# 開始
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kāishǐ
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄞ ㄕˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi$^1$ ci$^2$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khôi-sṳ́
* Eastern Min (BUC): kăi-sṳ̄
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khai-sí / khui-sí
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kai$^1$ si$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$khe-sy
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kāishǐ
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄞ ㄕˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kaishǐh
*** Wade–Giles: kʻai$^1$-shih$^3$
*** Yale: kāi-shř
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kaishyy
*** Palladius: кайши (kajši)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$開始／开始 開駛／开驶
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hoi$^1$ ci$^2$
*** Yale: hōi chí
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hoi$^1$ tsi$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hoi$^1$ qi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔːi̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khôi-sṳ́
*** Hakka Romanization System: koi$^ˊ$ sii$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: koi$^1$ si$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰoi̯²⁴ sɨ³¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: kăi-sṳ̄
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰai⁵⁵⁻⁵³ $^{(s-)}$ly³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Jinjiang, Hui'an, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khai-sí
*** Tâi-lô: khai-sí
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qaisie
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² si⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ si⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ si⁴¹/
*** IPA (Hui'an): /kʰai³³ si⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /kʰai³³ si⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khui-sí
*** Tâi-lô: khui-sí
*** Phofsit Daibuun: quisie
*** IPA (Philippines): /kʰui³³ si⁵⁵⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kai$^1$ si$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khai sí
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰai³³⁻²³ si⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$khe-sy
*** MiniDict: khe$^平$ sy
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$khe-sr
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰe⁵⁵ sz̩²¹/

### Verb

開始
* to start; to begin; to commence
    重新開始／重新开始 ― chóngxīn kāishǐ ― to start again
    從今天開始／从今天开始 ― cóng jīntiān kāishǐ ― starting from today
       Dàojìshí xiànzài kāishǐ! [Pinyin]
       The countdown starts now!
       Qiúsài yī kāishǐ, tā yǐ yī qiú dǎkāi júmiàn. [Pinyin]
       He hit the ground running with a goal just as the game started.
       Zhè bù diànshìjù tài hǎokàn le! Wǒ yǐjīng kāishǐ sì shuā le! [Pinyin]
       This television drama is so good! I have already begun to watch through it for the fourth time!

#### Synonyms

* 伊始 (yīshǐ) (literary)
* 權輿／权舆 (quányú) (literary)
* 發端／发端 (fāduān)
* 發軔／发轫 (fārèn) (literary)
* 肇始 (zhàoshǐ) (literary)
* 肇端 (zhàoduān) (literary)
* 萌 (literary, or in compounds)
* 起始 (qǐshǐ)
* 起手 (Cantonese, Eastern Min)
* 起頭／起头 (qǐtóu)
* 開首／开首 (kāishǒu) (Beijing Mandarin)

#### Antonyms

* 結束／结束 (jiéshù)

### Noun

開始
* start; beginning; commencement
       Yī ge hǎo de kāishǐ shì chénggōng de yībàn. [Pinyin]
       Well begun is half done.
       Rénshēng yǒngyuǎn méiyǒu tài wǎn de kāishǐ. [Pinyin]
       No beginning has ever been proved to be too late.

#### Synonyms

* 伊始 (yīshǐ) (literary)
* 序幕 (xùmù) (figurative)
* 發端／发端 (fāduān)
* 肇端 (zhàoduān) (literary)
* 萌 (literary)
* 起始 (qǐshǐ)
* 起頭／起头 (qǐtóu)
* 起頭先／起头先 (kī-tàu-sĕng) (Eastern Min)
* 開端／开端 (kāiduān)
* 開頭／开头 (kāitóu)
* 首端 (shǒuduān)

### Derived terms

* 一開始／一开始 (yīkāishǐ)
* 自……開始／自……开始

### Further reading

* “Entry #50008”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 開 | 始 |
| かい Grade: 3 | し Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かいし [kàíshí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠iɕi]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

開(かい)始(し) • (kaishi)
* start; beginning; initiation
    Synonyms: 到来 (tōrai), 着手 (chakushu)
    Antonyms: 終了 (shūryō), 終結 (shūketsu), 完了 (kanryō)
    Hyponyms: 起工 (kikō, “starting construction”), 着工 (chakkō, “starting construction”)

#### Derived terms

* 開(かい)始日(しび) (kaishibi): start day, beginning day

### Verb

開(かい)始(し)する • (kaishi suru) transitive or intransitive suru (stem 開(かい)始(し)し (kaishi shi), past 開(かい)始(し)した (kaishi shita))
* to start; to begin; to initiate
** 1940, 岸田國士, けむり（ラヂオ物語）:
    翌日(よくじつ)は、もう、測(そく)量(りょう)班(はん)が作(さ)業(ぎょう)を開(かい)始(し)します。
       Yokujitsu wa, mō, sokuryō-han ga sagyō o kaishi shimasu.
       The surveying team is already starting work the next day.

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 開始し | かいしし | kaishi shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 開始し | かいしし | kaishi shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 開始する | かいしする | kaishi suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 開始する | かいしする | kaishi suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 開始すれ | かいしすれ | kaishi sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 開始せよ¹ 開始しろ² | かいしせよ¹ かいししろ² | kaishi seyo¹ kaishi shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 開始される | かいしされる | kaishi sareru |
| Causative | 開始させる 開始さす | かいしさせる かいしさす | kaishi saseru kaishi sasu |
| Potential | 開始できる | かいしできる | kaishi dekiru |
| Volitional | 開始しよう | かいししよう | kaishi shiyō |
| Negative | 開始しない | かいししない | kaishi shinai |
| Negative continuative | 開始せず | かいしせず | kaishi sezu |
| Formal | 開始します | かいしします | kaishi shimasu |
| Perfective | 開始した | かいしした | kaishi shita |
| Conjunctive | 開始して | かいしして | kaishi shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 開始すれば | かいしすれば | kaishi sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

#### Synonyms

* 始(はじ)める (hajimeru) (transitive)
* 始(はじ)まる (hajimaru) (intransitive)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 開 | 始 |

### Noun

開始 • (gaesi) (hangeul 개시)
* hanja form of 개시 (“start, beginning”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 開 | 始 |

### Verb

開始
* chữ Hán form of khai thuỷ (“to start, to begin”).