# 臽

| 臽 | U+81FD, &#33277; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-81FD |
| ← 臼 [U+81FC] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 臾 → [U+81FE] |

## Translingual
### Han character

臽 (Kangxi radical 134, 臼+2, 8 strokes, cangjie input 弓竹難 (NHX), composition ⿱⺈臼(G) or ⿱勹臼(TJK))
* pit, hole

#### Derived characters

* 啗, 埳, 𭒃, 𡸞, 㡊, 惂, 掐, 淊, 𤟅, 陷, 焰, 䐄, 𥇌, 𥓒, 𭧁, 𧚧, 𦁵, 𦜿, 蜭, 䘓, 𦥿, 諂(谄), 𧯰, 𮛫, 輡(𰺐), 𭕳, 錎, 𠮌, 𤏭, 𤎡, 餡(馅), 𩤂, 䱤(𱇻), 𪉦, 䶟
* 𠜼, 𢽣, 𢽶, 欿, 𤿷, 𥦶, 𦥵, 燄, 𩓟, 鵮(鹐), 萏, 𠕣, 窞, 𥮛, 𩭥, 閻(阎), 𠻍

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1003, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30177
* Dae Jaweon: page 1459, character 14
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3037, character 6
* Unihan data for U+81FD

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 臽 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 萏 | *l'oːmʔ |
| 窞 | *l'oːmʔ |
| 惂 | *kʰloːmʔ |
| 輡 | *kʰloːmʔ |
| 錎 | *kʰloːmʔ, *ɡroːms |
| 埳 | *kʰloːmʔ |
| 臽 | *kʰloːmʔ, *ɡroːms |
| 淊 | *ɡloːmʔ, *qroːm, *qroːms, *lomʔ |
| 欿 | *ɡloːmʔ |
| 蜭 | *ɡloːmʔ, *ɡluːms |
| 啗 | *l'aːmʔ, *l'aːms |
| 鵮 | *ʔr'oːm, *kʰroːm, *kʰroːms |
| 餡 | *ɡroːms |
| 陷 | *ɡroːms |
| 爓 | *ljom, *loms |
| 諂 | *l̥ʰomʔ |
| 讇 | *l̥ʰomʔ |
| 閻 | *lom |
| 焰 | *loms |
| 壛 | *lom |
| 櫩 | *lom |
| 燄 | *lomʔ |
| 掐 | *kʰroːb |
In the oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 鹿 (“deer”) + 凵 (“pit”) – a deer falling into a trap.
From the bronze inscriptions, now an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“person”) + 臼 (“trap”) – a person falling into a trap.
Original form of 陷.

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xiàn (xian$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): haam$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siàn
*** Wade–Giles: hsien$^4$
*** Yale: syàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiann
*** Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: haam$^6$
*** Yale: haahm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: haam$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ham$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /haːm²²/
* Middle Chinese: khomX, heamH
Rime :
| Character | 臽 | 臽 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 覃 (159) | 咸 (151) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | II |
| Fanqie | 苦感切 | 戸韽切 |
| Baxter | khomX | heamH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰʌm$^X$/ | /ɦˠɛm$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰəm$^X$/ | /ɦᵚæm$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰɒm$^X$/ | /ɣɐm$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰəm$^X$/ | /ɦəɨm$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰᴀm$^X$/ | /ɣɐm$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰɒm$^X$/ | /ɣɐm$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kʰăm$^X$/ | /ɣăm$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kǎn | xiàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ham$^2$ | haam$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ˤromʔ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰloːmʔ/, /*ɡroːms/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 臽 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xiàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hɛm$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɢ]ˁromʔ-s/ |
| English | small pit |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 臽 | 臽 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 13545 | 13557 |
| Phonetic component | 臽 | 臽 |
| Rime group | 談 | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 坎 | 陷 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰloːmʔ/ | /*ɡroːms/ |

#### Definitions

臽
* (obsolete) pit; hole

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 臽 – see 陷 (“to submerge; to sink; to plunge; to be captured; etc.”). (This character is an ancient form of 陷).

### References

* (Cantonese) Jyutping Database (iso10646hk.net) - Cantonese Pronunciation List (Part 3), p. 186
* “臽”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai (extended) | ⿱⺈旧 |
| Kyūjitai | 臽 |

### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form ⿱⺈旧)
* pit
* hole

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): かん (kan)、げん (gen)、こん (kon)
* Kun: おとしあな (otoshiana)

## Korean
### Hanja

臽 • (ham) (hangeul 함, revised ham, McCune–Reischauer ham)
* pit
* hollow, hole