# 參差
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): cēncī
    (Zhuyin): ㄘㄣ ㄘ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): caam$^1$ ci$^1$ / cam$^1$ ci$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chhim-chhu / chherm-chhir / chhim-chhi / chham-chha / chham-chhu / chham-chhi / chhim-chhe / chham-chhe
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: cēncī
*** Zhuyin: ㄘㄣ ㄘ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cencih
*** Wade–Giles: tsʻên$^1$-tzʻŭ$^1$
*** Yale: tsēn-tsz̄
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsentsy
*** Palladius: цэньцы (cɛnʹcy)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰən⁵⁵ t͡sʰz̩⁵⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$參差／参差 嵾嵳／㟥嵳
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: caam$^1$ ci$^1$ / cam$^1$ ci$^1$
*** Yale: chāam chī / chām chī
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsaam$^1$ tsi$^1$ / tsam$^1$ tsi$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cam$^1$ qi$^1$ / cem$^1$ qi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰaːm⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː⁵⁵/, /t͡sʰɐm⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhim-chhu
*** Tâi-lô: tshim-tshu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chimzhw
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰu⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chherm-chhir
*** Tâi-lô: tsherm-tshir
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰəm³³ t͡sʰɯ³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhim-chhi
*** Tâi-lô: tshim-tshi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chimchy
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰi⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chham-chha
*** Tâi-lô: tsham-tsha
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhamzhaf
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰam³³ t͡sʰa³³/
** (Hokkien: Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chham-chhu
*** Tâi-lô: tsham-tshu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhamzhw
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰam⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰu⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chham-chhi
*** Tâi-lô: tsham-tshi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhamchy
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰam⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰi⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhim-chhe
*** Tâi-lô: tshim-tshe
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chimzhef
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰe⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chham-chhe
*** Tâi-lô: tsham-tshe
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhamzhef
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰam⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰe⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: tsrhim tsrhje
Rime :
| Character | 參 | 差 |
| Reading # | 2/5 | 1/5 |
| Initial (聲) | 初 (19) | 初 (19) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (140) | 支 (13) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 楚簪切 | 楚宜切 |
| Baxter | tsrhim | tsrhje |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ʃʰˠiɪm/ | /t͡ʃʰˠiᴇ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈ͡ʂʰᵚim/ | /ʈ͡ʂʰᵚiɛ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ʃʰiem/ | /t͡ʃʰiɛ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈ͡ʂʰjim/ | /ʈ͡ʂʰjiə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ʃʰjəm/ | /t͡ʃʰje/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ʃʰĭĕm/ | /t͡ʃʰǐe/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ʈ͡ʂʰi̯əm/ | /ʈ͡ʂʰie̯/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chēn | chī |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cam$^1$ | ci$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[tsʰr][u]m tsʰraj/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sʰrum sʰral/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 參 | 差 |
| Reading # | 2/4 | 4/5 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | cēn | cī |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsrhim › | ‹ tsrhje › |
| Old Chinese | /*[tsʰr][u]m/ | /*tsʰraj/ |
| English | 參差 tsrhim.tsrhje uneven | 參差 uneven |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 參 | 差 |
| Reading # | 4/5 | 6/6 |
| No. | 1103 | 18042 |
| Phonetic component | 參 | 左 |
| Rime group | 侵 | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 嵾 | 差 |
| Old Chinese | /*sʰrum/ | /*sʰral/ |
| Notes | 同嵾 | 見孟子 |

### Adjective

參差
* (ideophonic) irregular; uneven; jagged
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Cēncī xìngcài, zuǒyòu liú zhī [Pinyin]
    Here long, there short, is the duckweed, To the left, to the right, borne about by the current.

#### Synonyms

* 嵾嵳／㟥嵳 (cēncī)

### Adverb

參差
* (literary) approximately; about; or so; or thereabouts

#### Synonyms

* 上下 (shàngxià)
* 光景 (guāngjǐng)
* 前後／前后 (qiánhòu) (of a point in or period of time)
* 大抵 (dàdǐ)
* 大概 (dàgài)
* 大率 (dàshuài) (literary)
* 大約／大约 (dàyuē)
* 大約摸／大约摸 (dàyuēmō) (colloquial)
* 大致 (dàzhì)
* 左右 (zuǒyòu)
* 模樣／模样
* 無慮／无虑 (wúlǜ) (literary)
* 約摸／约摸 (yuēmo)
* 約略／约略 (yuēlüè)

### Verb

參差
* (literary) to miss (a train, opportunity, etc.); to miss out; to let something slip by

#### Synonyms

* 丟掉／丢掉 (diūdiào)
* 失掉 (shīdiào)
* 放過／放过 (fàngguò)
* 錯失／错失 (cuòshī)
* 錯過／错过 (cuòguò)

### Derived terms

* 上不正，下參差／上不正，下参差
* 參差不齊／参差不齐 (cēncībùqí)
* 參差竹／参差竹
* 參差錯落／参差错落
* 參差雁／参差雁
* 玉參差／玉参差
* 錯落參差／错落参差

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 參 | 差 |

### Root

參差 • (chamchi) (hangeul 참치)
* hanja form of 참치