# ϣⲁ
## Coptic
### Etymology 1
#### Alternative forms

* ϣⲟ (šo) — Bohairic, Sahidic, Lycopolitan
* ⳉⲟ (xo) — Akhmimic

#### Numeral

ϣⲁ • (ša)
* (Fayyumic) one thousand

### Etymology 2
#### Alternative forms

* ϣⲉ (še) — Sahidic, Fayyumic, Akhmimic
* ϣⲁⲛⲧϥ (šantf) — Sahidic
* ϣⲁⲓ (šai) — Bohairic
* ϣⲉⲉ (šee) — Fayyumic, Akhmimic

#### Noun

ϣⲁ • (ša) m (pronominal form ϣⲁⲛⲧ⸗ (šant⸗) or ϣⲁⲁⲛⲧ⸗ (šaant⸗) or ϣⲁⲁⲧ⸗ (šaat⸗) or ϣⲁⲧ⸗ (šat⸗) or ϣⲉⲛⲧ⸗ (šent⸗) or ϣⲛⲧ⸗ (šnt⸗))
* (Sahidic) nose

### Etymology 3
#### Alternative forms

* ϣⲁⲉ (šae) — Sahidic
* ϣⲉⲉⲓ (šeei), ϣⲉⲓ (šei) — Fayyumic
* ϣⲁⲓ (šai) — Bohairic
* ϣⲁⲓⲉ (šaie) — Lycopolitan
* ⳉⲁⲉ (xae) — Akhmimic

#### Verb

ϣⲁ • (ša)
* (Sahidic) to rise (of celestial bodies)

