# -고
## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Korean 고〮 (Yale: -kwó), probably from Old Korean 遣, although the phonology is potentially problematic. While Old Korean 遣 corresponds exactly to Middle Korean 고〮 (Yale: -kwó) in terms of grammar, the Middle Chinese pronunciation is 遣 (MC khjienX|khjienH), which does not sound like 고〮 (Yale: -kwó).
In any case, Old Korean 古 (*-kwo) is also, albeit rarely, attested as a connective suffix; either 遣 and 古 are different orthographies of the same suffix (more likely), or the latter subsumed the role of the former. In Middle Korean Idu script, 遣 always denotes 고〮 (Yale: -kwó).

#### Suffix

고 • (-go)
* and then, after...; marks successive action.
    공부하고 놀아야지. ― Gongbu-hago nor-ayaji. ― You should play after studying.
    밥을 먹고 갈게요. ― Bab-eul meokgo galge-yo. ― I'll go after eating.
* and; connects two clauses together.
    Synonym: (formal) 으며 (-eumyeo)
    운동도 하고 일도 한다. ― Undong-do hago il-do handa. ― [He] exercises, and does work too.
    나는 도착했고 걔가 안 온 거야. ― Na-neun dochakhaetgo gyae-ga an on geo-ya. ― I've arrived; it's him who hasn't come.
* Used for the main verb to join it to certain auxiliaries.
    하고 있다 ― hago itda ― to be doing
    누가 자전거를 타고 있습니까? ― Nuga jajeon'georeul tago itseumnikka? ― Who is riding a bicycle?
    하고 나니 ― hago na-ni ― now that it's been done
    하고 들다 ― hago deulda ― to do fiercely
    하고 보니 ― hago bo-ni ― now that I've done it, [I feel...]
    하고 말았다. ― Hago mar-at-da. ― I ended up doing it.
* In the intimate style, used to ask confirmatory questions; by extension, can have nuances of denial or sarcasm.
    아침은 먹었고? ― Achim-eun meog-eot-go? ― So, did you have breakfast?
    내가 너처럼 바본 줄 알고? ― Nae-ga neo-cheoreom babon jul al-go? ― Did you think I was an idiot like you?
* In the intimate style, used in polite requests.
    그쪽 분들 어서 오시고요. ― Geujjok bun-deul eoseo o-si-go-yo. ― Folks over there, please come quickly.
* In the intimate style, used to present additional information, typically with the nominal particle 도 (-do, “also, too”).
    날씨 되게 좋던데. — 아, 그래? — 어. 밖에 사람도 없고.Nalssi doege joteonde. - A, geurae? - Eo. Bakk-e saram-do eop-go.The weather was really nice, I saw. — Oh, really? — Yeah. No people outside, too.

##### Usage notes

* (and then): Compare 어 (-eo) and 어서 (-eoseo), which have an additional nuance that the first action is impacting or enabling the second.

##### Alternative forms

* 구 (-gu) — dialectal or endearing slang

##### Derived terms

* 갖고 (gatgo)
* 고 있다 (-go itda)
* 그리고 (geurigo)
* 말고 (malgo)
* 보고 (-bogo)
* 치고 (chigo)
* 하고 (-hago)

### Etymology 2

Contracted from 하고 (hago, “that”, used to quote speech, literally “[one] said, and...”), hence formally identical to the connective suffix above. First attested widely in the Ildong Jang'yu-ga (日東壯遊歌 / 일동장유가), 1763, and other mid-eighteenth-century works.

#### Particle

고 • (-go)
* that; quotative particle marking indirect quotes. Attaches to mood-marking verb-final suffixes of the "plain style".
    자기가 먹었다고 그랬다. ― Jagi-ga meog-eot-da-go geuraetda. ― He said that he ate it.
    내가 어디 가냐고 물었다. ― Nae-ga eodi ga-nya-go mureotda. ― He asked where I was going.
    거기로 가자고 말했다. ― Geogi-ro ga-ja-go malhaetda. ― He said that we should go there.
    왕은 신하에게 자결하라고 명령했다.Wang-eun sinha-ege jagyeolha-ra-go myeongnyeong-haetda.The king commanded the minister to take his own life.
* In the intimate style, a particle attached to verbs to request confirmation of what the speaker has just heard; by extension, can express surprise about what they have just heard.
    내가 먹었다고? ― Nae-ga meog-eot-da-go? ― Did you say I ate it?
    나도 갔냐고? ― Na-do gan-nya-go? ― Did you ask if I went too?
    거기로 가자고요? ― Geogi-ro ga-ja-go-yo? ― Did you say we should go there?
    어디 가라고요? ― Eodi ga-ra-go-yo? ― Where did you say I should go?
* In the intimate style, a particle attached to verbs to emphasize that the speaker is repeating something they have just said; by extension, can be used to express emphasis or annoyance even if one is not actually repeating something.
    Synonym: 으니까 (-eunikka)
    내가 메달을 땄다고. ― Nae-ga medar-eul ttat-da-go. ― I said, it was me who won the medal.
    너도 좋았냐고. ― Neo-do jo-an-nya-go. ― I asked, did you like it too?
    얼른 가자고. ― Eolleun ga-ja-go. ― I said, let's leave as soon as possible.
    빨리 나가라고요. ― Ppalli naga-ra-go-yo. ― I said, leave quickly.
* Used with the declarative in certain constructions as 다고 (-dago); see there for more.

