# 苦瓜
## Chinese

* 苦瓜

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): kǔguā
       (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨˇ ㄍㄨㄚ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ku$^3$ gua$^1$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): kùgua
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): kǔguà
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): fu$^2$ gwaa$^1$
    (Dongguan, Jyutping++): fu$^2$ gwaa$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): fu$^2$ ga$^{1-4}$
* Gan (Wiktionary): 'ku$^3$ gua$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): fú-kôa
    (Hailu, HRS): fu$^ˊ$ gua$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): fu$^3$ gua$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): ku$^2$ gua$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): kǔ-guá
* Eastern Min (BUC): kū-guă
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khó͘-koe / khó͘-koa
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kou$^2$ guê$^1$
* Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): hu$^2$ gwaa$^1$
* Wu (Wugniu)
** (Northern): $^5$khu-ko$_1$ / $^3$khou-ko$_1$ / $^3$khu-kua$_1$ / $^3$khu-kuo$_1$
** (Jinhua): $^3$khu-kua$_1$
* Xiang
    (Changsha, Wiktionary): ku$^3$ gua$^1$
    (Loudi, Wiktionary): ku$^3$ go$^{1*}$
    (Hengyang, Wiktionary): ku$^3$ gua$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kǔguā
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄨˇ ㄍㄨㄚ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kǔgua
*** Wade–Giles: kʻu$^3$-kua$^1$
*** Yale: kǔ-gwā
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuugua
*** Palladius: кугуа (kugua)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ä⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: ku$^3$ gua$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: kugua
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu⁵³ kua⁵⁵/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: kùgua
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu⁵³ kua/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: kǔguà [Phonetic: kúguà]
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): ku$^3$ gua$^1$ [Phonetic: ku$^2$ gua$^1$]
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu¹¹⁻¹² kua³¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fu$^2$ gwaa$^1$
*** Yale: fú gwā
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fu$^2$ gwaa$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fu$^2$ gua$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /fuː³⁵ kʷaː⁵⁵/
** (Dongguan, Guancheng)
*** Jyutping++: fu$^2$ gwaa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /fu³⁵ kʷa²¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: fu$^2$ ga$^{1-4}$
*** Sinological IPA : /fu⁵⁵ ka³³⁻²¹/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: 'ku$^3$ gua$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ˈkʰu²¹³⁻¹³ kua⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fú-kôa
*** Hakka Romanization System: fu$^ˋ$ gua$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fu$^3$ gua$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /fu³¹ ku̯a²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: fu$^ˊ$ gua$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /fu²⁴⁻³³ kua⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: fu$^3$ gua$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /fu³¹ kua⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: ku$^2$ gua$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /kʰu⁵³ kua¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kǔ-guá
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu²¹ kua⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: kū-guă
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu³³⁻²¹ $^{(k-)}$ua⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khó͘-koe
*** Tâi-lô: khóo-kue
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qofkoef
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Singapore): /kʰɔ⁴²⁻²⁴ kue⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kue⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Penang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khó͘-koa
*** Tâi-lô: khóo-kua
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qofkoaf
*** IPA (Penang): /kʰɔ⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ kua³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kou$^2$ guê$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khóu kue
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ kue³³/
* Southern Pinghua
** (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
*** Jyutping++: hu$^2$ gwaa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hu³³ kʷa⁵³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$khu-ko$_1$
*** MiniDict: khu$^去$ ko$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$khu-ko$_1$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰu³³ ko⁴⁴/
** (Northern: Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^3$khou-ko$_1$
*** MiniDict: khou$^上$ ko$^平$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /kʰəu⁵² ko¹¹/
** (Northern: Hangzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^3$khu-kua$_1$
*** MiniDict: khu$^上$ kua$^平$
*** Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /kʰu⁵⁵ kua²¹/
** (Northern: Ningbo)
*** Wugniu: $^3$khu-kuo$_1$
*** MiniDict: khu$^上$ kuo$^平$
*** Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /kʰu³³ kuo³⁵/
** (Jinhua)
*** Wugniu: $^3$khu-kua$_1$
*** Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /kʰu⁵⁵ kuɑ³³⁴/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: ku$^3$ gua$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu⁴¹ ku̯a̠³³/
** (Loudi)
*** Wiktionary: ku$^3$ go$^{1*}$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu⁴² kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³/
** (Hengyang)
*** Wiktionary: ku$^3$ gua$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu³³ ku̯ä⁴⁴⁵/

