# 愐

| 愐 | U+6110, &#24848; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6110 |
| ← 意 [U+610F] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 愑 → [U+6111] |

## Translingual
### Han character

愐 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 心一田中 (PMWL), four-corner 9106$_0$, composition ⿰忄面)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 394, character 26
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10925
* Dae Jaweon: page 731, character 2
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2327, character 3
* Unihan data for U+6110

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 蝒 | *men |
| 緬 | *menʔ |
| 湎 | *menʔ |
| 愐 | *menʔ |
| 偭 | *menʔ, *mens |
| 勔 | *menʔ |
| 面 | *mens |
| 麵 | *meːns |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *menʔ) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 面 (OC *mens).

### Etymology
#### “diligent; hardworking”

    Cognate with 勉 (OC *mronʔ) (Wang, 1982).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): miǎn (mian$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄢˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): min$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): mén
    (Meixian, Guangdong): mên$^3$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): meng$^5$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): bián
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: miǎn
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄢˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: miǎn
*** Wade–Giles: mien$^3$
*** Yale: myǎn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mean
*** Palladius: мянь (mjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /mi̯ɛn²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: min$^5$
*** Yale: míhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: min$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: min$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /miːn¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mén
*** Hakka Romanization System: men$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: men$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /men³¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: mên$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /mɛn³¹/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: meng$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɛŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bián
*** Tâi-lô: bián
*** Phofsit Daibuun: biern
*** IPA (Xiamen): /biɛn⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /biɛn⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /biɛn⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /biɛn⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /biɛn⁴¹/
* Middle Chinese: mjienX
Rime :
| Character | 愐 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 仙 (77) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 彌兖切 |
| Baxter | mjienX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /miᴇn$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /miɛn$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /mjæn$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /mian$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /miɛn$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /mĭɛn$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /mi̯ɛn$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | miǎn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | min$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*menʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 愐 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 9095 |
| Phonetic component | 面 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 緬 |
| Old Chinese | /*menʔ/ |

### Definitions

愐
* (literary) diligent; hardworking
* (literary or Hakka) to think; to consider

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 想 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 想 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 想 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 想 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 想 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 想 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 想 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 想 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 想 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 想 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 想 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 諗 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 諗 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 諗 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 諗 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 諗 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 諗 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 諗 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 諗 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 諗 |
| Cantonese | Penang (Guangfu) | 諗 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 諗 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 想 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 想, 愐 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 想 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 想, 愐 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 想, 愐 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 想, 愐 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 想, 愐 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 想, 愐 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 想 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 想 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 想 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 想 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 想 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 想 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 想 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 想 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 想 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 想 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 想 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 想 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 想 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 想 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 想 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 想 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 想 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 想 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 想 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 想 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 想 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 想 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 想 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 想 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 想 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 算 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 想 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Songjiang) | 想 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 想 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 想 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 想 |
| Wu | Shaoxing | 惀 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 忖, 惀 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 想 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 想, 忖 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 想 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 想 |

### Compounds

* 愐心事

### Descendants

* → Bai: *mi² (“to think”)
** Central Bai: mix

### References

* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “愐”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 157.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: めん (men)
* Kan-on: べん (ben)
* Kun: つとめる (tsutomeru, 愐める)