# 緩

| 緩 | U+7DE9, &#32233; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7DE9 |
| ← 編 [U+7DE8] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 緪 → [U+7DEA] |

## Translingual
### Han character

緩 (Kangxi radical 120, 糸+9, 15 strokes, cangjie input 女火月一水 (VFBME), four-corner 2294$_7$, composition ⿰糹爰)

#### Derived characters

* 藧, 𥶍

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 931, character 12
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27669
* Dae Jaweon: page 1369, character 14
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3429, character 10
* Unihan data for U+7DE9

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 暖 | *noːnʔ |
| 煖 | *noːnʔ, *qʰʷan |
| 喛 | *qʰʷaːns, *qʰʷan |
| 緩 | *ɢʷaːnʔ |
| 鰀 | *ɢʷaːnʔ |
| 嵈 | *ɢʷaːnʔ |
| 鍰 | *ɢʷraːn |
| 湲 | *ɢʷan |
| 媛 | *ɢʷans, *ɢʷan |
| 瑗 | *ɢʷans |
| 援 | *ɢʷans, *ɢʷan |
| 褑 | *ɢʷans |
| 諼 | *qʰʷan, *qʰʷanʔ |
| 愋 | *qʰʷan |
| 楥 | *qʰʷans |
| 爰 | *ɢʷan |
| 鶢 | *ɢʷan |
| 蝯 | *ɢʷan |
| 猨 | *ɢʷan |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷaːnʔ) : semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 爰 (OC *ɢʷan).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): huǎn (huan$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄢˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): huan$^3$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): wun$^6$ / wun$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): fon$^5$
* Gan (Wiktionary): fon$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): fon / fón
    (Meixian, Guangdong): fon$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): huan$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): hūing
* Eastern Min (BUC): huâng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): huang$^5$ / huong$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hoǎn / hoān / oǎn / oān
    (Teochew, Peng'im): huêng$^2$ / huang$^2$ / mang$^7$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$uoe
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): honn$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: huǎn
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄢˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: huǎn
*** Wade–Giles: huan$^3$
*** Yale: hwǎn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hoan
*** Palladius: хуань (xuanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xu̯än²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: huan$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xuan
*** Sinological IPA : /xuan⁵³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wun$^6$ / wun$^4$
*** Yale: wuhn / wùhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wun$^6$ / wun$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wun$^6$ / wun$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /wuːn²²/, /wuːn²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: fon$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /fᵘɔn³²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: fon$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɵn²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fon / fón
*** Hakka Romanization System: fon / fon$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fon$^4$ / fon$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /fon⁵⁵/, /fon³¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: fon$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /fɔn⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: huan$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /xuæ̃⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hūing
*** Sinological IPA : /xuiŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: huâng
*** Sinological IPA : /huɑŋ²⁴²/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: huang$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /huaŋ²¹/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: huong$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /huoŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoǎn
*** Tâi-lô: huǎn
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /huan²²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoān
*** Tâi-lô: huān
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoan
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /huan²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: oǎn
*** Tâi-lô: uǎn
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /uan²²/
*** IPA (Jinjiang): /uan³³/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: oān
*** Tâi-lô: uān
*** Phofsit Daibuun: oan
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /uan²²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /uan³³/
* hoǎn/hoān - literary;
* oǎn/oān - vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit緩 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /xuan²¹⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /xuan²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /xuan¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /xuã⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /xuã⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /xuan⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /xuã⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /xuã⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /xuan⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /xuɛ̃n⁴⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /xuan⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /xuan⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /xuan⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /xuan⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /xuã̠⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /xuaŋ²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /xʊ̃²⁴/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /xuæ̃⁵³/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /xuɑŋ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /xuæ̃⁵³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /uø³⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /uø⁵¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ʔuõ⁵³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /jy³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /xuɛ³⁵/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /xuːə³¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /xõ⁴¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ɦɔn⁴²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /fɵn²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /fan¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /fon⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /wun²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /wun³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /wun²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /huan²²/ /uan²²/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /huɑŋ²⁴²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /xuiŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /maŋ³¹/ 訓讀 |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /nuaŋ³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: hwanX
Rime :
| Character | 緩 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 桓 (62) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 胡管切 |
| Baxter | hwanX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦuɑn$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦʷɑn$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣuɑn$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦwan$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣuɑn$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣuɑn$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ɣuɑn$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | huàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wun$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷˤa[n]ʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷaːnʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 緩 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | huǎn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hwan$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɢ]ʷˁa[n]ʔ/ |
| English | slack; slow |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 緩 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 16160 |
| Phonetic component | 爰 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 緩 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷaːnʔ/ |

