# ϫⲫⲟ
## Coptic
### Alternative forms

* ⲧⳉⲡⲟ (txpo) — Akhmimic
* ϫⲡⲟ (čpo) — Sahidic, Lycopolitan
* ϫⲡⲁ (čpa) — Fayyumic

### Etymology

Causative of ϣⲱⲡⲓ (šōpi)

### Verb

ϫⲫⲟ • (čpho) (nominal state ϫⲫⲉ- or ⲧϩⲫⲉ-, pronominal state ϫⲫⲟ⸗, stative ϫⲫⲏⲟⲩⲧ)
* (Sahidic, Lycopolitan) to beget, bring forth
* (Sahidic, Lycopolitan) to acquire

#### Conjugation

| infinitive | affirmative | ϫⲫⲟ čpho | imperative | affirmative | ϫⲫⲟ čpho |
| infinitive | negative | ϣⲧⲉⲙϫⲫⲟ štemčpho | imperative | negative | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲣϫⲫⲟ m̀perčpho |
| | | | singular | singular | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | nominal |
| | | | 1st person | 2nd person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | nominal |
| | | | 1st person | masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | nominal |
| durative sentence ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲟⲕ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲕ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟϥ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲥ | ⲁⲛⲟⲛ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲱⲧⲉⲛ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲱⲟⲩ | - |
| present | basic | basic | ϯϫⲫⲟ tičpho | ⲕϫⲫⲟ kčpho | ⲧⲉϫⲫⲟ tečpho | ϥϫⲫⲟ fčpho | ⲥϫⲫⲟ sčpho | ⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ tenčpho | ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ tetenčpho | ⲥⲉϫⲫⲟ sečpho | ϫⲫⲟ čpho |
| present | circumstantial | circumstantial | ⲉⲓϫⲫⲟ eičpho | ⲉⲕϫⲫⲟ ekčpho | ⲉⲣⲉϫⲫⲟ erečpho | ⲉϥϫⲫⲟ efčpho | ⲉⲥϫⲫⲟ esčpho | ⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ enčpho | ⲉⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ eretenčpho | ⲉⲩϫⲫⲟ eučpho | ⲉⲣⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ ere- čpho |
| present | relative | relative | ⲉϯϫⲫⲟ etičpho | ⲉⲧⲉⲕϫⲫⲟ etekčpho | ⲉⲧⲉϫⲫⲟ etečpho | ⲉⲧⲉϥϫⲫⲟ etefčpho | ⲉⲧⲉⲥϫⲫⲟ etesčpho | ⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ etenčpho | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ etetenčpho | ⲉⲧⲟⲩϫⲫⲟ etoučpho | ⲉⲧⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ ete- čpho |
| present | preterite | preterite | ⲛⲁⲓϫⲫⲟ naičpho | ⲛⲁⲕϫⲫⲟ nakčpho | ⲛⲁⲣⲉϫⲫⲟ narečpho | ⲛⲁϥϫⲫⲟ nafčpho | ⲛⲁⲥϫⲫⲟ nasčpho | ⲛⲁⲛϫⲫⲟ nančpho | ⲛⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ naretenčpho | ⲛⲁⲩϫⲫⲟ naučpho | ⲛⲁⲣⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ nare- čpho |
| present | focalising | focalising | ⲁⲓϫⲫⲟ aičpho | ⲁⲕϫⲫⲟ akčpho | ⲁⲣⲉϫⲫⲟ arečpho | ⲁϥϫⲫⲟ afčpho | ⲁⲥϫⲫⲟ asčpho | ⲁⲛϫⲫⲟ ančpho | ⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ aretenčpho | ⲁⲩϫⲫⲟ aučpho | ⲁⲣⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ are- čpho |
| future | basic | basic | ϯⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ tinačpho | ⲭⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ khnačpho | ⲧⲉⲣⲁϫⲫⲟ teračpho | ϥⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ fnačpho | ⲥⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ snačpho | ⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ tennačpho | ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ tetennačpho | ⲥⲉⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ senačpho | ⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ načpho |
