# 働く
## Japanese

* Kanji in this term
* 働
* はたら Grade: 4
* kun'yomi

### Etymology

Most likely derived ultimately from a mimetic word はた (hata, adverb, referring to the sound of objects bumping together), in turn possibly cognate with 旗 (hata, “flag”, from the sound of a flag flapping) and 機 (hata, “a loom”, from the sound of the shuttle or the workings of the batten).
Compare also adverb はたはた (hatahata, “working diligently”), verb はためく (hatameku, “to flutter, flap, flicker, whip”).
First cited in the late 900s, with the sense of "to move one's body".

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) はたらく [hàtárákú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ha̠ta̠ɾa̠kɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「働く」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 働く | はたらく | [hàtárákú] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 働け | はたらけ | [hàtáráké] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 働かれる | はたらかれる | [hàtárákárérú] |
| Causative | 働かせる | はたらかせる | [hàtárákásérú] |
| Potential | 働ける | はたらける | [hàtárákérú] |
| Volitional | 働こう | はたらこー | [hàtárákóꜜò] |
| Negative | 働かない | はたらかない | [hàtárákánáí] |
| Negative perfective | 働かなかった | はたらかなかった | [hàtárákánáꜜkàttà] |
| Formal | 働きます | はたらきます | [hàtárákímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 働いた | はたらいた | [hàtáráítá] |
| Conjunctive | 働いて | はたらいて | [hàtáráíté] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 働けば | はたらけば | [hàtárákéꜜbà] |

### Verb

働(はたら)く • (hataraku) intransitive godan (stem 働(はたら)き (hataraki), past 働(はたら)いた (hataraita))
* [from 1212] to work at a job, to labour
    10(じゅう)時(じ)まで働(はたら)く積(つ)もりだ。
       Jū-ji made hataraku tsumori da.
       I intend to work until 10 o'clock.
* [from mid-1600s] to work properly, to operate, to function; to carry out one's function, to be effective, to come into play
    スイッチが働(はたら)いてない。
       Suitchi ga hataraite nai.
       The switch isn't working.
* [from 1665] (transitive) to perpetrate or commit a crime
    彼女(かのじょ)は盗(ぬす)みを働(はたら)く。
       Kanojo wa nusumi o hataraku.
       She commits theft.
* [from 1769] (grammar) to conjugate; to inflect; to decline

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 働か | はたらか | hataraka |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 働き | はたらき | hataraki |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 働く | はたらく | hataraku |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 働く | はたらく | hataraku |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 働け | はたらけ | hatarake |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 働け | はたらけ | hatarake |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 働かれる | はたらかれる | hatarakareru |
| Causative | 働かせる 働かす | はたらかせる はたらかす | hatarakaseru hatarakasu |
| Potential | 働ける | はたらける | hatarakeru |
| Volitional | 働こう | はたらこう | hatarakō |
| Negative | 働かない | はたらかない | hatarakanai |
| Negative continuative | 働かず | はたらかず | hatarakazu |
| Formal | 働きます | はたらきます | hatarakimasu |
| Perfective | 働いた | はたらいた | hataraita |
| Conjunctive | 働いて | はたらいて | hataraite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 働けば | はたらけば | hatarakeba |

### References

* ↑ 働く／はたらく - Gogen Yurai Jiten (in Japanese)
* ↑ “旗・幡・旌”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ “働”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
   * 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.