### Definitions

緩
* loose; slack
* relaxed; not tense
* slow; leisurely; unhurried
* to postpone; to delay; to have a pause
* to recuperate; to revive
* a surname

#### Synonyms

* (relaxed): 寬鬆／宽松 (kuānsōng), 輕鬆／轻松 (qīngsōng)
* (slow): 慢 (màn)
* (to postpone):
* 展緩／展缓 (zhǎnhuǎn)
* 延宕 (yándàng) (literary)
* 延延 (Hokkien)
* 延後／延后 (yánhòu)
* 延期 (yánqī)
* 延緩／延缓 (yánhuǎn)
* 延誤／延误 (yánwù)
* 延遲／延迟 (yánchí)
* 拖 (tuō)
* 拖宕 (tuōdàng)
* 拖延 (tuōyán)
* 拖拉 (tuōlā)
* 拖磨 (tuōmó) (literary)
* 拖逗 (tuōdòu) (literary)
* 挨 (ái)
* 挨延 (Hokkien)
* 挨稽 (Hokkien)
* 挨臺／挨台 (ngai$^2$ tai$^2$) (Sichuanese)
* 推宕 (tuīdàng) (literary)
* 推延 (tuīyán)
* 捱延 (Hokkien)
* 捱稽 (Hokkien)
* 推遲／推迟 (tuīchí)
* 暫緩／暂缓 (zànhuǎn)
* 稽延 (jīyán) (literary)
* 耗 (regional)
* 耽延 (dānyán)
* 耽擱／耽搁
* 耽誤／耽误
* 貽誤／贻误 (yíwù)
* 遷延／迁延 (qiānyán) (literary)
* 遲延／迟延 (chíyán)
* 遲滯／迟滞 (chízhì)
* 遲誤／迟误 (chíwù) (formal)
* 順延／顺延 (shùnyán)

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “slow”): 急 (jí)
* (antonym(s) of “to postpone”):
* 提前 (tíqián)
* 提早 (tízǎo)
* 進前／进前 (Hokkien)

