# 硬化
## Chinese

* 硬化

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yìnghuà
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄥˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ngaang$^6$ faa$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ngang-fa
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ngǐ-hòa / ngī-hòa / ngē-hòa / ngēe-hòa
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yìnghuà
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄥˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yìnghuà
*** Wade–Giles: ying$^4$-hua$^4$
*** Yale: yìng-hwà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yinqhuah
*** Palladius: инхуа (inxua)
*** Sinological IPA : /iŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngaang$^6$ faa$^3$
*** Yale: ngaahng fa
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngaang$^6$ faa$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ngang$^6$ fa$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋaːŋ²² faː³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngang-fa
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngang fa
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngang$^4$ fa$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋaŋ⁵⁵ fa⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngǐ-hòa
*** Tâi-lô: ngǐ-huà
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ŋĩ²² hua⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Taipei, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngī-hòa
*** Tâi-lô: ngī-huà
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ngixhoax
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ŋĩ²²⁻²¹ hua²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ŋĩ³³⁻¹¹ hua¹¹/
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngē-hòa
*** Tâi-lô: ngē-huà
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ngexhoax
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ŋẽ³³⁻²¹ hua²¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngēe-hòa
*** Tâi-lô: ngēe-huà
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ŋɛ̃²²⁻²¹ hua²¹/

### Verb

硬化
* to harden; to become hard
* (figurative) to become rigid or inflexible

### Noun

硬化
* (pathology) sclerosis

#### Derived terms

* 動脈硬化／动脉硬化 (dòngmài yìnghuà)
* 動脈粥樣硬化／动脉粥样硬化 (dòngmài zhōuyàng yìnghuà)
* 多發性硬化／多发性硬化 (duōfāxìng yìnghuà)
* 硬化症 (yìnghuàzhèng)
* 肝硬化 (gānyìnghuà)
* 血管硬化 (xuèguǎn yìnghuà)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 硬 | 化 |
| こう Grade: S | か Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こーか [kòóká] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) こーか [kóꜜòkà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ko̞ːka̠]

### Noun

硬(こう)化(か) • (kōka)
* hardening
* (medicine) sclerosis

#### Antonyms

* 軟化(なんか) (nanka)

### Verb

硬(こう)化(か)する • (kōka suru) intransitive suru (stem 硬(こう)化(か)し (kōka shi), past 硬(こう)化(か)した (kōka shita))
* to harden
* to freeze
* to cure, become hard
* (medicine) to sclerose

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 硬化し | こうかし | kōka shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 硬化し | こうかし | kōka shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 硬化する | こうかする | kōka suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 硬化する | こうかする | kōka suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 硬化すれ | こうかすれ | kōka sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 硬化せよ¹ 硬化しろ² | こうかせよ¹ こうかしろ² | kōka seyo¹ kōka shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 硬化される | こうかされる | kōka sareru |
| Causative | 硬化させる 硬化さす | こうかさせる こうかさす | kōka saseru kōka sasu |
| Potential | 硬化できる | こうかできる | kōka dekiru |
| Volitional | 硬化しよう | こうかしよう | kōka shiyō |
| Negative | 硬化しない | こうかしない | kōka shinai |
| Negative continuative | 硬化せず | こうかせず | kōka sezu |
| Formal | 硬化します | こうかします | kōka shimasu |
| Perfective | 硬化した | こうかした | kōka shita |
| Conjunctive | 硬化して | こうかして | kōka shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 硬化すれば | こうかすれば | kōka sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 硬 | 化 |

### Noun

硬化 • (gyeonghwa) (hangeul 경화)
* hanja form of 경화