# 檳榔
## Chinese

* 檳榔 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 檳榔 (Cantonese)
* Pîn-lòng (Hakka)
* Bĭng-lòng (Eastern Min)
* Pin-nn̂g (Southern Min)

### Etymology

Described in Qimin Yaoshu [544 CE] and Taiping Yulan [983 CE].
Borrowed from a Southern language, possibly a Mon-Khmer or Austronesian language. Compare Northern Khmer นาดพลฺืง (“a kind of betel leaf bush”), Thavung พะเล้อฺ (“betel”); Proto-Vietic *p-naːŋ; Eastern Katu panang; Malay pinang; Acehnese pineung, Tsat naːŋ³³ (< Proto-Chamic *pinaːŋ (“betel nut”)), as well as Proto-Mon-Khmer *ml[əw] (“betel”), whence Khmer ម្លូ (mluu), Northern Khmer มลู, Vietnamese trầu (< Proto-Vietic *b-luː), Thai พลู (pluu) and perhaps Chinese 扶留 (OC *pa/ba m·ru/m·rus, “a leaf chewed together with betel nut”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bīngláng, bīnláng
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄧㄥ ㄌㄤˊ, ㄅㄧㄣ ㄌㄤˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ban$^1$ long$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): pîn-lòng / pîn-nòng
    (Hailu, HRS): bin$^ˋ$ long / ben$^ˋ$ long
    (Meixian, Guangdong): bin$^1$ long$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): bĭng-lòng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): pin-nn̂g / pun-nn̂g
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bing$^1$ no$^5$ / bêng$^1$ no$^5$ / bing$^1$ lo$^5$ / bing$^1$ lang$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$pin-laon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bīngláng
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄧㄥ ㄌㄤˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bingláng
*** Wade–Giles: ping$^1$-lang$^2$
*** Yale: bīng-láng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: binglang
*** Palladius: бинлан (binlan)
*** Sinological IPA : /piŋ⁵⁵ lɑŋ³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bīnláng
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄧㄣ ㄌㄤˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: binláng
*** Wade–Giles: pin$^1$-lang$^2$
*** Yale: bīn-láng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: binlang
*** Palladius: биньлан (binʹlan)
*** Sinological IPA : /pin⁵⁵ lɑŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ban$^1$ long$^4$
*** Yale: bān lòhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ban$^1$ long$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ben$^1$ long$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɐn⁵⁵ lɔːŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pîn-lòng
*** Hakka Romanization System: bin$^ˊ$ long$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: bin$^1$ long$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /pin²⁴ loŋ¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pîn-lòng / pîn-nòng
*** Hakka Romanization System: bin$^ˊ$ long$^ˇ$ / bin$^ˊ$ nong$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: bin$^1$ long$^2$ / bin$^1$ nong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /pin²⁴ loŋ¹¹/, /pin²⁴ noŋ¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: bin$^ˋ$ long / ben$^ˋ$ long
*** Sinological IPA: /pin⁵³ loŋ⁵⁵/, /pen⁵³ loŋ⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: bin$^1$ long$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /pin⁴⁴⁻³⁵ lɔŋ¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: bĭng-lòng
*** Sinological IPA : /piŋ⁵⁵ $^{(l-)}$nˡouŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Kaohsiung, Taipei, Zhangzhou, Taichung, Hsinchu, Yilan, Lukang, Sanxia, Kinmen, Magong)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pin-nn̂g
*** Tâi-lô: pin-nn̂g
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pinnngg
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pin⁴⁴⁻²² nŋ̍¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei, Yilan): /pin⁴⁴⁻³³ nŋ̍²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Kinmen): /pin⁴⁴⁻²² nŋ̍²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Lukang): /pin³³ nŋ̍²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pin⁴⁴⁻³³ nŋ̍²³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Tainan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pun-nn̂g
*** Tâi-lô: pun-nn̂g
*** Phofsit Daibuun: punnngg
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pun⁴⁴⁻²² nŋ̍¹³/
*** IPA (Tainan): /pun⁴⁴⁻³³ nŋ̍²⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: bing$^1$ no$^5$ / bêng$^1$ no$^5$ / bing$^1$ lo$^5$ / bing$^1$ lang$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ping nô / peng nô / ping lô / ping lâng
*** Sinological IPA : /piŋ³³⁻²³ no⁵⁵/, /peŋ³³⁻²³ no⁵⁵/, /piŋ³³⁻²³ lo⁵⁵/, /piŋ³³⁻²³ laŋ⁵⁵/
* bing1 no5 - Chaozhou, Shantou;
* bêng1 no5 - Jieyang;
* bing1 lo5 - Chaoyang.
* Middle Chinese: pjin lang
Rime :
| Character | 檳 | 榔 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (43) | 唐 (101) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 必鄰切 | 魯當切 |
| Baxter | pjin | lang |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /piɪn/ | /lɑŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pin/ | /lɑŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /pjen/ | /lɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /pin/ | /laŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /piĕn/ | /lɑŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /pĭĕn/ | /lɑŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /pi̯ĕn/ | /lɑŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bīn | láng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ban$^1$ | long$^4$ |

### Noun

檳榔
* betel palm
* betel nut; areca nut (Classifier: 顆／颗 m; 粒 c mn)

#### Synonyms

* (Hokkien) 菁仔, 菁仔子, 栳箬子, 老枳

#### Derived terms

* 檳城／槟城 (Bīngchéng)
* 檳榔嶼／槟榔屿 (Bīngláng Yǔ)
* 檳榔攤／槟榔摊
* 檳榔芋／槟榔芋
* 檳榔西施／槟榔西施 (bīngláng xīshī)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 檳榔(びんろう) (binrō)
* → Korean: 빈랑(檳榔) (billang)

### References

* (Min Nan) “Entry #12549”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 檳 | 榔 |
| びん Hyōgai | ろう Hyōgai |
| on'yomi ||
From Chinese 檳榔／槟榔 (bīngláng), itself from Malay pinang.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) びんろー [bìńróó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [bʲĩn̺ɾo̞ː]

#### Noun

檳(びん)榔(ろう) or 檳榔(ビンロウ) • (binrō)
* Areca catechu, the areca or betel palm

##### Usage notes

As with many terms in biology, this term is often spelled in katakana.

##### Derived terms

* 檳榔子(びんろうじ) (binrōji): areca nut, betel nut

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 檳 | 榔 |
| び Hyōgai | ろう Hyōgai |
| irregular ||
Unknown. From Chinese, but the use of this term as an alternative spelling is of uncertain derivation.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) びろー [bìróó] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) びろー [bíꜜròò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [bʲiɾo̞ː]

#### Noun

檳(び)榔(ろう) or 檳榔(ビロウ) • (birō)
* Alternative spelling of 蒲葵 (birō, “Livistona chinensis, Chinese fan palm”)

##### Usage notes

As with many terms in biology, this term is often spelled in katakana.

### References

* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN