# 和尚
## Chinese

* 和尚 (消歧義) (Written Standard Chinese)
* 和尚 (Cantonese)

### Etymology

“Senior monk who holds the precepts-granting ceremony; preceptor” > “high priest; head monk” > “Buddhist monks in general”. First attested in the 3rd–4th centuries CE, as 和上.
Borrowed from Prakrit 𑀉𑀯𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (uvajjhāa), 𑀉𑀅𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (uajjhāa), 𑀉𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (ujjhāa), 𑀑𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀸𑀅 (ŏjjhāa), 𑀑𑀛𑀸𑀅 (ojhāa), 𑀉𑀚𑁆𑀛 (ujjha, “teacher; religious teacher”), all from Sanskrit उपाध्याय (upādhyāya, “teacher; preceptor; spiritual adviser”) (Chu, 2002). The use of 上 (MC dzyangH) or 尚 (MC dzyangH) to render Prakrit jjhāa /d̚d͡ʑʱɑː.ɐ/ was probably influenced by:
* The weakening of the nasal –ŋ coda in the ancient northwestern dialect of Middle Chinese, and
* The use of phono-semantic matching in transcription, with 尚 taken to mean “noble; virtuous; to revere” (idem).
Compare Gandhari 𐨀𐨂𐨬𐨗𐨸𐨩 (uvaj̄aya, “teacher”), Pali upajjhāya, upajjhā, upajjha (“spiritual teacher or preceptor”), Hindi ओझा (ojhā, “exorcist”), Sindhi واڍو / वाढो (vāḍho, “carpenter”), Assamese ওজা (üza, “one well-versed in any art; teacher; sorcerer”), Bengali ওঝা (ōjha, “snake-charmer; exorcist”), Odia ଓଝା (ojhā, “teacher; one who cures snake-bites; wizard; exorcist; title of blacksmiths and carpenters”), Malayalam വാധ്യായൻ (vādhyāyaṉ, “teacher; family priest”), Tamil வாத்தியார் (vāttiyār, “teacher; family priest; one who trains actors and dancers”).
Alternative theories, such as those put forth by Tang Dynasty monks Xuanying and Huiyuan, hypothesise that this was borrowed from Khotanese or language of the Shule Kingdom, but these appear less likely.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): héshàng
       (Zhuyin): ㄏㄜˊ ㄕㄤˋ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): хәшон (həšon, I-II) / хуәшон (huəšon, I-II)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): wo$^4$ soeng$^{6-2}$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): vo$^3$ siang$^{5*}$
* Gan (Wiktionary): uo$^4$ song
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): vò-song
    (Hailu, HRS): vo shong$^˖$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): vo$^2$ song$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): hue$^1$ son$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): hù-siông / huò-siông
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hor$^2$ syong$^5$ / hor$^2$ syeng$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hê-siūⁿ / hêr-siūⁿ / hôe-siōⁿ / hôe-siūⁿ / hêr-siǔⁿ / hôe-siāuⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): huê$^5$ siên$^7$ / huê$^5$ sion$^7$ / hua$^5$ siang$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$wu-zaon
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ho$^2$ shan$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: héshàng → héshang (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˊ ㄕㄤˋ → ㄏㄜˊ ˙ㄕㄤ (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Tongyong Pinyin: héshång
*** Wade–Giles: ho$^2$-shang$^5$
*** Yale: hé-shang
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: her.shanq
*** Palladius: хэшан (xɛšan)
*** Sinological IPA : /xɤ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/ → /xɤ³⁵ ʂɑŋ³/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хәшон (həšon, I-II) / хуәшон (huəšon, I-II)
*** Sinological IPA : /xə²⁴ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/, /xuə²⁴ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wo$^4$ soeng$^{6-2}$
*** Yale: wòh séung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wo$^4$ soeng$^{6-2}$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wo$^4$ sêng$^{6-2}$
*** Sinological IPA : /wɔː²¹ sœːŋ²²⁻³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: vo$^3$ siang$^{5*}$
*** Sinological IPA : /vᵘɔ²² siaŋ³²⁻³²⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: uo$^4$ song
*** Sinological IPA : /uo³⁵ sɔŋ²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vò-song
