# ya-
## Northern Ndebele
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *gíá-.

#### Prefix

ya-
* of; class 4 possessive concord.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀á-.

#### Prefix

ya-
* of; class 9 possessive concord.

## Northern Ohlone
### Etymology

Compare Southern Ohlone haysa.

### Pronoun

ya-
* they(third-person, plural, subject proclitic pronoun)

### Pronoun

ya-
* their (third-person, plural, possessive pronoun)

#### See also

| Number | Person | Subject | Subject | Subject | Object | Object | Object | Possesive |
| Number | Person | Disjunctive$^1$ | Proclitic | Enclitic | Disjunctive$^1$ | Proclitic | Enclitic | Possesive |
| Singular | First | kaana | ek- | -ek, -k | kiš, kaaniš | kiš- | -kiš | ek-, kaanak |
| Singular | Second | meene | em-, im- | -em, -im, -m | miš | emiš-, imiš-, miš- | -miš | em-, meenem |
| Singular | Third | waaka | Ø-$^2$ | -Ø$^2$ | wiš | Ø-$^2$, eš- | -Ø$^2$, -eš | i-, waakai- |
| Plural | First | makkin | mak- | -mak | makkiš, makkinše | — | — | mak-, makkinmak |
| Plural | Second | makkam | kam- | -kam | makkamše | — | — | kam-, makkam |
| Plural | Third | waakamak | ya- | -ya | yaṭiš | — | — | ya-, waakamak |
| $^1$Disjunctive is mostly used in copular sentences or for emphasis, either alone (eg. kaana) or with a clitic (eg. kaana-k ...-ek). $^2$Null morpheme. An unmarked verb implies a third person singular pronoun. The disjunctives waaka and wiš may also be used. Note: Proclitic and enclitic forms can combine an undergo syncope, eg. ellešk (“let me do to him/her/it”) = elle +‎ -eš +‎ -ek |||||||||

### References

* María de los Angeles Colós, José Guzman, and John Peabody Harrington (1930s) Chochenyo Field Notes (Survey of California and Other Indian Langauges)‎, Unpublished

## Southern Ndebele
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *gíá-.

#### Prefix

ya-
* of; class 4 possessive concord.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀á-.

#### Prefix

ya-
* of; class 9 possessive concord.

## Swahili
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *gá-.

#### Prefix

ya-
* it, they; ma class$_{(VI)}$ subject concord
* verb-initial form of -ya- (“them, ma class$_{(VI)}$ object concord”)

##### See also

| Class | Subject concord | Subject concord | Object concord | Relative |
| Class | affirmative | negative | Object concord | Relative |
| m$_{(I)}$ | a-, yu- | ha-, hayu- | -m-, -mw-, -mu- | -ye |
| wa$_{(II)}$ | wa- | hawa- | -wa- | -o |
| m$_{(III)}$ | u- | hau- | -u- | -o |
| mi$_{(IV)}$ | i- | hai- | -i- | -yo |
| ji$_{(V)}$ | li- | hali- | -li- | -lo |
| ma$_{(VI)}$ | ya- | haya- | -ya- | -yo |
| ki$_{(VII)}$ | ki- | haki- | -ki- | -cho |
| vi$_{(VIII)}$ | vi- | havi- | -vi- | -vyo |
| n$_{(IX)}$ | i- | hai- | -i- | -yo |
| n$_{(X)}$ | zi- | hazi- | -zi- | -zo |
| u$_{(XI)}$ | u- | hau- | -u- | -o |
| ku$_{(XV/XVII)}$ | ku- | haku- | -ku- | -ko |
| pa$_{(XVI)}$ | pa- | hapa- | -pa- | -po |
| mu$_{(XVIII)}$ | m-, mw-, mu- | ham-, hamw-, hamu- | -mu- | -mo |
| For a full table including first and second person, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns. |||||

### Etymology 2
#### Prefix

ya-
* Contraction of i- + -a- (“mi class$_{(IV)}$ and n class$_{(IX)}$ gnomic”).
* Contraction of ya- + -a- (“ma class$_{(VI)}$ gnomic”).

## Swazi
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *gíá-.

#### Prefix

ya-
* of; class 4 possessive concord.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀á-.

#### Prefix

ya-
* of; class 9 possessive concord.

## Xhosa
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *gíá-.

#### Prefix

ya-
* of; class 4 possessive concord.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀á-.

#### Prefix

ya-
* of; class 9 possessive concord.

## Zulu
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *gíá-.

#### Prefix

ya-
* of; class 4 possessive concord.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀á-.

#### Prefix

ya-
* of; class 9 possessive concord.

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “ya-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “ya-”