| future | circumstantial | circumstantial | ⲉⲓⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ einačpho | ⲉⲭⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ ekhnačpho | ⲉⲣⲉⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ erenačpho | ⲉϥⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ efnačpho | ⲉⲥⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ esnačpho | ⲉⲛⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ ennačpho | ⲉⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ eretennačpho | ⲉⲩⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ eunačpho | ⲉⲣⲉ- ⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ ere- načpho |
| future | relative | relative | ⲉϯⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ etinačpho | ⲉⲧⲉⲭⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ etekhnačpho | ⲉⲧⲉⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ etenačpho | ⲉⲧⲉϥⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ etefnačpho | ⲉⲧⲉⲥⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ etesnačpho | ⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ etennačpho | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ etetennačpho | ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ etounačpho | ⲉⲧⲉ- ⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ ete- načpho |
| future | preterite | preterite | ⲛⲁⲓⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ nainačpho | ⲛⲁⲭⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ nakhnačpho | ⲛⲁⲣⲉⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ narenačpho | ⲛⲁϥⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ nafnačpho | ⲛⲁⲥⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ nasnačpho | ⲛⲁⲛⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ nannačpho | ⲛⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ naretennačpho | ⲛⲁⲩⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ naunačpho | ⲛⲁⲣⲉ- ⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ nare- načpho |
| future | focalising | focalising | ⲁⲓⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ ainačpho | ⲁⲭⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ akhnačpho | ⲁⲣⲉⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ arenačpho | ⲁϥⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ afnačpho | ⲁⲥⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ asnačpho | ⲁⲛⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ annačpho | ⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ aretennačpho | ⲁⲩⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ aunačpho | ⲁⲣⲉ- ⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ are- načpho |
| negated with | negated with | negated with | (ⲛ̀-) … ⲁⲛ (ǹ-) … an | (ⲛ̀-) … ⲁⲛ (ǹ-) … an | (ⲛ̀-) … ⲁⲛ (ǹ-) … an | (ⲛ̀-) … ⲁⲛ (ǹ-) … an | (ⲛ̀-) … ⲁⲛ (ǹ-) … an | (ⲛ̀-) … ⲁⲛ (ǹ-) … an | (ⲛ̀-) … ⲁⲛ (ǹ-) … an | (ⲛ̀-) … ⲁⲛ (ǹ-) … an | (ⲛ̀-) … ⲁⲛ (ǹ-) … an |
| non-durative sentence ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲟⲕ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲕ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟϥ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲥ | ⲁⲛⲟⲛ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲱⲧⲉⲛ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲱⲟⲩ | - |
| past | basic | affirmative | ⲁⲓϫⲫⲟ aičpho | ⲁⲕϫⲫⲟ akčpho | ⲁⲣⲉϫⲫⲟ arečpho | ⲁϥϫⲫⲟ afčpho | ⲁⲥϫⲫⲟ asčpho | ⲁⲛϫⲫⲟ ančpho | ⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ atetenčpho | ⲁⲩϫⲫⲟ aučpho | ⲁ- ϫⲫⲟ a- čpho |
| past | basic | negative | ⲙ̀ⲡⲓϫⲫⲟ m̀pičpho | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲕϫⲫⲟ m̀pekčpho | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉϫⲫⲟ m̀pečpho | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉϥϫⲫⲟ m̀pefčpho | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲥϫⲫⲟ m̀pesčpho | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ m̀penčpho | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ m̀petenčpho | ⲙ̀ⲡⲟⲩϫⲫⲟ m̀poučpho | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ m̀pe- čpho |
