# 草鞋
## Chinese

* 草鞋

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): cǎoxié
    (Zhuyin): ㄘㄠˇ ㄒㄧㄝˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cou$^2$ haai$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhó-hài
    (Meixian, Guangdong): cau$^3$ hai$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): cau$^2$ hai$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chháu-ôe / chháu-ê
    (Teochew, Peng'im): cao$^2$ oi$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: cǎoxié
*** Zhuyin: ㄘㄠˇ ㄒㄧㄝˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cǎosié
*** Wade–Giles: tsʻao$^3$-hsieh$^2$
*** Yale: tsǎu-syé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsaoshye
*** Palladius: цаосе (caose)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cou$^2$ haai$^4$
*** Yale: chóu hàaih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsou$^2$ haai$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cou$^2$ hai$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰou̯³⁵ haːi̯²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhó-hài
*** Hakka Romanization System: co$^ˋ$ hai$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: co$^3$ hai$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰo³¹ hai̯¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: cau$^3$ hai$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰau³¹ haɪ¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: cau$^2$ hai$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sʰau⁵³ xai¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chháu-ôe
*** Tâi-lô: tsháu-uê
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhawoee
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ue²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /t͡sʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ue²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chháu-ê
*** Tâi-lô: tsháu-ê
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhawee
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ e¹³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ e²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: cao$^2$ oi$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsháu ôi
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰau⁵²⁻³⁵ oi⁵⁵/

### Noun

草鞋
* straw sandal

#### Synonyms

* 千里馬 (qiānlǐmǎ)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 草鞋, 芒鞋 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 草鞋 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 草鞋 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 草呱子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 草鞋 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 草鞋, 蒲鞋 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 蒲鞋, 草窩子, 毛窩子 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 草鞋 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 草鞋 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 草鞋 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 草鞋 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 草鞋 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 草鞋 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 草鞋 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 草鞋 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 草鞋 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 草鞋 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 草鞋 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 草鞋 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 草鞋 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 草屩 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 草鞋 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 草拖 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 草鞋 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 草鞋 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 草鞋, 蒲鞋 |
| Wu | Danyang | 草鞋 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 蒲鞋 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 蒲鞋 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 蒲鞋 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 草鞋 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 草鞋 |

#### Derived terms

* 草鞋親／草鞋亲
* 草鞋踏
* 草鞋錢／草鞋钱

#### Related terms

* 涼鞋／凉鞋 (liángxié)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 草 | 鞋 |
| わら Grade: 1 | くつ > じ Hyōgai |
| kun'yomi | irregular |
* Alternative spellings
* 藁沓 鞋 (rare)
/waraɡut͡su/ → /warand͡zu/ → /warand͡ʑi/ → /warad͡ʑi/
Originally a compound of 藁 (wara, “straw”) +‎ 靴 (kutsu, “shoes, boots, footwear”).
Appears with this reading during the Edo period (1603–1868). Now the most common reading for the straw sandals sense.
The sense appears to have developed from straw footwear in general, to more specifically straw sandals. The oldest reading waragutsu is still current in modern Japanese with the 藁沓 spelling, now often referring more specifically to straw shoes or boots that enclose the feet.
The kanji spelling is an example of jukujikun (熟字訓).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) わらじ [wàrájí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [β̞a̠ɾa̠ʑi]

#### Noun

草(わら)鞋(じ) • (waraji)
* traditional Japanese straw sandals

##### Derived terms

* 草鞋(わらじ)虫(むし) (waraji mushi), 鼠姑(わらじむし) (waraji mushi, “a woodlouse that cannot curl up into a ball”)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 草 | 鞋 |
| わら Grade: 1 | くつ > んじ Hyōgai |
| kun'yomi | irregular |
/waraɡut͡su/ → /warand͡zu/ → /warand͡ʑi/
Originally a compound of 藁 (wara, “straw”) +‎ 靴 (kutsu, “shoes, boots, footwear”).
Appears with this reading in the late 1400s, during the Muromachi period (1336–1573). Superseded in modern usage by waraji above.
The kanji spelling is an example of jukujikun (熟字訓).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [β̞a̠ɾã̠ɲ̟d͡ʑi]

#### Noun

草(わら)鞋(んじ) • (waranji)
* (archaic) traditional Japanese straw sandals

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 草 | 鞋 |
| わら Grade: 1 | くつ > んず Hyōgai |
| kun'yomi | irregular |
/waraɡut͡su/ → /warand͡zu/ → /waranzu/
Originally a compound of 藁 (wara, “straw”) +‎ 靴 (kutsu, “shoes, boots, footwear”).
Appears with this reading in the The Tale of the Heike, compiled some time between 1185 and 1330. Superseded in modern usage by waraji above.
The kanji spelling is an example of jukujikun (熟字訓).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [β̞a̠ɾã̠nd͡zɨ]

#### Noun

草(わら)鞋(んず) • (waranzu)
* (archaic) traditional Japanese straw sandals

### Etymology 4

Kanji in this term :
| 草 | 鞋 |
| わら Grade: 1 | くつ > ず Hyōgai |
| kun'yomi | irregular |
/waraɡut͡su/ → /waraud͡zu/ → /warad͡zu/ → /warazu/
Originally a compound of 藁 (wara, “straw”) +‎ 靴 (kutsu, “shoes, boots, footwear”).
Appears with this reading in the Kanchi-in edition of the Ruiju Myōgishō, compiled during the Kamakura period (1185–1333). Superseded in modern usage by waraji above.
The kanji spelling is an example of jukujikun (熟字訓).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [β̞a̠ɾa̠zɨ]

#### Noun

草(わら)鞋(ず) • (warazu)
* (archaic, possibly obsolete) traditional Japanese straw sandals

### Etymology 5

Kanji in this term :
| 草 | 鞋 |
| わら > わろ Grade: 1 | くつ > うず Hyōgai |
| irregular ||
* Alternative spelling
* 藁沓 (rare)
/waraɡut͡su/ → /waraud͡zu/ → /warɔːd͡zu/ → /waroːd͡zu/ → /waroːzu/
Originally a compound of 藁 (wara, “straw”) +‎ 靴 (kutsu, “shoes, boots, footwear”).
Appears with this reading in the Utsubo Monogatari of the late 900s. Superseded in modern usage by waraji above for the straw sandal sense, and by 藁沓 (waragutsu) for the straw shoe or boot sense.
The kanji spelling is an example of jukujikun (熟字訓).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [β̞a̠ɾo̞ːzɨ]

#### Noun

草(わろ)鞋(うず) • (warōzu)
* (archaic) traditional Japanese straw sandals
* (archaic) traditional Japanese straw shoes or boots

### Etymology 6

Kanji in this term :
| 草 | 鞋 |
| そう Grade: 1 | かい Hyōgai |
| on'yomi | kan'on |
From Middle Chinese 草鞋 (MC tshawX hea|heaj, “straw shoe, straw sandal”).
Appears with this reading in the Konjaku Monogatarishū, compiled in the early 1100s.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) そーかい [sòókáí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [so̞ːka̠i]

#### Noun

草(そう)鞋(かい) • (sōkai)
* (rare) traditional Japanese straw sandals
* (rare) traditional Japanese straw shoes or boots
* Alternative spelling of 挿鞋: formal footwear made of wood and embroidery, worn by the emperor at court

##### Usage notes

The waraji reading above is more common for the straw sandals sense, and the term 藁沓 (waragutsu) is more common for the straw shoes or boots sense.

### Etymology 7

Kanji in this term :
| 草 | 鞋 |
| そう Grade: 1 | かい > あい Hyōgai |
| on'yomi | kan'yōon |
Shift from earlier sōkai reading (see above), adopting the kan'yōyomi of ai for the 鞋 character, rather than its regular kan'on reading of kai.
Appears with this reading in the Taiheiki, compiled in the late 1300s. Superseded in modern usage by sōkai above.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) そーあい [sòóáí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [so̞ːa̠i]

#### Noun

草(そう)鞋(あい) • (sōai)
* (archaic, possibly obsolete) traditional Japanese straw sandals
* (archaic, possibly obsolete) traditional Japanese straw shoes or boots

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 4 5 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
* ↑ “わらうず”, in 世界大百科事典 第２版 (Sekai Dai-hyakka Jiten Dainihan, “Heibonsha World Encyclopedia Second Edition”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, 1998
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN