# 鉛

| 鉛 | U+925B, &#37467; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-925B |
| ← 鉚 [U+925A] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 鉜 → [U+925C] |

## Translingual
### Alternative forms

* The 㕣 component's top can appear as 八, 儿, or 几.

### Han character

鉛 (Kangxi radical 167, 金+5, 13 strokes, cangjie input 金金口 (CCR) or 金竹弓口 (CHNR), four-corner 8816$_0$, composition ⿰釒㕣)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1301, character 18
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40310
* Dae Jaweon: page 1803, character 19
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4189, character 1
* Unihan data for U+925B

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 船 | *ɦljon |
| 沿 | *lon |
| 鉛 | *lon |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lon) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 㕣 (OC *lon) – a kind of metal.

### Etymology

Most varieties have a pronunciation derived from a velar initial.
* Schuessler (2007) see it a re-etymologization towards 掔 (MC khean|khen, “solid; hard”).
* Per Liu (2022), it is from Wu, in which the character 鉛／铅 is used to denote an etymon meaning "tinplate" with this velar pronunciation. As for further etymology, Liu suggested it an Indo-European-sourced borrowing, cf. English can (“metal container”).
This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): qiān, yán (qian$^1$, yan$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢ, ㄧㄢˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yuan$^2$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jyun$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): yon$^3$
* Gan (Wiktionary): nyyon$^4$ / kan$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yèn / yàn
    (Meixian, Guangdong): yan$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): qie$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): ṳ̂ing
* Eastern Min (BUC): iòng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): iân
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ing$^5$ / êng$^5$ / iang$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$khe
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): yenn$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiān
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cian
*** Wade–Giles: chʻien$^1$
*** Yale: chyān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chian
*** Palladius: цянь (cjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, literary variant)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yán
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yán
*** Wade–Giles: yen$^2$
*** Yale: yán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yan
*** Palladius: янь (janʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɛn³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: yuan$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: uan
*** Sinological IPA : /yan²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyun$^4$
*** Yale: yùhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jyn$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yun$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyːn²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: yon$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /jᵘɔn²²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: nyyon$^4$ / kan$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /n̠ʲyɵn³⁵/, /kʰan⁴²/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yèn
*** Hakka Romanization System: ien$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yan$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯en¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yàn
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)ian$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yan$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯an¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: yan$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ian¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: qie$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕʰie¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ṳ̂ing
*** Sinological IPA : /yiŋ³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: iòng
*** Sinological IPA : /yoŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iân
*** Tâi-lô: iân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ieen
*** IPA (Xiamen): /iɛn²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iɛn²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /iɛn¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /iɛn²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /iɛn²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ing$^5$ / êng$^5$ / iang$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: îng / êng / iâng
*** Sinological IPA : /iŋ⁵⁵/, /eŋ⁵⁵/, /iaŋ⁵⁵/
* ing5 - Chaozhou;
* êng5 - Jieyang;
* iang5 - Shantou, Jieyang, Puning, Huilai.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit鉛 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡ɕʰian²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /t͡ɕʰiã²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /t͡ɕʰiã²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /t͡ɕʰian²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡ɕʰiã²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /t͡ɕʰiã⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /t͡ɕʰiɛ̃n³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡ɕʰiɛn⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /yan³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /t͡ɕʰiɛ̃⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /t͡ɕʰien³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /t͡ɕʰiĩ²¹/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡ɕʰie¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡ɕʰiɑŋ¹³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡ɕʰie³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /kʰe⁵³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /kʰe̞⁵⁵/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /t͡ɕʰiẽ̞³³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /kʰa³³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡ɕʰie³¹/ /kʰɛ³¹/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /kʰɔ¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /yẽ¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /yẽ¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ȵyɵn⁴⁵/ ～筆 /kʰan⁴²/ 洋～桶 |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ian¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /ʒen¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jyn²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /yn²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /jyn²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /ian³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /yoŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /yiŋ³³/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /iŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /in³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: ywen
Rime :
| Character | 鉛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 仙 (78) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 與專切 |
| Baxter | ywen |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jiuᴇn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /jʷiɛn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /juæn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /jwian/ |
| Li Rong | /iuɛn/ |
| Wang Li | /jĭwɛn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /i̯wɛn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yuán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyun$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*lon/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鉛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 14281 |
| Phonetic component | 沿 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 沿 |
| Old Chinese | /*lon/ |

#### Definitions

鉛
* 鉛 (Written Standard Chinese)
* Lead (English)
* (chemistry) lead (Pb)
* lead (in a pencil); graphite

#### Synonyms

* (lead (Pb)): (Taoism) 嬰兒／婴儿 (yīng'ér)
* (graphite): 石墨 (shímò)

#### Compounds

* 一氧化鉛／一氧化铅 (yīyǎnghuàqiān)
* 丹鉛／丹铅
* 丹鉛手／丹铅手
* 丹鉛甲乙／丹铅甲乙
* 乙酸鉛／乙酸铅 (yǐsuānqiān)
* 二氧化鉛／二氧化铅 (èryǎnghuàqiān)
* 二硫化鉛／二硫化铅
* 反鉛／反铅
* 含鉛汽油／含铅汽油 (hánqiān qìyóu)
* 四乙基鉛／四乙基铅 (sìyǐjīqiān)
* 四氧化三鉛／四氧化三铅 (sìyǎnghuàsānqiān)
* 左鉛右槧／左铅右椠
* 懷鉛／怀铅
* 懷鉛提槧／怀铅提椠
* 懷鉛握槧／怀铅握椠
* 懷鉛握素／怀铅握素
* 抱槧懷鉛／抱椠怀铅
* 握槧懷鉛／握椠怀铅
* 握素懷鉛／握素怀铅
* 握鉛／握铅
* 握鉛抱槧／握铅抱椠
* 操鉛／操铅
* 方鉛礦／方铅矿
* 朱鉛／朱铅
* 樗鉛／樗铅
* 氟化鉛／氟化铅
* 氧化鉛／氧化铅
* 氫氧化鉛／氢氧化铅 (qīngyǎnghuàqiān)
* 氫氧化鉛／氢氧化铅 (qīngyǎnghuàqiān)
* 氯化鉛／氯化铅 (lǜhuàqiān)
* 氯化鉛／氯化铅 (lǜhuàqiān)
* 洗淨鉛華／洗净铅华
* 測鉛／测铅
* 火鉛／火铅
* 無鉛／无铅 (wúqiān)
* 無鉛汽油／无铅汽油
* 獛鉛／獛铅
* 白鉛皮／白铅皮
* 白鉛礦／白铅矿 (báiqiānkuàng)
* 百鍊鉛／百炼铅
* 硫化鉛／硫化铅 (liúhuàqiān)
* 硝酸鉛／硝酸铅 (xiāosuānqiān)
* 硫酸鉛／硫酸铅 (liúsuānqiān)
* 硫酸鉛／硫酸铅 (liúsuānqiān)
* 硝酸鉛／硝酸铅 (xiāosuānqiān)
* 碘化鉛／碘化铅 (diǎnhuàqiān)
* 碳酸鉛／碳酸铅
* 磨鉛／磨铅
* 磨鉛策蹇／磨铅策蹇
* 筆鉛／笔铅 (bǐqiān)
* 紅鉛／红铅
* 置鉛／置铅
* 膏鉛／膏铅
* 自動鉛筆／自动铅笔 (zìdòng qiānbǐ)
* 華鉛／华铅
* 赤鉛礦／赤铅矿
* 鉛中毒／铅中毒 (qiānzhòngdú)
* 鉛丸／铅丸
* 鉛丹／铅丹
* 鉛刀／铅刀
* 鉛刀一割／铅刀一割
* 鉛印／铅印 (qiānyìn)
* 鉛坑／铅坑
* 鉛垂線／铅垂线 (qiānchuíxiàn)
* 鉛子／铅子
* 鉛字／铅字 (qiānzì)
* 鉛字合金／铅字合金
* 鉛容／铅容
* 鉛察／铅察
* 鉛封／铅封
* 鉛幕／铅幕
* 鉛彈／铅弹
* 鉛摘／铅摘
* 鉛擿／铅擿
* 鉛板／铅板
* 鉛條／铅条
* 鉛桶／铅桶
* 鉛槧／铅椠
* 鉛母／铅母
* 鉛水／铅水
* 鉛汞／铅汞
* 鉛淚／铅泪
* 鉛澤／铅泽
* 鉛版／铅版
* 鉛玻璃／铅玻璃
* 鉛球／铅球 (qiānqiú)
* 鉛田／铅田
* 鉛白／铅白
* 鉛直／铅直 (qiānzhí)
* 鉛砂／铅砂
* 鉛砌／铅砌
* 鉛碼／铅码
* 鉛礦／铅矿 (qiānkuàng)
* 鉛筑／铅筑
* 鉛筆／铅笔 (qiānbǐ)
* 鉛筆畫／铅笔画 (qiānbǐhuà)
* 鉛管／铅管
* 鉛粉／铅粉 (qiānfěn)
* 鉛粒／铅粒
* 鉛紅／铅红
* 鉛素／铅素
* 鉛絲／铅丝
* 鉛膏／铅膏
* 鉛色／铅色
* 鉛花／铅花
* 鉛芯／铅芯 (qiānxīn)
* 鉛華／铅华
* 鉛藥／铅药
* 鉛虎／铅虎
* 鉛部／铅部
* 鉛鈍／铅钝
* 鉛銛／铅铦
* 鉛鋒／铅锋
* 鉛錘／铅锤 (qiānchuí)
* 鉛錢／铅钱
* 鉛錫／铅锡
* 鉛鍔／铅锷
* 鉛鐵／铅铁
* 鉛鑞／铅镴
* 鉛霜／铅霜
* 鉛駑／铅驽
* 鉛黃／铅黄
* 鉛墨／铅墨
* 鉛黛／铅黛
* 鉛鼎／铅鼎
* 鉻酸鉛／铬酸铅 (gèsuānqiān)
* 鉻酸鉛／铬酸铅 (gèsuānqiān)
* 飛鉛／飞铅
* 養汞調鉛／养汞调铅
* 駑鉛／驽铅
* 駑馬鉛刀／驽马铅刀
* 黑鉛／黑铅

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yán (yan$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄢˊ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jyun$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): yon$^3$
* Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): yan$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): iân
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ing$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yán
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yán
*** Wade–Giles: yen$^2$
*** Yale: yán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yan
*** Palladius: янь (janʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɛn³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyun$^4$
*** Yale: yùhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jyn$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yun$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyːn²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: yon$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /jᵘɔn²²/
* Hakka
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: yan$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ian¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iân
*** Tâi-lô: iân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ieen
*** IPA (Xiamen): /iɛn²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iɛn²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /iɛn¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /iɛn²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /iɛn²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ing$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: îng
*** Sinological IPA : /iŋ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: ywen
Rime :
| Character | 鉛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 仙 (78) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 與專切 |
| Baxter | ywen |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jiuᴇn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /jʷiɛn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /juæn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /jwian/ |
| Li Rong | /iuɛn/ |
| Wang Li | /jĭwɛn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /i̯wɛn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yuán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyun$^4$ |

#### Definitions

鉛
* Used in 鉛山／铅山 (Yánshān).

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 鉛 |
| Kyūjitai | 鉛󠄁 鉛+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 鉛󠄅 鉛+&#xE0105; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: えん (en, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: えん (en, Jōyō)
* Kun: なまり (namari, 鉛, Jōyō)

### Etymology 1

Perhaps related to Goguryeo 乃勿 (*namur). Compare Korean 납 (nap).

#### Pronunciation

* Kanji in this term
* 鉛
* なまり Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* (Tokyo) なまり [nàmárí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [na̠ma̠ɾʲi]

#### Noun

鉛(なまり) • (namari) (uncountable)
* lead (chemical element)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 鉛
* えん Grade: S
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 鉛 (MC ywen).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ẽ̞ɴ]

#### Affix

鉛(えん) • (en)
* lead (chemical element)

##### Derived terms

* 鉛(えん)筆(ぴつ) (enpitsu): pencil

### References

* ↑ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 2180 (paper), page 1142 (digital)

## Korean
### Hanja

鉛 • (yeon) (hangeul 연)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

鉛: Hán Việt readings: duyên (余(dư)專(chuyên)切(thiết))
鉛: Nôm readings: ven, diên, duyên
* chữ Hán form of duyên (“lead”).

### References

* ↑ Trần (2004).
* ↑ Hồ (1976).
* 1 2 Génibrel (1898).