# 侵

| 侵 | U+4FB5, &#20405; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4FB5 |
| ← 侴 [U+4FB4] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 侶 → [U+4FB6] |

## Translingual
### Han character

侵 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人尸一水 (OSME), four-corner 2724$_7$, composition ⿰亻𠬶)

#### Derived characters

* 𠸬, 寑, 葠, 䈜, 𩮕, 蘉, 𨃏, 𣷽, 𦺭, 𣋨, 𭁾, 𩤨, 𱆷

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 103, character 19
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 646
* Dae Jaweon: page 218, character 30
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 166, character 12
* Unihan data for U+4FB5

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 侵 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| Oracle bone scriptj19020j19021j19022j19023j19024j19025j19026j19027j19028j19029j19030j19031j19032j19033j19034j19035j19036Bronze inscriptionsb12332Small seal scripts05791Transcribed ancient scriptsL33710L33711L33712L33713L12221L12222L12223L12224L12225 ||||
| References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script). ||||
| | Old Chinese |
| 鋟 | *ʔsem, *sʰem, *sʰimʔ |
| 綅 | *sem, *ʔsim, *sʰim |
| 祲 | *ʔsim, *ʔsims |
| 埐 | *ʔsim, *zim |
| 梫 | *ʔsim, *sʰimʔ, *sʰrim |
| 濅 | *ʔsimʔ, *ʔsims |
| 浸 | *ʔsims, *sʰim |
| 侵 | *sʰim |
| 駸 | *sʰim, *sʰrim |
| 寢 | *sʰimʔ |
| 寑 | *sʰimʔ |
| 薓 | *srim |
According to Shuowen, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“person”) + 帚 (“broom”) + 又 (“hand”) – a person with a broom in hand.

### Etymology 1

Two Sino-Tibetan etymologies are possible:
* Cognate with Tibetan སྟིམ་པ (stim pa, “to enter; to penetrate”), Tibetan ཐིམ་པ (thim pa, “to dissolve; to disappear; absorbed”), though the two terms agree just as well with 浸 (OC *ʔsims, *sʰim) (Schuessler, 2007), or
* From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *syim (“sweep”) (STEDT); cognate with Anong śim (“to sweep”), Lhao Vo śam (“to sweep”), Burmese သိမ်း (sim:, “to gather in; to take possession of”). Note the graph 侵 shows a broom (帚) which may carry a semantic function (Schuessler, 2007).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qīn (qin$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄣ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): cam$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): tim$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhîm
    (Hailu, HRS): cim$^ˋ$
* Eastern Min (BUC): chĭng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): cing$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhim
    (Teochew, Peng'im): cim$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$chin
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qīn
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cin
*** Wade–Giles: chʻin$^1$
*** Yale: chīn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chin
*** Palladius: цинь (cinʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cam$^1$
*** Yale: chām
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsam$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cem$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɐm⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: tim$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰim³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhîm
*** Hakka Romanization System: qim$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: qim$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰim²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: cim$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰim⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: chĭng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: cing$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiŋ⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhim
*** Tâi-lô: tshim
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chym
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰim⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰim³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰim⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰim⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰim⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: cim$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshim
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰim³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$chin
*** MiniDict: chin$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$qin
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕʰin⁵³/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit侵 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡ɕʰin²¹⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /t͡ɕʰin²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡ɕʰin¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /t͡ɕiẽ²¹³/ /t͡ɕʰiẽ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /t͡sʰiə̃²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /t͡sʰin⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡ɕʰiẽ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /t͡ɕʰiə̃⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /t͡ɕʰiŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /t͡ɕʰĩn³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /t͡ɕʰiŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡ɕʰin¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /t͡ɕʰĩ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /t͡ɕʰin³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /t͡ɕʰin²¹/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡ɕʰiəŋ¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡ɕʰiŋ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡ɕʰĩŋ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /t͡sʰin⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /t͡ɕʰin³³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /t͡sʰaŋ³³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡sʰiʌ̃³¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡sʰin¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /t͡sʰin³³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /t͡sʰin³³/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡ɕʰin⁴²/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /t͡sʰim⁴⁴/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /t͡sim²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /t͡sʰɐm⁵³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /t͡sʰɐm⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /t͡sʰɐm⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /t͡sʰim⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /t͡sʰiŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /t͡seiŋ³³/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /t͡sʰim⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /t͡sim²³/ |
* Middle Chinese: tshim
Rime :
| Character | 侵 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 清 (14) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (139) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 七林切 |
| Baxter | tshim |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sʰiɪm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sʰim/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sʰjem/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sʰim/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sʰiəm/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sʰĭĕm/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /t͡sʰi̯əm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qīn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cam$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[tsʰ][i]m/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sʰim/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 侵 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qīn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tshim › |
| Old Chinese | /*[tsʰ][i]m/ |
| English | invade |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 侵 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 10484 |
| Phonetic component | 侵 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 侵 |
| Old Chinese | /*sʰim/ |
| Notes | 甲金文象持帚驅策牛豕以至人， 穀樑傳隱五年：苞人民毆牛馬曰侵 |

