# 凌虐
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): língnüè
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄥˊ ㄋㄩㄝˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ling$^4$ joek$^6$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lêng-lio̍k / lêng-gia̍k
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: língnüè
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄥˊ ㄋㄩㄝˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: língnyuè
*** Wade–Giles: ling$^2$-nüeh$^4$
*** Yale: líng-nywè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lingniueh
*** Palladius: линнюэ (linnjue)
*** Sinological IPA : /liŋ³⁵ ny̯ɛ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ling$^4$ joek$^6$
*** Yale: lìhng yeuhk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ling$^4$ joek$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ling$^4$ yêg$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɪŋ²¹ jœːk̚²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lêng-lio̍k
*** Tâi-lô: lîng-lio̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lengliok
*** IPA (Xiamen): /liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² liɔk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² liɔk̚²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lêng-gia̍k
*** Tâi-lô: lîng-gia̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lenggiak
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɪŋ¹³⁻²² ɡiak̚¹²¹/

### Verb

凌虐
* (formal) to maltreat; to tyrannize over

#### Synonyms

* 凌勒 (Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 恰 (hap$^1$) (Cantonese)
* 欺侮 (qīwǔ)
* 欺凌 (qīlíng)
* 欺壓／欺压 (qīyā)
* 欺負／欺负
* 相欺 (xiang$^1$ qi$^1$) (Sichuanese)
* 蝦／虾 (Cantonese)
* 霸凌 (bàlíng)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 凌(りょう)虐(ぎゃく) (ryōgyaku)
* → Korean: 능학(凌虐) (neunghak), 릉학(凌虐) (reunghak)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 凌 | 虐 |
| りょう Jinmeiyō | ぎゃく Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 陵虐

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) りょーぎゃく [ryòógyákú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɾʲo̞ːɡʲa̠kɯ̟]

### Noun

凌(りょう)虐(ぎゃく) • (ryōgyaku)
* humiliating and oppressing

### Verb

凌(りょう)虐(ぎゃく)する • (ryōgyaku suru) transitive suru (stem 凌(りょう)虐(ぎゃく)し (ryōgyaku shi), past 凌(りょう)虐(ぎゃく)した (ryōgyaku shita))
* to humiliate and oppress

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 凌虐し | りょうぎゃくし | ryōgyaku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 凌虐し | りょうぎゃくし | ryōgyaku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 凌虐する | りょうぎゃくする | ryōgyaku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 凌虐する | りょうぎゃくする | ryōgyaku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 凌虐すれ | りょうぎゃくすれ | ryōgyaku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 凌虐せよ¹ 凌虐しろ² | りょうぎゃくせよ¹ りょうぎゃくしろ² | ryōgyaku seyo¹ ryōgyaku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 凌虐される | りょうぎゃくされる | ryōgyaku sareru |
| Causative | 凌虐させる 凌虐さす | りょうぎゃくさせる りょうぎゃくさす | ryōgyaku saseru ryōgyaku sasu |
| Potential | 凌虐できる | りょうぎゃくできる | ryōgyaku dekiru |
| Volitional | 凌虐しよう | りょうぎゃくしよう | ryōgyaku shiyō |
| Negative | 凌虐しない | りょうぎゃくしない | ryōgyaku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 凌虐せず | りょうぎゃくせず | ryōgyaku sezu |
| Formal | 凌虐します | りょうぎゃくします | ryōgyaku shimasu |
| Perfective | 凌虐した | りょうぎゃくした | ryōgyaku shita |
| Conjunctive | 凌虐して | りょうぎゃくして | ryōgyaku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 凌虐すれば | りょうぎゃくすれば | ryōgyaku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 凌 | 虐 |

### Noun

凌虐 • (neunghak) (hangeul 능학)
* hanja form of 능학