*** Hakka Romanization System: vo$^ˇ$ song
*** Hagfa Pinyim: vo$^2$ song$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /vo¹¹ soŋ⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: vo shong$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /vo⁵⁵ ʃoŋ³³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: vo$^2$ song$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ʋo¹¹ sɔŋ⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: hue$^1$ son$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /xuɤ¹¹ sɒ̃⁴⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hù-siông / huò-siông
*** Sinological IPA : /hu⁵³⁻²¹ $^{(s-)}$luɔŋ²⁴²/, /huo⁵³⁻²¹ $^{(s-)}$luɔŋ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hor$^2$ syong$^5$ [Phonetic: hor$^4$ lyong$^5$]
*** Sinological IPA : /hɒ¹³⁻⁴² $^{(ɬ-)}$lyɒŋ²¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hor$^2$ syeng$^5$ [Phonetic: hor$^4$ lyeng$^5$]
*** Sinological IPA : /hɒ¹³⁻⁴² $^{(ɬ-)}$lyøŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Magong, Hsinchu, Jinjiang, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hê-siūⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: hê-siūnn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hesviu
*** IPA (Xiamen): /he²⁴⁻²² siũ²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /he²⁴⁻¹¹ siũ³³/
*** IPA (Jinjiang, Philippines): /he²⁴⁻²² siũ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Sanxia, Kinmen, Hsinchu)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hêr-siūⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: hêr-siūnn
*** IPA (Kinmen): /hə²⁴⁻¹² siũ²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hə²⁴⁻²² siũ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Tainan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hôe-siōⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: huê-siōnn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoesvioi
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hue¹³⁻²² siɔ̃²²/
*** IPA (Tainan): /hue²⁴⁻³³ siɔ̃³³/
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Yilan, Taichung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hôe-siūⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: huê-siūnn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoesviu
*** IPA (Yilan): /hue²⁴⁻³³ siũ³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hue²³⁻³³ siũ³³/
** (Hokkien: Lukang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hêr-siǔⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: hêr-siǔnn
*** IPA (Lukang): /hə²⁴⁻²² siũ³³/
** (Hokkien: Penang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hôe-siāuⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: huê-siāunn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoesviau
*** IPA (Penang): /hue²³⁻²¹ siãu²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: huê$^5$ siên$^7$ / huê$^5$ sion$^7$ / hua$^5$ siang$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huê siēⁿ / huê siōⁿ / huâ siăng
*** Sinological IPA : /hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩẽ¹¹/, /hue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩõ¹¹/, /hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siaŋ³⁵/
* huê5 siên7/huê5 sion7 - vernacular;
* hua5 siang6 - literary.
* Middle Chinese: hwa dzyangH
Rime :
| Character | 和 | 尚 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) | 常 (25) |
| Final (韻) | 戈 (95) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 戸戈切 | 時亮切 |
| Baxter | hwa | dzyangH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦuɑ/ | /d͡ʑɨɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦuɑ/ | /d͡ʑiɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣuɑ/ | /d͡ʑiɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦwa/ | /d͡ʑɨaŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣuɑ/ | /ʑiaŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣuɑ/ | /ʑĭaŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ɣuɑ/ | /ʑi̯aŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | huó | shàng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wo$^4$ | soeng$^6$ |

