# 旄

| 旄 | U+65C4, &#26052; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-65C4 |
| ← 旃 [U+65C3] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 旅 → [U+65C5] |

## Translingual
### Han character

旄 (Kangxi radical 70, 方+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 卜尸人竹山 (YSOHU), four-corner 0821$_4$, composition ⿸𭤨毛)
* a kind of ancient flag decorated with yak tails
* old

#### Derived characters

* 𣹪

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 482, character 18
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13642
* Dae Jaweon: page 844, character 12
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2177, character 6
* Unihan data for U+65C4

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 毛 | *maːw, *maːws |
| 髦 | *maːw |
| 旄 | *maːw, *maːws |
| 芼 | *maːw, *maːws |
| 氂 | *rɯ, *maːw |
| 枆 | *maːw |
| 酕 | *maːw |
| 牦 | *maːw |
| 耄 | *maːws |
| 覒 | *maːws |
| 眊 | *maːws, *mraːwɢ |
| 耗 | *hmaːws |
| 秏 | *hmaːws, *hmɯːbs |
| 毣 | *mraːwɢ, *moːwɢ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maːw, *maːws) : semantic 㫃 + phonetic 毛 (OC *maːw, *maːws)

### Etymology

Li Shizhen relates 旄 (máo, “banner”) to pronunciation máo of 牦／犛 (“yak”); he also sees a possible connection of both to 毛 (máo, “hair”):
* 【時珍曰】牦與旄同，或作毛。後漢書云冉䮾夷出牦牛，一名犣牛，重千斤，毛可爲旄。觀此則旄牛之名，蓋取諸此。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]【时珍曰】牦与旄同，或作毛。后汉书云冉𩧪夷出牦牛，一名犣牛，重千斤，毛可为旄。观此则旄牛之名，盖取诸此。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]From: The Compendium of Materia Medica [Bencao Gangmu], by Li Shizhen, 1578 CE【 Shízhēn yuē 】 máo yǔ máo tóng, huò zuò máo. Hòuhànshū yún Rǎnmáng Yí chū máoniú, yī míng lièniú, zhòng qiān jīn, máo kě wéi máo. Guān cǐ zé máoniú zhī míng, gài qǔ zhū cǐ. [Pinyin]I, Shizhen, say: "Máo 牦 and máo 旄 are identical. Sometimes it's written as máo 毛. The Book of Later Han states that the máoníu 牦牛, also called lièníu 犣牛, come from the Rǎnmáng Yí. They weigh one thousand catties, and their hair can be used to decorate banners (máo 旄). This is possibly why we observe that they are named banner-bovines (máoníu 旄牛).
However, see 犛／牦 (máo) for alternative etymology.

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): máo (mao$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄠˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): mou$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): mô͘
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: máo
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄠˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: máo
*** Wade–Giles: mao$^2$
*** Yale: máu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mau
*** Palladius: мао (mao)
*** Sinological IPA : /mɑʊ̯³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: mou$^4$
*** Yale: mòuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: mou$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: mou$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /mou̯²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: mô͘
*** Tâi-lô: môo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: moo
*** IPA (Xiamen): /mɔ̃²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /mɔ̃²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /mɔ̃¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /mɔ̃²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /mɔ̃²³/
* Middle Chinese: maw, mawH
Rime :
| Character | 旄 | 旄 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 豪 (89) | 豪 (89) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 莫袍切 | 莫報切 |
| Baxter | maw | mawH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /mɑu/ | /mɑu$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /mɑu/ | /mɑu$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /mɑu/ | /mɑu$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /maw/ | /maw$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /mɑu/ | /mɑu$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /mɑu/ | /mɑu$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /mɑu/ | /mɑu$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | máo | mào |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | mou$^4$ | mou$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*mˤaw/
    (Zhengzhang): /*maːw/, /*maːws/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 旄 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | máo |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ maw › |
| Old Chinese | /*mˁaw/ |
| English | ox-tail pennon |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 旄 | 旄 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 8782 | 8789 |
| Phonetic component | 毛 | 毛 |
| Rime group | 宵 | 宵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 毛 | 冃 |
| Old Chinese | /*maːw/ | /*maːws/ |

#### Definitions

旄
* a kind of ancient flag decorated with yak tails
    From: The Book of Documents, circa 4th – 3rd century BCE
    Wáng zuǒ zhàng huángyuè, yòu bǐng báimáo yǐ huī, yuē: “Tì yǐ, xītǔ zhī rén!” [Pinyin]
    The king wielded in his left hand a gilded ax and held in his right hand a white yak-tail-decorated banner to conduct (the troops); he said: "Far are ye come, men of the western lands!"
* (obsolete) yak
    From: 司馬相如 (Sima Xiangru) 《上林賦》 "Rhapsody on the Imperial Park", in 《史記》 Records of the Grand Historian. Translated based on Knechtges's (2008) version
    Shòu zé yóng máo mò máo/lí, shěnniú zhǔmí, chìshǒu yuántí, qióngqí xiàng xī. [Pinyin]
    Its animals are: The zebus, hairy yaks, pandas, grunting yaks, plunging bulls, elaphures; red-headed, round-hoofed; extreme extraordinaire, elephants, and rhinoceroses.

#### Compounds

* 干旄
* 擁旄／拥旄
* 旄丘
* 旄倪
* 旄牛
* 旄鉞／旄钺
* 旄頭／旄头
* 旄騎／旄骑
* 旌旄
* 白旄 (báimáo)
* 白旄黃鉞／白旄黄钺 (báimáo huángyuè)
* 節旄／节旄
* 羽旄
* 騂旄／骍旄

### Pronunciation 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 旄 – see 耄 (“very old; senile; befuddled; confused; etc.”). (This character is an ancient form of 耄).

### References

* “旄”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* pennant/banner with a long-haired yak tail attached
* yak tail
* yak

#### Readings

* Go-on: もう (mō)
* Kan-on: ぼう (bō)
* Kun: はたかざり (hatakazari)、おいぼれ (oibore)

## Korean
### Hanja

旄 • (mo) (hangeul 모, revised mo, McCune–Reischauer mo, Yale mo)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

旄: Hán Nôm readings: mao
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation