# 挫折
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): cuòzhé
    (Zhuyin): ㄘㄨㄛˋ ㄓㄜˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): co$^3$ zit$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhò-chiat / chhò͘-chiat
    (Teochew, Peng'im): co$^5$ zih$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: cuòzhé
*** Zhuyin: ㄘㄨㄛˋ ㄓㄜˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cuòjhé
*** Wade–Giles: tsʻo$^4$-chê$^2$
*** Yale: tswò-jé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsuohjer
*** Palladius: цочжэ (cočžɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰu̯ɔ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂɤ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: co$^3$ zit$^3$
*** Yale: cho jit
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tso$^3$ dzit$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: co$^3$ jid$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɔː³³ t͡siːt̚³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhò-chiat
*** Tâi-lô: tshò-tsiat
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhoirciad
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰo⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siɛt̚⁵/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰo²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɛt̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhò͘-chiat
*** Tâi-lô: tshòo-tsiat
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhorciad
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siɛt̚⁵/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: co$^5$ zih$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshô tsih
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siʔ²/

### Verb

挫折
* to encounter difficulties; to frustrate; to set back
* to discourage; to dampen

#### Synonyms

* (to encounter difficulties):
* 失利 (shīlì)
* 失敗／失败 (shībài)
* 未成功 (wèi chénggōng)
* 砸 (zá) (colloquial)
* 破產／破产 (pòchǎn)
* 跌倒 (diēdǎo)

### Noun

挫折
* setback; obstacle; frustration
       Tā shòu yīdiǎn cuòzhé jiù chuítóusàngqì le. [Pinyin]
       He became frustrated after experiencing a little setback.

#### Synonyms

* 波折 (bōzhé)
* (Hokkien) 撞突

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 挫 | 折 |
| ざ Grade: S | せつ Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ざせつ [zàsétsú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [d͡za̠se̞t͡sɨ]

### Noun

挫(ざ)折(せつ) • (zasetsu)
* setback
* frustration

### Verb

挫(ざ)折(せつ)する • (zasetsu suru) suru (stem 挫(ざ)折(せつ)し (zasetsu shi), past 挫(ざ)折(せつ)した (zasetsu shita))
* fall through
** 1943, 海野十三, 宇宙尖兵:
    折角(せっかく)の計画(けいかく)が挫折(ざせつ)することは人類(じんるい)にとって一大損失(いちだいそんしつ)だ。
       Sekkaku no keikaku ga zasetsu suru koto wa jinrui ni totte ichidai sonshitsu da.
       The failure of this much-awaited plan represents an enormous loss to humankind.
* be frustrated

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 挫折し | ざせつし | zasetsu shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 挫折し | ざせつし | zasetsu shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 挫折する | ざせつする | zasetsu suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 挫折する | ざせつする | zasetsu suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 挫折すれ | ざせつすれ | zasetsu sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 挫折せよ¹ 挫折しろ² | ざせつせよ¹ ざせつしろ² | zasetsu seyo¹ zasetsu shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 挫折される | ざせつされる | zasetsu sareru |
| Causative | 挫折させる 挫折さす | ざせつさせる ざせつさす | zasetsu saseru zasetsu sasu |
| Potential | 挫折できる | ざせつできる | zasetsu dekiru |
| Volitional | 挫折しよう | ざせつしよう | zasetsu shiyō |
| Negative | 挫折しない | ざせつしない | zasetsu shinai |
| Negative continuative | 挫折せず | ざせつせず | zasetsu sezu |
| Formal | 挫折します | ざせつします | zasetsu shimasu |
| Perfective | 挫折した | ざせつした | zasetsu shita |
| Conjunctive | 挫折して | ざせつして | zasetsu shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 挫折すれば | ざせつすれば | zasetsu sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 挫 | 折 |

### Noun

挫折 • (jwajeol) (hangeul 좌절)
* hanja form of 좌절 (“frustration; setback”)