# ششقاقل
## Arabic
### Alternative forms

* شَقَاقُل (šaqāqul), شَشْقَقُول (šašqaqūl), أَشْقَاقُل (ʔašqāqul)
* أَشْقَاقُول (ʔašqāqūl), إِشْقَاقُول (ʔišqāqūl), أَشْقَاقُور (ʔašqāqūr), إِشْقَاقُور (ʔišqāqūr)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Syriac ܫܰܫܩܳܩܽܘܠ (šašqāqūl), ܫܺܝܫܩܩܘܠ (šišqāqūl). Also attested unreliably in the interpolated synonyms of Dioscorides 3, 69, for Punic as ασκαουκαου ~ ασκαουκαυ = ἐλαφόβοσκον (elaphóboskon):
    ἐλαφοβόσκον· οἱ δὲ ἐλαφικόν, οἱ δὲ νέβρειον, οἱ δὲ ὀφιογένιον, οἱ δὲ ὀφιοκτόνον, οἱ δὲ ἑρπυξή, οἱ δὲ λύμη, Ῥωμαῖοι κέρβι ὀκέλλουμ, οἱ δὲ κερβίνα, Αἰγύπτιοι χημίς, Ἄφροι ἀσκαουκαού.
       elaphobóskon; hoi dè elaphikón, hoi dè nébreion, hoi dè ophiogénion, hoi dè ophioktónon, hoi dè herpuxḗ, hoi dè lúmē, Rhōmaîoi kérbi okélloum, hoi dè kerbína, Aigúptioi khēmís, Áphroi askaoukaoú.
This would not preclude Middle Iranian origin analogous to Persianate شِشْبَنْدَان (šišbandān, “white bryony, Bryonia alba”), as Punic also had 𐤂𐤆𐤓 (gzr /⁠gizar⁠/) etymologically identical with Persian گزر (gazar, “carrot”). Recorded with the anlaut of Arabic حَسَك (ḥasak, “puncture-vine”) or alternatively the Old Iranian basis anlaut of Persian شش (⁠šaš⁠, “six”) even in Classical Syriac ܚܰܫܩܻܝܩܰܠ (ḥašqīqal), حَشْقِيقَل (ḥašqīqal), however not in Persian barring reborrowings, their word for the species being نهشل (nahšal).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃaʃ.qaː.qul/, /ʃaʃ.qaː.qil/

### Noun

شَشْقَاقُل or شَشْقَاقِل • (šašqāqul or šašqāqil) m (obsolete)
* Pastinaca dissecta (also known as Pastinaca schekakul, Pastinaca sekakul, Pastinaca secacul, Malabaila secacul, Tordylium suaveolens)
** 1025, ابن سينا [Avicenna], القانون في الطب [Canon Medicinae]:شقاقل. الطبع: حار في الثانية إلى رطوبة ما. الخواص: فيه تليين وقوة المربى منه قوة الجزر المربى. أعضاء النفض: يهيج شهوة الباه. الأبدال: بدله البورندان.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** a. 1165, ابن التلميذ [Ibn al-Tilmīḏ], edited by Oliver Kahl, The Dispensatory of Ibn At-Tilmīḏ الأقراباذين الكبير (Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science. Texts and Studies; 70), Leiden: Brill, published 2007, →ISBN, page 78 Nr. 104:معجون يزيد في الباه بزر الجزر بزر البصل بزر الفجل بزر الجرجير بزر الرطبة لب حب القطن بوزيدان قسط حلو زنجبيل توذري السنة العصافير ششقاقل بهمنان دار فلفل حلتيت جزء جزء يدق الجميع […]An electuary which increases sexual potency Carrot seeds, onion seeds, radish seeds, rocket seeds, lucerne seeds, the pulp of cotton seeds, green-winged orchid [translates Kahl], sweet alecost, ginger, wallflower, common ash, parsnip, the two sea lavenders, long pepper, and asafoetida resin one part of each. All (this) is pounded […]
** c. 1200, يحيى بن محمد بن أحمد بن العوام [yaḥyā ibn muḥammad ibn ʔaḥmad ibn al-ʕawwām], edited by José Antonio Banqueri, كتاب الفلاحة [Book on Agriculture], volume 1, Madrid: Imprenta Real, published 1802$^{IA}$, page 25 line 7:

#### Declension
### References

* أبو الخير الإشبيلي [Abū al-Ḵayr al-ʾIšbīliyy] (1179) Joaquín Bustamante, Federico Corriente y Mohand Tilmatine, editor, كتاب عمدة الطبيب في معرفة النبات لكل لبيب [Libro base del médico para el conocimiento de la botánica por todo experto] (Fuentes Arábico-Hispanas), volume II, Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional, published 2007, page 53 Nr. 539
* Corriente, Federico, Pereira, Christophe, Vicente, Angeles, editors (2017), Dictionnaire du faisceau dialectal arabe andalou. Perspectives phraséologiques et étymologiques (in French), Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 719
* Dozy, Reinhart Pieter Anne (1881) “شَقَاقُل”, in Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes‎ (in French), volume 1, Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 773
* Freytag, Georg (1833) “ششقاقل”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 2, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 419a
* Löw, Immanuel (1909) “Lexikalische Miszellen”, in Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete (in German), volume 22, pages 93–96
* Löw, Immanuel (1924) Die Flora der Juden‎ (in German), volume 3, Wien und Leipzig: R. Löwit, page 450
* Löw, Immanuel (1881) Aramæische Pflanzennamen‎ (in German), Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann, page 403 Nr. 10
* Payne Smith, Robert (1879–1901) Thesaurus Syriacus (in Latin), Oxford: Clarendon Press, column 1406
* Payne Smith, Robert (1879–1901) Thesaurus Syriacus (in Latin), Oxford: Clarendon Press, column 4346
* Steinschneider, Moritz (1898) “Heilmittelnamen der Araber”, in Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes‎, volume 12, page 204 Nr. 1153

## Persian
### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ʃaʃ.qɑː.qul]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʃäʃ.qɑː.qʊl]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ʃäʃ.qɑː.qʊl]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ʃäʃ.qɑː.qʊl]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ʃäʃ.qɔː.qul̥]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ʃæʃ.ɢɒː.ʁol̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʃäʃ.qɔ.qul]

### Noun

ششقاقل • (šašqâqol)
* Alternative form of شقاقل (šaqâqol, “parsnip”)