# 通信
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tōngxìn
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄥ ㄒㄧㄣˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tung$^1$ seon$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thûng-sin
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): thong-sìn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tong$^1$ sing$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tōngxìn
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄥ ㄒㄧㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tongsìn
*** Wade–Giles: tʻung$^1$-hsin$^4$
*** Yale: tūng-syìn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tongshinn
*** Palladius: тунсинь (tunsinʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕin⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tung$^1$ seon$^3$
*** Yale: tūng seun
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tung$^1$ soen$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tung$^1$ sên$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ sɵn³³/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$通信 通訊／通讯
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thûng-sin
*** Hakka Romanization System: tung$^ˊ$ xin
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tung$^1$ xin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sin⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thong-sìn
*** Tâi-lô: thong-sìn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tongsixn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰɔŋ³³ sin⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: tong$^1$ sing$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thong sìng
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰoŋ³³⁻²³ siŋ²¹³/

### Verb

通信
* to correspond (communicate by exchanging letters); to communicate
       Tāmen hǎojiǔ méiyǒu tōngxìn le. [Pinyin]
       They haven't written to each other for a long time.
* to transmit (signal, messages, etc.)
       quánqiú yídòng tōngxìn xìtǒng [Pinyin]
       Global System for Mobile Communications

#### Synonyms

* (to correspond): (Hokkien) 通批
* (to transmit): (dated) 通訊／通讯 (tōngxùn)

#### Derived terms

* 光學通信／光学通信
* 即時通信／即时通信 (jíshí tōngxìn)
* 數位通信／数位通信
* 數據通訊／数据通讯
* 衛星通信／卫星通信 (wèixīng tōngxìn)
* 資料通訊／资料通讯
* 通信兵 (tōngxìnbīng)
* 通信員／通信员 (tōngxìnyuán)
* 通信社 (tōngxìnshè)
* 通信系統／通信系统
* 通信網／通信网
* 通信處／通信处
* 通信衛星／通信卫星
* 通信賽／通信赛
* 通信錄／通信录

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 通信(つうしん) (tsūshin)
* → Korean: 통신(通信) (tongsin)
* → Vietnamese: thông tin (通信)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 通 | 信 |
| つう Grade: 2 | しん Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

From Sinitic 通信 (tōngxìn).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) つうしん [tsùúshíń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [t͡sɨːɕĩɴ]

### Noun

通(つう)信(しん) • (tsūshin)
* communication
    飛(ひ)行(こう)機(き)からの通信(つうしん)が切(き)れた。
       Hikōki kara no tsūshin ga kireta.
       We've lost communication with the airplane.
* correspondence
* news

#### Derived terms

* 通(つう)信(しん)機(き) (tsūshinki): a communicator, a communication device
* 通信社(つうしんしゃ) (tsūshinsha): a news agency
* 通信員(つうしんいん) (tsūshin'in)
* パソコン通信(つうしん) (pasokontsūshin)

### Verb

通(つう)信(しん)する • (tsūshin suru) transitive suru (stem 通(つう)信(しん)し (tsūshin shi), past 通(つう)信(しん)した (tsūshin shita))
* to communicate (generally using an electronic device)

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 通信し | つうしんし | tsūshin shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 通信し | つうしんし | tsūshin shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 通信する | つうしんする | tsūshin suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 通信する | つうしんする | tsūshin suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 通信すれ | つうしんすれ | tsūshin sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 通信せよ¹ 通信しろ² | つうしんせよ¹ つうしんしろ² | tsūshin seyo¹ tsūshin shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 通信される | つうしんされる | tsūshin sareru |
| Causative | 通信させる 通信さす | つうしんさせる つうしんさす | tsūshin saseru tsūshin sasu |
| Potential | 通信できる | つうしんできる | tsūshin dekiru |
| Volitional | 通信しよう | つうしんしよう | tsūshin shiyō |
| Negative | 通信しない | つうしんしない | tsūshin shinai |
| Negative continuative | 通信せず | つうしんせず | tsūshin sezu |
| Formal | 通信します | つうしんします | tsūshin shimasu |
| Perfective | 通信した | つうしんした | tsūshin shita |
| Conjunctive | 通信して | つうしんして | tsūshin shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 通信すれば | つうしんすれば | tsūshin sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 通 | 信 |

### Noun

通信 • (tongsin) (hangeul 통신)
* hanja form of 통신 (“communication”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 通 | 信 |

### Noun

通信
* chữ Hán form of thông tin (“information; news”).

### Verb

通信
* chữ Hán form of thông tin (“to give information, to inform”).