# 歉

| 歉 | U+6B49, &#27465; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6B49 |
| ← 歈 [U+6B48] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 歊 → [U+6B4A] |

## Translingual
### Han character

歉 (Kangxi radical 76, 欠+10, 14 strokes, cangjie input 廿金弓人 (TCNO) or 難廿金弓人 (XTCNO), four-corner 8728$_2$, composition ⿰兼欠)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 570, character 30
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16159
* Dae Jaweon: page 958, character 30
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2148, character 11
* Unihan data for U+6B49

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 歉
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 譧 | *r'eːms |
| 賺 | *r'eːms |
| 尲 | *kreːm |
| 鹻 | *kreːmʔ |
| 歉 | *kʰreːms, *kʰreːmʔ, *kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːms |
| 槏 | *kʰreːmʔ |
| 鰜 | *ɡreːm, *keːm |
| 稴 | *ɡreːm, *ɡ·reːm, *ɡ·reːmʔ, *ɡ·reːms, *ɡeːm |
| 豏 | *ɡreːmʔ, *ɡreːms |
| 甉 | *ɡreːmʔ, *ɡraːm |
| 廉 | *ɡ·rem |
| 鎌 | *ɡ·rem |
| 鬑 | *ɡ·rem, *ɡ·reːm |
| 鐮 | *ɡ·rem |
| 簾 | *ɡ·rem |
| 薕 | *ɡ·rem, *ɡ·reːm |
| 蠊 | *ɡ·rem |
| 嬚 | *ɡ·remʔ |
| 溓 | *ɡ·remʔ, *ɡ·reːm, *ɡ·reːmʔ |
| 嵰 | *kʰremʔ |
| 隒 | *ŋɡremʔ |
| 熑 | *ɡ·reːm |
| 濂 | *ɡ·reːm |
| 燫 | *ɡ·reːm |
| 兼 | *keːm, *keːms |
| 縑 | *keːm |
| 鶼 | *keːm |
| 蒹 | *keːm |
| 搛 | *keːm |
| 謙 | *kʰeːm |
| 膁 | *kʰeːmʔ |
| 嗛 | *kʰeːmʔ |
| 慊 | *kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːb |
| 傔 | *kʰeːms |
| 馦 | *qʰeːm |
| 嫌 | *ɡeːm |
| 鼸 | *ɡeːmʔ |
| 尷 | *kreːm |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰreːms, *kʰreːmʔ, *kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːms) : phonetic 兼 (OC *keːm, *keːms) + semantic 欠 (“person with mouth open”) to convey the original meaning of feeling hunger after eating. The phonetic component 兼 could be a reference to food since it represents a hand holding two crop plants.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qiàn (qian$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hip$^3$ / him$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khiam
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khiàm / khiám / khiam
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kiam$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ciàn
*** Wade–Giles: chʻien$^4$
*** Yale: chyàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiann
*** Palladius: цянь (cjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hip$^3$ / him$^3$
*** Yale: hip / him
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hip$^8$ / him$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hib$^3$ / him$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /hiːp̚³/, /hiːm³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiam
*** Hakka Romanization System: kiam
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kiam$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯am⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiàm
*** Tâi-lô: khiàm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qiaxm
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiam⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /kʰiam²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰiam¹¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiám
*** Tâi-lô: khiám
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qiarm
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /kʰiam⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiam⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiam⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiam
*** Tâi-lô: khiam
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qiafm
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰiam⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kiam$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiám
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰiam⁵²/
* Middle Chinese: khemX, kheamX, kheamH
Rime :
| Character | 歉 | 歉 | 歉 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) | 溪 (29) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 添 (157) | 咸 (151) | 咸 (151) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | IV | II | II |
| Fanqie | 苦簟切 | 苦減切 | 口陷切 |
| Baxter | khemX | kheamX | kheamH |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰem$^X$/ | /kʰˠɛm$^X$/ | /kʰˠɛm$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰem$^X$/ | /kʰᵚæm$^X$/ | /kʰᵚæm$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰɛm$^X$/ | /kʰɐm$^X$/ | /kʰɐm$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰɛm$^X$/ | /kʰəɨm$^X$/ | /kʰəɨm$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰem$^X$/ | /kʰɐm$^X$/ | /kʰɐm$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰiem$^X$/ | /kʰɐm$^X$/ | /kʰɐm$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kʰiem$^X$/ | /kʰăm$^X$/ | /kʰăm$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qiǎn | qiǎn | qiàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | him$^2$ | haam$^2$ | haam$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʰˤremʔ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰreːms/, /*kʰreːmʔ/, /*kʰeːmʔ/, /*kʰeːms/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 歉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qiàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khɛm$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰˁremʔ-s/ |
| English | deficient, modest |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 歉 | 歉 | 歉 | 歉 |
| Reading # | 1/4 | 2/4 | 3/4 | 4/4 |
| No. | 6033 | 6034 | 6071 | 6075 |
| Phonetic component | 兼 | 兼 | 兼 | 兼 |
| Rime group | 談 | 談 | 談 | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 歉 | 㦿 | 嗛 | |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰreːms/ | /*kʰreːmʔ/ | /*kʰeːmʔ/ | /*kʰeːms/ |
| Notes | 校本右從攴 | | | |

### Definitions

歉
* deficient; lacking; insufficient
* to apologize
* to regret; to be dissatisfied
* crop failure; poor harvest
* (obsolete) to not eat enough food

#### Compounds

* 三好兩歉／三好两歉
* 不知好歉
* 做好做歉
* 做歉做好
* 年歉
* 愧歉
* 抱歉 (bàoqiàn)
* 歉仄
* 歉年
* 歉意 (qiànyì)
* 歉收 (qiànshōu)
* 歉歲／歉岁
* 歉疚 (qiànjiù)
* 為好成歉／为好成歉
* 致歉 (zhìqiàn)
* 荒歉 (huāngqiàn)
* 要好成歉
* 豐歉／丰歉
* 道歉 (dàoqiàn)
* 道歉啟事／道歉启事

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* insufficiency
* lack
* shortage

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): けん (ken)、かん (kan)
* Kun: あきたりない (akitarinai)

## Korean
### Hanja

歉 • (gyeom) (hangeul 겸, revised gyeom, McCune–Reischauer kyŏm, Yale kyem)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

歉: Hán Nôm readings: gồm, khiểm, khiễm, khiệm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.