# 鴻雁
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): hóngyàn
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄥˊ ㄧㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hung$^4$ ngaan$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hóngyàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄥˊ ㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hóngyàn
*** Wade–Giles: hung$^2$-yen$^4$
*** Yale: húng-yàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: horngyann
*** Palladius: хунъянь (xunʺjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xʊŋ³⁵ jɛn⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hung$^4$ ngaan$^6$
*** Yale: hùhng ngaahn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hung$^4$ ngaan$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hung$^4$ ngan$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /hʊŋ²¹ ŋaːn²²/
* Middle Chinese: huwng ngaenH
Rime :
| Character | 鴻 | 雁 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (1) | 刪 (69) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | II |
| Fanqie | 戸公切 | 五晏切 |
| Baxter | huwng | ngaenH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦuŋ/ | /ŋˠan$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦuŋ/ | /ŋᵚan$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣuŋ/ | /ŋɐn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦəwŋ/ | /ŋaɨn$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣuŋ/ | /ŋan$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣuŋ/ | /ŋan$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ɣuŋ/ | /ŋan$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hóng | yàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hung$^4$ | ngaan$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤoŋ C.[ŋ]ˤrar-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡoːŋ ŋraːns/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 鴻 | 雁 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hóng | yàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ huwng › | ‹ ngæn$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ]ˁoŋ/ | /*C.[ŋ]ˁrar-s/ |
| English | kind of wild goose | wild goose |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鴻 | 雁 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 4061 | 14436 |
| Phonetic component | 工 | 雁 |
| Rime group | 東 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 洪 | 鴈 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡoːŋ/ | /*ŋraːns/ |
| Notes | | 說文廠聲 |

### Noun

鴻雁
* swan goose
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Hóngyàn yú fēi, jí yú zhōng zé. [Pinyin]
    The wild geese are flying about; and they settle in the midst of the marsh.
* (literary, figurative) refugee; displaced people
* (literary, figurative) letter
* (literary, figurative) brother

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 鴻雁, 鴻 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 雁, 大雁, 鴻雁 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 大雁 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 大雁 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 大雁 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 大雁 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 大雁, 雁 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 大雁 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 大雁, 雁 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 大雁 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 大雁 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 大雁 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 大雁 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 大雁, 雁 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 大雁, 雁 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 大雁 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 大雁 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 大雁 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 大雁 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 大雁 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 大雁, 雁 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 大雁, 雁 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 大雁 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 大雁, 雁 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 大雁 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 老雁 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 雁 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 大雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 大雁, 雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 大雁, 雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 大雁, 雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 大雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 大雁, 雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 大雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 大雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 大雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 大雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 大雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 咕嚕雁, 雁兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 大雁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 大雁, 雁 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 大雁, 雁 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 雁 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 咕嚕雁 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 雁 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 大雁, 雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 大雁, 雁鵝 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 雁鵝 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 雁鵝 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 雁鵝, 雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 雁鵝 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 雁鵝 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 大雁, 雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 大雁, 雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 大雁, 雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 大雁, 雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 雁鵝, 大雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 雁鵝, 大雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 雁鵝 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 大雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 雁鵝 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 大雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 大雁, 雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 大雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 大雁, 雁鵝 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 大雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 大雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 雁鵝 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 大雁, 雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Salong (Lancang) | 大雁 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Sai (Tengchong) | 大雁 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 雁子, 大雁子, 大雁 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 大雁 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 大雁 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 雁 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 雁 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 雁 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 雁 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 大雁 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 雁鵝, 雁 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 雁 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 雁鵝, 雁 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 雁 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 大雁 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 大雁 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 雁 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 雁鵝 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 雁鵝 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 雁 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 雁鵝 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 雁鵝 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 雁鵝 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 雁 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 雁 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 雁 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 雁 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 雁 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 雁 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 雁 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 雁 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 大雁, 雁 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 大雁, 雁 |
| Jin | Datong | 大雁, 雁 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 雁兒 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 雁 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 大雁, 雁 |
| Jin | Linhe | 大雁 |
| Jin | Jining | 大雁 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 大雁, 雁 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 大雁 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 大雁, 雁 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 大雁 |
| Jin | Handan | 大雁, 雁 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 大雁 |
| Jin | Suide | 雁 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 雁 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 雁鵝 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 雁鳥, 鵠鶴 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 雁鳥, 雁 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 雁 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 大雁, 雁鵝 |
| Wu | Danyang | 雁 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 雁鵝 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 雁鵝 |
| Wu | Zhoushan | 雁鵝 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 雁子, 雁鵝 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 雁, 雁阿 |

#### Derived terms

* 鴻雁傳書／鸿雁传书 (hóngyànchuánshū)
* 鴻雁哀鳴／鸿雁哀鸣 (hóngyàn'āimíng)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 鴻雁(こうがん) (kōgan)
* → Korean: 홍안(鴻雁) (hong'an)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 鴻 | 雁 |
| こう Jinmeiyō | がん Jinmeiyō |
| kan'on ||

### Noun

鴻(こう)雁(がん) • (kōgan)
* (literary) wild geese