# ग्रीष्म
## Hindi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit ग्रीष्म (grīṣmá).

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /ɡɾiːʂ.mᵊ/, [ɡɾiːʃ.mᵊ]

### Noun

ग्रीष्म • (grīṣma) m (Urdu spelling گریشم)
* summer, the hot season
    ग्रीष्म अवकाश दो महीने में आरम्भ करता है।grīṣma avkāś do mahīne mẽ ārambh kartā hai.Summer vacation starts in two months.

#### Declension
### See also

Seasons in Hindi · ऋतु (ŕtu) (layout · text) · category :
| बसंत (basant), बहार (bahār, “spring”) | गर्मी (garmī), ग्रीष्म (grīṣma, “summer”) | शरत् (śarat), शरद् (śarad, “autumn”) | सर्दी (sardī, “winter”) |

### References

* Bahri, Hardev (1989) “ग्रीष्म”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.
* Platts, John T. (1884) “ग्रीष्म”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

## Nepali
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɡrismʌ]
* Phonetic Devanagari: ग्रिस्म

### Noun

ग्रीष्म • (grīṣma)
* summer (season)

### See also

Seasons in Nepali · ऋतु (r̥tu) (layout · text) · category :
| बसन्त (basanta), वसन्त (vasanta, “spring”) | गर्मी (garmī), ग्रीष्म (grīṣma, “summer”) | शरद (śarad, “autumn”) | हिउँद (hiũd), शिशिर (śiśira, “winter”) |

### References

* “ग्रीष्म”, in नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश (nepālī br̥hat śabdakoś) [Comprehensive Nepali Dictionary]‎, Kathmandu: Nepal Academy, 2018
* Schmidt, Ruth L. (1993) “ग्रीष्म”, in A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali, Ratna Sagar

## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* গ্ৰীষ্ম (Assamese script)
* ᬕ᭄ᬭᬷᬱ᭄ᬫ (Balinese script)
* গ্রীষ্ম (Bengali script)
* 𑰐𑰿𑰨𑰱𑰬𑰿𑰦 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀕𑁆𑀭𑀻𑀱𑁆𑀫 (Brahmi script)
* ဂြီၑ္မ (Burmese script)
* ગ્રીષ્મ (Gujarati script)
* ਗ੍ਰੀਸ਼੍ਮ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌗𑍍𑌰𑍀𑌷𑍍𑌮 (Grantha script)
* ꦒꦿꦷꦰ꧀ꦩ (Javanese script)
* 𑂏𑂹𑂩𑂲𑂭𑂹𑂧 (Kaithi script)
* ಗ್ರೀಷ್ಮ (Kannada script)
* គ្រីឞ្ម (Khmer script)
* ຄ຺ຣີຩ຺ມ (Lao script)
* ഗ്രീഷ്മ (Malayalam script)
* ᡤᡵᡳᡳᢢᠮᠠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘐𑘿𑘨𑘲𑘬𑘿𑘦 (Modi script)
* ᠺᠷᠢᠢᢔᠮᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦰𑧠𑧈𑧓𑧌𑧠𑧆 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐷𑐲𑑂𑐩 (Newa script)
* ଗ୍ରୀଷ୍ମ (Odia script)
* ꢔ꣄ꢬꢷꢰ꣄ꢪ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆓𑇀𑆫𑆵𑆰𑇀𑆩 (Sharada script)
* 𑖐𑖿𑖨𑖱𑖬𑖿𑖦 (Siddham script)
* ග්‍රීෂ‍්ම (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩞 𑪙𑩼𑩑𑩛𑪀 𑪙𑩴 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚌𑚶𑚤𑚯𑚶𑚢 (Takri script)
* க்³ரீஷ்ம (Tamil script)
* గ్రీష్మ (Telugu script)
* คฺรีษฺม (Thai script)
* གྲཱི་ཥྨ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒑𑓂𑒩𑒲𑒭𑓂𑒧 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨍𑩇𑨫𑨁𑨊𑨯𑩇𑨢 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥h₂-smh₂-ós, from *gʷreh₂- (“heavy”) + *semh₂- (“summer”). Compare समा (sámā). Also cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬨𐬀 (hama), Persian هامین (hâmin), Old English sumor (whence English summer) through the latter component.

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /ɡɾiːʂ.mɐ́/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ˈɡɾiːʂ.mɐ/

### Noun

ग्रीष्म • (grīṣmá) stem, m
* summer, the hot season (from the middle of May to the middle of July)
** c. 1200 BCE – 800 BCE, Kṛṣṇa-Yajurveda (Taittirīya Saṃhitā) I.6.2.3:वाचा मेन्द्रियेणाविश वसन्तम् ऋतूनां प्रीणामि स मा प्रीतः प्रीणातु ग्रीष्मम् ऋतूनां प्रीणामि स मा प्रीतः प्रीणातु वर्षा ऋतूनां प्रीणामि ता मा प्रीताः प्रीणन्तु शरदम् ऋतूनां प्रीणामि सा मा प्रीता प्रीणातु हेमन्त-शिशिराव् ऋतूनां प्रीणामि तौ मा प्रीतौ प्रीणीताम् अग्नी-षोमयोर् अहं देवयज्यया चक्षुष्मां भूयासम अग्नेर् अहं देवयज्यया ऽन्नादो भूयासम् ॥vācā mendriyeṇāviśa vasantam ṛtūnāṃ prīṇāmi sa mā prītaḥ prīṇātu grīṣmam ṛtūnāṃ prīṇāmi sa mā prītaḥ prīṇātu varṣā ṛtūnāṃ prīṇāmi tā mā prītāḥ prīṇantu śaradam ṛtūnāṃ prīṇāmi sā mā prītā prīṇātu hemanta-śiśirāv ṛtūnāṃ prīṇāmi tau mā prītau prīṇītām agnī-ṣomayor ahaṃ devayajyayā cakṣuṣmāṃ bhūyāsama agner ahaṃ devayajyayā ʼnnādo bhūyāsam.Do thou enter me with speech, with power of senses. Of all the seasons, spring I love; beloved, may it delight me. Of the all seasons summer I love; beloved, may it delight me. Of all the seasons the rains I love; beloved, may they delight me. Of the all seasons the autumn I delight; beloved, may it delight me. Of the seasons the winter and the cool I love; beloved, may they two delight me. By obeisance to the gods, Agni and Soma, may I be possessed of sight. By obeisance to the god Agni, may I be an eater of food.
** c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda
* summer heat, heat

#### Derived terms

* ग्रैष्म (graíṣma)

#### Descendants

* Pali: gimha
* Khowar: گرِݰپو (griṣpó)
* Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀕𑀺𑀫𑁆𑀳 (gimha)
** Marathi: गीह्म (gīhma), गीम (gīm)
* → Bengali: গ্রীষ্ম (griśśõ)
* → Galician: gríxema
* → Kannada: ಗ್ರೀಷ್ಮ (grīṣma)
* → Telugu: గ్రీష్మము (grīṣmamu)
* → Malayalam: ഗ്രീഷ്മം (grīṣmaṁ)

### References

* Monier Williams (1899) “ग्रीष्म”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 374.
* ↑ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “grīṣmá”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 511