| past | circumstantial | affirmative | ⲉⲁⲓϫⲫⲟ eaičpho | ⲉⲁⲕϫⲫⲟ eakčpho | ⲉⲁⲣⲉϫⲫⲟ earečpho | ⲉⲁϥϫⲫⲟ eafčpho | ⲉⲁⲥϫⲫⲟ easčpho | ⲉⲁⲛϫⲫⲟ eančpho | ⲉⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ eatetenčpho | ⲉⲁⲩϫⲫⲟ eaučpho | ⲉⲁ- ϫⲫⲟ ea- čpho |
| past | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲓϫⲫⲟ em̀pičpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲕϫⲫⲟ em̀pekčpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉϫⲫⲟ em̀pečpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉϥϫⲫⲟ em̀pefčpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲥϫⲫⲟ em̀pesčpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ em̀penčpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ em̀petenčpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲟⲩϫⲫⲟ em̀poučpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ em̀pe- čpho |
| past | relative | affirmative | ⲉⲧⲁⲓϫⲫⲟ etaičpho | ⲉⲧⲁⲕϫⲫⲟ etakčpho | ⲉⲧⲁⲣⲉϫⲫⲟ etarečpho | ⲉⲧⲁϥϫⲫⲟ etafčpho | ⲉⲧⲁⲥϫⲫⲟ etasčpho | ⲉⲧⲁⲛϫⲫⲟ etančpho | ⲉⲧⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ etaretenčpho | ⲉⲧⲁⲩϫⲫⲟ etaučpho | ⲉⲧⲁ- ϫⲫⲟ eta- čpho |
| past | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲓϫⲫⲟ etm̀pičpho | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲕϫⲫⲟ etm̀pekčpho | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲉϫⲫⲟ etm̀pečpho | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲉϥϫⲫⲟ etm̀pefčpho | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲥϫⲫⲟ etm̀pesčpho | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ etm̀penčpho | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ etm̀petenčpho | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲟⲩϫⲫⲟ etm̀poučpho | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ etm̀pe- čpho |
| past | preterite | affirmative | ⲛⲉⲁⲓϫⲫⲟ neaičpho | ⲛⲉⲁⲕϫⲫⲟ neakčpho | ⲛⲉⲁⲣⲉϫⲫⲟ nearečpho | ⲛⲉⲁϥϫⲫⲟ neafčpho | ⲛⲉⲁⲥϫⲫⲟ neasčpho | ⲛⲉⲁⲛϫⲫⲟ neančpho | ⲛⲉⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ neatetenčpho | ⲛⲉⲁⲩϫⲫⲟ neaučpho | ⲛⲉⲁ- ϫⲫⲟ nea- čpho |
| past | preterite | negative | ⲛⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲓϫⲫⲟ nem̀pičpho | ⲛⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲕϫⲫⲟ nem̀pekčpho | ⲛⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉϫⲫⲟ nem̀pečpho | ⲛⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉϥϫⲫⲟ nem̀pefčpho | ⲛⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲥϫⲫⲟ nem̀pesčpho | ⲛⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ nem̀penčpho | ⲛⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ nem̀petenčpho | ⲛⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲟⲩϫⲫⲟ nem̀poučpho | ⲛⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ nem̀pe- čpho |
| past | focalising, precursive | affirmative | ⲉⲧⲁⲓϫⲫⲟ etaičpho | ⲉⲧⲁⲕϫⲫⲟ etakčpho | ⲉⲧⲁⲣⲉϫⲫⲟ etarečpho | ⲉⲧⲁϥϫⲫⲟ etafčpho | ⲉⲧⲁⲥϫⲫⲟ etasčpho | ⲉⲧⲁⲛϫⲫⲟ etančpho | ⲉⲧⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ etaretenčpho | ⲉⲧⲁⲩϫⲫⲟ etaučpho | ⲉⲧⲁ- ϫⲫⲟ eta- čpho |
| expectative | basic | negative | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁϯϫⲫⲟ m̀patičpho | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲕϫⲫⲟ m̀patekčpho | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉϫⲫⲟ m̀patečpho | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉϥϫⲫⲟ m̀patefčpho | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲥϫⲫⲟ m̀patesčpho | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ m̀patenčpho | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ m̀patetenčpho | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩϫⲫⲟ m̀patoučpho | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ m̀pate- čpho |
| expectative | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁϯϫⲫⲟ em̀patičpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲕϫⲫⲟ em̀patekčpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉϫⲫⲟ em̀patečpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉϥϫⲫⲟ em̀patefčpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲥϫⲫⲟ em̀patesčpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ em̀patenčpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ em̀patetenčpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩϫⲫⲟ em̀patoučpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ em̀pate- čpho |
| expectative | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁϯϫⲫⲟ etm̀patičpho | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲕϫⲫⲟ etm̀patekčpho | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉϫⲫⲟ etm̀patečpho | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉϥϫⲫⲟ etm̀patefčpho | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲥϫⲫⲟ etm̀patesčpho | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ etm̀patenčpho | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ etm̀patetenčpho | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩϫⲫⲟ etm̀patoučpho | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ etm̀pate- čpho |
| expectative | preterite | negative | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁϯϫⲫⲟ nam̀patičpho | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲕϫⲫⲟ nam̀patekčpho | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉϫⲫⲟ nam̀patečpho | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉϥϫⲫⲟ nam̀patefčpho | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲥϫⲫⲟ nam̀patesčpho | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ nam̀patenčpho | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ nam̀patetenčpho | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩϫⲫⲟ nam̀patoučpho | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ nam̀pate- čpho |
| aorist | basic | affirmative | ϣⲁⲓϫⲫⲟ šaičpho | ϣⲁⲕϫⲫⲟ šakčpho | ϣⲁⲣⲉϫⲫⲟ šarečpho | ϣⲁϥϫⲫⲟ šafčpho | ϣⲁⲥϫⲫⲟ šasčpho | ϣⲁⲛϫⲫⲟ šančpho | ϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ šatetenčpho | ϣⲁⲩϫⲫⲟ šaučpho | ϣⲁⲣⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ šare- čpho |
| aorist | basic | negative | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲓϫⲫⲟ m̀paičpho | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲕϫⲫⲟ m̀pakčpho | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉϫⲫⲟ m̀parečpho | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁϥϫⲫⲟ m̀pafčpho | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲥϫⲫⲟ m̀pasčpho | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲛϫⲫⲟ m̀pančpho | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ m̀paretenčpho | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲩϫⲫⲟ m̀paučpho | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ m̀pare- čpho |
| aorist | circumstantial | affirmative | ⲉϣⲁⲓϫⲫⲟ ešaičpho | ⲉϣⲁⲕϫⲫⲟ ešakčpho | ⲉϣⲁⲣⲉϫⲫⲟ ešarečpho | ⲉϣⲁϥϫⲫⲟ ešafčpho | ⲉϣⲁⲥϫⲫⲟ ešasčpho | ⲉϣⲁⲛϫⲫⲟ ešančpho | ⲉϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ ešatetenčpho | ⲉϣⲁⲩϫⲫⲟ ešaučpho | ⲉϣⲁⲣⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ ešare- čpho |
