# 社稷
## Chinese

* 社稷 (Written Standard Chinese)
* soil and grain (English)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shèjì
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄜˋ ㄐㄧˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): se$^5$ zik$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): siǎ-chiak / siā-chek
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shèjì
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄜˋ ㄐㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shèjì
*** Wade–Giles: shê$^4$-chi$^4$
*** Yale: shè-jì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shehjih
*** Palladius: шэцзи (šɛczi)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$社稷 設計／设计
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: se$^5$ zik$^1$
*** Yale: séh jīk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: se$^5$ dzik$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sé$^5$ jig$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɛː¹³ t͡sɪk̚⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siǎ-chiak
*** Tâi-lô: siǎ-tsiak
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sia²² t͡siak̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siā-chek
*** Tâi-lô: siā-tsik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: siaxzeg
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /sia³³⁻²¹ t͡siɪk̚³²/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /sia²²⁻²¹ t͡siɪk̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /sia³³⁻¹¹ t͡siɪk̚³²/
* Middle Chinese: dzyaeX tsik
Rime :
| Character | 社 | 稷 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 常 (25) | 精 (13) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (100) | 職 (134) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 常者切 | 子力切 |
| Baxter | dzyaeX | tsik |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ʑia$^X$/ | /t͡sɨk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡ʑia$^X$/ | /t͡sɨk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ʑia$^X$/ | /t͡siek̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡ʑia$^X$/ | /t͡sik̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ʑia$^X$/ | /t͡siək̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ʑĭa$^X$/ | /t͡sĭək̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ʑi̯a$^X$/ | /t͡si̯ək̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shè | ji |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | se$^6$ | zik$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-tʰAʔ [ts]ək/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɦljaːʔ sklɯɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 社 | 稷 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shè | jì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzyæ$^X$ › | ‹ tsik › |
| Old Chinese | /*m-tʰAʔ/ | /*[ts]ək/ |
| English | sacrifice to the spirit of the soil | millet (Setaria italica) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 社 | 稷 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 12497 | 1170 |
| Phonetic component | 土 | 畟 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 職 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 社 | 即 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɦljaːʔ/ | /*sklɯɡ/ |

### Noun

社稷
* (Classical, literally) gods of the soil and harvest (as worshipped by the aristocracy in ancient China)
    From: The Book of Lord Shang, circa 3rd century BCE, translated based on J.J.L. Duyvendak's version
    Jūn yuē: “Dàilì bùwàng shèjì, jūn zhī dào yě.” [Pinyin]
    The prince said: "Not to forget, at his succession, the tutelary spirits of the soil and of grain, is the way of a prince."
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Mín wèi guì, shèjì cìzhī, jūn wèi qīng. [Pinyin]
    The people are the most important element in a nation; the spirits of the land and grain are the next; the sovereign is the lightest.
* (historical, metonymically) altars for offering sacrifices to the gods of the soil and grains
    From: Classic of Filial Piety, circa 475 – 221 BCE
    Fùguì bù lí qí shēn, ránhòu néng bǎo qí shèjì, ér hé qí mínrén. [Pinyin]
    When their riches and nobility do not leave their persons, then they are able to preserve the altars of their land and grain, and to secure the harmony of their people and men in office.
* (Classical, metonymically) nation; country
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Yǒu ān shèjì chén zhě, yǐ ān shèjì wèi yuè zhě yě. [Pinyin]
    There are ministers who seek the tranquillity of the State, and find their pleasure in securing that tranquillity.

#### Synonyms

* (nation):
* 國家／国家 (guójiā)
* 國度／国度 (guódù)
* 家國／家国 (jiāguó) (literary)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 社稷(しゃしょく) (shashoku)
* → Korean: 사직(社稷) (sajik)
* → Vietnamese: xã tắc (社稷)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 社 | 稷 |
| しゃ Grade: 2 | しょく Hyōgai |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 社稷 (kyūjitai)
Middle Chinese 社稷 (d͡ʑia$^X$ t͡sɨk̚)

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しゃしょく [sháꜜshòkù] (Atamadaka –)
* (Tokyo) しゃしょく [shàshókú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɕa̠ɕo̞kɯ̟]

#### Noun

社(しゃ)稷(しょく) • (shashoku)
* (deity) Chinese deities of the soil and of grains, venerated as tutelary deities of the nation
* (figurative, literary) the nation
    Synonym: 国家 (“kokka”)
** 1930, “青年日本の歌”:
    財閥(ざいばつ)富(とみ)を誇(ほこ)れども　社稷(しゃしょく)を思(おも)ふ心(こころ)なし
       zaibatsu tomi o hokoredomo shashoku o omou kokoro nashi
       Conglomerates boast of their wealth but have not hearts that think of the soil and grain.

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 社 | 稷 |
| すめらおおもとお ||
| Grade: 2 | Hyōgai |
| jukujikun ||
* Alternative spelling
* 社稷 (kyūjitai)
* For pronunciation and definitions of 社稷 – see the following entry: すめらおおもとお
(The following entry is uncreated: すめらおおもとお.)

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 社 | 稷 |

### Noun

社稷 • (sajik) (hangeul 사직)
* hanja form of 사직 (“gods of soil and grain”)