# 艱苦
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiānkǔ
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ ㄎㄨˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gaan$^1$ fu$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kân-khú / kiên-khú / kiân-khú
    (Hailu, HRS): gan$^ˋ$ ku$^ˊ$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kan-khó͘ / kian-khó͘ / khan-khó͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gang$^1$ kou$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiānkǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ ㄎㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiankǔ
*** Wade–Giles: chien$^1$-kʻu$^3$
*** Yale: jyān-kǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiankuu
*** Palladius: цзяньку (czjanʹku)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gaan$^1$ fu$^2$
*** Yale: gāan fú
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gaan$^1$ fu$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gan$^1$ fu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaːn⁵⁵ fuː³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kân-khú / kiên-khú
*** Hakka Romanization System: gan$^ˊ$ ku$^ˋ$ / gien$^ˊ$ ku$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gan$^1$ ku$^3$ / gian$^1$ ku$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /kan²⁴ kʰu³¹/, /ki̯en²⁴ kʰu³¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kân-khú / kiân-khú
*** Hakka Romanization System: gan$^ˊ$ ku$^ˋ$ / gian$^ˊ$ ku$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gan$^1$ ku$^3$ / gian$^1$ ku$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /kan²⁴ kʰu³¹/, /ki̯an²⁴ kʰu³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: gan$^ˋ$ ku$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /kan⁵³ kʰu²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kan-khó͘
*** Tâi-lô: kan-khóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kanqor
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Philippines): /kan³³ kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kan⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kan⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kan⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔ⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian-khó͘
*** Tâi-lô: kian-khóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kienqor
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔ⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Penang, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khan-khó͘
*** Tâi-lô: khan-khóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qanqor
*** IPA (Penang): /kʰan³³⁻²¹ kʰɔ⁴⁴⁵/
*** IPA (Philippines): /kʰan³³ kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gang$^1$ kou$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kang khóu
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ³³⁻²³ kʰou⁵²/

### Adjective

艱苦
* arduous; laborious
* (Hokkien, Teochew) difficult; hard
* (Hokkien, Teochew) agonizing; hard to bear; unwell
* (Hokkien) poor; impoverished

#### Synonyms

* (laborious):
* 不容易 (bùróngyì)
* 勤 (qín) (literary, or in compounds)
* 困難／困难
* 疑難／疑难 (yínán)
* 良苦 (liángkǔ) (literary)
* 艱巨／艰巨 (jiānjù)
* 艱辛／艰辛 (jiānxīn)
* 艱難／艰难 (jiānnán)
* 苦難／苦难 (kǔnàn)
* 辛勞／辛劳 (xīnláo)
* 辛苦 (xīnkǔ)
* 難／难
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 辛苦, 累人, 吃重, 吃力 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 辛苦 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 辛苦 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 辛苦 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 辛苦 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 辛苦 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 辛苦 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 辛苦 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 辛苦 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 辛苦 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 辛苦 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 辛苦 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 辛苦 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 辛苦 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 辛苦 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 辛苦 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 辛苦 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 辛苦 |
| Eastern Min | Singapore (Fuqing) | 辛苦 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Pontianak (Teochew) | 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 艱苦 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 辛苦 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 辛苦, 衰瘏, 吃力 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 辛 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 辛苦 |
| Wu | Danyang | 吃力 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 吃力 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 𢜭力, 吃力 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 著力, 吃力 |
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 難, 困難, 艱難 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 難, 困難, 艱難 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 難 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 難 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 難 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 難 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 難 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 難 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 難 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 難 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 難 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 難 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 難, 惡 † |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 難, 惡 † |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 難 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 難, 惡 † |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 難, 惡 † |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 難 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 難 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 難 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 難 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 難 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 難 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 難 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 難 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 難 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 難 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 難 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 艱難, 難 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 惡, 艱苦, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 難 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 惡, 䆀 † |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 惡 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 惡, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 艱苦, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 惡, 艱苦, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 艱苦, 惡, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 難, 惡 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 惡, 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 惡, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 惡 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 難 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 難 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 難 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 難 |
| Note | † - only used with a verbal complement | † - only used with a verbal complement |
* (poor):
* 厄 (literary, or in compounds)
* 困乏 (kùnfá) (formal)
* 困窘 (kùnjiǒng)
* 困窮／困穷 (kùnqióng)
* 困苦 (kùnkǔ)
* 困難／困难
* 困頓／困顿 (kùndùn)
* 宋凶 (Hokkien)
* 散 (Hokkien)
* 散凶 (Hokkien)
* 散赤 (Hokkien)
* 清苦 (qīngkǔ) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
* 淡薄 (dànbó) (literary)
* 清貧／清贫 (qīngpín) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
* 㾪赤 (Hokkien)
* 磽／硗 (Teochew)
* 䆀康 (Hokkien)
* 空乏 (kòngfá) (literary)
* 窄
* 窘促 (jiǒngcù) (literary)
* 窘困 (jiǒngkùn)
* 窘迫 (jiǒngpò)
* 窮／穷 (qióng)
* 窮乏／穷乏 (qióngfá) (literary)
* 窮困／穷困 (qióngkùn)
* 窮㾪／穷㾪 (Hokkien)
* 窮苦／穷苦 (qióngkǔ)
* 窮赤／穷赤 (Hokkien)
* 苦寒 (kǔhán)
* 貧乏／贫乏 (pínfá)
* 貧困／贫困 (pínkùn)
* 貧寒／贫寒 (pínhán)
* 貧瘠／贫瘠 (pínjí) (literary)
* 貧窮／贫穷 (pínqióng)
* 貧苦／贫苦 (pínkǔ)

#### Derived terms

* 備嘗艱苦／备尝艰苦
* 艱苦人／艰苦人
* 艱苦卓絕／艰苦卓绝 (jiānkǔzhuójué)
* 艱苦奮鬥／艰苦奋斗 (jiānkǔfèndòu)
* 艱苦心／艰苦心
* 艱苦錢／艰苦钱

### Verb

艱苦
* (Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to fall ill; to be ill
       Góa kin-á-ji̍t kan-khó͘, bô khì siōng-khò. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       I was sick today and I did not attend class.

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 生病, 得病, 患, 患病, 害病, 染病, 發病, 病倒, 帶病, 抱病, 抱恙, 罹病, 罹患 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 病, 得病, 鬧病, 不舒服 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 病, 生病, 不舒服 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Ulanhot | 病 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tongliao | 病 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 病 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 病 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 病, 作病 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 生病 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 生病 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 長病, 病, 不好, 不熨貼, 不舒坦, 不得勁兒, 鬧症候 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 得病, 病病兒, 不濟, 不熨貼 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 害病, 生病, 病, 有病兒, 不好, 不老兒好, 不美氣 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 犯病, 難過 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 病, 不得勁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 害病, 得病, 病, 不受活 of an adult, 不乖 of a child |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 病下, 得病, 不爽快 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 得病, 害病, 病, 不舒坦, 不舒服, 不如適, 出故事 of a child, 出症兒 of a child, 出症 of a child |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 得病, 病下, 不行下, 不受活, 不乖 of a child |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) | 得病, 害病, 不受活, 不乖 of a child |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 害病, 有病, 得病, 不好, 不清乾 Hui |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Bayanhot | 害病, 病 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 病下, 不舒坦, 不爽快, 不輕身 of an adult, 不乖 of a child, 變狗 of a child |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 病下, 害病, 不舒服 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 害病, 得病, 病, 不好, 不安逸 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 害病, 病, 有病, 不好, 不舒服, 不乖 of a child, 做狗狗 of a child |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 痛病, 痛, 生病, 不好在, 不安逸, 逗狗 of a child |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 不好 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 病 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 病, 做狗崽 of a child, 做狗 of a child |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 生病, 害病, 不爽快, 不爽, 不舒服 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 害病, 不好過 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 不好過 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 害病, 病, 不伸坦 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 病, 唔舒服, 唔精神, 唔自然 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 病, 唔舒服, 唔精神 dated, 唔自然 dated |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) | 病 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) | 病 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 有病 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 有病 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 病 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 病 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 唔精神 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 病 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 病, 唔精神 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 病 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 病 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 唔精神 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 唔精神 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 病 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 病 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 病 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 病 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 病, 唔精神 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 病 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 病 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 病 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 病, 唔精神 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 病, 唔舒服 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 病 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 病, 唔精神 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 唔養得 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 病, 得病, 無自由 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 生病, 病 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 生病 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 生病 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 發病 |
| Cantonese | Danzhou | 有病 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 病 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 病 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 生病, 病, 不好過, 不舒服 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 病 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 病, 不熨貼 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 發病, 起病, 唔自然, 唔舒服, 犯病 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 有病 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 唔做得 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 唔做得 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 病 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 病 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 病 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 發病仔, 發病, 破病, 著病, 得病, 致病, 唔鬆爽, 唔自然 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 發病, 破病, 著病, 得病, 致病, 唔鬆爽, 唔自然 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 發病, 著病, 破病, 得病, 致病, 唔鬆爽, 唔自然 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 破病, 著病, 得病, 致病, 唔鬆爽, 唔快活, 唔自然 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 發病仔, 發病, 破病, 著病, 得病, 致病, 唔鬆爽, 唔自然 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 破病, 著病, 無快活, 無堵好 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 病 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Daqiao) | 生病 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 病 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 害病, 起病 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 病, 害病, 鬧病, 難活 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 難過 |
| Jin | Taibus (Baochang) | 病 |
| Jin | Linhe | 病 |
| Jin | Jining | 病 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 難過 |
| Jin | Baotou | 病 |
| Jin | Dongsheng | 病 |
| Jin | Haibowan | 難活 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 病, 凊著, 伓鬆爽 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 破病, 病去, 𣍐爽快, 做犬 of a child |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 破病, 著病, 致病, 無爽, 無好勢, 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 破病, 毋好, 著病, 致病, 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 破病 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 破病 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 破病, 著病, 致病, 毋愛, 𣍐乖 of a child |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 破病 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 破病 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 破病, 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 破病, 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 破病 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 破病, 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 破病 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 破病, 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 破病 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 破病 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 破病 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 破病 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 破病 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 破病 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 毋好, 破病 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 病 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 生病, 唔好, 無若好 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 破相, 儂孬 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 破相, 儂孬 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 著病, 破病, 生毛 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 唔寬活, 儂孬 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 破病 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 破病 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 惡抵 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 惡耐, 生病 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 病, 病痛, 惡抵, 惡耐 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 病, 惡耐 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 唔精神 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 病 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 病 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 生病, 生毛病, 有毛病, 勿適意, 勿舒服 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 無得力氣 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 生病, 生毛病, 勿適意, 勿鬆 suburbs |
| Wu | Wuxi | 生病 |
| Wu | Danyang | 生病, 害病, 弗好過, 無本事 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 生毛病, 不舒服 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 生病, 病, 否好過 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 生病, 弗好過 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 得病, 病, 不好過 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 病 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 病, 不好過 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 生病 |

### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: gian khổ (艱苦)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 艱 | 苦 |

### Adjective

艱苦
* chữ Hán form of gian khổ (“hard; difficult; arduous”).