# gwavuma
## Zulu
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

IPA: /ɡwavuːma/

### Verb

-gwavuma
* (intransitive) to growl
* (intransitive) to complain

#### Inflection

Tone L :
| Infinitive | ukugwavuma |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Infinitive | ukugwavuma | ukungagwavumi |
| | Imperative | Imperative |
| | Simple | + object concord |
| Singular | gwavuma | -gwavume |
| Plural | gwavumani | -gwavumeni |
| | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyagwavuma, ngigwavuma | engigwavumayo, engigwavuma | ngigwavuma | angigwavumi | engingagwavumi | ngingagwavumi |
| 2nd singular | uyagwavuma, ugwavuma | ogwavumayo, ogwavuma | ugwavuma | awugwavumi | ongagwavumi | ungagwavumi |
| 1st plural | siyagwavuma, sigwavuma | esigwavumayo, esigwavuma | sigwavuma | asigwavumi | esingagwavumi | singagwavumi |
| 2nd plural | niyagwavuma, nigwavuma | enigwavumayo, enigwavuma | nigwavuma | anigwavumi | eningagwavumi | ningagwavumi |
| Class 1 | uyagwavuma, ugwavuma | ogwavumayo, ogwavuma | egwavuma | akagwavumi | ongagwavumi | engagwavumi |
| Class 2 | bayagwavuma, bagwavuma | abagwavumayo, abagwavuma | begwavuma | abagwavumi | abangagwavumi | bengagwavumi |
| Class 3 | uyagwavuma, ugwavuma | ogwavumayo, ogwavuma | ugwavuma | awugwavumi | ongagwavumi | ungagwavumi |
| Class 4 | iyagwavuma, igwavuma | egwavumayo, egwavuma | igwavuma | ayigwavumi | engagwavumi | ingagwavumi |
| Class 5 | liyagwavuma, ligwavuma | eligwavumayo, eligwavuma | ligwavuma | aligwavumi | elingagwavumi | lingagwavumi |
| Class 6 | ayagwavuma, agwavuma | agwavumayo, agwavuma | egwavuma | awagwavumi | angagwavumi | engagwavumi |
| Class 7 | siyagwavuma, sigwavuma | esigwavumayo, esigwavuma | sigwavuma | asigwavumi | esingagwavumi | singagwavumi |
| Class 8 | ziyagwavuma, zigwavuma | ezigwavumayo, ezigwavuma | zigwavuma | azigwavumi | ezingagwavumi | zingagwavumi |
| Class 9 | iyagwavuma, igwavuma | egwavumayo, egwavuma | igwavuma | ayigwavumi | engagwavumi | ingagwavumi |
| Class 10 | ziyagwavuma, zigwavuma | ezigwavumayo, ezigwavuma | zigwavuma | azigwavumi | ezingagwavumi | zingagwavumi |
| Class 11 | luyagwavuma, lugwavuma | olugwavumayo, olugwavuma | lugwavuma | alugwavumi | olungagwavumi | lungagwavumi |
| Class 14 | buyagwavuma, bugwavuma | obugwavumayo, obugwavuma | bugwavuma | abugwavumi | obungagwavumi | bungagwavumi |
| Class 15 | kuyagwavuma, kugwavuma | okugwavumayo, okugwavuma | kugwavuma | akugwavumi | okungagwavumi | kungagwavumi |
| Class 17 | kuyagwavuma, kugwavuma | okugwavumayo, okugwavuma | kugwavuma | akugwavumi | okungagwavumi | kungagwavumi |
| | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngigwavumile, ngigwavumē | engigwavumile, engigwavumē | ngigwavumile, ngigwavumē | angigwavumanga | engingagwavumanga | ngingagwavumanga |
| 2nd singular | ugwavumile, ugwavumē | ogwavumile, ogwavumē | ugwavumile, ugwavumē | awugwavumanga | ongagwavumanga | ungagwavumanga |
| 1st plural | sigwavumile, sigwavumē | esigwavumile, esigwavumē | sigwavumile, sigwavumē | asigwavumanga | esingagwavumanga | singagwavumanga |
| 2nd plural | nigwavumile, nigwavumē | enigwavumile, enigwavumē | nigwavumile, nigwavumē | anigwavumanga | eningagwavumanga | ningagwavumanga |
| Class 1 | ugwavumile, ugwavumē | ogwavumile, ogwavumē | egwavumile, egwavumē | akagwavumanga | ongagwavumanga | engagwavumanga |
| Class 2 | bagwavumile, bagwavumē | abagwavumile, abagwavumē | begwavumile, begwavumē | abagwavumanga | abangagwavumanga | bengagwavumanga |
| Class 3 | ugwavumile, ugwavumē | ogwavumile, ogwavumē | ugwavumile, ugwavumē | awugwavumanga | ongagwavumanga | ungagwavumanga |
| Class 4 | igwavumile, igwavumē | egwavumile, egwavumē | igwavumile, igwavumē | ayigwavumanga | engagwavumanga | ingagwavumanga |
| Class 5 | ligwavumile, ligwavumē | eligwavumile, eligwavumē | ligwavumile, ligwavumē | aligwavumanga | elingagwavumanga | lingagwavumanga |
| Class 6 | agwavumile, agwavumē | agwavumile, agwavumē | egwavumile, egwavumē | awagwavumanga | angagwavumanga | engagwavumanga |
| Class 7 | sigwavumile, sigwavumē | esigwavumile, esigwavumē | sigwavumile, sigwavumē | asigwavumanga | esingagwavumanga | singagwavumanga |
| Class 8 | zigwavumile, zigwavumē | ezigwavumile, ezigwavumē | zigwavumile, zigwavumē | azigwavumanga | ezingagwavumanga | zingagwavumanga |
| Class 9 | igwavumile, igwavumē | egwavumile, egwavumē | igwavumile, igwavumē | ayigwavumanga | engagwavumanga | ingagwavumanga |
| Class 10 | zigwavumile, zigwavumē | ezigwavumile, ezigwavumē | zigwavumile, zigwavumē | azigwavumanga | ezingagwavumanga | zingagwavumanga |
| Class 11 | lugwavumile, lugwavumē | olugwavumile, olugwavumē | lugwavumile, lugwavumē | alugwavumanga | olungagwavumanga | lungagwavumanga |
| Class 14 | bugwavumile, bugwavumē | obugwavumile, obugwavumē | bugwavumile, bugwavumē | abugwavumanga | obungagwavumanga | bungagwavumanga |
| Class 15 | kugwavumile, kugwavumē | okugwavumile, okugwavumē | kugwavumile, kugwavumē | akugwavumanga | okungagwavumanga | kungagwavumanga |
| Class 17 | kugwavumile, kugwavumē | okugwavumile, okugwavumē | kugwavumile, kugwavumē | akugwavumanga | okungagwavumanga | kungagwavumanga |
| | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngāgwavuma | engāgwavuma | ngāgwavuma | angigwavumanga | engingagwavumanga | ngingagwavumanga |
| 2nd singular | wāgwavuma | owāgwavuma | wāgwavuma | awugwavumanga | ongagwavumanga | ungagwavumanga |
| 1st plural | sāgwavuma | esāgwavuma | sāgwavuma | asigwavumanga | esingagwavumanga | singagwavumanga |
| 2nd plural | nāgwavuma | enāgwavuma | nāgwavuma | anigwavumanga | eningagwavumanga | ningagwavumanga |
| Class 1 | wāgwavuma | owāgwavuma | āgwavuma | akagwavumanga | ongagwavumanga | engagwavumanga |
| Class 2 | bāgwavuma | abāgwavuma | bāgwavuma | abagwavumanga | abangagwavumanga | bengagwavumanga |
| Class 3 | wāgwavuma | owāgwavuma | wāgwavuma | awugwavumanga | ongagwavumanga | ungagwavumanga |
| Class 4 | yāgwavuma | eyāgwavuma | yāgwavuma | ayigwavumanga | engagwavumanga | ingagwavumanga |
| Class 5 | lāgwavuma | elāgwavuma | lāgwavuma | aligwavumanga | elingagwavumanga | lingagwavumanga |
| Class 6 | āgwavuma | āgwavuma | āgwavuma | awagwavumanga | angagwavumanga | engagwavumanga |
| Class 7 | sāgwavuma | esāgwavuma | sāgwavuma | asigwavumanga | esingagwavumanga | singagwavumanga |
| Class 8 | zāgwavuma | ezāgwavuma | zāgwavuma | azigwavumanga | ezingagwavumanga | zingagwavumanga |
| Class 9 | yāgwavuma | eyāgwavuma | yāgwavuma | ayigwavumanga | engagwavumanga | ingagwavumanga |
| Class 10 | zāgwavuma | ezāgwavuma | zāgwavuma | azigwavumanga | ezingagwavumanga | zingagwavumanga |
| Class 11 | lwāgwavuma | olwāgwavuma | lwāgwavuma | alugwavumanga | olungagwavumanga | lungagwavumanga |
| Class 14 | bāgwavuma | obāgwavuma | bāgwavuma | abugwavumanga | obungagwavumanga | bungagwavumanga |
| Class 15 | kwāgwavuma | okwāgwavuma | kwāgwavuma | akugwavumanga | okungagwavumanga | kungagwavumanga |
| Class 17 | kwāgwavuma | okwāgwavuma | kwāgwavuma | akugwavumanga | okungagwavumanga | kungagwavumanga |
| | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngingagwavuma | — | ngingagwavuma | ngingegwavume | — | ngingegwavume |
| 2nd singular | ungagwavuma | — | ungagwavuma | ungegwavume | — | ungegwavume |
| 1st plural | singagwavuma | — | singagwavuma | singegwavume | — | singegwavume |
| 2nd plural | ningagwavuma | — | ningagwavuma | ningegwavume | — | ningegwavume |
| Class 1 | angagwavuma | — | engagwavuma | angegwavume | — | engegwavume |
| Class 2 | bangagwavuma | — | bengagwavuma | bangegwavume | — | bengegwavume |
| Class 3 | ungagwavuma | — | ungagwavuma | ungegwavume | — | ungegwavume |
| Class 4 | ingagwavuma | — | ingagwavuma | ingegwavume | — | ingegwavume |
| Class 5 | lingagwavuma | — | lingagwavuma | lingegwavume | — | lingegwavume |
| Class 6 | angagwavuma | — | engagwavuma | angegwavume | — | engegwavume |
| Class 7 | singagwavuma | — | singagwavuma | singegwavume | — | singegwavume |
| Class 8 | zingagwavuma | — | zingagwavuma | zingegwavume | — | zingegwavume |
| Class 9 | ingagwavuma | — | ingagwavuma | ingegwavume | — | ingegwavume |
| Class 10 | zingagwavuma | — | zingagwavuma | zingegwavume | — | zingegwavume |
| Class 11 | lungagwavuma | — | lungagwavuma | lungegwavume | — | lungegwavume |
| Class 14 | bungagwavuma | — | bungagwavuma | bungegwavume | — | bungegwavume |
| Class 15 | kungagwavuma | — | kungagwavuma | kungegwavume | — | kungegwavume |
| Class 17 | kungagwavuma | — | kungagwavuma | kungegwavume | — | kungegwavume |
| | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngizogwavuma | engizogwavuma | ngizogwavuma | angizugwavuma | engingezugwavuma | ngingezugwavuma |
| 2nd singular | uzogwavuma | ozogwavuma | uzogwavuma | awuzugwavuma | ongezugwavuma | ungezugwavuma |
| 1st plural | sizogwavuma | esizogwavuma | sizogwavuma | asizugwavuma | esingezugwavuma | singezugwavuma |
| 2nd plural | nizogwavuma | enizogwavuma | nizogwavuma | anizugwavuma | eningezugwavuma | ningezugwavuma |
| Class 1 | uzogwavuma | ozogwavuma | ezogwavuma | akazugwavuma | ongezugwavuma | engezugwavuma |
| Class 2 | bazogwavuma | abazogwavuma | bezogwavuma | abazugwavuma | abangezugwavuma | bengezugwavuma |
| Class 3 | uzogwavuma | ozogwavuma | uzogwavuma | awuzugwavuma | ongezugwavuma | ungezugwavuma |
| Class 4 | izogwavuma | ezogwavuma | izogwavuma | ayizugwavuma | engezugwavuma | ingezugwavuma |
| Class 5 | lizogwavuma | elizogwavuma | lizogwavuma | alizugwavuma | elingezugwavuma | lingezugwavuma |
| Class 6 | azogwavuma | azogwavuma | ezogwavuma | awazugwavuma | angezugwavuma | engezugwavuma |
| Class 7 | sizogwavuma | esizogwavuma | sizogwavuma | asizugwavuma | esingezugwavuma | singezugwavuma |
| Class 8 | zizogwavuma | ezizogwavuma | zizogwavuma | azizugwavuma | ezingezugwavuma | zingezugwavuma |
| Class 9 | izogwavuma | ezogwavuma | izogwavuma | ayizugwavuma | engezugwavuma | ingezugwavuma |
| Class 10 | zizogwavuma | ezizogwavuma | zizogwavuma | azizugwavuma | ezingezugwavuma | zingezugwavuma |
| Class 11 | luzogwavuma | oluzogwavuma | luzogwavuma | aluzugwavuma | olungezugwavuma | lungezugwavuma |
| Class 14 | buzogwavuma | obuzogwavuma | buzogwavuma | abuzugwavuma | obungezugwavuma | bungezugwavuma |
| Class 15 | kuzogwavuma | okuzogwavuma | kuzogwavuma | akuzugwavuma | okungezugwavuma | kungezugwavuma |
| Class 17 | kuzogwavuma | okuzogwavuma | kuzogwavuma | akuzugwavuma | okungezugwavuma | kungezugwavuma |
| | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyogwavuma | engiyogwavuma | ngiyogwavuma | angiyugwavuma | engingeyugwavuma | ngingeyugwavuma |
| 2nd singular | uyogwavuma | oyogwavuma | uyogwavuma | awuyugwavuma | ongeyugwavuma | ungeyugwavuma |
| 1st plural | siyogwavuma | esiyogwavuma | siyogwavuma | asiyugwavuma | esingeyugwavuma | singeyugwavuma |
| 2nd plural | niyogwavuma | eniyogwavuma | niyogwavuma | aniyugwavuma | eningeyugwavuma | ningeyugwavuma |
| Class 1 | uyogwavuma | oyogwavuma | eyogwavuma | akayugwavuma | ongeyugwavuma | engeyugwavuma |
| Class 2 | bayogwavuma | abayogwavuma | beyogwavuma | abayugwavuma | abangeyugwavuma | bengeyugwavuma |
| Class 3 | uyogwavuma | oyogwavuma | uyogwavuma | awuyugwavuma | ongeyugwavuma | ungeyugwavuma |
| Class 4 | iyogwavuma | eyogwavuma | iyogwavuma | ayiyugwavuma | engeyugwavuma | ingeyugwavuma |
| Class 5 | liyogwavuma | eliyogwavuma | liyogwavuma | aliyugwavuma | elingeyugwavuma | lingeyugwavuma |
| Class 6 | ayogwavuma | ayogwavuma | eyogwavuma | awayugwavuma | angeyugwavuma | engeyugwavuma |
| Class 7 | siyogwavuma | esiyogwavuma | siyogwavuma | asiyugwavuma | esingeyugwavuma | singeyugwavuma |
| Class 8 | ziyogwavuma | eziyogwavuma | ziyogwavuma | aziyugwavuma | ezingeyugwavuma | zingeyugwavuma |
