# 于闐
## Chinese

* 于闐 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 于闐 (Cantonese)
* Û-thiân (Southern Min)

### Etymology

First attested in Treatise on the Dayuan (大宛列傳) from the Records of the Grand Historian, in the form of 于窴. From Old Khotanese 𑀳𑁆𑀯𑀢𑀦 (hvatana, “the (land of the) lords”), Proto-Saka *hvatāu, ultimately from Proto-Iranian *hwatā́wā (“lord, king”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Yútián
    (Zhuyin): ㄩˊ ㄊㄧㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jyu$^4$ tin$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Yútián
*** Zhuyin: ㄩˊ ㄊㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Yútián
*** Wade–Giles: Yü$^2$-tʻien$^2$
*** Yale: Yú-tyán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Yutyan
*** Palladius: Юйтянь (Jujtjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /y³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyu$^4$ tin$^4$
*** Yale: yùh tìhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jy$^4$ tin$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yu$^4$ tin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyː²¹ tʰiːn²¹/
* Middle Chinese: hju den|denH
Rime :
| Character | 于 | 闐 | 闐 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 云 (35) | 定 (7) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 虞 (24) | 先 (85) | 先 (85) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | IV | IV |
| Fanqie | 羽俱切 | 徒年切 | 堂練切 |
| Baxter | hju | den | denH |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦɨo/ | /den/ | /den$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦio/ | /den/ | /den$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣio/ | /dɛn/ | /dɛn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦuə̆/ | /dɛn/ | /dɛn$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣio/ | /den/ | /den$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣĭu/ | /dien/ | /dien$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /i̯u/ | /dʱien/ | /dʱien$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yú | tián | diàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyu$^4$ | tin$^4$ | din$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷa diːn|diːns/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 于 | 于 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yú | yú |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hju › | ‹ hju › |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷ(r)a/ | /*ɦʷa/ (< *ɢʷ(r)a) |
| English | go; at | 單于 chányú: Xiōngnú ruler (W. Hàn) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 于 | 闐 | 闐 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 15706 | 17053 | 17059 |
| Phonetic component | 于 | 眞 | 眞 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 眞 | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 于 | 田 | 電 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷa/ | /*diːn/ | /*diːns/ |
| Notes | 王筠雲籲初文 | | |

### Proper noun

于闐
* (～國) (historical) Kingdom of Khotan
* (historical, until 1959) Yutian County, Xinjiang (changed to 于田)
    From: October 1950, 1972 trans., Willis Barnstone, trans., The Poems of Mao Tse-tung, pp. 92-93
    Wànfāng yuè zòu yǒu Yútián, shīrén xìnghuì gèng wú qián. [Pinyin]
    Song pours on us from ten thousand corners and musicians from Khotan play. Never before were we poets so moved.

#### Derived terms

* 于闐文
* 于闐語／于阗语

### References

* ↑ Bailey, H. W. (1982), The Culture of the Sakas in Ancient Iranian Khotan, Columbia Lectures on Iranian Studies 1, ed. E. Yarshater, New York, esp. p. 3