# 靴

| 靴 | U+9774, &#38772; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9774 |
| ← 靳 [U+9773] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 靵 → [U+9775] |

## Translingual
### Han character

靴 (Kangxi radical 177, 革+4, 13 strokes, cangjie input 廿十人心 (TJOP), four-corner 4451$_0$, composition ⿰革化)

#### Derived characters

* 㗾, 𢶤, 𬩑, 𫫸, 𬆌

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1385, character 19
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 42729
* Dae Jaweon: page 1900, character 10
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4327, character 21
* Unihan data for U+9774

## Chinese

* 靴 (Written Standard Chinese)
* Boot (English)

### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 訛 | *ŋʷaːl |
| 吪 | *ŋʷaːl |
| 鈋 | *ŋʷaːl |
| 囮 | *lu, *ŋʷaːl |
| 魤 | *ŋʷaːl |
| 靴 | *hʷa |
| 貨 | *hŋʷaːls |
| 花 | *hʷraː |
| 化 | *hŋʷraːls |
| 杹 | *hŋʷraːls |
| 匕 | *pilʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hʷa) : semantic 革 (“leather”) + phonetic 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): xuē (xue$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄒㄩㄝ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xue$^1$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hoe$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): hie$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): xye$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): hiô
    (Meixian, Guangdong): hio$^1$
* Jin (Wiktionary): xye$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): hió̤
* Eastern Min (BUC): kuŏ
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hyo$^1$ / hya$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hia / hio
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hia$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$shio; $^1$shioe
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): xya$^1$ / xye$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xuē
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄝ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: syue
*** Wade–Giles: hsüeh$^1$
*** Yale: sywē
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiue
*** Palladius: сюэ (sjue)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕy̯ɛ⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: xue$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xye
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕye⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hoe$^1$
*** Yale: hēu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hoe$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hê$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hœː⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: hie$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hiɛ³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: xye$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕye⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hiô
*** Hakka Romanization System: hio$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hio$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /hi̯o²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: hio$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /hio⁴⁴/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: xye$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕye¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hió̤
*** Sinological IPA : /xiɔ⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: kuŏ
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰuo⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hyo$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hyɒ⁵³³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: hya$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hya⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hia
*** Tâi-lô: hia
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hiaf
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /hia³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hia⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hio
*** Tâi-lô: hio
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hioy
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hio³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hio⁴⁴/
* hia - vernacular;
* hio - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit靴 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕyɛ⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ɕyɛ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ɕye²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ɕyə²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /ɕyə⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ɕyɛ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ɕyɛ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ɕyu⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ɕye⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ɕyə³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ɕyɤ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /ɕye⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ɕye⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ɕie⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ɕiɛ⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ɕye³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /sz̩ʷ²¹/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ɕye¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ɕye̞¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ɕye³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɕyø⁵³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɕio⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /sz̩ʷ³³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ɕy³³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ɕya³¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /ɕyɛ¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ɕye³³/ /ɕya³³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ɕyɒ³³/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ɕye⁴²/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /hio⁴⁴/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /hio²⁴/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hœ⁵³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /hœ⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /hœ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hia⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kʰuo⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /xiɔ⁵⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /hia³³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /xue²³/ |
* Middle Chinese: xjwa
Rime :
| Character | 靴 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 戈 (97) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 許𦚢切 |
| Baxter | xjwa |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hɨuɑ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /hʷiɑ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xiuɑ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /hua/ |
| Li Rong | /xiuɑ/ |
| Wang Li | /xĭuɑ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /xi̯wɑ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xuē |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hoe$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*hʷa/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 靴 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 5324 |
| Phonetic component | 化 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 鞾 |
| Old Chinese | /*hʷa/ |
| Notes | 同鞾 |

### Definitions

靴
* boot (footwear)

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 靴 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 靴子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 靴子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 靴子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 靴子 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 靴子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 靴仔 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 靴子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 靴子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 靴子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 靴子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 靴子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 靴子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 靴子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 靴子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 靴子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 深筒鞋, 深筒靴 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 靴 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 靴 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 靴 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 靴 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 靴子 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 靴仔 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 靴仔 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 靴仔 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 靴仔 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 靴仔 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 靴 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 靴仔 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 靴 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 靴子 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 靴兒子 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 靴 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 靴 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 靴 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 靴 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 靴 |
| Waxiang | Guzhang (Gaofeng) | 靴 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 靴 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 靴 |
| Wu | Danyang | 靴 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 靴 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 靴子 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 靴子 |

#### Trivia

This is one of the few characters with a -üe final in Mandarin that did not have an entering tone in Middle Chinese.

### Compounds

* 亂穿靴／乱穿靴
* 倒脫靴／倒脱靴
* 內城京靴／内城京靴
* 六合靴
* 割靴子
* 割靴腰子
* 吉莫靴
* 同靴
* 宮靴／宫靴
* 弓靴
* 戰靴／战靴 (zhànxuē)
* 探空靴
* 捧靴
* 掛靴／挂靴 (guàxuē)
* 暖靴
* 暐靴／𬀩靴
* 朝靴
* 檀木靴
* 油靴
* 烏靴／乌靴
* 皂靴 (zàoxuē)
* 皮靴 (píxuē)
* 皮靴頁兒／皮靴页儿
* 破靴陣／破靴阵
* 破靴黨／破靴党
* 穿靴戴帽
* 線靴／线靴
* 脫靴／脱靴
* 舞靴
* 蠻靴／蛮靴
* 袍靴
* 褲靴／裤靴
* 豪豬靴／豪猪靴
* 釘靴／钉靴
* 錦靴／锦靴
* 隔靴抓痒
* 隔靴抓癢／隔靴抓痒
* 隔靴搔癢／隔靴搔痒 (géxuēsāoyǎng)
* 隔靴爬痒
* 雨靴 (yǔxuē)
* 革靴
* 靴兄弟
* 靴刀
* 靴刀誓死
* 靴匠 (xuējiàng)
* 靴城
* 靴子 (xuēzi)
* 靴屋
* 靴履
* 靴工
* 靴帕
* 靴後跟／靴后跟
* 靴扇
* 靴掖
* 靴文
* 靴服
* 靴板
* 靴桶
* 靴皮
* 靴笏
* 靴筒
* 靴筩／靴筒
* 靴簡／靴简
* 靴紋／靴纹
* 靴紋縐面／靴纹绉面
* 靴統／靴统
* 靴腳／靴脚
* 靴腰子
* 靴行
* 靴衫
* 靴袍
* 靴褲／靴裤
* 靴雍
* 靴靿
* 靴頁／靴页
* 靴鼻
* 鞭靴
* 飛鳳靴／飞凤靴
* 馬靴／马靴 (mǎxuē)
* 鵠觜靴／鹄觜靴
* 鸞靴／鸾靴
* 麂靴

### References

* “靴”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “靴”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 271.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: け (ke)
* Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)
* Kun: くつ (kutsu, 靴, Jōyō)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 靴
* くつ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 靴 – see the following entry. :
| 【くつ】 | [noun] 靴: footwear, footgear: a shoe, (a pair of) shoes |
(This term, 靴, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Hanja

靴 • (hwa) (hangeul 화, McCune–Reischauer hwa, Yale hwa)
* (가죽 신 화, gajuk-sin-): footwear made of leather

#### Compounds

* 木靴 (목화, mokhwa) The courtesy footwear in the Eastern tradition, as worn by courtiers, somewhat similar to the moccasin made of deerskin.
* 洋靴 (양화, yanghwa) Western shoes, boots
* 運動靴 (운동화, undonghwa) sneakers, trainers, athletic shoes
* 長靴 (장화, janghwa) boots

## Okinawan
### Etymology

Attested in the 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”) as ふや. Cognate with Yaeyama 靴 (fuya); see there for more.

### Pronunciation

* (Shuri) IPA: [ɸūjā] (tone class B)

### Noun

靴(ふや) (fuya)
* shoe

### References

* ↑ Nakamoto, Masayo (中本政世) (1896) 沖縄語典 [Documentation of the Language of Okinawa], Hikone (彦根市): Eishōdō (永昌堂), →DOI, page 33
* Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo (国立国語研究所) (1963) 沖縄語辞典 (Okinawa-go Jiten) [Dictionary of the Okinawan Language] (in Japanese), Tokyo (東京): Okurashō Insatsu Kyoku (財務省印刷局), page 216

## Vietnamese
### Han character

靴: Hán Nôm readings: ngoa
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Yaeyama
### Etymology

According to Miyagi (2003:967), derived from a Chinese source 靴 (xuē). Compare Xiang reading xya1 ~ xye1.
Alternatively, according to Miyanaga (1930:index p. 95), it is derived from the same source as Japanese 火屋 (hoya, “fireplace”), via "fire" + "building", but this is problematic on semantic grounds.
The Hateruma and Kabira forms are inherited from Proto-Ryukyuan *kutu, from Proto-Japonic *kutu.

### Pronunciation

* (Aragusuku) IPA: [fuja]
* (Hateruma) IPA: [ɸu̥t͡ɕi] (tone class BC)
* (Ishigaki-Shika) IPA: [ɸújà] (tone class A)
* (Kabira) IPA: [ɸut͡sɨ]
* (Kohama) IPA: [fuja]
* (Taketomi) IPA: [ɸujə]

### Noun

靴(ふや) or 靴(ふつぃ) (fuya or futsï)
* shoe, shoes

### References

* Maeara, Tōru (前新通) (2011) 竹富方言辞典 [Taketomi Dialect Dictionary], Ishigaki (石垣市): Nanzansha (南山舎), →ISBN, page 1055
* Miyagi, Shin'yū (宮城信勇) (2003) 石垣方言辞典 [Ishigaki Dialect Dictionary], Naha (那覇市): Okinawa Times (沖縄タイムス社), →ISBN, page 967
* Miyanaga, Masamori (宮良当壮) (1930) 八重山語彙 [Vocabulary List of the Yaeyama languages], Tokyo (東京都): Tōyō Bunko (東洋文庫), →DOI, page 235; index p. 95