# 敗北
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bàiběi
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄞˋ ㄅㄟˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): baai$^6$ bak$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pāi-pok / pāi-pak
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$ba-poq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bàiběi
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄞˋ ㄅㄟˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bàiběi
*** Wade–Giles: pai$^4$-pei$^3$
*** Yale: bài-běi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: baybeei
*** Palladius: байбэй (bajbɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /paɪ̯⁵¹ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: baai$^6$ bak$^1$
*** Yale: baaih bāk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: baai$^6$ bak$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bai$^6$ beg$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /paːi̯²² pɐk̚⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pāi-pok
*** Tâi-lô: pāi-pok
*** Phofsit Daibuun: paixpog
*** IPA (Taipei): /pai³³⁻¹¹ pɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pai³³⁻²¹ pɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pai⁴¹⁻²² pɔk̚⁵/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /pai²²⁻²¹ pɔk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pāi-pak
*** Tâi-lô: pāi-pak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: paixpag
*** IPA (Taipei): /pai³³⁻¹¹ pak̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pai³³⁻²¹ pak̚³²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$ba-poq
*** MiniDict: ba$^去$ poh
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$ba-poq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ba²² poʔ⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: baejH pok
Rime :
| Character | 敗 | 北 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 夬 (29) | 德 (131) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | I |
| Fanqie | 薄邁切 | 博墨切 |
| Baxter | baejH | pok |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /bˠai$^H$/ | /pək̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /bᵚai$^H$/ | /pək̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /bai$^H$/ | /pək̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /baɨjs$^H$/ | /pək̚/ |
| Li Rong | /bai$^H$/ | /pək̚/ |
| Wang Li | /bæi$^H$/ | /pək̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /bʱai$^H$/ | /pək̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bài | bo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | baai$^6$ | bak$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-pˤra[t]-s pˤək/
    (Zhengzhang): /*braːds pɯːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 敗 | 北 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | bài | běi |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ bæj$^H$ › | ‹ pok › |
| Old Chinese | /*N-pˁra[t]-s/ | /*pˁək/ |
| English | suffer defeat | north |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 敗 | 北 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 422 | 414 |
| Phonetic component | 貝 | 北 |
| Rime group | 祭 | 職 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 敗 | 北 |
| Old Chinese | /*braːds/ | /*pɯːɡ/ |

### Verb

敗北
* to be defeated; to suffer defeat; to lose a battle

#### Synonyms

* 失敗／失败 (shībài)
* 打敗／打败 (dǎbài)
* 拍輸／拍输 (Hokkien)
* 敗軍／败军 (bàijūn) (literary)
* 落敗／落败 (luòbài)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 敗北(はいぼく) (haiboku)
* → Korean: 패배(敗北) (paebae)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 敗 | 北 |
| はい Grade: 4 | ほく > ぼく Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) はいぼく [hàíbókú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ha̠ibo̞kɯ̟]

### Noun

敗(はい)北(ぼく) • (haiboku)
* defeat, loss

#### Antonyms

* 勝(しょう)利(り) (shōri, “victory, win”)

### Verb

敗(はい)北(ぼく)する • (haiboku suru) suru (stem 敗(はい)北(ぼく)し (haiboku shi), past 敗(はい)北(ぼく)した (haiboku shita))
* be defeated; lose

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 敗北し | はいぼくし | haiboku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 敗北し | はいぼくし | haiboku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 敗北する | はいぼくする | haiboku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 敗北する | はいぼくする | haiboku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 敗北すれ | はいぼくすれ | haiboku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 敗北せよ¹ 敗北しろ² | はいぼくせよ¹ はいぼくしろ² | haiboku seyo¹ haiboku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 敗北される | はいぼくされる | haiboku sareru |
| Causative | 敗北させる 敗北さす | はいぼくさせる はいぼくさす | haiboku saseru haiboku sasu |
| Potential | 敗北できる | はいぼくできる | haiboku dekiru |
| Volitional | 敗北しよう | はいぼくしよう | haiboku shiyō |
| Negative | 敗北しない | はいぼくしない | haiboku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 敗北せず | はいぼくせず | haiboku sezu |
| Formal | 敗北します | はいぼくします | haiboku shimasu |
| Perfective | 敗北した | はいぼくした | haiboku shita |
| Conjunctive | 敗北して | はいぼくして | haiboku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 敗北すれば | はいぼくすれば | haiboku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN