# ма
## Bulgarian
### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Particle

ма • (ma)
* expresses disbelief, surprise, empathy
    Ма, то наистина било хубаво! ― Ma, to naistina bilo hubavo! ― Hey, it is indeed good!
* expresses irritation, objection, impatiance
    Ма, какво му мислите толкова? ― Ma, kakvo mu mislite tolkova? ― Jeez, what are you analysing so much!

##### Derived terms

* лема́ (lemá) (dialectal)
* нима́ (nimá)

#### References

* “ма⁴”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
* Nayden Gerov (1899) “ма”, in Рѣчникъ на Блъгарскꙑй язꙑкъ. Съ тлъкувание рѣчи-тꙑ на Блъгарскꙑ и на Русскꙑ. [Dictionary of the Bulgarian language]‎ (in Bulgarian), volume 3, Plovdiv: Дружествена печꙗтница "Съгласие.", page 39
* Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1986), “ма³”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 3 (крес¹ – мѝнго¹), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 593

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from some neighbouring language. See Greek μα (ma), Italian ma.

#### Conjunction

ма • (ma)
* (colloquial) but, however
    Ще ти купя сладолед, ма друг път. ― Šte ti kupja sladoled, ma drug pǎt. ― I will buy you an icecream, however, at another time.

##### See also

* а́ма (áma, “however”) (Ottoman Turkish borrowing of Arabic origin)

#### References

* “ма³”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
* Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1986), “ма¹”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 3 (крес¹ – мѝнго¹), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 593

### Etymology 3

Shortening of мома́ (momá, “girl, maid”) and/or мо́ре (móre) (evocative intensifier).

#### Interjection

ма • (ma)
* (derogatory) placed at the end of a sentence, when directed at a woman, as an offensive intensifier
** Пепи, каква е тая бира, ма?Pepi, kakva e taja bira, ma?Pepi, what the hell is this beer, lass?

##### References

* “ма¹”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
* “ма”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010
* Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1986), “ма⁴”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 3 (крес¹ – мѝнго¹), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 593

## Dungan
### Etymology 1

Cognate to Standard Mandarin 馬／马 (mǎ)

#### Noun

ма • (ma)
* horse
* Ma, surname

### Etymology 2

Cognate to Standard Mandarin 媽／妈 (mā)

#### Noun

ма • (ma)
* mother

### Etymology 3

Cognate to Standard Mandarin 罵／骂 (mà)

#### Verb

ма • (ma)
* to scold

## Eastern Khanty
### Etymology

* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Northern Khanty ма (ma).”

### Pronunciation

* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

### Pronoun

ма (ma)(Surgut)
* I, me

#### Declension

This pronoun needs an inflection-table template.

### See also

Eastern Khanty personal pronouns
singular
dual
plural
1st person
ма (ma)
мин (min)
мәӈ (məṇ)
2nd person
нӱӈ (nüṇ)
нын (nyn)
нәӈ (nəṇ)
3rd person
ԓӱв (łüw)
ԓин (łin)
ԓәӽ (łəḥ) :

### References

* Volkova, A. N., Solovar, V. N. (2018) “ма”, in Хантыйско-русский тематический словарь (сургутский диалект) [Khanty-Russian Thematic Dictionary (Surgut dialect)]‎ (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: РГПУ имени А.И. Герцена, →ISBN
* Volkova, A. N., Solovar, V. N. (2016) “ма”, in Краткий русско-хантыйский словарь (сургутский диалект) [Short Russian-Khanty Dictionary (Surgut dialect)]‎ (in Russian), Khanty-Mansiysk: Югорский формат, →ISBN

## Eastern Mari
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /mɑ/

### Conjunction

ма • (ma)
* whether, if
    толат ма уке, мылам садакtolat ma uke, mylam sadakI don't care if you come or not
* (ма... ма) whether... or
    ял ма, ола ма - илыш чыла вере икгаякjal ma, ola ma - ilyš čyla vere ikgajakin the country or in the city, life is the same everywhere

### Particle

ма • (ma)
* interrogative particle
    толат ма?tolat ma?are you coming?

### References

* J. Bradley et al. (2023) “ма”, in The Mari Web Project: Mari-English Dictionary, University of Vienna

## Komi-Permyak
### Etymology

From Proto-Permic *må, from Proto-Uralic *mete, borrowed from an Indo-European language, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *médʰu (compare Russian мёд (mjod), Ossetian мыд (myd) and English mead). Cognates include Finnish mesi and Hungarian méz.
Permic cognates include Udmurt му (mu) and Komi-Zyrian ма (ma).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈma/, [ˈmä]
* Hyphenation: ма

### Noun

ма • (ma)
* honey

#### Declension

Possessive declension of ма :

### References

* R. M. Batalova, A. S. Krivoshchekova-Gantman (1985) Коми-пермяцко-русский словарь [Komi-Permyak-Russian dictionary]‎, Moscow: Русский язык, page 240

## Komi-Zyrian
### Etymology

From Proto-Permic *må, from Proto-Uralic *mete, borrowed from an Indo-European language, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *médʰu (compare Russian мёд (mjod) and English mead). Cognates include Finnish mesi and Hungarian méz.
Permic cognates include Udmurt му (mu) and Komi-Permyak ма (ma).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈma/, [ˈmä]
* Hyphenation: ма

### Noun

ма • (ma)
* honey

#### Declension

Possessive declension of ма :

#### Derived terms

* малязі (maľazi)
* малямуш (maľamuš)

### References

* A. I. Podorova, editor (1948), Коми-русский словарь [Komi-Russian dictionary], Syktyvkar: Коми Государственное Издательство, page 121
* L. M. Beznosikova, E. A. Ajbabina, R. I. Kosnyreva (2000) Коми-русский словарь [Komi-Russian dictionary], →ISBN, page 376

## Macedonian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ma]

### Interjection

ма • (ma)
* (vulgar, derogatory) Placed at the end of an utterance as an offensive intensifier (usually when addressing women)

## Mariupol Greek
### Etymology

From Byzantine Greek μά (má), borrowed from Old Italian ma. Cognates include Greek μα (ma).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [mɐ]
* Hyphenation: ма

### Conjunction

ма • (ma) (emphatic form а́ма)
* but
* like

### References

* A. A. Diamantopulo-Rionis with D. L. Demerdzhi, A. M. Davydova-Diamantopulo, A. A. Shapurma, R. S. Kharabadot, and D. K. Patricha (2006) “ма”, in Румейско-русский и русско-румейский словарь пяти диалектов греков Приазовья, Mariupol, →ISBN
* G. A. Animica, M. P. Galikbarova (2013) Румеку глоса‎, Donetsk, page 34

## Northern Khanty
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [maː]

### Pronoun

ма (ma) (Kazym, Priuralsky)
* me, I

#### See also

Northern Khanty personal pronouns
singular
dual
plural
1st person
ма (ma)
мин (min)
мўӈ (mŭṇ)
2nd person
нӑӈ (năṇ)
нын (nyn)
нын (nyn)
3rd person
ԓўв (łŭw)
ԓын (łyn)
ԓыв (ływ) :

### References

* Solovar, V. N. (2014) “ма”, in Хантыйско-русский Словарь (казымский диалект) [Khanty-Russian Dictionary (Kazym Dialect)]‎, Khanty-Mansiysk: ООО «ФОРМАТ», →ISBN, page 174

## Ossetian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *meh₁.

### Particle

ма • (ma)
* (Iron, Difor) prohibitive particle
    ма тӕрс ― ma tærs ― don't be afraid

### Further reading

* Bigulajev, B. B., Gagkajev, K. Je., Kulajev, N. X., Tuajeva, O. N. (1970) “ма”, in A. M. Kasajev, editor, Осетинско-русский словарь [Ossetian–Russian Dictionary], 3rd edition, Ordzhonikidze: Ir
* Takazov, F. M. (2003) “ма”, in Дигорско-русский словарь [Digor–Russian Dictionary], Vladikavkaz: Alania
* Abajev, V. I. (1973) “ma”, in Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Ossetian Language] (in Russian), volume II, Moscow and Leningrad: Academy Press, page 60f

## Pannonian Rusyn
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈma]
* Rhymes: -a
* Hyphenation: ма

### Verb

ма (ma)
* third-person singular present of мац (mac)

## Southern Yukaghir
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈmaʔ]
* Rhymes: -aʔ
* Hyphenation: ма

### Interjection

ма (ma)
* take it!
** 2000, V. K. Spiridonov, I. A. Nikolaeva, Букварь для 1 класса юкагирских школ [A primer for the 1st class of Yukaghir schools], Saint Petersburg: Просвещение, →ISBN, page 11:Эм-мээ, ма!Em-mē, ma!Mum-my, take!

### References

* Elena Maslova (2003) A Grammar of Kolyma Yukaghir, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 30

## Udmurt
### Etymology

From Proto-Permic [Term?], from Proto-Uralic *mi. Cognates include Moksha мезе (meźe), Veps mi and Hungarian mi.
Permic ognates include Komi-Zyrian мый (myj) and Komi-Yazva мөй (måj).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈmä]
* Rhymes: -ä
* Hyphenation: ма

### Pronoun

ма • (ma)
* (interrogative) what
    Synonym: мар (mar)

### References

* L. E. Kirillova, L. L. Karpova, editors (2008), “ма”, in Удмурт-ӟуч кыллюкам [Udmurt-Russian dictionary], Izhevsk: Удмуртский институт истории, языка и литературы УрО РАН, →ISBN, page 418
* T. V. Voronova, T. A. Poyarkova, editor (2012), Удмурт-ӟуч, ӟуч-удмурт кыллюкам [Udmurt-Russian, Russian-Udmurt dictionary] (overall work in Russian), Izhevsk: Книжное издательство «Удмуртия», →ISBN, page 46
* Yrjö Wichmann, Toivo Emil Uotila (1987) Mikko Korhonen, editor, Wotjakischer Wortschatz [Votyak Vocabulary] (Lexica Societatis Fenno-Ugricae; Volume 21) (overall work in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen Seura, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 153