# 指導
## Chinese
### Etymology

Attested earliest in a memorial submitted to Emperor Xuan of Han by Lu Wenshu, then quoted in Xun Yue's 《前漢紀》 (Annals of the Former Han) (translation from Friedman, 2023):
* 捶楚之下，何求⽽不得。故囚⼈不勝痛，則飾辭以示⼈。吏治者利其然，則指導以明之；…… [Classical Chinese, trad.]捶楚之下，何求⽽不得。故囚⼈不胜痛，则饰辞以示⼈。吏治者利其然，则指导以明之；…… [Classical Chinese, simp.]From: 73 BCE, Lu Wenshu (路溫舒), memorial submitted to Emperor Xuan of Han (漢宣帝); quoted in late 2nd - early 3rd century CE 《前漢紀》 (Annals of the Former Han) by 荀悅 (Xun Yue)Chuíchǔ zhī xià, hé qiú ér bùdé. Gù qiúrén bù shèng tòng, zé shìcí yǐ shì rén. Lìzhì zhě lì qí rán, zé zhǐdǎo yǐ míng zhī;...... [Pinyin]Under blows of the switch, anything sought will be found. So when those in prison cannot bear the pain, then they embellish the confessions that will be made public. Officials in charge of cases profit from this fact, and thus lead prisoners on to make their statements clear. [...]

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhǐdǎo
    (Zhuyin): ㄓˇ ㄉㄠˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zi$^2$ dou$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chṳ́-thô
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chí-tō͘ / chí-tō
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zi$^2$ dao$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhǐdǎo [Phonetic: zhídǎo]
*** Zhuyin: ㄓˇ ㄉㄠˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhǐhdǎo
*** Wade–Giles: chih$^3$-tao$^3$
*** Yale: jř-dǎu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyydao
*** Palladius: чжидао (čžidao)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zi$^2$ dou$^6$
*** Yale: jí douh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzi$^2$ dou$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ji$^2$ dou$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siː³⁵ tou̯²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chṳ́-thô
*** Hakka Romanization System: zii$^ˋ$ to$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zi$^3$ to$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sɨ³¹ tʰo²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chí-tō͘
*** Tâi-lô: tsí-tōo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: cy'do
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chí-tō
*** Tâi-lô: tsí-tō
*** Phofsit Daibuun: cy'doi
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to²²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: zi$^2$ dao$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsí tău
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡si⁵²⁻³⁵ tau³⁵/

### Verb

指導
* to guide; to give direction; to steer; to instruct; to coach
    指導思想／指导思想 ― zhǐdǎo sīxiǎng ― guiding ideology; guiding principles
    就業指導／就业指导 ― jiùyè zhǐdǎo ― careers guidance
    指導委員會／指导委员会 ― zhǐdǎo wěiyuánhuì ― steering committee
    在藥師指導下／在药师指导下 ― zài yàoshī zhǐdǎo xià ― under the instruction of a pharmacist
       Qǐng nín guòmù yīxià, tíchū zhǐdǎo yìjiàn. [Pinyin]
       Please go over it and provide some guidance.
       Gāi zǔzhī yǐjīng chūtái le xiāngguān de zhǐdǎo wénjiàn. [Pinyin]
       The organization has issued relevant guidelines.

#### Synonyms

* 主導／主导 (zhǔdǎo)
* 嚮導／向导 (xiàngdǎo)
* 帶等／带等 (Taiwanese Hakka)
* 帶緊／带紧 (Zhao'an Hakka)
* 帶領／带领 (dàilǐng)
* 引入 (yǐnrù)
* 引向 (yǐnxiàng)
* 引導／引导 (yǐndǎo)
* 引𤆬 (Hokkien)
* 引領／引领 (yǐnlǐng)
* 指引 (zhǐyǐn)
* 指授 (zhǐshòu) (literary)
* 指揮／指挥 (zhǐhuī)
* 指示 (zhǐshì)
* 指點／指点 (zhǐdiǎn)
* 率領／率领 (shuàilǐng)
* 疏導／疏导 (shūdǎo) (through persuasion)
* 統御／统御 (tǒngyù) (literary)
* 統率／统率 (tǒngshuài)
* 統領／统领 (tǒnglǐng)
* 董督 (dǒngdū) (literary)
* 誘／诱 (yòu) (literary, or in compounds)
* 誘導／诱导 (yòudǎo)
* 領導／领导 (lǐngdǎo)
* 點厾／点厾 (Hokkien)
* 點撥／点拨 (diǎnbō) (informal)

#### Derived terms

* 指導員／指导员 (zhǐdǎoyuán)
* 指導性／指导性 (zhǐdǎoxìng)
* 指導者／指导者
* 指導部／指导部

#### Related terms

* 輔導／辅导 (fǔdǎo)

### Noun

指導
* instructor; coach; trainer

#### Synonyms

* 教練員／教练员 (jiàoliànyuán)

### References

* ↑ Friedman, Daniel Butler (2023) ‘Discarding That, Adopting This’ 去彼取此: The Northern Wei and Stories of Chinese Legal History (PhD)‎, w:University of California, Berkeley, page 118

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 指 | 導 |
| し Grade: 3 | どう Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しどー [shìdóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɕido̞ː]

### Noun

指(し)導(どう) • (shidō)
* guidance; leadership

#### Derived terms

* 指導案
* 指導碁
* 指導者
* 指導力

### Verb

指(し)導(どう)する • (shidō suru) transitive suru (stem 指(し)導(どう)し (shidō shi), past 指(し)導(どう)した (shidō shita))
* to guide; to lead

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 指導し | しどうし | shidō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 指導し | しどうし | shidō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 指導する | しどうする | shidō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 指導する | しどうする | shidō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 指導すれ | しどうすれ | shidō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 指導せよ¹ 指導しろ² | しどうせよ¹ しどうしろ² | shidō seyo¹ shidō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 指導される | しどうされる | shidō sareru |
| Causative | 指導させる 指導さす | しどうさせる しどうさす | shidō saseru shidō sasu |
| Potential | 指導できる | しどうできる | shidō dekiru |
| Volitional | 指導しよう | しどうしよう | shidō shiyō |
| Negative | 指導しない | しどうしない | shidō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 指導せず | しどうせず | shidō sezu |
| Formal | 指導します | しどうします | shidō shimasu |
| Perfective | 指導した | しどうした | shidō shita |
| Conjunctive | 指導して | しどうして | shidō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 指導すれば | しどうすれば | shidō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 指 | 導 |

### Noun

指導 • (jido) (hangeul 지도)
* hanja form of 지도 (“guidance”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 指 | 導 |

### Verb

指導
* chữ Hán form of chỉ đạo (“to guide”).