# 縱

| 縱 | U+7E31, &#32305; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7E31 |
| ← 縰 [U+7E30] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 縲 → [U+7E32] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 縱 |
| Shinjitai | 縦 |
| Simplified | 纵 |

### Han character

縱 (Kangxi radical 120, 糸+11, 17 strokes, cangjie input 女火竹人人 (VFHOO), four-corner 2898$_1$, composition ⿰糹從)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 935, character 31
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27819
* Dae Jaweon: page 1374, character 9
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3445, character 2
* Unihan data for U+7E31

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 摐 | *sʰroːŋ, *sʰloŋ |
| 鏦 | *sʰroːŋ, *sʰloŋ |
| 豵 | *ʔsloːŋ, *ʔsloŋ |
| 嵸 | *ʔsloːŋ, *ʔsloːŋʔ |
| 蓯 | *ʔsloːŋʔ |
| 蹤 | *ʔsloŋ |
| 縱 | *ʔsloŋ, *ʔsloŋs |
| 樅 | *ʔsloŋ, *sʰloŋ |
| 磫 | *ʔsloŋ |
| 熧 | *ʔsloŋ |
| 瘲 | *ʔsloŋs |
| 暰 | *sʰloŋ |
| 瑽 | *sʰloŋ |
| 從 | *zloŋ, *zloŋ, *zloŋs |
| 从 | *zloŋ |
| 慫 | *sloŋʔ |
| 聳 | *sloŋʔ |
| 傱 | *sloŋʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsloŋ, *ʔsloŋs) : semantic 糸 + phonetic 從 (OC *zloŋ, *zloŋ, *zloŋs).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zòng (zong$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄗㄨㄥˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zung$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chiûng / chiúng
* Eastern Min (BUC): cé̤ṳng
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chhiòng / chiòng
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$tson; $^1$tson
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zòng
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄨㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zòng
*** Wade–Giles: tsung$^4$
*** Yale: dzùng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzonq
*** Palladius: цзун (czun)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʊŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zung$^3$
*** Yale: jung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzung$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zung$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʊŋ³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chiûng / chiúng
*** Hakka Romanization System: jiung$^ˊ$ / jiung$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: jiung$^1$ / jiung$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡si̯uŋ²⁴/, /t͡si̯uŋ³¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cé̤ṳng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡søyŋ²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiòng
*** Tâi-lô: tshiòng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chioxng
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰiɔŋ¹¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiɔŋ²¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiòng
*** Tâi-lô: tsiòng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: cioxng
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡siɔŋ²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siɔŋ⁴¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$tson; $^1$tson
*** MiniDict: tson$^去$; tson$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$tson; $^1$tson
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡soŋ³⁴/, /t͡soŋ⁵³/
* Middle Chinese: tsjowngH
Rime :
| Character | 縱 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 精 (13) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 子用切 |
| Baxter | tsjowngH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sɨoŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sioŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sioŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡suawŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sioŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sĭwoŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /t͡si̯woŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zòng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zung$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ts]oŋ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsloŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 縱 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zòng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsjowng$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ts]oŋ-s/ |
| English | let loose |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 縱 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 1849 |
| Phonetic component | 从 |
| Rime group | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 縱 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔsloŋs/ |

#### Definitions

縱
* (literary) loose; relaxed
* (literary) to shoot an arrow
* (literary) to send out; to deliver
    縱火／纵火 ― zònghuǒ ― to set aflame
* to let go; to release; to set free
       Zhūgě Liàng qīqínqīzòng Mèng Huò [Pinyin]
       Zhuge Liang captured and released Meng Huo seven times.
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Wú wén yīrì zòng dí, shù shì zhī huàn yě. [Pinyin]
    I have heard that if you let your enemy go a single day, you are preparing the misfortunes of several generations.
* to let loose
    縱容／纵容 ― zòngróng ― to tolerate
    From: 1082, Su Shi, 前赤壁賦
    Zòng yī wěi zhī suǒ rú, líng wàn qǐng zhī mángrán. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* to jump up; to jump over
* (dialectal, including Cantonese, Hainanese, Leizhou Mina, Liuzhou Mandarin, Loudi Xiang) to spoil; to pamper
       keoi$^5$ sai$^3$ go$^3$ go$^2$ zan$^{6-2}$ baa$^{1-4}$ baa$^1$ maa$^{1-4}$ maa$^1$ hou$^2$ zung$^3$ keoi$^5$. [Jyutping]
       As a child, they were spoiled by their parents.
* even if; even though
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Zòng wǒ bù wǎng, zǐ nìng bù lái? [Pinyin]
    Although I do not go [to you], Why do you not come [to me]?
    From: 1933, National Anthem of Manchukuo (1933-1942)
    Zhǐyǒu qīn'ài bìng wú yuànchóu, / rénmín sān qiānwàn, rénmín sān qiānwàn, / zòng jiā shí bèi yě dé zìyóu. [Pinyin]
    With only love and no hatred, / thirty million people, thirty million people, / at ten times more we should still be free.
* a surname

#### Synonyms

* (even if):
* even (Hong Kong Cantonese)
* 不怕 (bùpà)
* 任憑／任凭 (rènpíng)
* 作哩 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 作算 (zo$^6$ sonn$^4$) (Xiang)
* 儘管／尽管
* 即令 (jílìng)
* 即使 (jíshǐ)
* 即便 (jíbiàn)
* 哪怕 (nǎpà) (informal)
* 就 (jiù)
* 就使 (Hokkien)
* 就算 (jiùsuàn) (colloquial)
* 就若 (Hokkien)
* 就若是 (Hokkien)
* 怕不 (pàbù) (literary or dialectal)
* 縱使／纵使 (zòngshǐ)
* 縱然／纵然 (zòngrán)
* 設令／设令 (shèlìng)
* 饒／饶 (ráo) (colloquial)

#### Compounds

* 七擒七縱／七擒七纵 (qīqínqīzòng)
* 勿枉勿縱／勿枉勿纵
* 天縱之才／天纵之才
* 天縱英明／天纵英明
* 嬌縱／娇纵 (jiāozòng)
* 寬縱／宽纵 (kuānzòng)
* 恣情縱欲／恣情纵欲
* 恣縱／恣纵
* 慣縱／惯纵
* 撋縱／𰓷纵
* 操縱／操纵 (cāozòng)
* 擒縱／擒纵
* 操縱性／操纵性
* 操縱自如／操纵自如
* 操縱臺／操纵台
* 攔縱／拦纵
* 放縱／放纵 (fàngzòng)
* 放縱不拘／放纵不拘
* 放縱不羈／放纵不羁
* 放蕩弛縱／放荡弛纵
* 故縱／故纵
* 欲擒故縱／欲擒故纵 (yùqíngùzòng)
* 毋枉毋縱／毋枉毋纵
* 百縱千隨／百纵千随
* 稍縱即逝／稍纵即逝 (shāozòngjíshì)
* 縱令／纵令 (zònglìng)
* 縱使／纵使 (zòngshǐ)
* 縱出／纵出
* 縱囚／纵囚
* 縱壑魚／纵壑鱼
* 縱容／纵容 (zòngróng)
* 縱心兒／纵心儿
* 縱性／纵性
* 縱恣／纵恣
* 縱情／纵情 (zòngqíng)
* 縱情恣欲／纵情恣欲
* 縱情遂欲／纵情遂欲
* 縱情酒色／纵情酒色
* 縱慾／纵欲 (zòngyù)
* 縱放／纵放
* 縱放心猿／纵放心猿
* 縱曲枉直／纵曲枉直
* 縱欲／纵欲 (zòngyù)
* 縱步／纵步 (zòngbù)
* 縱浪／纵浪
* 縱火／纵火 (zònghuǒ)
* 縱然／纵然 (zòngrán)
* 縱目／纵目
* 縱脫／纵脱
* 縱虎歸山／纵虎归山 (zònghǔguīshān)
* 縱覽／纵览 (zònglǎn)
* 縱觀／纵观 (zòngguān)
* 縱言／纵言
* 縱誕／纵诞
* 縱談／纵谈 (zòngtán)
* 縱身／纵身 (zòngshēn)
* 縱送／纵送
* 縱逸／纵逸
* 縱酒／纵酒 (zòngjiǔ)
* 縱風止燎／纵风止燎
* 縱馬／纵马 (zòngmǎ)
* 縱體／纵体
* 豪縱／豪纵
* 輕縱／轻纵
* 逞縱／逞纵
* 過縱／过纵
* 驕縱／骄纵 (jiāozòng)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zòng, zōng
    (Zhuyin): ㄗㄨㄥˋ, ㄗㄨㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zung$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): cŭng
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chhiong
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zòng
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄨㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zòng
*** Wade–Giles: tsung$^4$
*** Yale: dzùng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzonq
*** Palladius: цзун (czun)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʊŋ⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zōng
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄨㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zong
*** Wade–Giles: tsung$^1$
*** Yale: dzūng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzong
*** Palladius: цзун (czun)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zung$^1$
*** Yale: jūng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzung$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: cŭng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡suŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiong
*** Tâi-lô: tshiong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chiofng
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: tsjowng
Rime :
| Character | 縱 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 精 (13) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 即容切 |
| Baxter | tsjowng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sɨoŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sioŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sioŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡suawŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sioŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sĭwoŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /t͡si̯woŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zōng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zung$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsloŋ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 縱 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 1844 |
| Phonetic component | 从 |
| Rime group | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 縱 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔsloŋ/ |