### Noun

苦瓜
* bitter melon; bitter gourd

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 苦瓜 |
| Taxonomic name | Taxonomic name | 苦瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 苦瓜, 癩瓜兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 苦瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Langfang | 苦瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 苦瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 苦瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 苦瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 苦瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 苦瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 苦瓜, 癩瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 苦瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 苦瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 苦瓜, 癩瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 苦瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 苦瓜, 癩瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 癩瓜兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 苦瓜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 苦瓜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 苦瓜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 苦瓜, 癩不頭 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 苦瓜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 苦瓜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 苦瓜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 苦瓜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 苦瓜 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 癩瓜兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 苦瓜 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 苦瓜 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 苦瓜 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Daming | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 苦瓜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 苦瓜 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 苦瓜 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 苦瓜 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 苦瓜 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 苦瓜 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 苦瓜兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 苦瓜, 苦瓜子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 苦瓜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 苦瓜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 癩葡萄, 苦瓜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 苦瓜, 癩葡萄 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 苦瓜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 苦瓜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 苦瓜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 苦瓜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 苦瓜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 苦瓜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 苦瓜 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 苦瓜, 涼瓜, 菩薘 dated |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 苦瓜, 涼瓜, 菩薘 dated |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) | 菩薘 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 苦瓜 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 菩薘 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 苦瓜 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 涼瓜 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 苦瓜, 涼瓜, 菩薘 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 菩薘 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 苦瓜 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 苦瓜 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 苦瓜 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 苦瓜 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 苦瓜 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 苦瓜 |
| Gan | Pengze | 苦瓜 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 苦瓜 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 苦瓜 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 苦瓜 |
| Hakka | Zengcheng (Zhengguo) | 苦瓜 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 苦瓜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 苦瓜 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 苦瓜 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) | 苦瓜 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) | 苦瓜 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) | 苦瓜仔 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 苦瓜 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 苦瓜 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 苦瓜 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 苦瓜 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 苦瓜 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Daqiao) | 苦瓜 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Datong | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Linhe | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Jining | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Handan | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 苦瓜 |
| Jin | Suide | 苦瓜 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 苦瓜 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 苦瓜 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Pingxi) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Cijin) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Tianliao) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Luodong) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Toucheng) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Tainan (Anping) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Xiyu) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping (Yongfu) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Datian | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 苦瓜 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 苦瓜 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) | 苦瓜 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 苦瓜 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 菩督 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 苦瓜 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 苦瓜 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 苦瓜 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Songjiang) | 金蓮子 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Jiading) | 錦荔子 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 苦瓜 |
| Wu | Danyang | 癩葡萄瓜 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 苦瓜 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 苦瓜 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 紅瓤 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 苦瓜 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 苦瓜 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 苦瓜 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 苦瓜 |

#### Derived terms

* 印度苦瓜
* 啞子食苦瓜／哑子食苦瓜
* 苦瓜乾／苦瓜干
* 苦瓜臉／苦瓜脸 (kǔguāliǎn)
* 苦瓜面

#### Descendants

* → Korean: 고과(苦瓜) (gogwa)
* → Vietnamese: khổ qua (苦瓜)
Others:
* → English: bitter melon, bittermelon (calque), bitter gourd (calque), foo qua
* → Paiwan: kawkuy
* → Vietnamese: mướp đắng (calque)

### Further reading

* “Entry #5483”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 苦 | 瓜 |
| にが Grade: 3 | うり Jinmeiyō |
| kun'yomi ||

### Etymology

苦 (niga, “bitter”) +‎ 瓜 (uri, “gourd”)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) にがうり [nìgáꜜùrì] (Nakadaka – [2])
* (Tokyo) にがうり [nìgáúrí] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) にがうり [nìgáúꜜrì] (Nakadaka – [3])
* IPA: [ɲ̟iɡa̠ɯ̟ɾʲi]

### Noun

苦(にが)瓜(うり) or 苦瓜(ニガウリ) • (nigauri)  (alternative reading hiragana にがごい, rōmaji nigagoi) (Kagoshima dialect) (alternative reading hiragana にがごり, rōmaji nigagori) (Miyazaki dialect)
* bitter melon; bitter gourd

#### Synonyms

* 蔓(ツル)茘(レイ)枝(シ) (tsurureishi)

## Okinawan

Kanji in this term :
| 苦 | 瓜 |
| Grade: 3 | Jinmeiyō |

### Noun

苦瓜(ごーやー) (gōyā)
* ごーやー: bitter melon; bitter gourd; crippled feet

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 苦 | 瓜 |

### Noun

苦瓜
* chữ Hán form of khổ qua (“bitter melon; bitter gourd”).