# 瀨

| 瀨 | U+7028, &#28712; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7028 |
| ← 瀧 [U+7027] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 瀩 → [U+7029] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 瀨 |
| Shinjitai | 瀬 |
| Simplified | 濑 |

### Han character

瀨 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+16, 19 strokes, cangjie input 水木中金 (EDLC), four-corner 3118$_6$, composition ⿰氵賴)

#### Derived characters

* 𬟣

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 660, character 20
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 18672
* Dae Jaweon: page 1070, character 13
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1782, character 5
* Unihan data for U+7028

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 賴 | *raːds |
| 籟 | *raːds |
| 癩 | *raːds, *raːd |
| 瀨 | *raːds |
| 藾 | *raːds |
| 攋 | *raːds, *reːdʔ, *raːd |
| 懶 | *raːnʔ |
| 嬾 | *raːnʔ |
| 獺 | *r̥ʰaːd, *hr'aːd |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *raːds) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 賴 (OC *raːds).

### Etymology 1

As this word appeared in texts about ancient Eastern Yue (now Min) area and Chen Zan remarked that it was a Wu-Yue word, Schuessler (2007) speculates that it has Austroasiatic origin, comparing it to Wa-Lawa-Bulang *rah "rapids, waterfall" & Old Khmer rat (“to move swiftly, to run”), possibly derived from a root meaning "swift". Proto-Min *l̥aiꟲ is identical to Proto-Tai *hla:iᴮ¹.
Possibly unrelated to 濿 (OC *m·rads) "a ford".

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lài (lai$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄞˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): laai$^6$
* Northern Min (KCR): suōi
* Eastern Min (BUC): lái
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lōa / loah / nāi
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$le
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lài
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lài
*** Wade–Giles: lai$^4$
*** Yale: lài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lay
*** Palladius: лай (laj)
*** Sinological IPA : /laɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: laai$^6$
*** Yale: laaih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: laai$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lai$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /laːi̯²²/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: suōi
*** Sinological IPA : /suɛ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: lái
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃ɑi²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lōa
*** Tâi-lô: luā
*** Phofsit Daibuun: loa
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lua⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lua²²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /lua³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: loah
*** Tâi-lô: luah
*** Phofsit Daibuun: loaq
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /luaʔ³²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nāi
*** Tâi-lô: nāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: nai
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /nãi⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /nãi³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /nãi²²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$le
*** MiniDict: le$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$le
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /le²³/
* Middle Chinese: lajH
Rime :
| Character | 瀨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 泰 (25) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 落蓋切 |
| Baxter | lajH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɑi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lɑi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /lɑi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /laj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /lɑi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /lɑi$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /lɑi$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lài |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | laai$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.rˤa[t]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*raːds/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 瀨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | lài |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ laj$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*C.rˁa[t]-s/ |
| English | rapids |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 瀨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 7634 |
| Phonetic component | 賴 |
| Rime group | 祭 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 賴 |
| Old Chinese | /*raːds/ |

#### Definitions

瀨
* rapids; swift current
* (Hokkien) shallow part of a river with a rapid current

##### Synonyms

* (rapids): (literary) 湍流 (tuānliú)

#### Compounds

* 湍瀨／湍濑
* 滲瀨／渗濑
* 瀨仔／濑仔 (Hokkien)
* 瀨戶內海／濑户内海 (Làihù Nèihǎi)
* 瀨粉／濑粉 (làifěn)

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Same word as 賴 "to leave behind"?”)

#### Pronunciation

* Cantonese (Jyutping): laai$^6$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: laai$^6$
*** Yale: laaih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: laai$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lai$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /laːi̯²²/

#### Definitions

瀨
* (Cantonese) to pass (urine or feces) involuntarily
       ngo$^5$ zau$^6$ lei$^4$ gap$^1$ dou$^3$ laai$^6$ laa$^3$, ho$^2$ m$^4$ ho$^2$ ji$^5$ heoi$^3$ ci$^3$ so$^2$ aa$^3$? [Jyutping]
       I need to go so badly that I'm going to wet myself. Can I go to the washroom?

#### Compounds

* 瀨尿／濑尿
* 瀨屎／濑屎

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 瀬 |
| Kyūjitai | 瀨 |

### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 瀬)
* swift current
* rapids

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): らい (rai)
* Kun: せ (se, 瀨)

## Korean
### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 瀨 (MC lajH). Recorded as Middle Korean 뢰〮 (lwóy) (Yale: lwoy) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

### Hanja

Wikisource 瀨 (eumhun 여울 뢰 (yeoul roe), word-initial (South Korea) 여울 뇌 (yeoul noe))
* hanja form of 뢰/뇌 (“rapids”)

### References

* 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.