#### Definitions

侵
* (literary) to gradually go in
* to invade; to encroach
    侵略 ― qīnlüè ― to invade
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Sì nián chūn, Qí hóu yǐ zhūhóu zhī shī qīn Cài. [Pinyin]
    In this year, in spring, the marquis of Qi, with the forces of many of the princes, made an incursion into Cai.
* approaching
    侵晨 ― qīnchén ― the approach of daybreak
* a surname

#### Compounds

* 互不侵犯
* 侵事
* 侵佔／侵占 (qīnzhàn)
* 侵侮
* 侵傍
* 侵入 (qīnrù)
* 侵凌 (qīnlíng)
* 侵削
* 侵剝百端／侵剥百端
* 侵占 (qīnzhàn)
* 侵占罪
* 侵吞 (qīntūn)
* 侵哄
* 侵噬
* 侵奪／侵夺
* 侵官
* 侵害 (qīnhài)
* 侵尋／侵寻 (qīnxún)
* 侵徹力／侵彻力
* 侵掠 (qīnlüè)
* 侵擾／侵扰 (qīnrǎo)
* 侵早
* 侵星
* 侵晨 (qīnchén)
* 侵暴
* 侵曉／侵晓 (qīnxiǎo)
* 侵權行為／侵权行为 (qīnquán xíngwéi)
* 侵淫
* 侵漁／侵渔
* 侵瀆／侵渎
* 侵牟
* 侵犯 (qīnfàn)
* 侵用
* 侵略 (qīnlüè)
* 侵略主義／侵略主义 (qīnlüè zhǔyì)
* 侵略者 (qīnlüèzhě)
* 侵肌透骨
* 侵蝕／侵蚀 (qīnshí)
* 侵蝕作用／侵蚀作用
* 侵蝕基準／侵蚀基准
* 侵蝕平原／侵蚀平原
* 侵蝕循環／侵蚀循环
* 侵襲／侵袭 (qīnxí)
* 侵越 (qīnyuè)
* 侵陵 (qīnlíng)
* 入侵 (rùqīn)
* 冷語侵人／冷语侵人
* 匈奴入侵
* 大侵
* 大舉入侵／大举入侵
* 幕侵天
* 廝侵／厮侵
* 性侵犯 (xìngqīnfàn)
* 死臨侵／死临侵
* 略地侵城
* 百毒不侵 (bǎidúbùqīn)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Cantonese (Jyutping): cam$^1$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cam$^1$
*** Yale: chām
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsam$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cem$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɐm⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

侵 (Cantonese)
* to add in (water or other fluid)
* to allow (somebody) to join
       keoi$^5$ dei$^6$ m$^4$ cam$^1$ ngo$^5$ waan$^2$. [Jyutping]
       They won't let me play with them.

### References

* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “侵”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 189.

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 侵 |
| Kyūjitai | 侵󠄁 侵+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 侵󠄃 侵+&#xE0103; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* to invade
* to raid
* to encroach, to trespass
* to violate

#### Readings

* Go-on: しん (shin, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: しん (shin, Jōyō)
* Kun: おかす (okasu, 侵す, Jōyō)

### References

* ↑ “侵”, in 漢字ぺディア‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024

## Korean
### Hanja

侵 (eum 침 (chim))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

侵: Hán Nôm readings: xâm, xăm, xơm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation