# 磽

| 磽 | U+78FD, &#30973; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-78FD |
| ← 磼 [U+78FC] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 磾 → [U+78FE] |

## Translingual
### Han character

磽 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+12, 17 strokes, cangjie input 一口土土山 (MRGGU), four-corner 1461$_1$, composition ⿰石堯)
* hard and infertile

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 837, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24494
* Dae Jaweon: page 1254, character 10
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2455, character 3
* Unihan data for U+78FD

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 撓 | *hŋaːw, *rŋaːw, *rnaːwʔ |
| 鐃 | *rŋaːw |
| 譊 | *rŋaːw |
| 橈 | *rŋaːws, *ŋjew |
| 磽 | *ŋ̊ʰreːw, *ŋreːws, *ŋ̊ʰeːwʔ |
| 墝 | *ŋ̊ʰreːw |
| 穘 | *hŋreːw |
| 顤 | *hŋreːw, *ŋeːws |
| 燒 | *hŋjew, *hŋjaws |
| 饒 | *ŋjew, *ŋjaws |
| 蟯 | *ŋjew, *ʔŋew |
| 蕘 | *ŋjew |
| 襓 | *ŋjew |
| 繞 | *ŋjewʔ, *ŋjaws |
| 遶 | *ŋjewʔ |
| 嬈 | *njewʔ, *neːwʔ, *hŋeːws |
| 趬 | *ŋ̊ʰew, *ŋ̊ʰews |
| 蹺 | *ŋ̊ʰew |
| 翹 | *ɡew, *ɡews |
| 澆 | *ŋkeːw, *ŋeːws |
| 驍 | *ŋkeːw |
| 僥 | *kŋeːwʔ, *ŋeːw |
| 堯 | *ŋeːw |
| 垚 | *ŋeːw |
| 嶢 | *ŋeːw |
| 獟 | *ŋeːws |
| 膮 | *hŋeːw, *hŋeːwʔ |
| 嘵 | *hŋeːw |
| 憢 | *hŋeːw |
| 曉 | *hŋeːwʔ |
| 皢 | *hŋeːwʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋ̊ʰreːw, *ŋreːws, *ŋ̊ʰeːwʔ) : semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 堯 (OC *ŋeːw).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qiāo (qiao$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄠ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): haau$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khau
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kiao$^1$ / kiou$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiāo
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄠ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ciao
*** Wade–Giles: chʻiao$^1$
*** Yale: chyāu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiau
*** Palladius: цяо (cjao)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: haau$^1$
*** Yale: hāau
*** Cantonese Pinyin: haau$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hao$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /haːu̯⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khau
*** Tâi-lô: khau
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qaw
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰau⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰau³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kiao$^1$ / kiou$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiau / khiou
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰiau³³/, /kʰiou³³/
* kiao1 - Shantou, Jieyang;
* kiou1 - Chaozhou, Chenghai.
* Middle Chinese: khaew, khewX, ngaewH
Rime :
| Character | 磽 | 磽 | 磽 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) | 溪 (29) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 肴 (90) | 蕭 (93) | 肴 (90) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | IV | II |
| Fanqie | 口交切 | 苦皎切 | 五敎切 |
| Baxter | khaew | khewX | ngaewH |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰˠau/ | /kʰeu$^X$/ | /ŋˠau$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰᵚau/ | /kʰeu$^X$/ | /ŋᵚau$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰau/ | /kʰeu$^X$/ | /ŋau$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰaɨw/ | /kʰɛw$^X$/ | /ŋaɨw$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰau/ | /kʰeu$^X$/ | /ŋau$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰau/ | /kʰieu$^X$/ | /ŋau$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kʰau/ | /kʰieu$^X$/ | /ŋau$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qiāo | qiǎo | yào |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | haau$^1$ | hiu$^2$ | ngaau$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[C.q]ʰˤrew/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋ̊ʰreːw/, /*ŋreːws/, /*ŋ̊ʰeːwʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 磽 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qiāo |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khæw › |
| Old Chinese | /*[C.q]ʰˁrew/ |
| English | stony soil |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 磽 | 磽 | 磽 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| No. | 14661 | 14663 | 14688 |
| Phonetic component | 垚 | 垚 | 垚 |
| Rime group | 宵 | 宵 | 宵 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 敲 | 樂 | 磽 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋ̊ʰreːw/ | /*ŋreːws/ | /*ŋ̊ʰeːwʔ/ |

### Definitions

磽
* (of land or soil) hard and rocky; solid and stony
* barren and infertile soil
* (Teochew) poor

#### Synonyms

* (poor):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 貧, 窮 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 窮, 貧窮, 窮困, 貧困, 赤貧, 貧乏, 貧苦, 貧寒, 苦寒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 窮, 貧窮 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 窮, 貧窮, 窮苦 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 窮 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 窮 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 窮 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 窮 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 窮 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 苦寒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 窮 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 窮 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 窮 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 窮 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 窮 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 窮 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 窮 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 窮 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 窮無 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 窮 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 宋凶, 㾪赤, 窮㾪, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 宋凶, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤 |
| Southern Min | Hui'an | 窮赤 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 宋凶, 散, 散赤, 赤, 䆀空, 無空 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 散, 散赤, 散食, 散凶, 窮赤, 窮散, 窮苦 |
| Southern Min | Raoping | 磽 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 窮, 磽 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 窮, 磽 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 窮, 蒯 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 窮 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 窮 |
| Wu | Danyang | 窮 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 窮 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 倒灶 |

#### Compounds

* 磽地／硗地
* 磽瘠／硗瘠
* 磽确
* 磽薄／硗薄

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* rocky
* barren

#### Readings

* Go-on: きょう (kyō)
* Kan-on: こう (kō)

## Korean
### Hanja

磽 • (gyo) (hangeul 교, revised gyo, McCune–Reischauer kyo, Yale kyo)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.