# ほしい
## Japanese
### Etymology 1

* Alternative spelling
* 欲しい
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *pəsi. Appears in the Man'yōshū of 759 CE and the Kojiki of 712 CE.
Appears to be related to now-obsolete verb 欲る (horu, “to wish for, to want”). A surface analysis might suggest a derivation from root ho- + adjective-forming suffix しい (shii). However, the verb root is actually hor-, as 欲る (horu) has the 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, “quadrigrade conjugation”) pattern, pointing towards a less straightforward derivation.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ほしい [hòshíꜜì] (Nakadaka –)
* IPA: [ho̞ɕiː]
* Tokyo pitch accent of inflected forms of 「欲しい」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Continuative (連用形) | 欲しく | ほしく ほしく | [hóꜜshìkù] [hòshíꜜkù] |
| Terminal (終止形) | 欲しい | ほしい | [hòshíꜜì] |
| Attributive (連体形) | 欲しい | ほしい | [hòshíꜜì] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 欲しくない | ほしくない ほしくない | [hóꜜshìkùnàì] [hòshíꜜkùnàì] |
| Informal past | 欲しかった | ほしかった ほしかった | [hóꜜshìkàttà] [hòshíꜜkàttà] |
| Informal negative past | 欲しくなかった | ほしくなかった ほしくなかった | [hóꜜshìkùnàkàttà] [hòshíꜜkùnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 欲しいです | ほしいです | [hòshíꜜìdèsù] |
| Conjunctive | 欲しくて | ほしくて ほしくて | [hóꜜshìkùtè] [hòshíꜜkùtè] |
| Conditional | 欲しければ | ほしければ ほしければ | [hóꜜshìkèrèbà] [hòshíꜜkèrèbà] |
* (Kyoto) ほ​しい [hóꜜshìì] (Kōki)

#### Adjective

ほしい • (hoshii) -i (adverbial ほしく (hoshiku))
* 欲しい: wanted, desired, needed
    私(わたし)はこの本(ほん)が欲(ほ)しいです。
       Watashi wa kono hon ga hoshii desu.
       As for me, this book is wanted → I want this book.
    (See usage notes below.)
* (after a -て verb form) wanted or desirable that someone perform the verb
    彼(かの)女(じょ)に勝(か)ってほしかった。
       Kanojo ni katte hoshikatta.
       It was wanted of her to win → I wanted her to win.
    (See usage notes below.)

##### Usage notes

* About ほしい used to describe nouns:
** Unlike English want, Japanese 欲しい is an adjective modifying the thing desired or wanted.
* About -て + ほしい:
** The agent of the verb can be introduced by either に (ni) or が (ga).
    娘(むすめ)に笑(わら)ってほしい。
       Musume ni waratte hoshii.
       I want my daughter to have a happy face.
    雨(あめ)が降(ふ)ってほしい。
       Ame ga futte hoshii.
       (Lit. "The rain falls and (it) is wanted") I am waiting for a rain.
** に can be ambiguous when an indirect object is involved, as this also takes に.
    佐(さ)藤(とう)さんに英(えい)語(ご)を教(おし)えてほしい。
       Satō-san ni Eigo o oshiete hoshii.
       I want someone to teach Sato English. (indirect object) I want Sato to teach English. (agent)
** When the subject (the person that wants) is not the speaker, it is introduced by the topic maker は (wa).
    親(おや)は私(わたし)にもっとしっかりしてほしい。
       Oya wa watashi ni motto shikkari shite hoshii.
       My parents want me to work harder.
** ほしい does not express the meaning "someone wants to do something themselves". In that case, the verb suffix たい is usually used instead. Compare:
    彼(かの)女(じょ)は帰(かえ)りたいと言(い)った。
       Kanojo wa kaeritai to itta.
       She said she wants to go home.
    彼(かの)女(じょ)は帰(かえ)ってほしい。
       Kanojo wa kaette hoshii.
       I want her to go home.
* A related verb denoting willingness (欲(ほっ)する (hossuru)) exists, but its usage is quite uncommon.
* Depending on context, the usage of this word could be considered overly direct or childish.
* When following the ない (nai) form of a verb + で (de), this construction means "don't want [someone else] to".
    君(きみ)は帰(かえ)らないでほしい。
       Kimi wa kaeranaide hoshii.
       I don't want you to go back.
* This term is commonly spelled in hiragana, with the kanji spelling reserved for formal contexts.

##### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | ほしかろ | hoshikaro |
| Continuative (連用形) | ほしく | hoshiku |
| Terminal (終止形) | ほしい | hoshii |
| Attributive (連体形) | ほしい | hoshii |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | ほしけれ | hoshikere |
| Imperative (命令形) | ほしかれ | hoshikare |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | ほしくない | hoshiku nai |
| Informal past | ほしかった | hoshikatta |
| Informal negative past | ほしくなかった | hoshiku nakatta |
| Formal | ほしいです | hoshii desu |
| Formal negative | ほしくないです | hoshiku nai desu |
| Formal past | ほしかったです | hoshikatta desu |
| Formal negative past | ほしくなかったです | hoshiku nakatta desu |
| Conjunctive | ほしくて | hoshikute |
| Conditional | ほしければ | hoshikereba |
| Provisional | ほしかったら | hoshikattara |
| Volitional | ほしかろう | hoshikarō |
| Adverbial | ほしく | hoshiku |
| Degree | ほしさ | hoshisa |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | ほしく$^{[1]}$ ほしから$^{[2]}$ | ほしく$^{[1]}$ ほしから$^{[2]}$ | fosiku fosikara |
| Continuative (連用形) | ほしく$^{[1]}$ ほしかり$^{[2]}$ | ほしく$^{[1]}$ ほしかり$^{[2]}$ | fosiku fosikari |
| Terminal (終止形) | ほし | ほし | fosi |
| Attributive (連体形) | ほしき ほしかる | ほしき ほしかる | fosiki fosikaru |
| Realis (已然形) | ほしけれ | ほしけれ | fosikere |
| Imperative (命令形) | ほしかれ | ほしかれ | fosikare |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | ほしからず | ほしからず | fosikarazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | ほしけれど | ほしけれど | fosikeredo |
| Causal conjunction | ほしければ | ほしければ | fosikereba |
| Conditional conjunction | ほしくば | ほしくば | fosikuba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | ほしかりき | ほしかりき | fosikariki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | ほしかりけり | ほしかりけり | fosikarikeri |
| Adverbial | ほしく | ほしく | fosiku |
| $^{[1]}$Without auxiliary verb. $^{[2]}$With auxiliary verb. ||||

##### Derived terms

* 欲(ほ)しがる (hoshigaru, “to want, to desire”, used to describe others)

##### Related terms

* 欲(ほ)る (horu, “to want, to wish for”, obsolete)
* 欲(ほ)りす (horisu, “to want, to wish for”, obsolete)
* 欲(ほっ)する (hossuru, “to want, to wish for”, modern)

### Etymology 2

* Alternative spellings
* 乾し飯 乾飯 干し飯 糒
/hosi ipi/ → /hosipi/ → /hosifi/ → /hoɕifi/ → /hoɕiː/
Shift from ほしいい (hoshiī) due to the prohibition in Old Japanese against word-medial vowel clusters. (See Old_Japanese#Morphophonemics at Wikipedia.)
Ultimately a compound of 干し (hoshi, “drying; dried”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 干す (hosu, “to dry, to air out”)) +‎ 飯 (ī, “cooked grain (usually rice)”).
First cited in the Nihon Shoki of 720.

#### Alternative forms

* ほしいい (hoshiī)

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ほしい [hòshíꜜì] (Nakadaka – [2])
* IPA: [ho̞ɕiː]
* (Kyoto) ほ​しい [hóꜜshìì] (Kōki)
* (Kyoto) ほし​い [hóshíꜜì] (Kōki)

#### Noun

ほしい • (hoshii)
* [from 720] dried rice (after already being cooked once)
    Synonym: かれいい (kareii)
** 1883, 雨森芳洲 (Amenomori Hōshū), “飲食”, in 浦瀬裕, editor, 再刊交隣須知 (Saikan kōrin suchi)‎, 外務省 edition, volume 3:
    糗(ハツタイ)ホシイニ白(シロ)砂(ザ)糖(タウ)ヲマゼテダセ
       Hattai Hoshii ni shirozatō o mazete dase
       Parched rice: Stir a little white sugar into the parched rice and serve it
    糗 강(乾)밥에$^{[SIC]}$ 셜당(雪糖)을 타셔 내여라 (original Korean)

### Etymology 3
#### Proper noun

ほしい • (Hoshii)
* 星井: a surname

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 “ほし・い 【欲】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
* 1 2 3 4 5 “ほしい［ほしひ］ 【糒】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
* ↑ “糒”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
* ↑ “ほし‐いい［‥いひ］ 【干飯・乾飯・糒】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
* ↑ “干し飯”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months