# 辛苦
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xīnkǔ
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄣ ㄎㄨˇ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): san$^1$ fu$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): lhin$^1$ fu$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sîn-khú
    (Hailu, HRS): sin$^ˋ$ ku$^ˊ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): xin$^1$ ku$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sin-khó͘ / sen-khó͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sing$^1$ kou$^2$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^1$shin-khu$_5$ / $^1$shin-khu$_3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xīnkǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄣ ㄎㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sinkǔ
*** Wade–Giles: hsin$^1$-kʻu$^3$
*** Yale: syīn-kǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shinkuu
*** Palladius: синьку (sinʹku)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕin⁵⁵ kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: san$^1$ fu$^2$
*** Yale: sān fú
*** Cantonese Pinyin: san$^1$ fu$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sen$^1$ fu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐn⁵⁵ fuː³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: lhin$^1$ fu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬin³³ fu⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sîn-khú
*** Hakka Romanization System: xin$^ˊ$ ku$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: xin$^1$ ku$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /sin²⁴ kʰu³¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: sin$^ˋ$ ku$^ˊ$
*** Sinological IPA: /sin⁵³ kʰu²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: xin$^1$ ku$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /sin⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kʰu³¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Jinjiang, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sin-khó͘
*** Tâi-lô: sin-khóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sinqor
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /sin⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /sin³³ kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Hui'an)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sen-khó͘
*** Tâi-lô: sen-khóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: senqor
*** IPA (Hui'an): /sen³³ kʰɔ⁵⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: sing$^1$ kou$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sing khóu
*** Sinological IPA : /siŋ³³⁻²³ kʰou⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$shin-khu$_5$
*** MiniDict: shin$^平$ khu$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$xin-khu$_2$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɕin⁵⁵ kʰu²¹/
** (Northern: Jiaxing)
*** Wugniu: $^1$shin-khu$_3$
*** MiniDict: shin$^平$ khu$^上$
*** Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /ɕin⁴⁴ kʰu²¹/
* Middle Chinese: sin khuX|khuH
Rime :
| Character | 辛 | 苦 | 苦 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) | 溪 (29) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (43) | 模 (23) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I | I |
| Fanqie | 息鄰切 | 康杜切 | 苦故切 |
| Baxter | sin | khuX | khuH |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /siɪn/ | /kʰuo$^X$/ | /kʰuo$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /sin/ | /kʰuo$^X$/ | /kʰuo$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /sjen/ | /kʰo$^X$/ | /kʰo$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /sin/ | /kʰɔ$^X$/ | /kʰɔ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /siĕn/ | /kʰo$^X$/ | /kʰo$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /sĭĕn/ | /kʰu$^X$/ | /kʰu$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /si̯ĕn/ | /kʰuo$^X$/ | /kʰuo$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xīn | kǔ | kù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | san$^1$ | fu$^2$ | fu$^3$ |

### Adjective

辛苦
* laborious; hard; miserable; exhausting

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 辛苦, 累人, 吃重, 吃力 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 辛苦 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 辛苦 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 辛苦 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 辛苦 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 辛苦 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 辛苦 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 辛苦 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 辛苦 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 辛苦 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 辛苦 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 辛苦 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 辛苦 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 辛苦 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 辛苦 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 辛苦 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 辛苦 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 辛苦 |
| Eastern Min | Singapore (Fuqing) | 辛苦 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Pontianak (Teochew) | 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 艱苦 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 辛苦 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 辛苦, 衰瘏, 吃力 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 辛 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 辛苦 |
| Wu | Danyang | 吃力 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 吃力 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 𢜭力, 吃力 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 著力, 吃力 |
* 不容易 (bùróngyì)
* 勤 (qín) (literary, or in compounds)
* 困難／困难
* 疑難／疑难 (yínán)
* 良苦 (liángkǔ) (literary)
* 艱巨／艰巨 (jiānjù)
* 艱苦／艰苦 (jiānkǔ)
* 艱辛／艰辛 (jiānxīn)
* 艱難／艰难 (jiānnán)
* 苦難／苦难 (kǔnàn)
* 辛勞／辛劳 (xīnláo)
* 難／难

#### Related terms

* 勤勞／勤劳 (qínláo)
* 辛勤 (xīnqín)

### Verb

辛苦
* to work hard; to toil; to go through hardship
    辛苦一輩子／辛苦一辈子 ― xīnkǔ yībèizi ― to work hard all one's life
* (polite) to trouble; to bother (often used to thank someone for assistance; can be used for general assistance over time or a specific act)
    你辛苦了！ ― Nǐ xīnkǔ le! ― Thanks for your trouble!
    辛苦大家了！ ― Xīnkǔ dàjiā le! ― Thanks, everyone, for your trouble!
    辛苦嗮！ [Cantonese] ― san$^1$ fu$^2$ saai$^3$! [Jyutping] ― Thank you so much for your trouble!

#### Synonyms

* (to work hard): 苦幹／苦干 (kǔgàn)
* (to trouble):
* 付託／付托 (fùtuō)
* 勞慰／劳慰 (nao$^2$ wei$^4$) (Sichuanese, polite)
* 勞累／劳累 (láolèi) (polite)
* 囑託／嘱托 (zhǔtuō)
* 委託／委托 (wěituō)
* 寄 (jì)
* 寄託／寄托 (jìtuō)
* 打擾／打扰 (dǎrǎo) (polite)
* 拜託／拜托 (bàituō) (polite)
* 煩／烦 (fán) (polite)
* 相煩／相烦 (xiāngfán) (polite)
* 託付／托付 (tuōfù)
* 託管／托管 (tuōguǎn)
* 麻煩／麻烦 (máfan) (polite)
* 齪嘈／龊嘈 (Zhangzhou Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)

### Derived terms

* 不辭辛苦／不辞辛苦 (bùcíxīnkǔ)
* 備嘗辛苦／备尝辛苦
* 攞苦嚟辛／𫽋苦嚟辛 (Cantonese)
* 辛苦你了 (xīnkǔ nǐ le)
* 辛苦錢／辛苦钱 (xīnkǔqián)
* 辛辛苦苦 (xīnxīnkǔkǔ)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 辛(しん)苦(く) (shinku)
* → Korean: 신고(辛苦) (sin'go)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 辛 | 苦 |
| しん Grade: S | く Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しんく [shíꜜǹkù] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɕĩŋkɯ̟]

### Noun

辛(しん)苦(く) • (shinku)
* hardship

### Verb

辛(しん)苦(く)する • (shinku suru) suru (stem 辛(しん)苦(く)し (shinku shi), past 辛(しん)苦(く)した (shinku shita))
* go through great hardship

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 辛苦し | しんくし | shinku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 辛苦し | しんくし | shinku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 辛苦する | しんくする | shinku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 辛苦する | しんくする | shinku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 辛苦すれ | しんくすれ | shinku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 辛苦せよ¹ 辛苦しろ² | しんくせよ¹ しんくしろ² | shinku seyo¹ shinku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 辛苦される | しんくされる | shinku sareru |
| Causative | 辛苦させる 辛苦さす | しんくさせる しんくさす | shinku saseru shinku sasu |
| Potential | 辛苦できる | しんくできる | shinku dekiru |
| Volitional | 辛苦しよう | しんくしよう | shinku shiyō |
| Negative | 辛苦しない | しんくしない | shinku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 辛苦せず | しんくせず | shinku sezu |
| Formal | 辛苦します | しんくします | shinku shimasu |
| Perfective | 辛苦した | しんくした | shinku shita |
| Conjunctive | 辛苦して | しんくして | shinku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 辛苦すれば | しんくすれば | shinku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Vietnamese

辛苦
* chữ Hán form of tân khổ (“distress”).