# -게
## Jeju
### Etymology 1
#### Suffix

게 (-ge)
* A propositive verb-final suffix in the "intimate" ᄒᆞ여체 (hawyeoche) speech level used between friends, by superiors to inferiors, etc.
    먹게! ― Meok-ge! ― Let's eat!
    가ᇝ이게! ― Gams-ige! ― Let's get going!
** c. 1980, 안사인 [ansain] (reciting priest), “Chasa bon-puri”, in 제주도 무가 [jejudo muga, Shamanic songs of Jeju Island] (한국고전문학전집 [han'gukgojeonmunhakjeonjip, Anthology of Classical Korean Literature]), Korea University Press, published 1996:"짐치원님아, 짐치원님아, 강님이 ᄒᆞᄁᆞᆷ만 빌립서. 저승 강 부리당 보내리다." "아니 됍네다." "계건 옵서. 우리 반착썩 갈라앗게 […] 몸천을 앗으쿠가? 혼정을 앗으쿠가?"Jim Chi wonnim-a, Jim Chi wonnim-a, Gangnimi hawkkawm-man billipseo. Jeoseung gang buridang bonaerida." "Ani dwaemneda." "Gyegeon opseo. Uri banchaksseok galla-atge […] Momcheon-eul aseukuga? Honjeong-eul aseukuga?"(Yama said,) "Magistrate Kim Chi, Magistrate Kim Chi, allow me to borrow Gangnim for a while. I will go to the world of the dead, make him do work, and then send him back." "No." "Then let's split him in half […] Will you take his body? Or will you take his soul?"
** 2009, 제주 문화 예술 재단 [jeju munhwa yesul jaedan], 개정 증보 제주어 사전 [gaejeong jeungbo jejueo sajeon], 제주 특별 자치도 [jeju teukbyeol jachido], →ISBN, page 55:김 아무개 이번도 오라그네 장원ᄒᆞ거들랑 우리가 멀리 어디 조곰 숨엇다 그놈 심어 놔서 죽여불게.Gim amugae ibeon-do o-ra-geune jang'wonhaw-geodeullang uri-ga meolli eodi jogom sum-eot-da geunom sim-eo nwa-seo jugyeo-bulge.If Kim comes and wins again this time, let's hide far away and catch and kill him.
** 2020, Changyong Yang, Sejung Yang, William O'Grady, Jejueo: the language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →JSTOR, page 206:ᄉᆞ답ᄒᆞ게!Sawdaphaw-ge!Let’s do the laundry!
** 2020, Changyong Yang, Sejung Yang, William O'Grady, Jejueo: the language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →JSTOR, page 206:먹엇(이)게!Meog-eot(-i)ge!Let’s get finished eating!

##### Usage notes

This ending can also be added to the endings 엇 (-eot) and 어ᇝ (-eom) and their allomorphs, in which they give a meaning of "Let's get finished..." and "Let's start/get ...ing", respectively.

##### Alternative forms

* 으게 (-euge) (sometimes used after stems that end in consonants, excluding 먹 (meok-) in 먹다 (meokda, “to eat”))
* 이게 (-ige) (sometimes used after stems that end in ㅅ (s), ㅈ (j), or ㅊ (ch))
* 우게 (-uge) (sometimes used after stems that end in the labial consonants ㅂ (b) or ㅁ (m))

### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

게 (-ge)
* An evidential verb-final suffix in the "intimate" ᄒᆞ여체 (hawyeoche) speech level that marks an event of which the speaker has knowledge, either from inference or observation. Only used with the 언 (-eon) and 은 (-eun) suffixes and their allomorphs.
** 2020, Changyong Yang, Sejung Yang, William O'Grady, Jejueo: the language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →JSTOR, page 187:그 초기 사름덜 타는게.Geu chogi sareum-deol ta-neun'ge.(I know from experience that) people pick that mushroom.
** 2020, Changyong Yang, Sejung Yang, William O'Grady, Jejueo: the language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →JSTOR, page 187:이 물웨덜은 막 궃인게.I murwe-deor-eun mak guch-in'ge.(I see that) these cucumbers are very bad (in quality).
** 2020, Changyong Yang, Sejung Yang, William O'Grady, Jejueo: the language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →JSTOR, page 188:자의 영수어멍 숭털어ᇝ인게.Jaui Yeongsu-eomeong sungteor-eoms-in'ge.(I see) him/her imitating Yeongsu’s mother.
** 2020, Changyong Yang, Sejung Yang, William O'Grady, Jejueo: the language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →JSTOR, page 188:ᄄᆞᆯ이 ᄎᆞᆽ이큰게.Ttawr-i chawj-ikeun'ge.(I can see that) your daughter may/will look for you.
** 2020, Changyong Yang, Sejung Yang, William O'Grady, Jejueo: the language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →JSTOR, page 188:느네 ᄉᆞᆫ지 파치 잘 줏언게.Neu-ne sawnji pachi jal jud-eon'ge.(I saw) your grandchild pick fallen tangerines well.
** 2020, Changyong Yang, Sejung Yang, William O'Grady, Jejueo: the language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →JSTOR, page 189:아방 ᄀᆞ세 ᄎᆞᆽ앗인게.Abang gawse chawj-as-in'ge.(I see that) father found the scissors.
** 2020, Changyong Yang, Sejung Yang, William O'Grady, Jejueo : the language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →JSTOR, page 189:어멍이 소낭 그챠불엇언게.Eomeong-i sonang geucha-bur-eod-eon'ge.(I figured) that mother had cut the pine tree completely down.

##### Derived terms

* ㄴ게 (-n'ge)
* 는게 (-neun'ge)
* 언게 (-eon'ge)
* 은게 (-eun'ge)
* 인게 (-in'ge)

### References

* ↑ Changyong Yang, Sejung Yang, William O'Grady (2020) Jejueo: the language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →JSTOR, pages 205-206
* ↑ Changyong Yang, Sejung Yang, William O'Grady (2020) Jejueo: the language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →JSTOR, pages 187-190

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Korean 게〮 (Yale: -kéy). Old Korean has adverb-deriving 去 (*-ke), although uncommon. In Middle Korean, it coexisted with 이 (Yale: -i) and 오 (Yale: -wo), but it has since displaced both to become by far the most productive adverbial suffix in Korean.

#### Suffix

게 • (-ge)
* -ly; a suffix attached to the stems of verbs and adjectives to derive adverbs.
    슬프게 울다 ― seulpeu-ge ulda ― to weep sadly
    행복하게 살고 있다. ― Haengbok-ha-ge salgo itda. ― He is living happily.
    하늘이 붉게 물들었다. ― Haneur-i bul-ge mul-deur-eot-da. ― The sky was colored red.
* so that
    물 마시게 컵 좀. ― Mul masi-ge keop jom. ― A cup please, so I can have water.
    몸에 꼭 맞게 맞춘 옷이 배달되어 왔다.Mom-e kkok mat-ge matchun os-i baedaldoeeo watda.The clothes which were made to fit him perfectly were delivered.

##### Usage notes

(common constructions)
* 게 하다 (-ge hada) derives causatives:
    동생이 밥을 먹게 하다 ― dongsaeng-i bab-eul meokge hada ― to make one's younger brother eat
    슬프게 하다 ― seulpeuge hada ― to make [someone] sad
* 게 되다 (-ge doeda) approximately means "to end up", with a nuance of being involuntary:
    코로나로 인해 대학을 못 가게 되다 ― korona-ro inhae daehag-eul mot gage doeda ― to end up unable to go to university because of Covid-19

##### Derived terms

* 게끔 (-gekkeum)
* 겠 (-get-)

### Etymology 2

First attested in the nineteenth century. Formally the same suffix as Etymology 1. It stems from a practice in which the mood-marking main verb was left implicit in colloquial conversation, causing the originally adverbalized stem to develop into the main stem of the clause.

#### Suffix

게 • (-ge)
* In the intimate style:
** are you going to...; used to ask about the addressee's intentions, often with a nuance of slight surprise.
    뭐 하게? ― Mwo ha-ge? ― What are you going to do?
    지금 가게? 너무 이르지 않아?Jigeum ga-ge? Neomu ireuji ana?Are you going to leave right now? Isn't it too early?
** Used sarcastically to deny the possibility of something being true by positing an equally absurd situation.
    말만 하면 다 되게?Mal-man ha-myeon da doe-ge?Do you think you can solve every problem just by talking?(literally, “If you just spoke, would everything be done?”)
    네가 검사면 난 판사게?Ne-ga geomsa-myeon nan pansa-ge?If you're a prosecutor, then I'm a judge!
** Used to invite someone to guess.
    누구게? ― Nugu-ge? ― Guess who?
* In the familiar style, the principal imperative suffix.
    말하게. 그날 자네는 뭘 하고 있었나?Mal-ha-ge. Geunal jane-neun mwol hago isseonna?Please tell me. What were you doing that day?

### Etymology 3

From Middle Korean 개 (Yale: -kay).

#### Suffix

게 • (-ge)
* Alternative form of 개 (-gae, “[agentive suffix]”)

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 4
#### Particle

게 • (-ge)
* (literary) Short for 에게 (-ege, “to”).

##### Usage notes

* Used only for pronouns.
* In contemporary language, used only in 내게 (nae-ge, “to me”), 제게 (je-ge, “to me (humble)”), 네게 (ne-ge, “to you”).

### References

* ↑ 장윤희 [jang'yunhui] (2006) “고대국어의 파생 접미사 연구 [godaegugeoui pasaeng jeommisa yeon'gu, A study of derivational suffixes in Old Korean]”, in Gugeohak, volume 47, pages 91—144
* ↑ 장윤희 [jang'yunhui] (2012) “국어 종결어미의 통시적 변화와 쟁점 [gugeo jonggyeoreomiui tongsijeok byeonhwawa jaengjeom, A general survey of diachronic change of Korean sentence-terminating endings]”, in Gugeosa yeon'gu, volume 14, pages 63—99
* ↑ 이소은 [iso'eun] (2016) 19세기 말~20세기 초 한국어에 나타난 종결어미화 연구 [19segi mal~20segi cho han'gugeo'e natanan jonggyeoreomihwa yeon'gu, A study of the development of sentence-final suffixes in Korean in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries], University of Seoul (PhD)