# 古人
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gǔrén
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˇ ㄖㄣˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gu$^2$ jan$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kú-ngìn
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kó͘-lîn / kó͘-jîn
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gǔrén
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˇ ㄖㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gǔrén
*** Wade–Giles: ku$^3$-jên$^2$
*** Yale: gǔ-rén
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guuren
*** Palladius: гужэнь (gužɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐən³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gu$^2$ jan$^4$
*** Yale: gú yàhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gu$^2$ jan$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gu$^2$ yen$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kuː³⁵ jɐn²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kú-ngìn
*** Hakka Romanization System: gu$^ˋ$ ngin$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gu$^3$ ngin$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ku³¹ ŋin¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kó͘-lîn
*** Tâi-lô: kóo-lîn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kofliin
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lin²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lin²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kó͘-jîn
*** Tâi-lô: kóo-jîn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kofjiin
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ d͡zin¹³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ zin²³/
* Middle Chinese: kuX nyin
Rime :
| Character | 古 | 人 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) | 眞 (43) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 公戸切 | 如鄰切 |
| Baxter | kuX | nyin |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuo$^X$/ | /ȵiɪn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kuo$^X$/ | /ȵin/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ko$^X$/ | /ȵʑjen/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɔ$^X$/ | /ȵin/ |
| Li Rong | /ko$^X$/ | /ȵiĕn/ |
| Wang Li | /ku$^X$/ | /ȵʑĭĕn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kuo$^X$/ | /ȵʑi̯ĕn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gǔ | rén |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gu$^2$ | jan$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤaʔ ni[ŋ]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kaːʔ njin/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 古 | 人 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gǔ | rén |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ku$^X$ › | ‹ nyin › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁaʔ/ | /*ni[ŋ]/ |
| English | ancient | (other) person |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 古 | 人 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 4219 | 10800 |
| Phonetic component | 古 | 人 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 古 | 仁 |
| Old Chinese | /*kaːʔ/ | /*njin/ |

### Noun

古人
* the ancients; people from ancient times; forefathers
    古人云 ― gǔrén yún ― as the old saying goes
* (anthropology) early man; Homo sapiens
* (euphemistic) someone who has passed away
    From: 1628 CE, Ling Mengchu, Slapping the Table in Amazement I
    Lǐ xiōng guǒ shì wǒ bābài zhìjiāo, zhǐwàng zài dé xiānghuì, shéi zhī yǐ zuò gǔrén? [Pinyin]
    Brother Li was indeed my dearest friend. I had hoped to meet him again, but who would have known that he has passed away?
    From: 18th century, 裘行簡, 《樞垣記略·題舊存便面》
    Jīn jiǎndiǎn shūqiè, hū dé cǐ fú, yīn sī Féng Shíyǎn gěijiàn yǐ guīlǎo, Xīshān Dù Cèshān shìyù yǐ zuò gǔrén, Chéng Yěyuán kǎogōng yǐ yōu guīlǐ, Shèng Mèngyán shìyù chūshǒu Tóngzhōu, Qián Péishān cíbù dūxué Yuèxī, zuó rènmǎn huí jīng, fù rù shūtíng. [Pinyin]
    Today, I examined my bookcase and suddenly found this piece; thus I thought of Supervising Censor Feng Shiyan, who has returned to his hometown for retirement; Attendant Censor Du Ceshan from Xishan, who has passed away; Evaluations Officer Cheng Yeyuan, who has returned to his hometown in sorrow; Attendant Censor Sheng Mengyan, who has been sent to govern Tong Prefecture; Minister of Rites Qian Peishan, who has supervised education in western Guangdong, finished his term and returned to the capital to rejoin the court.
    From: 1924 January 28, 風聲 (fēngshēng) (Fengsheng), 望勿「紏正」, in 《晨報副鐫》, issue 18, page 4
    Wāng Yuánfàng jūn yǐjīng chéng le gǔrén le, tā de biāodiǎn hé jiàozhèng xiǎoshuō, suīrán bùmiǎn xiǎo miùwù, dàn dàtǐ shì yǒugōng yú zuòzhě hé dúzhě de. [Pinyin]
    Mr. Wang Yuanfang has passed away. On the most part, the novels that he had punctuated and proofread, though there would naturally be small errors, do a great service to authors and readers.

#### Synonyms

* (the ancients):
* 先人 (xiānrén)
* 先民 (xiānmín) (literary)
* 前人 (qiánrén)
* 古代人 (gǔdàirén)
* 古者 (gǔzhě) (literary)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 古(こ)人(じん) (kojin)
* → Korean: 고인(古人) (goin)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 古 | 人 |
| こ Grade: 2 | じん Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi ||

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こじん [kóꜜjìǹ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ko̞ʑĩɴ]

#### Noun

古(こ)人(じん) • (kojin)
* a person from long ago

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 古 | 人 |
| ふる Grade: 2 | ひと Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi ||

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɸɯ̟ɾɯ̟çito̞]

#### Noun

古(ふる)人(ひと) • (furuhito)
* a person from long ago
* old person

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 古 | 人 |
| ふる Grade: 2 | ひと > びと Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi ||

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɸɯ̟ɾɯ̟bʲito̞]

#### Noun

古(ふる)人(びと) • (furubito)
* a person from long ago
* old person

### Etymology 4

Kanji in this term :
| 古 | 人 |
| いにしえ Grade: 2 | ひと > びと Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi ||

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [iɲ̟iɕie̞bʲito̞]

#### Noun

古(いにしえ)人(びと) • (inishiebito)
* old acquaintance

### See also

* 旧人

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 古 | 人 |

### Noun

古人 • (goin) (hangeul 고인)
* hanja form of 고인 (“a person from long ago”)