# 習

| 習 | U+7FD2, &#32722; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7FD2 |
| ← 翑 [U+7FD1] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 翓 → [U+7FD3] |

## Translingual
### Han character

習 (Kangxi radical 124, 羽+5, 11 strokes, cangjie input 尸一竹日 (SMHA), four-corner 1760$_2$, composition ⿱羽白)

#### Derived characters

* 㗩 嶍 慴 摺 槢 漝 熠 磖 䌌 䐲 䒁 褶 謵 騽 鰼 㦻 飁 㿇 㠄 霫
* 𡏽 𪦞 𢄭 𤗨 𤛊 𦗗 𦧱 𧐔 𨄌 𨫧 𨻸 𦒉 𨻿 𣯥 𩘴 𣤊 𣯮 𦒆 𧢇 𩀦 𪄶 𥱵 𦸚
* 𮊙 𮤡

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 956, character 23
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28672
* Dae Jaweon: page 1402, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3345, character 1
* Unihan data for U+7FD2

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 習 :
| Shang | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 摺 | *ruːb, *ʔljob |
| 磖 | *ruːb |
| 褶 | *ʔljob, *l'ɯːb, *ljub, *ɦljub |
| 慴 | *ʔljob, *l'ɯːb |
| 霫 | *slub, *ljub |
| 習 | *ljub |
| 鰼 | *ljub |
| 騽 | *ljub, *ɢrub |
| 飁 | *ljub |
| 槢 | *ljub |
| 熠 | *ɢrub, *lub |
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 羽 (“wings”) + 日 (“sun”) – to learn to fly, to practice flying.
In the current form, 日 (rì, “sun”) has changed to 白 (bái, “white”), so the present form is 羽 (“wings”) + 白 (“white”).
Alternatively, the original form may have been a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljub) : phonetic 彗 (OC *sɢʷeds, *ɢʷeds, *sɢʷids) + semantic 日 (“sun”).

### Etymology

Two general semantic fields are found in the senses: "to flap the wings; to flutter" and "to practice". They are generally considered to be the same word, with the link being "to repeatedly flap the wings (in order to learn to fly)", a sense attested in Liji.
Area word:
* Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-lwap (“to learn”): Tibetan སློབ (slob, “to learn”), སློབས (slobs, “exercise; training”); Mizo tlip (“to repeat; to do again; to perfect”),
* Mon-Khmer: Khmer ធ្លាប់ (thlŏəp, “to become accustomed to; to have the habit of; marker of continuous action in the past”); Proto-Mon *le̤p ("to know how to, be skilled in") > Mon လေပ် (lèp, “to be versed in”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): xí (xi$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xi$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zaap$^6$ / zap$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): dip$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): xit$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): si̍p
    (Meixian, Guangdong): xib$^6$
* Jin (Wiktionary): xieh$^5$
* Northern Min (KCR): sĭ
* Eastern Min (BUC): sĭk
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sih$^7$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): si̍p
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sib$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^8$zhiq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): si$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xí
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sí
*** Wade–Giles: hsi$^2$
*** Yale: syí
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyi
*** Palladius: си (si)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: xi$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xi
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zaap$^6$ / zap$^6$
*** Yale: jaahp / jahp
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzaap$^9$ / dzap$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zab$^6$ / zeb$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡saːp̚²/, /t͡sɐp̚²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: dip$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /tip̚³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: xit$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕit̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: si̍p
*** Hakka Romanization System: xib
*** Hagfa Pinyim: xib$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /sip̚⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: xib$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /sip̚⁵/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: xieh$^5$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕiəʔ⁵⁴/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sĭ
*** Sinological IPA : /si²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sĭk
*** Sinological IPA : /siʔ⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sih$^7$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬiʔ⁴/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: sih$^7$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɬiʔ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: si̍p
*** Tâi-lô: si̍p
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sip
*** IPA (Xiamen): /sip̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sip̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /sip̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /sip̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /sip̚⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: sib$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: si̍p
*** Sinological IPA : /sip̚⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^8$zhiq
*** MiniDict: zhih$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^5$xxiq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ʑiɪʔ¹²/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: si$^6$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /si²⁴/
*** Sinological IPA (new-style): /ɕi²⁴/
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit習 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕi³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ɕi²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ɕi⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ɕi⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /si⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /si⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ɕi²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ɕji²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ɕi¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ɕi¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ɕi²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /ɕi²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ɕi³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ɕi²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ɕi³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /siʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ɕiəʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ɕiəʔ⁵⁴/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ɕiʌʔ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ɕiəʔ⁴³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ʑiɪʔ¹/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ziəʔ³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /d͡ʑiəʔ²/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /zai²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡sʰi²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡sʰe¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /si²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /si²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ɕiʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /sip̚⁵/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /sip̚⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /t͡sap̚²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /t͡sɐp̚²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /t͡sap̚²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /sip̚⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /siʔ⁵/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /si²⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /sip̚⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /t͡sip̚³/ |
* Middle Chinese: zip
Rime :
| Character | 習 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 邪 (17) |
| Final (韻) | 緝 (141) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 似入切 |
| Baxter | zip |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ziɪp̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /zip̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /zjep̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /zip̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ziəp̚/ |
| Wang Li | /zĭĕp̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /zi̯əp̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xí |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zap$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-ɢʷəp/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ljub/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 習 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xí |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ zip › |
| Old Chinese | /*s-ɢʷəp/ (with root *ɢʷəp ‘wing’?) |
| English | repeat; practice |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 習 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13387 |
| Phonetic component | 習 |
| Rime group | 緝 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 習 |
| Old Chinese | /*ljub/ |

### Definitions

習
* (obsolete) to flap (the wings); to flutter; to repeatedly flap the wings
* to practice; to exercise; to review
    練習／练习 ― liànxí ― to practice
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, Wiktionary translation
    Xué ér shí xí zhī, bùyì yuè hū? [Pinyin]
    Is it not a pleasure to learn and practice frequently what one has learned?
* to study; to learn
    習武／习武 ― xíwǔ ― to learn martial arts
    自習／自习 ― zìxí ― to study by oneself
* to become familiar with; to be used to
    習以為常／习以为常 ― xíyǐwéicháng ― to be used to something
    不習水性／不习水性 ― bùxíshuǐxìng ― to not know how to swim
* habit; custom
    習慣／习惯 ― xíguàn ― habit; custom
    陋習／陋习 ― lòuxí ― bad habit
* (literary, obsolete) trusted follower
* often; frequently
    習見／习见 ― xíjiàn ― to frequently see (something)
* a surname
    習近平／习近平 ― Xí Jìnpíng ― Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China

### Compounds

* 修習／修习
* 傳習／传习 (chuánxí)
* 凡習／凡习
* 學習／学习 (xuéxí)
* 實習／实习 (shíxí)
* 惡習／恶习 (èxí)
* 溫習／温习 (wēnxí)
* 演習／演习 (yǎnxí)
* 熟習／熟习 (shúxí)
* 痼習／痼习
* 相沿成習／相沿成习
* 研習／研习 (yánxí)
* 積習／积习 (jīxí)
* 積習難改／积习难改 (jīxínángǎi)
* 練習／练习 (liànxí)
* 習以成俗／习以成俗
* 習以成性／习以成性
* 習以為常／习以为常 (xíyǐwéicháng)
* 習俗／习俗 (xísú)
* 習俗移性／习俗移性
* 習坎／习坎
* 習家店／习家店 (Xíjiādiàn)
* 習得性／习得性
* 習得性無助感／习得性无助感
* 習性／习性 (xíxìng)
* 習慣／习惯 (xíguàn)
* 習慣性／习惯性
* 習慣成自然／习惯成自然 (xíguàn chéng zìrán)
* 習慣法／习惯法 (xíguànfǎ)
* 習慣用法／习惯用法
* 習慣用語／习惯用语 (xíguàn yòngyǔ)
* 習慣自然／习惯自然
* 習慣若自然／习惯若自然
* 習氣／习气 (xíqì)
* 習水／习水 (Xíshuǐ)
* 習用／习用 (xíyòng)
* 習習／习习 (xíxí)
* 習非成是／习非成是 (xífēichéngshì)
* 習題／习题 (xítí)
* 聯想學習／联想学习
* 自習／自习 (zìxí)
* 舊習／旧习 (jiùxí)
* 補習／补习 (bǔxí)
* 複習／复习 (fùxí)
* 見習／见习 (jiànxí)
* 軍事演習／军事演习 (jūnshì yǎnxí)
* 陋習／陋习 (lòuxí)
* 陳規舊習／陈规旧习
* 陳規陋習／陈规陋习 (chénguīlòuxí)
* 預習／预习 (yùxí)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 習(しゅう) (shū)
* → Korean: 습(習) (seup)
* → Vietnamese: tập (習)
Others:
* → English: Hsi, Xi

### References

* Ding, Fubao (丁福保) (1922), “習” in 佛學大辭典 [A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms].
* “習”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 習 |
| Kyūjitai | 習󠄁 習+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 習󠄃 習+&#xE0103; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)
* learn

#### Readings

* Go-on: じゅう (jū)
* Kan-on: しゅう (shū, Jōyō)
* Kun: ならう (narau, 習う, Jōyō)、ならい (narai, 習い)
* Nanori: しげ (shige)

#### Compounds

* 練(れん)習(しゅう) (renshū): practice
* 慣(かん)習(しゅう) (kanshū): common practice
* 習(しゅう)慣(かん) (shūkan): custom, habit
* 自(じ)習(しゅう) (jishū): self-study

### References

* ↑ “習”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024

## Korean
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [sʰɯp̚]
* Phonetic hangul: [습]

### Hanja

Wikisource 習 (eumhun 익힐 습 (ikhil seup))
* hanja form of 습 (“practice”)

#### Compounds

* 연습 (練習, yeonseup, “practice”)
* 복습 (復習, bokseup, “revision;review”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

習: Hán Nôm readings: tập, chập, dập, giặp, tấp, xập, sập
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.