# 悠久
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yōujiǔ
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄡ ㄐㄧㄡˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jau$^4$ gau$^2$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yû-kiú
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): iu-kiú / iu-kú / iû-kiú
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hiun$^1$ gu$^2$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^1$ieu-cieu$_5$ / $^1$ieu-cieu$_3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yōujiǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄡ ㄐㄧㄡˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: youjiǒu
*** Wade–Giles: yu$^1$-chiu$^3$
*** Yale: yōu-jyǒu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ioujeou
*** Palladius: юцзю (juczju)
*** Sinological IPA : /joʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jau$^4$ gau$^2$
*** Yale: yàuh gáu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jau$^4$ gau$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yeo$^4$ geo$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐu̯²¹ kɐu̯³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yû-kiú
*** Hakka Romanization System: iu$^ˊ$ giu$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yiu$^1$ giu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯u²⁴ ki̯u³¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yû-kiú
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)iu$^ˊ$ giu$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yiu$^1$ giu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯u²⁴ ki̯u³¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iu-kiú
*** Tâi-lô: iu-kiú
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iu'kiuo
*** IPA (Taipei): /iu⁴⁴⁻³³ kiu⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /iu⁴⁴⁻³³ kiu⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iu⁴⁴⁻²² kiu⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iu³³ kiu⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iu-kú
*** Tâi-lô: iu-kú
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iu'kuo
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iu³³ ku⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iu⁴⁴⁻²² ku⁵³/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iû-kiú
*** Tâi-lô: iû-kiú
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iu'kiuo
*** IPA (Taipei): /iu²⁴⁻¹¹ kiu⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /iu²³⁻³³ kiu⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hiun$^1$ gu$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiuⁿ kú
*** Sinological IPA : /hĩũ³³⁻²³ ku⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$ieu-cieu$_5$
*** MiniDict: ieu$^平$ cieu$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$ieu-jieu$_2$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /iɤ⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɤ²¹/
** (Northern: Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^1$ieu-cieu$_3$
*** MiniDict: ieu$^平$ cieu$^上$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /ʏ⁴⁴ t͡ɕʏ/
* Middle Chinese: yuw kjuwX
Rime :
| Character | 悠 | 久 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 以周切 | 舉有切 |
| Baxter | yuw | kjuwX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jɨu/ | /kɨu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /jiu/ | /kiu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /iəu/ | /kiəu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /juw/ | /kuw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /iu/ | /kiu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /jĭəu/ | /kĭəu$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /i̯ə̯u/ | /ki̯ə̯u$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yóu | jiǔ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jau$^4$ | gau$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*liw [k]ʷəʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*lɯw kʷlɯʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 悠 | 久 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yōu | jiǔ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ yuw › | ‹ kjuw$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*liw/ | /*[k]ʷəʔ/ |
| English | long-brooding | a long time |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 悠 | 久 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 15479 | 6969 |
| Phonetic component | 攸 | 久 |
| Rime group | 幽 | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 猷 | 久 |
| Old Chinese | /*lɯw/ | /*kʷlɯʔ/ |

### Adjective

悠久
* age-old; long-standing; time-honoured
    歷史悠久／历史悠久 ― lìshǐ yōujiǔ ― to have a long history

#### Synonyms

* 久遠／久远 (jiǔyuǎn)
* 久長／久长 (jiǔcháng) (literary or Hakka, Min)
* 延延 (yányán) (literary)
* 延長／延长 (yáncháng) (literary)
* 彌遠／弥远 (míyuǎn) (literary)
* 恆久／恒久 (héngjiǔ)
* 悠長／悠长 (yōucháng)
* 曠世／旷世 (kuàngshì) (literary)
* 永久 (yǒngjiǔ)
* 永恆／永恒 (yǒnghéng)
* 漫長／漫长 (màncháng)
* 終古／终古 (zhōnggǔ) (literary)
* 迢迢 (tiáotiáo) (literary)
* 長久／长久 (chángjiǔ)
* 長遠／长远 (chángyuǎn)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 悠久(ゆうきゅう) (yūkyū)
* → Korean: 유구(悠久) (yugu)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 悠 | 久 |
| ゆう Grade: S | きゅう Grade: 5 |
| kan'on ||

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [jɯ̟ːkʲɨː]

### Adjective

悠(ゆう)久(きゅう) • (yūkyū) -na (adnominal 悠(ゆう)久(きゅう)な (yūkyū na), adverbial 悠(ゆう)久(きゅう)に (yūkyū ni))
* eternal, continuous, long-lasting
    悠(ゆう)久(きゅう)な大(だい)自(し)然(ぜん)
       yūkyū na daishizen
       eternal nature

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 悠久だろ | ゆうきゅうだろ | yūkyū daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 悠久で | ゆうきゅうで | yūkyū de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 悠久だ | ゆうきゅうだ | yūkyū da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 悠久な | ゆうきゅうな | yūkyū na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 悠久なら | ゆうきゅうなら | yūkyū nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 悠久であれ | ゆうきゅうであれ | yūkyū de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 悠久ではない 悠久じゃない | ゆうきゅうではない ゆうきゅうじゃない | yūkyū de wa nai yūkyū ja nai |
| Informal past | 悠久だった | ゆうきゅうだった | yūkyū datta |
| Informal negative past | 悠久ではなかった 悠久じゃなかった | ゆうきゅうではなかった ゆうきゅうじゃなかった | yūkyū de wa nakatta yūkyū ja nakatta |
| Formal | 悠久です | ゆうきゅうです | yūkyū desu |
| Formal negative | 悠久ではありません 悠久じゃありません | ゆうきゅうではありません ゆうきゅうじゃありません | yūkyū de wa arimasen yūkyū ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 悠久でした | ゆうきゅうでした | yūkyū deshita |
| Formal negative past | 悠久ではありませんでした 悠久じゃありませんでした | ゆうきゅうではありませんでした ゆうきゅうじゃありませんでした | yūkyū de wa arimasen deshita yūkyū ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 悠久で | ゆうきゅうで | yūkyū de |
| Conditional | 悠久なら（ば） | ゆうきゅうなら（ば） | yūkyū nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 悠久だったら | ゆうきゅうだったら | yūkyū dattara |
| Volitional | 悠久だろう | ゆうきゅうだろう | yūkyū darō |
| Adverbial | 悠久に | ゆうきゅうに | yūkyū ni |
| Degree | 悠久さ | ゆうきゅうさ | yūkyūsa |

### Noun

悠(ゆう)久(きゅう) • (yūkyū)
* something that lasts for a long time; something continuous
    悠(ゆう)久(きゅう)の歴(れき)史(し)
       yūkyū no rekishi
       a long history