# 博愛
## Chinese

* 博愛 (Written Standard Chinese)
* Phok-ài Te̍k-khu (Southern Min)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bó'ài
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄛˊ ㄞˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bok$^3$ oi$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): pok-oi
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): phok-ài / pok-ài
    (Teochew, Peng'im): pag$^4$ ain$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bó'ài
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄛˊ ㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bó-ài
*** Wade–Giles: po$^2$-ai$^4$
*** Yale: bwó-ài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: boray
*** Palladius: боай (boaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /pu̯ɔ³⁵ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bok$^3$ oi$^3$
*** Yale: bok oi
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bok$^8$ oi$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bog$^3$ oi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɔːk̚³ ɔːi̯³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pok-oi
*** Hakka Romanization System: bog$^ˋ$ oi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: bog$^5$ oi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /pok̚² oi̯⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phok-ài
*** Tâi-lô: phok-ài
*** Phofsit Daibuun: phok'aix
*** IPA (Taipei): /pʰɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ai¹¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pʰɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ai⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pʰɔk̚³²⁻⁵ ai²¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Kaohsiung): /pʰɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ai²¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pok-ài
*** Tâi-lô: pok-ài
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pok'aix
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ai⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /pɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ai²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: pag$^4$ ain$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: phak àiⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰak̚²⁻⁴ ãĩ²¹³/
* Middle Chinese: pak 'ojH
Rime :
| Character | 博 | 愛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 鐸 (104) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 補各切 | 烏代切 |
| Baxter | pak | 'ojH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pwɑk̚/ | /ʔʌi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pʷɑk̚/ | /ʔəi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /puɑk̚/ | /ʔɒi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /pwak̚/ | /ʔəj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /puɑk̚/ | /ʔᴀi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /puɑk̚/ | /ɒi$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /pwɑk̚/ | /ʔɑ̆i$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bo | ài |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | bok$^3$ | oi$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pˤak [q]ˤə[p]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*paːɡ qɯːds/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 博 | 愛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | bó | ài |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ pak › | ‹ ʔoj$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*pˁak/ | /*[q]ˁə[p]-s/ |
| English | broad | to love; to grudge (< ‘draw close to oneself’?) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 博 | 愛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 3474 | 1 |
| Phonetic component | 甫 | 愛 |
| Rime group | 鐸 | 隊 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 博 | 愛 |
| Old Chinese | /*paːɡ/ | /*qɯːds/ |
| Notes | | 說文本從心旡聲 |

### Verb

博愛
* (literal) to aggrandise love; to extend the scope of love
    From: p. 73 BCE, Huan Kuan (桓寬) (editor). Discourses on Salt and Iron (《鹽鐵論》)
    Wángzhě bó'ài yuǎnshī, wàinèi hétóng. [Pinyin]
    A true sovereign expands love and extends benefaction; he achieves harmony with the close and the remote alike.
    From: c. early 3rd century, Xu Gan (徐幹), Zhonglun (《中論》)
    Fú jūnzǐ rén yǐ bó'ài, yì yǐ chú'è, xìn yǐ lìqíng, lǐ yǐ zìjié, cōng yǐ zìchá, míng yǐ guānsè, móu yǐ xíngquán, zhì yǐ biànwù, qǐkě wú yī zāi? [Pinyin]
    With charity, one expands love; with justice, one diminishes evil; with trustworthiness, one establishes truth; with propriety, one regulates one's own; with keen ears, one listens to the self; with sharp eyes, one reads others; with planning, one acts timely; with intelligence, one understands. How can any of these be missing?
* to show universal love; to show fraternity
    博愛眾生／博爱众生 ― bó'ài zhòngshēng ― to universally love all living things

#### Derived terms

* 博愛座／博爱座 (bó'àizuò)
* 博愛濟群／博爱济群

### Noun

博愛
* universal love; fraternity, love that does not discriminate
       zìyóu, píngděng, bó'ài [Pinyin]
       liberté, égalité, fraternité
    From: c. early 9th century, Han Yu (韓愈), 《原道》, translated into English as True Faith of a Confucianist by Herbert Allen Giles, 1922.
    Bó'ài zhī wèi rén, xíng ér yízhī zhī wèi yì. Yóushì ér zhīyān zhī wèi dào, zú hū jǐ wú dài yú wài zhī wèi dé. [Pinyin]
    Universal love is called charity: right conduct is called duty. The product of these two factors is called the Method; and its practice, without external stimulus, is called Exemplification.

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 博愛(はくあい) (hakuai)
* → Korean: 박애(博愛) (bagae)
* → Vietnamese: bác ái (博愛)

### Proper noun

博愛
* (～縣) Bo'ai (a county of Jiaozuo, Henan, China)
* (～特區) Bo'ai Special Zone (a buffer zone in Taipei, Taiwan)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 博 | 愛 |
| はく Grade: 4 | あい Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) はくあい [hàkúáí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ha̠kɯ̟a̠i]

### Noun

博(はく)愛(あい) • (hakuai)
* fraternity
** Hidekaz Himaruya, “ヘタリアと愉快な仲間たち [Hetalia and Blissful Friends]”, in Axis Powers ヘタリア [Axis Powers Hetalia], volume 4 (fiction), Tokyo: Gentosha, →ISBN, page 11:
    フランス 【国(こっ)旗(き)の意(い)味(み)】 青(あお)は自(じ)由(ゆう)、白(しろ)は平(びょう)等(どう)、赤(あか)は博(はく)愛(あい)を表(あら)わす。フランス革(かく)命(めい)軍(ぐん)が帽(ぼう)子(し)に付(つ)けた帽(ぼう)章(しょう)の色(いろ)に由(ゆ)来(らい)。
       Furansu 【Kokki no imi】 Ao wa jiyū, shiro wa byōdō, aka wa hakuai o arawasu. Furansu Kakumeigun ga bōshi ni tsuketa bōshō no iro ni yurai.
       France [National flag’s meaning] Blue is for liberty, white for equality, and red for fraternity. These were originally the colors of the badges on the caps of the French Revolutionary Army.

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 博 | 愛 |

### Noun

博愛 • (bagae) (hangeul 박애)
* hanja form of 박애 (“philanthropy”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 博 | 愛 |

### Adjective

博愛
* chữ Hán form of bác ái (“altruistic; humane; compassionate”).