# πρό
## Ancient Greek
### Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *pró, from Proto-Indo-European *pró, *pro- (see *per-).
Cognates include Latin pro, Sanskrit प्र- (prá-), Proto-Celtic *ɸro and Proto-Germanic *fram (English from). May be related to πρός (prós, “towards”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pró/ → /pro/ → /pro/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /pró/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /pro/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /pro/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /pro/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /pro/

### Preposition

πρό • (pró) (governs the genitive)
* before
** (of place) before, in front of
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 24.468
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 15.351
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 19.292
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.126
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.80
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.172
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.561
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.12
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 8.581
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.3
*** 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Olympian Ode 13.56
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.53
*** 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 2.18
*** 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 5.96
*** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 109
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.75
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.4
*** 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 1279
*** c. 440 BCE, Euripides, Rhesus 274
*** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 1207
*** 389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, On the Embassy 148
*** (with verbs of motion)
**** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 19.435
**** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 23.115
**** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.286
**** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.693
**** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.96
*** before, in front of, for the purpose of shielding or guarding
**** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.215
**** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.57
**** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.156
**** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.373
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.74
**** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 22.110
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.134
**** 438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 18
**** 438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 645
**** 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 134
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.8.4
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.6.42
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.44
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.4.7
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 7.8.18
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 7.6.36
**** 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 10
**** 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 811
*** further on, forward, onward
**** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.382
**** 175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 3.16
**** 175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 7.29
**** 60 BCE – 7 BCE, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 9.35
**** 64 BCE – 24 CE, Strabo, Geography 8.6.24
** (of time) before
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 15.524
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.469
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.224
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.3
*** 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 883
*** 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 57A
*** 385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 201D
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 5.5.39
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.14
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.6.6
*** 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1266
*** 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Against the Stepmother for Poisoning 21
*** 389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon 126
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.130
*** 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Pompey 73
*** 95 CE – 165 CE, Appian, Civil Wars 2.116
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.8
*** 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1204
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.122
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.83
*** 411 BCE, Aristophanes, Thesmophoriazusae 418
*** 385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 173A
*** 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 462
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.58
*** 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Against the Sophists 19
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.97
*** (in later writers, with numerals)
**** 175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 5.52
**** 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Julius Caesar 63
**** 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Moralia 2.147E
**** 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Sulla 37
**** 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Amos 1.1
**** 40 CE – 90 CE, Dioscorides, Materia medica 1.64
**** 50 CE – 100 CE, The Gospel of John 12:1
**** 125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, Saturnalia 14
** (in other relations)
*** (of preference) before, sooner, rather than
**** 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 4.140
**** 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 361E
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.152
**** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Conon 19
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.100
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.59
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.36
**** 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 366B
**** 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Philebus 57E
**** 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, To Philip 138
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.33
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.10
**** 386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Menexenus 249E
**** 467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 1002
**** 467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 927
**** 386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Cratylus 401D
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.62
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.12
**** 400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Apology 28D
**** 400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Crito 54B
**** 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 99A
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.85
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.3
*** (of cause or motive) for, out of, from
**** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 17.667
**** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.734
**** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 495

#### Usage notes

Words may be put between πρό and its case, but πρό does not come after its case.

### Adverb

πρό • (pró)
* (of place) before, in front, forth, forward
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.799–800
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 15.360
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 19.118
** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 960
** 424 BCE, Euripides, Hecuba 59
** 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 682
** 446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 235
* (of time) before, beforehand
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.37
** 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 32
** 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 38

#### Derived terms

* πρόσω (prósō)

#### Descendants

* → English: pro-

### References

* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πρό”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1235

### Further reading

* “πρό”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “πρό”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “πρό”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* πρό in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* πρό in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* “πρό”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
* G4253 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
* Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. above idem, page 3.advance idem, page 13.anchor idem, page 29.antecedent idem, page 32.anterior idem, page 32.before idem, page 69.beforehand idem, page 70.behalf idem, page 71.ere idem, page 281.for idem, page 334.forward idem, page 340.front idem, page 346.head idem, page 389.preference idem, page 634.to idem, page 878.