# 急ぐ
## Japanese
### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 急
* いそ Grade: 3
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese. Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *isonku. Appears to be root iso ("earnest? industrious?") + verb-forming suffix -gu of uncertain meaning. Cognate with archaic adjective 勤し (isoshi, “diligent, industrious, hard-working”) and modern verb 勤しむ (isoshimu, “to work diligently, industriously”), may also be related to adverb いそいそ (isoiso, “cheerfully, unreservedly”), verb 勇む (isamu, “to be in high spirits, to be encouraged”).
First attested as noun form isogi ("hurrying, rushing") in the Man'yōshū of 759.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) いそぐ [ìsóꜜgù] (Nakadaka –)
* IPA: [iso̞ɡɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「急ぐ」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 急ぐ | いそぐ | [ìsóꜜgù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 急げ | いそげ | [ìsóꜜgè] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 急がれる | いそがれる | [ìsógáréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 急がせる | いそがせる | [ìsógáséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 急げる | いそげる | [ìsógéꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 急ごう | いそごー | [ìsógóꜜò] |
| Negative | 急がない | いそがない | [ìsógáꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 急がなかった | いそがなかった | [ìsógáꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 急ぎます | いそぎます | [ìsógímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 急いだ | いそいだ | [ìsóꜜìdà] |
| Conjunctive | 急いで | いそいで | [ìsóꜜìdè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 急げば | いそげば | [ìsóꜜgèbà] |

#### Verb

急(いそ)ぐ • (isogu) intransitive godan (stem 急(いそ)ぎ (isogi), past 急(いそ)いだ (isoida))
* [from late 800s] to hurry, to hasten, to rush, in order to get something done or to get somewhere
    急(いそ)いで片(かた)付(づ)ける
       isoide katazukeru
       to clean up in a rush
急(いそ)ぐ • (isogu) transitive godan (stem 急(いそ)ぎ (isogi), past 急(いそ)いだ (isoida))
* [from late 900s] to prepare or expedite something

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 急が | いそが | isoga |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 急ぎ | いそぎ | isogi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 急ぐ | いそぐ | isogu |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 急ぐ | いそぐ | isogu |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 急げ | いそげ | isoge |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 急げ | いそげ | isoge |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 急がれる | いそがれる | isogareru |
| Causative | 急がせる 急がす | いそがせる いそがす | isogaseru isogasu |
| Potential | 急げる | いそげる | isogeru |
| Volitional | 急ごう | いそごう | isogō |
| Negative | 急がない | いそがない | isoganai |
| Negative continuative | 急がず | いそがず | isogazu |
| Formal | 急ぎます | いそぎます | isogimasu |
| Perfective | 急いだ | いそいだ | isoida |
| Conjunctive | 急いで | いそいで | isoide |
| Hypothetical conditional | 急げば | いそげば | isogeba |

##### Antonyms

* 遅(おそ)くなる (osoku naru, “slow down”, intransitive)
* 遅(おそ)くする (osoku suru, “slow down”, transitive)
* 遅(おく)らせる (okuraseru, “slow down”, transitive)

##### Derived terms

* 忙(いそが)しい (isogashii): busy

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 急
* また Grade: 3
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 速ぐ
From Old Japanese. Further derivation unknown.
First attested in a piece of 催馬楽 (saibara, “court music”) dated to the late 600s, early 700s.
Homophonic verb 跨ぐ (matagu, “to straddle, to step across”) is likely a derivation of this verb, possibly from the idea of striding, i.e. walking quickly.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) またぐ [màtáꜜgù] (Nakadaka –)
* IPA: [ma̠ta̠ɡɯ̟]

#### Verb

急(また)ぐ • (matagu) intransitive $^†$yodan
* [roughly 700s–???] (obsolete) to be in a hurry, to be hasty
* [roughly 700s–???] (obsolete) to be impatient

##### Conjugation

Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 急が | またが | mataga |
| Continuative (連用形) | 急ぎ | またぎ | matagi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 急ぐ | またぐ | matagu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 急ぐ | またぐ | matagu |
| Realis (已然形) | 急げ | またげ | matage |
| Imperative (命令形) | 急げ | またげ | matage |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 急がず | またがず | matagazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 急げど | またげど | matagedo |
| Causal conjunction | 急げば | またげば | matageba |
| Conditional conjunction | 急がば | またがば | matagaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 急ぎき | またぎき | matagiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 急ぎけり | またぎけり | matagikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 急ぎつ | またぎつ | matagitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 急ぎぬ | またぎぬ | mataginu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 急げり 急ぎたり | またげり またぎたり | matageri matagitari |
| Volitional | 急がむ | またがむ | matagamu |

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN