# quell
## English
### Pronunciation

* (Received Pronunciation, General American) IPA: /kwɛl/
* Audio (General American):(file)
* Audio (General Australian):(file)
* Rhymes: -ɛl

### Etymology 1

From Middle English quellen, from Old English cwellan (“to kill”), from Proto-West Germanic *kwalljan, from Proto-Germanic *kwaljaną (“to make die; kill”). Cognate with German quälen (“to torment; agonise; smite”), Swedish kvälja (“to torment”), Icelandic kvelja (“to torture; torment”). Compare also Old Armenian կեղ (keł, “sore, ulcer”), Old Church Slavonic жаль (žalĭ, “pain”). See also kill, which may be its doublet.

#### Verb

quell (third-person singular simple present quells, present participle quelling, simple past and past participle quelled)
* (transitive) To subdue, put down, or silence (someone or something); to force (someone) to submit. [from 10th c.]
** 1849–1861, Thomas Babington Macaulay, chapter 1, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, volumes (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:The nation obeyed the call, rallied round the sovereign, and enabled him to quell the disaffected minority.
** 1858 October 16, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, “The Courtship of Miles Standish”, in The Courtship of Miles Standish, and Other Poems, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, →OCLC:Northward marching to quell the sudden revolt.
* (transitive) To suppress, to put an end to (something); to extinguish. [from 14th c.]
    to quell grief
    to quell the tumult of the soul
** 2014 December 13, Mandeep Sanghera, “Burnley 1-0 Southampton”, in BBC Sport‎:However, after quelling Burnley's threat, Southampton failed to build on their growing danger culminating in Tadic's missed penalty.
* (obsolete, transitive) To kill. [9th–19th c.]
** 1625, Yvo of Narbena, Matthew Paris, “Part of an Epistle Written by One Yvo of Narbena vnto the Archbishop of Burdeaux, Containing the Confession of an Englishman, as Touching the Barbarous Demeanour of the Tartars, which had Liued Long among Them, and was Drawne along Perforce with Them in Their Expedition against Hungarie: Recorded by Matthew Paris in the Year [of] Our Lord 1243”, in [Samuel] Purchas, Purchas His Pilgrimes. […], 3rd part, London: […] William Stansby for Henrie Fetherstone, […], →OCLC, 1st book, pages 63–64:Like barbarous miſcreants, they quelled Virgins vnto death, […]
** 1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book V”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:Well prov'd in that same day, when Jove those gyants quelled.
* (obsolete, intransitive) To be subdued or abated; to diminish. [16th–17th c.]
** 1579, Immeritô [pseudonym; Edmund Spenser], The Shepheardes Calender: […], London: […] Iohn Wolfe for Iohn Harrison the yonger, […], →OCLC:Winter's wrath begins to quell.
* To die.
** 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book VII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:Yet he did quake and quaver, like to quell.

##### Conjugation

| infinitive | (to) quell | (to) quell |
| | present tense | past tense |
| 1st-person singular | quell | quelled |
| 2nd-person singular | quell, quellest$^†$ | quelled, quelledst$^†$ |
| 3rd-person singular | quells, quelleth$^†$ | quelled |
| plural | quell | quelled |
| subjunctive | quell | quelled |
| imperative | quell | — |
| participles | quelling | quelled |
$^†$Archaic or obsolete.

#### Noun

quell (plural quells)
* A subduing.
** 1903, Knowledge: A Monthly Record of Science:The quell of the rebellion raised Justinian to the acme of power.
** 1978, Shiu Heng Chook, Chiang Kai-shek Close-up: A Personal View:Hu had been supportive of Chiang's role throughout the northern expedition and the quell of southern rebellion.
** 1994, United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. international drug control policy: recent experience, future options : seminar proceedings, Government Printing Office, →ISBN:The consequences have not been significant in terms of the quell of any of the three drugs into the United States.
** 1998, Mirza Arshad Ali Beg, Democracy Displaced in Pakistan: Case History of Disasters of Social Pollution:Each Martial Law was marked by the quell of civil liberties or human rights.
** 2013, Suzanne Collins, Catching Fire, UK: Scholastic:But to make things even worse, this is the year of the Seventy-fifth Hunger Games, and that means it's also a Quarter Quell. They occur every twenty-five years, marking the anniversary of the districts' defeat with over-the-top celebrations and, for extra fun, some miserable twist for the tributes.
** 2014, Markham J. Geller, Melammu: The Ancient World in an Age of Globalization, epubli, →ISBN, page 136:An example can be found in the data about the campaigns of Aššur-bān-apli against Arab tribes after the quell of the revolt of Šamaš-šumukīn.

##### Translations
#### References

* Douglas Harper (2001–2024) “quell”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.

### Etymology 2

From Middle English *quelle (suggested by the verb quellen (“to well up; gush forth”)), from Old English cwylla, *cwielle (“spring; source”), from Proto-West Germanic *kwalljā (“spring, well”). Compare German Quelle.

#### Noun

quell (plural quells)
* A source, especially a spring.
** 1894, George Egerton, Discords:And when they had eaten, and sat resting in a grotto, he was still singing, and she was the goddess of his Muse, — the quell of living waters out of which he drew fresh strength for new lays.
** 1969, Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov, Ada, Or, Ardor, a Family Chronicle, Vintage, →ISBN:Other excruciations replaced her namesake's loquacious quells so completely that when, during a lucid interval, she happened to open with her weak little hand a lavabo cock for a drink of water, the tepid lymph replied in its own lingo […]
** 2001, Hans-Dieter Klingemann, Andrea Römmele, Public Information Campaigns and Opinion Research: A Handbook for the Student and Practitioner, SAGE, →ISBN, page 82:The strategists had access to a wide array of private polling and information from focus groups; a quell of information stretching back over his years as a state-wide candidate and office holder.
* An emotion or sensation which rises suddenly.
** 2001, Zane Gates, The Cure, iUniverse, →ISBN, page 241:A quell of strength over took Robin with each of his words. She was about to fall apart, but Jacob was as brave as a warrior going into battle.
** 2011, Linda Lee Chaikin, Hawaiian Crosswinds, Moody Publishers, →ISBN:For a moment their eyes locked, and she felt a quell of anger rise above her apprehension. Reality struck with appalling clarity, yet she could only lie down, partially drugged and untidy as she was from such rough traveling.
** 2012, Molly Hopkins, It Happened at Boot Camp: Exclusive Novella, Hachette UK, →ISBN:I read on. It will cost two hundred and fifty quid. I felt a quell of alarm, that's quite expensive.

## Middle English
### Verb

quell
* Alternative form of quellen