# 韌

| 韌 | U+97CC, &#38860; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-97CC |
| ← 韋 [U+97CB] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 韍 → [U+97CD] |

## Translingual
### Han character

韌 (Kangxi radical 178, 韋+3, 12 strokes, cangjie input 木手尸竹戈 (DQSHI), four-corner 4754$_7$, composition ⿰韋刃)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1393, character 10
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 43109
* Dae Jaweon: page 1908, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4503, character 7
* Unihan data for U+97CC

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 韌 :
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 涊 | *nɯːnʔ, *njɯnʔ |
| 紉 | *nɯn |
| 忍 | *njɯnʔ |
| 荵 | *njɯnʔ |
| 刃 | *njɯns |
| 認 | *njɯns, *njɯŋs |
| 仞 | *njɯns |
| 軔 | *njɯns |
| 韌 | *njɯns |
| 肕 | *njɯns |
| 牣 | *njɯns |
| 杒 | *njɯns |
| 訒 | *njɯns |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njɯns) : semantic 韋 + phonetic 刃 (OC *njɯns).

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): rèn (ren$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄖㄣˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ren$^3$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ngan$^6$ / jan$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ngin$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): nyin$^5$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngiun
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngiun$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): reng$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): nông / êng
* Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): nong$^5$ / nuong$^5$ / zing$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lūn / jūn / lǔn / līm / jīm / līn / jīn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): rung$^7$ / rim$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$gnin; $^6$zen
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ren$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: rèn
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: rèn
*** Wade–Giles: jên$^4$
*** Yale: rèn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: renn
*** Palladius: жэнь (žɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐən⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: ren$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: rhen
*** Sinological IPA : /zən⁵³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngan$^6$ / jan$^6$
*** Yale: ngahn / yahn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngan$^6$ / jan$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ngen$^6$ / yen$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋɐn²²/, /jɐn²²/
* ngan6 - vernacular;
* jan6 - literary.
* Middle Chinese: nyinH
Rime :
| Character | 韌 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (43) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 而振切 |
| Baxter | nyinH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ȵiɪn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ȵin$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȵʑjen$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ȵin$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȵiĕn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȵʑĭĕn$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ȵʑi̯ĕn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | rèn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jan$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*njɯns/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 韌 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 10835 |
| Phonetic component | 刃 |
| Rime group | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 刃 |
| Old Chinese | /*njɯns/ |
| Notes | 見管子 |
* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some! Particularly: “Dungan”

### Definitions

韌
* strong; tough; robust; sturdy
* (Cantonese) tough; hard to chew or cut
       ngo$^5$ gok$^3$ dak$^1$ nei$^1$ faai$^3$ juk$^6$ ngan$^6$ zo$^2$ di$^1$. [Jyutping]
       I think this piece of meat is a bit too tough.

#### Synonyms

* (strong): (Hokkien) 鞫

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “strong”): 脆 (cuì)

### Compounds

* 堅韌／坚韧 (jiānrèn)
* 堅韌不拔／坚韧不拔 (jiānrènbùbá)
* 強韌／强韧
* 柔韌／柔韧 (róurèn)
* 韌帶／韧带 (rèndài)
* 韌幹／韧干
* 韌性／韧性 (rènxìng)
* 韌戰／韧战
* 韌皮纖維／韧皮纤维
* 韌皮部／韧皮部 (rènpíbù)

### References

* 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “韧”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 415.
* 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “韧”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 197.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): じん (jin)、にん (nin)
* Kun: しなやか (shinayaka)