# 閣下
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): géxià
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄜˊ ㄒㄧㄚˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gok$^3$ haa$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): koh-hǎ / koh-hā / kok-hēe / kok-hā
    (Teochew, Peng'im): goh$^4$ ê$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: géxià
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄜˊ ㄒㄧㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gésià
*** Wade–Giles: ko$^2$-hsia$^4$
*** Yale: gé-syà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gershiah
*** Palladius: гэся (gɛsja)
*** Sinological IPA : /kɤ³⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gok$^3$ haa$^6$
*** Yale: gok hah
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gok$^8$ haa$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gog$^3$ ha$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔːk̚³ haː²²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koh-hǎ
*** Tâi-lô: koh-hǎ
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ko(ʔ)⁵ ha²²/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koh-hā
*** Tâi-lô: koh-hā
*** Phofsit Daibuun: koihha
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɤ(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ ha³³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ko(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ha³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ko(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ha²²/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kok-hēe
*** Tâi-lô: kok-hēe
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ hɛ²²/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kok-hā
*** Tâi-lô: kok-hā
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kokha
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ha³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: goh$^4$ ê$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: koh ĕ
*** Sinological IPA : /koʔ²⁻⁴ e³⁵/

### Noun

閣下
* (literary) Your Excellency; His or Her Excellency; Your Honour
    From: 1907 CE, Liu E, The Travels of Lao Can
    Géxià rúcǐ hóng cái dàlüè, bù chūlái zuò diǎn shìqíng shízài kěxī! [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (archaic) at the foot of a tower or pavilion
    From: The Book of the Later Han, circa 5th century CE
    Shí hànshū shǐ chū, duō wèinéng tōng zhě, tóng jùn mǎ róng fú yú géxià, cóng zhāo yán 嶊. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Usage notes

Originally a term of respect toward members of the nobility; became a more generic term of respect later on.

#### Synonyms

* 大駕／大驾 (dàjià)
* 足下 (zúxià)
* 左右 (zuǒyòu)
* 尊駕／尊驾 (zūnjià)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 閣下(かっか) (kakka)
* → Korean: 각하(閣下) (gakha)
* → Vietnamese: các hạ (閣下)

### References

* “Entry #68188”, in 重編國語辭典修訂本 [Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary] (in Chinese), National Academy for Educational Research (Taiwan), 2021.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 閣 | 下 |
| かく > かっ Grade: 6 | か Grade: 1 |
| kan'on ||

### Etymology

Literary Chinese 閣下 (géxià)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かっか [káꜜkkà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ka̠k̚ka̠]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

閣(かっ)下(か) • (kakka)
* (rare, attributive) down a noble's residential tower, looking up
    Coordinate terms: 猊下, 殿下, 陛下
* Your Excellency; His Excellency; Her Excellency; Your Lordship; His Lordship; Your Ladyship; Her Ladyship; Your Grace; His Grace; Her Grace
    Coordinate terms: 猊下, 殿下, 陛下
    大(だい)統(とう)領(りょう)閣(かっ)下(か)
       Daitōryō Kakka
       His/Her Excellency the President; Mr./Madam President
    ヨーク公(こう)閣(かっ)下(か)
       Yōku Kō Kakka
       His Grace the Duke of York
** 1986 January 10, Tsurugina, Mai with Katō, Tadashi, “MENU①　幻の料理人 [MENU① The Illusory Cook]”, in ザ・シェフ [The Chef], volume 1 (fiction), Tōkyō: Nihon Bungeisha, →ISBN, page 7:ようこそ大臣閣下　お待ち申しておりましたYō koso Daijin Kakka Omachimōshite orimashitaWelcome, Mr. Minister. We’ve been looking forward to seeing you.
** 1986 January 10, Tsurugina, Mai with Katō, Tadashi, “MENU①　幻の料理人 [MENU① The Illusory Cook]”, in ザ・シェフ [The Chef], volume 1 (fiction), Tōkyō: Nihon Bungeisha, →ISBN, page 8:今夜の晩餐(ディナー)は日本におけるフランス料理の第一人者当ホテルの下村総料理長(グランドシェフ)が腕によりをかけて料理いたします　閣下にはきっとご満足いただけるものと信じておりますKon’ya no dinā wa Nihon ni okeru Furansu ryōri no daiichininsha tō-hoteru no Shimomura Gurando Shefu ga ude ni yori o kakete ryōri Kakka ni wa kitto gomanzoku itadakeru mono to shinjite orimasuOur top Japanese executive chef of French cuisine, Shimomura, will use his best efforts to prepare a good dinner tonight. I am confident you will receive the best service.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 閣 | 下 |

### Noun

閣下 • (gakha) (hangeul 각하)
* hanja form of 각하 (“Excellency; President”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 閣 | 下 |

### Pronoun

閣下
* chữ Hán form of các hạ (“(Chinese fiction, honorific) you”).