### Compounds

* 事緩則圓／事缓则圆
* 刻不容緩／刻不容缓 (kèbùrónghuǎn)
* 和緩／和缓 (héhuǎn)
* 嘽緩／啴缓 (chǎnhuǎn)
* 坦緩／坦缓
* 展緩／展缓 (zhǎnhuǎn)
* 平流緩進／平流缓进
* 平緩／平缓 (pínghuǎn)
* 延緩／延缓 (yánhuǎn)
* 弛緩／弛缓 (chíhuǎn, shǐhuǎn)
* 徐緩／徐缓
* 怠緩／怠缓
* 急脈緩受／急脉缓受
* 放緩／放缓 (fànghuǎn)
* 暫緩／暂缓 (zànhuǎn)
* 減緩／减缓 (jiǎnhuǎn)
* 緩一步／缓一步
* 緩不濟急／缓不济急 (huǎnbùjìjí)
* 緩兵之計／缓兵之计 (huǎnbīngzhījì)
* 緩刑／缓刑 (huǎnxíng)
* 緩勁／缓劲
* 緩勁兒／缓劲儿
* 緩化劑／缓化剂
* 緩召／缓召
* 緩和／缓和 (huǎnhé)
* 緩和劑／缓和剂
* 緩坡／缓坡
* 緩帶／缓带
* 緩役／缓役
* 緩徵／缓征
* 緩性／缓性
* 緩急／缓急 (huǎnjí)
* 緩急相濟／缓急相济
* 緩急輕重／缓急轻重
* 緩悠悠／缓悠悠
* 緩慢／缓慢 (huǎnmàn)
* 緩期／缓期 (huǎnqī)
* 緩步／缓步 (huǎnbù)
* 緩步代車／缓步代车
* 緩步徐行／缓步徐行
* 緩步細搖／缓步细摇
* 緩氣／缓气
* 緩決／缓决
* 緩瀉／缓泻
* 緩緩／缓缓 (huǎnhuǎn)
* 緩緩／缓缓
* 緩緩而行／缓缓而行
* 緩行／缓行 (huǎnxíng)
* 緩衝／缓冲 (huǎnchōng)
* 緩衝區／缓冲区 (huǎnchōngqū)
* 緩衝地帶／缓冲地带
* 緩解／缓解 (huǎnjiě)
* 緩議／缓议
* 緩限／缓限
* 緩韁／缓缰
* 緩頰／缓颊
* 舒緩／舒缓 (shūhuǎn)
* 趨緩／趋缓 (qūhuǎn)
* 蹇緩／蹇缓
* 輕裘緩帶／轻裘缓带
* 輕重緩急／轻重缓急 (qīngzhònghuǎnjí)
* 迂緩／迂缓
* 遲緩／迟缓 (chíhuǎn)
* 闡緩／阐缓
* 陰緩／阴缓

### References

* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “缓”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 93.

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 緩 |
| Kyūjitai | 緩󠄁 緩+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 緩󠄃 緩+&#xE0103; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* loose
* slow
* loosen, relax
* slacken, slow down

#### Readings

* Go-on: がん (gan)
* Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
* Kun: ゆるい (yurui, 緩い, Jōyō)、ゆるむ (yurumu, 緩む, Jōyō)、ゆるめる (yurumeru, 緩める, Jōyō)、ゆるやか (yuruyaka, 緩やか, Jōyō)、ゆっくり (yukkuri)
* Nanori: のぶ (nobu)、ひろ (hiro)、ふさ (fusa)、やす (yasu)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 緩
* かん Grade: S
* kan'on
From Middle Chinese 緩 (MC hwanX).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かん [káꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [kã̠ɴ]

### Adjective

緩(かん) • (kan) -na (adnominal 緩(かん)な (kan na), adverbial 緩(かん)に (kan ni))
* slow; sluggish

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 緩だろ | かんだろ | kan daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 緩で | かんで | kan de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 緩だ | かんだ | kan da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 緩な | かんな | kan na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 緩なら | かんなら | kan nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 緩であれ | かんであれ | kan de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 緩ではない 緩じゃない | かんではない かんじゃない | kan de wa nai kan ja nai |
| Informal past | 緩だった | かんだった | kan datta |
| Informal negative past | 緩ではなかった 緩じゃなかった | かんではなかった かんじゃなかった | kan de wa nakatta kan ja nakatta |
| Formal | 緩です | かんです | kan desu |
| Formal negative | 緩ではありません 緩じゃありません | かんではありません かんじゃありません | kan de wa arimasen kan ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 緩でした | かんでした | kan deshita |
| Formal negative past | 緩ではありませんでした 緩じゃありませんでした | かんではありませんでした かんじゃありませんでした | kan de wa arimasen deshita kan ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 緩で | かんで | kan de |
| Conditional | 緩なら（ば） | かんなら（ば） | kan nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 緩だったら | かんだったら | kan dattara |
| Volitional | 緩だろう | かんだろう | kan darō |
| Adverbial | 緩に | かんに | kan ni |
| Degree | 緩さ | かんさ | kansa |

### References

* ↑ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 1674 (paper), page 889 (digital)
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

緩 • (wan) (hangeul 완, revised wan, McCune–Reischauer wan, Yale wan)
* slow, leisurely
* to postpone
* delay

## Vietnamese
### Han character

緩: Hán Nôm readings: hoãn, hoán
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.