# ὅπως
## Ancient Greek
### Alternative forms

* ὅππως (hóppōs) — Epic, Aeolic
* ὅκως (hókōs) — Ionic

### Etymology

From ὅς (hós, “who, which”) + πῶς (pôs, “how”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /hó.pɔːs/ → /ˈo.pos/ → /ˈo.pos/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /hó.pɔːs/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈ(h)o.pos/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈo.pos/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈo.pos/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈo.pos/

### Adverb

ὅπως • (hópōs) (interrogative or relative adverb)
* (relative to ὥς (hṓs) or οὕτως (hoútōs)) in such a manner, as
** (with the ordinary regimen of the relative adverb)
*** (with indicative)
**** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 15.111
**** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 1296
**** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 330
**** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 1301
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.67
**** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 16.203
**** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 14.172
**** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.37
**** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 13.145
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.3.46
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.50
**** 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 819
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.30
*** (with the future indicative) in what manner, how
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.2.3
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.23
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.8.1
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.4
**** 400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Apology 39A
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.1.43
**** 380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 502E
**** 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Collected Works 2.5, (compare Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.11)
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.40
**** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 1296
** (with ἄν (án) and subjective in indefinite sentences) in whatever way, just as, however
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 20.243
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.349, (compare 6.189)
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.143
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.1.2, (compare Plato, Phaed. 115E, Plato, Conv. 174B)
*** (with optative after historical tenses)
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.95
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 2.3.13
**** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, On Organization 4
** (οὐκ ἔστιν) there is no way in which, it cannot be that
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.102
*** 330 BCE, Demosthenes, On the Crown 208
*** 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 97
*** 366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 160D
*** 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1058
*** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 378
*** 422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 471
*** 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 495A
*** 366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 183B
*** 423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 1182
*** 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Collected Works 286A
*** 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 620
** (in Attic poets, like ὡς (hōs) in comparisons)
*** 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 1001
*** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 32, (compare 442, 683)
*** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 98
*** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 1076
** (also like ὡς (hōs) or ὅτι (hóti), with superlative of adverbs)
*** 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 600
*** 421 BCE, Aristophanes, Peace 207
*** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 330
*** 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 979
** (with a genitive added)
*** 470 BCE, Aeschylus, The Suppliants 837
** (of time) when
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.459–460
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.17
*** 472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 198
*** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 749
*** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 765
*** 423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 60
*** 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 156
*** 6th century BC, Theognis of Megara, Elegies 427
*** 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 228
* (used to introduce the statement of a fact)
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.37
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.49
** 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 548
** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 963
** 430 BCE, Euripides, Herakles' Children 1051
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.109
** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 1.1.20
** (οὐχ ὅπως...ἀλλά) is not only not..but..
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.35
*** 445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, Collected Works 185.42
*** 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Collected Works 301A
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 2.4.14
*** 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Plataicus 27
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Agesilaus 5.1
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.42
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.2.12
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.3.10
*** (rare, following another clause)
**** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 796
* (in indirect questions) how, in what way or manner
** (with indicative)
*** (of past tenses)
**** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.113
**** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.544
**** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 3.97
**** 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Collected Works 5.26
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 1.4.11
*** (future)
**** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.252
**** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 4.14
**** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.25, (compare Odyssey 1.269)
** (with subjunctive)
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.110
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.225
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.76
*** 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1367
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hipparchicus 1.3
*** 389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Collected Works 62.41
** (with optative)
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 1.3.2
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 14.159
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 9.554
*** 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 271
*** 445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, Against Andocides 39
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 6.2.11
** (with optative and ἄν (án), expressing a wish)
*** 424 BCE, Aristophanes, The Knights 81
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 7.1.33
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.2.10
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 3.2.1
** (ὅπως ἄν with the subjunctive makes the manner or purpose indefinite)
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.545
*** 470 BCE, Aeschylus, The Suppliants 233
*** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 618
*** 407 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Aulis 538
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.3.6
*** 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 326A
*** 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 239B
*** 380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 481A
** (Xenophon occasionally uses ὅπως somewhat like ὥστε (hṓste), with infinitive)
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.2.37, (compare Oeconomicus 7.29, 6 2.32)
** (after verbs of fear and caution)
*** (with future indicative)
**** 424 BCE, Aristophanes, The Knights 111
**** 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 91C
**** 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Conv. 193A
*** (with aorist subjunctive)
**** 413 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Tauris 995
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 3.6.16
**** 399 BCE, Plato, Euthyphro 4E
**** 386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Meno 77A
*** (with optative representing subjunctive after an historical tense)
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.9.3
** (this construction is most frequent in an imperative and prohibitive, in the original construction some verb implying caution or circumspection precedes)
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.36
*** 422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 140
*** 422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 372
*** (with future indicative)
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.142
**** 414 BCE, Aristophanes, The Birds 131
**** 421 BCE, Aristophanes, Peace 77
*** (aorist subjunctive)
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.85
**** 386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Cratylus 430D
**** 423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 824
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.56
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.82
** (used as the echo to a preceding πῶς (pôs))
*** 424 BCE, Aristophanes, The Knights 128
*** 423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 677
** (with a genitive of manner)
*** 380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 470E, (compare The Republic 389C)

#### Descendants

* Greek: όπως (ópos)

#### See also

| type | interrogative | indefinite | (medial) demonstrative | proximal demonstrative | distal demonstrative | relative | indefinite relative | identity | other |
| basic | τίς | τις, ἔνιοι | †ὁ, οὗτος | ὅδε | ἐκεῖνος | ὅς | ὅστις | ὁ αὐτός (αὑτός), ὁμός | ἕτερος, ἄλλος |
| dual | πότερος | πότερος, ποτερός | | | | ὁπότερος | ὁπότερος | | |
| quality | ποῖος | ποιός | †τοῖος, τοιοῦτος | τοιόσδε | | οἷος | ὁποῖος | ὅμοιος | ἑτεροῖος, ἀλλοῖος |
| quantity | πόσος | ποσός | †τόσος, τοσοῦτος | τοσόσδε | | ὅσος | ὁπόσος | | |
| manner | πῶς | πως | †τώς, †ὥς, οὕτως | ὧδε | | ὡς | ὅπως | ὁμῶς | ἑτέρως, ἄλλως |
| method, path, place | πῇ | πῃ | τῇ, ταύτῃ | τῇδε | ἐκείνῃ | ᾗ | ὅπῃ | | ἄλλῃ |
| place | ποῦ, †πόθι | που, †ποθι | ἐνταῦθα | ἐνθάδε | ἐκεῖ, ἔνθα, †ἐκεῖθι | οὗ, ἔνθα, †ὅθι | ὅπου, †ὁπόθι | αὐτόθι, ὁμοῦ | ἄλλοθι |
| source | πόθεν | ποθεν | †τόθεν, ἔνθεν, ἐντεῦθεν | ἐνθένδε | ἐκεῖθεν | ὅθεν | ὁπόθεν | †ὁμόθεν | ἄλλοθεν |
| destination | ποῖ, †πόσε | ποι | ἔνθα, ἐνταῦθα | ἐνθάδε, δεῦρο | ἐκεῖσε | οἷ | ὅποι, †ὁπόσε | αὐτόσε, ὁμόσε | ἄλλοσε |
| time | πότε, πῆμος | ποτέ, ποτε, τοτέ, ἐνίοτε | τότε, τῆμος | τημόσδε | | ὅτε, ἦμος | ὁπότε, †ὁππῆμος | ἅμα | ἄλλοτε |
| exact time | πηνίκα | | †τηνίκα, τηνικαῦτα | τηνικάδε | | ἡνίκα | ὁπηνίκα | αὐτίκα | |
| duration of time | | | τέως | | | ἕως | | | |
| size, age | πηλίκος | πηλίκος | †τηλίκος, τηλικοῦτος | τηλικόσδε | | ἡλίκος | ὁπηλίκος | ὁμῆλιξ | |
| repetition | ποσάκις, ποσίνδα | ποσάκις | τουτάκις, τοσάκις | | | †ὁσάκις ὁποσάκις | ὁποσάκις | | |
| multiplication | ποσαπλάσιος | | | | | ὁσαπλάσιος, ὁσαπλασίων | | | |
| order | πόστος | ποστός | | | | | ὁπόστος | | |
| † Forms rarely or never used in Classical Attic prose Relative also used in exclamations; either relative or indefinite relative used in indirect questions. ||||||||||

### Conjunction

ὅπως • (hópōs)
* that, in order that
** (with subjunctive)
*** (after principal tenses, or after subjunctive or imperative)
**** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 14.181
*** (after historical tenses, when there is no perfect form, or when the aorist represents the perfect)
**** 391 BCE, Aristophanes, Assemblywomen 117
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.73
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.31
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.22
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.96
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.17
** (with optative after historical tenses)
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.547
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 13.318
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 14.312
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 18.160
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 22.472
*** 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1005
*** 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1305
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.4.25
*** 360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 77E
*** 472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 450
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.7.19
*** 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 297
** (with indicative)
*** (of historical tenses, to express a consequence which has not followed, or cannot follow)
**** 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 196
**** 440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, On his Return 21
**** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, For Phormio 20
**** 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 749
*** (of future)
**** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.57
**** 440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, On the Mysteries 43
**** 343 BCE, Demosthenes, On the False Embassy 316
**** 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 263
* (used of will and endeavour, instead of the infinitive)
** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 3.19
** 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Against the Stepmother for Poisoning 12
** 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Against the Stepmother for Poisoning 23
** 445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, On the Murder of Eratosthenes 29
** 396 BCE – 323 BCE, Lycurgus of Athens, Against Leocrates 127
** 446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 1060
** 4th century BC, Isaeus, Apollodorus 27
** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 556

### Further reading

* “ὅπως”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “ὅπως”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “ὅπως”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* ὅπως in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* ὅπως in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* “ὅπως”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
* G3704 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
* Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. as idem, page 42.how idem, page 408.however idem, page 408.like idem, page 491.order idem, page 578.provide idem, page 654.that idem, page 863.when idem, page 975.