# 皮膚
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): pífū
       (Zhuyin): ㄆㄧˊ ㄈㄨ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): пифу (pifu, I-II)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): pei$^4$ fu$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): pei$^3$ fu$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): phì-fû
    (Hailu, HRS): pi fu$^ˋ$
* Eastern Min (BUC): puòi-hŭ
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): phê-hu / phêr-hu / phôe-hu
    (Teochew, Peng'im): puê$^5$ hu$^1$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$bi-fu$_1$ / $^2$bi-fu$_1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: pífū
*** Zhuyin: ㄆㄧˊ ㄈㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: pífu
*** Wade–Giles: pʻi$^2$-fu$^1$
*** Yale: pí-fū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: pyifu
*** Palladius: пифу (pifu)
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰi³⁵ fu⁵⁵/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: пифу (pifu, I-II)
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰi²⁴ fou⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: pei$^4$ fu$^1$
*** Yale: pèih fū
*** Cantonese Pinyin: pei$^4$ fu$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: péi$^4$ fu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰei̯²¹ fuː⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: pei$^3$ fu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰei²² fu³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phì-fû
*** Hakka Romanization System: pi$^ˇ$ fu$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: pi$^2$ fu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰi¹¹ fu²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: pi fu$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰi⁵⁵ fu⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: puòi-hŭ
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰui⁵³⁻⁵⁵ $^{(h-)}$u⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phê-hu
*** Tâi-lô: phê-hu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: phe'hw
*** IPA (Philippines): /pʰe²⁴⁻²² hu³³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /pʰe²⁴⁻¹¹ hu⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /pʰe²⁴⁻²² hu⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phêr-hu
*** Tâi-lô: phêr-hu
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pʰə²⁴⁻²² hu³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phôe-hu
*** Tâi-lô: phuê-hu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: phoe'hw
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pʰue²³⁻³³ hu⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pʰue¹³⁻²² hu⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: puê$^5$ hu$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: phuê hu
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hu³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$bi-fu$_1$
*** MiniDict: bi$^去$ fu$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$bi-fu$_1$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /bi²² fu⁴⁴/
** (Northern: Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^2$bi-fu$_1$
*** MiniDict: bi$^平$ fu$^平$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /bi²² fu³³/
* Middle Chinese: bje pju
Rime :
| Character | 皮 | 膚 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 支 (13) | 虞 (24) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 符羈切 | 甫無切 |
| Baxter | bje | pju |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /bˠiᴇ/ | /pɨo/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /bᵚiɛ/ | /pio/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /biɛ/ | /pio/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /bjiə̆/ | /puə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /bje/ | /pio/ |
| Wang Li | /bǐe/ | /pĭu/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /bʱie̯/ | /pi̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | pí | fū |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | pei$^4$ | fu$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-[p](r)aj pra/
    (Zhengzhang): /*bral pla/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 皮 | 膚 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | pí | fū |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ bje › | ‹ pju › |
| Old Chinese | /*m-[p](r)aj/ | /*pra/ |
| English | skin | skin |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 皮 | 膚 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 9711 | 5275 |
| Phonetic component | 皮 | 虍 |
| Rime group | 歌 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 皮 | 跗 |
| Old Chinese | /*bral/ | /*pla/ |

### Noun

皮膚
* skin; dermis
    皮膚移植／皮肤移植 ― pífū yízhí ― skin graft
    皮膚真菌／皮肤真菌 ― pífū zhēnjūn ― dermatophyte
    皮膚激光治療／皮肤激光治疗 ― pífū jīguāng zhìliáo ― laser skin treatment
    皮膚損傷／皮肤损伤 ― pífū sǔnshāng ― skin lesion
    皮膚乾燥／皮肤干燥 ― pífū gānzào ― dry skin
* (graphical user interface) skin
* (video games) skin (alternative outfit for a game character)

#### Synonyms

* (skin):
    (dialectal) 肉皮 (ròupí)
    (Sichuan) 皮子 (pízi), 皮皮
    (Jin) 肉皮子

#### Derived terms

* 皮膚標籤／皮肤标签 (pífū biāoqiān)
* 皮膚炎／皮肤炎 (pífūyán)
* 皮膚病／皮肤病 (pífūbìng)
* 皮膚癌／皮肤癌 (pífū'ái)
* 皮膚科／皮肤科 (pífūkē)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 皮膚(ひふ) (hifu)
* → Korean: 피부(皮膚) (pibu)
* → Vietnamese: bì phu (皮膚)

## Japanese
### Etymology

Kanji in this term :
| 皮 | 膚 |
| ひ Grade: 3 | ふ Grade: S |
| kan'on | on'yomi |
* Alternative spelling
* 皮フ
Sino-Japonic compound word from Middle Chinese 皮 (MC bje) and Middle Chinese 膚 (MC pju). First attested in 717. Compare Korean 피부 (pibu).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ひふ [híꜜfù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* (Tokyo) ひふ [hìfú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [çiɸɯ̟]

### Noun

皮(ひ)膚(ふ) • (hifu)
* [from 717] (anatomy) skin
    Synonyms: 皮 (kawa), 肌 (hada)
* [from 1650] exterior surface
    Synonym: 外面 (gaimen)

### References

* ↑ “皮膚”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 皮 | 膚 |

### Noun

皮膚 • (pibu) (hangeul 피부)
* hanja form of 피부 (“skin”)