# 鄭重
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhèngzhòng
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄥˋ ㄓㄨㄥˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zeng$^6$ zung$^6$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tēng-tiōng / tēng-tiǒng / tīⁿ-tiōng / tīⁿ-tiǒng
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhèngzhòng
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄥˋ ㄓㄨㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhèngjhòng
*** Wade–Giles: chêng$^4$-chung$^4$
*** Yale: jèng-jùng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jenqjonq
*** Palladius: чжэнчжун (čžɛnčžun)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zeng$^6$ zung$^6$
*** Yale: jehng juhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzeng$^6$ dzung$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zéng$^6$ zung$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɛːŋ²² t͡sʊŋ²²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tēng-tiōng
*** Tâi-lô: tīng-tiōng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dexngdiong
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɪŋ³³⁻²¹ tiɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tiɪŋ³³⁻¹¹ tiɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tiɪŋ²²⁻²¹ tiɔŋ²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tēng-tiǒng
*** Tâi-lô: tīng-tiǒng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɪŋ⁴¹⁻²² tiɔŋ²²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tīⁿ-tiōng
*** Tâi-lô: tīnn-tiōng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dvixdiong
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tĩ²²⁻²¹ tiɔŋ²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tīⁿ-tiǒng
*** Tâi-lô: tīnn-tiǒng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tĩ⁴¹⁻²² tiɔŋ²²/
* Middle Chinese: drjengH drjowngH
Rime :
| Character | 鄭 | 重 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 澄 (11) | 澄 (11) |
| Final (韻) | 清 (121) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 直正切 | 柱用切 |
| Baxter | drjengH | drjowngH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɖiᴇŋ$^H$/ | /ɖɨoŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɖiɛŋ$^H$/ | /ɖioŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȡiæŋ$^H$/ | /ȡioŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɖiajŋ$^H$/ | /ɖuawŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȡiɛŋ$^H$/ | /ȡioŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȡĭɛŋ$^H$/ | /ȡĭwoŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ȡʱi̯ɛŋ$^H$/ | /ȡʱi̯woŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhèng | zhòng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zing$^6$ | zung$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]reŋ-s N-t<r>oŋʔ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*deŋs doŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 鄭 | 重 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 3/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhèng | zhòng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ drjeng$^H$ › | ‹ drjowng$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[d]reŋ-s/ | /*N-t<r>oŋʔ-s/ |
| English | Zhèng (a surname) | weight (n.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鄭 | 重 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 3/3 |
| No. | 2352 | 17463 |
| Phonetic component | 奠 | 重 |
| Rime group | 耕 | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 鄭 | 重 |
| Old Chinese | /*deŋs/ | /*doŋs/ |

### Adjective

鄭重
* solemn; stately; serious
    一個鄭重的承諾／一个郑重的承诺 ― yīge zhèngzhòng de chéngnuò ― a solemn promise

#### Synonyms

* 厲害／厉害 (lìhài)
* 嚴／严 (yán)
* 嚴厲／严厉 (yánlì)
* 嚴峻／严峻 (yánjùn)
* 嚴正／严正 (yánzhèng)
* 嚴肅／严肃 (yánsù)
* 嚴酷／严酷 (yánkù)
* 尊重 (zūnzhòng)
* 整肅／整肃 (zhěngsù)
* 正經／正经
* 淩厲／凌厉 (línglì) (literary)
* 狠狠 (hěnhěn)
* 矜持 (jīnchí)
* 莊／庄 (zhuāng)
* 莊重／庄重 (zhuāngzhòng)

### Adverb

鄭重
* solemnly
* (obsolete) frequently; repeatedly; tenaciously
    From: The Book of Han, circa 1st century CE
    Rán fēi Huángtiān suǒyǐ zhèngzhòng jiàng fúmìng zhī yì, gù shìrì Tiān fù jué qí yǐ miǎn shū. [Pinyin]
    However, (his previous attempt to humbly decline the heavenly mandate) was not what Heaven intended by repeatedly dispatching His auspicious signs. Therefore, on that day Heaven again pronounced His verdict in the form of divine scripts (manufactured by Ai Zhang) encouraging him (to assume the imperial throne).
* (obsolete) tediously; in excessive detail
    From: c. 13th century, various editors, A Collection of Conversations of Master Zhu (《朱子語類》)
    Zhǐshì shuōde tè shà zhèngzhòng zhìnì, zhèngrú shìsú suǒwèi shāndōng xuéjiū shì yě. [Pinyin]
    It's just that (the Gongyang and the Guliang) explain stuff so tediously and in such wearisome way, which is exactly what people mean by the "pedants of the East".
* (obsolete) in earnest; sincerely
    From: Chen Shou, Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 3rd century CE
    Xī kěyǐ shì rǔ guózhōng rén, shǐ zhī guójiā āi rǔ, gù zhèngzhòng cì rǔ hǎowù yě. [Pinyin]
    You may exhibit all of them to the people of your land, so that they may understand that We bestow upon you the treasures in sincerity out of our compassion toward you.

### Derived terms

* 鄭重其事／郑重其事

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 鄭(てい)重(ちょう) (teichō)
* → Korean: 정중(鄭重) (jeongjung)
* → Vietnamese: trịnh trọng (鄭重)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 鄭 | 重 |
| てい Jinmeiyō | じゅう Grade: 3 |
| kan'on | goon |

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) てーじゅう [tèéjúú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [te̞ːʑɨː]

#### Noun

鄭(てい)重(じゅう) • (teijū)
* (literary) repeating again and again

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 鄭 | 重 |
| てい Jinmeiyō | ちょう Grade: 3 |
| kan'on ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 鄭重 – see the following entry. :
| 【丁重ていちょう】 | [adjective] courteous, respectful, polite [noun] courtesy |
(This term, 鄭重, is an alternative spelling (rare) of the above term.) :

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 鄭 | 重 |

### Noun

鄭重 • (jeongjung) (hangeul 정중)
* hanja form of 정중