# 進化
## Chinese
### Etymology

Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 進(しん)化(か) (shinka).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jìnhuà
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄣˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zeon$^3$ faa$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chin-fa
* Eastern Min (BUC): céng-huá
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chìn-hòa
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$cin-ho
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jìnhuà
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jìnhuà
*** Wade–Giles: chin$^4$-hua$^4$
*** Yale: jìn-hwà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jinnhuah
*** Palladius: цзиньхуа (czinʹxua)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕin⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zeon$^3$ faa$^3$
*** Yale: jeun fa
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzoen$^3$ faa$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zên$^3$ fa$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɵn³³ faː³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chin-fa
*** Hakka Romanization System: jin fa
*** Hagfa Pinyim: jin$^4$ fa$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sin⁵⁵ fa⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: céng-huá
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ $^{(h-)}$ŋuɑ²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chìn-hòa
*** Tâi-lô: tsìn-huà
*** Phofsit Daibuun: cienhoax
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sin²¹⁻⁵³ hua²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sin⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hua⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sin²¹⁻⁵³ hua²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sin¹¹⁻⁵³ hua¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sin²¹⁻⁴¹ hua²¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$cin-ho
*** MiniDict: cin$^去$ ho
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$jin-ho
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕin³³ ho⁴⁴/

### Verb

進化
* to evolve

#### Synonyms

* 演化 (yǎnhuà)
* 衍化 (yǎnhuà)

#### Antonyms

* 退化 (tuìhuà)

#### Derived terms

* 進化論／进化论 (jìnhuàlùn)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 進 | 化 |
| しん Grade: 3 | か Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しんか [shíꜜǹkà] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɕĩŋka̠]

### Noun

進(しん)化(か) • (shinka)
* evolution

#### Antonyms

* 退(たい)化(か) (taika): degeneration

### Verb

進(しん)化(か)する • (shinka suru) suru (stem 進(しん)化(か)し (shinka shi), past 進(しん)化(か)した (shinka shita))
* to evolve

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 進化し | しんかし | shinka shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 進化し | しんかし | shinka shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 進化する | しんかする | shinka suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 進化する | しんかする | shinka suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 進化すれ | しんかすれ | shinka sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 進化せよ¹ 進化しろ² | しんかせよ¹ しんかしろ² | shinka seyo¹ shinka shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 進化される | しんかされる | shinka sareru |
| Causative | 進化させる 進化さす | しんかさせる しんかさす | shinka saseru shinka sasu |
| Potential | 進化できる | しんかできる | shinka dekiru |
| Volitional | 進化しよう | しんかしよう | shinka shiyō |
| Negative | 進化しない | しんかしない | shinka shinai |
| Negative continuative | 進化せず | しんかせず | shinka sezu |
| Formal | 進化します | しんかします | shinka shimasu |
| Perfective | 進化した | しんかした | shinka shita |
| Conjunctive | 進化して | しんかして | shinka shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 進化すれば | しんかすれば | shinka sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### Descendants

* → Chinese: 進化／进化 (jìnhuà)
* → Korean: 진화 (jinhwa)
* → Vietnamese: tiến hoá

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 進 | 化 |

### Noun

進化 • (jinhwa) (hangeul 진화)
* hanja form of 진화 (“evolution”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 進 | 化 |

### Noun

進化
* chữ Hán form of tiến hoá (“evolution”).

### Verb

進化
* chữ Hán form of tiến hoá (“to evolve”).