### Noun

和尚
* (Buddhism) preceptor; high priest; head monk
* (by extension) any Buddhist monk
* (Gan) knee

#### Synonyms

* (Sanskritized transcription in Tang Dynasty) 鄔波馱耶／邬波驮耶
* (Buddhist monk):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 和尚, 比丘, 僧, 僧人, 僧侶, 禪師 honorific |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 和尚 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 和尚 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 和尚 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 和尚 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 和尚 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 和尚 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 和尚 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 和尚 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 和尚 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 和尚 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 和尚 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 和尚 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 和尚 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 和尚 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 和尚, 師父 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 和尚 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 和尚 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 和尚 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 和尚 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 和尚 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 和尚 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 和尚, 僧人 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 和尚 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 和尚 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 和尚 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 和尚 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 和尚 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 和尚 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 和尚 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 和尚 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 和尚 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 和尚 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 和尚 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 和尚 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 和尚 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 和尚 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 和尚 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 和尚 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 和尚 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 和尚 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 和尚 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 和尚 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 和尚 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 和尚 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 和尚 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 和尚 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 和尚 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 和尚 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 和尚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 和尚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 和尚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 和尚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 和尚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 和尚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 和尚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 和尚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 和尚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 和尚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 和尚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 和尚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 和尚, 師父 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 和尚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 和尚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 和尚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 和尚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 和尚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 和尚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 和尚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 和尚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin (Lingui) | 和尚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 和尚, 師父 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou (Luorong) | 和尚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanning (Wuming) | 和尚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 和尚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 和尚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 和尚 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 和尚 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 和尚 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 和尚 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 和尚 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 和尚 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 和尚 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 和尚 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 和尚 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Qingyuan | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Fogang | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Yingde (Hanguang) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Yangshan | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Lianshan (Butian) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Renhua | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Lechang | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Sihui | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Guangning | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Deqing | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Huaiji | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Fengkai (Nanfeng) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Xinxing | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Luoding | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Yunan (Pingtai) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Guiping | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Mengshan (Xihe) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Guigang (Nanjiang) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Beiliu (Tangliao) | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Baise | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Bobai | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Lingshan | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Pubei | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Ningming | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Hengzhou | 和尚 |
| Cantonese | Hezhou (Pumen, Babu) | 和尚 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 和尚 |
| Gan | Pengze | 和尚 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 和尚 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 和尚 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 和尚, 齋公 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 和尚 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 和尚 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 和尚 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 和尚 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 和尚 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 和尚 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 和尚 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 和尚, 齋公仔 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 和尚, 齋牯, 齋公 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 和尚, 齋公仔 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 和尚, 齋公 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 和尚, 齋公仔 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 和尚 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Daqiao) | 和尚 |
| Hakka | Beiliu (Tang'an) | 和尚 |
| Hakka | Mashan (Pianlian) | 師父 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 和尚 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 和尚 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 和尚 |
| Jin | Pingyao | 和尚 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 和尚 |
| Jin | Datong | 和尚 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 和尚 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 和尚 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 和尚 |
| Jin | Linhe | 和尚 |
| Jin | Jining | 和尚 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 和尚 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 和尚 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 和尚 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 和尚 |
| Jin | Handan | 和尚 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 和尚 |
| Jin | Suide | 和尚 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 道老 |
| Northern Min | Songxi | 長老 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe | 長老 |
| Northern Min | Jianyang | 長老 |
| Northern Min | Wuyishan | 長老 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 長老 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 和尚 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 和尚, 仙師 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 和尚 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 和尚 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 和尚 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 和尚 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 和尚 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 和尚 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 和尚 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 和尚 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 和尚 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 和尚 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 和尚 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 和尚 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 和尚 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 和尚 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 和尚 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping (Yongfu) | 和尚 |
| Southern Min | Datian | 和尚 |
| Southern Min | Shunchang (Pushang) | 和尚 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 和尚 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 和尚 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 師父 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 師父 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 和尚 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 和尚 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 和尚 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) | 和尚 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 和尚, 長老 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Sanyuan) | 長老 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Shaxian) | 和尚 |
| Shaojiang Min | Shaowu | 和尚 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 和尚 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 和尚 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 和尚 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Shajing) | 和尚 |
| Southern Pinghua | Binyang (Xinqiao) | 和尚 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 和尚 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Chaoyang) | 和尚 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Zhuyuan) | 和尚 |
| Northern Pinghua | Lingchuan (Tanxia) | 和尚 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 和尚 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Songjiang) | 和尚 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Jiading) | 和尚 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 和尚 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 和尚 |
| Wu | Danyang | 和尚 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 和尚 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 和尚 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 和尚 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 和尚 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 和尚 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 齋公 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 和尚 |
| Xiang | Guanyang (Wenshi) | 和尚 |
* (knee):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 膝 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 膝蓋 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 波稜蓋兒, 胳稜瓣兒, 磕膝蓋兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 膝蓋 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Langfang | 波了蓋兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 磕膝蓋兒, 波稜蓋兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Ulanhot | 波浪蓋兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tongliao | 波浪蓋兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 膝蓋, 波稜蓋兒, 波羅蓋 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 波稜蓋兒, 波浪蓋兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 膝蓋, 波稜蓋兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 波稜蓋兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 膝蓋, 波稜蓋兒, 波勒蓋兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 膝蓋兒, 波稜蓋兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 波稜蓋兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 波稜蓋兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 波稜蓋兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 膝蓋兒, 波稜蓋兒, 波拉蓋兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 膝蓋, 波稜蓋兒, 胳稜瓣兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 膝蓋 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 波稜蓋兒, 磕膝蓋兒, 脖拉蓋兒, 脖力蓋兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 波稜蓋兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 膝蓋, 波拉蓋兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 圪拉瓣兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 膝蓋兒, 磕膝蓋兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 波拉蓋兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 波勒蓋, 波拉蓋, 圪拉瓣兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 波羅蓋 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 膝蓋兒, 波稜蓋兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 波羅蓋 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 波稜蓋 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 波羅蓋, 波羅蓋兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 波羅蓋 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 不老蓋兒, 圪老拜兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 虧蓋兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 圪拉拜子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Daming | 胳拉伴兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 圪膝蓋, 膝子蓋 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 圪膝蓋兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 膝蓋, 波稜蓋兒, 波拉蓋兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 膝蓋, 波老蓋兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 不牢蓋兒, 膝蓋 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 腿包子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 磕膝蓋兒, 波稜蓋兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 膝蓋, 磕膝蓋, 腿膝蓋兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 磕膝蓋 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 磕膝蓋 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 波膝蓋 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 圪婁拜子, 圪拜子, 膝蓋 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 膝蓋, 膝拉拜子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 磕膝蓋, 普膝蓋子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) | 磕膝蓋, 磕膝蓋子, 洼膝羅子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 波稜蓋兒, 波里蓋, 膝蓋 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Bayanhot | 波羅蓋 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 膝蓋, 磕膝蓋兒, 波膝蓋子, 玻璃蓋子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 波膝蓋 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 膝蓋 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 磕膝蓋, 波膝蓋, 波膝蓋兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 磕膝頭兒, 膝蓋 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 膝蓋, 膝蓋骨, 磕膝頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 磕膝波羅 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 磕膝頭, 磕膝包 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 膝蓋, 磕膝頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 磕膝頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 磕膝頭兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 膝蓋, 磕膝頭, 磕膝, 拱子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 膝蓋, 磕膝蓋 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 膝蓋, 波羅蓋 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 膝蓋, 膝蓋骨 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 磕膝頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 磕膝頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 磕膝頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 波羅蓋 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 磕膝頭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 磕膝頭兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 磕膝頭, 波羅蓋 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 波羅蓋兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 磕膝蓋, 膝蓋 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 波羅蓋, 腳膝蓋 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 磕膝頭兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 膝腦殼 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 磕膝蓋 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 磕膝頭, 磕膝頭兒, 胳蓋兒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 膝蓋, 磕膝頭子, 波羅蓋子 dated |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 磕頭子, 磕拜子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 磕頭子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 膝頭盤兒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 磕膝坡 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 膝蓋, 膝波羅頭子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 膝蓋, 胳腦頭子, 胳腦頭, 磕膝頭, 磕老求 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Huanggang | 色頭兒 |
| Mandarin | Fuzhou (Qinjiang, Changle) | 波羅蓋 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 膝頭哥, 膝頭 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 膝頭哥, 膝頭 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) | 膝頭蓋 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 膝頭 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 膝頭 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 膝頭 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 膝頭牯 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 膝頭 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Huancheng) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Nanlang) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Xiaolan) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Dongsheng, Xiaolan) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Tanbei, Xiaolan) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Henglan) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Dongfeng) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Nantou) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Fusha) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shalang) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Gangkou) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Huangpu) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Sanjiao) | 膝頭跗 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Langwang, Minzhong) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Minzhong) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Guzhen) | 膝腳頭, 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Banfu) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Tanzhou) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 膝頭 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 膝頭哥, 膝頭 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 膝頭蓋 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 膝頭, 波羅蓋, 膝蓋 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 波羅蓋 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Dapeng) | 膝頭 |
| Cantonese | Qingyuan | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Fogang | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Yingde (Hanguang) | 膝頭牯 |
| Cantonese | Yangshan | 膝頭牯 |
| Cantonese | Lianshan (Butian) | 膝頭牯 |
| Cantonese | Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui) | 膝頭蓋 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Renhua | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Lechang | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Sihui | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Guangning | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Deqing | 膝頭牯, 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Fengkai (Nanfeng) | 膝頭牯 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 膝頭牯 |
| Cantonese | Xinxing | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Luoding | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Yunan (Pingtai) | 膝頭牯 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 膝頭 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 膝頭牯 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 膝頭 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 膝頭哥, 膝頭 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 膝頭 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 膝頭 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 膝蓋 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 膝頭哥 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 膝頭哥 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 膝頭, 膝頭蓋子, 磕膝, 磕膝頭子, 和尚 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 膝頭公 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 膝頭牯 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 膝頭, 膝頭項 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Shuikou Bendihua) | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Hengli Bendihua) | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Pingshan Bendihua) | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 膝頭蓋 |
| Hakka | Longmen (Pingling Bendihua) | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Longmen (Luxi Bendihua) | 膝頭, 膝頭牯 |
| Hakka | Boluo (Bendihua) | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Zengcheng (Zhengguo) | 膝頭牯 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Wuguishan) | 膝頭, 波羅蓋 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 波羅蓋 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Changbu) | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Mianyang) | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Zijin (Guzhu Bendihua) | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Longchuan (Tuocheng Bendihua) | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Longchuan (Sidu Bendihua) | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Heping (Linzhai Bendihua) | 腳頭 |
| Hakka | Lianping (Zhongxin Bendihua) | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Lianping (Longjie Bendihua) | 膝頭骨 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 膝頭牯 |
| Hakka | Xinfeng (Matou Bendihua) | 膝頭牯 |
| Hakka | Xinfeng (Daxi Bendihua) | 膝頭牯 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 腳頭牯 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Changting | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 膝頭卵 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 膝頭拐, 膝頭腦 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 膝頭蓋子 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 膝頭腦 |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 膝頭, 腳膝頭 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 膝頭, 腳膝頭 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 膝頭, 腳膝頭 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 膝頭, 腳膝頭 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 膝頭, 腳膝頭 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 膝頭, 腳膝頭 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Daqiao) | 膝頭, 膝蓋 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo) | 膝頭 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 膝頭 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 腳膝頭 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 腳膝頭 |
| Huizhou | Huangshan (Tunxi) | 腳膝頭 |
| Huizhou | Xiuning | 腳膝頭 |
| Huizhou | Yixian | 腳膝頭 |
| Huizhou | Qimen | 腳膝頭 |
| Huizhou | Wuyuan | 腳膝頭 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 圪膝蓋, 圪地跪 |
| Jin | Pingyao | 胳膝跪子 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 膝蓋, 波稜蓋兒 |
| Jin | Datong | 圪膝蓋兒 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 圪替跪, 圪膝蓋, 圪膝 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 圪膝蓋兒 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 膝蓋, 圪膝蓋 |
| Jin | Taibus (Baochang) | 圪膝蓋 |
| Jin | Linhe | 圪膝蓋, 波羅蓋, 波羅蓋子 |
| Jin | Jining | 圪膝蓋 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 圪膝蓋, 圪膝蓋兒, 圪膝 |
| Jin | Baotou | 圪膝蓋 |
| Jin | Dongsheng | 圪膝蓋 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 圪膝蓋, 圪膝 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 磕膝蓋兒 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 波稜蓋兒, 胳膝蓋兒 |
| Jin | Handan | 膝蓋, 波盧蓋兒, 胳老伴兒 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 波羅蓋兒 |
| Jin | Suide | 圪膝蓋兒, 圪膝 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 跤腹頭 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou (Dikou) | 跤腹頭 |
| Northern Min | Songxi | 跤腹頭 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe | 跤腹頭 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe (Zhenqian) | 跤神頭, 跤腹頭 |
| Northern Min | Jianyang | 跤腹頭 |
| Northern Min | Wuyishan | 跤脊頭 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 跤腹頭 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 跤腹頭 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 跤肚頭, 跤腹頭 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 跤腹頭 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 跤骨頭 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 跤肚頭 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 跤腹頭 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 跤骨頭 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 跤頭趺 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 跤頭趺 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 跤頭趺, 牛仔頭 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 跤頭趺 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 跤頭趺, 跤頭腕 |
| Southern Min | Dehua | 跤頭趺 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 跤頭趺, 跤尪仔 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Changtai) | 跤腕仔, 燈火仔 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 跤頭趺 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 跤頭趺 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 跤頭腕 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 跤頭趺, 跤頭腕 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 跤頭趺, 跤頭翁仔 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 跤腕, 跤頭趺, 跤趺 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 跤頭趺 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 跤頭趺 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 跤頭趺, 跤頭腕 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 跤甕 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 跤頭趺 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 跤頭趺 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 跤頭趺, 跤頭腕 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 跤頭趺 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 跤頭趺 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 牛仔頭, 跤頭趺 |
| Southern Min | Longyan | 跤頭趺 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping | 跤趺腕 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping (Yongfu) | 跤趺 |
| Southern Min | Datian | 跤趺頭 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 膝頭 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 跤頭趺 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 跤頭, 跤頭趺 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 跤頭 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 跤頭 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 跤頭趺 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 跤頭趺 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 跤頭趺 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 跤頭趺 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 跤頭趺 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 跤頭趺, 跤趺 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 跤趺 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 跤趺臍, 跤趺 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 跤趺 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 跤肚頭 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 跤肚頭 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 跤頭節, 跤筒節, 跤際頭節, 跤仔頭 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Sanyuan) | 跤脊頭 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Shaxian) | 跤子頭 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 跤瀝頭 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 跤頭趺, 跤即頭 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 膝頭, 膝頭蓋, 膝頭尖 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 屈頭眼 |
| Shehua | Fu'an | 腳腹頭 |
| Shehua | Fuding | 腳腹頭 |
| Shehua | Luoyuan | 腳腹頭 |
| Shehua | Sanming | 腳腹頭 |
| Shehua | Hua'an | 腳腹頭 |
| Shehua | Cangnan | 腳腹頭 |
| Shehua | Fengshun | 腳腹頭 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 腳饅頭, 膝饅頭, 膝蓋 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 膝饅頭 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 腳饅頭, 膝饅頭 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 膝饅頭 |
| Wu | Danyang | 膝盤頭, 膝頭盤, 膝蓋, 膝蓋頭 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 腳髁頭, 膝髁頭, 腳膝髁頭 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 腳髁頭 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 腳胐頭 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 腳膝䯊 |
| Wu | Jinhua (Tangxi) | 膝蓋, 腳膝髁頭 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 膝頭骨, 磕膝骨 |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | 膝頭牯, 膝蓋 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 膝頭牯 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 膝頭骨 |
| Xiang | Hengyang | 膝頭箍 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 磕膝頭 |

