# 森林
## Chinese

* 森林 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 森林 (圖論) (Written Standard Chinese)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): sēnlín
    (Zhuyin): ㄙㄣ ㄌㄧㄣˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sam$^1$ lam$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sêm-lìm
    (Hailu, HRS): sem$^ˋ$ lim
* Eastern Min (BUC): sĕng-lìng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): serm-lîm / sim-lîm / sim-lîn / som-lîn / som-lîm
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sim$^1$ lim$^5$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^1$sen-lin / $^1$sen-lin$_2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: sēnlín
*** Zhuyin: ㄙㄣ ㄌㄧㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: senlín
*** Wade–Giles: sên$^1$-lin$^2$
*** Yale: sēn-lín
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: senlin
*** Palladius: сэньлинь (sɛnʹlinʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /sən⁵⁵ lin³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sam$^1$ lam$^4$
*** Yale: sām làhm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sam$^1$ lam$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sem$^1$ lem$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐm⁵⁵ lɐm²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sêm-lìm
*** Hakka Romanization System: sem$^ˊ$ lim$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: sem$^1$ lim$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /sem²⁴ lim¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: sem$^ˋ$ lim
*** Sinological IPA: /sem⁵³ lim⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sĕng-lìng
*** Sinological IPA : /sɛiŋ⁵⁵ $^{(l-)}$nˡiŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Lukang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: serm-lîm
*** Tâi-lô: serm-lîm
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Lukang): /səm³³ lim²⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sim-lîm
*** Tâi-lô: sim-lîm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: simliim
*** IPA (Xiamen): /sim⁴⁴⁻²² lim²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /sim⁴⁴⁻³³ lim²³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /sim⁴⁴⁻³³ lim²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sim-lîn
*** Tâi-lô: sim-lîn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: simliin
*** IPA (Xiamen): /sim⁴⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: som-lîn
*** Tâi-lô: som-lîn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: somliin
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /sɔm⁴⁴⁻²² lin¹³/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: som-lîm
*** Tâi-lô: som-lîm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: somliim
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /sɔm⁴⁴⁻³³ lim²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: sim$^1$ lim$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sim lîm
*** Sinological IPA : /sim³³⁻²³ lim⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$sen-lin
*** MiniDict: sen$^平$ lin
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$sen-lin
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /sən⁵⁵ lin²¹/
** (Northern: Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^1$sen-lin$_2$
*** MiniDict: sen$^平$ lin$^平$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /sən⁴⁴ lin/
* Middle Chinese: srim lim
Rime :
| Character | 森 | 林 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 生 (21) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (140) | 侵 (139) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 所今切 | 力尋切 |
| Baxter | srim | lim |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʃˠiɪm/ | /liɪm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʃᵚim/ | /lim/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʃiem/ | /ljem/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʂjim/ | /lim/ |
| Li Rong | /ʃjəm/ | /liəm/ |
| Wang Li | /ʃĭĕm/ | /lĭĕm/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ʂi̯əm/ | /li̯əm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shēn | lín |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sam$^1$ | lam$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s.rəm [r]əm/
    (Zhengzhang): /*srɯm ɡ·rɯm/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 森 | 林 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | sēn | lín |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ srim › | ‹ lim › |
| Old Chinese | /*s.rəm/ | /*[r]əm/ |
| English | dense trees | forest |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 森 | 林 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 11003 | 8165 |
| Phonetic component | 森 | 林 |
| Rime group | 侵 | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 森 | 林 |
| Old Chinese | /*srɯm/ | /*ɡ·rɯm/ |

### Noun

森林
* (countable) forest; trees (Classifier: 片 m)
    森林砍伐率 ― sēnlín kǎnfá lǜ ― rate of deforestation
    注重保護森林／注重保护森林 ― zhùzhòng bǎohù sēnlín ― to attach importance to forest conservation
    請愛護森林。／请爱护森林。 ― Qǐng àihù sēnlín. ― Please protect our trees.
* (graph theory) forest (graph with no cycles)

#### Synonyms

* (forest; trees):
* 叢林／丛林 (cónglín) (dense forest)
* 密林 (mìlín) (dense forest)
* 林叢／林丛 (líncóng) (dense forest)
* 樹林／树林 (shùlín)
* 樹林子／树林子 (shùlínzi)
* 深林 (shēnlín) (deep forest)
* 雨林 (yǔlín) (rainforest)

#### Derived terms

* 原始森林 (yuánshǐ sēnlín)
* 原生林 (yuánshēnglín)
* 森林大火 (sēnlín dàhuǒ)
* 森林火災／森林火灾 (sēnlín huǒzāi)
* 水泥森林 (shuǐní sēnlín)
* 泰加森林
* 黑森林 (Hēi Sēnlín)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 森林(しんりん) (shinrin)
* → Korean: 삼림(森林) (samnim)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 森 | 林 |
| しん Grade: 1 | りん Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しんりん [shìńríń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɕĩn̺ɾʲĩɴ]

### Noun

森(しん)林(りん) • (shinrin)
* forest, timber

#### Derived terms

* 森林火災(しんりんかさい) (shinrin kasai)
* 森林公園(しんりんこうえん) (shinrin kōen)
* 森林浴(しんりんよく) (shinrin'yoku)

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN