# 辜

| 辜 | U+8F9C, &#36764; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8F9C |
| ← 辛 [U+8F9B] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 辝 → [U+8F9D] |

## Translingual
### Han character

辜 (Kangxi radical 160, 辛+5, 12 strokes, cangjie input 十口卜廿十 (JRYTJ), four-corner 4040$_1$, composition ⿱古辛)

#### Derived characters

* 嫴 橭 䐻 𠽿 𢡇 𥢍 𧬕 𨬟/𨬕 𨑀

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1250, character 29
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38636
* Dae Jaweon: page 1730, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4036, character 7
* Unihan data for U+8F9C

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 辜 :
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 箇 | *kaːls |
| 個 | *kaːls |
| 居 | *kɯ, *kas |
| 橭 | *kaː, *kʰaː |
| 嫴 | *kaː |
| 姑 | *kaː |
| 辜 | *kaː |
| 酤 | *kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ |
| 蛄 | *kaː |
| 鴣 | *kaː |
| 沽 | *kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs |
| 盬 | *kaː, *kaːʔ |
| 古 | *kaːʔ |
| 罟 | *kaːʔ |
| 估 | *kaːʔ |
| 鈷 | *kaːʔ |
| 詁 | *kaːʔ |
| 牯 | *kaːʔ |
| 故 | *kaːs |
| 固 | *kaːs |
| 稒 | *kaːɡs |
| 痼 | *kaːɡs |
| 錮 | *kaːɡs |
| 鯝 | *kaːɡs |
| 棝 | *kaːɡs |
| 凅 | *kaːɡs |
| 枯 | *kʰaː |
| 軲 | *kʰaː |
| 跍 | *kʰaː |
| 骷 | *kʰaː |
| 苦 | *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs |
| 葫 | *qʰaː, *ɡaː |
| 餬 | *ɡaː |
| 瑚 | *ɡaː |
| 湖 | *ɡaː |
| 鶘 | *ɡaː |
| 猢 | *ɡaː |
| 醐 | *ɡaː |
| 糊 | *ɡaː |
| 箶 | *ɡaː |
| 蝴 | *ɡaː |
| 胡 | *ɡaː |
| 瓳 | *ɡaː |
| 怙 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 祜 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 岵 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 婟 | *ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs |
| 楛 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 据 | *ka |
| 裾 | *ka |
| 琚 | *ka |
| 椐 | *ka, *kas, *kʰa |
| 鶋 | *ka |
| 蜛 | *ka |
| 崌 | *ka |
| 涺 | *ka |
| 腒 | *ka, *ɡa |
| 鋸 | *kas |
| 倨 | *kas |
| 踞 | *kas |
| 涸 | *ɡaːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaː) : phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ) + semantic 辛.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gū (gu$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gu$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kû
* Northern Min (KCR): gú
* Eastern Min (BUC): gŭ
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gou$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ko͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gu$^1$ / gou$^1$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^1$ku / $^1$kou
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gū
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gu
*** Wade–Giles: ku$^1$
*** Yale: gū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gu
*** Palladius: гу (gu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gu$^1$
*** Yale: gū
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gu$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kuː⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kû
*** Hakka Romanization System: gu$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ku²⁴/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gú
*** Sinological IPA : /ku⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gŭ
*** Sinological IPA : /ku⁵⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gou$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔu⁵³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko͘
*** Tâi-lô: koo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kof
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kɔ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kɔ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gu$^1$ / gou$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ku / kou
*** Sinological IPA : /ku³³/, /kou³³/
* gu1 - literary;
* gou1 - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: ku
Rime :
| Character | 辜 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 古胡切 |
| Baxter | ku |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuo/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kuo/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ko/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɔ/ |
| Li Rong | /ko/ |
| Wang Li | /ku/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kuo/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gū |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gu$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kaː/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 辜 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 4213 |
| Phonetic component | 古 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 孤 |
| Old Chinese | /*kaː/ |

### Definitions

辜
* crime; wrong; sin
* to let down
* a surname
    辜振甫 ― Gū Zhènfǔ ― Koo Chen-fu (Taiwanese businessman)

### Compounds

* 不辜 (bùgū)
* 保辜限
* 戕害不辜 (qiānghàibùgū)
* 死有餘辜／死有余辜 (sǐyǒuyúgū)
* 無辜／无辜 (wúgū)
* 辜人
* 辜恩背義／辜恩背义
* 辜恩負義／辜恩负义
* 辜榷
* 辜汪會談／辜汪会谈
* 辜負／辜负 (gūfù)

### References

* “辜”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: く (ku)
* Kan-on: こ (ko)
* Kun: つみ (tsumi, 辜)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 辜 (MC ku).

### Hanja

辜 (eumhun 허물 고 (heomul go))
* hanja form of 고 (“crime; wrong; sin”)

#### Compounds

* 무고 (無辜, mugo, “innocence”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

辜: Hán Nôm readings: cô
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.