# نیشتر
## Ottoman Turkish
### Alternative forms

* نشتر (neşter)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Persian نیشتر (ništar, “lancet”).

### Noun

نیشتر • (nişter, neşter)
* lancet, fleam, a two-edged surgical instrument used in venesection
    Synonym: مفصد (mifsad)

#### Derived terms

* آت نیشتری (at neşteri, “farrier's lancet”)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: neşter
* → Albanian: neshter
* → Armenian: նէշտէր (nēštēr)
* → Greek: νυστέρι (nystéri)
* → Romanian: nișter

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “neşter”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 3529
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “نیشتر”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 1295
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Phlebotomon”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 1297
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “نیشتر”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 5301
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “neşter”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “نیشتر”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 2117

## Persian
### Alternative forms

* نشتر (neštar)

### Etymology

Formed with a base ultimately going back to Proto-Indo-Iranian *náyȷ́žʰam.
Akin to Middle Iranian borrowings: Old Armenian նիշտր (ništr), նշտրակ (nštrak), and Classical Syriac ܐܫܬܪܟܐ (/⁠ˀštrkˀ⁠/) to be emended to ܢܫܬܪܟܐ* (/⁠*nštrkˀ⁠/).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [niːʃ.ˈtaɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [niːʃ.t̪ʰǽɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [niːʃ.t̪ʰǽɾ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [niːʃ.t̪ʰǽɾ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [niʃ.t̪ʰǽɾ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [niːʃ.t̪ʰǽɹ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [niʃ.t̪ʰǽɾ]

### Noun

نیشتر • (ništar)
* lancet

#### Related terms

* نیش (niš)

#### Descendants

* → Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܢܫܬܪ (naštār)
* → Azerbaijani: neştər
* → Georgian: ნესტარი (nesṭari)
* → Kurdish:
    Northern Kurdish: niştir, neşter, niştir, nişter, niştêr
    Central Kurdish: نەشتەر (neşter)
* → Middle Armenian: նշտար (nštar)
** Armenian: նշտար (nštar)
* → Ottoman Turkish: نیشتر (nişter), نشتر (neşter)
** Turkish: neşter
** → Albanian: neshter
** → Armenian: նէշտէր (nēštēr)
** → Greek: νυστέρι (nystéri)
** → Romanian: nișter
* → Pashto: نشتر (naštár), نيشتر (ništár)
* → Udi: ништӏар (nišṭar)

### References

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1977) “նշտիր”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume III, Yerevan: University Press, pages 462–463
* Bailey, H. W. (1979) Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 193
* Edelʹman, D. I. (2015) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume V, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 445
* Gippert, Jost (1993) Iranica Armeno-Iberica: Studien zu den iranischen Lehnwörtern im Armenischen und Georgischen (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-historische Klasse. Sitzungsberichte; 606. Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Iranistik; 26) (in German), Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, page 203
* Horn, Paul (1893) Grundriss der neupersischen Etymologie (in German), Strasbourg: K.J. Trübner, § 1067, page 238
* Hübschmann, Heinrich (1900) “Zur persischen lautlehre”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung‎ (in German), volume 36, number 2, pages 163–164
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “نیشتر”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul, page 1403
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “نیشتر”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul, page 1442