# πέραν
## Ancient Greek
### Alternative forms

* πέρην (pérēn) — Ionic, Epic

### Etymology

Compare πέρᾱ (pérā, “beyond”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pé.raːn/ → /ˈpe.ran/ → /ˈpe.ran/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /pé.raːn/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /ˈpe.ran/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ˈpe.ran/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ˈpe.ran/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ˈpe.ran/

### Adverb

πέρᾱν • (pérān)
* (with genitive, often with the associated idea of a body of water)
** on the other side, across
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.626
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.752
*** 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 215
*** 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 814
*** 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 5.21
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.9
*** 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1200
*** 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 334
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.67
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.3.3
*** 416 BCE, Euripides, Herakles 386
*** (absolute) on the other side
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.97
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 2.4.20
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 6.5.22
*** (with verbs of motion, followed by εἰς (eis)) over or across to
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.36
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 7.2.2
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.111
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.44
*** (with the article)
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 3.5.2
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 1.3.17
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.3.11
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.3.24
**** 200 BCE – 118 BCE, Polybius, The Histories 3.97.5
**** 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Gaius Marius 23
**** 86 CE – 160 CE, Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander 5.10.2
** over against, opposite
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.535
*** 110 CE – 180 CE, Pausanias Periegeta, Graeciae Descriptio 2.22.2
*** 110 CE – 180 CE, Pausanias Periegeta, Graeciae Descriptio 5.15.8
** (less often) beyond
*** 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Isthmian Ode 6.23
*** 428 BCE, Euripides, Hippolytus 1053
*** 438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 585
*** 423 BCE, Euripides, The Suppliants 676
** right through
*** 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, On the Instruments of Reduction 37
*** 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, On Joints 11
*** 110 CE – 180 CE, Pausanias Periegeta, Graeciae Descriptio 5.15.8

#### Descendants

* Greek: πέραν (péran)

### References

* “πέραν”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “πέραν”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* πέραν in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* “πέραν”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
* G4008 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
* Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. across idem, page 9.beyond idem, page 77.opposite idem, page 576.side idem, page 772.

## Greek
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek πέραν (péran).

### Adverb

πέραν • (péran)
* beyond
* (obsolete) Alternative form of πέρα (péra)

#### Usage notes

* Almost always followed by genitive (γενική (genikí))