# ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ
## Coptic
### Alternative forms

* ⲥⲕⲁⲣⲕⲣ (skarkr), ⲥⲗⲉϭⲗⲉϭ (sleclec) — Fayyumic
* ⲥⲕⲟⲣⲕⲣ (skorkr) — Sahidic
* ⲥⲕⲁⲣⲕⲣⲉ (skarkre) — Akhmimic
* ⲥⲕⲉⲣⲕⲉⲣ (skerker) — Bohairic

### Verb

ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ • (skalkl) (nominal state ⲥⲕⲉⲗⲕⲱⲗ-)
* (Fayyumic) to roll, be rolled

#### Conjugation

| infinitive | affirmative | ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ skalkl | imperative | affirmative | ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ skalkl |
| infinitive | negative | ϣⲧⲉⲙⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ štemskalkl | imperative | negative | ⲙⲡⲉⲗⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ, ⲡⲉⲗⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ mpelskalkl, pelskalkl |
| | | | singular | singular | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | nominal |
| | | | 1st person | 2nd person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | nominal |
| | | | 1st person | masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | nominal |
| durative sentence ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲁⲕ | ⲛⲧⲁⲕ | ⲛⲧⲁ | ⲛⲧⲁϥ | ⲛⲧⲁⲥ | ⲁⲛⲁⲛ | ⲛⲧⲁⲧⲉⲛ | ⲛⲧⲁⲩ | - |
| present | basic | basic | ϯⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ tiskalkl | ⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ kskalkl | ⲧⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ teskalkl | ϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ fskalkl | ⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ sskalkl | ⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ tenskalkl | ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ tetenskalkl | ⲥⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ seskalkl | ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ skalkl |
| present | circumstantial | circumstantial | ⲉⲓⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ eiskalkl | ⲉⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ekskalkl | ⲉⲗⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ eleskalkl | ⲉϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ efskalkl | ⲉⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ esskalkl | ⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ enskalkl | ⲉⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ eletenskalkl | ⲉⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ euskalkl | ⲉⲗⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ele- skalkl |
| present | relative | relative | ⲉϯⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etiskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etekskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ eteskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etefskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etesskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etenskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etetenskalkl | ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etouskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ, ⲉⲧⲉⲗⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ete- skalkl, etele- skalkl |
| present | preterite | preterite | ⲛⲁⲓⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ naiskalkl | ⲛⲁⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nakskalkl | ⲛⲁⲗⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ naleskalkl | ⲛⲁϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nafskalkl | ⲛⲁⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nasskalkl | ⲛⲁⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nanskalkl | ⲛⲁⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ naletenskalkl | ⲛⲁⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nauskalkl | ⲛⲁⲗⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nale- skalkl |
| present | focalising | focalising | ⲁⲓⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ aiskalkl | ⲁⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ akskalkl | ⲁⲗⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ aleskalkl | ⲁϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ afskalkl | ⲁⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ asskalkl | ⲁⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ anskalkl | ⲁⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ aletenskalkl | ⲁⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ auskalkl | ⲁⲗⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ale- skalkl |
| future | basic | basic | ϯⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ tineskalkl | ⲕⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ kneskalkl | ⲧⲉⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ teneskalkl | ϥⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ fneskalkl | ⲥⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ sneskalkl | ⲧⲉⲛⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ tenneskalkl | ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ tetenneskalkl | ⲥⲉⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ seneskalkl | ⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ neskalkl |
| future | circumstantial | circumstantial | ⲉⲓⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ eineskalkl | ⲉⲕⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ekneskalkl | ⲉⲗⲉⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ eleneskalkl | ⲉϥⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ efneskalkl | ⲉⲥⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ esneskalkl | ⲉⲛⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ enneskalkl | ⲉⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ eletenneskalkl | ⲉⲩⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ euneskalkl | ⲉⲗⲉ- ⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ele- neskalkl |
| future | relative | relative | ⲉϯⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etineskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲕⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etekneskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ eteneskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉϥⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etefneskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲥⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etesneskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etenneskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etetenneskalkl | ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etouneskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲗⲉ- ⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etele- neskalkl |
| future | preterite | preterite | ⲛⲁⲓⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ naineskalkl | ⲛⲁⲕⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nakneskalkl | ⲛⲁⲗⲉⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ naleneskalkl | ⲛⲁϥⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nafneskalkl | ⲛⲁⲥⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nasneskalkl | ⲛⲁⲛⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nanneskalkl | ⲛⲁⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ naletenneskalkl | ⲛⲁⲩⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nauneskalkl | ⲛⲁⲗⲉ- ⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nale- neskalkl |
| future | focalising | focalising | ⲁⲓⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ aineskalkl | ⲁⲕⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ akneskalkl | ⲁⲗⲉⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ aleneskalkl | ⲁϥⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ afneskalkl | ⲁⲥⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ asneskalkl | ⲁⲛⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ anneskalkl | ⲁⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ aletenneskalkl | ⲁⲩⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ auneskalkl | ⲁⲗⲉ- ⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ale- neskalkl |
| negated with | negated with | negated with | ⲛ- … ⲉⲛ n- … en | ⲛ- … ⲉⲛ n- … en | ⲛ- … ⲉⲛ n- … en | ⲛ- … ⲉⲛ n- … en | ⲛ- … ⲉⲛ n- … en | ⲛ- … ⲉⲛ n- … en | ⲛ- … ⲉⲛ n- … en | ⲛ- … ⲉⲛ n- … en | ⲛ- … ⲉⲛ n- … en |
| non-durative sentence ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲁⲕ | ⲛⲧⲁⲕ | ⲛⲧⲁ | ⲛⲧⲁϥ | ⲛⲧⲁⲥ | ⲁⲛⲁⲛ | ⲛⲧⲁⲧⲉⲛ | ⲛⲧⲁⲩ | - |
| past | basic | affirmative | ⲁⲓⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ aiskalkl | ⲁⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ akskalkl | ⲁⲗⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ aleskalkl | ⲁϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ afskalkl | ⲁⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ asskalkl | ⲁⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ anskalkl | ⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ atetenskalkl | ⲁⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ auskalkl | ⲁ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ a- skalkl |
| past | basic | negative | ⲙⲡⲓⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ mpiskalkl | ⲙⲡⲉⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ mpekskalkl | ⲙⲡⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ mpeskalkl | ⲙⲡⲉϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ mpefskalkl | ⲙⲡⲉⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ mpesskalkl | ⲙⲡⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ mpenskalkl | ⲙⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ mpetenskalkl | ⲙⲡⲟⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ mpouskalkl | ⲙⲡⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ mpe- skalkl |
| past | circumstantial | affirmative | ⲉⲁⲓⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ eaiskalkl | ⲉⲁⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ eakskalkl | ⲉⲁⲗⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ealeskalkl | ⲉⲁϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ eafskalkl | ⲉⲁⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ easskalkl | ⲉⲁⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ eanskalkl | ⲉⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ eatetenskalkl | ⲉⲁⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ eauskalkl | ⲉⲁ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ea- skalkl |
| past | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙⲡⲓⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ empiskalkl | ⲉⲙⲡⲉⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ empekskalkl | ⲉⲙⲡⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ empeskalkl | ⲉⲙⲡⲉϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ empefskalkl | ⲉⲙⲡⲉⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ empesskalkl | ⲉⲙⲡⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ empenskalkl | ⲉⲙⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ empetenskalkl | ⲉⲙⲡⲟⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ empouskalkl | ⲉⲙⲡⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ empe- skalkl |
| past | relative | affirmative | ⲛⲧⲁⲓⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ntaiskalkl | ⲛⲧⲁⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ntakskalkl | ⲛⲧⲁⲗⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ntaleskalkl | ⲛⲧⲁϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ntafskalkl | ⲛⲧⲁⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ntasskalkl | ⲛⲧⲁⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ntanskalkl | ⲉⲧⲁⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etaletenskalkl | ⲛⲧⲁⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ntauskalkl | ⲛⲧⲁ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nta- skalkl |
| past | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲓⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etempiskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲉⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etempekskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etempeskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲉϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etempefskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲉⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etempesskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etempenskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etempetenskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲟⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etempouskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etempe- skalkl |
| past | preterite | affirmative | ⲛⲛⲉⲁⲓⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nneaiskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲁⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nneakskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲁⲗⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnealeskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲁϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nneafskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲁⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nneasskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲁⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nneanskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nneatetenskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲁⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nneauskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲁ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnea- skalkl |
| past | preterite | negative | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲓⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnempiskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲉⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnempekskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnempeskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲉϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnempefskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲉⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnempesskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnempenskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnempetenskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲟⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnempouskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnempe- skalkl |
| past | focalising | affirmative | ⲁⲁⲓⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ aaiskalkl | ⲁⲁⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ aakskalkl | ⲁⲁⲗⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ aaleskalkl | ⲁⲁϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ aafskalkl | ⲁⲁⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ aasskalkl | ⲁⲁⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ aanskalkl | ⲉⲧⲁⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etaletenskalkl | ⲁⲁⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ aauskalkl | ⲁⲁ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ aa- skalkl |
| expectative | basic | negative | ⲙⲡⲁϯⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ mpatiskalkl | ⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ mpatekskalkl | ⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ mpateskalkl | ⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ mpatefskalkl | ⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ mpatesskalkl | ⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ mpatenskalkl | ⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ mpatetenskalkl | ⲙⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ mpatouskalkl | ⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ mpate- skalkl |
| expectative | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙⲡⲁϯⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ empatiskalkl | ⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ empatekskalkl | ⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ empateskalkl | ⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ empatefskalkl | ⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ empatesskalkl | ⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ empatenskalkl | ⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ empatetenskalkl | ⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ empatouskalkl | ⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ empate- skalkl |
| expectative | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲁϯⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etempatiskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etempatekskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etempateskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etempatefskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etempatesskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etempatenskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etempatetenskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etempatouskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etempate- skalkl |
| expectative | preterite | negative | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲁϯⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnempatiskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnempatekskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnempateskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnempatefskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnempatesskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnempatenskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnempatetenskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnempatouskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnempate- skalkl |
| aorist | basic | affirmative | ϣⲁⲓⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ šaiskalkl | ϣⲁⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ šakskalkl | ϣⲁⲗⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ šaleskalkl | ϣⲁϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ šafskalkl | ϣⲁⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ šasskalkl | ϣⲁⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ šanskalkl | ϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ šatetenskalkl | ϣⲁⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ šauskalkl | ϣⲁⲗⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ šale- skalkl |
| aorist | basic | negative | ⲙⲉⲓⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ meiskalkl | ⲙⲉⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ mekskalkl | ⲙⲉⲗⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ meleskalkl | ⲙⲉϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ mefskalkl | ⲙⲉⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ messkalkl | ⲙⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ menskalkl | ⲙⲉⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ meletenskalkl | ⲙⲉⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ meuskalkl | ⲙⲉⲗⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ mele- skalkl |
| aorist | circumstantial | affirmative | ⲉϣⲁⲓⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ešaiskalkl | ⲉϣⲁⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ešakskalkl | ⲉϣⲁⲗⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ešaleskalkl | ⲉϣⲁϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ešafskalkl | ⲉϣⲁⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ešasskalkl | ⲉϣⲁⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ešanskalkl | ⲉϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ešatetenskalkl | ⲉϣⲁⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ešauskalkl | ⲉϣⲁⲗⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ešale- skalkl |
| aorist | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙⲉⲓⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ emeiskalkl | ⲉⲙⲉⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ emekskalkl | ⲉⲙⲉⲗⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ emeleskalkl | ⲉⲙⲉϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ emefskalkl | ⲉⲙⲉⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ emesskalkl | ⲉⲙⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ emenskalkl | ⲉⲙⲉⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ emeletenskalkl | ⲉⲙⲉⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ emeuskalkl | ⲉⲙⲉⲗⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ emele- skalkl |
| aorist | relative | affirmative | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲓⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ, ⲛϣⲁⲓⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etešaiskalkl, nšaiskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ, ⲛϣⲁⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etešakskalkl, nšakskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲗⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ, ⲛϣⲁⲗⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etešaleskalkl, nšaleskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ, ⲛϣⲁϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etešafskalkl, nšafskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ, ⲛϣⲁⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etešasskalkl, nšasskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ, ⲛϣⲁⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etešanskalkl, nšanskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ, ⲛϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etešatetenskalkl, nšatetenskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ, ⲛϣⲁⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etešauskalkl, nšauskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲗⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ, ⲛϣⲁⲗⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etešale- skalkl, nšale- skalkl |
| aorist | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲓⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etemeiskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etemekskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲗⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etemeleskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etemefskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etemesskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etemenskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etemeletenskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etemeuskalkl | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲗⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ etemele- skalkl |
| aorist | preterite | affirmative | ⲛⲛⲉϣⲁⲓⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnešaiskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉϣⲁⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnešakskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉϣⲁⲗⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnešaleskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉϣⲁϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnešafskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉϣⲁⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnešasskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉϣⲁⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnešanskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnešatetenskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉϣⲁⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnešauskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉϣⲁⲗⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnešale- skalkl |
| aorist | preterite | negative | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲉⲓⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnemeiskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲉⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnemekskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲉⲗⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnemeleskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲉϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnemefskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲉⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnemesskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnemenskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲉⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnemeletenskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲉⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnemeuskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲉⲗⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnemele- skalkl |
| aorist | focalising | affirmative | ⲛⲙⲉⲓⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nmeiskalkl | ⲛⲙⲉⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nmekskalkl | ⲛⲙⲉⲗⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nmeleskalkl | ⲛⲙⲉϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nmefskalkl | ⲛⲙⲉⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nmesskalkl | ⲛⲙⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nmenskalkl | ⲛⲙⲉⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nmeletenskalkl | ⲛⲙⲉⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nmeuskalkl | ⲛⲙⲉⲗⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nmele- skalkl |
| optative | basic | affirmative | ⲉⲓⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ eieskalkl | ⲉⲕⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ekeskalkl | ⲉⲗⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ eleskalkl | ⲉϥⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ efeskalkl | ⲉⲥⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ eseskalkl | ⲉⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ eneskalkl | ⲉⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ eleteneskalkl | ⲉⲩⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ eueskalkl | ⲉⲗⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ele- skalkl |
| optative | basic | negative | ⲛⲛⲁⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnaskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnekskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nneskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnefskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnesskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnenskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnetenskalkl | ⲛⲛⲟⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nnouskalkl | ⲛⲛⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nne- skalkl |
| jussive | basic | affirmative | ⲙⲁⲗⲓⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ maliskalkl | (use imperative) | (use imperative) | ⲙⲁⲗⲉϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ malefskalkl | ⲙⲁⲗⲉⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ malesskalkl | ⲙⲁⲗⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ malenskalkl | (use imperative) | ⲙⲁⲗⲟⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ malouskalkl | ⲙⲁⲗⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ male- skalkl |
| jussive | basic | negative | ⲙⲡⲉⲗⲧⲣⲓⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ mpeltriskalkl | (use imperative) | (use imperative) | ⲙⲡⲉⲗⲧⲣⲉϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ mpeltrefskalkl | ⲙⲡⲉⲗⲧⲣⲉⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ mpeltresskalkl | ⲙⲡⲉⲗⲧⲣⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ mpeltrenskalkl | (use imperative) | ⲙⲡⲉⲗⲧⲣⲉⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ mpeltreuskalkl | ⲙⲡⲉⲗⲧⲣⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ mpeltre- skalkl |
| subordinate clause ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲁⲕ | ⲛⲧⲁⲕ | ⲛⲧⲁ | ⲛⲧⲁϥ | ⲛⲧⲁⲥ | ⲁⲛⲁⲛ | ⲛⲧⲁⲧⲉⲛ | ⲛⲧⲁⲩ | - |
| conjunctive | conjunctive | conjunctive | ⲧⲁⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ, ⲛⲧⲁⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ taskalkl, ntaskalkl | ⲛⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nkskalkl | ⲛⲧⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nteskalkl | ⲛϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nfskalkl | ⲛⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nsskalkl | ⲛⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ntenskalkl | ⲛⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ntetenskalkl | ⲛⲥⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nseskalkl | ⲛⲧⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nte- skalkl |
| future conjunctive | future conjunctive | future conjunctive | ⲧⲁⲗⲓⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ, ⲛⲧⲁⲗⲓⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ taliskalkl, ntaliskalkl | ⲧⲁⲗⲉⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ, ⲛⲧⲁⲗⲉⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ talekskalkl, ntalekskalkl | ⲧⲁⲗⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ, ⲛⲧⲁⲗⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ taleskalkl, ntaleskalkl | ⲧⲁⲗⲉϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ, ⲛⲧⲁⲗⲉϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ talefskalkl, ntalefskalkl | ⲧⲁⲗⲉⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ, ⲛⲧⲁⲗⲉⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ talesskalkl, ntalesskalkl | ⲧⲁⲗⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ, ⲛⲧⲁⲗⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ talenskalkl, ntalenskalkl | ⲧⲁⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ, ⲛⲧⲁⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ taletenskalkl, ntaletenskalkl | ⲧⲁⲗⲟⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ, ⲛⲧⲁⲗⲟⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ talouskalkl, ntalouskalkl | ⲧⲁⲗⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ, ⲛⲧⲁⲗⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ tale- skalkl, ntale- skalkl |
| precursive | precursive | precursive | ⲛⲧⲉⲗⲓⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nteliskalkl | ⲛⲧⲉⲗⲉⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ntelekskalkl | ⲛⲧⲉⲗⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nteleskalkl | ⲛⲧⲉⲗⲉϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ntelefskalkl | ⲛⲧⲉⲗⲉⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ntelesskalkl | ⲛⲧⲉⲗⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ntelenskalkl | ⲛⲧⲉⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ nteletenskalkl | ⲛⲧⲉⲗⲟⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ntelouskalkl | ⲛⲧⲉⲗⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ntele- skalkl |
| limitative | limitative | limitative | ϣⲁⲛϯⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ šantiskalkl | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ šantekskalkl | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ šanteskalkl | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ šantefskalkl | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ šantesskalkl | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ šantenskalkl | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ šantetenskalkl | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲟⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ šantouskalkl | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ šante- skalkl |
| conditional | long | long | ⲉⲓϣⲁⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ eišanskalkl | ⲉⲕϣⲁⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ekšanskalkl | ⲉⲗⲉϣⲁⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ elešanskalkl | ⲉϥϣⲁⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ efšanskalkl | ⲉⲥϣⲁⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ esšanskalkl | ⲉⲛϣⲁⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ enšanskalkl | ⲉⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛϣⲁⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ eletenšanskalkl | ⲉⲩϣⲁⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ eušanskalkl | ⲉⲗⲉϣⲁⲛ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ, ⲉⲗϣⲁⲛ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ elešan- skalkl, elšan- skalkl |
| conditional | short | short | ⲁⲓⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ aiskalkl | ⲁⲕⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ akskalkl | ⲁⲗⲉⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ aleskalkl | ⲁϥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ afskalkl | ⲁⲥⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ asskalkl | ⲁⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ anskalkl | ⲁⲗⲉⲧⲉⲛⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ aletenskalkl | ⲁⲩⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ auskalkl | ⲁⲗⲉ- ⲥⲕⲁⲗⲕⲗ ale- skalkl |
| negated with | negated with | negated with | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- |

### References

* Crum, Walter E. (1939) A Coptic Dictionary‎, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, page 329
* Černý, Jaroslav (1976) Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 150