# 𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺
## Old Persian
### Etymology

Uncertain; possibly:
* from *Parθaʰ +‎ -𐎺 (-vaʰ, adjectival suffix), related to 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 (p-a-r-s /⁠Pārsaʰ⁠/, “Persian”),
* from *pr̥θvī (“area”), from Proto-Iranian *pr̥θwíH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pr̥tHwíH, from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥th₂-éwih₂, from *pléth₂us (“flat, broad”), cognate with Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬡𐬍 (pər$^ə$θβī, “surface”), Sanskrit पृथ्वी (pṛthvī, “the Earth”),
* or syncopated from earlier *Parārθavaʰ, from *parārθam (“exterior, remote”) +‎ -𐎺 (-vaʰ, adjectival suffix, from Proto-Indo-European *-wós), from Proto-Iranian *paraHárθam, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *paraHártʰam, from *para- (“farther, highest”, from Proto-Indo-European *pér-o- (“distant, beyond”)) +‎ *Hártʰam (“event, thing, purpose”), cognate with Sanskrit परार्थ (parārtha, “highest advantage, interest”).

### Adjective

𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 (p-r-θ-v /Parθavaʰ/) m
* Parthian

### Proper noun

𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 (p-r-θ-v /Parθavaʰ/) m
* Parthia

#### Descendants

* Middle Persian: (/⁠pahraw(ag) ~ pahlaw(ag)⁠/)
    Inscriptional Pahlavi script: (early Middle Persian) 𐭯𐭫𐭮𐭥𐭡𐭩 (plswby /⁠parθaw⁠/)
    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (pʾhlwb')
    Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫍𐫡𐫇𐫃 (phrwg)
** Classical Persian: پهله (/⁠pahla⁠/), پهلو (/⁠pahlaw⁠/)
*** → Arabic: فهلة (/⁠fahla⁠/)
* → Akkadian:
    Late Babylonian: 𒉺𒅈𒌅𒈠𒀀𒀀 (pa-ar-tu-ma-a-a /⁠Partumāya⁠/), 𒉺𒅈𒌅𒌑 (pa-ar-tu-ú /⁠Partū⁠/), 𒌓𒌅 (par-tu /⁠Partu⁠/), 𒌓𒌅𒌑 (par-tu-ú /⁠Partū⁠/)
* → Ancient Greek: Πᾰ́ρθος (Párthos), Πᾰ́ρθυος (Párthuos)
* → Aramaic:
    Imperial Aramaic: 𐡐𐡓𐡕𐡅 (prtw)
* → Egyptian:
    Late Egyptian: (prwtjwꜣ), (prtjwꜣ)
* → Elamite:
    Achaemenid Elamite: 𒁇𒌅𒈠 (bar-tu-ma /⁠Bartuma⁠/), 𒁇𒌅𒈦 (bar-tu-maš /⁠Bartumaš⁠/)
* → Middle Chinese: 白疊 (po-tie)
* → Old Armenian: Պարթեւք (Partʻewkʻ)
* → Parthian:
    Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭐𐭓𐭕𐭅 (prtw)
* → Sogdian:
    Syriac script: ܦܪܬ݂ܘܐܝܟ (prθwʾyq /⁠parθawīk⁠/)

### References

* 1 2 3 Kent, Roland G. (1950) “Parθava-”, in Old Persian: grammar, texts, lexicon, New Haven: American Oriental Society, page 196
* ↑ Brandenstein, Wilhelm, Mayrhofer, Manfred (1964) Handbuch des Altpersischen (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 138
* ↑ Skalmowski, W. (1995) “Old Persian Parθava”, in Van Lerberghe, K., Schoors, A., editors, Immigration and Emigration within the Ancient Near East. Festschrift E. Lipiński (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta), Leuven: Peeters Publishers, pages 306-311
* 1 2 Tolman, Herbert Cushing (1908) “parθava”, in Ancient Persian lexicon and the texts of the Achaemenidan inscriptions transliterated and translated with special reference to their recent re-examination (Vanderbilt Oriental Series; 6), New York/Cincinnati/Chicago: American Book Company, page 109
* 1 2 3 4 Tavernier, Jan (2007) “1.3.30 Parθava- (P-r-θ-v-)”, in Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550–330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts, Peeters Publishers, →ISBN, page 29: “29”
* ↑ Laufer, Berthold (1919) Sino-Iranica: Chinese contributions to the history of civilization in ancient Iran, with special reference to the history of cultivated plants and products (Fieldiana, Anthropology; 15), volume 3, Chicago: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, page 490
* ↑ Gharib, B. (1995) “prθwʾyq”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 291