# 妨害
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fánghài
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄤˊ ㄏㄞˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fong$^4$ hoi$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fòng-hoi
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hóng-hāi / hông-hāi / hong-hāi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): huang$^5$ hai$^7$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fánghài
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄤˊ ㄏㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fánghài
*** Wade–Giles: fang$^2$-hai$^4$
*** Yale: fáng-hài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: farnghay
*** Palladius: фанхай (fanxaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /fɑŋ³⁵ xaɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fong$^4$ hoi$^6$
*** Yale: fòhng hoih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fong$^4$ hoi$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fong$^4$ hoi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɔːŋ²¹ hɔːi̯²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fòng-hoi
*** Hakka Romanization System: fong$^ˇ$ hoi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fong$^2$ hoi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /foŋ¹¹ hoi̯⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hóng-hāi
*** Tâi-lô: hóng-hāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hofnghai
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hai²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hai⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hông-hāi
*** Tâi-lô: hông-hāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: honghai
*** IPA (Taipei): /hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hai³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ²³⁻³³ hai³³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hong-hāi
*** Tâi-lô: hong-hāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: honghai
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: huang$^5$ hai$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huâng hāi
*** Sinological IPA : /huaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hai¹¹/

### Verb

妨害
* to hinder; to impair; to interfere with; to harm; to damage

#### Synonyms

* 傷害／伤害 (shānghài)
* 危及 (wēijí)
* 危害 (wēihài)
* 戕害 (qiānghài) (literary)
* 戕賊／戕贼 (literary)
* 損／损 (sǔn) (literary, or in compounds)
* 損傷／损伤 (sǔnshāng)
* 損害／损害 (sǔnhài)
* 暴害 (bàohài) (literary)
* 有傷／有伤 (yǒushāng) (chiefly used in derived terms)
* 禍／祸 (huò) (literary, or in compounds)
* 禍害／祸害 (huòhài)

#### Derived terms

* 妨害公務罪／妨害公务罪
* 妨害家庭罪 (fánghài jiātíng zuì)
* 妨害風化罪／妨害风化罪 (fánghài fēnghuà zuì)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 妨害(ぼうがい) (bōgai)
* → Korean: 방해(妨害) (banghae)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 妨 | 害 |
| ぼう Grade: S | がい Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spellings
* 妨碍 妨礙

### Etymology

害 is a daiyōji replacing 碍.

### Noun

妨(ぼう)害(がい) • (bōgai)
* obstructing someone or something; obstruction, interference
    妨害(ぼうがい)をやめろ。
       Bōgai o yamero.
       Do not disturb!

#### Synonyms

* 邪魔(じゃま) (jama)

### Verb

妨(ぼう)害(がい)する • (bōgai suru) suru (stem 妨(ぼう)害(がい)し (bōgai shi), past 妨(ぼう)害(がい)した (bōgai shita))
* obstruct, disturb, stand in the way

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 妨害し | ぼうがいし | bōgai shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 妨害し | ぼうがいし | bōgai shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 妨害する | ぼうがいする | bōgai suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 妨害する | ぼうがいする | bōgai suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 妨害すれ | ぼうがいすれ | bōgai sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 妨害せよ¹ 妨害しろ² | ぼうがいせよ¹ ぼうがいしろ² | bōgai seyo¹ bōgai shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 妨害される | ぼうがいされる | bōgai sareru |
| Causative | 妨害させる 妨害さす | ぼうがいさせる ぼうがいさす | bōgai saseru bōgai sasu |
| Potential | 妨害できる | ぼうがいできる | bōgai dekiru |
| Volitional | 妨害しよう | ぼうがいしよう | bōgai shiyō |
| Negative | 妨害しない | ぼうがいしない | bōgai shinai |
| Negative continuative | 妨害せず | ぼうがいせず | bōgai sezu |
| Formal | 妨害します | ぼうがいします | bōgai shimasu |
| Perfective | 妨害した | ぼうがいした | bōgai shita |
| Conjunctive | 妨害して | ぼうがいして | bōgai shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 妨害すれば | ぼうがいすれば | bōgai sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

#### Synonyms

* 妨(さまた)げる (samatageru)

### References

* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.