# 憂心忡忡
## Chinese

| | | worried mind; troubled heart; to be worriedworried mind; troubled heart; to be worried; to be concerned | worried; laden with anxiety; drooping |
| trad. (憂心忡忡) | trad. (憂心忡忡) | 憂心 | 忡忡 |
| simp. (忧心忡忡) | simp. (忧心忡忡) | 忧心 | 忡忡 |

### Etymology

Occurred a few times in the Classic of Poetry, for example, in poem 14 (《詩經·召南·草蟲》):
    喓喓草蟲，趯趯阜螽。 未見君子，憂心忡忡。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]喓喓草虫，趯趯阜螽。 未见君子，忧心忡忡。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's versionYāoyāo cǎochóng, yuèyuè fùzhōng. Wèi jiàn jūnzǐ, yōuxīn chōngchōng. [Pinyin]Yao-yao went the grass-insects, And the hoppers sprang about. While I do not see my lord, My sorrowful heart is agitated.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yōuxīnchōngchōng
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄡ ㄒㄧㄣ ㄔㄨㄥ ㄔㄨㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jau$^1$ sam$^1$ cung$^1$ cung$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yōuxīnchōngchōng
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄡ ㄒㄧㄣ ㄔㄨㄥ ㄔㄨㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yousinchongchong
*** Wade–Giles: yu$^1$-hsin$^1$-chʻung$^1$-chʻung$^1$
*** Yale: yōu-syīn-chūng-chūng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ioushinchongchong
*** Palladius: юсиньчунчун (jusinʹčunčun)
*** Sinological IPA : /joʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jau$^1$ sam$^1$ cung$^1$ cung$^1$
*** Yale: yāu sām chūng chūng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jau$^1$ sam$^1$ tsung$^1$ tsung$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yeo$^1$ sem$^1$ cung$^1$ cung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐu̯⁵⁵ sɐm⁵⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: 'juw sim trhjuwng trhjuwng
Rime :
| Character | 憂 | 心 | 忡 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) | 心 (16) | 徹 (10) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) | 侵 (139) | 東 (2) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III | III |
| Fanqie | 於求切 | 息林切 | 敕中切 |
| Baxter | 'juw | sim | trhjuwng |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔɨu/ | /siɪm/ | /ʈʰɨuŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔiu/ | /sim/ | /ʈʰiuŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔiəu/ | /sjem/ | /ȶʰiuŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔuw/ | /sim/ | /ʈʰuwŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔiu/ | /siəm/ | /ȶʰiuŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ĭəu/ | /sĭĕm/ | /ȶʰĭuŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ʔi̯ə̯u/ | /si̯əm/ | /ȶʰi̯uŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yōu | xīn | chōng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jau$^1$ | sam$^1$ | cung$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔ(r)u səm tʰruŋ tʰruŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qu slɯm tʰuŋ tʰuŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 憂 | 心 | 忡 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yōu | xīn | chōng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ʔjuw › | ‹ sim › | ‹ trhjuwng › |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔ(r)u/ | /*səm/ | /*tʰruŋ/ |
| English | grief, grieved | heart | grieved, agitated |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 憂 | 心 | 忡 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 15493 | 13801 | 17412 |
| Phonetic component | 憂 | 心 | 中 |
| Rime group | 幽 | 侵 | 終 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 憂 | 心 | 忡 |
| Old Chinese | /*qu/ | /*slɯm/ | /*tʰuŋ/ |

### Idiom

憂心忡忡
* worried and anxious