# 普通話
## Chinese

* 普通話 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 普通話 (Gan)
* 普通話 (Wu)
* 普通話 (Cantonese)
* 普通話 (Eastern Min)
* Phó͘-thong-ōe (Southern Min)

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
The term appeared in Chinese and Japanese publications the second half of the 19th century. The connotation “national language” probably originated under Japanese influence. It has been in official use in the People’s Republic of China since the mid-1950s.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): pǔtōnghuà
       (Zhuyin): ㄆㄨˇ ㄊㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): pu$^3$ tong$^1$ hua$^4$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): pou$^2$ tung$^1$ waa$^{6-2}$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): pu$^2$ huung$^1$ va$^{5*}$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): phû-thûng-fa
    (Meixian, Guangdong): pu$^1$ tung$^1$ fa$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): pū-tŭng-uâ
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): phó͘-thong-ōe / phó͘-thong-ōa / phú-thong-goee
    (Teochew, Peng'im): pou$^2$ tong$^1$ uê$^7$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$phu-thon-gho
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: pǔtōnghuà
*** Zhuyin: ㄆㄨˇ ㄊㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: pǔtonghuà
*** Wade–Giles: pʻu$^3$-tʻung$^1$-hua$^4$
*** Yale: pǔ-tūng-hwà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: puutonghuah
*** Palladius: путунхуа (putunxua)
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: pu$^3$ tong$^1$ hua$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: putungxua
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰu⁵³ tʰoŋ⁵⁵ xua²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: pou$^2$ tung$^1$ waa$^{6-2}$
*** Yale: póu tūng wá
*** Cantonese Pinyin: pou$^2$ tung$^1$ waa$^{6-2}$
*** Guangdong Romanization: pou$^2$ tung$^1$ wa$^{6-2}$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰou̯³⁵ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: pu$^2$ huung$^1$ va$^{5*}$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰu⁵⁵ hɵŋ³³ va³²⁻³²⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phû-thûng-fa
*** Hakka Romanization System: pu$^ˊ$ tung$^ˊ$ fa
*** Hagfa Pinyim: pu$^1$ tung$^1$ fa$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: pu$^1$ tung$^1$ fa$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰu⁴⁴ tʰʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fa⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: pū-tŭng-uâ
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰu³³⁻²¹ $^{(tʰ-)}$luŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ $^{(Ø-)}$ŋuɑ²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phó͘-thong-ōe
*** Tâi-lô: phóo-thong-uē
*** Phofsit Daibuun: phoftong'oe
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰɔŋ³³ ue⁴¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Penang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phó͘-thong-ōa
*** Tâi-lô: phóo-thong-uā
*** Phofsit Daibuun: phoftong'oa
*** IPA (Penang): /pʰɔ⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ tʰɔŋ³³⁻²¹ ua²¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ua²²/
** (Hokkien: Longyan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phú-thong-goee
*** Tâi-lô: phú-thong-guee
*** IPA (Longyan): /pʰu²¹ tʰoŋ³³⁴ ɡuɛ³³⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: pou$^2$ tong$^1$ uê$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: phóu thong uē
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ tʰoŋ³³⁻²³ ue¹¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$phu-thon-gho
*** MiniDict: phu$^去$ thon gho
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$phu-thon-hho
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /pʰu³³ tʰoŋ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

### Noun

普通話
* common language
** 1936, 胡繩, 江南話新文字概論, page 41:
       fāng'àn de guīdìng, shì ná shànghǎi pǔtōnghuà zuò biāozhǔn de [Pinyin]
       the rules of this scheme are created with Shanghai's common speech (=Shanghainese) as the standard
* (chiefly Mainland China, recently in Hong Kong) Standard Mandarin Chinese; Standard Chinese
    標準的普通話／标准的普通话 ― biāozhǔn de pǔtōnghuà ― standard Mandarin
       Nǐ huì shuō pǔtōnghuà ma? [Pinyin]
       Can you speak Mandarin?
       Tā zài jiā shuō fāngyán, zài xuéxiào shuō pǔtōnghuà. [Pinyin]
       He speaks the local dialect at home and Standard Mandarin at school.
    From: 1957 July, Chou You-Kuang "Chinese gets a Latin alphabet" in The UNESCO Courier p. 19
    Tuīguǎng “pǔtōnghuà”; zhúbù cǎiyòng pīnyīn wénzì. [Pinyin]
    Popularize the "common speech"; gradually begin using the phonetic alphabet.
* (usually in contrast with 國語／国语 (guóyǔ, “Taiwanese Mandarin”)) mainland Chinese Mandarin; Putonghua

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 國語, 中文 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 華語, 華文 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 華語, 華文 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Olginsky (Mikhaylovka) | 中國話 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 普通話 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Oudomxay | 中國話 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 普通話, 普語 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 國語, 普通話 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 普通話 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 普通話 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 華語 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 華語 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 普通話, 國語 dated |
| Gan | Nanchang | 國語 dated |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 華語 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 華語 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 華語 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 華語 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 華語 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 華語 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 普通話, 國語 dated |
| Eastern Min | Sitiawan (Gutian) | 華文 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 普通話, 國語 dated |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 普通話 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 國語 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 普通話 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 華語, 國語 GT |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 華語, 唐儂話 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 華語, 唐儂話 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 國語, 國語話, 華語, 普通話 |
| Southern Min | Longyan | 普通話 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 普通話 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 普通話 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 普通話 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 華語, 唐儂話 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 普通閒話 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 普通閒話 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 普通閒話 |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (not particular region identified) | GT - General Taiwanese (not particular region identified) |

#### Hypernyms

* 官話／官话 (guānhuà), 北方話／北方话 (běifānghuà): Guanhua, a group of Northern Chinese dialects including Putonghua

#### Hyponyms

* 南普 (nánpǔ)
* 地普
* 地瓜腔 (dìguāqiāng)
* 塑料普通話／塑料普通话 (sùliào pǔtōnghuà)
* 塑普 (sùpǔ)
* 夾壯／夹壮 (jiāzhuàng)
* 川普 (Chuānpǔ)
* 廣普／广普 (guǎngpǔ)
* 彎管子普通話／弯管子普通话 (wānguǎnzi pǔtōnghuà)
* 椒鹽普通話／椒盐普通话
* 港普 (gǎngpǔ)
* 滬普／沪普
* 潮普
* 煲冬瓜
* 閩普／闽普 (mǐnpǔ)
* 靈橋牌普通話／灵桥牌普通话

#### Derived terms

* 塑料普通話／塑料普通话 (sùliào pǔtōnghuà)
* 彎管子普通話／弯管子普通话 (wānguǎnzi pǔtōnghuà)
* 普通話水平測試／普通话水平测试 (Pǔtōnghuà Shuǐpíng Cèshì)
* 椒鹽普通話／椒盐普通话
* 靈橋牌普通話／灵桥牌普通话

#### Related terms

* 漢語／汉语 (Hànyǔ)
* 國語／国语 (guóyǔ)
* 華語／华语 (Huáyǔ)
* 官話／官话 (guānhuà)
* 中國話／中国话 (Zhōngguóhuà)
* 中文 (Zhōngwén)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 普(ふ)通(つう)話(わ) (futsūwa)
* → Korean: 보통화(普通話) (botonghwa)
* → Vietnamese: phổ thông thoại (普通話)
* → English: p'u-t'ung-hua, Putonghua

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 普 | 通 | 話 |
| ふ Grade: S | つう Grade: 2 | わ Grade: 2 |
| goon | goon | kan'yōon |

### Etymology

From Chinese 普通話／普通话 (pǔtōnghuà, literally “common speech”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɸɯ̟t͡sɨːβ̞a̠]

### Noun

普(ふ)通(つう)話(わ) • (futsūwa)
* (uncommon, scholarly) Putonghua; Standard Mandarin

#### Synonyms

* 北京語(ペキンご) (pekingo, literally “Pekingese”), 中国語(ちゅうごくご) (chūgokugo, literally “Chinese”)

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 普 | 通 | 話 |

### Noun

普通話 • (botonghwa) (hangeul 보통화)
* hanja form of 보통화 (“Mandarin, Putonghua”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 普 | 通 | 話 |

### Noun

普通話
* chữ Hán form of phổ thông thoại (“Mandarin, Putonghua”).