##### Conjugation

| infinitive | affirmative | ϣⲁ ša | imperative | affirmative | ϣⲁ ša |
| infinitive | negative | ⲧⲙ̄ϣⲁ tm̄ša | imperative | negative | ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ϣⲁ m̄pr̄ša |
| | | | singular | singular | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | nominal |
| | | | 1st person | 2nd person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | nominal |
| | | | 1st person | masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | nominal |
| durative sentence ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲟⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟϥ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲥ | ⲁⲛⲟⲛ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲱⲧⲛ̄ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ | - |
| present | basic | basic | ϯϣⲁ tiša | ⲕϣⲁ kša | ⲧⲉϣⲁ teša | ϥϣⲁ fša | ⲥϣⲁ sša | ⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ tn̄ša | ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ tetn̄ša | ⲥⲉϣⲁ seša | ϣⲁ ša |
| present | circumstantial, focalising | circumstantial, focalising | ⲉⲓ̈ϣⲁ eïša | ⲉⲕϣⲁ ekša | ⲉⲣⲉϣⲁ ereša | ⲉϥϣⲁ efša | ⲉⲥϣⲁ esša | ⲉⲛϣⲁ enša | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ etetn̄ša | ⲉⲩϣⲁ euša | ⲉⲣⲉ- ϣⲁ ere- ša |
| present | relative | relative | ⲉϯϣⲁ etiša | ⲉⲧⲕ̄ϣⲁ etk̄ša | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁ, ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉϣⲁ eteša, etereša | ⲉⲧϥ̄ϣⲁ etf̄ša | ⲉⲧⲥ̄ϣⲁ ets̄ša | ⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ etn̄ša | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ etetn̄ša | ⲉⲧⲟⲩϣⲁ etouša | ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉ- ϣⲁ etere- ša |
| present | preterite | preterite | ⲛⲉⲓ̈ϣⲁ neïša | ⲛⲉⲕϣⲁ nekša | ⲛⲉⲣⲉϣⲁ nereša | ⲛⲉϥϣⲁ nefša | ⲛⲉⲥϣⲁ nesša | ⲛⲉⲛϣⲁ nenša | ⲛⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ netetn̄ša | ⲛⲉⲩϣⲁ neuša | ⲛⲉⲣⲉ- ϣⲁ nere- ša |
| future | basic | basic | ϯⲛⲁϣⲁ tinaša | ⲕⲛⲁϣⲁ knaša | ⲧⲉⲛⲁϣⲁ tenaša | ϥⲛⲁϣⲁ fnaša | ⲥⲛⲁϣⲁ snaša | ⲧⲛ̄ⲛⲁϣⲁ tn̄naša | ⲧⲉⲧⲛⲁϣⲁ tetnaša | ⲥⲉⲛⲁϣⲁ senaša | ⲛⲁϣⲁ naša |
| future | circumstantial, focalising | circumstantial, focalising | ⲉⲓ̈ⲛⲁϣⲁ eïnaša | ⲉⲕⲛⲁϣⲁ eknaša | ⲉⲣⲉⲛⲁϣⲁ erenaša | ⲉϥⲛⲁϣⲁ efnaša | ⲉⲥⲛⲁϣⲁ esnaša | ⲉⲛⲛⲁϣⲁ ennaša | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛⲁϣⲁ etetnaša | ⲉⲩⲛⲁϣⲁ eunaša | ⲉⲣⲉ- ⲛⲁϣⲁ ere- naša |
| future | relative | relative | ⲉϯⲛⲁϣⲁ etinaša | ⲉⲧⲕ̄ⲛⲁϣⲁ etk̄naša | ⲉⲧⲉⲛⲁϣⲁ, ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉⲛⲁϣⲁ etenaša, eterenaša | ⲉⲧϥ̄ⲛⲁϣⲁ etf̄naša | ⲉⲧⲥ̄ⲛⲁϣⲁ ets̄naša | ⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲛⲁϣⲁ etn̄naša | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛⲁϣⲁ etetnaša | ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲛⲁϣⲁ etounaša | ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉ- ⲛⲁϣⲁ etere- naša |
| future | preterite | preterite | ⲛⲉⲓ̈ⲛⲁϣⲁ neïnaša | ⲛⲉⲕⲛⲁϣⲁ neknaša | ⲛⲉⲣⲉⲛⲁϣⲁ nerenaša | ⲛⲉϥⲛⲁϣⲁ nefnaša | ⲛⲉⲥⲛⲁϣⲁ nesnaša | ⲛⲉⲛⲛⲁϣⲁ nennaša | ⲛⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛⲁϣⲁ netetnaša | ⲛⲉⲩⲛⲁϣⲁ neunaša | ⲛⲉⲣⲉ- ⲛⲁϣⲁ nere- naša |
| negated with | negated with | negated with | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an |
| non-durative sentence ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲟⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟϥ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲥ | ⲁⲛⲟⲛ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲱⲧⲛ̄ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ | - |
| past | basic | affirmative | ⲁⲓ̈ϣⲁ aïša | ⲁⲕϣⲁ akša | ⲁϣⲁ, ⲁⲣϣⲁ, ⲁⲣⲉϣⲁ aša, arša, areša | ⲁϥϣⲁ afša | ⲁⲥϣⲁ asša | ⲁⲛϣⲁ anša | ⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ atetn̄ša | ⲁⲩϣⲁ auša | ⲁ- ϣⲁ a- ša |
| past | basic | negative | ⲙ̄ⲡⲓϣⲁ m̄piša | ⲙ̄ⲡⲕ̄ϣⲁ m̄pk̄ša | ⲙ̄ⲡⲉϣⲁ, ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ϣⲁ m̄peša, m̄pr̄ša | ⲙ̄ⲡϥ̄ϣⲁ m̄pf̄ša | ⲙ̄ⲡⲥ̄ϣⲁ m̄ps̄ša | ⲙ̄ⲡⲛ̄ϣⲁ m̄pn̄ša | ⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ m̄petn̄ša | ⲙ̄ⲡⲟⲩϣⲁ m̄pouša | ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ- ϣⲁ m̄pe- ša |
| past | circumstantial | affirmative | ⲉⲁⲓ̈ϣⲁ eaïša | ⲉⲁⲕϣⲁ eakša | ⲉⲁϣⲁ, ⲉⲁⲣϣⲁ, ⲉⲁⲣⲉϣⲁ eaša, earša, eareša | ⲉⲁϥϣⲁ eafša | ⲉⲁⲥϣⲁ easša | ⲉⲁⲛϣⲁ eanša | ⲉⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ eatetn̄ša | ⲉⲁⲩϣⲁ eauša | ⲉⲁ- ϣⲁ ea- ša |
| past | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲓϣⲁ em̄piša | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲕ̄ϣⲁ em̄pk̄ša | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉϣⲁ, ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ϣⲁ em̄peša, em̄pr̄ša | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡϥ̄ϣⲁ em̄pf̄ša | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲥ̄ϣⲁ em̄ps̄ša | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲛ̄ϣⲁ em̄pn̄ša | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ em̄petn̄ša | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲟⲩϣⲁ em̄pouša | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉ- ϣⲁ em̄pe- ša |
| past | relative | affirmative | ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲓ̈ϣⲁ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓ̈ϣⲁ entaïša, n̄taïša | ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲕϣⲁ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲕϣⲁ entakša, n̄takša | ⲉⲛⲧⲁϣⲁ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁϣⲁ, ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲣϣⲁ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣϣⲁ, ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲣⲉϣⲁ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣⲉϣⲁ entaša, n̄taša, entarša, n̄tarša, entareša, n̄tareša | ⲉⲛⲧⲁϥϣⲁ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁϥϣⲁ entafša, n̄tafša | ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲥϣⲁ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲥϣⲁ entasša, n̄tasša | ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲛϣⲁ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲛϣⲁ entanša, n̄tanša | ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ entatetn̄ša, n̄tatetn̄ša | ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲩϣⲁ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩϣⲁ entauša, n̄tauša | ⲉⲛⲧⲁ- ϣⲁ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁ- ϣⲁ enta- ša, n̄ta- ša |
| past | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲓϣⲁ etem̄piša | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲕ̄ϣⲁ etem̄pk̄ša | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉϣⲁ, ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ϣⲁ etem̄peša, etem̄pr̄ša | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡϥ̄ϣⲁ etem̄pf̄ša | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲥ̄ϣⲁ etem̄ps̄ša | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲛ̄ϣⲁ etem̄pn̄ša | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ etem̄petn̄ša | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲟⲩϣⲁ etem̄pouša | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉ- ϣⲁ etem̄pe- ša |
| past | preterite | affirmative | ⲛⲉⲁⲓ̈ϣⲁ neaïša | ⲛⲉⲁⲕϣⲁ neakša | ⲛⲉⲁϣⲁ, ⲛⲉⲁⲣϣⲁ, ⲛⲉⲁⲣⲉϣⲁ neaša, nearša, neareša | ⲛⲉⲁϥϣⲁ neafša | ⲛⲉⲁⲥϣⲁ neasša | ⲛⲉⲁⲛϣⲁ neanša | ⲛⲉⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ neatetn̄ša | ⲛⲉⲁⲩϣⲁ neauša | ⲛⲉⲁ- ϣⲁ nea- ša |
| past | preterite | negative | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲓϣⲁ nem̄piša | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲕ̄ϣⲁ nem̄pk̄ša | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉϣⲁ, ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ϣⲁ nem̄peša, nem̄pr̄ša | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡϥ̄ϣⲁ nem̄pf̄ša | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲥ̄ϣⲁ nem̄ps̄ša | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲛ̄ϣⲁ nem̄pn̄ša | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ nem̄petn̄ša | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲟⲩϣⲁ nem̄pouša | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉ- ϣⲁ nem̄pe- ša |
