoe̯nä]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈpe.na/, [ˈpɛːnä]

### Noun

poena f (genitive poenae); first declension
* penalty, punishment
    Synonyms: pūnītiō, mercēs, supplicium, vindicātiō, exemplum, sanctio, pretium, animadversus, vindicta, malum
** c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.4:Ut [...] magnitudine poenae perterreant aliosIn order to terrify others by the severity of punishment
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.136:“Post mihi nōn similī poenā commissa luētis.”“Hereafter, [believe] me, you will atone by no similar penalty [for] having committed [such misdeeds].” (In other words, another transgression will earn the winds far worse than a verbal warning, says Neptune.)
* hardship, torment
    Synonyms: cruciātus, malum
* (figurative) execution

#### Declension

First-declension noun.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | poena | poenae |
| Genitive | poenae | poenārum |
| Dative | poenae | poenīs |
| Accusative | poenam | poenās |
| Ablative | poenā | poenīs |
| Vocative | poena | poenae |

#### Derived terms

* poenās dare
* pūniō

#### Related terms

* paeniteō

#### Descendants

* Asturian: pena
* Old French: peine
** French: peine
** → Middle English: peyne, payne
*** English: pain
* Franco-Provençal: pêna
* Galician: pena
* Italian: pena
* Ladin: peina, pena
* Occitan: pena
** Catalan: pena
* Old Galician-Portuguese: pẽa
** Portuguese: pena
* Sicilian: pena
* Spanish: pena
* Venetan: pena
* Walloon: poenne
* → Breton: poan
* → English: pine
* → Proto-West Germanic: *pīnā (see there for further descendants)
* → Irish: pian
* → Old Norse: pína (see there for further descendants)
* → Romanian: penă
* → Swedish: pina
* → Welsh: poen

### Further reading

* “poena”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “poena”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* poena in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* poena in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to revenge oneself on some one: ulcisci aliquem, poenas expetere ab aliquo to revenge oneself for a thing: ulcisci aliquid, poenas alicuius rei expetere to revenge oneself on another for a thing or on some one's behalf: poenas alicuius or alicuius rei repetere ab aliquo to punish some one: poena afficere aliquem (Off. 2. 5. 18) to exact a penalty from some one: poenas alicuius persequi to exact a penalty from some one: poenam petere, repetere ab aliquo to exact a penalty from some one: poenas expetere ab aliquo to ordain as punishment that..: hanc poenam constituere in aliquem, ut... to be (heavily) punished by some one: poenas (graves) dare alicui to be punished by some one (on account of a thing): poenas alicui pendere (alicuius rei) to suffer punishment: poenas dependere, expendere, solvere, persolvere to suffer punishment: poenam (alicuius rei) ferre, perferre to be punished for a thing, expiate it: poenam luere (alicuius rei) (Sull. 27. 76) to submit to a punishment: poenam subire
* “poena”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* poena in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎, pre-publication website, 2005-2016
* “poena”, in William Smith, editor (1848), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London: John Murray
* “poena”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin

## Welsh
### Pronunciation

* (North Wales) IPA: /ˈpɔɨ̯na/
* (South Wales) IPA: /ˈpɔi̯na/

### Verb

poena
* inflection of poeni:
** second-person singular imperative
** third-person singular present indicative/future literary
** first-person singular future colloquial