# гражданин
## Bulgarian
### Etymology

From Old Church Slavonic гражданинъ (graždaninŭ), from Proto-Slavic *gorďaninъ. The modern meaning is a calque of French bourgeois.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈɡraʒdɐnin]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

гра́жданин • (gráždanin) m (feminine гра́жданка, relational adjective гра́ждански)
* townsman, burgher (resident of a town, city)
* citizen (legal member of a state)

#### Derived terms

* гра́ждански (gráždanski, “civil”)
* гра́жданство (gráždanstvo, “citizenship”)

#### Further reading

* “гражданин”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
* “гражданин”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010

## Russian
### Alternative forms

* граждани́нъ (graždanín) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic гражданинъ (graždaninŭ), from Proto-Slavic *gorďaninъ. Compare native горожа́нин (gorožánin), which was inherited from Old East Slavic. Related to го́род (górod, “city”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɡrəʐdɐˈnʲin]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: гра‧жда‧нин
* Rhymes: -in

### Noun

граждани́н • (graždanín) m anim (genitive граждани́на, nominative plural гра́ждане, genitive plural гра́ждан, feminine гражда́нка, relational adjective гражда́нский)
* citizen, national
** November 24, 1917, Vladimir Ulyanov-Lenin, Yakov Sverdlov, Decree on the Abolition of Estates and Civil Ranks:Всякие звания (дворянина, купца, мещанина, крестьянина и пр., титулы — княжеские, графские и пр.) и наименование гражданских чинов (тайные, статские и проч. советники) уничтожаются и устанавливается одно общее для всего населения России наименование — граждан Российской Республики.Vsjakije zvanija (dvorjanina, kupca, meščanina, krestʹjanina i pr., tituly — knjažeskije, grafskije i pr.) i naimenovanije graždanskix činov (tajnyje, statskije i proč. sovetniki) uničtožajutsja i ustanavlivajetsja odno obščeje dlja vsevo naselenija Rossii naimenovanije — graždan Rossijskoj Respubliki.Any titles (nobleman, merchant, tradesman, peasant, etc., princely, county titles, etc.) and the name of civilian officials (secret, state and other advisers) are destroyed and one common name for the entire Russian population is established — citizens of the Russian Republic.
* (formal, law enforcement) sir, mister, Mr. (form of address used by a police officer towards a male civilian)
    Граждани́н, пройдёмте. ― Graždanín, projdjómte. ― Sir, you're going to have to come with me.

#### Derived terms

* сограждани́н (sograždanín)

#### Related terms

* гражда́нка (graždánka)
* гражда́нский (graždánskij)
* гражда́нство (graždánstvo)

#### Descendants

* → Bashkir: граждан (grajdan)
* → Bezhta: гражданин (graždanin)
* → Kyrgyz: гражданин (grajdanin)
* → Tajik: гражданин (graždanin)
* → Turkmen: grajjdan
* → Uyghur: گراژدان (grazhdan)
* → Uzbek: grajdan

#### Further reading

* Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “гражданин”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
* Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “горожанин”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress