# افسار
## Khalaj
### Noun

اَفسار (afsâr) (definite accusative اَفسارؽ, plural اَفسارلار)
* Arabic spelling of afsâr (“halter”)

#### Declension
## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Persian افسار (afsâr).

### Noun

افسار • (efsar)
* halter, a bitless headpiece of rope or straps, placed on the head of horses to lead or tie them
    Synonyms: جلبور (cılbur), دیزگین (dizgin), كمند (kemend), یولار (yular)
* headstall, the part of a bridle that fits over a horse's head and supports other elements

#### Descendants

* Turkish: efsar

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “efsar”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 1370
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Capistrum”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 147
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “افسار”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 319
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “افسار”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 157

## Persian
### Alternative forms

* فسار (fasâr)
* اوسار (owsâr) (dialectal, Shiraz)

### Etymology

From Middle Persian *afsār, whence borrowed Classical Syriac ܐܲܦܣܵܪܵܐ (ʾap̄sārā), Jewish Literary Aramaic אַפִסָרָא (ʾap̄isārā) and Jewish Babylonian Aramaic אַפְסָרָא (ʾap̄sārā), אַפְסִירָא (ʾap̄sīrā). Cognate to Mazanderani اسار (osâr), Central Kurdish هەوسار (hewsar) and Northern Kurdish hevser. Apparently Ancient Greek ψάλιον (psálion, “curb chain”), ψαλόν (psalón, “a kind of bridle”), ψέλιον (psélion, “a kind of anklet worn by the Persians”) are also Iranian borrowings.
See also Arabic إِبْزِيم (ʔibzīm, “clasp”) and Arabic أَبْزَار (ʔabzār), Old Armenian օճառ (ōčaṙ, “harness”) and the terms linked there for possibly the same stem with a different ending.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ʔa.ˈfsɑːɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔä.ˈfsɑːɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʔä.ˈfsɑːɾ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʔä.ˈfsɑːɾ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʔä.ˈfsɔːɾ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ʔæ.ˈfsɒːɹ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʔä.ˈfsɔɾ]

### Noun

| Dari | افسار |
| Iranian Persian | افسار |
| Tajik | афсор |
افسار • (afsâr)
* curb chain; (loosely) bridle, harness, headstall, curb, rein
* (figurative) curb, restraint, check
* (figurative) reins, discipline

#### Descendants

* Romani: ašvar
* → Azerbaijani: əfsar, ovsar
* → Kazakh: әбзел (äbzel)
* → Khalaj: afsâr
* → Ottoman Turkish: افسار (efsar)
* → Turkmen: owsar
* → Uzbek: ovsar

### References

* ↑ Talebi, Ali (2012) مشتی از مرواریدهای فراموش‌شده‌ی مازندران (فرهنگ واژگانی) [A Handful of the Forgotten Pearls of Mazandaran (Dictionary)]‎, Amol, page 48
* “ˀpsrˀ”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Horn, Paul (1893) Grundriss der neupersischen Etymologie (in German), Strasbourg: K.J. Trübner, page 23 Nr. 97
* Levy, Jacob (1867) Chaldäisches Wörterbuch über die Targumim und einen großen Theil des rabbinischen Schriftthums‎ (in German), Leipzig: Verlag von Baumgärtners Buchhandlung, page 54b
* Müller, Friedrich (1894) “Pahlawi, neupersische und armenische Etymologien”, in Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes (in German), volume 8, page 357
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “افسار”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul, page 82
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “فسار”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul, page 928
* Vullers, Johann August (1855) “افسار”, in Lexicon Persico-Latinum etymologicum cum linguis maxime cognatis Sanscrita et Zendica et Pehlevica comparatum, e lexicis persice scriptis Borhâni Qâtiu, Haft Qulzum et Bahâri agam et persico-turcico Farhangi-Shuûrî confectum, adhibitis etiam Castelli, Meninski, Richardson et aliorum operibus et auctoritate scriptorum Persicorum adauctum‎ (in Latin), volume 1, Gießen: J. Ricker, page 112a
* Vullers, Johann August (1856–1864) “فَسار”, in Lexicon Persico-Latinum etymologicum cum linguis maxime cognatis Sanscrita et Zendica et Pehlevica comparatum, e lexicis persice scriptis Borhâni Qâtiu, Haft Qulzum et Bahâri agam et persico-turcico Farhangi-Shuûrî confectum, adhibitis etiam Castelli, Meninski, Richardson et aliorum operibus et auctoritate scriptorum Persicorum adauctum‎ (in Latin), volume 2, Gießen: J. Ricker, page 680a