# ξηρός
## Ancient Greek
### Alternative forms

* ξερός (xerós) — Ionic

### Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *kseros (“dry”). Cognates include Latin serescō, Old High German serawēn, Old Armenian չոր (čʻor), Middle Armenian չիր (čʻir), and perhaps Sanskrit क्षार (kṣārá, “sharp, acrid, pungent”). However, the lengthened vowel η where ε would normally be expected is problematic.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ksɛː.rós/ → /ksiˈros/ → /ksiˈros/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /ksɛː.rós/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /kse̝ˈros/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ksiˈros/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ksiˈros/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ksiˈros/

### Adjective

ξηρός • (xērós) m (feminine ξηρᾱ́, neuter ξηρόν); first/second declension
* dry
    Synonym: αὖος (aûos)
** dry land
*** 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Exodus 4.9
* The effects of being without water: parched, withered
* By extension: shrunken, paralyzed, lean
* (voice) rough, hoarse
* fasting

#### Derived terms

* ξηρίον (xēríon)
* ξηρότης (xērótēs)
* ξηραίνω (xēraínō)

#### Descendants

* →? Translingual: Xerus

### References

* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ξηρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1035-6

### Further reading

* “ξηρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “ξηρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* ξηρός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
* G3584 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
* ξηρός in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
* Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. dry idem, page 255.fleshless idem, page 327.haggard idem, page 380.lean idem, page 482.meagre idem, page 519.parched idem, page 592.sear idem, page 746.seasoned idem, page 746.shrivelled idem, page 771.skinny idem, page 781.spare idem, page 798.tearless idem, page 859.thin idem, page 866.wasted idem, page 965.withered idem, page 984.
* “ξηρός”, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, 2011

## Greek
### Alternative forms

* ξερός (xerós)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ksiˈɾos/

### Adjective

ξηρός • (xirós) m (feminine ξηρή or ξηρά, neuter ξηρό)
* (literary) dry, dried, arid
    το κλίμα είναι πολύ ξηρόto klíma eínai polý xiróthe climate is very dry
* (literary) dry, not sweet
    ξηρός οίνος ― xirós oínos ― dry wine

#### Usage notes

The use of this form is restricted to special terms, such as those listed below:
* ξηρό κλίμα n (xiró klíma, “dry climate”)
* αποξηραμένος (apoxiraménos, “dried, desiccated”)
* ξηρή ατμόσφαιρα f (xirí atmósfaira, “dry atmosphere”)
* ξηρές σταφίδες f pl (xirés stafídes, “dried fruit”)
* ξηρά τροφή f (xirá trofí, “dry food, dried food”)
* ξηρό στοιχείο n (xiró stoicheío, “dry cell”)
* ξηροί καρποί m pl (xiroí karpoí, “dried fruit, dried nuts”)
* ξηρός οίνος m (xirós oínos, “dry wine”)
* ξηρός πάγος m (xirós págos, “dry ice”)

#### Declension

| number case \ gender | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| number case \ gender | masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | ξηρός • | ξηρή • / ξηρά • | ξηρό • | ξηροί • | ξηρές • | ξηρά • |
| genitive | ξηρού • | ξηρής • / ξηράς • | ξηρού • | ξηρών • | ξηρών • | ξηρών • |
| accusative | ξηρό • | ξηρή • / ξηρά • | ξηρό • | ξηρούς • | ξηρές • | ξηρά • |
| vocative | ξηρέ • | ξηρή • / ξηρά • | ξηρό • | ξηροί • | ξηρές • | ξηρά • |
| derivations | Comparative: πιο + positive forms (e.g. πιο ξηρός, etc.) Relative superlative: definite article + πιο + positive forms (e.g. ο πιο ξηρός, etc.) | Comparative: πιο + positive forms (e.g. πιο ξηρός, etc.) Relative superlative: definite article + πιο + positive forms (e.g. ο πιο ξηρός, etc.) | Comparative: πιο + positive forms (e.g. πιο ξηρός, etc.) Relative superlative: definite article + πιο + positive forms (e.g. ο πιο ξηρός, etc.) | Comparative: πιο + positive forms (e.g. πιο ξηρός, etc.) Relative superlative: definite article + πιο + positive forms (e.g. ο πιο ξηρός, etc.) | Comparative: πιο + positive forms (e.g. πιο ξηρός, etc.) Relative superlative: definite article + πιο + positive forms (e.g. ο πιο ξηρός, etc.) | Comparative: πιο + positive forms (e.g. πιο ξηρός, etc.) Relative superlative: definite article + πιο + positive forms (e.g. ο πιο ξηρός, etc.) |
| comparative | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| comparative | masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | ξηρότερος • | ξηρότερη • | ξηρότερο • | ξηρότεροι • | ξηρότερες • | ξηρότερα • |
| genitive | ξηρότερου • | ξηρότερης • | ξηρότερου • | ξηρότερων • | ξηρότερων • | ξηρότερων • |
| accusative | ξηρότερο • | ξηρότερη • | ξηρότερο • | ξηρότερους • | ξηρότερες • | ξηρότερα • |
| vocative | ξηρότερε • | ξηρότερη • | ξηρότερο • | ξηρότεροι • | ξηρότερες • | ξηρότερα • |
| derivations | relative superlative: ο + comparative forms (eg "ο ξηρότερος", etc) | relative superlative: ο + comparative forms (eg "ο ξηρότερος", etc) | relative superlative: ο + comparative forms (eg "ο ξηρότερος", etc) | relative superlative: ο + comparative forms (eg "ο ξηρότερος", etc) | relative superlative: ο + comparative forms (eg "ο ξηρότερος", etc) | relative superlative: ο + comparative forms (eg "ο ξηρότερος", etc) |
| Absolute superlative | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| Absolute superlative | masculine | feminine | neuter | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | ξηρότατος • | ξηρότατη • | ξηρότατο • | ξηρότατοι • | ξηρότατες • | ξηρότατα • |
| genitive | ξηρότατου • | ξηρότατης • | ξηρότατου • | ξηρότατων • | ξηρότατων • | ξηρότατων • |
| accusative | ξηρότατο • | ξηρότατη • | ξηρότατο • | ξηρότατους • | ξηρότατες • | ξηρότατα • |
| vocative | ξηρότατε • | ξηρότατη • | ξηρότατο • | ξηρότατοι • | ξηρότατες • | ξηρότατα • |

#### Synonyms

* see: ξερός (xerós)

### Further reading

* ξηρός, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language