# 掛礙
## Chinese
### Etymology

Translation of Sanskrit आवरण (āvaraṇa, “covering; hiding; obscuring; obstructing”) or Sanskrit आलम्बन (ālambana, “depending on or from; hanging from”), as in चित्तावरण (cittāvaraṇa, literally “thought-covering”) or चित्तालम्बन (cittālambana, literally “mental hanging”) (Shi, 2014).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): guà'ài
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄚˋ ㄞˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gwaa$^3$ ngoi$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kòa-gāi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gua$^3$ ghai$^7$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: guà'ài → guà'ai (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄚˋ ㄞˋ → ㄍㄨㄚˋ ˙ㄞ (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Tongyong Pinyin: guà-åi
*** Wade–Giles: kua$^4$-ai$^5$
*** Yale: gwà-ai
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guah.ay
*** Palladius: гуаай (guaaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/ → /ku̯ä⁵¹ ˀaɪ̯¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gwaa$^3$ ngoi$^6$
*** Yale: gwa ngoih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gwaa$^3$ ngoi$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gua$^3$ ngoi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʷaː³³ ŋɔːi̯²²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kòa-gāi
*** Tâi-lô: kuà-gāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: koargai
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kua²¹⁻⁵³ ɡai²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡai⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kua²¹⁻⁵³ ɡai²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kua¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡai³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kua²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡai³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gua$^3$ ghai$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kuà gāi
*** Sinological IPA : /kua²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ɡai¹¹/
* Middle Chinese: kweaH ngojH
Rime :
| Character | 掛 | 礙 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 佳 (32) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | II | I |
| Fanqie | 古賣切 | 五漑切 |
| Baxter | kweaH | ngojH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠuɛ$^H$/ | /ŋʌi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʷᵚæ$^H$/ | /ŋəi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kuæi$^H$/ | /ŋɒi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kwaɨj$^H$/ | /ŋəj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kuɛ$^H$/ | /ŋᴀi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kwai$^H$/ | /ŋɒi$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kwai$^H$/ | /ŋɑ̆i$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | guà | ài |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gwaai$^3$ | ngoi$^6$ |

### Verb

掛礙
* (Buddhism, of the mind) to be hindered, thus unawakened; to be obstructed
* to obstruct; to hinder
* to worry; to be concerned

#### Synonyms

* (to hinder):
* 不通 (bùtōng)
* 堵塞
* 堵截 (dǔjié)
* 堵窒 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 妨礙／妨碍 (fáng'ài)
* 徑杈／径杈 (Hakka)
* 截 (jié)
* 擋／挡
* 擋住／挡住 (dǎngzhù)
* 攔／拦 (lán)
* 攔住／拦住 (lánzhù)
* 攔截／拦截 (lánjié)
* 攔擋／拦挡 (lándǎng)
* 攔閘／拦闸 (Hokkien)
* 攔阻／拦阻 (lánzǔ)
* 有礙／有碍 (yǒu'ài)
* 梗塞
* 滯滯／滞滞 (Hokkien)
* 滯礙／滞碍 (zhì'ài)
* 礙噠／碍哒 (ngai$^5$ da) (Xiang)
* 窒礙／窒碍 (zhì'ài) (literary)
* 蔽塞 (bìsè) (literary)
* 蔽障 (bìzhàng)
* 遮 (literary, or in compounds)
* 邀 (yāo)
* 閉塞／闭塞 (bìsè)
* 阻住 (zo$^2$ zyu$^6$) (Cantonese)
* 阻塞
* 阻撓／阻挠 (zǔnáo)
* 阻擋／阻挡 (zǔdǎng)
* 阻攔／阻拦 (zǔlán)
* 阻滯／阻滞 (zǔzhì)
* 阻礙／阻碍 (zǔ'ài)
* 阻窒 (Hokkien)
* 障礙／障碍 (zhàng'ài)
* (to worry):
* 怕
* 急 (jí)
* 急眼 (jíyǎn) (colloquial)
* 恐怕 (kǒngpà)
* 患 (huàn) (literary, or in compounds)
* 愁 (chóu)
* 憂心／忧心 (yōuxīn)
* 憂慮／忧虑 (yōulǜ)
* 懸心／悬心 (xuánxīn)
* 掛心／挂心 (guàxīn)
* 揪心 (jiūxīn)
* 擔心／担心 (dānxīn)
* 擔憂／担忧 (dānyōu)
* 燒心／烧心 (shāoxīn) (regional or dated)
* 犯愁 (fànchóu)
* 疑慮／疑虑 (yílǜ)
* 發急／发急 (fājí)
* 發愁／发愁 (fāchóu)
* 發極／发极 ($^7$faq $^8$jiq) (Wu)
* 著急／着急 (zháojí)
* 起急 (qǐjí) (colloquial)
* 顧慮／顾虑 (gùlǜ)

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “to hinder”):
* 放行 (fàngxíng)
* 暢通／畅通 (chàngtōng)
* 通行 (tōngxíng)

#### Derived terms

* 心無掛礙／心无挂碍

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 罣礙(けげ) (kege)
* → Korean: 가애(罣礙) (gaae)
* → Vietnamese: quái ngại (罣礙)