# 下降
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xiàjiàng
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄐㄧㄤˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): haa$^6$ gong$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ha-kong
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hǎ-kàng / hā-kàng / hēe-kàng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hia$^6$ gang$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiàjiàng
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄐㄧㄤˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siàjiàng
*** Wade–Giles: hsia$^4$-chiang$^4$
*** Yale: syà-jyàng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiahjianq
*** Palladius: сяцзян (sjaczjan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: haa$^6$ gong$^3$
*** Yale: hah gong
*** Cantonese Pinyin: haa$^6$ gong$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ha$^6$ gong$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /haː²² kɔːŋ³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ha-kong
*** Hakka Romanization System: ha gong
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ha$^4$ gong$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ha⁵⁵ koŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hǎ-kàng
*** Tâi-lô: hǎ-kàng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ha²² kaŋ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hā-kàng
*** Tâi-lô: hā-kàng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: haxkaxng
*** IPA (Taipei): /ha³³⁻¹¹ kaŋ¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ha³³⁻²¹ kaŋ²¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ha²²⁻²¹ kaŋ²¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hēe-kàng
*** Tâi-lô: hēe-kàng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɛ²²⁻²¹ kaŋ²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hia$^6$ gang$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiă kàng
*** Sinological IPA : /hia³⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ²¹³/

### Verb

下降
* (literally) to drop; to fall; to descend
* (figuratively) to decline; to go down; to decrease
* (archaic, of a princess) to get married

#### Synonyms

* (to decline): 暴跌 (bàodiē), 低落 (dīluò)

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “to decline”): 高漲／高涨 (gāozhǎng), 上升 (shàngshēng)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 下 | 降 |
| か Grade: 1 | こう Grade: 6 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かこー [kàkóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠ko̞ː]

### Noun

下(か)降(こう) • (kakō)
* descent, fall

#### Antonyms

* 上昇(じょうしょう) (jōshō)

### Verb

下(か)降(こう)する • (kakō suru) intransitive suru (stem 下(か)降(こう)し (kakō shi), past 下(か)降(こう)した (kakō shita))
* descend, fall
    年々人気(ねんねんにんき)が下(か)降(こう)している
       nennen ninki ga kakō shite iru
       its popularity has been going down year by year

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 下降し | かこうし | kakō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 下降し | かこうし | kakō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 下降する | かこうする | kakō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 下降する | かこうする | kakō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 下降すれ | かこうすれ | kakō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 下降せよ¹ 下降しろ² | かこうせよ¹ かこうしろ² | kakō seyo¹ kakō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 下降される | かこうされる | kakō sareru |
| Causative | 下降させる 下降さす | かこうさせる かこうさす | kakō saseru kakō sasu |
| Potential | 下降できる | かこうできる | kakō dekiru |
| Volitional | 下降しよう | かこうしよう | kakō shiyō |
| Negative | 下降しない | かこうしない | kakō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 下降せず | かこうせず | kakō sezu |
| Formal | 下降します | かこうします | kakō shimasu |
| Perfective | 下降した | かこうした | kakō shita |
| Conjunctive | 下降して | かこうして | kakō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 下降すれば | かこうすれば | kakō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN