# 烝民
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhēngmín
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄥ ㄇㄧㄣˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zing$^1$ man$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhēngmín
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄥ ㄇㄧㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhengmín
*** Wade–Giles: chêng$^1$-min$^2$
*** Yale: jēng-mín
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jengmin
*** Palladius: чжэнминь (čžɛnminʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ min³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zing$^1$ man$^4$
*** Yale: jīng màhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzing$^1$ man$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: jing$^1$ men$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/
* Middle Chinese: tsying|tsyingH mjin
Rime :
| Character | 烝 | 烝 | 民 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 章 (23) | 章 (23) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 蒸 (133) | 蒸 (133) | 眞 (43) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III | III |
| Fanqie | 煑仍切 | 諸應切 | 彌鄰切 |
| Baxter | tsying | tsyingH | mjin |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕɨŋ/ | /t͡ɕɨŋ$^H$/ | /miɪn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕɨŋ/ | /t͡ɕɨŋ$^H$/ | /min/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕieŋ/ | /t͡ɕieŋ$^H$/ | /mjen/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ciŋ/ | /ciŋ$^H$/ | /min/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕiəŋ/ | /t͡ɕiəŋ$^H$/ | /miĕn/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕĭəŋ/ | /t͡ɕĭəŋ$^H$/ | /mĭĕn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /t͡ɕi̯əŋ/ | /t͡ɕi̯əŋ$^H$/ | /mi̯ĕn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhēng | zhèng | mín |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zing$^1$ | zing$^3$ | man$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*təŋ mi[ŋ]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kljɯŋ|kljɯŋs min/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 烝 | 民 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhēng | mín |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsying › | ‹ mjin › |
| Old Chinese | /*təŋ/ | /*mi[ŋ]/ |
| English | to rise (of steam); steam (v.t.) | people |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 烝 | 烝 | 民 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 1407 | 1412 | 9130 |
| Phonetic component | 丞 | 丞 | 民 |
| Rime group | 蒸 | 蒸 | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 蒸 | 證 | 民 |
| Old Chinese | /*kljɯŋ/ | /*kljɯŋs/ | /*min/ |

### Noun

烝民
* (literary) the common people; the populace; the masses; the multitudes
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Tiān shēng zhēngmín, yǒu wù yǒu zé. [Pinyin]
    Heaven, in giving birth to the multitudes of the people, To every faculty and relationship annexed its law.

#### Synonyms

* 一般人 (yībānrén)
* 世人 (shìrén)
* 世間人／世间人 (Hokkien)
* 人士 (rénshì) (literary)
* 人民 (rénmín)
* 人群 (rénqún)
* 人萌 (rénméng) (literary)
* 俗人 (súrén)
* 俗子 (súzǐ) (literary)
* 𫣆人 (Hakka)
* 兆民 (zhàomín) (archaic)
* 公眾／公众 (gōngzhòng)
* 凡人 (fánrén)
* 凡夫 (fánfū) (literary)
* 匹夫 (pǐfū) (literary)
* 四眾人／四众人 (si$^3$ zing$^3$ nang$^5$) (Teochew)
* 士人 (shìrén) (archaic)
* 大眾／大众 (dàzhòng)
* 子民 (zǐmín) (historical)
* 家人 (jiārén) (archaic)
* 布衣 (bùyī) (historical)
* 常人 (chángrén)
* 平人 (píngrén) (literary)
* 平常人 (píngchángrén)
* 平民 (píngmín)
* 庶人 (shùrén) (literary)
* 庶民 (shùmín) (literary)
* 斯人 (sīrén) (Classical Chinese)
* 普通人 (pǔtōngrén)
* 民人 (mínrén) (literary)
* 民眾／民众 (mínzhòng)
* 烝黎 (zhēnglí) (Classical Chinese)
* 白衣 (báiyī) (historical)
* 白衣人 (báiyīrén) (historical)
* 白身 (báishēn) (archaic)
* 白身人 (báishēnrén) (archaic)
* 百姓
* 眾人／众人 (zhòngrén) (literary)
* 萬姓／万姓 (wànxìng) (archaic)
* 群眾／群众 (qúnzhòng)
* 老百姓 (lǎobǎixìng)
* 良人 (liángrén) (literary)
* 草民 (cǎomín) (the worthless ordinary people)
* 草菅 (cǎojiān) (Classical Chinese, figurative)
* 草野 (cǎoyě) (literary, figurative)
* 萌 (literary)
* 野人 (yěrén) (archaic)
* 黎庶 (líshù) (literary)
* 黎民 (límín) (literary)
* 黎首 (líshǒu) (archaic)
* 黔首 (qiánshǒu) (archaic)
* 黔黎 (archaic)