# 研究
## Chinese

* 研究 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 研究 (Cantonese)
* ngiên-kiu (Hakka)
* 研究 (Wu)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): yánjiū, yánjiù
       (Zhuyin): ㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄡ, ㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄡˋ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): янҗю (i͡anži͡u, I-I)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jin$^4$ gau$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngiên-kiu / ngiân-kiu
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngan$^1$ giu$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): ngiĕng-géu
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ngieng$^2$ giu$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): gián-kiù
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ngiêng$^5$ giu$^3$ / ngiang$^5$ giu$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$gni-cieu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yánjiū → yánjiu (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄡ → ㄧㄢˊ ˙ㄐㄧㄡ (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yánjio̊u
*** Wade–Giles: yen$^2$-chiu$^5$
*** Yale: yán-jyou
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yan.jiou
*** Palladius: яньцзю (janʹczju)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɛn³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/ → /jɛn³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i̯oʊ̯³/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yánjiù
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄡˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yánjiòu
*** Wade–Giles: yen$^2$-chiu$^4$
*** Yale: yán-jyòu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yanjiow
*** Palladius: яньцзю (janʹczju)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɛn³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: янҗю (i͡anži͡u, I-I)
*** Sinological IPA : /iæ̃²⁴ t͡ɕiou²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jin$^4$ gau$^3$
*** Yale: yìhn gau
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jin$^4$ gau$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yin$^4$ geo$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /jiːn²¹ kɐu̯³³/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiên-kiu
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngien$^ˊ$ giu
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngian$^1$ giu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯u⁵⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiân-kiu
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngian$^ˊ$ giu
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngian$^1$ giu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯an²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯u⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ngan$^1$ giu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋan⁴⁴ kiu⁴⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ngiĕng-géu
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋieŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ $^{(k-)}$ŋiɛu²¹³/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian, Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: ngieng$^2$ giu$^4$ [Phonetic: ngieng$^1$ ngiu$^4$]
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋiɛŋ¹³⁻⁵⁵ $^{(k-)}$ŋiu⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gián-kiù
*** Tâi-lô: gián-kiù
*** Phofsit Daibuun: giefnkiux
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡiɛn⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiu⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡiɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ngiêng$^5$ giu$^3$ / ngiang$^5$ giu$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngiêng kiù / ngiâng kiù
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋieŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kiu²¹³/, /ŋiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kiu²¹³/
* ngiêng5 giu3 - Chaozhou;
* ngiang5 giu3 - Shantou.
* Middle Chinese: ngenH kjuwH
Rime :
| Character | 研 | 究 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 先 (85) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | IV | III |
| Fanqie | 吾甸切 | 居祐切 |
| Baxter | ngenH | kjuwH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋen$^H$/ | /kɨu$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋen$^H$/ | /kiu$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋɛn$^H$/ | /kiəu$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋɛn$^H$/ | /kuw$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋen$^H$/ | /kiu$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋien$^H$/ | /kĭəu$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ŋien$^H$/ | /ki̯ə̯u$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yàn | jiù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jin$^6$ | gau$^3$ |

### Verb

研究
* (intransitive, transitive) to research; to study
    進行研究／进行研究 ― jìnxíng yánjiū ― to conduct research
    研究方向 ― yánjiū fāngxiàng ― research direction
    研究方法 ― yánjiū fāngfǎ ― research method
    研究成果 ― yánjiū chéngguǒ ― research findings
    科學研究／科学研究 ― kēxué yánjiū ― scientific research
    研究對象／研究对象 ― yánjiū duìxiàng ― research subject
    研究開發／研究开发 ― yánjiū kāifā ― to research and develop; to do R&D
* (transitive) to deliberate; to discuss; to investigate
       Zhège wèntí yǒudài yánjiū. [Pinyin]
       This problem requires discussion.

#### Synonyms

* (to research):
* 探討／探讨 (tàntǎo)
* 摳／抠 (kōu)
* 查考 (chákǎo)
* 研修 (yánxiū)
* 研習／研习 (yánxí)
* 研討／研讨 (yántǎo)
* 精研 (jīngyán) (formal)
* 細究／细究 (xìjiū)
* 考究
* 調查／调查 (diàochá)
* 鑽／钻
* 鑽研／钻研 (zuānyán)
* (to deliberate):
* 交涉 (jiāoshè)
* 傾／倾 (king$^1$) (Cantonese, informal)
* 協商／协商 (xiéshāng)
* 協議／协议 (xiéyì)
* 口語／口语 (kǒuyǔ) (archaic)
* 商榷 (shāngquè) (chiefly in an academic context)
* 商討／商讨 (shāngtǎo)
* 商談／商谈 (shāngtán)
* 商議／商议 (shāngyì)
* 商量 (shāngliang)
* 接接 (Hokkien)
* 接洽 (jiēqià) (formal)
* 插話／插话 (Hokkien)
* 會談／会谈 (huìtán)
* 槌摃鐵／槌𫼱铁 (Hokkien)
* 比接 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 洽商 (qiàshāng)
* 洽談／洽谈 (qiàtán)
* 申論／申论 (shēnlùn)
* 磋商 (cuōshāng) (formal)
* 磋議／磋议 (cuōyì)
* 磨合 (móhé) (figurative)
* 觸牙／触牙 (Hokkien)
* 言說／言说 (yánshuō) (formal)
* 言論／言论 (yánlùn)
* 言辭／言辞 (yáncí) (literary)
* 計謀／计谋 (jìmóu) (literary)
* 計議／计议 (jìyì) (literary)
* 計較／计较
* 討論／讨论 (tǎolùn)
* 評／评 (píng) (literary, or in compounds)
* 評論／评论 (pínglùn)
* 說／说
* 說合／说合 (shuōhé)
* 說道／说道 (shuōdao) (colloquial)
* 談判／谈判 (tánpàn)
* 談論／谈论 (tánlùn)
* 謀慮／谋虑 (móulǜ) (literary)
* 議／议 (yì)
* 議論／议论 (yìlùn)
* 錦議／锦议 (Hokkien)
* 闡論／阐论 (chǎnlùn) (literary)

#### Related terms

* 研製／研制 (yánzhì)

### Noun

研究
* (countable, uncountable) research; study; investigation (Classifier: 項／项 m)
    做一項研究／做一项研究 ― zuò yī xiàng yánjiū ― to conduct a research
    可行性研究 ― kěxíngxìng yánjiū ― feasibility study

#### Synonyms

* (investigation): 調查／调查 (diàochá)

### Derived terms

* 中央研究院
* 作業研究／作业研究
* 個案研究／个案研究 (gè'àn yánjiū)
* 區域研究／区域研究 (qūyù yánjiū)
* 女性研究 (nǚxìng yánjiū)
* 婦女研究／妇女研究 (fùnǚ yánjiū)
* 學術研究／学术研究
* 實證研究／实证研究 (shízhèng yánjiū)
* 底邊研究／底边研究 (dǐbiān yánjiū)
* 性別研究／性别研究 (xìngbié yánjiū)
* 捷克研究 (jiékè yánjiū)
* 文化研究 (wénhuà yánjiū)
* 案例研究 (ànlì yánjiū)
* 研究員／研究员 (yánjiūyuán)
* 研究室
* 研究局 (yánjiūjú)
* 研究所 (yánjiūsuǒ)
* 研究會／研究会 (yánjiūhuì)
* 研究生 (yánjiūshēng)
* 研究者 (yánjiūzhě)
* 研究金 (yánjiūjīn)
* 研究院 (yánjiūyuàn)
* 研討／研讨 (yántǎo)
* 社會研究／社会研究 (shèhuì yánjiū)
* 科學研究／科学研究 (kēxué yánjiū)
* 翻譯研究／翻译研究 (fānyì yánjiū)
* 通信研究員／通信研究员
* 郵票研究／邮票研究 (yóupiào yánjiū)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 研究(けんきゅう) (kenkyū)
* → Korean: 연구(硏究) (yeon'gu)
* → Vietnamese: nghiên cứu (研究)

### See also

* 為學／为学 (wéixué)
* 治學／治学 (zhìxué)
* 做學問／做学问 (zuò xuéwèn)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 研 | 究 |
| けん Grade: 3 | きゅう Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 硏究 (kyūjitai)

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 研究 (ngen *kiu$^H$?). Compare modern Hakka ngiên-kiu, Eastern Min ngiĕng-géu, Min Nan gián-kiù.
The original on'yomi for the first character 研 was gen, more closely matching the Chinese origins. For reasons unknown, the reading shifted from gen to a kan'yō yomi of ken.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) けんきゅう [kèńkyúú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kẽ̞ŋʲkʲɨː]

### Noun

研(けん)究(きゅう) • (kenkyū)
* a piece of research, a study, investigation
** 1928, 寺田寅彦, 雑感:
    間違(まちが)える事(こと)なしには研究(けんきゅう)は進(すす)められない。
       Machigaeru koto nashi ni wa kenkyū wa susumerarenai.
       Research cannot advance without mistakes along the way.

#### Derived terms

* 研究開発(けんきゅうかいはつ) (kenkyū kaihatsu)
* 研究生(けんきゅうせい) (kenkyūsei)
* 研究所(けんきゅうじょ) (kenkyūjo)
* 研究員(けんきゅういん) (kenkyūin)
* 研究者(けんきゅうしゃ) (kenkyūsha)

### Verb

研(けん)究(きゅう)する • (kenkyū suru) suru (stem 研(けん)究(きゅう)し (kenkyū shi), past 研(けん)究(きゅう)した (kenkyū shita))
* to research, to study
** 1931, 宮本百合子, 五ヵ年計画とソヴェトの芸術:
    これらの作品(さくひん)が研究(けんきゅう)された。
       Korera no sakuhin ga kenkyū sareta.
       These works have been studied.

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 研究し | けんきゅうし | kenkyū shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 研究し | けんきゅうし | kenkyū shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 研究する | けんきゅうする | kenkyū suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 研究する | けんきゅうする | kenkyū suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 研究すれ | けんきゅうすれ | kenkyū sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 研究せよ¹ 研究しろ² | けんきゅうせよ¹ けんきゅうしろ² | kenkyū seyo¹ kenkyū shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 研究される | けんきゅうされる | kenkyū sareru |
| Causative | 研究させる 研究さす | けんきゅうさせる けんきゅうさす | kenkyū saseru kenkyū sasu |
| Potential | 研究できる | けんきゅうできる | kenkyū dekiru |
| Volitional | 研究しよう | けんきゅうしよう | kenkyū shiyō |
| Negative | 研究しない | けんきゅうしない | kenkyū shinai |
| Negative continuative | 研究せず | けんきゅうせず | kenkyū sezu |
| Formal | 研究します | けんきゅうします | kenkyū shimasu |
| Perfective | 研究した | けんきゅうした | kenkyū shita |
| Conjunctive | 研究して | けんきゅうして | kenkyū shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 研究すれば | けんきゅうすれば | kenkyū sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
   * Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
   * 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 研 | 究 |

### Noun

研究 • (yeon'gu) (hangeul 연구)
* Alternative form of 硏究 (“research”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 研 | 究 |

### Verb

研究
* chữ Hán form of nghiên cứu (“to research”).