# 暴虐
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bàonüè
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄠˋ ㄋㄩㄝˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bou$^6$ joek$^6$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pō-lio̍k
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bàonüè
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄠˋ ㄋㄩㄝˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bàonyuè
*** Wade–Giles: pao$^4$-nüeh$^4$
*** Yale: bàu-nywè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bawniueh
*** Palladius: баонюэ (baonjue)
*** Sinological IPA : /pɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ny̯ɛ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bou$^6$ joek$^6$
*** Yale: bouh yeuhk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bou$^6$ joek$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bou$^6$ yêg$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /pou̯²² jœːk̚²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pō-lio̍k
*** Tâi-lô: pō-lio̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: poixliok
*** IPA (Xiamen): /po²²⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /po⁴¹⁻²² liɔk̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /po²²⁻²¹ liɔk̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /po³³⁻¹¹ liɔk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pɤ³³⁻²¹ liɔk̚⁴/
* Middle Chinese: bawH ngjak
Rime :
| Character | 暴 | 虐 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 豪 (89) | 藥 (107) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 薄報切 | 魚約切 |
| Baxter | bawH | ngjak |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /bɑu$^H$/ | /ŋɨɐk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /bɑu$^H$/ | /ŋiɐk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /bɑu$^H$/ | /ŋiɑk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /baw$^H$/ | /ŋɨak̚/ |
| Li Rong | /bɑu$^H$/ | /ŋiak̚/ |
| Wang Li | /bɑu$^H$/ | /ŋĭak̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /bʱɑu$^H$/ | /ŋi̯ak̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bào | yuè |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | bou$^6$ | joek$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[b]ˤawk-s [ŋ](r)awk/
    (Zhengzhang): /*boːwɢs ŋawɢ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 暴 | 虐 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | bào | nüè |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ baw$^H$ › | ‹ ngjak › |
| Old Chinese | /*[b]ˁawk-s/ | /*[ŋ](r)awk/ |
| English | violent | cruel |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 暴 | 虐 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 330 | 9636 |
| Phonetic component | 暴 | 虐 |
| Rime group | 貌 | 藥 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 暴 | 虐 |
| Old Chinese | /*boːwɢs/ | /*ŋawɢ/ |

### Adjective

暴虐
* brutal; tyrannical
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Shāng Zhòu bàonüè, dǐng qiān yú Zhōu. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Synonyms

* 兇惡／凶恶 (xiōng'è)
* 兇殘／凶残 (xiōngcán)
* 兇狠／凶狠 (xiōnghěn)
* 兇猛／凶猛 (xiōngměng)
* 兇險／凶险 (xiōngxiǎn)
* 凶暴 (xiōngbào)
* 厲害／厉害 (lìhài)
* 嚴酷／严酷 (yánkù)
* 強暴／强暴 (qiángbào)
* 忍 (rěn) (literary)
* 惡勢／恶势 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 惡毒／恶毒 (èdú)
* 惡狠狠／恶狠狠 (èhěnhěn)
* 慘／惨 (cǎn) (literary, or in compounds)
* 暴力 (bàolì)
* 暴戾 (bàolì) (literary)
* 暴躁 (bàozào)
* 橫逆／横逆 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 殘／残 (cán) (literary,or in compounds)
* 殘忍／残忍 (cánrěn)
* 殘暴／残暴 (cánbào)
* 殘酷／残酷 (cánkù)
* 毒辣 (dúlà)
* 烏心／乌心 (Min Nan)
* 狠心 (hěnxīn)
* 狠毒 (hěndú)
* 狠狠 (hěnhěn)
* 猙獰／狰狞 (zhēngníng)
* 粗殘／粗残 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 辣 (là)
* 酷烈 (kùliè)
* 野蠻／野蛮 (yěmán)
* 陰功／阴功 (jam$^1$ gung$^1$) (Cantonese)
* 險惡／险恶 (xiǎn'è)
* 黑心 (hēixīn)

### Verb

暴虐
* (literary) to treat brutally; to maltreat

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 暴(ぼう)虐(ぎゃく) (bōgyaku)
* → Korean: 포학(暴虐) (pohak)
* → Vietnamese: bạo ngược (暴虐)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 暴 | 虐 |
| ぼう Grade: 5 | ぎゃく Grade: S |
| goon | on'yomi |

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ぼーぎゃく [bòógyákú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [bo̞ːɡʲa̠kɯ̟]

### Adjective

暴(ぼう)虐(ぎゃく) • (bōgyaku) -na (adnominal 暴(ぼう)虐(ぎゃく)な (bōgyaku na), adverbial 暴(ぼう)虐(ぎゃく)に (bōgyaku ni))
* brutal; tyrannical
** 1951, Tetsuro Watsuji, Sakoku: Nihon no higeki‎:
    征(せい)服(ふく)者(しゃ)たちがペルーに於(おい)て行(おこな)った暴(ぼう)虐(ぎゃく)行(こう)為(い)は実(じつ)に人(じん)類(るい)の歴(れき)史(し)を通(つう)じて稀(け)有(う)なものであるが、 […]
       Seifukusha-tachi ga Perū ni oite okonatta bōgyaku kōi wa jitsu ni jinrui no rekishi o tsūjite keu na mono de aru ga, […]
       The brutal act the conquerors did in Peru was indeed a rare case through the human history, but […]

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 暴虐だろ | ぼうぎゃくだろ | bōgyaku daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 暴虐で | ぼうぎゃくで | bōgyaku de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 暴虐だ | ぼうぎゃくだ | bōgyaku da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 暴虐な | ぼうぎゃくな | bōgyaku na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 暴虐なら | ぼうぎゃくなら | bōgyaku nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 暴虐であれ | ぼうぎゃくであれ | bōgyaku de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 暴虐ではない 暴虐じゃない | ぼうぎゃくではない ぼうぎゃくじゃない | bōgyaku de wa nai bōgyaku ja nai |
| Informal past | 暴虐だった | ぼうぎゃくだった | bōgyaku datta |
| Informal negative past | 暴虐ではなかった 暴虐じゃなかった | ぼうぎゃくではなかった ぼうぎゃくじゃなかった | bōgyaku de wa nakatta bōgyaku ja nakatta |
| Formal | 暴虐です | ぼうぎゃくです | bōgyaku desu |
| Formal negative | 暴虐ではありません 暴虐じゃありません | ぼうぎゃくではありません ぼうぎゃくじゃありません | bōgyaku de wa arimasen bōgyaku ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 暴虐でした | ぼうぎゃくでした | bōgyaku deshita |
| Formal negative past | 暴虐ではありませんでした 暴虐じゃありませんでした | ぼうぎゃくではありませんでした ぼうぎゃくじゃありませんでした | bōgyaku de wa arimasen deshita bōgyaku ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 暴虐で | ぼうぎゃくで | bōgyaku de |
| Conditional | 暴虐なら（ば） | ぼうぎゃくなら（ば） | bōgyaku nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 暴虐だったら | ぼうぎゃくだったら | bōgyaku dattara |
| Volitional | 暴虐だろう | ぼうぎゃくだろう | bōgyaku darō |
| Adverbial | 暴虐に | ぼうぎゃくに | bōgyaku ni |
| Degree | 暴虐さ | ぼうぎゃくさ | bōgyakusa |

### Noun

暴(ぼう)虐(ぎゃく) • (bōgyaku)
* brutality; tyranny

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 暴 | 虐 |

### Noun

暴虐 • (pohak) (hangeul 포학)
* hanja form of 포학 (“tyranny; atrocity”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 暴 | 虐 |

### Adjective

暴虐
* chữ Hán form of bạo ngược (“cruel; brutal; tyrannical”).