OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 先回
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): soin$^1$ huê$^5$ / sain$^1$ huê$^5$
* Southern Min
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: soin$^1$ huê$^5$ / sain$^1$ huê$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: soiⁿ huê / saiⁿ huê
*** Sinological IPA : /sõĩ³³⁻²³ hue⁵⁵/, /sãĩ³³⁻²³ hue⁵⁵/

### Noun

先回
* (Teochew) some time ago; previously
* (Teochew) last time; previous time

#### Synonyms

* (some time ago): 先前 (xiānqián), (Teochew) 先轉／先转
* (last time):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 上次 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 上次 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 上次 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 頭回 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 頭回子, 頭回 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 頭一回, 頭回 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 上次 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 上次 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 上次, 舊擺 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 頭回 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 上擺, 頭擺 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 頭回 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 上擺, 上回, 上次, 上滿 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 上擺 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 上擺, 上回, 上輪 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 上擺, 上到, 上回, 上滿, 上下 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 上擺, 上回, 上滿, 上輪 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 上擺, 上回 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 頂擺, 頂逝, 頂過, 頂幫, 頂聲, 前擺, 前過 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 頂擺, 頂逝, 頂過, 頂幫, 頂聲, 前擺, 前過 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 頂擺, 頂逝, 頂過, 頂下, 頂幫, 頂聲, 前擺, 前過 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 頂次 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 頂擺, 頂過, 頂幫, 頂改 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 頂過, 頂斗, 彼擺 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 頂過, 頂擺, 頂幫, 舊擺 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 頂擺, 頂過, 頂幫 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 先回 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 上次 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 頂環, 頂擺, 頂滿, 頂下, 頂出, 頂過, 頂般 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 頂環, 頂擺, 頂滿, 頂工, 頂斗 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 上趟, 上趟子 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 上趟 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 頭回 |

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 先 | 回 |
| せん Grade: 1 | かい Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi | kan'on |

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) せんかい [sèńkáí] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) せんかい [séꜜǹkàì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [sẽ̞ŋka̠i]

### Noun

先(せん)回(かい) • (senkai)
* last time

#### Synonyms

* 前回(ぜんかい) (zenkai)

#### Antonyms

* 次(じ)回(かい) (jikai)

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
# kuoleutua
## Finnish
### Alternative forms

* kuoleentua

### Etymology

kuolla +‎ -utua

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkuo̯leu̯tuɑˣ/, [ˈkuo̞̯le̞u̯ˌt̪uɑ̝(ʔ)]
* Rhymes: -uɑ
* Syllabification: kuo‧leu‧tu‧a

### Verb

kuoleutua
* (intransitive) to mortify, become necrotic
* (intransitive, of debt) to be paid off, amortized
* (intransitive) to fatigue (of a spring, etc.: to lose elasticity)

#### Related terms

* kuolettaa (transitive)

### Further reading

* “kuoleutua”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02
# 鉴证
## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 鉴证 – see 鑒證 (“forensic science”). (This term is the simplified form of 鑒證).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
# 羅裙
## Chinese

(This form in the hanzi box is uncreated: "罗裙".)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): luóqún
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄑㄩㄣˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: luóqún
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄑㄩㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: luócyún
*** Wade–Giles: lo$^2$-chʻün$^2$
*** Yale: lwó-chyún
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: luochyun
*** Palladius: лоцюнь (locjunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /lu̯ɔ³⁵ t͡ɕʰyn³⁵/

### Noun

羅裙
* dress made of silk gauze
# drevjanština
## Czech
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈdrɛvjanʃcɪna]

### Noun

drevjanština f
* Polabian (language)
    Synonym: polabština f

#### See also

* vendština f
# jarrulaite
## Finnish
### Etymology

jarru +‎ laite

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈjɑrːuˌlɑi̯teˣ/, [ˈjɑ̝rːuˌlɑ̝i̯t̪e̞(ʔ)]
* Rhymes: -ɑite
* Syllabification: jar‧ru‧lai‧te

### Noun

jarrulaite
* braking device

#### Declension

Possessive forms of jarrulaite (Kotus type 48*C/hame, tt-t gradation) :
# поспішаю
## Ukrainian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [pɔsʲpʲiˈʃajʊ]

### Verb

поспіша́ю • (pospišáju)
* first-person singular present indicative of поспіша́ти impf (pospišáty)
# ciacołuni
## Venetan
### Noun

ciacołuni
* plural of ciacołon
# bastanza
## Venetan
### Etymology

Compare Italian abbastanza and bastare.

### Adverb

bastanza
* enough, sufficiently
* fairly, quite
# случайно
## Bulgarian
### Etymology

From случа́ен (slučáen, “random”) +‎ -о (-o).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sɫoˈt͡ʃa̟jno]

### Adverb

случа́йно • (slučájno) (not comparable)
* accidentally, incidentally, by chance
* randomly

#### Related terms

* слу́ча (slúča)
* слу́чай (slúčaj)
* случа́йност (slučájnost)

### Adjective

случа́йнo • (slučájno)
* indefinite neuter singular of случа́ен (slučáen)

## Pannonian Rusyn
### Etymology

Borrowed from Serbo-Croatian случајно／slučajno. By surface analysis, случайни (slučajni) +‎ -о (-o).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sluˈt͡ʃajnɔ]
* Rhymes: -ajnɔ
* Hyphenation: слу‧чай‧но

### Adverb

случайно (slučajno)
* randomly
* incidentally, by chance, by accident
* perchance
    Synonym: можебуц (možebuc)

### References

* Medʹeši, H., Fejsa, M., Timko-Djitko, O. (2010) “случайно”, in Ramač, Ju., editor, Руско-сербски словнїк (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy
* Fejsa, M., Šlemender, M., Čelʹovski, S. (2022) “chance”, in Анґлийско-руски словнїк (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy; Ruska matka, →ISBN, page 51
* Fejsa, M., Šlemender, M., Čelʹovski, S. (2022) “incidentally”, in Анґлийско-руски словнїк (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy; Ruska matka, →ISBN, page 146

## Russian
### Etymology

случа́йный (slučájnyj) +‎ -о (-o)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sɫʊˈt͡ɕæjnə]
* Audio:(file)

### Adverb

случа́йно • (slučájno)
* accidentally, by accident
    Synonyms: ненаро́ком (nenarókom), неча́янно (nečájanno)
* randomly, casually
    Synonym: от слу́чая к слу́чаю (ot slúčaja k slúčaju)
* by chance, unpredictably
    Synonyms: непредви́денно (nepredvídenno), нерегуля́рно (nereguljárno)
* by any chance
    Synonyms: слу́чаем (slúčajem), часо́м (časóm)

#### Related terms

* слу́чай (slúčaj), случа́йность (slučájnostʹ)
* случа́йный (slučájnyj)
* случи́ться (slučítʹsja)

### Adjective

случа́йно • (slučájno)
* short neuter singular of случа́йный (slučájnyj, “accidental, casual, chance”)
# 氷見子
## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 氷 | 見 | 子 |
| ひ Grade: 3 | み Grade: 1 | こ Grade: 1 |

### Proper noun

氷(ひ)見(み)子(こ) • (Himiko)
* a female given name
# 氷雨
## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 氷 | 雨 |
| ひ Grade: 3 | さめ Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi ||

### Noun

氷(ひ)雨(さめ) • (hisame)
* sleeting rain
* chilly rain
# 沃腴
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wòyú
    (Zhuyin): ㄨㄛˋ ㄩˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wòyú
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄛˋ ㄩˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wòyú
*** Wade–Giles: wo$^4$-yü$^2$
*** Yale: wò-yú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wohyu
*** Palladius: воюй (vojuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /wɔ⁵¹ y³⁵/

### Adjective

沃腴
* (literary) fertile; rich

#### Synonyms

* 富饒／富饶 (fùráo)
* 沃美 (wòměi) (literary)
* 肥沃 (féiwò)
* 肥美 (féiměi)
* 肥饒／肥饶 (féiráo) (literary)
* 膏腴 (gāoyú) (literary)
# 沅陵
## Chinese

* 沅陵

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Yuánlíng
    (Zhuyin): ㄩㄢˊ ㄌㄧㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jyun$^4$ ling$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Yuánlíng
*** Zhuyin: ㄩㄢˊ ㄌㄧㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Yuánlíng
*** Wade–Giles: Yüan$^2$-ling$^2$
*** Yale: Ywán-líng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Yuanling
*** Palladius: Юаньлин (Juanʹlin)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɥɛn³⁵ liŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyun$^4$ ling$^4$
*** Yale: yùhn lìhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jyn$^4$ ling$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yun$^4$ ling$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyːn²¹ lɪŋ²¹/
* Middle Chinese: ngjwon ling
Rime :
| Character | 沅 | 陵 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 元 (66) | 蒸 (133) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 愚袁切 | 力膺切 |
| Baxter | ngjwon | ling |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋʉɐn/ | /lɨŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋʷiɐn/ | /lɨŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋiuɐn/ | /lieŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋuan/ | /liŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋiuɐn/ | /liəŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋĭwɐn/ | /lĭəŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ŋi̯wɐn/ | /li̯əŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yuán | líng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyun$^4$ | ling$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋon rɯŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 陵 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | líng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ling › |
| Old Chinese | /*[r]əŋ/ |
| English | mound, hill |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 沅 | 陵 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 16146 | 8246 |
| Phonetic component | 元 | 夌 |
| Rime group | 元 | 蒸 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 元 | 陵 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋon/ | /*rɯŋ/ |

### Proper noun

沅陵
* (～縣) Yuanling (a county of Huaihua, Hunan, China)
* (～鎮) Yuanling (a town, the county seat of Yuanling County, Huaihua, Hunan, China)
# 没事
## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 没事 – see 沒事 (“no problem; don't worry about it; that's OK; no worries; etc.”). (This term is the simplified and variant traditional form of 沒事).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
# 没缘
## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 没缘 – see 沒緣 (“to have no opportunity; to not be meant to be”). (This term is the simplified form of 沒緣).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
# 没薬
## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 没 | 薬 |
| もつ Grade: S | やく Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 没藥 (kyūjitai)

### Noun

没(もつ)薬(やく) • (motsuyaku)
* myrrh
# 步话机
## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 步话机 – see 步話機 (“walkie-talkie”). (This term is the simplified form of 步話機).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
# 消蝕
## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 消蝕 – see 銷蝕 (“to corrode”). (This term is a variant form of 銷蝕).
# 消臭剤
## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 消 | 臭 | 剤 |
| しょう Grade: 3 | しゅう Grade: S | ざい Grade: S |
| on'yomi |||
* Alternative spelling
* 消臭劑 (kyūjitai)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɕo̞ːɕɨːza̠i]

### Noun

消(しょう)臭(しゅう)剤(ざい) • (shōshūzai)
* deodorizer, air freshener (device containing substances that neutralize unpleasant odours)
# 治國安邦
## Chinese

| | | to govern a state; to run a country; to administer state affairs | to bring peace to a country; to ensure national security |
| trad. (治國安邦) | trad. (治國安邦) | 治國 | 安邦 |
| simp. (治国安邦) | simp. (治国安邦) | 治国 | 安邦 |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhìguó'ānbāng
    (Zhuyin): ㄓˋ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄢ ㄅㄤ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhìguó'ānbāng
*** Zhuyin: ㄓˋ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄢ ㄅㄤ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhìhguó-anbang
*** Wade–Giles: chih$^4$-kuo$^2$-an$^1$-pang$^1$
*** Yale: jr̀-gwó-ān-bāng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyhgwoanbang
*** Palladius: чжигоаньбан (čžigoanʹban)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵ pɑŋ⁵⁵/

### Idiom

治國安邦
* to administer state affairs well and ensure national security
# 波飛
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Cantonese (Jyutping): bo$^1$ fei$^1$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bo$^1$ fei$^1$
*** Yale: bō fēi
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bo$^1$ fei$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bo$^1$ féi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɔː⁵⁵ fei̯⁵⁵/

### Noun

波飛
* (Cantonese) football match ticket
# 法儿
## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 法儿 – see 法兒 (“way; method; manner”). (This term is the simplified form of 法兒).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
# 法兒
## Chinese
### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fǎr, fār, fár
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄚˇㄦ, ㄈㄚㄦ, ㄈㄚˊㄦ
* Jin (Wiktionary): far$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fǎr
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄚˇㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fǎr
*** Wade–Giles: fa$^3$-ʼrh
*** Yale: fǎr
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: faal
*** Palladius: фар (far)
*** Sinological IPA : /fɑɻ²¹⁴/
** (Standard Chinese, colloquial variant)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fār
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄚㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: far
*** Wade–Giles: fa$^1$-ʼrh
*** Yale: fār
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fal
*** Palladius: фар (far)
*** Sinological IPA : /fɑɻ⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, colloquial variant)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fár
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄚˊㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fár
*** Wade–Giles: fa$^2$-ʼrh
*** Yale: fár
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: farl
*** Palladius: фар (far)
*** Sinological IPA : /fɑɻ³⁵/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: far$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /fɑɻ¹¹/

#### Noun

法兒
* (Mandarin) Erhua form of 法 (fǎ, “way; method”).
       Zhèi shìr zhēn méi fǎfár/fār bàn. [Pinyin]
       There is really nothing that can help here.

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): -fǎr
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄚˇㄦ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: -fǎr
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄚˇㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fǎr
*** Wade–Giles: fa$^3$-ʼrh
*** Yale: fǎr
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: faal
*** Palladius: фар (far)
*** Sinological IPA : /fɑɻ²¹⁴/

#### Suffix

法兒
* (Mandarin) Erhua form of 法 (fǎ, “manner”).
       Nǐ yàoshi gǎn gēn wǒ zuòduì, nǐ de sǐfǎr huì hěn nánkàn de! [Pinyin]
       If you dare to be my enemy, your manner of death will be very nasty!
# 歸化
## Chinese

* 歸化

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): guīhuà
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄟ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gwai$^1$ faa$^3$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kui-hòa
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: guīhuà
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄟ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gueihuà
*** Wade–Giles: kuei$^1$-hua$^4$
*** Yale: gwēi-hwà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gueihuah
*** Palladius: гуйхуа (gujxua)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$歸化／归化 硅化 規劃／规划 規化／规化
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gwai$^1$ faa$^3$
*** Yale: gwāi fa
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gwai$^1$ faa$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: guei$^1$ fa$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʷɐi̯⁵⁵ faː³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kui-hòa
*** Tâi-lô: kui-huà
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kui'hoax
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kui⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kui³³ hua⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kui⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kui⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kui⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/

### Verb

歸化
* to surrender and pay allegiance to
* to assimilate
* (of a foreigner) to naturalize; to be admitted to the citizenship of another country
    From: 陈晓锦, 肖自辉 (2019) 泰国华人社区的汉语方言, Guangzhou: 世界图书出版广东有限公司, →ISBN, page 7
    Guómíndǎng cánjūn bāngzhù Tàiguó zhèngfǔ píngxī biānjìng de pànluàn, wèi wéihù tàiguó biānjìng ānquán zuòchū le jùdà de xīshēng. Ànzhào xiédìng, tàiguó zhèngfǔ zhèngshì yú 1984 nián pīzhǔn tāmen zài Tàiguó běibù dìngjū, dāngnián guīhuà Tài jí 13728 rén. [Pinyin]
    The remnant troops of the Kuomintang assisted the Thai government in suppressing rebellions along its borders and made heavy sacrifices for maintaining the border security of Thailand. Per an agreement, in 1984, the Thai government officially permitted them to settle in northern Thailand. In that year, 13,728 people naturalized as Thai citizens.
* (translation studies) to domesticate
       Zhào Yuánrèn yì de “Ālìsī Mànyóu Qíjìngjì” shǔyú “guīhuà fānyì”. [Pinyin]
       Chao Yuen Ren's translation of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is a domesticated translation.

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “domesticate”): 異化／异化 (yìhuà)

#### Derived terms

* 歸化族／归化族 (guīhuàzú)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 帰化(きか) (kika)
* → Korean: 귀화(歸化) (gwihwa)

### Proper noun

歸化
* (～城) Guihua (one of the two towns that merged to form Guisui, or modern Hohhot in Inner Mongolia)
* (～縣) Old name for 明溪 (Míngxī, “Mingxi County, Fujian”).

