# 孀

| 孀 | U+5B40, &#23360; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B40 |
| ← 嬿 [U+5B3F] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 孁 → [U+5B41] |

## Translingual
### Han character

孀 (Kangxi radical 38, 女+17, 20 strokes, cangjie input 女一月山 (VMBU), four-corner 4146$_3$, composition ⿰女霜)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 273, character 43
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6885
* Dae Jaweon: page 542, character 18
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1090, character 7
* Unihan data for U+5B40

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 相 | *slaŋ, *slaŋs |
| 廂 | *slaŋ |
| 湘 | *slaŋ |
| 緗 | *slaŋ |
| 箱 | *slaŋ |
| 葙 | *slaŋ |
| 想 | *slaŋʔ |
| 霜 | *sraŋ |
| 孀 | *sraŋ |
| 鸘 | *sraŋ |
| 驦 | *sraŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sraŋ) : semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 霜 (OC *sraŋ).

### Etymology

Zhang (2000) relates it to 喪 (OC *smaːŋ, “mourning; funeral”), 喪 (OC *smaːŋs, “to lose”) and 霜 (OC *sraŋ, “frost (which causes loss)”). However, Schuessler (2007) considers these three words etymologically unrelated.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shuāng (shuang$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄨㄤ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): soeng$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): song$^1$
* Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): song$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): só̤ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): sŏng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): song / sng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): seng$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$saon
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): xyan$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shuāng
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄨㄤ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shuang
*** Wade–Giles: shuang$^1$
*** Yale: shwāng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shuang
*** Palladius: шуан (šuan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: soeng$^1$
*** Yale: sēung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: soeng$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sêng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sœːŋ⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: song$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɔŋ³³/
* Hakka
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: song$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /sɔŋ⁴⁴/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: só̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /sɔŋ⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sŏng
*** Sinological IPA : /souŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: song
*** Tâi-lô: song
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sofng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /sɔŋ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sng
*** Tâi-lô: sng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sngf
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /sŋ̍⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: seng$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sṳng
*** Sinological IPA : /sɯŋ³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$saon
*** MiniDict: saon$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$saan
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /sɑ̃⁵³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: xyan$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕy̯æn³³/
* Middle Chinese: srjang
Rime :
| Character | 孀 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 生 (21) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 色莊切 |
| Baxter | srjang |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʃɨɐŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʃiɐŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʃiɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʂɨaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ʃiaŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ʃĭaŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ʂi̯aŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shuāng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | song$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*sraŋ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 孀 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13588 |
| Phonetic component | 相 |
| Rime group | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 霜 |
| Old Chinese | /*sraŋ/ |

### Definitions

孀
* widow

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 寡, 寡婦, 寡妻, 嫠, 嫠婦, 孀, 孀妻, 孀婦, 遺孀, 孤孀, 孤嫠, 寡嫠 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 寡婦, 孤孀 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 寡婦, 半邊人兒, 半邊人 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 寡婦 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Ulanhot | 寡婦 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tongliao | 寡婦 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 寡婦 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 寡婦 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 寡婦 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 寡婦 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 寡婦兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 寡婦 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 寡婦 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 寡婦 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 寡婦 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 女寡婦 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) | 女寡婦 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 寡婦 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Bayanhot | 寡婦 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 寡婦 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 寡婦 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 寡母子, 寡母兒, 寡婦 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 寡婦 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 寡婆, 寡婦 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 寡婦 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guanyang | 寡婆子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 寡母婆, 寡婦婆, 寡婦 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dagudi (Maliba) | 寡婦 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Reshuitang (Longling) | 寡婦婆 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Salong (Lancang) | 老寡婦 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Sai (Tengchong) | 寡婦 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 寡婦 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 半邊人, 寡婦 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Xinghua | 半邊人 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 寡婦 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 寡母婆, 寡婆 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 寡母婆 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) | 寡婦婆 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 守寡婆 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 守寡婆 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 寡婆 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 守寡婆 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 寡婦婆 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 寡母婆 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 寡母婆 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 寡母婆 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 寡婦 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 寡婦, 半邊人 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 寡婦 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 寡婦, 寡婦婆 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 寡婦 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 寡婦婆 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 守寡婆 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 寡婦婆 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 守寡婆 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 寡婦, 寡婦老嫗 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 寡婦 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 寡婦, 守寡哩 |
| Jin | Taibus (Baochang) | 寡婦 |
| Jin | Linhe | 寡婦 |
| Jin | Jining | 寡婦 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 寡婦 |
| Jin | Baotou | 寡婦 |
| Jin | Dongsheng | 寡婦 |
| Jin | Haibowan | 寡婦 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 守寡嫲 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 孀居儂, 孀居 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 守寡儂, 守寡的, 守寡查某 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 守寡儂 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 守寡儂 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 守寡個 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 寡婦 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 寡婦 |
| Southern Min | Chiang Mai (Teochew) | 寡婦 |
| Southern Min | Hat Yai (Teochew) | 寡婦 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 寡婦 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 守節 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 死老公個 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 寡婆 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 寡母婆 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 孤孀, 寡婦 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 寡婦, 單邊人 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 孤孀 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 寡婦 |
| Wu | Danyang | 寡婦 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 寡婦 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 孤孀老𡢿, 孤孀 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 守寡老人兒, 守寡老安人, 單邊人 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 寡婦 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 寡婦 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 寡婦 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 單身寡婦, 寡婦 |

### Compounds

* 媰孀／㛀孀
* 孀單／孀单
* 孀姑
* 孀妻 (shuāngqī)
* 孀娥
* 孀婦／孀妇 (shuāngfù)
* 孀嫠
* 孀孤
* 孀寡
* 孀居
* 孀居
* 孀居儂／孀居侬
* 孀母
* 孀節／孀节
* 孀閨／孀闺
* 孀雌
* 孤孀 (gūshuāng)
* 富孀
* 寡孀
* 居孀
* 艾孀
* 遺孀／遗孀 (yíshuāng)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* widow

#### Readings

* Go-on: しょう (shō)
* Kan-on: そう (sō)
* Kun: やもめ (yamome, 孀)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 孀
* やもめ Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 孀 – see the following entry. :
| 【やもめ】 | [noun] 寡, 寡婦, 孀: widow Alternative spellings 寡, 寡婦 |
(This term, 孀, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Hanja

孀 (eum 상 (sang))
* widow

## Vietnamese
### Han character

孀: Hán Nôm readings: sương
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation