# карам
## Bulgarian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkarɐm]
* Audio:(file)

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *karati (“to accuse”), an iterative counter-part to коря́ (korjá, “to rebuke”).

#### Verb

ка́рам • (káram) first-singular present indicative, impf
* (transitive, dialectal) to edify, to instruct
    Synonyms: поуча́вам (poučávam), назида́вам (nazidávam)
* (transitive, dialectal) to rebuke, to reproach, to reprimand
    Synonyms: гъ́лча (gǎ́lča), мъ́мря (mǎ́mrja), хо́кам (hókam), укоря́вам (ukorjávam), порица́вам (poricávam)
** Сос ма ка́рай, ма́йчинко, сос ма мо́мрей! (in Rupian dialect)Sos ma káraj, májčinko, sos ma mómrej!Stop reproaching me, mother, stop reprimanding me!

##### Usage notes

In the standard language, this meaning is primarily expressed via reflexive ка́рам се (káram se). The transitive form typically carries the meaning of Etymology 2.

##### Conjugation

$^1$Dialectally marked.

##### Derived terms

* ока́рвам impf (okárvam), ока́рам pf (okáram, “to berate”)
* пока́рвам impf (pokárvam), пока́рам pf (pokáram, “to express critizism”) (dialectal)
* ска́рвам impf (skárvam), ска́рам pf (skáram, “to make someone agitated/upset with another one”)
** ска́ран (skáran, “being on bad terms”)
* ка́ране (kárane), ка́раница (káranica, “scuffle, quarrel”)
* ка́рба (kárba), пре́карба (prékarba, “mutual reproach, exchange of accusations”) (dialectal)

##### Related terms

* у́кор (úkor, “reproach”)
** ука́рям (ukárjam, “to accuse, to defame”) (obsolete)

#### References

* Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1979), “карам²”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 2 (и – крепя̀), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 236
* Nayden Gerov (1897) “ка́рамь (10, 11)”, in Рѣчникъ на Блъгарскꙑй язꙑкъ. Съ тлъкувание рѣчи-тꙑ на Блъгарскꙑ и на Русскꙑ. [Dictionary of the Bulgarian language]‎ (in Bulgarian), volume 2, Plovdiv: Дружествена печꙗтница "Съгласие.", page 351

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *carriāre or *carreāre, from Latin carrus, ultimately of Gaulish origin. Cognate with English carry.

#### Verb

ка́рам • (káram) first-singular present indicative, impf
* (transitive) to drive, to conduct (a vehicle)
    Synonym: управля́вам (upravljávam)
    ка́рам кола́ ― káram kolá ― [I] drive a car
* (transitive) to drive, to herd (an animal, a herd)
    Synonyms: во́дя (vódja), (dialectal) кърдя́ (kǎrdjá)
    ка́рам гове́да ― káram govéda ― [I] herd cattle
* (transitive) to convey, to transport, to carry
    Synonym: во́зя (vózja)
    ка́рам това́р ― káram továr ― to transport goods
* (transitive) to make, to coerce (someone do something)
    Synonyms: те́рам (téram), си́ля (sílja), принужда́вам (prinuždávam)
    ка́рам ня́кого да ... ― káram njákogo da ... ― [I] coerce someone to ...
* (abstracted, transitive) to undergo, to get through, to pass (endevour, situation, state of affairs)
    ка́рам грип ― káram grip ― [I] undergo flu
    ка́рам и́зпит ― káram ízpit ― [I] am taking an exam
    Ка́рам я ня́как си.Káram ja njákak si.I am doing fine somehow/in some way.
* (colloquial, figurative, transitive) to be (a certain age)
* (colloquial, figurative, transitive) to live, to be getting along
* (colloquial, transitive) to keep on (doing something), to carry out
* (reflexive with се) to make, to prepare oneself to do something

##### Conjugation

$^1$Dialectally marked.

##### Derived terms

* вка́рвам impf (vkárvam), вка́рам pf (vkáram, “to insert, to push in”)
* изка́рвам impf (izkárvam), изка́рам pf (izkáram, “to pull out”)
* дока́рвам impf (dokárvam), дока́рам pf (dokáram, “to carry, bring up”)
** издока́рвам impf (izdokárvam), издока́рам pf (izdokáram)
* зака́рвам impf (zakárvam), зака́рам pf (zakáram, “to transport”)
* нака́рвам impf (nakárvam), нака́рам pf (nakáram, “to compel, to force”)
* отка́рвам impf (otkárvam), отка́рам pf (otkáram, “to carry away”)
* подка́рвам impf (podkárvam), подка́рам pf (podkáram, “to drive up, to undertake”)
* пока́рвам impf (pokárvam), пока́рам pf (pokáram, “to get carrying”)
** разпока́рвам impf (razpokárvam), разпока́рам pf (razpokáram)
* прека́рвам impf (prekárvam), прека́рам pf (prekáram, “to spend, to forebear”)
* прика́рвам impf (prikárvam), прика́рам pf (prikáram, “to bring in, to conduct”)
* прока́рвам impf (prokárvam), прока́рам pf (prokáram, “to carry into”)
* разка́рвам impf (razkárvam), разка́рам pf (razkáram, “to carry back and forth”)
* ука́рвам impf (ukárvam), ука́рам pf (ukáram, “to infix”) (dialectal)
* кара́ч (karáč, “herder, driver”)

##### Related terms

* кару́ца (karúca, “charriot”)

#### References

* “карам”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
* “карам”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010
* Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1979), “карам¹”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 2 (и – крепя̀), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 235
* Nayden Gerov (1897) “ка́рамь (1-9)”, in Рѣчникъ на Блъгарскꙑй язꙑкъ. Съ тлъкувание рѣчи-тꙑ на Блъгарскꙑ и на Русскꙑ. [Dictionary of the Bulgarian language]‎ (in Bulgarian), volume 2, Plovdiv: Дружествена печꙗтница "Съгласие.", page 350

### Anagrams

* марка (marka), карма (karma), рамка (ramka), макар (makar)

## Kyrgyz
### Etymology

Borrowed from Persian کرم (karam), from Ancient Greek κράμβη (krámbē, “cabbage”).

### Noun

карам • (karam) (Arabic spelling قارام)
* cabbage

## Macedonian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkaɾam]

### Verb

карам • (karam)
* first-person singular present of кара (kara)

## Russian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkarəm]

### Etymology 1
#### Noun

ка́рам • (káram) f inan pl
* dative plural of ка́ра (kára)

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

ка́рам • (káram) m inan pl
* dative plural of кар (kar)

## Tajik
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /karam/, [kʰä.ɾäm]

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Classical Persian کَرَم (karam), from Arabic كَرَم (karam).

#### Noun

карам • (karam) (Persian spelling کرم)
* bounty
* generosity
* magnificence

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

карам • (karam) (Persian spelling کرم)
* Alternative form of калам (kalam): cabbage