#### See also

* 歸綏／归绥 (Guīsuí)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 歸 | 化 |
| き Hyōgai | か Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi | kan'on |
For pronunciation and definitions of 歸化 – see the following entry. :
| 【帰化きか】 | [noun] the process of taking citizenship in a foreign country; naturalization [verb] to naturalize |
(This term, 歸化, is the kyūjitai of the above term.) :

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 歸 | 化 |

### Noun

歸化 • (gwihwa) (hangeul 귀화)
* hanja form of 귀화 (“naturalization”)
# 歸化人
## Japanese

For pronunciation and definitions of 歸化人 – see the following entry. :
| 【帰化人きかじん】 | [noun] naturalized citizen |
(This term, 歸化人, is the kyūjitai of the above term.) :
# 深雪
## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 深 | 雪 |
| しん Grade: 3 | せつ Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||
Kanji in this term :
| 深 | 雪 |
| み Grade: 3 | ゆき Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しんせつ [shìńsétsú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɕĩɰ̃se̞t͡sɨ]
* (Tokyo) みゆき [mìyúkí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [mʲijɯ̟kʲi]

### Noun

深(しん)雪(せつ) or 深(み)雪(ゆき) • (shinsetsu or miyuki)
* deep snow

### Proper noun

深(み)雪(ゆき) • (Miyuki)
* a female given name

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
# 注好好
## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 注好好 – see 註好好 (“to be destined or doomed to a particular outcome”). (This term is the simplified and variant traditional form of 註好好).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
# 深山川蜻蛉
## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 深 | 山 | 川 | 蜻 | 蛉 |
| み Grade: 3 | さん Grade: 1 | せん Grade: 1 | Hyōgai | Hyōgai |

### Etymology

From 深 (mi, "deep") + 山川 (sansen, "mountains and rivers") + 蜻蛉 (tonbo, "dragonfly," "damselfly").

### Noun

深山川蜻蛉(みやまがわとんぼ) or 深山川蜻蛉(ミヤマガワトンボ) • (miyamagawatonbo)
* Calopteryx cornelia (a species of damselfly)
# 深居簡出
## Chinese

| | | deep; profound | reside | simple | to go out; to come out; to occurto go out; to come out; to occur; to produce; to go beyond; to rise; to put forth; to happen; (a measure word for dramas, plays, or operas) |
| trad. (深居簡出) | trad. (深居簡出) | 深 | 居 | 簡 | 出 |
| simp. (深居简出) | simp. (深居简出) | 深 | 居 | 简 | 出 |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shēnjūjiǎnchū
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄣ ㄐㄩ ㄐㄧㄢˇ ㄔㄨ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sam$^1$ geoi$^1$ gaan$^2$ ceot$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shēnjūjiǎnchū
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄣ ㄐㄩ ㄐㄧㄢˇ ㄔㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shenjyujiǎnchu
*** Wade–Giles: shên$^1$-chü$^1$-chien$^3$-chʻu$^1$
*** Yale: shēn-jyū-jyǎn-chū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shenjiujeanchu
*** Palladius: шэньцзюйцзяньчу (šɛnʹczjujczjanʹču)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂən⁵⁵ t͡ɕy⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sam$^1$ geoi$^1$ gaan$^2$ ceot$^1$
*** Yale: sām gēui gáan chēut
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sam$^1$ goey$^1$ gaan$^2$ tsoet$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sem$^1$ gêu$^1$ gan$^2$ cêd$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐm⁵⁵ kɵy̯⁵⁵ kaːn³⁵ t͡sʰɵt̚⁵/

### Idiom

深居簡出
* to live a secluded life and rarely come out of one's home
# 深層学習
## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 深 | 層 | 学 | 習 |
| しん Grade: 3 | そう Grade: 6 | がく Grade: 1 | しゅう Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||||
* Alternative spelling
* 深層學習 (kyūjitai)

### Etymology

From 深層(しんそう) (shinsō) + 学習(がくしゅう) (gakushū).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɕĩɰ̃so̞ː ɡa̠kɯ̟ɕɨː]

