# 勞動
## Chinese
### Etymology

Attestable in pre-Qin texts in the sense, "to do (physical) exercise" and "physical work; toil", and in literary Chinese as an expression of politeness.

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): láodòng
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄠˊ ㄉㄨㄥˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lou$^4$ dung$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): lò-thung
* Eastern Min (BUC): lò̤-dông
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): lor$^2$ dorng$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lô-tōng / lô͘-tǒng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): lao$^5$ dong$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$lau-don$_6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: láodòng
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄠˊ ㄉㄨㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: láodòng
*** Wade–Giles: lao$^2$-tung$^4$
*** Yale: láu-dùng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: laudonq
*** Palladius: лаодун (laodun)
*** Sinological IPA : /lɑʊ̯³⁵ tʊŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lou$^4$ dung$^6$
*** Yale: lòuh duhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lou$^4$ dung$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lou$^4$ dung$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /lou̯²¹ tʊŋ²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lò-thung
*** Hakka Romanization System: lo$^ˇ$ tung
*** Hagfa Pinyim: lo$^2$ tung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /lo¹¹ tʰuŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: lò̤-dông
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃o⁵³⁻²¹ $^{(t-)}$louŋ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: lor$^2$ dorng$^5$ [Phonetic: lor$^4$ lorng$^5$]
*** Sinological IPA : /lɒ¹³⁻⁴² $^{(t-)}$lɒŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lô-tōng
*** Tâi-lô: lô-tōng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: loi'dong
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /lo¹³⁻²² tɔŋ²²/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lo²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /lo²⁴⁻¹¹ tɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɤ²³⁻³³ tɔŋ³³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lô͘-tǒng
*** Tâi-lô: lôo-tǒng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔ²⁴⁻²² tɔŋ²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: lao$^5$ dong$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lâu tŏng
*** Sinological IPA : /lau⁵⁵⁻¹¹ toŋ³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$lau-don$_6$
*** MiniDict: lau$^去$ don$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$lau-don$_3$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /lɔ²² doŋ⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: law duwngX
Rime :
| Character | 勞 | 動 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 豪 (89) | 東 (1) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 魯刀切 | 徒揔切 |
| Baxter | law | duwngX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɑu/ | /duŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lɑu/ | /duŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /lɑu/ | /duŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /law/ | /dəwŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /lɑu/ | /duŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /lɑu/ | /duŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /lɑu/ | /dʱuŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | láo | dòng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lou$^4$ | dung$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤaw [Cə-m-]tˤoŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*raːw doːŋʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 勞 | 動 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | láo | dòng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ law › | ‹ duwng$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[r]ˁaw/ | /*[Cə-m-]tˁoŋʔ/ |
| English | toil | move |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 勞 | 動 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 7647 | 17449 |
| Phonetic component | 勞 | 重 |
| Rime group | 宵 | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 勞 | 動 |
| Old Chinese | /*raːw/ | /*doːŋʔ/ |

#### Noun

勞動
* physical work; toil
    熱愛勞動／热爱劳动 ― rè'ài láodòng ― to love physical work
    勞動人民文化宮／劳动人民文化宫 ― Láodòng Rénmín Wénhuàgōng ― Working People's Cultural Palace
* labor
    勞動仲裁／劳动仲裁 ― láodòng zhòngcái ― labor arbitration
    勞動關係／劳动关系 ― láodòng guānxì ― labor relations

#### Verb

勞動
* to do physical work; to do manual labour; to toil
* to perform labor
* (archaic) to do physical exercise

##### Synonyms

* (to do physical work): 操作 (cāozuò), 幹活／干活 (gànhuó)

#### Derived terms

* 具體勞動／具体劳动 (jùtǐ láodòng)
* 剩餘勞動／剩余劳动 (shèngyú láodòng)
* 勞動人民／劳动人民 (láodòng rénmín)
* 勞動保護／劳动保护
* 勞動保險／劳动保险
* 勞動力／劳动力 (láodònglì)
* 勞動合同／劳动合同 (láodòng hétóng)
* 勞動密集／劳动密集 (láodòng mìjí)
* 勞動密集型／劳动密集型 (láodòng mìjíxíng)
* 勞動專業化／劳动专业化
* 勞動對象／劳动对象 (láodòng duìxiàng)
* 勞動布／劳动布
* 勞動市場／劳动市场 (láodòng shìchǎng)
* 勞動強度／劳动强度
* 勞動改造／劳动改造 (láodòng gǎizào)
* 勞動教養／劳动教养 (láodòng jiàoyǎng)
* 勞動日／劳动日
* 勞動服／劳动服
* 勞動模範／劳动模范 (láodòng mófàn)
* 勞動權／劳动权
* 勞動法／劳动法 (láodòngfǎ)
* 勞動爭議／劳动争议
* 勞動生產率／劳动生产率 (láodòng shēngchǎnlǜ)
* 勞動節／劳动节 (láodòngjié)
* 勞動組合／劳动组合 (láodòng zǔhé)
* 勞動者／劳动者 (láodòngzhě)
* 勞動階級／劳动阶级 (láodòng jiējí)
* 勞模／劳模 (láomó)
* 家務勞動／家务劳动 (jiāwù láodòng)
* 強迫勞動／强迫劳动
* 必要勞動／必要劳动 (bìyào láodòng)
* 抽象勞動／抽象劳动 (chōuxiàng láodòng)
* 社會必要勞動時間／社会必要劳动时间 (shèhuì bìyāo láodòng shíjiān)
* 腦力勞動／脑力劳动 (nǎolì láodòng)
* 誠實勞動／诚实劳动 (chéngshí láodòng)
* 體力勞動／体力劳动 (tǐlì láodòng)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 労働(ろうどう) (rōdō)
* → Korean: 로동/노동(勞動) (rodong/nodong)
* → Vietnamese: lao động (勞動)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): láodong
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄠˊ ˙ㄉㄨㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lou$^4$ dung$^6$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lô-tōng
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: láodong
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄠˊ ˙ㄉㄨㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: láodo̊ng
*** Wade–Giles: lao$^2$-tung$^5$
*** Yale: láu-dung
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lau.dong
*** Palladius: лаодун (laodun)
*** Sinological IPA : /lɑʊ̯³⁵ d̥ʊŋ³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lou$^4$ dung$^6$
*** Yale: lòuh duhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lou$^4$ dung$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lou$^4$ dung$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /lou̯²¹ tʊŋ²²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lô-tōng
*** Tâi-lô: lô-tōng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: loi'dong
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɤ²³⁻³³ tɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /lo²⁴⁻¹¹ tɔŋ³³/

#### Verb

勞動
* (polite, colloquial, dated) to bother or trouble someone; to politely request someone to do something

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 勞 | 動 |
| ろう Hyōgai | どう Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

### Noun

勞(ろう)動(どう) • (rōdō)
* Kyūjitai form of 労働: labour; labor

### Verb

勞(ろう)動(どう)する • (rōdō suru) suru (stem 勞(ろう)動(どう)し (rōdō shi), past 勞(ろう)動(どう)した (rōdō shita))
* Kyūjitai form of 労働: perform work, labor

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 勞動し | ろうどうし | rōdō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 勞動し | ろうどうし | rōdō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 勞動する | ろうどうする | rōdō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 勞動する | ろうどうする | rōdō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 勞動すれ | ろうどうすれ | rōdō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 勞動せよ¹ 勞動しろ² | ろうどうせよ¹ ろうどうしろ² | rōdō seyo¹ rōdō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 勞動される | ろうどうされる | rōdō sareru |
| Causative | 勞動させる 勞動さす | ろうどうさせる ろうどうさす | rōdō saseru rōdō sasu |
| Potential | 勞動できる | ろうどうできる | rōdō dekiru |
| Volitional | 勞動しよう | ろうどうしよう | rōdō shiyō |
| Negative | 勞動しない | ろうどうしない | rōdō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 勞動せず | ろうどうせず | rōdō sezu |
| Formal | 勞動します | ろうどうします | rōdō shimasu |
| Perfective | 勞動した | ろうどうした | rōdō shita |
| Conjunctive | 勞動して | ろうどうして | rōdō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 勞動すれば | ろうどうすれば | rōdō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 勞 | 動 |

### Noun

勞動 • (rodong) (hangeul 로동)
* hanja form of 로동 (“labour ("North Korea")”)

### Noun

勞動 • (nodong) (hangeul 노동)
* hanja form of 노동 (“labour ("South Korea")”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 勞 | 動 |

### Noun

勞動
* chữ Hán form of lao động (“labour”).