# 更新
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gēngxīn
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄥ ㄒㄧㄣ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gang$^1$ san$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kiên-sîn / kien-sîn
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): keng-sin / kng-sin
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gêng$^1$ sing$^1$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^1$ken-shin$_1$ / $^1$ken-sin$_1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gēngxīn
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄥ ㄒㄧㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gengsin
*** Wade–Giles: kêng$^1$-hsin$^1$
*** Yale: gēng-syīn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gengshin
*** Palladius: гэнсинь (gɛnsinʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kɤŋ⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gang$^1$ san$^1$
*** Yale: gāng sān
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gang$^1$ san$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: geng$^1$ sen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɐŋ⁵⁵ sɐn⁵⁵/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$庚申 更新
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiên-sîn
*** Hakka Romanization System: gien$^ˊ$ xin$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gian$^1$ xin$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ sin²⁴/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kien-sîn
*** Hakka Romanization System: gien xin$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gian$^4$ xin$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯en⁵⁵ sin²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: keng-sin
*** Tâi-lô: king-sin
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kengsyn
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kng-sin
*** Tâi-lô: kng-sin
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kngsyn
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kŋ̍³³ sin³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gêng$^1$ sing$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: keng sing
*** Sinological IPA : /keŋ³³⁻²³ siŋ³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$ken-shin$_1$
*** MiniDict: ken$^平$ shin$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$ken-xin$_1$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kən⁵⁵ ɕin²¹/
** (Northern: Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^1$ken-sin$_1$
*** MiniDict: ken$^平$ sin$^平$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /kən⁴⁴ sin/
* Middle Chinese: kaeng sin
Rime :
| Character | 更 | 新 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 庚 (109) | 眞 (43) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | III |
| Fanqie | 古行切 | 息鄰切 |
| Baxter | kaeng | sin |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠæŋ/ | /siɪn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚaŋ/ | /sin/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kaŋ/ | /sjen/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kaɨjŋ/ | /sin/ |
| Li Rong | /kɐŋ/ | /siĕn/ |
| Wang Li | /kɐŋ/ | /sĭĕn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kɐŋ/ | /si̯ĕn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gēng | xīn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gang$^1$ | san$^1$ |

### Verb

更新
* to update; to replace; to renew; to refresh
    更新博客 ― gēngxīn bókè ― to update a blog
    不斷更新／不断更新 ― bùduàn gēngxīn ― constantly updated
    更新設備／更新设备 ― gēngxīn shèbèi ― to replace equipment
    更新知識／更新知识 ― gēngxīn zhīshi ― to renew one's knowledge
    更新網頁／更新网页 ― gēngxīn wǎngyè ― to refresh a webpage
* to grow again; to rejuvenate (a forest)
* (theology) to renew; to regenerate
    From: 2007, 曾祥怡 (Grace Tseng), 生命活水充滿我 (Living Water), English translation by Sandy Yu, Kevin Cheng, Jeff Nelson
    Chōngmǎn wǒ, jiéjìng wǒ, zài Nǐ bǎozuò qián, yǒu shēngmìng shuǐ yǒngliú, gēngxīn yīzhì wǒ. [Pinyin]
    (official translation) Fill me, Lord. Come, fill me, Lord. Here, before Your throne, the living water flows. Cleanse me, make me whole. (literal translation) Fill me; cleanse me. Before Your throne, the living water flows. Renew and heal me.

#### Synonyms

* (to update): (literary) 鼎新 (dǐngxīn)

#### Derived terms

* 不可更新資源／不可更新资源 (bùkě gèngxīn zīyuán)
* 城市更新 (chéngshì gēngxīn)
* 堂構更新／堂构更新
* 市區更新／市区更新 (shìqū gēngxīn)
* 更新世 (Gèngxīnshì)
* 更新換代／更新换代
* 滾動更新／滚动更新 (gǔndòng gēngxīn)
* 滌故更新／涤故更新
* 萬象更新／万象更新 (wànxiànggēngxīn)
* 除舊更新／除旧更新

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 更新(こうしん) (kōshin)
* → Korean: 갱신(更新) (gaengsin), 경신(更新) (gyeongsin)
* → Vietnamese: canh tân (更新)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 更 | 新 |
| こう Grade: S | しん Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こーしん [kòóshíń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ko̞ːɕĩɴ]

### Noun

更(こう)新(しん) • (kōshin)
* renewal; update
    更(こう)新(しん)履(り)歴(れき)
       kōshin rireki
       update history / changelog

#### Derived terms

* 更(こう)新(しん)料(りょう) (kōshinryō)

### Verb

更(こう)新(しん)する • (kōshin suru) suru (stem 更(こう)新(しん)し (kōshin shi), past 更(こう)新(しん)した (kōshin shita))
* to renew; to update

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 更新し | こうしんし | kōshin shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 更新し | こうしんし | kōshin shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 更新する | こうしんする | kōshin suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 更新する | こうしんする | kōshin suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 更新すれ | こうしんすれ | kōshin sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 更新せよ¹ 更新しろ² | こうしんせよ¹ こうしんしろ² | kōshin seyo¹ kōshin shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 更新される | こうしんされる | kōshin sareru |
| Causative | 更新させる 更新さす | こうしんさせる こうしんさす | kōshin saseru kōshin sasu |
| Potential | 更新できる | こうしんできる | kōshin dekiru |
| Volitional | 更新しよう | こうしんしよう | kōshin shiyō |
| Negative | 更新しない | こうしんしない | kōshin shinai |
| Negative continuative | 更新せず | こうしんせず | kōshin sezu |
| Formal | 更新します | こうしんします | kōshin shimasu |
| Perfective | 更新した | こうしんした | kōshin shita |
| Conjunctive | 更新して | こうしんして | kōshin shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 更新すれば | こうしんすれば | kōshin sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 更 | 新 |

### Noun

更新 • (gaengsin) (hangeul 갱신)
* hanja form of 갱신 (“renewal (of the timeline of a contract; of an expiration date); update; refresh”)

### Noun

更新 • (gyeongsin) (hangeul 경신)
* hanja form of 경신 (“breaking a record; setting a new record; renewal (of a record); renovation”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 更 | 新 |

### Verb

更新
* chữ Hán form of canh tân.