#### Definitions

縱
* of the north-south direction; vertical
* longitudinal; lengthwise
* (historical) Short for 合縱／合纵 (hézòng, “to ally with”).
* (military) Short for 縱隊／纵队 (zòngduì, “column corps”).
* Alternative form of 蹤／踪 (zōng, “trace”)

#### Compounds

* 七橫八縱／七横八纵
* 伊犁縱谷／伊犁纵谷
* 合縱／合纵 (hézòng)
* 排奡縱橫／排奡纵横
* 捭闔縱橫／捭阖纵横 (bǎihézònghéng)
* 涕泗縱橫／涕泗纵横
* 涕淚縱橫／涕泪纵横
* 第五縱隊／第五纵队 (dì-wǔzòngduì)
* 縱切面／纵切面 (zōngqiēmiàn)
* 縱剖面／纵剖面 (zòngpōumiàn)
* 縱坐標／纵坐标 (zòngzuòbiāo)
* 縱斷面／纵断面 (zòngduànmiàn)
* 縱橫／纵横
* 縱橫交貫／纵横交贯
* 縱橫交錯／纵横交错
* 縱橫四海／纵横四海
* 縱橫天下／纵横天下
* 縱橫家／纵横家 (Zònghéngjiā)
* 縱橫捭闔／纵横捭阖 (zònghéngbǎihé)
* 縱橫馳騁／纵横驰骋 (zōnghéngchíchěng)
* 縱波／纵波 (zòngbō)
* 縱深／纵深 (zòngshēn)
* 縱谷／纵谷 (zōnggǔ)
* 縱貫／纵贯 (zòngguàn)
* 縱貫線／纵贯线
* 縱走／纵走
* 縱軸／纵轴
* 縱隊／纵队 (zòngduì)
* 縱黍尺／纵黍尺
* 老淚縱橫／老泪纵横 (lǎolèizōnghéng)
* 藏南縱谷／藏南纵谷

### Pronunciation 3

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zǒng (zong$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄗㄨㄥˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zung$^2$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chhióng
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zǒng
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄨㄥˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zǒng
*** Wade–Giles: tsung$^3$
*** Yale: dzǔng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzoong
*** Palladius: цзун (czun)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʊŋ²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zung$^2$
*** Yale: júng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzung$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʊŋ³⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhióng
*** Tâi-lô: tshióng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chiorng
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰiɔŋ⁵³/

#### Definitions

縱
* Used in 縱縱／纵纵 (zǒngzǒng, “hurried; numerous”).
* Used in 縱臾／纵臾 (zǒngyǒng, “to encourage”).

#### Compounds

* 縱縱／纵纵 (zǒngzǒng)
* 縱臾／纵臾 (zǒngyǒng)

### Pronunciation 4

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): cóng (cong$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄘㄨㄥˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: cóng
*** Zhuyin: ㄘㄨㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cóng
*** Wade–Giles: tsʻung$^2$
*** Yale: tsúng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsorng
*** Palladius: цун (cun)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵/

#### Definitions

縱
* (obsolete, of hair worn in a bun) big and tall

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 縦 |
| Kyūjitai | 縱 |

### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 縦)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: しゅ (shu)
* Kan-on: しょう (shō)
* Kan’yō-on: じゅう (jū)
* Kun: たて (tate)、たとえ (tatoe, 縱え)、よしんば (yoshinba, 縱しんば)、はなつ (hanatsu, 縱つ)、ゆるす (yurusu, 縱す)、ほしいまま (hoshiimama, 縱)

## Korean
### Hanja

縱 (eum 종 (jong))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
縱 (eum 총 (chong))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

縱: Hán Nôm readings: túng, tung
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.