# 黃泉
## Chinese

* 黃泉

### Etymology

According to Chinese folklore, water appears yellow in color when it is underground. This became representative of the underworld due to its location under the earth and the practice of burial in Chinese culture.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): huángquán
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄤˊ ㄑㄩㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): wong$^4$ cyun$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): vòng-chhièn / vòng-chhàn
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hông-choân
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: huángquán
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄤˊ ㄑㄩㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: huángcyuán
*** Wade–Giles: huang$^2$-chʻüan$^2$
*** Yale: hwáng-chywán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hwangchyuan
*** Palladius: хуанцюань (xuancjuanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$皇權／皇权 黃泉／黄泉
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wong$^4$ cyun$^4$
*** Yale: wòhng chyùhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wong$^4$ tsyn$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wong$^4$ qun$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /wɔːŋ²¹ t͡sʰyːn²¹/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vòng-chhièn / vòng-chhàn
*** Hakka Romanization System: vong$^ˇ$ qien$^ˇ$ / vong$^ˇ$ can$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: vong$^2$ qian$^2$ / vong$^2$ can$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /voŋ¹¹ t͡sʰi̯en¹¹/, /voŋ¹¹ t͡sʰan¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vòng-chhièn
*** Hakka Romanization System: vong$^ˇ$ qien$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: vong$^2$ qian$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /voŋ¹¹ t͡sʰi̯en¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hông-choân
*** Tâi-lô: hông-tsuân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hongzoaan
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡suan²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡suan²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡suan¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡suan²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡suan²³/
* Middle Chinese: hwang dzjwen
Rime :
| Character | 黃 | 泉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) | 從 (15) |
| Final (韻) | 唐 (102) | 仙 (78) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 胡光切 | 疾緣切 |
| Baxter | hwang | dzjwen |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦwɑŋ/ | /d͡ziuᴇn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦʷɑŋ/ | /d͡zʷiɛn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣuɑŋ/ | /d͡zjuæn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦwaŋ/ | /d͡zwian/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣuɑŋ/ | /d͡ziuɛn/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣuɑŋ/ | /d͡zĭwɛn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ɣwɑŋ/ | /d͡zʱi̯wɛn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | huáng | quán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wong$^4$ | cyun$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-kʷˤaŋ s-N-ɢʷar/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡʷaːŋ sɡʷen/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 黃 | 泉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | huáng | quán |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hwang › | ‹ dzjwen › |
| Old Chinese | /*N-kʷˁaŋ/ | /*s-N-ɢʷar/ (MC I!) |
| English | yellow | spring, source |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 黃 | 泉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 5380 | 10728 |
| Phonetic component | 黄 | 泉 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 黃 | 全 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡʷaːŋ/ | /*sɡʷen/ |
| Notes | 甲金文象繫市（韍）之圍腰綬帶，取唐蘭釋黃爲衡綬但不取其尪本字說。非光聲 | |

### Noun

黃泉
* underground spring
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Fú yǐn, shàng shí gǎorǎng, xià yǐn huángquán. [Pinyin]
    Now, an earthworm eats the dry mould above, and drinks the yellow spring below.
* (figuratively) underworld; the land of the dead
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Bù jí huángquán, wú xiàngjiàn yě! [Pinyin]
    May we not meet again till death!

#### Synonyms

* (underworld): (figuratively, euphemism, colloquial, jocular) 老家 (lǎojiā), 陰間／阴间 (yīnjiān)

#### Derived terms

* 上窮碧落下黃泉／上穷碧落下黄泉 (shàng qióng bìluò xià huángquán)
* 命喪黃泉／命丧黄泉
* 碧落黃泉／碧落黄泉
* 黃泉路／黄泉路 (huángquánlù)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 黄(こう)泉(せん) (kōsen)
* → Korean: 황천(黃泉) (hwangcheon)
* → Vietnamese: hoàng tuyền (黃泉)
Others:
* → Vietnamese: suối vàng (calque)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 黃 | 泉 |
| こう Jinmeiyō | せん Grade: 6 |
| kan'on ||
Kanji in this term :
| 黃 | 泉 |
| よみ ||
| Jinmeiyō | Grade: 6 |
| jukujikun ||

### Noun

黃(こう)泉(せん) • (kōsen)  (alternative reading hiragana よみ, rōmaji yomi)
* Kyūjitai form of 黄泉 (kōsen, yomi): the land of the dead, afterworld, underworld

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 黃 | 泉 |

### Noun

黃泉 • (hwangcheon) (hangeul 황천)
* hanja form of 황천 (“underworld”)

## Old Japanese
### Etymology

From Proto-Japonic *yəməy.
The kanji spelling is an orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 黃泉 (MC hwang dzjwen, literally “yellow springs”), incorporating the underworld from Chinese mythology.

### Noun

黃泉 (*yo$_2$mi$_2$) (kana よみ)
* (Shinto mythology) the land of the dead, afterworld, underworld

#### Coordinate terms

* 葦原の中つ國 (asipara no$_2$ nakatukuni)
* 高天原 (takama no$_2$ para)

#### Derived terms

* 黃泉つ (yo$_2$mo$_2$ tu)
* 蘇る (yo$_2$mi$_2$gape$_1$ru)
* 黃泉路 (yo$_2$mi$_2$di)

#### Descendants

* Japanese: 黄泉 (yomi)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 黃 | 泉 |

### Noun

黃泉
* chữ Hán form of hoàng tuyền (“underworld”).