| Class 9 | iyogwavuma | eyogwavuma | iyogwavuma | ayiyugwavuma | engeyugwavuma | ingeyugwavuma |
| Class 10 | ziyogwavuma | eziyogwavuma | ziyogwavuma | aziyugwavuma | ezingeyugwavuma | zingeyugwavuma |
| Class 11 | luyogwavuma | oluyogwavuma | luyogwavuma | aluyugwavuma | olungeyugwavuma | lungeyugwavuma |
| Class 14 | buyogwavuma | obuyogwavuma | buyogwavuma | abuyugwavuma | obungeyugwavuma | bungeyugwavuma |
| Class 15 | kuyogwavuma | okuyogwavuma | kuyogwavuma | akuyugwavuma | okungeyugwavuma | kungeyugwavuma |
| Class 17 | kuyogwavuma | okuyogwavuma | kuyogwavuma | akuyugwavuma | okungeyugwavuma | kungeyugwavuma |
| | Present subjunctive | Present subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngigwavume | ngingagwavumi |
| 2nd singular | ugwavume | ungagwavumi |
| 1st plural | sigwavume | singagwavumi |
| 2nd plural | nigwavume | ningagwavumi |
| Class 1 | agwavume | angagwavumi |
| Class 2 | bagwavume | bangagwavumi |
| Class 3 | ugwavume | ungagwavumi |
| Class 4 | igwavume | ingagwavumi |
| Class 5 | ligwavume | lingagwavumi |
| Class 6 | agwavume | angagwavumi |
| Class 7 | sigwavume | singagwavumi |
| Class 8 | zigwavume | zingagwavumi |
| Class 9 | igwavume | ingagwavumi |
| Class 10 | zigwavume | zingagwavumi |
| Class 11 | lugwavume | lungagwavumi |
| Class 14 | bugwavume | bungagwavumi |
| Class 15 | kugwavume | kungagwavumi |
| Class 17 | kugwavume | kungagwavumi |
| | Past subjunctive | Past subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngagwavuma | ngangagwavuma, angagwavuma, angangagwavuma |
| 2nd singular | wagwavuma | wangagwavuma, awagwavuma, awangagwavuma |
| 1st plural | sagwavuma | sangagwavuma, asagwavuma, asangagwavuma |
| 2nd plural | nagwavuma | nangagwavuma, anagwavuma, anangagwavuma |
| Class 1 | wagwavuma | wangagwavuma, akagwavuma, akangagwavuma |
| Class 2 | bagwavuma | bangagwavuma, abagwavuma, abangagwavuma |
| Class 3 | wagwavuma | wangagwavuma, awagwavuma, awangagwavuma |
| Class 4 | yagwavuma | yangagwavuma, ayagwavuma, ayangagwavuma |
| Class 5 | lagwavuma | langagwavuma, alagwavuma, alangagwavuma |
| Class 6 | agwavuma | angagwavuma, awagwavuma, awangagwavuma |
| Class 7 | sagwavuma | sangagwavuma, asagwavuma, asangagwavuma |
| Class 8 | zagwavuma | zangagwavuma, azagwavuma, azangagwavuma |
| Class 9 | yagwavuma | yangagwavuma, ayagwavuma, ayangagwavuma |
| Class 10 | zagwavuma | zangagwavuma, azagwavuma, azangagwavuma |
| Class 11 | lwagwavuma | lwangagwavuma, alwagwavuma, alwangagwavuma |
| Class 14 | bagwavuma | bangagwavuma, abagwavuma, abangagwavuma |
| Class 15 | kwagwavuma | kwangagwavuma, akwagwavuma, akwangagwavuma |
| Class 17 | kwagwavuma | kwangagwavuma, akwagwavuma, akwangagwavuma |

#### Derived terms

* ingwavuma

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “gwavuma”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “gwavuma (3.2.9)”