# 制裁
## Chinese
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhìcái
    (Zhuyin): ㄓˋ ㄘㄞˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zai$^3$ coi$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chè-chhâi / chì-chhâi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zi$^3$ cai$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhìcái
*** Zhuyin: ㄓˋ ㄘㄞˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhìhcái
*** Wade–Giles: chih$^4$-tsʻai$^2$
*** Yale: jr̀-tsái
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyhtsair
*** Palladius: чжицай (čžicaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ t͡sʰaɪ̯³⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$制裁 製裁／制裁
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zai$^3$ coi$^4$
*** Yale: jai chòih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzai$^3$ tsoi$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zei$^3$ coi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɐi̯³³ t͡sʰɔːi̯²¹/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$制裁 製裁／制裁
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chè-chhâi
*** Tâi-lô: tsè-tshâi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zeazhaai
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰai²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰai²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡se²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰai²³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡se¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰai²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chì-chhâi
*** Tâi-lô: tsì-tshâi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ciezhaai
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡si²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰai¹³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: zi$^3$ cai$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsì tshâi
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰai⁵⁵/

#### Verb

制裁
* (law) to impose legal sanctions
    經濟制裁／经济制裁 ― jīngjì zhìcái ― economic sanction
    減輕制裁／减轻制裁 ― jiǎnqīng zhìcái ― to ease sanctions
* (literary) to punish; to penalise
    From: 1084 CE, Sima Guang, Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government
    Jí Ān Zhònghuì yòngshì, shāo yǐ fǎ zhìcái zhī. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

##### Synonyms

* (to punish):
* 修理 (xiūlǐ) (slang)
* 懲／惩 (chéng) (literary, or in compounds)
* 懲治／惩治 (chéngzhì)
* 懲罰／惩罚 (chéngfá)
* 懲艾／惩艾 (chéngyì) (literary)
* 懲處／惩处 (chéngchǔ)
* 懲辦／惩办 (chéngbàn)
* 拾掇 (shíduo) (colloquial)
* 收拾 (colloquial)
* 整治 (zhěngzhì)
* 治
* 治罪 (zhìzuì)
* 發落／发落 (fāluò)
* 科罰／科罚 (kēfá)
* 處分／处分 (chǔfèn)
* 處治／处治 (chǔzhì)
* 處理／处理
* 處置／处置 (chǔzhì)
* 處罰／处罚 (chǔfá)
* 討治／讨治 (tǎozhì) (literary)
* 責罰／责罚 (zéfá)
* 辦罪／办罪 (bànzuì) (dated)
* 醫／医 (yi$^1$) (Sichuanese)
* 醫治／医治 (yi$^1$ zi$^4$) (Sichuanese)

##### Derived terms

* 法律制裁 (fǎlǜ zhìcái)

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 制裁 – see 製裁 (“to tailor; to cut out; style; form; type”). (This term is the simplified form of 製裁).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 制 | 裁 |
| せい Grade: 5 | さい Grade: 6 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) せーさい [sèésáí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [se̞ːsa̠i]

### Noun

制(せい)裁(さい) • (seisai)
* (law) punishment; sanction
    経済(けいざい)制裁(せいさい)
       keizai seisai
       economic sanctions
    アラブ連盟(れんめい)が制裁(せいさい)を決(き)めたあともアサド政権(せいけん)による弾圧(だんあつ)が続(つづ)く
       Arabu Renmei ga seisai o kimeta ato mo Asado seiken ni yoru dan'atsu ga tsuzuku
       The Assad administration continues oppression even after the Arab League imposed sanctions

### Verb

制(せい)裁(さい)する • (seisai suru) suru (stem 制(せい)裁(さい)し (seisai shi), past 制(せい)裁(さい)した (seisai shita))
* (law) to impose a sanction; to penalize

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 制裁し | せいさいし | seisai shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 制裁し | せいさいし | seisai shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 制裁する | せいさいする | seisai suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 制裁する | せいさいする | seisai suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 制裁すれ | せいさいすれ | seisai sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 制裁せよ¹ 制裁しろ² | せいさいせよ¹ せいさいしろ² | seisai seyo¹ seisai shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 制裁される | せいさいされる | seisai sareru |
| Causative | 制裁させる 制裁さす | せいさいさせる せいさいさす | seisai saseru seisai sasu |
| Potential | 制裁できる | せいさいできる | seisai dekiru |
| Volitional | 制裁しよう | せいさいしよう | seisai shiyō |
| Negative | 制裁しない | せいさいしない | seisai shinai |
| Negative continuative | 制裁せず | せいさいせず | seisai sezu |
| Formal | 制裁します | せいさいします | seisai shimasu |
| Perfective | 制裁した | せいさいした | seisai shita |
| Conjunctive | 制裁して | せいさいして | seisai shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 制裁すれば | せいさいすれば | seisai sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 制 | 裁 |

### Noun

制裁 • (jejae) (hangeul 제재)
* hanja form of 제재 (“sanction”)