# 鍊

| 鍊 | U+934A, &#37706; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-934A |
| ← 鍉 [U+9349] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 鍋 → [U+934B] |
| 鍊 | U+F99B, &#63899; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F99B |
| ← 連 [U+F99A] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 列 → [U+F99C] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 鍊 |
| Shinjitai | 錬 |
| Simplified | 炼 |

### Han character

鍊 (Kangxi radical 167, 金+9, 17 strokes, cangjie input 金木田火 (CDWF), four-corner 8519$_6$, composition ⿰釒柬)

#### Derived characters

* 𡄮

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1313, character 9
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40602
* Dae Jaweon: page 1814, character 5
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4228, character 14
* Unihan data for U+934A
* Unihan data for U+F99B

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 鍊
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 蘭 | *ɡ·raːn |
| 攔 | *ɡ·raːn |
| 欄 | *ɡ·raːn |
| 瀾 | *ɡ·raːn, *ɡ·raːns |
| 讕 | *ɡ·raːn, *ɡ·raːnʔ, *ɡ·raːns |
| 闌 | *ɡ·raːn |
| 韊 | *ɡ·raːn |
| 幱 | *ɡ·raːn |
| 籣 | *ɡ·raːn |
| 躝 | *ɡ·raːn |
| 爛 | *ɡ·raːns |
| 爤 | *ɡ·raːns |
| 鑭 | *ɡ·raːns |
| 糷 | *ɡ·raːns |
| 斕 | *ɡ·reːn |
| 揀 | *kreːnʔ, *ɡ·reːns |
| 柬 | *kreːnʔ |
| 暕 | *kreːnʔ |
| 諫 | *kraːns |
| 練 | *ɡ·reːns |
| 鍊 | *ɡ·reːns |
| 煉 | *ɡ·reːns |
| 楝 | *ɡ·reːns |
| 萰 | *ɡ·reːns |
| 堜 | *ɡ·reːns |
| 湅 | *ɡ·reːns |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·reːns) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 柬 (OC *kreːnʔ).

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): liàn (lian$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lin$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): lien
    (Meixian, Guangdong): liên$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): liêng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): liān
    (Teochew, Peng'im): liêng$^7$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$li
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: liàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: liàn
*** Wade–Giles: lien$^4$
*** Yale: lyàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liann
*** Palladius: лянь (ljanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /li̯ɛn⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lin$^6$
*** Yale: lihn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lin$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lin$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /liːn²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lien
*** Hakka Romanization System: lien
*** Hagfa Pinyim: lian$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /li̯en⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: liên$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /liɛn⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: liêng
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃iɛŋ²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liān
*** Tâi-lô: liān
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lien
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /liɛn²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /liɛn⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /liɛn³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: liêng$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: liēng
*** Sinological IPA : /lieŋ¹¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$li
*** MiniDict: li$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$li
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /li²³/
* Middle Chinese: lenH
Rime :
| Character | 鍊 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 先 (85) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 郎甸切 |
| Baxter | lenH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /len$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /len$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /lɛn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lɛn$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /len$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /lien$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /lien$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | liàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lin$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤen-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·reːns/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 鍊 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | liàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ len$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[r]ˁen-s/ |
| English | refine (metal) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鍊 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 6142 |
| Phonetic component | 柬 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 練 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡ·reːns/ |

#### Definitions

鍊
* to smelt; to refine
* (figurative) to measure (one's words); to polish (one's wording)
* (figurative) to temper; to steel; to cultivate
* a surname

#### Compounds

* 九煉成鋼／九炼成钢
* 修煉／修炼 (xiūliàn)
* 冶煉／冶炼 (yěliàn)
* 凝煉／凝炼 (níngliàn)
* 千錘百鍊／千锤百炼 (qiānchuíbǎiliàn)
* 土法煉鋼／土法炼钢 (tǔfǎ liàngāng)
* 拉鍊／拉炼 (lāliàn)
* 提煉／提炼 (tíliàn)
* 搏煉／搏炼
* 搏砂煉汞／搏砂炼汞
* 摶砂煉汞／抟砂炼汞
* 日鍛月煉／日锻月炼
* 月鍛季煉／月锻季炼
* 洗鍊／洗炼 (xǐliàn)
* 淬鍊／淬炼 (cuìliàn)
* 炮煉／炮炼
* 煉丹／炼丹 (liàndān)
* 煉丹術／炼丹术 (liàndānshù)
* 煉乳／炼乳 (liànrǔ)
* 煉山／炼山
* 煉油／炼油
* 煉油廠／炼油厂 (liànyóuchǎng)
* 煉焦／炼焦
* 煉焦爐／炼焦炉
* 煉獄／炼狱 (liànyù)
* 煉石補天／炼石补天
* 煉製／炼制
* 煉銅／炼铜 (liàntóng)
* 煉鋼／炼钢 (liàngāng)
* 煉鋼廠／炼钢厂
* 煉鐵／炼铁
* 煉鐵爐／炼铁炉
* 熬煉／熬炼
* 燒丹鍊汞／烧丹炼汞
* 燒煉／烧炼
* 百鍊之鋼／百炼之钢
* 百鍊剛／百炼刚
* 百鍊成鋼／百炼成钢 (bǎiliànchénggāng)
* 百鍊金／百炼金
* 百鍊鋼／百炼钢
* 百鍊鐵／百炼铁
* 磨煉／磨炼 (móliàn)
* 磨鍊／磨炼 (móliàn)
* 精煉／精炼 (jīngliàn)
* 精金百煉／精金百炼
* 精鍊／精炼 (jīngliàn)
* 細鍊／细炼
* 肘手鍊足／肘手炼足
* 錘鍊／锤炼 (chuíliàn)
* 鍊丹／炼丹 (liàndān)
* 鍊冶／炼冶
* 鍊句／炼句
* 鍊子／炼子 (liànzi)
* 鍊字／炼字
* 鍊師／炼师
* 鍊度／炼度
* 鍊形／炼形
* 鍊氣／炼气
* 鍊氣士／炼气士
* 鍊石補天／炼石补天
* 鍊貧／炼贫
* 鍊金／炼金
* 鍊金術／炼金术 (liànjīnshù)
* 鍛鍊／锻炼 (duànliàn)
* 鐵鍊／铁炼 (tiěliàn)
* 闖鍊／闯炼
* 陳鍊／陈炼

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 鍊 – see 鏈 (“chain; wire; cable; chain; shack; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 鏈).

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 錬 |
| Kyūjitai | 鍊 |

### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 錬)
* to smelt (metals)
* to forge
* to refine

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): れん (ren)
* Kun: ねる (neru, 鍊る)

## Korean
### Hanja

鍊 (eumhun 불릴 련 (bullil ryeon), word-initial (South Korea) 불릴 연 (bullil yeon))
* hanja form of 련/연 (“smelt metals, forge”)
* hanja form of 련/연 (“refine”)

#### Compounds

* 단련 (鍛鍊, dallyeon)
* 훈련 (訓鍊, hullyeon)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

鍊: Hán Nôm readings: luyện, rèn, rén
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.