# 天性
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tiānxìng
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄧㄢ ㄒㄧㄥˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tin$^1$ sing$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thiên-sin
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): thian-sèng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tiang$^1$ sên$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tiānxìng
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄢ ㄒㄧㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tiansìng
*** Wade–Giles: tʻien$^1$-hsing$^4$
*** Yale: tyān-syìng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tianshinq
*** Palladius: тяньсин (tjanʹsin)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tin$^1$ sing$^3$
*** Yale: tīn sing
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tin$^1$ sing$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tin$^1$ xing$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰiːn⁵⁵ sɪŋ³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thiên-sin
*** Hakka Romanization System: tien$^ˊ$ xin
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tian$^1$ xin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ sin⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thian-sèng
*** Tâi-lô: thian-sìng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tiensexng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiɛn³³ siɪŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: tiang$^1$ sên$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thiang sèⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ sẽ²¹³/
* Middle Chinese: then sjengH
Rime :
| Character | 天 | 性 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 透 (6) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 先 (85) | 清 (121) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | IV | III |
| Fanqie | 他前切 | 息正切 |
| Baxter | then | sjengH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tʰen/ | /siᴇŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tʰen/ | /siɛŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tʰɛn/ | /siæŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tʰɛn/ | /siajŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /tʰen/ | /siɛŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /tʰien/ | /sĭɛŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /tʰien/ | /si̯ɛŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tiān | xìng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | tin$^1$ | sing$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*l̥ˤi[n]|l̥ˤi[n] seŋ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qʰl'iːn sleŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 天 | 天 | 性 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | tiān | xiān | xìng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ then › | ‹ xen › | ‹ sjeng$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*l̥ˁi[n]/ | /*l̥ˁi[n]/ (W dialect: l̥ˁ- > Hàn-time *xˁ- > MC x-) | /*seŋ-s/ |
| English | heaven | heaven | nature |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 天 | 性 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 12387 | 11358 |
| Phonetic component | 天 | 生 |
| Rime group | 眞 | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 天 | 性 |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰl'iːn/ | /*sleŋs/ |

### Noun

天性
* nature (of a species, organism, etc.); innate disposition; temperament
    天性放誕／天性放诞 ― tiānxìng fàngdàn ― to have an unrestrained temperament
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Xíngsè, tiānxìng yě. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Qí sú, kuān zé suíxù, yīn shèliè qínshòu wéi shēngyè, jí zé rénxí zhàngōng yǐ qīnfá, qí tiānxìng yě. [Pinyin]
    It is their custom to herd their flocks in times of peace and make their living by hunting, but in periods of crisis they take up arms and go off on plundering and marauding expeditions. This seems to be their inborn nature.

#### Synonyms

* 常性 (chángxìng)
* 性地 (xìngdì) (literary or Min Nan)
* 性子 (xìngzi)
* 性情 (xìngqíng)
* 情性 (qíngxìng) (literary)
* 本性 (běnxìng)
* 本質／本质 (běnzhì)
* 氣性／气性
* 率性 (shuàixìng) (literary)
* 理 (lǐ) (literary, or in compounds)
* 癖 (Hokkien, Teochew)
* 癖鼻 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 秉性 (bǐngxìng)
* 稟性／禀性 (bǐngxìng)
* 稟氣／禀气 (bǐngqì) (literary)
* 素性 (sùxìng)
* 脾氣／脾气
* 腸子／肠子 (chángzi) (figurative)
* 量草 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 天性(てんせい) (tensei)
* → Korean: 천성(天性) (cheonseong)
* → Vietnamese: thiên tính (天性)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 天 | 性 |
| てん Grade: 1 | せい Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) てんせー [téꜜǹsèè] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [tẽ̞ɰ̃se̞ː]

### Noun

天(てん)性(せい) • (tensei)
* nature, innate disposition, inborn quality

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 天 | 性 |

### Noun

天性 • (cheonseong) (hangeul 천성)
* hanja form of 천성

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 天 | 性 |

### Noun

天性
* chữ Hán form of thiên tính (“nature; character; instinct”).