# stum
## English
### Etymology

From Dutch stom (“unfermented”, literally “mute; dull”). Compare French vin muet, German stummer Wein. Doublet of shtum.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /stʌm/
* Audio (Southern England):(file)
* Rhymes: -ʌm

### Noun

stum (countable and uncountable, plural stums)
* (obsolete) Unfermented grape juice; must.
** 1620s, Ben Jonson, Leges Convivales
    Let our wines, without mixture of stum, be all fine.
** 1682, John Dryden, The Medal:And with thy stum ferment their fainting cause.
* (obsolete) Wine revived by new fermentation, resulting from the admixture of must.
** 1664, Samuel Butler, Hudibras; with notes by T. R. Nash, volume 1, published 1835, Part II, Canto 1, page 265:Drink ev'ry letter on't in stum, And make it brisk champaign become.
** 1859, The family manual and servants' guide, 9th edition:To each hogshead of genuine Bordeaux wine, there are four gallons of Benicarlo, half a gallon of stum wine, and a small quantity of Hermitage added, which mixture undergoes a slight fermentation, and is then exported under the name of claret.
** 1987, André Bustanoby, The Wrath of Grapes: Drinking and the Church Divided, →ISBN, page 36:But stum wine was not intended for drinking.

#### Translations
### Verb

stum (third-person singular simple present stums, present participle stumming, simple past and past participle stummed)
* (transitive, obsolete) To ferment.
* (transitive, obsolete) To renew (wine etc.) by mixing must with it and raising a new fermentation.
** 1696, John Floyer, The praeternatural State of animal Hurnours described by their sensible Qualities:We stum our crude wines […] to renew their spirits.
* (transitive, obsolete) To fume, as a cask of liquor, with burning sulphur.
** 1789, “Cultivation of the Vine”, in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, volume 1:Since I have taken this method with cyder, it has proved more like wine than common drink, but then I racked it off a second and a third time, as soon as it appeared fine, and then stummed the cask that received it the lasttime […]

### References

* ↑ T. R. Nash disputed the sense, noting "Dr. Johnson, in his Dictionary, has quoted these lines to prove that stum may signify wine revived by a new fermentation, but, perhaps, it means no more than figuratively to say that the remembrance of the widow's charms could turn bad wine into good, foul muddy wine, into clear sparkling champaigne."
* “stum”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.

### Anagrams

* UMTS, MTUs, tums, smut, UTMs, UTMS, must

## Danish
### Adjective

stum (neuter stumt, plural and definite singular attributive stumme)
* mute, not possessing the ability of speech
* temporarily unable to speak due to strong emotion
* not involving speech
    De så ikke min stumme bøn.They did not see my silent plea.

## Latvian
### Verb

stum
* inflection of stumt:
** second-person singular present indicative
** second-person singular imperative

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

Borrowed from Middle Low German stum. Compare to Swedish stum and Danish stum.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /stumː/

### Adjective

stum (neuter singular stumt, definite singular and plural stumme, comparative stummare, indefinite superlative stummast, definite superlative stummaste)
* quiet, silent (also about pronunciation of letters)
* speechless, mute (also about people)

### References

* “stum” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

## Swedish
### Etymology

From Old Swedish stumber.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /stɵm/
* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

stum (not comparable)
* mute (unable to speak)
* rigid (not flexing or stretching)
    stumt tygnon-stretch fabric

#### Derived terms

* stumfilm

#### Related terms

* stumhet

### References

* stum in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* stum in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* stum in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

### Anagrams

* must, tums