OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# чмокнуть
## Russian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈt͡ɕmoknʊtʲ]

### Verb

чмо́кнуть • (čmóknutʹ) pf (imperfective чмо́кать)
* (colloquial) to peck (to kiss)
* (colloquial) to smack (with the lips)
# чмом
## Russian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [t͡ɕmom]

### Noun

чмом • (čmom) n anim
* instrumental singular of чмо (čmo)
# entr'ouvèrtément
## Norman
### Etymology

entr'ouvèrt (“half-open”) +‎ -ment

### Adverb

entr'ouvèrtément
* (Jersey) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
# Putinești
## Romanian
### Etymology

From Putină +‎ -ești, from putină.

### Proper noun

Putinești m
* A village in Putinești, Florești Raion, Moldova
* A commune of Florești Raion, Moldova
# 𒇯

| 𒇯 | U+121EF, &#74223; CUNEIFORM SIGN LAGAR GUNU |
| ← 𒇮 [U+121EE] | Cuneiform | 𒇰 → [U+121F0] |

## Translingual
### Cuneiform sign

| 𒇯 | Sign Number |
| MZL | 721 |
| Deimel | 459a |
| HZL | 211 |
| Components ||
| 𒇬, 𒍦 ||

### References

* R. Borger, Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon (MZL), Münster (2003)
* A. Deimel, Šumerisches Lexikon (Deimel), Rome (1947)
* Chr. Rüster, E. Neu, Hethitisches Zeichenlexikon (HZL), Wiesbaden (1989)

## Akkadian
### Etymology

Orthographic borrowing from Sumerian 𒇯 (du₆ /⁠dud⁠/, “mound”).

### Logogram

𒇯 • (DU₆)
* Sumerogram of tīlum (“tell, mound”)

## Sumerian
### Noun

𒇯 • (du₆ /dud/)
* (ruin) mound

### References

* “𒇯 (dud)” in ePSD2
# contraindicaron
## Spanish
### Verb

contraindicaron
* third-person plural preterite indicative of contraindicar
# conpingebas
## Latin
### Verb

conpingēbās
* second-person singular imperfect active indicative of conpingō
# gärtnern
## German
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɡɛʁtnɐn/
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

gärtnern (weak, third-person singular present gärtnert, past tense gärtnerte, past participle gegärtnert, auxiliary haben)
* to garden (to create or maintain a garden)
    Synonyms: (regional) gärteln, (Austria) garteln

#### Conjugation

$^1$Rare except in very formal contexts; alternative in würde normally preferred.

#### Related terms

* Garten
* Gärtner

### Further reading

* “gärtnern” in Duden online
* “gärtnern” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
# জেয়াদা
## Bengali
### Alternative forms

* জিয়াদা (jiẏada)
* জ্যাদা (jêda) — Varendra

### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian زیاده (ziyāda), from Arabic زِيَادَة (ziyāda). Compare Hindi ज़्यादा (zyādā).

### Pronunciation

* (Rarh) IPA: /d͡ʒead̪a/, [ˈd͡ʒead̪aˑ]
* (Dhaka) IPA: /dʑead̪a/, [ˈdʑead̪aˑ]

### Adverb

জেয়াদা • (jeẏada)
* (rare) much; more; too much
    Synonym: বেশী (beśi)
    এটা খূব জেয়াদা হচ্ছেeṭa khub jeẏada hocchethis is becoming too much

### References

* Accessible Dictionary, Government of Bangladesh
* Accessible Dictionary, Government of Bangladesh
# যেন
## Assamese
### Etymology

From Early Assamese যেন (jeno), borrowed from Sanskrit: येन (yena), the instrumental singular of यद् (yad).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /zɛn/

### Conjunction

যেন • (zen)
* as, like
* as if

## Bengali
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit येन (yena), the instrumental singular of यद् (yad).

### Pronunciation

* (Rarh) IPA: /d͡ʒæno/, [ˈd͡ʒænoˑ]
    Audio:(file)
* (Dhaka) IPA: /dʑɛno/, [ˈdʑɛnoˑ]

### Conjunction

যেন • (jeno)
* as, like
* how, as if
* so that
* be sure that
    আর দেখ, বাড়ির ভিতর নিয়ে যাস না যেনar dekh, baṛir bhitor niẏe jaś na jenAnd look, be sure that you don't take it into the house.
* certainly
* suppose that, given that

### References

* Biswas, Sailendra (2000) “যেন”, in Samsad Bengali-English dictionary, 3rd edition, Calcutta: Sahitya Samsad, →OCLC.

## Pali
### Alternative forms

* yena (Latin script)
* 𑀬𑁂𑀦 (Brahmi script)
* येन (Devanagari script)
* යෙන (Sinhalese script)
* ယေန or ယေၼ (Burmese script)
* เยน or เยนะ (Thai script)
* ᨿᩮᨶ (Tai Tham script)
* ເຍນ or ເຍນະ or ເຢນະ (Lao script)
* យេន (Khmer script)
* 𑄠𑄬𑄚 (Chakma script)

### Pronoun

যেন (m)
* Bengali script form of yena, which is instrumental singular of য (ya, “who (relative)”)

### Pronoun

যেন (n)
* Bengali script form of yena, which is instrumental singular of য (ya, “who (relative)”)

### Noun

যেন
* Bengali script form of yena, which is instrumental singular of য (ya, “the Pali letter 'y'”)
# ਛਕਣਾ
## Punjabi

* Punjabi verb set
* ਛਕਣਾ (chakṇā)
* ਛਕਾਉਣਾ (chakāuṇā)
* ਛਕਵਾਉਣਾ (chakvāuṇā)

### Etymology

Inherited from Sanskrit *छक्क (chakka)

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Punjabi) IPA: /t͡ʃʰək.ɳäː/

### Verb

ਛਕਣਾ • (chakṇā) (transitive, Shahmukhi spelling چھکݨا)
* to eat, to consume

#### Conjugation

$^1$The presence of theਲ਼ (ḷa) phoneme can vary by dialect ਲ (la).
$^1$Some dialects conjugate ਸੀ (sī) for person and number (from left to right): ਸਾਂ (sā̃), ਸੈ (sai), ਸੋ (so), ਸਾਂ (sā̃), ਸਨ (san). $^2$Colloquially, ਹਨ (han) is always ਨੇ (ne) in the Majhi dialect. $^3$Dialectal.

#### Derived terms

* ਛਕ ਜਾਣਾ (chak jāṇā, “consume”, verb)

### Further reading

* “ਛਕਣਾ”, in Punjabi-English Dictionary, Patiala: Punjabi University, 2024
* Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “chakka”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
# দাদখানি
## Bengali
### Etymology

Named after the Sultan of Bengal Daud Khan with the addition of a suffix.

### Noun

দাদখানি • (dadkhani)
* A variety of superfine rice famed in Dinajpur.

### References

* Accessible Dictionary, “দাদখানি” Bengali-Bengali, Government of Bangladesh
* Accessible Dictionary, “দাদখানি” Bengali-English, Government of Bangladesh
# বয়দা
## Bengali
### Alternative forms

* বদা (boda), বজা (boja), বয়জা (boẏja)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic بَيْضَة (bayḍa, “egg”). Doublet of দারুল ব​য়জা (darul bôẏza)

### Noun

বয়দা • (boẏoda)
* egg
    Synonyms: ডিম (ḍim), আণ্ডা (anḍa)

### References

* Accessible Dictionary, “বয়দা, বয়জা, বদা” Bengali-Bengali, Government of Bangladesh
# বয়ান
## Bengali
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic بَيَان (bayān).

### Pronunciation

* (Rarh) IPA: /bɔe̯an/, [ˈbɔe̯an]
* (Dhaka) IPA: /bɔe̯an/, [ˈbɔe̯an]
    Audio:(file)

### Noun

বয়ান • (boẏan)
* narration; description; account
    তার পরে শুনলাম তার অপরাধের বয়ানtar pore śunlam tar opradher boẏanThen I listened to the account of his/her crimes. - Shawkat Osman
    Synonym: রেওয়ায়ৎ (reōẇaẏot)
* (law) statement
* (Islam) lecture, speech
    আমি হুজুরের বয়ান শুনে মুগ্ধ হয়ে গেলাম।ami hujurer boẏan śune mugdho hoẏe gelam.I was impressed after listening to the huzoor's speech.

#### Inflection
### References

* Accessible Dictionary, “বয়ান” Bengali-Bengali, Government of Bangladesh
* Accessible Dictionary, “বয়ান” Bengali-English, Government of Bangladesh
# રાહ જોવી
## Gujarati
### Verb

રાહ જોવી • (rāh jovī)
* to wait, await
# રાષ્ટ્રગીત
## Gujarati
### Etymology

રાષ્ટ્ર (rāṣṭra, “nation”) +‎ ગીત (gīt, “song”).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Gujarati) IPA: /ˈɾɑʂ.ʈɾə.ɡit̪/

### Noun

રાષ્ટ્રગીત • (rāṣṭragīt) n
* national anthem
    રવીંદ્રનાથ ટાગોરે ભારતનું રાષ્ટ્રગીત લખ્યું હતું।ravī̃dranāth ṭāgore bhāratnũ rāṣṭragīt lakhyũ hatũ.Rabindranath Tagore wrote the national anthem of India.
# મકદુનિયા
## Gujarati
### Alternative forms

* મકદોનિયા (makdoniyā) — Hebrew transliteration

### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic مَقْدُونِيَا (maqdūniyā), from Ancient Greek Μακεδονία (Makedonía, “Macedonia”), from μακεδονία (makedonía, “highland”), from μακεδνός (makednós, “high, tall”).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Gujarati) IPA: /ˈmək.d̪u.ni.jɑ/

### Proper noun

મકદુનિયા • (makduniyā) m
* Macedonia, Macedon (an ancient kingdom)
* Macedonia (a region of Southeast Europe)
* Macedonia (a country in Balkan Peninsula, Europe)

#### Synonyms

* (country, region):મેસિડોનિય (mesiḍoniya)
# વાક
## Gujarati
### Pronunciation

* (Standard Gujarati) IPA: /ˈʋɑk/

### Noun

વાક • (vāk) m
* black-crowned night heron
    Synonym: અવાક (avāk)
# વાઘ
## Gujarati
### Etymology

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀯𑀕𑁆𑀖 (vaggha), from Sanskrit व्याघ्र (vyāghra), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *vyāgʰrás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wy(H)āgʰrás. Doublet of વ્યાઘ્ર (vyāghra). Cognate with Bengali বাঘ (bagh), Hindustani باگھ (bāgh) / बाघ (bāgh), Marathi वाघ (vāgh), Punjabi باگھ / ਬਾਘ (bāgh).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Gujarati) IPA: /ˈʋɑɡʱ/
** (colloquial) IPA: /ˈʋa̤ɣ/
* Rhymes: -ɑɡʱ
* Hyphenation: વાઘ

### Noun

વાઘ • (vāgh) m (feminine વાઘણ)
* tiger
    Synonyms: શાર્દૂલ (śārdūl), શેર (śer)
# બાલ્કન
## Gujarati
### Alternative forms

* બલકાન (balkān)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic الْبَلْقَان (al-balqān), from Ottoman Turkish بالقان (balkan).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Gujarati) IPA: /ˈbɑl.kən/

### Proper noun

બાલ્કન • (bālkan) m
* Balkans, Balkan Peninsula
# ତନ୍ତି
## Odia
### Etymology

Cognate to Bengali তাঁতি (tãti) and Assamese তাঁতী (tãti).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t̪ɔn̪t̪i/

### Noun

ତନ୍ତି (tanti)
* weaver

### References

* Praharaj, Gopala Chandra (1931—1940) “ତନ୍ତି”, in Purnnacandra Odia Bhashakosha, Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press
* Neukom, Lukas (2003) A grammar of Oriya‎, Zürich: Seminar für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, page 21
# ਗੁਲਾਬੀ
## Punjabi
### Adjective

ਗੁਲਾਬੀ • (gulābī) (Shahmukhi spelling گُولابی)
* pink, ruddy, rosy

### See also

Colors in Punjabi · ਰੰਗ (raṅg) (layout · text) :
| ਚਿੱਟਾ (ciṭṭā), ਬੱਗਾ (baggā) | ਸਲੇਟੀ (saleṭī) | ਕਾਲ਼ਾ (kāḷā) |
| ਲਾਲ (lāl), ਰੱਤਾ (rattā); ਸੂਹਾ (sūhā) | ਮਾਲਟਾ (mālṭā), ਨਾਰੰਗੀ (nāraṅgī); ਭੂਰਾ (bhūrā) | ਪੀਲ਼ਾ (pīḷā), ਖੱਟਾ (khaṭṭā) |
| ਨਿੰਬੂ (nimbū), ਪਿਸਤਾ (pistā), ਅੰਗੂਰੀ (aṅgūrī) | ਸਾਵਾ (sāvā), ਹਰਾ (harā) | |
| ਆਸਮਾਨੀ (āsamānī), ਅਸਮਾਨੀ (asamānī) | ਆਸਮਾਨੀ (āsamānī), ਅਸਮਾਨੀ (asamānī) | ਨੀਲਾ (nīlā) |
| ਜਾਮਨੀ (jāmnī), ਊਦਾ (ūdā) | ਬੈਂਗਣੀ (baiṅgṇī) | ਗੁਲਾਬੀ (gulābī) |

### Further reading

* Singh, Bhai Maya (1895) “ਗੁਲਾਬੀ”, in The Panjabi Dictionary, Lahore: Munshi Gulab Singh and Sons.
# હાથબત્તી
## Gujarati
### Noun

હાથબત્તી • (hāthbattī) f
* flashlight
# ଟାପୁ
## Odia
### Etymology

From Ashokan Prakrit *ṭāppuka. Cognate with Hindi टापू (ṭāpū), Marathi टापू (ṭāpū), Bengali টাপু (ṭapu).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʈapu/

### Noun

ଟାପୁ (ṭāpu)
* island
    Synonym: ଦ୍ଵୀପ (dvipa)
# ଟିକିଏ
## Odia
### Etymology

From Sanskrit [Term?].

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʈikie/

### Noun

ଟିକିଏ (ṭikie)
* a little
* a bit

### References

* Praharaj, Gopala Chandra (1931—1940) “ଟିକିଏ”, in Purnnacandra Odia Bhashakosha, Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press
* Neukom, Lukas (2003) A grammar of Oriya‎, Zürich: Seminar für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, page 77
# ଟିକଟ
## Odia
### Etymology

Borrowed from English ticket.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʈikɔʈɔ/

### Noun

ଟିକଟ (ṭikaṭa)
* a railway ticket
* postage ticket; postal stamp
* label
* tax

### References

* Praharaj, Gopala Chandra (1931—1940) “ଟିକଟ”, in Purnnacandra Odia Bhashakosha, Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press
# ଟିଏ
## Odia
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʈie/

### Particle

ଟିଏ (-ṭie)
* one only

### References

* Praharaj, Gopala Chandra (1931—1940) “ଟିଏ”, in Purnnacandra Odia Bhashakosha, Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press
# ଲୁଚିବା
## Odia
### Etymology

From the Sanskrit verbal root लुप्.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lut͡ʃiba/

### Verb

ଲୁଚିବା (lucibā)
* to hide
# ଲିଭାଇବା
## Odia
### Etymology

Causative of ଲିଭିବା (libhibā).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /libʱaiba/

### Verb

ଲିଭାଇବା (libhāibā) (transitive)
* (figurative) to cause to disappear; wipe out
* to extinguish a light or fire
* to wipe out a writing
* to conduct a work

### References

* Praharaj, Gopala Chandra (1931—1940) “ଲିଭାଇବା”, in Purnnacandra Odia Bhashakosha, Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press
* Neukom, Lukas (2003) A grammar of Oriya‎, Zürich: Seminar für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, page 130
# ଲୁଣିଆ
## Odia
### Etymology

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀮𑁄𑀡𑀺𑀬 (loṇiya) + Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀓- (-ka-), from Sanskrit लवणित (lavaṇita).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /luɳia/

### Adjective

ଲୁଣିଆ (luṇiā)
* salty

### See also

Basic tastes in Odia · ସ୍ୱାଦ (swāda) (layout · text) :
| ମିଠା (miṭhā) | ଖଟା (khaṭā) | ଲୁଣିଆ (luṇiā) | ତିକ୍ତ (tikta) | ମସଲାଯୁକ୍ତ (masalājukta) | ସୁଗନ୍ଧିତ (sugandhita) |

### References

* Praharaj, Gopala Chandra (1931—1940) “ଲୁଣିଆ”, in Purnnacandra Odia Bhashakosha, Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press, page 7397
* Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “lavaṇita”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 637
# ସାଗର
## Odia
### Etymology

From Sanskrit सागर (sāgara).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /saɡɔɾɔ/

### Noun

ସାଗର (sāgara)
* sea
# ସାଙ୍ଗେ
## Odia
### Etymology

Locative of ସାଙ୍ଗ (sāṅga).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /saŋɡe/

### Postposition

ସାଙ୍ଗେ (sāṅge)
* with

### References

* Praharaj, Gopala Chandra (1931—1940) “ସାଙ୍ଗେ”, in Purnnacandra Odia Bhashakosha, Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press
# ସହର
## Odia
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian شَهْر (šahr).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sɔhɔɾɔ/

### Noun

ସହର (sahara)
* town; city
* capital

### References

* Praharaj, Gopala Chandra (1931—1940) “ସହର”, in Purnnacandra Odia Bhashakosha, Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press
* Neukom, Lukas (2003) A grammar of Oriya‎, Zürich: Seminar für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, page 15
# ਬਛੇਰਟਾ
## Punjabi
### Etymology

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀯𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀬𑀭 (vacchayara) + Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀝𑁆𑀝- (-ṭṭa-) + -𑀓- (-ka-). Doublet of ਬਛੇਰਾ (bacherā) and ਬਛੇਰਟੂ (bacherṭū).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [bət͡ʃʰeːɾᵊʈaː] (Can we verify this pronunciation?)

### Noun

ਬਛੇਰਟਾ • (bacherṭā) m (Shahmukhi spelling بَچھیرٹا)
* a very young colt

#### Declension
### Further reading

* Singh, Bhai Maya (1895) “ਬਛੇਰਟਾ”, in The Panjabi Dictionary, Lahore: Munshi Gulab Singh and Sons, page 61.
* Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “vatsatará”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 656
# ਬਜ਼ਾਰ
## Punjabi
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bə.d͡ʒɑːɾ/, /bə.zɑːɾ/

### Noun

ਬਜ਼ਾਰ • (bazār) m
* Alternative form of ਬਾਜਾਰ (bājār)
# ਬਚਿਤ੍ਰ
## Punjabi
### Etymology

Semi-learned borrowing from Sanskrit विचित्र (vicitra).

### Adjective

ਬਚਿਤ੍ਰ • (bacitr)
* brilliant, resplendent, wonderous
* weird, strange, odd
* amusing
# சிவளிகைக்கச்சு
## Tamil
### Etymology

From சிவளிகை (civaḷikai) +‎ கச்சு (kaccu).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t͡ɕɪʋɐɭɪɡɐɪ̯kːɐt͡ɕːʊ/, [sɪʋɐɭɪɡɐɪ̯kːɐt͡ɕːɯ]

### Proper noun

சிவளிகைக்கச்சு • (civaḷikaikkaccu)
* sash tied round the waist over the dress

### References

* University of Madras (1924–1936) “சிவளிகைக்கச்சு”, in Tamil Lexicon, Madras [Chennai]: Diocesan Press
# சிஷ்டம்
## Tamil
### Etymology

From Sanskrit शिष्ट (śiṣṭa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t͡ɕɪʂʈɐm/, [sɪʂʈɐm]

### Noun

சிஷ்டம் • (ciṣṭam)
* balance, remainder

### References

* University of Madras (1924–1936) “சிஷ்டம்”, in Tamil Lexicon, Madras [Chennai]: Diocesan Press
# ஈமம்
## Tamil
### Etymology

From ஈம் (īm).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /iːmɐm/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