##### Usage notes

* 고 (-go) neutralizes speech level and formality distinctions, and other nuances of the mood-marking suffixes, to the basic suffixes of the "plain style": 다 (-da), 라 (-ra), 냐 (-nya), 으라 (-eura), and 자 (-ja).
    Hence declarative sentences are quoted as 다고 (-dago) or 라고 (-rago), interrogative sentences as 냐고 (-nyago), imperative sentences as 으라고 (-eurago), and hortative sentences as 자고 (-jago), regardless of speech level.
       가셨습니다. (formal polite style) ― Gasyeotseumnida. ― He went.
       가셨다고 합니다. ― Gasyeotda-go hamnida. ― They say that he went.
    With the imperative:
       이거 먹어. (intimate style) ― Igeo meogeo. ― Eat this.
       이거 먹으라고 그랬어. ― Igeo meogeura-go geuraesseo. ― He told me to eat this.
* 고 (-go) can be freely omitted.
* 이라고 (-irago) is used for direct quotes.

##### Alternative forms

* 구 (-gu) — dialectal or endearing slang

##### Derived terms

* 냐고 (-nyago)
* 다고 (-dago)
* 라고 (-rago)
* 이라고 (-irago)
* 자고 (-jago)

### Etymology 3

Shortened from Middle Korean 고〮져〮 (Yale: -kwócyé, verbal suffix expressing intent), perhaps under the influence of the auxiliary-joining suffix. This resulted in a change of the primary meaning of 싶다 (sipda), from "to seem to be about to do" to "to want".

#### Suffix

고 • (-go)
* Used to join the verb expressing the desired action to 싶다 (sipda, “to want”).
    하고 싶다 ― hago sipda ― to want to do
    죽고 싶다 ― jukgo sipda ― I want to die

### Etymology 4

From Middle Korean 고 (Yale: -kwó), from Old Korean 古 (*-kwo). In Old and Middle Korean, the word was not a suffix but an interrogative particle for polar questions, combining directly with nouns and taking the adnominal forms of verbs, whence ㄴ고 (-n'go) and ㄹ꼬 (-lkko).
In the standard Seoul dialect of the language, the suffix is no longer used in isolation and generally dated or archaic; see "Related terms" below.

#### Suffix

고 • (-go)
* (Gyeongsang) In the plain style, an interrogative suffix marking wh-word questions. It is only used for the copula 이다 (-ida, “to be”) and 아이다 (aida, “to not be”).

##### Usage notes

* Its polar question equivalent is 가 (-ga).
* For non-copula stems, 노 (-no) is used.

##### Related terms

* 노 (-no)
* 는고 (-neun'go)
* 던고 (-deon'go)
* 을꼬 (-eulkko)

#### Particle

고 • (-go)
* (Gyeongsang) See above; sometimes appended directly to the noun, as in older forms of the language.
    이 뭣고? (a Buddhist koan) ― I mwot-go? ― What is this?

### References

* 1 2 김지오 (Kim Ji-o) (2019) “고대국어 연결어미 연구의 현황과 과제 [godaegugeo yeon'gyeoreomi yeon'guui hyeonhwanggwa gwaje, The conditions and future tasks of analyzing connective endings in Old Korean]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 43, pages 55–87
* ↑ 안주호 [anjuho] (2003) “인용문과 인용표지의 문법화에 대한 연구 [inyongmun'gwa inyongpyojiui munbeophwa'e daehan yeon'gu, A study on quotative sentences and the grammaticalization of quotation markers in Korean]”, in Damhwa-wa inji, volume 10, pages 145—165
* ↑ 송재목 [songjaemok] (2019) “일동장유가의 인용구문 [ildongjang'yugaui inyonggumun, Quotative constructions in the Ildong Jang'yu-ga]”, in Hangul, volume 80, pages 241—287
* ↑ 이영경 [iyeonggyeong] (2005) “'싶다'구문의 史的 변천에 대한 일고찰”, in 한국문화, volume 35, 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 [seouldaehakgyo gyujanggakhan'gukhagyeon'guwon], pages 1-25