# 拱

| 拱 | U+62F1, &#25329; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-62F1 |
| ← 拰 [U+62F0] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 拲 → [U+62F2] |

## Translingual
### Han character

拱 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 手廿金 (QTC), four-corner 5408$_1$, composition ⿰扌共)

#### Derived characters

* 𫪵

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 428, character 2
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11994
* Dae Jaweon: page 776, character 22
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1867, character 2
* Unihan data for U+62F1

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 拱
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 港 | *kroːŋʔ, *ɡloːŋs |
| 巷 | *ɡroːŋs |
| 衖 | *ɡroːŋs |
| 鬨 | *ɡroːŋs, *ɡloːŋs |
| 烘 | *qʰloːŋ, *qʰloːŋs, *ɡoːŋ, *ɡloːŋs |
| 洪 | *ɡloːŋ |
| 鉷 | *ɡloːŋ |
| 谼 | *ɡloːŋ |
| 葓 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 哄 | *ɡloːŋs |
| 蕻 | *ɡloːŋs |
| 恭 | *kloŋ |
| 供 | *kloŋ, *kloŋs |
| 龔 | *kloŋ |
| 珙 | *kloŋ, *kloŋʔ |
| 共 | *kloŋ, *ɡloŋs |
| 髸 | *kloŋ |
| 拱 | *kloŋʔ |
| 拲 | *kloŋʔ, *kloɡ |
| 蛬 | *kloŋʔ, *ɡloŋ |
| 栱 | *kloŋʔ |
| 輁 | *kloŋʔ, *ɡloŋ |
| 舼 | *ɡloŋ |
| 輂 | *kloɡ |
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kloŋʔ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 共 (OC *kloŋ, *ɡloŋs).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gǒng (gong$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gung$^2$
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gorng$^3$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kióng / kéng
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$kon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gǒng
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gǒng
*** Wade–Giles: kung$^3$
*** Yale: gǔng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: goong
*** Palladius: гун (gun)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gung$^2$
*** Yale: gúng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gung$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ³⁵/
* Puxian Min
** (Putian)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gorng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɒŋ⁴⁵³/
** (Xianyou)
*** Pouseng Ping'ing: gorng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɒŋ³³²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kióng
*** Tâi-lô: kióng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiorng
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /kiɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kéng
*** Tâi-lô: kíng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: keang
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kiɪŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/
* kióng - literary;
* kéng - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: kjowngX
Rime :
| Character | 拱 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 居悚切 |
| Baxter | kjowngX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɨoŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kioŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kioŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kuawŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /kioŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭwoŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ki̯woŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiǒng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gung$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*k(r)oŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kloŋʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 拱 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gǒng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kjowng$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*k(r)oŋʔ/ |
| English | join the hands |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 拱 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 4172 |
| Phonetic component | 共 |
| Rime group | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 拱 |
| Old Chinese | /*kloŋʔ/ |

### Definitions

拱
* to fold the hands in front of the breast
* to bow; to salute
* to surround; to encircle
    眾星拱月／众星拱月 ― zhòngxīnggǒngyuè ― to crowd around
* (archaic) area enclosed by the arms
* to push upwards or outwards
* to sprout
* to arch
* arched

#### Synonyms

* (to surround):
* 包 (literary, or in compounds)
* 周旋 (zhōuxuán)
* 圍／围 (wéi)
* 圍繞／围绕
* 環抱／环抱 (huánbào)
* 環繞／环绕
* 盤旋／盘旋 (pánxuán)
* 迴旋／回旋 (huíxuán)

### Compounds

* 垂拱
* 垂拱而治
* 垂頭拱手／垂头拱手
* 墓木已拱 (mùmùyǐgǒng)
* 拱伏
* 拱候
* 拱券
* 拱動／拱动
* 拱北 (Gǒngběi)
* 拱嘴
* 括囊拱手
* 拱廊 (gǒngláng)
* 拱手 (gǒngshǒu)
* 拱手作揖
* 拱手垂裳
* 拱手投降
* 拱手而別／拱手而别
* 拱手而降
* 拱手聽命／拱手听命
* 拱手讓人／拱手让人 (gǒngshǒuràngrén)
* 拱把
* 拱抱
* 拱揖
* 拱服
* 拱木
* 拱極星／拱极星
* 拱橋／拱桥 (gǒngqiáo)
* 拱璧
* 拱立
* 拱肩縮背／拱肩缩背
* 拱花
* 拱衛／拱卫 (gǒngwèi)
* 拱辰
* 拱進／拱进
* 拱門／拱门 (gǒngmén)
* 拱閣／拱阁
* 拱頂／拱顶 (gǒngdǐng)
* 拱默
* 斗拱
* 木拱
* 枓拱
* 洗耳拱聽／洗耳拱听
* 深拱
* 珍同拱璧
* 眾星拱北／众星拱北
* 眾星拱月／众星拱月 (zhòngxīnggǒngyuè)
* 眾星拱辰／众星拱辰
* 端拱
* 舯拱
* 葉拱／叶拱
* 蔫拱
* 連拱壩／连拱坝
* 高拱
* 鳴琴垂拱／鸣琴垂拱

### References

* 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “拱”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 231.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* arch
* fold arms

#### Readings

* Go-on: く (ku)
* Kan-on: きょう (kyō)
* Kun: こまぬく (komanuku, 拱く)、こまねく (komaneku, 拱く)

## Korean
### Hanja

拱 • (gong) (hangeul 공, revised gong, McCune–Reischauer kong, Yale kong)
* fold hands on breast
* bow, salute

## Vietnamese
### Han character

拱: Hán Nôm readings: cõng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.