# lingana
## Fanagalo
### Etymology

From Zulu -lingana, from Proto-Bantu *-dɪ̀ngana.

### Verb

lingana
* to be equal to

## Swahili
### Pronunciation

* Audio (Kenya):(file)

### Verb

-lingana (infinitive kulingana)
* Reciprocal form of -linga: to be equal, to be similar
* to proclaim (especially a proclamation to God)

#### Conjugation

Conjugation of -lingana :
| Positive present | -nalingana |
| Subjunctive | -lingane |
| Negative | -lingani |
| Imperative singular | lingana |
Infinitives :
| Positive | kulingana |
| Negative | kutolingana |
Imperatives :
| Singular | lingana |
| Plural | linganeni |
Tensed forms :
| Habitual | hulingana |
| Positive past | positive subject concord + -lilingana |
| Negative past | negative subject concord + -kulingana |
| Positive future | positive subject concord + -talingana |
| Negative future | negative subject concord + -talingana |
| Negative subjunctive | positive subject concord + -silingane |
| Positive present conditional | positive subject concord + -ngelingana |
| Negative present conditional | positive subject concord + -singelingana |
| Positive past conditional | positive subject concord + -ngalilingana |
| Negative past conditional | positive subject concord + -singalilingana |
| Perfect | positive subject concord + -melingana |
| "Already" | positive subject concord + -meshalingana |
| "Not yet" | negative subject concord + -jalingana |
| "If/When" | positive subject concord + -kilingana |
| "If not" | positive subject concord + -sipolingana |
| Consecutive | kalingana / positive subject concord + -kalingana |
| Consecutive subjunctive | positive subject concord + -kalingane |
| Object concord | — |
Relative forms :
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information. :

## Swazi
### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-dɪ̀ngana.

### Verb

-língana
* (intransitive) to be equal [with na- ‘to’]

#### Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

## Xhosa
### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-dɪ̀ngana.

### Verb

-língana
* (intransitive) to be equal [with na- ‘to’]

#### Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

## Zulu
### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-dɪ̀ngana.

### Verb

-lingana
* (intransitive) to be equal [with na- ‘to’]
* (intransitive) to be balanced, level, even
* (intransitive) to fit, to suit
* (intransitive) to suffice

#### Inflection

Tone L :
| Infinitive | ukulingana |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Infinitive | ukulingana | ukungalingani |
| | Imperative | Imperative |
| | Simple | + object concord |
| Singular | lingana | -lingane |
| Plural | linganani | -linganeni |
| | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyalingana, ngilingana | engilinganayo, engilingana | ngilingana | angilingani | engingalingani | ngingalingani |
| 2nd singular | uyalingana, ulingana | olinganayo, olingana | ulingana | awulingani | ongalingani | ungalingani |
| 1st plural | siyalingana, silingana | esilinganayo, esilingana | silingana | asilingani | esingalingani | singalingani |
| 2nd plural | niyalingana, nilingana | enilinganayo, enilingana | nilingana | anilingani | eningalingani | ningalingani |
| Class 1 | uyalingana, ulingana | olinganayo, olingana | elingana | akalingani | ongalingani | engalingani |
| Class 2 | bayalingana, balingana | abalinganayo, abalingana | belingana | abalingani | abangalingani | bengalingani |
| Class 3 | uyalingana, ulingana | olinganayo, olingana | ulingana | awulingani | ongalingani | ungalingani |
| Class 4 | iyalingana, ilingana | elinganayo, elingana | ilingana | ayilingani | engalingani | ingalingani |
| Class 5 | liyalingana, lilingana | elilinganayo, elilingana | lilingana | alilingani | elingalingani | lingalingani |
| Class 6 | ayalingana, alingana | alinganayo, alingana | elingana | awalingani | angalingani | engalingani |
| Class 7 | siyalingana, silingana | esilinganayo, esilingana | silingana | asilingani | esingalingani | singalingani |
| Class 8 | ziyalingana, zilingana | ezilinganayo, ezilingana | zilingana | azilingani | ezingalingani | zingalingani |
| Class 9 | iyalingana, ilingana | elinganayo, elingana | ilingana | ayilingani | engalingani | ingalingani |
| Class 10 | ziyalingana, zilingana | ezilinganayo, ezilingana | zilingana | azilingani | ezingalingani | zingalingani |
| Class 11 | luyalingana, lulingana | olulinganayo, olulingana | lulingana | alulingani | olungalingani | lungalingani |
| Class 14 | buyalingana, bulingana | obulinganayo, obulingana | bulingana | abulingani | obungalingani | bungalingani |
| Class 15 | kuyalingana, kulingana | okulinganayo, okulingana | kulingana | akulingani | okungalingani | kungalingani |
| Class 17 | kuyalingana, kulingana | okulinganayo, okulingana | kulingana | akulingani | okungalingani | kungalingani |
| | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngilinganile, ngilinganē | engilinganile, engilinganē | ngilinganile, ngilinganē | angilingananga | engingalingananga | ngingalingananga |
| 2nd singular | ulinganile, ulinganē | olinganile, olinganē | ulinganile, ulinganē | awulingananga | ongalingananga | ungalingananga |
| 1st plural | silinganile, silinganē | esilinganile, esilinganē | silinganile, silinganē | asilingananga | esingalingananga | singalingananga |
| 2nd plural | nilinganile, nilinganē | enilinganile, enilinganē | nilinganile, nilinganē | anilingananga | eningalingananga | ningalingananga |
| Class 1 | ulinganile, ulinganē | olinganile, olinganē | elinganile, elinganē | akalingananga | ongalingananga | engalingananga |
| Class 2 | balinganile, balinganē | abalinganile, abalinganē | belinganile, belinganē | abalingananga | abangalingananga | bengalingananga |
| Class 3 | ulinganile, ulinganē | olinganile, olinganē | ulinganile, ulinganē | awulingananga | ongalingananga | ungalingananga |
| Class 4 | ilinganile, ilinganē | elinganile, elinganē | ilinganile, ilinganē | ayilingananga | engalingananga | ingalingananga |
| Class 5 | lilinganile, lilinganē | elilinganile, elilinganē | lilinganile, lilinganē | alilingananga | elingalingananga | lingalingananga |
| Class 6 | alinganile, alinganē | alinganile, alinganē | elinganile, elinganē | awalingananga | angalingananga | engalingananga |
| Class 7 | silinganile, silinganē | esilinganile, esilinganē | silinganile, silinganē | asilingananga | esingalingananga | singalingananga |
| Class 8 | zilinganile, zilinganē | ezilinganile, ezilinganē | zilinganile, zilinganē | azilingananga | ezingalingananga | zingalingananga |
| Class 9 | ilinganile, ilinganē | elinganile, elinganē | ilinganile, ilinganē | ayilingananga | engalingananga | ingalingananga |
| Class 10 | zilinganile, zilinganē | ezilinganile, ezilinganē | zilinganile, zilinganē | azilingananga | ezingalingananga | zingalingananga |
| Class 11 | lulinganile, lulinganē | olulinganile, olulinganē | lulinganile, lulinganē | alulingananga | olungalingananga | lungalingananga |
| Class 14 | bulinganile, bulinganē | obulinganile, obulinganē | bulinganile, bulinganē | abulingananga | obungalingananga | bungalingananga |
| Class 15 | kulinganile, kulinganē | okulinganile, okulinganē | kulinganile, kulinganē | akulingananga | okungalingananga | kungalingananga |
| Class 17 | kulinganile, kulinganē | okulinganile, okulinganē | kulinganile, kulinganē | akulingananga | okungalingananga | kungalingananga |
| | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngālingana | engālingana | ngālingana | angilingananga | engingalingananga | ngingalingananga |
| 2nd singular | wālingana | owālingana | wālingana | awulingananga | ongalingananga | ungalingananga |
| 1st plural | sālingana | esālingana | sālingana | asilingananga | esingalingananga | singalingananga |
| 2nd plural | nālingana | enālingana | nālingana | anilingananga | eningalingananga | ningalingananga |
| Class 1 | wālingana | owālingana | ālingana | akalingananga | ongalingananga | engalingananga |
| Class 2 | bālingana | abālingana | bālingana | abalingananga | abangalingananga | bengalingananga |
| Class 3 | wālingana | owālingana | wālingana | awulingananga | ongalingananga | ungalingananga |
| Class 4 | yālingana | eyālingana | yālingana | ayilingananga | engalingananga | ingalingananga |
| Class 5 | lālingana | elālingana | lālingana | alilingananga | elingalingananga | lingalingananga |
| Class 6 | ālingana | ālingana | ālingana | awalingananga | angalingananga | engalingananga |
| Class 7 | sālingana | esālingana | sālingana | asilingananga | esingalingananga | singalingananga |
| Class 8 | zālingana | ezālingana | zālingana | azilingananga | ezingalingananga | zingalingananga |
| Class 9 | yālingana | eyālingana | yālingana | ayilingananga | engalingananga | ingalingananga |
| Class 10 | zālingana | ezālingana | zālingana | azilingananga | ezingalingananga | zingalingananga |
| Class 11 | lwālingana | olwālingana | lwālingana | alulingananga | olungalingananga | lungalingananga |
| Class 14 | bālingana | obālingana | bālingana | abulingananga | obungalingananga | bungalingananga |
| Class 15 | kwālingana | okwālingana | kwālingana | akulingananga | okungalingananga | kungalingananga |
| Class 17 | kwālingana | okwālingana | kwālingana | akulingananga | okungalingananga | kungalingananga |
| | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngingalingana | — | ngingalingana | ngingelingane | — | ngingelingane |
| 2nd singular | ungalingana | — | ungalingana | ungelingane | — | ungelingane |
| 1st plural | singalingana | — | singalingana | singelingane | — | singelingane |
| 2nd plural | ningalingana | — | ningalingana | ningelingane | — | ningelingane |
| Class 1 | angalingana | — | engalingana | angelingane | — | engelingane |
| Class 2 | bangalingana | — | bengalingana | bangelingane | — | bengelingane |
| Class 3 | ungalingana | — | ungalingana | ungelingane | — | ungelingane |
| Class 4 | ingalingana | — | ingalingana | ingelingane | — | ingelingane |
| Class 5 | lingalingana | — | lingalingana | lingelingane | — | lingelingane |
| Class 6 | angalingana | — | engalingana | angelingane | — | engelingane |
| Class 7 | singalingana | — | singalingana | singelingane | — | singelingane |
| Class 8 | zingalingana | — | zingalingana | zingelingane | — | zingelingane |
| Class 9 | ingalingana | — | ingalingana | ingelingane | — | ingelingane |
| Class 10 | zingalingana | — | zingalingana | zingelingane | — | zingelingane |
| Class 11 | lungalingana | — | lungalingana | lungelingane | — | lungelingane |
| Class 14 | bungalingana | — | bungalingana | bungelingane | — | bungelingane |
| Class 15 | kungalingana | — | kungalingana | kungelingane | — | kungelingane |
| Class 17 | kungalingana | — | kungalingana | kungelingane | — | kungelingane |
| | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngizolingana | engizolingana | ngizolingana | angizulingana | engingezulingana | ngingezulingana |
| 2nd singular | uzolingana | ozolingana | uzolingana | awuzulingana | ongezulingana | ungezulingana |
| 1st plural | sizolingana | esizolingana | sizolingana | asizulingana | esingezulingana | singezulingana |
| 2nd plural | nizolingana | enizolingana | nizolingana | anizulingana | eningezulingana | ningezulingana |
| Class 1 | uzolingana | ozolingana | ezolingana | akazulingana | ongezulingana | engezulingana |
| Class 2 | bazolingana | abazolingana | bezolingana | abazulingana | abangezulingana | bengezulingana |
| Class 3 | uzolingana | ozolingana | uzolingana | awuzulingana | ongezulingana | ungezulingana |
| Class 4 | izolingana | ezolingana | izolingana | ayizulingana | engezulingana | ingezulingana |
| Class 5 | lizolingana | elizolingana | lizolingana | alizulingana | elingezulingana | lingezulingana |
| Class 6 | azolingana | azolingana | ezolingana | awazulingana | angezulingana | engezulingana |
| Class 7 | sizolingana | esizolingana | sizolingana | asizulingana | esingezulingana | singezulingana |
| Class 8 | zizolingana | ezizolingana | zizolingana | azizulingana | ezingezulingana | zingezulingana |
| Class 9 | izolingana | ezolingana | izolingana | ayizulingana | engezulingana | ingezulingana |
| Class 10 | zizolingana | ezizolingana | zizolingana | azizulingana | ezingezulingana | zingezulingana |
| Class 11 | luzolingana | oluzolingana | luzolingana | aluzulingana | olungezulingana | lungezulingana |
| Class 14 | buzolingana | obuzolingana | buzolingana | abuzulingana | obungezulingana | bungezulingana |
| Class 15 | kuzolingana | okuzolingana | kuzolingana | akuzulingana | okungezulingana | kungezulingana |
| Class 17 | kuzolingana | okuzolingana | kuzolingana | akuzulingana | okungezulingana | kungezulingana |
| | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyolingana | engiyolingana | ngiyolingana | angiyulingana | engingeyulingana | ngingeyulingana |
| 2nd singular | uyolingana | oyolingana | uyolingana | awuyulingana | ongeyulingana | ungeyulingana |
| 1st plural | siyolingana | esiyolingana | siyolingana | asiyulingana | esingeyulingana | singeyulingana |
| 2nd plural | niyolingana | eniyolingana | niyolingana | aniyulingana | eningeyulingana | ningeyulingana |
| Class 1 | uyolingana | oyolingana | eyolingana | akayulingana | ongeyulingana | engeyulingana |
| Class 2 | bayolingana | abayolingana | beyolingana | abayulingana | abangeyulingana | bengeyulingana |
| Class 3 | uyolingana | oyolingana | uyolingana | awuyulingana | ongeyulingana | ungeyulingana |
| Class 4 | iyolingana | eyolingana | iyolingana | ayiyulingana | engeyulingana | ingeyulingana |
| Class 5 | liyolingana | eliyolingana | liyolingana | aliyulingana | elingeyulingana | lingeyulingana |
| Class 6 | ayolingana | ayolingana | eyolingana | awayulingana | angeyulingana | engeyulingana |
| Class 7 | siyolingana | esiyolingana | siyolingana | asiyulingana | esingeyulingana | singeyulingana |
| Class 8 | ziyolingana | eziyolingana | ziyolingana | aziyulingana | ezingeyulingana | zingeyulingana |
| Class 9 | iyolingana | eyolingana | iyolingana | ayiyulingana | engeyulingana | ingeyulingana |
| Class 10 | ziyolingana | eziyolingana | ziyolingana | aziyulingana | ezingeyulingana | zingeyulingana |
| Class 11 | luyolingana | oluyolingana | luyolingana | aluyulingana | olungeyulingana | lungeyulingana |
| Class 14 | buyolingana | obuyolingana | buyolingana | abuyulingana | obungeyulingana | bungeyulingana |
| Class 15 | kuyolingana | okuyolingana | kuyolingana | akuyulingana | okungeyulingana | kungeyulingana |
| Class 17 | kuyolingana | okuyolingana | kuyolingana | akuyulingana | okungeyulingana | kungeyulingana |
| | Present subjunctive | Present subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngilingane | ngingalingani |
| 2nd singular | ulingane | ungalingani |
| 1st plural | silingane | singalingani |
| 2nd plural | nilingane | ningalingani |
| Class 1 | alingane | angalingani |
| Class 2 | balingane | bangalingani |
| Class 3 | ulingane | ungalingani |
| Class 4 | ilingane | ingalingani |
| Class 5 | lilingane | lingalingani |
| Class 6 | alingane | angalingani |
| Class 7 | silingane | singalingani |
| Class 8 | zilingane | zingalingani |
| Class 9 | ilingane | ingalingani |
| Class 10 | zilingane | zingalingani |
| Class 11 | lulingane | lungalingani |
| Class 14 | bulingane | bungalingani |
| Class 15 | kulingane | kungalingani |
| Class 17 | kulingane | kungalingani |
| | Past subjunctive | Past subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngalingana | ngangalingana, angalingana, angangalingana |
| 2nd singular | walingana | wangalingana, awalingana, awangalingana |
| 1st plural | salingana | sangalingana, asalingana, asangalingana |
| 2nd plural | nalingana | nangalingana, analingana, anangalingana |
| Class 1 | walingana | wangalingana, akalingana, akangalingana |
| Class 2 | balingana | bangalingana, abalingana, abangalingana |
| Class 3 | walingana | wangalingana, awalingana, awangalingana |
| Class 4 | yalingana | yangalingana, ayalingana, ayangalingana |
| Class 5 | lalingana | langalingana, alalingana, alangalingana |
| Class 6 | alingana | angalingana, awalingana, awangalingana |
| Class 7 | salingana | sangalingana, asalingana, asangalingana |
| Class 8 | zalingana | zangalingana, azalingana, azangalingana |
| Class 9 | yalingana | yangalingana, ayalingana, ayangalingana |
| Class 10 | zalingana | zangalingana, azalingana, azangalingana |
| Class 11 | lwalingana | lwangalingana, alwalingana, alwangalingana |
| Class 14 | balingana | bangalingana, abalingana, abangalingana |
| Class 15 | kwalingana | kwangalingana, akwalingana, akwangalingana |
| Class 17 | kwalingana | kwangalingana, akwalingana, akwangalingana |

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “lingana”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “lingana (3.2.9, ukulingana, 6.6.3.9.9)”