# 鬼方
## Chinese

* 鬼方

### Etymology

First attested in the Shang period's Oracle Bones (Anderson, 2015; Khayutina, 2016).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Guǐfāng
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄟˇ ㄈㄤ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gwai$^2$ fong$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Guǐfāng
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄟˇ ㄈㄤ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Guěifang
*** Wade–Giles: Kuei$^3$-fang$^1$
*** Yale: Gwěi-fāng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Goeifang
*** Palladius: Гуйфан (Gujfan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gwai$^2$ fong$^1$
*** Yale: gwái fōng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gwai$^2$ fong$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: guei$^2$ fong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʷɐi̯³⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: kjw+jX pjang
Rime :
| Character | 鬼 | 方 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 幫 (1) |
| Final (韻) | 微 (21) | 陽 (106) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 居偉切 | 府良切 |
| Baxter | kjw+jX | pjang |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʉi$^X$/ | /pʉɐŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʷɨi$^X$/ | /pʷiɐŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiuəi$^X$/ | /piuɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kuj$^X$/ | /puaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /kiuəi$^X$/ | /piuaŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭwəi$^X$/ | /pĭwaŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kwe̯i$^X$/ | /piwaŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | guǐ | fāng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gwai$^2$ | fong$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*k-ʔujʔ C-paŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kulʔ paŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 鬼 | 方 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | guǐ | fāng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kjwɨj$^X$ › | ‹ pjang › |
| Old Chinese | /*k-ʔujʔ/ | /*C-paŋ/ |
| English | ghost | square |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鬼 | 方 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| No. | 4689 | 3023 |
| Phonetic component | 鬼 | 方 |
| Rime group | 微 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 鬼 | 方 |
| Old Chinese | /*kulʔ/ | /*paŋ/ |
| Notes | | 甲金文象槳即榜初文， 下初爲單筆，猶旂左初亦作單杆 |

### Proper noun

鬼方
* Guifang (a northern people that fought against the Shang Dynasty; possibly identical with 赤狄 (Chìdí, “Red Di”)'s leaders who bore the surname 隗 (Kuí).

#### Further reading

* Theobald, Ulrich. (2012). "Di 狄" ChinaKnowledge.de - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art
* Anderson, Matthew Mccutchen. (2015). "Change and Standardization in Anyang: Writing and Culture in Bronze Age China". Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 1589. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1589
* Khayutina, Maria. (2016). "The Tombs of the Rulers of Peng and Relationships between Zhou and Northern Non-Zhou Lineages (Until the Early Ninth Century B.C.)" in Shaughnessy, Edward L. (ed.) Imprints of Kinship: Studies of Recently Discovered Bronze Inscriptions from Ancient China Publisher: Chinese University of Hong Kong Press. pp. 71-132