# 菠薐
## Chinese
### Etymology

Around 674 C.E., borrowed from Sanskrit पालङ्क (pālaṅka), पालङ्क्य (pālaṅkya), पालक्या (pālakyā, “Indian spinach (Beta bengalensis)”), possibly via some ancient language in modern-day Nepal. Compare modern Nepali पालुङ्गो (pāluṅgo, “spinach”), Assamese পালেং (paleṅ), Bengali পালং (paloṅ, “spinach (Spinacia oleracea)”). Possibly the source of 菠菜 (bōcài).
Alternative etymology relates this word to the name of an ancient kingdom in India. Examples of such suggestions include:
* Wei Xuan of the Tang Dynasty, who remarked that:
       Qǐ fēi Pōléng Guó jiāng lái, ér yǔ é wèi bōléng yē? [Pinyin]
       Isn't it because it [i.e. spinach] came from the country p’olang, that it got its name polang?
* Sun Yi (孫奕) of the Song Dynasty also said:
       “Yìyuàn Cíhuáng” yún...... Shūpǐn yǒu pōlíng zhě, xīrén zì Pōlíng Guó jiāng qí zǐ lái, yīn yǐ wèi míng, jīn sú nǎi cóng cǎo ér wèi bōléng. [Pinyin]
       According to the book Yiyuan Cihuang: The vegetable p’olang, was introduced as seeds from the country p’olang, and hence named. Nowadays its name is written with the 艸 radical, as ‘菠薐’.
Berthold Laufer in his book Sino-Iranica observed that there was a country known from inscriptions called पालक्क (pālakka), which likely lies in present-day Palakkad, Kerala, in Southern India. He conjectured that at the time of introduction of the vegetable, the monks from Nepal also brought with them their own folk etymology of the association between the plant name and the toponym/country name. Compare modern Hindi पालक (pālak, “spinach”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bōléng
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄛ ㄌㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bo$^1$ ling$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): bó̤-lâing
* Eastern Min (BUC): puŏ-lìng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): pe-lêng / poe-lêng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): buê$^1$ lêng$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bōléng
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄛ ㄌㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: boléng
*** Wade–Giles: po$^1$-lêng$^2$
*** Yale: bwō-léng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: boleng
*** Palladius: болэн (bolɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lɤŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bo$^1$ ling$^4$
*** Yale: bō lìhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bo$^1$ ling$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bo$^1$ ling$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɔː⁵⁵ lɪŋ²¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: bó̤-lâing
*** Sinological IPA : /pɔ⁵⁴ laiŋ³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: puŏ-lìng
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰuo⁵⁵ l̃iŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Magong)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pe-lêng
*** Tâi-lô: pe-lîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: peleeng
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: poe-lêng
*** Tâi-lô: pue-lîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: poeleeng
*** IPA (Singapore): /pue⁴⁴⁻²² leŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pue⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: buê$^1$ lêng$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: pue lêng
*** Sinological IPA : /pue³³⁻²³ leŋ⁵⁵/

### Noun

菠薐
* (archaic or dialectal) spinach
       puŏ-lìng cṳ̄ dâu-hô / [pʰuo⁵⁵ l̃iŋ⁵³ t͡sy³³ tau²⁴²⁻⁵³ $^{(h-)}$ou²⁴²] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA]
       tofu spinach pot
    From: Tang Dynasty, Wei Xuan, 《劉賓客嘉話錄》
    Cài zhī bōléng, běn xīguó zhōng yǒu sēng jiāng qí zǐ lái, rú mùxu, pútáo, yīn Zhāng Qiān ér zhì yě. [Pinyin]
    Seeds of the vegetable spinach were originally brought here [to China] by monks from the western country [i.e. India], like alfalfa and grape which were introduced by Zhang Qian.

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 菠薐 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 菠菜 |
| Taxonomic name | Taxonomic name | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Langfang | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 菠菜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 菠菜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 菠菜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 菠菜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 青菜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 菠菜, 青菜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 菠菜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 菠菜 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 菠菜 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 菠菜 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 菠菜, 紅根兒菠菜 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 菠菜 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 菠菜 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Daming | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) | 菠菜 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 菠菜 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 菠菜, 綠菠菜 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 菠菜 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 菠菜 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 菠菜, 紅嘴綠鸚哥 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 菠羅菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 菠菜, 甜菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 菠菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 菠菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 菠菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 菠菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 菠菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 菠菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 菠菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 菠菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 菠菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 角菜 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 角菜 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 菠薐菜, 菠薐 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Dapeng) | 角菜 |
| Cantonese | Qingyuan | 菠菜, 角菜 |
| Cantonese | Fogang | 角菜 |
| Cantonese | Yingde (Hanguang) | 角菜 |
| Cantonese | Yangshan | 角菜 |
| Cantonese | Lianshan (Butian) | 角菜 |
| Cantonese | Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui) | 菠菜, 菠薐 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Renhua | 角菜 |
| Cantonese | Lechang | 角菜, 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Sihui | 角菜, 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Guangning | 角菜 |
| Cantonese | Deqing | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Huaiji | 角菜 |
| Cantonese | Fengkai (Nanfeng) | 菠薐 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Xinxing | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Luoding | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Yunan (Pingtai) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 菠薐菜 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Gaozhou | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Nanning (Tanka) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 菠薐 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Shatian) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Guiping | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Mule) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Pingnan | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Guigang (Gangcheng) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Guigang (Pingdong) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Nankang) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Yingpan) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Ipoh (Guangfu) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 玻璃菜 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 菠菜, 紅嘴綠鸚哥 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 菠菜 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 角菜, 角菜仔, 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Dabu (Xihe) | 角菜仔 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 菠菜, 角菜 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Shuikou Bendihua) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Hengli Bendihua) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Pingshan Bendihua) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Longmen (Pingling Bendihua) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Longmen (Luxi Bendihua) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Boluo (Bendihua) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Wuguishan) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Changbu) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Mianyang) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Zijin (Guzhu Bendihua) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Longchuan (Tuocheng Bendihua) | 菠菜, 角菜 |
| Hakka | Longchuan (Sidu Bendihua) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Heping (Linzhai Bendihua) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Lianping (Zhongxin Bendihua) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Lianping (Longjie Bendihua) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Nanxiong (Zhuji) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Xinfeng (Matou Bendihua) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Xinfeng (Daxi Bendihua) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 菠薐菜 |
| Hakka | Raoping (Xinfeng) | 菠薐菜 |
| Hakka | Changting | 菠薐菜 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Yongding) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Xiayang, Yongding) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Gaobei, Yongding) | 角子菜 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Hukeng, Yongding) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 菠薐菜 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Zhongshan) | 角子菜 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 菠薐菜 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Peitian) | 菠薐菜 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Juxi) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Zhongbao) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Laiyuan) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 菠菜, 菠薐 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 菠薐 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zaoqiao; N. Sixian) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Touwu; N. Sixian) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Nanzhuang; N. Sixian) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Shitan; N. Sixian) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Sanwan; N. Sixian) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Toufen; N. Sixian) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Gongguan; N. Sixian) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zhuolan; N. Sixian) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 角菜仔 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) | 角仔菜 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) | 角仔菜 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 角子菜 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Fumian (Xisha, Xinqiao) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Daqiao) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Sihe, Hengshan) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Cuntou, Xintian) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Beiliu (Mumian, Xilang) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Xingye (Gaofeng) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Rongxian (Xiandi) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Kuala Lumpur (Dabu) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Bangkok (Meixian) | 菠薐, 角菜 |
| Hakka | Bangkok (Fengshun) | 菠薐菜 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 菠菜 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 菠菜 |
| Huizhou | Huangshan (Tunxi) | 甜菜, 菠菜 |
| Huizhou | Xiuning | 菠菜, 甜菜 |
| Huizhou | Yixian | 菠龍 |
| Huizhou | Qimen | 菠菜 |
| Huizhou | Wuyuan | 菠菜 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 菠菜, 青菜 |
| Jin | Pingyao | 青菜 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 菠菜 |
| Jin | Datong | 菠菜 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 青菜 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 菠菜, 青菜 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 菠菜 |
| Jin | Linhe | 菠菜 |
| Jin | Jining | 菠菜 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 菠菜 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 菠菜 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 菠菜, 青菜 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 菠菜 |
| Jin | Handan | 菠菜, 青菜 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 青菜 |
| Jin | Suide | 菠菜 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 菠薐 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou (Dikou) | 菠薐菜 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe (Zhenqian) | 菠薐 |
| Northern Min | Jianyang | 菠薐 |
| Northern Min | Wuyishan | 菠薐 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 菠薐 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 菠薐菜, 菠薐 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 菠薐菜 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 菠薐菜 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 紅根菜 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 紅根菜 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 紅頭菜 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 紅根菜 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 紅根菜 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 紅頭菜 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 紅根菜 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 菠薐菜, 赤根菜 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 赤根 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 菠倫菜 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 菠薐菜 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Changtai) | 菠薐仔 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 菠薐菜 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 菠薐仔, 菠薐仔菜 |
| Southern Min | Taipei (Wanhua) | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 菠薐仔 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Pingxi) | 菠薐仔 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 菠薐仔 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Cijin) | 菠薐仔 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) | 菠薐仔 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) | 菠薐仔菜 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Tianliao) | 菠薐仔 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 菠薐仔 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Luodong) | 菠薐仔 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Toucheng) | 菠薐仔 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 菠薐仔, 菠薐仔菜 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 菠薐仔 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 菠薐仔菜 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 菠薐仔, 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Tainan (Anping) | 菠薐仔 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 菠薐仔 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 菠薐菜, 菠薐仔 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 菠薐菜 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Xiyu) | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 菠薐, bayam菜 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 菠薐菜, 菠薐仔, 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 菠倫菜 |
| Southern Min | Longyan | 角仔菜 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping | 角仔菜 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping (Yongfu) | 角仔菜 |
| Southern Min | Datian | 紅根菜 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 菠菜 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Sijie) | 菠菜 |
| Southern Min | Pingle (Zhoutang) | 菠菜 |
| Southern Min | Lechang (Tatou) | 角菜 |
| Southern Min | Yingde (Yuzui) | 菠薐菜 |
| Southern Min | Yunan (Liantan) | 菠菜 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Raoping | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 菠菜 |
| Southern Min | Nan'ao (Houzhai) | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Nan'ao (Yun'ao) | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 菠菜 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 菠菜 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 菠菜 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 菠菜 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 綿菜, 菠菜 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) | 綿菜 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) | 綿菜 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) | 綿菜 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 綿菜 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Fengting) | 綿菜 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Youyang) | 綿菜 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 菠薐菜 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Sanyuan) | 紅頭菜 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Shaxian) | 紅頭菜 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 菠菜 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 菠菜 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 菠菜 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 菠菜 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 菠菜 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 菠菜 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 菠菜 |
| Wu | Danyang | 菠菜 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 菠菜 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 菠薐, 菠菜 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 菠薐菜, 菠薐 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 菠薐菜 |
| Wu | Jinhua (Tangxi) | 菠薐菜 |
| Wu | Yongkang | 菠薐菜 |
| Wu | Pujiang | 菠薐菜 |
| Wu | Dongyang | 菠薐菜 |
| Wu | Pan'an | 菠薐菜 |
| Wu | Wuyi | 菠薐菜 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 菠菜, 扯根菜 |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | 菠菜, 甜頭菜 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 菠菜, 扯根菜 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 扯根菜 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 菠菜 |

#### Derived terms

* 菠薐仔
* 菠薐草 (bōléngcǎo)
* 菠薐菜 (bōléngcài)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 菠薐草
* → Thai: ปวยเล้ง (bpuai-léng) (via Teochew)

### References

* ↑ Berthold Laufer (1919) Sino-Iranica: Chinese contributions to the history of civilization in ancient Iran, with special reference to the history of cultivated plants and products‎, pages 397-398:As a matter of fact, spinach is a vegetable of the temperate zones and alien to tropical regions. A genuine Sanskrit word for the spinach is unknown. Nevertheless Chinese po-liṅ, *pwa-liṅ, must represent the transcription of some Indian vernacular name. In Hindustānī we have palak as designation for the spinach, and palaṅ or palak as name for Beta vulgaris, Puštu pālak, apparently developed from Sanskrit pālaṅka, pālankya, palakyū, pālakyā, to which our dictionaries attribute the meaning “a kind of vegetable, a kind of beet-root, Beta bengalensis”; in Bengālī paluṅ. To render the coincidence with the Chinese form complete, there is also Sanskrit Pālakka or Pālaka as the name of a country, which has evidently resulted in the assertion of Buddhist monks that the spinach must come from a country Paliṅga. The Nepalese, accordingly, applied a word relative to a native plant to the newly-introduced spinach, and, together with the product, handed this word on to China...