| past | focalising | affirmative | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓ̈ϣⲁ n̄taïša | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲕϣⲁ n̄takša | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁϣⲁ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣϣⲁ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣⲉϣⲁ n̄taša, n̄tarša, n̄tareša | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁϥϣⲁ n̄tafša | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲥϣⲁ n̄tasša | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲛϣⲁ n̄tanša | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ n̄tatetn̄ša | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩϣⲁ n̄tauša | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁ- ϣⲁ n̄ta- ša |
| expectative | basic | negative | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁϯϣⲁ m̄patiša | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲕ̄ϣⲁ m̄patk̄ša | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉϣⲁ m̄pateša | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧϥ̄ϣⲁ m̄patf̄ša | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲥ̄ϣⲁ m̄pats̄ša | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ m̄patn̄ša | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ m̄patetn̄ša | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩϣⲁ m̄patouša | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ϣⲁ m̄pate- ša |
| expectative | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁϯϣⲁ em̄patiša | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲕ̄ϣⲁ em̄patk̄ša | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉϣⲁ em̄pateša | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧϥ̄ϣⲁ em̄patf̄ša | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲥ̄ϣⲁ em̄pats̄ša | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ em̄patn̄ša | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ em̄patetn̄ša | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩϣⲁ em̄patouša | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ϣⲁ em̄pate- ša |
| expectative | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁϯϣⲁ etem̄patiša | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲕ̄ϣⲁ etem̄patk̄ša | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉϣⲁ etem̄pateša | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧϥ̄ϣⲁ etem̄patf̄ša | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲥ̄ϣⲁ etem̄pats̄ša | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ etem̄patn̄ša | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ etem̄patetn̄ša | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩϣⲁ etem̄patouša | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ϣⲁ etem̄pate- ša |
| expectative | preterite | negative | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁϯϣⲁ nem̄patiša | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲕ̄ϣⲁ nem̄patk̄ša | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉϣⲁ nem̄pateša | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧϥ̄ϣⲁ nem̄patf̄ša | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲥ̄ϣⲁ nem̄pats̄ša | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ nem̄patn̄ša | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ nem̄patetn̄ša | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩϣⲁ nem̄patouša | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ϣⲁ nem̄pate- ša |
| aorist | basic | affirmative | ϣⲁⲓ̈ϣⲁ šaïša | ϣⲁⲕϣⲁ šakša | ϣⲁⲣⲉϣⲁ šareša | ϣⲁϥϣⲁ šafša | ϣⲁⲥϣⲁ šasša | ϣⲁⲛϣⲁ šanša | ϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ šatetn̄ša | ϣⲁⲩϣⲁ šauša | ϣⲁⲣⲉ- ϣⲁ šare- ša |
| aorist | basic | negative | ⲙⲉⲓ̈ϣⲁ meïša | ⲙⲉⲕϣⲁ mekša | ⲙⲉⲣⲉϣⲁ mereša | ⲙⲉϥϣⲁ mefša | ⲙⲉⲥϣⲁ mesša | ⲙⲉⲛϣⲁ menša | ⲙⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ metetn̄ša | ⲙⲉⲩϣⲁ meuša | ⲙⲉⲣⲉ- ϣⲁ mere- ša |
| aorist | circumstantial | affirmative | ⲉϣⲁⲓ̈ϣⲁ ešaïša | ⲉϣⲁⲕϣⲁ ešakša | ⲉϣⲁⲣⲉϣⲁ ešareša | ⲉϣⲁϥϣⲁ ešafša | ⲉϣⲁⲥϣⲁ ešasša | ⲉϣⲁⲛϣⲁ ešanša | ⲉϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ ešatetn̄ša | ⲉϣⲁⲩϣⲁ ešauša | ⲉϣⲁⲣⲉ- ϣⲁ ešare- ša |
| aorist | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙⲉⲓ̈ϣⲁ emeïša | ⲉⲙⲉⲕϣⲁ emekša | ⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉϣⲁ emereša | ⲉⲙⲉϥϣⲁ emefša | ⲉⲙⲉⲥϣⲁ emesša | ⲉⲙⲉⲛϣⲁ emenša | ⲉⲙⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ emetetn̄ša | ⲉⲙⲉⲩϣⲁ emeuša | ⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉ- ϣⲁ emere- ša |
| aorist | relative | affirmative | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲓ̈ϣⲁ, ⲉϣⲁⲓ̈ϣⲁ etešaïša, ešaïša | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲕϣⲁ, ⲉϣⲁⲕϣⲁ etešakša, ešakša | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲣⲉϣⲁ, ⲉϣⲁⲣⲉϣⲁ etešareša, ešareša | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁϥϣⲁ, ⲉϣⲁϥϣⲁ etešafša, ešafša | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲥϣⲁ, ⲉϣⲁⲥϣⲁ etešasša, ešasša | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲛϣⲁ, ⲉϣⲁⲛϣⲁ etešanša, ešanša | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ, ⲉϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ etešatetn̄ša, ešatetn̄ša | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲩϣⲁ, ⲉϣⲁⲩϣⲁ etešauša, ešauša | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲣⲉ- ϣⲁ, ⲉϣⲁⲣⲉ- ϣⲁ etešare- ša, ešare- ša |
| aorist | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲓ̈ϣⲁ etemeïša | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲕϣⲁ etemekša | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉϣⲁ etemereša | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉϥϣⲁ etemefša | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲥϣⲁ etemesša | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲛϣⲁ etemenša | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ etemetetn̄ša | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲩϣⲁ etemeuša | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉ- ϣⲁ etemere- ša |
| aorist | preterite | affirmative | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲓ̈ϣⲁ nešaïša | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲕϣⲁ nešakša | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲣⲉϣⲁ nešareša | ⲛⲉϣⲁϥϣⲁ nešafša | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲥϣⲁ nešasša | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲛϣⲁ nešanša | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ nešatetn̄ša | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲩϣⲁ nešauša | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲣⲉ- ϣⲁ nešare- ša |
| aorist | preterite | negative | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲓ̈ϣⲁ nemeïša | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲕϣⲁ nemekša | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉϣⲁ nemereša | ⲛⲉⲙⲉϥϣⲁ nemefša | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲥϣⲁ nemesša | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲛϣⲁ nemenša | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ nemetetn̄ša | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲩϣⲁ nemeuša | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉ- ϣⲁ nemere- ša |
| aorist | focalising | affirmative | ⲉⲙⲉⲓ̈ϣⲁ emeïša | ⲉⲙⲉⲕϣⲁ emekša | ⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉϣⲁ emereša | ⲉⲙⲉϥϣⲁ emefša | ⲉⲙⲉⲥϣⲁ emesša | ⲉⲙⲉⲛϣⲁ emenša | ⲉⲙⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ emetetn̄ša | ⲉⲙⲉⲩϣⲁ emeuša | ⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉ- ϣⲁ emere- ša |
| optative | basic | affirmative | ⲉⲓ̈ⲉϣⲁ eïeša | ⲉⲕⲉϣⲁ ekeša | ⲉⲣⲉϣⲁ ereša | ⲉϥⲉϣⲁ efeša | ⲉⲥⲉϣⲁ eseša | ⲉⲛⲉϣⲁ eneša | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛⲉϣⲁ etetneša | ⲉⲩⲉϣⲁ eueša | ⲉⲣⲉ- ϣⲁ ere- ša |
| optative | basic | negative | ⲛ̄ⲛⲁϣⲁ n̄naša | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲕϣⲁ n̄nekša | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉϣⲁ n̄neša | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉϥϣⲁ n̄nefša | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲥϣⲁ n̄nesša | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲛϣⲁ n̄nenša | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ n̄netn̄ša | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲩϣⲁ n̄neuša | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉ- ϣⲁ n̄ne- ša |
| jussive | basic | affirmative | ⲙⲁⲣⲓϣⲁ mariša | (use imperative) | (use imperative) | ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥϣⲁ marefša | ⲙⲁⲣⲉⲥϣⲁ maresša | ⲙⲁⲣⲛ̄ϣⲁ marn̄ša | (use imperative) | ⲙⲁⲣⲟⲩϣⲁ marouša | ⲙⲁⲣⲉ- ϣⲁ mare- ša |
| jussive | basic | negative | ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲁϣⲁ m̄pr̄traša | (use imperative) | (use imperative) | ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲉϥϣⲁ m̄pr̄trefša | ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲉⲥϣⲁ m̄pr̄tresša | ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲉⲛϣⲁ m̄pr̄trenša | (use imperative) | ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲉⲩϣⲁ m̄pr̄treuša | ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲉ- ϣⲁ m̄pr̄tre- ša |
| subordinate clause ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲟⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟϥ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲥ | ⲁⲛⲟⲛ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲱⲧⲛ̄ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ | - |
| conjunctive | conjunctive | conjunctive | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁϣⲁ, ⲧⲁϣⲁ n̄taša, taša | ⲛ̄ⲅϣⲁ, ⲛ̄ⲕϣⲁ n̄gša, n̄kša | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉϣⲁ n̄teša | ⲛ̄ϥϣⲁ n̄fša | ⲛ̄ⲥϣⲁ n̄sša | ⲛ̄ⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ n̄tn̄ša | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ n̄tetn̄ša | ⲛ̄ⲥⲉϣⲁ n̄seša | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ- ϣⲁ n̄te- ša |
| future conjunctive | future conjunctive | future conjunctive | ⲧⲁⲣⲓϣⲁ tariša | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲕϣⲁ tarekša | ⲧⲁⲣⲉϣⲁ tareša | ⲧⲁⲣⲉϥϣⲁ tarefša | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲥϣⲁ taresša | ⲧⲁⲣⲛ̄ϣⲁ tarn̄ša | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ taretn̄ša | ⲧⲁⲣⲟⲩϣⲁ tarouša | ⲧⲁⲣⲉ- ϣⲁ tare- ša |
| precursive | precursive | precursive | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲓϣⲁ n̄teriša | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉⲕϣⲁ n̄terekša | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉϣⲁ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉⲣϣⲁ n̄tereša, n̄tererša | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉϥϣⲁ n̄terefša | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉⲥϣⲁ n̄teresša | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲛ̄ϣⲁ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉⲛϣⲁ n̄tern̄ša, n̄terenša | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ n̄teretn̄ša | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲟⲩϣⲁ n̄terouša | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉ- ϣⲁ n̄tere- ša |
| limitative | limitative | limitative | ϣⲁⲛϯϣⲁ šantiša | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲕ̄ϣⲁ šantk̄ša | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉϣⲁ šanteša | ϣⲁⲛⲧϥ̄ϣⲁ šantf̄ša | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲥ̄ϣⲁ šants̄ša | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ šantn̄ša | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ šantetn̄ša | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲟⲩϣⲁ šantouša | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉ- ϣⲁ šante- ša |
| conditional | long | long | ⲉⲓ̈ϣⲁⲛϣⲁ eïšanša | ⲉⲕϣⲁⲛϣⲁ ekšanša | ⲉⲣϣⲁⲛϣⲁ, ⲉⲣⲉϣⲁⲛϣⲁ eršanša, erešanša | ⲉϥϣⲁⲛϣⲁ efšanša | ⲉⲥϣⲁⲛϣⲁ esšanša | ⲉⲛϣⲁⲛϣⲁ enšanša | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁⲛϣⲁ etetn̄šanša | ⲉⲩϣⲁⲛϣⲁ eušanša | ⲉⲣϣⲁⲛ- ϣⲁ eršan- ša |
| conditional | short | short | ⲉⲓ̈ϣⲁ eïša | ⲉⲕϣⲁ ekša | ⲉⲣⲉϣⲁ ereša | ⲉϥϣⲁ efša | ⲉⲥϣⲁ esša | ⲉⲛϣⲁ enša | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁ etetn̄ša | ⲉⲩϣⲁ euša | ⲉⲣⲉ- ϣⲁ ere- ša |
| negated with | negated with | negated with | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- |

### References

* Crum, Walter E. (1939) A Coptic Dictionary‎, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, pages 542, 543
* Černý, Jaroslav (1976) Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 206
* TLA lemma no. C5679 (ϣⲁ), in: Coptic Dictionary Online, ed. by the Koptische/Coptic Electronic Language and Literature International Alliance (KELLIA),
* TLA lemma no. C5691 (ϣⲁ), in: Coptic Dictionary Online, ed. by the Koptische/Coptic Electronic Language and Literature International Alliance (KELLIA),