#### Derived terms

* 丈二和尚摸不著頭腦／丈二和尚摸不著头脑 (zhàng èr héshàng mō bù zháo tóunǎo)
* 做一天和尚撞一天鐘／做一天和尚撞一天钟 (zuò yītiān héshang zhuàng yītiān zhōng)
* 剃和尚禿驢／剃和尚秃驴
* 前門不進師姑，後門不進和尚／前门不进师姑，后门不进和尚
* 和尚吃八方
* 和尚在，缽盂在／和尚在，钵盂在
* 和尚寺
* 和尚帽
* 和尚打傘／和尚打伞
* 和尚打傘，無法無天／和尚打伞，无法无天
* 和尚拖木頭／和尚拖木头
* 和尚海豹
* 和尚無兒孝子多／和尚无儿孝子多
* 和尚禿驢／和尚秃驴
* 和尚花
* 和尚衫
* 和尚跟著月亮走／和尚跟着月亮走
* 和尚頭／和尚头 (héshangtóu)
* 堂頭和尚／堂头和尚
* 大和尚
* 姑子死和尚
* 對著和尚罵賊禿／对着和尚骂贼禿
* 小和尚念經／小和尚念经
* 山和尚 (shānhéshàng)
* 布袋和尚
* 打完齋唔要和尚／打完斋唔要和尚
* 指住禿奴罵和尚／指住秃奴骂和尚
* 法海和尚
* 油花和尚
* 漏春和尚
* 當一天和尚撞一天鐘／当一天和尚撞一天钟
* 當家和尚／当家和尚
* 瘸和尚說法／瘸和尚说法
* 老和尚撞鐘／老和尚撞钟
* 老和尚看嫁妝／老和尚看嫁妆
* 花和尚 (huāhéshàng)
* 見了和尚罵賊禿／见了和尚骂贼秃
* 走了和尚走不了廟／走了和尚走不了庙
* 跑了和尚跑不了廟／跑了和尚跑不了庙
* 跳牆和尚／跳墙和尚
* 躲得和尚躲不得寺
* 遠來的和尚好看經／远来的和尚好看经
* 遠來的和尚會念經／远来的和尚会念经
* 野和尚
* 非洲和尚
* 非洲和尚——乞人憎

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 和(お)尚(しょう) (oshō); 和(か)尚(しょう) (kashō); 和(わ)尚(じょう) (wajō)
* → Korean: 화상(和尙) (hwasang)
* → Vietnamese: hoà thượng (和尚)
Others:
* → Tangut: 𗇇𗀒 (*xwa¹ śjow²)
* → Zhuang: hozsiengh

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 和 | 尚 |
| お Grade: 3 | しょう Grade: S |
| tōon | kan'on |
* Alternative spelling
* 和尙 (kyūjitai)

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) おしょー [óꜜshòò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [o̞ɕo̞ː]

#### Noun

和(お)尚(しょう) • (oshō)
* (Zen or Pure Land Buddhism) Buddhist priest
** a Buddhist priest who is the head of a temple or in a higher rank.
** title and style for high ranked Buddhist priests.
** a Buddhist priest master who gives instructions to other priests.

##### Synonyms

* (a Buddhist priest who is the head of the temple or in a higher rank): 住職(じゅうしょく) (jūshoku)
* (a title for Buddhist priests): 和(わ)上(じょう) (wajō), 和(わ)闍(じょう) (wajō)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 和 | 尚 |
| か Grade: 3 | しょう Grade: S |
| kan'on ||
* Alternative spellings
* 和尙 (kyūjitai) 和上

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かしょー [káꜜshòò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ka̠ɕo̞ː]

#### Noun

和(か)尚(しょう) • (kashō)
* (Tendai or Kegon Buddhism) preceptor; high priest

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 和 | 尚 |
| わ Grade: 3 | じょう Grade: S |
| goon ||
* Alternative spellings
* 和尙 (kyūjitai) 和上

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) わじょー [wáꜜjòò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [β̞a̠ʑo̞ː]

#### Noun

和(わ)尚(じょう) • (wajō)
* (Shingon, Hosso, Ritsu or Shin Buddhism) preceptor; high priest

### References

* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 和 | 尚 |

### Noun

和尚
* chữ Hán form of hoà thượng (“senior Buddhist monk”).