# 減刑
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiǎnxíng
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢˇ ㄒㄧㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gaam$^2$ jing$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kiám-hêng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): giam$^2$ hêng$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiǎnxíng
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢˇ ㄒㄧㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiǎnsíng
*** Wade–Giles: chien$^3$-hsing$^2$
*** Yale: jyǎn-syíng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jeanshyng
*** Palladius: цзяньсин (czjanʹsin)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕiŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gaam$^2$ jing$^4$
*** Yale: gáam yìhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gaam$^2$ jing$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gam$^2$ ying$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaːm³⁵ jɪŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiám-hêng
*** Tâi-lô: kiám-hîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiafmheeng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kiam⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiam⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hiɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiam⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiam⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiam⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: giam$^2$ hêng$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiám hêng
*** Sinological IPA : /kiam⁵²⁻³⁵ heŋ⁵⁵/

### Verb

減刑
* (law) to mitigate a sentence; to lower a penalty

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 減刑(げんけい) (genkei)
* → Korean: 감형(減刑) (gamhyeong)
* → Vietnamese: giảm hình (減刑)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 減 | 刑 |
| げん Grade: 5 | けい Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

Compound of 減 (gen, “to reduce”) +‎ 刑 (kei, “penalty”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) げんけー [gèńkéé] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɡẽ̞ŋke̞ː]

### Noun

減(げん)刑(けい) • (genkei)
* (law) lowering a penalty; commutation
** 1947, 恩(おん)赦(しゃ)法(ほう)‎, archived from the original on 31 January 2021:
    大(たい)赦(しゃ)、特(とく)赦(しゃ)、減(げん)刑(けい)、刑(けい)の執(しっ)行(こう)の免(めん)除(じょ)及(およ)び復(ふっ)権(けん)については、この法(ほう)律(りつ)の定(さだ)めるところによる。
       Taisha, tokusha, genkei, kei no shikkō no menjo oyobi fukken ni tsuite wa, kono hōritsu no sadameru tokoro ni yoru.
       General pardons, special pardons, commutations of sentence, exemptions from the execution of sentences, and restorations of rights are governed by this Act.

### Verb

減(げん)刑(けい)する • (genkei suru) suru (stem 減(げん)刑(けい)し (genkei shi), past 減(げん)刑(けい)した (genkei shita))
* (law) to lower a penalty; to commutate

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 減刑し | げんけいし | genkei shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 減刑し | げんけいし | genkei shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 減刑する | げんけいする | genkei suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 減刑する | げんけいする | genkei suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 減刑すれ | げんけいすれ | genkei sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 減刑せよ¹ 減刑しろ² | げんけいせよ¹ げんけいしろ² | genkei seyo¹ genkei shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 減刑される | げんけいされる | genkei sareru |
| Causative | 減刑させる 減刑さす | げんけいさせる げんけいさす | genkei saseru genkei sasu |
| Potential | 減刑できる | げんけいできる | genkei dekiru |
| Volitional | 減刑しよう | げんけいしよう | genkei shiyō |
| Negative | 減刑しない | げんけいしない | genkei shinai |
| Negative continuative | 減刑せず | げんけいせず | genkei sezu |
| Formal | 減刑します | げんけいします | genkei shimasu |
| Perfective | 減刑した | げんけいした | genkei shita |
| Conjunctive | 減刑して | げんけいして | genkei shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 減刑すれば | げんけいすれば | genkei sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 減 | 刑 |

### Verb

減刑
* chữ Hán form of giảm hình (“to mitigate a sentence; to lower a penalty”).