# غش
## Arabic

* Root
* غ ش ش (ḡ š š)
* 3 terms

### Verb

غَشَّ • (ḡašša) I (non-past يَغُشُّ (yaḡuššu), verbal noun غِشّ (ḡišš) or غَشّ (ḡašš))
* to act dishonestly toward someone
* to cheat, to cheat someone
* to adulterate, to dash
** a. 1200, Dietrich, Albert, editor, Dioscurides triumphans. Ein anonymer arabischer Kommentar (Ende 12. Jahrh. n. Chr.) zur Materia medica. 1. Teil: Arabischer Text (Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen. Philologisch-historische Klasse; Folge 3, Nr. 172), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, published 1988, →ISBN, page 171 lib. IV Nr. 169:الكشوث قال س: ويسمّى عندنا طنية تأويله قرّوعة، أقول: ولم يكن في الأمّ التي قرأنا فيها، قال ع: الكشوث هو صنف من أصناف الأفيثمون أو الأفيثمون صنف من أصناف الكشوث، فأمّا الفرق بينهما فهو أنّ الكشوث أكبر بزرا حتّى إنّه يغشّ به بزر البنج وهو أعظم نباتا وأغلظ ساقا وإنّما يتعلّق بالكتّان، والقيثنون أيضا دقيق النبات دقيق البزر جدّا والطيّب منه المتعلّق بالصعتر، ,وقد أوقع بعضهم الكشوث على الأفسنتين.Dodder S says: It is called amongst us tiña, explained as scabies. I say it is not in the original text we have read. ʕ says: Dodder is a kind of epithyme, or epithyme is a kind of dodder. The difference between both is that dodder has larger seeds, to the point that henbane seed is dashed thereby, and it is taller and thicker in the stem, and it but betwines flax. Epithyme, moreover, grows short and has sore minute seeds, and the good one hangs with thyme. And some have called absynthe dodder.

#### Conjugation
### Noun

غَشّ • (ḡašš) m
* verbal noun of غَشَّ (ḡašša) (form I)
* adulteration, corruption, debasement
* fraud, deceit

#### Declension
### Noun

غِشّ • (ḡišš) m
* verbal noun of غَشَّ (ḡašša) (form I)
* disloyalty, perfidy
* deceit, fraud, imposture
* cheating, academic dishonesty

#### References

* Wehr, Hans (1979) “غش”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 789

## Burushaski
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ʁaɕu]

### Noun

غش (ġaśu)
* onion

### References

* Bechtholdt, Astrid (2024) “ghashu”, in Burushaski Hunza Dictionary (Webonary), Dallas, Texas, USA: SIL International, published 2017.

## Moroccan Arabic

* Root
* غ ش ش
* 1 term

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɣaʃː/

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Arabic غَشَّ (ḡašša).

#### Verb

غش • (ḡašš) I (non-past يغش (yḡušš))
* to cheat, to cheat someone

##### Conjugation

Conjugation of غش :
| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| | | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| past | m | غشّيت (ḡaššīt) | غشّيتي (ḡaššīti) | غشّ (ḡašš) | غشّينا (ḡaššīna) | غشّيتوا (ḡaššītu) | غشّوا (ḡaššu) |
| past | f | غشّيت (ḡaššīt) | غشّيتي (ḡaššīti) | غشّت (ḡaššāt) | غشّينا (ḡaššīna) | غشّيتوا (ḡaššītu) | غشّوا (ḡaššu) |
| non-past | m | نغشّ (nḡušš) | تغشّ (tḡušš) | يغشّ (yḡušš) | نغشّوا (nḡuššu) | تغشّوا (tḡuššu) | يغشّوا (yḡuššu) |
| non-past | f | نغشّ (nḡušš) | تغشّي (tḡušši) | تغشّ (tḡušš) | نغشّوا (nḡuššu) | تغشّوا (tḡuššu) | يغشّوا (yḡuššu) |
| imperative | m | | غشّ (ḡušš) | | | غشّوا (ḡuššu) | |
| imperative | f | | غشّي (ḡušši) | | | غشّوا (ḡuššu) | |

### Etymology 2

From Arabic ّغِشّ.

#### Noun

غش • (ḡašš) m
* deceit, fraud, imposture
* cheating, academic dishonesty

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic غَشْي (ḡašy).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ɣaʃ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ɣäʃ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ɣäʃ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ɣäʃ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ɣäʃ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [qæʃ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ʁäʃ]

### Noun

غش • (ğaš)
* faint, swoon

#### Derived terms

* غش کردن

## South Levantine Arabic

* Root
* غ ش ش
* 1 term

### Etymology

From Arabic غَشَّ (ḡašša).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɣaʃʃ/, [ɣaʃ]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

### Verb

غشّ • (ḡašš) I (present بغشّ (biḡošš))
* to cheat, to deceive

#### Conjugation

Conjugation of غشّ (ḡašš) :
| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| | | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| past | m | غشّيت (ḡaššēt) | غشّيت (ḡaššēt) | غشّ (ḡašš) | غشّينا (ḡaššēna) | غشّيتو (ḡaššētu) | غشّو (ḡaššu) |
| past | f | غشّيت (ḡaššēt) | غشّيتي (ḡaššēti) | غشّت (ḡaššat) | غشّينا (ḡaššēna) | غشّيتو (ḡaššētu) | غشّو (ḡaššu) |
| present | m | بغشّ (baḡošš) | بتغشّ (bitḡošš) | بغشّ (biḡošš) | منغشّ (minḡošš) | بتغشّو (bitḡoššu) | بغشّو (biḡoššu) |
| present | f | بغشّ (baḡošš) | بتغشّي (bitḡošši) | بتغشّ (bitḡošš) | منغشّ (minḡošš) | بتغشّو (bitḡoššu) | بغشّو (biḡoššu) |
| subjunctive | m | اغشّ (aḡošš) | تغشّ (tḡošš) | يغشّ (yḡošš) | نغشّ (nḡošš) | تغشّو (tḡoššu) | يغشّو (yḡoššu) |
| subjunctive | f | اغشّ (aḡošš) | تغشّي (tḡošši) | تغشّ (tḡošš) | نغشّ (nḡošš) | تغشّو (tḡoššu) | يغشّو (yḡoššu) |
| imperative | m | | غشّ (ḡošš) | | | غشّو (ḡoššu) | |
| imperative | f | | غشّي (ḡošši) | | | غشّو (ḡoššu) | |

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian غش (ğaš), from Arabic غَشْي (ḡašy).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /ɣəʃ/

### Noun

غَش • (ğaš) m (Hindi spelling ग़श)
* fainting, stupor, unconsciousness
* faintness, swoon
* in love

### References

* “غش”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
* “غش”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.