# گبر
## Persian
### Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *webʰ- (“weave”).

#### Alternative forms

* گپر (gapr)

#### Noun

گبر • (gabr)
* hauberk

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Aramaic 𐡂𐡁𐡓𐡀 (gbrʾ /⁠gaḇrā⁠/, “man; person”), reflected in the Middle Persian logogram (huzvarishn) GBRA (mard, “man”). The Persian word was probably used in pre-Islamic Persia to refer to some Zoroastrians in Mesopotamia (inhabited by many Aramaeans).
Traditionally has been derived from Arabic كَافِر (kāfir, “unbeliever”), but that is problematic on phonetic and semantic grounds.
See Shaki in Encyclopædia Iranica for more.

#### Alternative forms

* گور (gavr) (archaic)
* گاور (gâvor, gâvar) (archaic)

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ɡaβɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ɡäbɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ɡäbɾ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ɡäbɾ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ɡäbɾ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ɡʲæbɹ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ɡäbɾ]

#### Noun

| Dari | گبر |
| Iranian Persian | گبر |
| Tajik | габр |
گبر • (gabr)
* (archaic, later derogatory) Zoroastrian
* (archaic) kafir, infidel
** Attributed to both Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khayr (967–1049) and Rumi (1207–1273)
    باز آ باز آ هر آنچه هستی باز آ گر کافر و گبر و بت‌پرستی باز آ این درگه ما درگه نومیدی نیست صد بار اگر توبه شکستی باز آbâz-â! bâz-â! har ânče hastî bâz-â! gar kâfir u gabr u but-parastî bâz-â! în dargah-i mâ dargah-i nômêdî nêst sad bâr agar tawba šikastî, bâz-â!Literal translation: Return, return! Whatever thou art, return! Whether kafir, infidel, or idolater, return! This threshold of ours is not a threshold of despair. [Even] if you've broken your repentance a thousand times, return!
* (colloquial) wealthy man

##### Derived terms

* گبری (gabri)
* گبرک (gabrak)
* گبرکی (gabraki)

##### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: gəbr
* → Ottoman Turkish: گبر (gebr)
** → French: guèbre
*** → English: Guebre
** → German: Geber
** → Italian: guebro
* → Uzbek: gabr
(via the by-form گاور (gâvor)):
* → Azerbaijani: gavur
* → Ottoman Turkish: كاور (gâvur), گاور (gâvor)
** Turkish: gâvur
** → Armenian: գյավուր (gyavur)
** → Bulgarian: гяу́р (gjaúr), гяу́рин (gjaúrin)
** → English: giaour
** → French: giaour, ghiaour
** → German: Giaur
** → Macedonian: ѓаур (ǵaur)
** → Romanian: ghiaur
** → Hungarian: gyaur
** → Italian: giaurro
** → Polish: giaur
** → Russian: гяу́р (gjaúr)
** → Serbo-Croatian: ђаур／đaur, каур／kaur

### References

* Mansour Shaki (December 15, 2000) “Gabr”, in Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, New York
* Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “گبر”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press, retrieved گاور, page گور
* MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) “mard”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 54
* “gbr”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Lokotsch, Karl (1927) Etymologisches Wörterbuch der europäischen Wörter orientalischen Ursprungs (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, § 632, page 50b
* Vullers, Johann August (1856–1864) “گبر”, in Lexicon Persico-Latinum etymologicum cum linguis maxime cognatis Sanscrita et Zendica et Pehlevica comparatum, e lexicis persice scriptis Borhâni Qâtiu, Haft Qulzum et Bahâri agam et persico-turcico Farhangi-Shuûrî confectum, adhibitis etiam Castelli, Meninski, Richardson et aliorum operibus et auctoritate scriptorum Persicorum adauctum‎ (in Latin), volume II, Gießen: J. Ricker, page 950a

### See also

* Gabr on Wikipedia.Wikipedia