ஈமம் • (īmam)
* burning ground
    Synonym: சுடுகாடு (cuṭukāṭu)
* funeral pyre

### References

* University of Madras (1924–1936) “ஈமம்”, in Tamil Lexicon, Madras [Chennai]: Diocesan Press
# பின்கூரை
## Tamil
### Noun

பின்கூரை • (piṉkūrai)
* Sloping roof of the back portion of a house
# ఉపపతులు
## Telugu
### Noun

ఉపపతులు • (upapatulu)
* plural of ఉపపతి (upapati)
# જણાવવું
## Gujarati
### Verb

જણાવવું • (jaṇāvvũ)
* to inform, notify, tell
# பேரம்
## Tamil
### Etymology

Cognate with Telugu బేరము (bēramu) and Kannada ಬೇರ (bēra).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /beːɾɐm/

### Noun

பேரம் • (pēram)
* haggling, bargaining
* sale, trade
    Synonyms: விற்பனை (viṟpaṉai), வர்த்தகம் (varttakam), வியாபாரம் (viyāpāram)

#### Declension
### References

* University of Madras (1924–1936) “பேரம்”, in Tamil Lexicon, Madras [Chennai]: Diocesan Press
# பேனம்
## Tamil
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit फेन (phena​).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /peːnɐm/

### Noun

பேனம் • (pēṉam)
* foam
    Synonym: நுரை (nurai)
* opium
    Synonym: அபினி (apiṉi, more common)

#### Declension
### References

University of Madras (1924–1936) “பேனம்”, in Tamil Lexicon, Madras [Chennai]: Diocesan Press
# ஊர்வலம்
## Tamil
### Etymology

From ஊர் (ūr) +‎ வலம் (valam) (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /uːɾʋɐlɐm/

### Noun

ஊர்வலம் • (ūrvalam)
* procession

### References

* University of Madras (1924–1936) “ஊர்வலம்”, in Tamil Lexicon, Madras [Chennai]: Diocesan Press
# સંપૂર્ણપણે
## Gujarati
### Adverb

સંપૂર્ણપણે • (sampūrṇapṇe)
* completely, wholly, fully, absolutely
# நாறுகரந்தை
## Tamil
### Etymology

From நாறு (nāṟu) +‎ கரந்தை (karantai).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /n̪aːrʊɡɐɾɐn̪d̪ɐɪ̯/

### Noun

நாறுகரந்தை • (nāṟukarantai)
* East Indian globe thistle, Sphaeranthus indicus

### References

* University of Madras (1924–1936) “நாறுகரந்தை”, in Tamil Lexicon, Madras [Chennai]: Diocesan Press
# కారుమబ్బులు
## Telugu
### Noun

కారుమబ్బులు • (kārumabbulu)
* plural of కారుమబ్బు (kārumabbu)
# હણવું
## Gujarati
### Etymology

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀳𑀡𑀇 (haṇaï), from Sanskrit हनति (hanati). Cognate with Hindi हनना (hannā), Marathi 𑘮𑘜𑘜𑘹𑘽 (haṇṇẽ), and Sindhi 𑋞𑋌𑋌𑋣 (haṇaṇu).

### Verb

હણવું • (haṇvũ)
* (transitive) to kill, slay, destroy, take the life of
* (transitive) to vanquish, remove
    અંધકારને હણવુંandhakārne haṇvũto vanquish the darkness
# હણહણવું
## Gujarati
### Etymology

Possibly onomatopoeic. Cognate with Hindustani ہِنہِنانا / हिनहिनाना (hinhinānā), Punjabi ਹਿਣਹਿਣਾਉਣਾ (hiṇhiṇāuṇā).

### Verb

હણહણવું • (haṇhaṇvũ) (intransitive)
* to neigh, bray

### References

* “હણહણવું”, in Gujaratilexicon.com [Gujarati-English dictionary], Arnion Technologies, 2009.
* Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “haṇhaṇvũ”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 815
# చర్చించాను
## Telugu
### Verb

చర్చించాను • (carciñcānu)
* first-person singular past of చర్చించు (carciñcu)
# చర్చించాడు
## Telugu
### Verb

చర్చించాడు • (carciñcāḍu)
* third-person singular masculine past of చర్చించు (carciñcu)
# పంథా
## Telugu
### Noun

పంథా • (panthā)
* political or social line
# பின்னகுடும்பம்
## Tamil
### Noun

பின்னகுடும்பம் • (piṉṉakuṭumpam)
* Divided family
# అమలు
## Telugu

అమలు • (amalu)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian عمل ('amal), from Arabic عَمَل (ʕamal).

