# 紡績
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fǎngjì, fǎngjī
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄤˇ ㄐㄧˋ, ㄈㄤˇ ㄐㄧ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fong$^2$ zik$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fǎngjì
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄤˇ ㄐㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fǎngjì
*** Wade–Giles: fang$^3$-chi$^4$
*** Yale: fǎng-jì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: faangjih
*** Palladius: фанцзи (fanczi)
*** Sinological IPA : /fɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fǎngjī
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄤˇ ㄐㄧ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fǎngji
*** Wade–Giles: fang$^3$-chi$^1$
*** Yale: fǎng-jī
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: faangji
*** Palladius: фанцзи (fanczi)
*** Sinological IPA : /fɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fong$^2$ zik$^1$
*** Yale: fóng jīk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fong$^2$ dzik$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fong$^2$ jig$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sɪk̚⁵/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$紡織／纺织 紡績／纺绩
* Middle Chinese: phjangX tsek
Rime :
| Character | 紡 | 績 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 滂 (2) | 精 (13) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (106) | 錫 (127) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | IV |
| Fanqie | 妃兩切 | 則歷切 |
| Baxter | phjangX | tsek |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pʰʉɐŋ$^X$/ | /t͡sek̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pʰʷiɐŋ$^X$/ | /t͡sek̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /pʰiuɑŋ$^X$/ | /t͡sɛk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /pʰuaŋ$^X$/ | /t͡sɛjk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /pʰiuaŋ$^X$/ | /t͡sek̚/ |
| Wang Li | /pʰĭwaŋ$^X$/ | /t͡siek̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /pʰiwaŋ$^X$/ | /t͡siek̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fǎng | ji |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fong$^2$ | zik$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pʰaŋʔ [ts]ˤek/
    (Zhengzhang): /*pʰaŋʔ ʔseːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 紡 | 績 | 績 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | fǎng | jī | jì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ phjang$^X$ › | ‹ tsek › | ‹ tsek › |
| Old Chinese | /*pʰaŋʔ/ | /*[ts]ˁek/ | /*[ts]ˁek/ |
| English | twist, spin | twist, spin | achieve; achievement |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 紡 | 績 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 3044 | 1782 |
| Phonetic component | 方 | 朿 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 錫 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 髣 | 績 |
| Old Chinese | /*pʰaŋʔ/ | /*ʔseːɡ/ |

### Verb

紡績
* to spin (silk, hemp, etc.)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 紡 | 績 |
| ぼう Grade: S | せき Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||

### Noun

紡(ぼう)績(せき) • (bōseki)
* textile spinning

### Verb

紡(ぼう)績(せき)する • (bōseki suru) suru (stem 紡(ぼう)績(せき)し (bōseki shi), past 紡(ぼう)績(せき)した (bōseki shita))
* to spin

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 紡績し | ぼうせきし | bōseki shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 紡績し | ぼうせきし | bōseki shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 紡績する | ぼうせきする | bōseki suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 紡績する | ぼうせきする | bōseki suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 紡績すれ | ぼうせきすれ | bōseki sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 紡績せよ¹ 紡績しろ² | ぼうせきせよ¹ ぼうせきしろ² | bōseki seyo¹ bōseki shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 紡績される | ぼうせきされる | bōseki sareru |
| Causative | 紡績させる 紡績さす | ぼうせきさせる ぼうせきさす | bōseki saseru bōseki sasu |
| Potential | 紡績できる | ぼうせきできる | bōseki dekiru |
| Volitional | 紡績しよう | ぼうせきしよう | bōseki shiyō |
| Negative | 紡績しない | ぼうせきしない | bōseki shinai |
| Negative continuative | 紡績せず | ぼうせきせず | bōseki sezu |
| Formal | 紡績します | ぼうせきします | bōseki shimasu |
| Perfective | 紡績した | ぼうせきした | bōseki shita |
| Conjunctive | 紡績して | ぼうせきして | bōseki shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 紡績すれば | ぼうせきすれば | bōseki sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||