### Noun

深(しん)層(そう)学(がく)習(しゅう) • (shinsō gakushū)
* deep learning

#### Synonyms

* ディープラーニング (dīpu rāningu)
# 满脸
## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 满脸 – see 滿臉 (“one's whole face”). (This term is the simplified form of 滿臉).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
# 淳于
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Chúnyú
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄨㄣˊ ㄩˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): seon$^4$ jyu$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Sûn-u / Sûn-û / Sûn-î
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Chúnyú
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄨㄣˊ ㄩˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Chúnyú
*** Wade–Giles: Chʻun$^2$-yü$^2$
*** Yale: Chwún-yú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Chwenyu
*** Palladius: Чуньюй (Čunʹjuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵ y³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: seon$^4$ jyu$^1$
*** Yale: sèuhn yū
*** Cantonese Pinyin: soen$^4$ jy$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sên$^4$ yu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɵn²¹ jyː⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Sûn-u
*** Tâi-lô: Sûn-u
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sun'w
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sun²⁴⁻²² u³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /sun²³⁻³³ u⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /sun²⁴⁻¹¹ u⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Sûn-û
*** Tâi-lô: Sûn-û
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sun'uu
*** IPA (Xiamen): /sun²⁴⁻²² u²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Sûn-î
*** Tâi-lô: Sûn-î
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sun'ii
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /sun¹³⁻²² i¹³/

### Proper noun

淳于
* a surname: Chunyu
# 淳基
## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 淳 | 基 |
| じゅん Jinmeiyō | き Grade: 5 |

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [d͡ʑɨ̃ŋʲkʲi]

### Proper noun

淳(じゅん)基(き) • (Junki)
* a male given name
# 混用
## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 混 | 用 |
| こん Grade: 5 | よう Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こんよー [kòń'yóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kõ̞ɰ̃jo̞ː]

### Noun

混(こん)用(よう) • (kon'yō)
* mixing and using together

### Verb

混(こん)用(よう)する • (kon'yō suru) suru (stem 混(こん)用(よう)し (kon'yō shi), past 混(こん)用(よう)した (kon'yō shita))
* to mix and use together

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 混用し | こんようし | kon'yō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 混用し | こんようし | kon'yō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 混用する | こんようする | kon'yō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 混用する | こんようする | kon'yō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 混用すれ | こんようすれ | kon'yō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 混用せよ¹ 混用しろ² | こんようせよ¹ こんようしろ² | kon'yō seyo¹ kon'yō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 混用される | こんようされる | kon'yō sareru |
| Causative | 混用させる 混用さす | こんようさせる こんようさす | kon'yō saseru kon'yō sasu |
| Potential | 混用できる | こんようできる | kon'yō dekiru |
| Volitional | 混用しよう | こんようしよう | kon'yō shiyō |
| Negative | 混用しない | こんようしない | kon'yō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 混用せず | こんようせず | kon'yō sezu |
| Formal | 混用します | こんようします | kon'yō shimasu |
| Perfective | 混用した | こんようした | kon'yō shita |
| Conjunctive | 混用して | こんようして | kon'yō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 混用すれば | こんようすれば | kon'yō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
# 混然一体
## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 混 | 然 | 一 | 体 |
| こん Grade: 5 | ぜん Grade: 4 | いち > いっ Grade: 1 | たい Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||||
* Alternative spelling
* 混然一體 (kyūjitai)
For pronunciation and definitions of 混然一体 – see the following entry. :
| 【渾然一体こんぜんいったい】 | [noun] being in complete harmony, a harmonious combination or blend, a complete whole |
(This term, 混然一体, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :
# 漢字圏
## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 漢 | 字 | 圏 |
| かん Grade: 3 | じ Grade: 1 | けん Grade: S |
| on'yomi |||
* Alternative spelling
* 漢字圈 (kyūjitai)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kã̠ɲ̟d͡ʑikẽ̞ɴ]

### Noun

漢(かん)字(じ)圏(けん) • (kanjiken)
* Chinese character cultural sphere; Sinosphere

#### Synonyms

* 漢(かん)字(じ)文(ぶん)化(か)圏(けん) (kanji bunkaken)