### Noun

అమలు • (amalu) m (plural అమళ్ళు)
* authority, reign, government
* office or post, public charge
* execution, fulfillment, enforcement
# చోరత్వం
## Telugu
### Noun

చోరత్వం • (cōratvaṁ) ? (plural చోరత్వాలు)
* Alternative form of చోరత్వము (cōratvamu)
# గుఱ్ఱంబు
## Telugu
### Noun

గుఱ్ఱంబు • (guṟṟambu) ? (plural గుఱ్ఱంబులు)
* horse

### References

* Budaraju Radhakrishna (1971) “గుఱ్ఱంబు”, in Early Telugu Inscriptions (up to 1100 A.D.) with Texts, Glossary & Brief Linguistic History., Kalabhavan, Saifabad, Hyderabad: Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Akademi, page 303.
# మహాకాయుఁడు
## Telugu
### Noun

మహాకాయుఁడు • (mahākāyun̆ḍu) m (plural మహాకాయుఁళ్ళు)
* Alternative form of మహాకాయుడు (mahākāyuḍu)
# తాగుబోతులు
## Telugu
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t̪aːɡuboːt̪ulu/

### Noun

తాగుబోతులు • (tāgubōtulu)
* plural of తాగుబోతు (tāgubōtu)
# తరము
## Telugu
### Alternative forms

తరం (taraṁ)

### Etymology

* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Probably related to Sanskrit तरति (tarati, “to cross through”), along with Tamil தரம் (taram).”

### Pronunciation

IPA: /t̪aɾamu/

### Noun

తరము • (taramu) n (plural తరములు)
* a sequence, following, that which follows
* a class, sort
* a number or collective body
* a generation
* a practicability, possibility
* a difference
* power, ability

### References

* "తరము" in Charles Philip Brown (1903) A Telugu-English dictionary, Madras: Promoting Christian Knowledge, page 511
# పావులూరి
## Telugu
### Etymology

From పావులూరు (pāvulūru).

### Proper noun

పావులూరి • (pāvulūri) m
* a surname
# పాసిర్ రిస్
## Telugu
### Proper noun

పాసిర్ రిస్ • (pāsir ris)
* Pasir Ris
# ఒప్పందం
## Telugu
### Noun

ఒప్పందం • (oppandaṁ) ? (plural ఒప్పందాలు)
* Alternative form of ఒప్పందము (oppandamu)
# బస్సులు
## Telugu
### Noun

బస్సులు • (bassulu)
* plural of బస్సు (bassu)
# బహిశ్చర్మం
## Telugu
### Noun

బహిశ్చర్మం • (bahiścarmaṁ) ? (plural బహిశ్చర్మాలు)
* Alternative form of బహిశ్చర్మము (bahiścarmamu)
# దొరసానితనం
## Telugu
### Noun

దొరసానితనం • (dorasānitanaṁ) ? (plural దొరసానితనాలు)
* Alternative form of దొరసానితనము (dorasānitanamu)
# దొరలు
## Telugu
### Etymology 1
#### Noun

దొరలు • (doralu)
* plural of దొర (dora)

### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Alternative forms

* దొర్లు (dorlu)

#### Verb

దొరలు • (doralu) (causal దొరలించు)
* to roll, to be rolled, to be poured forth, to be overturned or upset

### References

"దొరలు" in Charles Philip Brown (1903) A Telugu-English dictionary, Madras: Promoting Christian Knowledge, page 612
# లెక్కల
## Telugu
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lekːala/

### Noun

లెక్కల • (lekkala)
* accusative plural of లెక్క (lekka)
# ಸರೋವರವನ್ನು
## Kannada
### Noun

ಸರೋವರವನ್ನು • (sarōvaravannu)
* accusative singular of ಸರೋವರ (sarōvara)
# విఘ్నేశ్వరుఁడు
## Telugu
### Proper noun

విఘ్నేశ్వరుఁడు • (vighnēśvarun̆ḍu) ?
* Alternative form of విఘ్నేశ్వరుడు (vighnēśvaruḍu)
# రూపకము
## Telugu
### Alternative forms

రూపకం (rūpakaṁ)

### Etymology

From Sanskrit रूपक (rūpaka) +‎ -ము (-mu).