| aorist | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲓϫⲫⲟ em̀paičpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲕϫⲫⲟ em̀pakčpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉϫⲫⲟ em̀parečpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁϥϫⲫⲟ em̀pafčpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲥϫⲫⲟ em̀pasčpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲛϫⲫⲟ em̀pančpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ em̀paretenčpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲩϫⲫⲟ em̀paučpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ em̀pare- čpho |
| aorist | relative | affirmative | ⲉⲧϣⲁⲓϫⲫⲟ etšaičpho | ⲉⲧϣⲁⲕϫⲫⲟ etšakčpho | ⲉⲧϣⲁⲣⲉϫⲫⲟ etšarečpho | ⲉⲧϣⲁϥϫⲫⲟ etšafčpho | ⲉⲧϣⲁⲥϫⲫⲟ etšasčpho | ⲉⲧϣⲁⲛϫⲫⲟ etšančpho | ⲉⲧϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ etšatetenčpho | ⲉⲧϣⲁⲩϫⲫⲟ etšaučpho | ⲉⲧϣⲁⲣⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ etšare- čpho |
| aorist | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲓϫⲫⲟ etm̀paičpho | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲕϫⲫⲟ etm̀pakčpho | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉϫⲫⲟ etm̀parečpho | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁϥϫⲫⲟ etm̀pafčpho | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲥϫⲫⲟ etm̀pasčpho | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲛϫⲫⲟ etm̀pančpho | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ etm̀paretenčpho | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲩϫⲫⲟ etm̀paučpho | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ etm̀pare- čpho |
| aorist | preterite | affirmative | ⲛⲁϣⲁⲓϫⲫⲟ našaičpho | ⲛⲁϣⲁⲕϫⲫⲟ našakčpho | ⲛⲁϣⲁⲣⲉϫⲫⲟ našarečpho | ⲛⲁϣⲁϥϫⲫⲟ našafčpho | ⲛⲁϣⲁⲥϫⲫⲟ našasčpho | ⲛⲁϣⲁⲛϫⲫⲟ našančpho | ⲛⲁϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ našatetenčpho | ⲛⲁϣⲁⲩϫⲫⲟ našaučpho | ⲛⲁϣⲁⲣⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ našare- čpho |
| aorist | preterite | negative | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲓϫⲫⲟ nam̀paičpho | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲕϫⲫⲟ nam̀pakčpho | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉϫⲫⲟ nam̀parečpho | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁϥϫⲫⲟ nam̀pafčpho | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲥϫⲫⲟ nam̀pasčpho | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲛϫⲫⲟ nam̀pančpho | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ nam̀paretenčpho | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲩϫⲫⲟ nam̀paučpho | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ nam̀pare- čpho |
| aorist | focalising | affirmative | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲓϫⲫⲟ em̀paičpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲕϫⲫⲟ em̀pakčpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉϫⲫⲟ em̀parečpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁϥϫⲫⲟ em̀pafčpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲥϫⲫⲟ em̀pasčpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲛϫⲫⲟ em̀pančpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ em̀paretenčpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲩϫⲫⲟ em̀paučpho | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ em̀pare- čpho |
| optative | basic | affirmative | ⲉⲓⲉϫⲫⲟ eiečpho | ⲉⲕⲉϫⲫⲟ ekečpho | ⲉⲣⲉϫⲫⲟ erečpho | ⲉϥⲉϫⲫⲟ efečpho | ⲉⲥⲉϫⲫⲟ esečpho | ⲉⲛⲉϫⲫⲟ enečpho | ⲉⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲉϫⲫⲟ eretenečpho | ⲉⲩⲉϫⲫⲟ euečpho | ⲉⲣⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ ere- čpho |
| optative | basic | negative | ⲛ̀ⲛⲁϫⲫⲟ ǹnačpho | ⲛ̀ⲛⲉⲕϫⲫⲟ ǹnekčpho | ⲛ̀ⲛⲉϫⲫⲟ ǹnečpho | ⲛ̀ⲛⲉϥϫⲫⲟ ǹnefčpho | ⲛ̀ⲛⲉⲥϫⲫⲟ ǹnesčpho | ⲛ̀ⲛⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ ǹnenčpho | ⲛ̀ⲛⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ ǹnetenčpho | ⲛ̀ⲛⲟⲩϫⲫⲟ ǹnoučpho | ⲛ̀ⲛⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ ǹne- čpho |
| jussive | basic | affirmative | ⲙⲁⲣⲓϫⲫⲟ maričpho | (use imperative) | (use imperative) | ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥϫⲫⲟ marefčpho | ⲙⲁⲣⲉⲥϫⲫⲟ maresčpho | ⲙⲁⲣⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ marenčpho | (use imperative) | ⲙⲁⲣⲟⲩϫⲫⲟ maroučpho | ⲙⲁⲣⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ mare- čpho |
| jussive | basic | negative | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛⲑⲣⲓϫⲫⲟ m̀penthričpho | (use imperative) | (use imperative) | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛⲑⲣⲉϥϫⲫⲟ m̀penthrefčpho | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛⲑⲣⲉⲥϫⲫⲟ m̀penthresčpho | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛⲑⲣⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ m̀penthrenčpho | (use imperative) | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛⲑⲣⲉⲩϫⲫⲟ m̀penthreučpho | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛⲑⲣⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ m̀penthre- čpho |
| subordinate clause ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲟⲕ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲕ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟϥ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲥ | ⲁⲛⲟⲛ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲱⲧⲉⲛ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲱⲟⲩ | - |
| conjunctive | conjunctive | conjunctive | ⲛ̀ⲧⲁϫⲫⲟ ǹtačpho | ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲕϫⲫⲟ ǹtekčpho | ⲛ̀ⲧⲉϫⲫⲟ ǹtečpho | ⲛ̀ⲧⲉϥϫⲫⲟ ǹtefčpho | ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲥϫⲫⲟ ǹtesčpho | ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ ǹtenčpho | ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ ǹtetenčpho | ⲛ̀ⲥⲉϫⲫⲟ, ⲛ̀ⲧⲟⲩϫⲫⲟ ǹsečpho, ǹtoučpho | ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ ǹte- čpho |
| future conjunctive | future conjunctive | future conjunctive | ⲧⲁⲣⲓϫⲫⲟ taričpho | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲕϫⲫⲟ tarekčpho | ⲧⲁⲣⲉϫⲫⲟ tarečpho | ⲧⲁⲣⲉϥϫⲫⲟ tarefčpho | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲥϫⲫⲟ taresčpho | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ tarenčpho | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ taretenčpho | ⲧⲁⲣⲟⲩϫⲫⲟ taroučpho | ⲧⲁⲣⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ tare- čpho |
| limitative | limitative | limitative | ϣⲁϯϫⲫⲟ šatičpho | ϣⲁⲧⲉⲕϫⲫⲟ šatekčpho | ϣⲁⲧⲉϫⲫⲟ šatečpho | ϣⲁⲧⲉϥϫⲫⲟ šatefčpho | ϣⲁⲧⲉⲥϫⲫⲟ šatesčpho | ϣⲁⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ šatenčpho | ϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ šatetenčpho | ϣⲁⲧⲟⲩϫⲫⲟ šatoučpho | ϣⲁⲧⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ šate- čpho |
| conditional | long | long | ⲁⲓϣⲁⲛϫⲫⲟ aišančpho | ⲁⲕϣⲁⲛϫⲫⲟ akšančpho | ⲁⲣⲉϣⲁⲛϫⲫⲟ arešančpho | ⲁϥϣⲁⲛϫⲫⲟ afšančpho | ⲁⲥϣⲁⲛϫⲫⲟ asšančpho | ⲁⲛϣⲁⲛϫⲫⲟ anšančpho | ⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛϣⲁⲛϫⲫⲟ aretenšančpho | ⲁⲩϣⲁⲛϫⲫⲟ aušančpho | ⲁⲣⲉϣⲁⲛ- ϫⲫⲟ arešan- čpho |
| conditional | short | short | ⲁⲓϫⲫⲟ aičpho | ⲁⲕϫⲫⲟ akčpho | ⲁⲣⲉϫⲫⲟ arečpho | ⲁϥϫⲫⲟ afčpho | ⲁⲥϫⲫⲟ asčpho | ⲁⲛϫⲫⲟ ančpho | ⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛϫⲫⲟ aretenčpho | ⲁⲩϫⲫⲟ aučpho | ⲁⲣⲉ- ϫⲫⲟ are- čpho |
| negated with | negated with | negated with | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- |

### References

* Marcion Coptic dictionary