# 孤兒
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): gū'ér
       (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨ ㄦˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gu$^1$ er$^2$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gu$^1$ ji$^4$
* Gan (Wiktionary): gu$^1$ eo$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kû-yì
* Jin (Wiktionary): gu$^1$ er$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ko͘-jî / ko͘-lî
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gou$^1$ ri$^5$ / gu$^1$ ri$^5$
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gu$^1$ e$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gū'ér
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨ ㄦˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gu-ér
*** Wade–Giles: ku$^1$-êrh$^2$
*** Yale: gū-ér
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guerl
*** Palladius: гуэр (guer)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: gu$^1$ er$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gur
*** Sinological IPA : /ku⁵⁵ ɚ²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gu$^1$ ji$^4$
*** Yale: gū yìh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gu$^1$ ji$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gu$^1$ yi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kuː⁵⁵ jiː²¹/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: gu$^1$ eo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ku⁴² ɵ³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kû-yì
*** Hakka Romanization System: gu$^ˊ$ i$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gu$^1$ yi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ku²⁴ i¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kû-yì
*** Hakka Romanization System: gu$^ˊ$ (r)i$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gu$^1$ yi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ku²⁴ (j)i¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: gu$^1$ er$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ku¹¹ əɻ¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko͘-jî
*** Tâi-lô: koo-jî
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kojii
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ zi²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² d͡zi¹³/
** (Hokkien: Taipei, Xiamen, Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko͘-lî
*** Tâi-lô: koo-lî
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kolii
*** IPA (Taipei): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ li²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ³³ li²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² li²⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gou$^1$ ri$^5$ / gu$^1$ ri$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kou jî / ku jî
*** Sinological IPA : /kou³³⁻²³ d͡zi⁵⁵/, /ku³³⁻²³ d͡zi⁵⁵/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: gu$^1$ e$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ku³³ ɤ̞¹³/
* Middle Chinese: ku nye
Rime :
| Character | 孤 | 兒 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) | 支 (11) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 古胡切 | 汝移切 |
| Baxter | ku | nye |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuo/ | /ȵiᴇ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kuo/ | /ȵiɛ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ko/ | /ȵʑjɛ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɔ/ | /ȵiə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /ko/ | /ȵie/ |
| Wang Li | /ku/ | /ȵʑǐe/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kuo/ | /ȵʑie̯/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gū | ér |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gu$^1$ | ji$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʷˤa ŋe/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʷaː ŋje/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 孤 | 兒 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gū | ér |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ku › | ‹ nye › |
| Old Chinese | /*kʷˁa/ | /*ŋe/ |
| English | orphan | child |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 孤 | 兒 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| No. | 4347 | 2757 |
| Phonetic component | 瓜 | 兒 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 支 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 孤 | 兒 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʷaː/ | /*ŋje/ |

### Noun

孤兒
* orphan (a minor, both of whose parents have died)
* orphan (a minor whose father has died)
    孤兒寡母／孤儿寡母 ― gū'ér guǎmǔ ― fatherless child and widowed mother

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 孤兒, 遺孤 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 孤兒, 遺孤 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 孤兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 孤兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 孤兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 孤兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 孤兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 孤兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 孤兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 孤兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 孤兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 孤兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 孤兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 孤兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 孤兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 孤兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 孤兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 孤兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 孤兒, 業障疙瘩 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 孤兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 孤兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 孤兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 孤兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 孤兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 孤兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 孤兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 孤兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 孤兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 孤兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 孤兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 孤兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 孤兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 孤兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 孤兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 孤兒, 沒娘孩兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 孤兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 孤兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 孤兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 孤兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 孤兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 孤兒, 耶提目 Islam |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 孤兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 孤兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 沒達達媽媽的, 耶提目兒, 耶提目 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 孤兒, 耶梯目 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 孤兒 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 沒娘娃 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 孤兒 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 孤兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 孤兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 孤兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 孤兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 孤兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 孤兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 孤兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 孤兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 孤兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 孤兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 孤兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 孤兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 孤兒, 寡崽 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 孤兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 孤兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 孤兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 孤兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 孤兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 孤兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 孤兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 孤兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 孤兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 孤兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 孤兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 孤兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dagudi (Maliba) | 孤兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Reshuitang (Longling) | 孤兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Salong (Lancang) | 孤兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Sai (Tengchong) | 孤兒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 孤兒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 孤兒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 孤兒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 孤兒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 孤兒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 孤兒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 孤兒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 孤兒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 孤兒 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 孤兒, 孤兒仔 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Shatian) | 孤兒 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 孤寒仔, 孤兒 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Nankang) | 孤兒 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Yingpan) | 孤寒仔 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 孤兒仔 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 孤兒仔 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 孤兒 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 孤兒 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 孤兒 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 孤兒 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 孤兒 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 孤兒 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 孤兒 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 孤兒 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 孤兒 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 孤兒 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 孤兒 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 孤兒 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 孤兒 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 孤兒 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 孤兒 |
| Jin | Datong | 孤兒 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 孤子 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 孤兒 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 孤兒 |
| Jin | Linhe | 孤兒, 沒娘娃娃 |
| Jin | Jining | 孤兒 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 孤兒 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 孤兒 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 孤兒 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 孤兒 |
| Jin | Handan | 孤兒 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 孤兒 |
| Jin | Suide | 孤兒, 沒娘娃娃 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 無奶囝 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 孤兒 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 孤兒 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 孤兒 |
| Southern Min | Chiang Mai (Teochew) | 孤兒, 蕩兒 |
| Southern Min | Hat Yai (Teochew) | 孤兒 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 孤兒 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 孤兒 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 孤兒 |
| Xiang | Xiangxiang | 孤兒 |

#### Derived terms

* 事實孤兒／事实孤儿
* 孤兒仔／孤儿仔
* 孤兒作品／孤儿作品 (gū'ér zuòpǐn)
* 孤兒院／孤儿院 (gū'éryuàn)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 孤(こ)児(じ) (koji)
* → Korean: 고아(孤兒) (goa)
* → Vietnamese: cô nhi (孤兒)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 孤 | 兒 |
| こ Grade: S | じ Jinmeiyō |
| on'yomi ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 孤兒 – see the following entry. :
| 【孤児こじ】 | [noun] an orphan |
| 【孤児みなしご】 | [noun] an orphan Alternative spellings みなし児, 身無し子 |
(This term, 孤兒, is the kyūjitai of the above term.) :

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 孤 | 兒 |

### Noun

孤兒 • (goa) (hangeul 고아)
* hanja form of 고아 (“orphan”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 孤 | 兒 |

### Noun

孤兒
* chữ Hán form of cô nhi (“orphan”).