# 漢城
## Chinese

* 漢城

### Etymology

Named after the Han River (漢／汉) in Korea.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Hànchéng
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄢˋ ㄔㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hon$^3$ sing$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): Hon-sàng
* Eastern Min (BUC): Háng-siàng
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Hàn-siâⁿ
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$hoe-zen
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Hànchéng
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˋ ㄔㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Hànchéng
*** Wade–Giles: Han$^4$-chʻêng$^2$
*** Yale: Hàn-chéng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Hanncherng
*** Palladius: Ханьчэн (Xanʹčɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /xän⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hon$^3$ sing$^4$
*** Yale: hon sìhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hon$^3$ sing$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hon$^3$ xing$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔːn³³ sɪŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Hon-sàng
*** Hakka Romanization System: hon sang$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hon$^4$ sang$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /hon⁵⁵ saŋ¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: Háng-siàng
*** Sinological IPA : /haŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ $^{(s-)}$niaŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hàn-siâⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: Hàn-siânn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: harnsviaa
*** IPA (Xiamen): /han²¹⁻⁵³ siã²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siã²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /han²¹⁻⁵³ siã¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /han¹¹⁻⁵³ siã²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /han²¹⁻⁴¹ siã²³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$hoe-zen
*** MiniDict: hoe$^去$ zen
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$hoe-zen
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /hø³³ zən⁴⁴/

### Proper noun

漢城
* (dated or informal) Seoul
** 2011 June, 周琇環, “接運韓戰反共義士來臺之研究（1950-1954）”, in 國史館館刊 [Bulletin of Academia Historica]‎, number 28, page 121:
       1951 nián 1 yuè 4 rì, Zhìyuànjūn jí Cháoxiān Rénmínjūn jìnrù Hànchéng, 1 yuè 8 rì, Rénmínjūn zhànlǐng Rénchuān, Zhōng Cháo bùduì quánxiàn jìndǐ 37 dù xiàn, Péng Déhuái jiànyú gōngyìng kùnnán xiàlìng tíngzhǐ zhuījī, jiùcǐ jiéshù le dì sān cì zhànyì. [Pinyin]
       On 4 Jan, 1951, the Chinese People's Volunteer Army and the Korean People's Army entered Seoul. On 8 Jan, the KPA occupied Incheon, and the Chinese and North Korean forces reached the 37th parallel on all fronts. Peng Dehuai ordered the cessation of the attack due to difficulty in supplies, and ended the third campaign.
** 2014 November 21, “奧運田徑決賽上午舉行”, in 大公報 [Ta Kung Pao], page B10:
       Àoyùn tiánjìng juésài tōngcháng zài xiàwǔ huò wǎnshàng jìnxíng, ér zhè jiāng shì jì 1988 nián Hànchéng àoyùnhuì zhīhòu, shǒucì yǒu rúcǐ duō de tiánjìng juésài zài shàngwǔ jìnxíng. [Pinyin]
       Olympic track and field finals are usually held in the afternoon or evening. This will be the first time since the 1988 Seoul Olympics that so many track and field finals are held in the morning.
* (historical) Hanseong (Seoul during the Joseon dynasty)
** 1894, Guangxu Emperor, 上諭‎; quoted in 清光緒朝中日交涉史料‎, volume 16, 故宮博物院, 1932:
       Nǎi wōrén wúgù tiān bīng, tūrù Hànchéng, sì yòu zēng bīng wàn yú, pò lìng Cháoxiān gènggǎi guózhèng, zhǒngzhǒng yāoxié, nányǐ lǐyù. [Pinyin]
       (please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Usage notes

* 漢城／汉城 (Hànchéng) was the name used for the city until 2005, when the city government changed its official Chinese name to 首爾／首尔 (Shǒu'ěr). 漢城／汉城 (Hànchéng) remains to be used in unofficial settings.
* The use of the original name 漢城／汉城 (Hànchéng) is dispreferred in both Koreas. The name 首爾／首尔 (Shǒu'ěr) was specifically designed for transliterating the Korean name 서울 (Seoul) into modern Standard Chinese and is not a Korean hanja (Sino-Korean) representation of the city name, which doesn't have a hanja form.
* 漢城／汉城 (Hànchéng) is still often used to refer to pre-2005 Seoul.

#### Synonyms

* 首爾／首尔 (Shǒu'ěr)
* (historical) 漢陽／汉阳 (Hànyáng)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 漢 | 城 |
| かん Grade: 3 | じょう Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 漢城 (kyūjitai)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kã̠ɲ̟d͡ʑo̞ː]

### Proper noun

漢(かん)城(じょう) • (Kanjō)
* (historical) Hanseong (Seoul during the Joseon dynasty)

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 漢 | 城 |

### Proper noun

漢城 • (Hanseong) (hangeul 한성)
* hanja form of 한성 (“(historical) Hanseong (Seoul during the Joseon dynasty)”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 漢 | 城 |

### Proper noun

漢城
* chữ Hán form of Hán Thành (“(historical) Hanseong (Seoul during the Joseon dynasty)”).