### Noun

రూపకము • (rūpakamu) ? (plural రూపకములు)
* allegory, parable
* metaphor
* drama

### References

"రూపకము" in Charles Philip Brown (1903) A Telugu-English dictionary, Madras: Promoting Christian Knowledge, page 1083
# రూపకం
## Telugu
### Noun

రూపకం • (rūpakaṁ) ? (plural రూపకాలు)
* Alternative form of రూపకము (rūpakamu)
# రూపకారుఁడు
## Telugu
### Noun

రూపకారుఁడు • (rūpakārun̆ḍu) m (plural రూపకారుఁళ్ళు)
* Alternative form of రూపకారుడు (rūpakāruḍu)
# ಕಾವಿ
## Kannada
### Etymology

Cognate with Telugu కావి (kāvi), Tamil காவி (kāvi), Malayalam കാവി (kāvi).

### Noun

ಕಾವಿ • (kāvi)
* red ochre
* saffron
# ಕಿ
## Kannada
### Letter

ಕಿ • (ki)
* The Kannada letter ki.
# ಲೆಪ್ಟಾನ್
## Kannada
### Noun

ಲೆಪ್ಟಾನ್ • (lepṭān)
* (physics) lepton
# ಲೋಕ
## Kannada
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit लोक (loka).

### Noun

ಲೋಕ • (lōka)
* world
# ಳ

| ಳ | U+0CB3, &#3251; KANNADA LETTER LLA |
* [unassigned: U+0CB4]
| ← ಲ [U+0CB2] | Kannada | ವ → [U+0CB5] |

## Kannada
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɭ]

### Letter

ಳ • (ḷa)
* The Kannada letter ḷa.
# వాయుయంత్రము
## Telugu
### Etymology

From Sanskrit वायु (vāyu, “wind”) + यन्त्र (yantra, “instrument for holding or restraining or fastening”) +‎ -ము (-mu).

### Noun

వాయుయంత్రము • (vāyuyantramu) ? (plural వాయుయంత్రములు)
* windmill
# ആരവം
## Malayalam
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit आरव (ārava).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /aːɾɐʋɐm/

### Noun

ആരവം • (āravaṁ)
* cry, noise
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:ശബ്ദം

### References

* Kailash Nath (2019) “ആരവം”, in “Olam” Kailash Nath's Malayalam → English dictionary
* Gundert, Hermann (1872) “ആരവം”, in A Malayalam and English dictionary, Mangalore, London: C. Stolz; Trübner & Co.
# കളം
## Malayalam
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Dravidian *kaḷam. Cognate with Tamil களம் (kaḷam).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kɐɭɐm/

### Noun

കളം • (kaḷaṁ)
* cell

### See also

* കള്ളം (kaḷḷaṁ)
# അതിഥി
## Malayalam
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit अतिथि (atithi)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɐd̪it̪(ʰ)i/

### Noun

അതിഥി • (atithi)
* guest
* invitee

### References

* Warrier, M. I. (2008) “അതിഥി”, in Malayalam-English Dictionary (in Malayalam), 22nd edition, Kottayam: DC Books
# ഢമാനം
## Malayalam
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɖ(ʱ)ɐmaːnɐm/

### Noun

ഢമാനം • (ḍhamānaṁ)
* a kettledrum

### References

* Gundert, Hermann (1872) “ഢമാനം”, in A Malayalam and English dictionary, Mangalore, London: C. Stolz; Trübner & Co.
# ഇറേസർ
## Malayalam
### Etymology

Borrowed from English eraser.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ireːsar/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

ഇറേസർ • (iṟēsaṟ)
* an eraser, rubber.