# 寵愛
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chǒng'ài
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄨㄥˇ ㄞˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cung$^2$ oi$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): thióng-ài
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tong$^2$ ain$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chǒng'ài
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄨㄥˇ ㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chǒng-ài
*** Wade–Giles: chʻung$^3$-ai$^4$
*** Yale: chǔng-ài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: choongay
*** Palladius: чунъай (čunʺaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cung$^2$ oi$^3$
*** Yale: chúng oi
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsung$^2$ oi$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cung$^2$ oi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵ ɔːi̯³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thióng-ài
*** Tâi-lô: thióng-ài
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tiofng'aix
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰiɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ai²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ai⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ai²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰiɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ai¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰiɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ai²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: tong$^2$ ain$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thóng àiⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰoŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ ãĩ²¹³/
* Middle Chinese: trhjowngX 'ojH
Rime :
| Character | 寵 | 愛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 徹 (10) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 丑隴切 | 烏代切 |
| Baxter | trhjowngX | 'ojH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʈʰɨoŋ$^X$/ | /ʔʌi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈʰioŋ$^X$/ | /ʔəi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȶʰioŋ$^X$/ | /ʔɒi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈʰuawŋ$^X$/ | /ʔəj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȶʰioŋ$^X$/ | /ʔᴀi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȶʰĭwoŋ$^X$/ | /ɒi$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ȶʰi̯woŋ$^X$/ | /ʔɑ̆i$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chǒng | ài |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cung$^2$ | oi$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*r̥oŋʔ [q]ˤə[p]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*r̥ʰoŋʔ qɯːds/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 寵 | 愛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | chǒng | ài |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ trhjowng$^X$ › | ‹ ʔoj$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*r̥oŋʔ/ | /*[q]ˁə[p]-s/ |
| English | favor, grace | to love; to grudge (< ‘draw close to oneself’?) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 寵 | 愛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 8448 | 1 |
| Phonetic component | 龍 | 愛 |
| Rime group | 東 | 隊 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 寵 | 愛 |
| Old Chinese | /*r̥ʰoŋʔ/ | /*qɯːds/ |
| Notes | | 說文本從心旡聲 |

### Verb

寵愛
* to dote on; to make a pet of

#### Synonyms

* 嬌／娇 (jiāo)
* 嬌慣／娇惯 (jiāoguàn)
* 嬌縱／娇纵 (jiāozòng)
* 慣／惯 (guàn)
* 放縱／放纵 (fàngzòng)
* 溺愛／溺爱 (nì'ài)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 寵 | 愛 |
| ちょう Jinmeiyō | あい Grade: 4 |
| kan'on | on'yomi |

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ちょーあい [chòóáí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [t͡ɕo̞ːa̠i]

### Noun

寵(ちょう)愛(あい) • (chōai)
* favour
    寵(ちょう)愛(あい)を受(う)ける ― chōai o ukeru ― to receive one's favour

### Verb

寵(ちょう)愛(あい)する • (chōai suru) transitive suru (stem 寵(ちょう)愛(あい)し (chōai shi), past 寵(ちょう)愛(あい)した (chōai shita))
* to love specially; to show favour for
    Synonyms: 慈しむ (itsukushimu), いとおしむ (itooshimu), 愛でる (mederu)

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 寵愛し | ちょうあいし | chōai shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 寵愛し | ちょうあいし | chōai shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 寵愛する | ちょうあいする | chōai suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 寵愛する | ちょうあいする | chōai suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 寵愛すれ | ちょうあいすれ | chōai sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 寵愛せよ¹ 寵愛しろ² | ちょうあいせよ¹ ちょうあいしろ² | chōai seyo¹ chōai shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 寵愛される | ちょうあいされる | chōai sareru |
| Causative | 寵愛させる 寵愛さす | ちょうあいさせる ちょうあいさす | chōai saseru chōai sasu |
| Potential | 寵愛できる | ちょうあいできる | chōai dekiru |
| Volitional | 寵愛しよう | ちょうあいしよう | chōai shiyō |
| Negative | 寵愛しない | ちょうあいしない | chōai shinai |
| Negative continuative | 寵愛せず | ちょうあいせず | chōai sezu |
| Formal | 寵愛します | ちょうあいします | chōai shimasu |
| Perfective | 寵愛した | ちょうあいした | chōai shita |
| Conjunctive | 寵愛して | ちょうあいして | chōai shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 寵愛すれば | ちょうあいすれば | chōai sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 寵 | 愛 |

### Noun

寵愛 • (chong'ae) (hangeul 총애)
* hanja form of 총애