# ciar
## Irish
### Etymology

From Old Irish cíar (“dark”), from Proto-Celtic *kēros, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₃i-, extension of *(s)ḱeh₃- (“grey, dark”). Further cognates are Old Novgorodian хѣрь (xěrĭ, “gray cloth”) and Old English hār (“grey-haired”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ciəɾˠ/

### Adjective

ciar (genitive singular masculine céir, genitive singular feminine céire, plural ciara, comparative céire)
* swarthy, dark

#### Declension

| | Singular | Singular | Plural (m/f) | Plural (m/f) |
| Positive | Masculine | Feminine | (strong noun) | (weak noun) |
| Nominative | ciar | chiar | ciara; chiara² | ciara; chiara² |
| Vocative | chéir | chiar | ciara | ciara |
| Genitive | chéir | céire | ciara | ciar |
| Dative | ciar; chiar¹ | chiar; chéir (archaic) | ciara; chiara² | ciara; chiara² |
| Comparative | níos céire | níos céire | níos céire | níos céire |
| Superlative | is céire | is céire | is céire | is céire |
¹ When the preceding noun is lenited and governed by the definite article. ² When the preceding noun ends in a slender consonant.

#### Derived terms

* ciardhubh (“jet black, sable”)
* ciaróg (“beetle”)

#### Related terms

* Ciarán

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “ciar”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

## Latin
### Verb

ciar
* first-person singular future passive indicative of ciō

## Scottish Gaelic
### Etymology

From Old Irish cíar (“dark”), from Proto-Celtic *kēros, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₃i-, extension of *(s)ḱeh₃- (“grey, dark”). Further cognates are Old Novgorodian хѣрь (xěrĭ, “gray cloth”) and Old English hār (“grey-haired”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /cʰiaɾ/

### Adjective

ciar (comparative nas cèire / na bu chèire)
* swarthy, dark, dun, dusky
* gloomy, depressed.

#### Related terms

* ciarag

### Mutation
## Spanish
### Etymology

Probably from Old Spanish cía (“thighbone”), referring to the use of this bone when rowing, from Latin scias, from Ancient Greek ἰσχιας (iskhias, “sciatic”), from ἰσχίον (iskhíon, “hip”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Spain) /ˈθjaɾ/ [ˈθjaɾ]
* IPA: (Latin America, Philippines) /ˈsjaɾ/ [ˈsjaɾ]
* Rhymes: -aɾ
* Syllabification: ciar

### Verb

ciar (first-person singular present cío, first-person singular preterite cie, past participle ciado)
* (intransitive) to back water

#### Conjugation

| infinitive | infinitive | infinitive | ciar | ciar | ciar | ciar | ciar |
| gerund | gerund | gerund | ciando | ciando | ciando | ciando | ciando |
| past participle | past participle | | | masculine | masculine | feminine | feminine |
| past participle | past participle | singular | singular | ciado | ciado | ciada | ciada |
| past participle | past participle | plural | plural | ciados | ciados | ciadas | ciadas |
| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| | | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| indicative | | yo | tú vos | él/ella/ello usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ellos/ellas ustedes |
| indicative | present | cío | cías$^{tú}$ cias$^{vos}$ | cía | ciamos | ciais | cían |
| indicative | imperfect | ciaba | ciabas | ciaba | ciábamos | ciabais | ciaban |
| indicative | preterite | cie | ciaste | cio | ciamos | ciasteis | ciaron |
| indicative | future | ciaré | ciarás | ciará | ciaremos | ciaréis | ciarán |
| indicative | conditional | ciaría | ciarías | ciaría | ciaríamos | ciaríais | ciarían |
| subjunctive | | yo | tú vos | él/ella/ello usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ellos/ellas ustedes |
| subjunctive | present | cíe | cíes$^{tú}$ cies$^{vos2}$ | cíe | ciemos | cieis | cíen |
| subjunctive | imperfect (ra) | ciara | ciaras | ciara | ciáramos | ciarais | ciaran |
| subjunctive | imperfect (se) | ciase | ciases | ciase | ciásemos | ciaseis | ciasen |
| subjunctive | future$^1$ | ciare | ciares | ciare | ciáremos | ciareis | ciaren |
| imperative | | — | tú vos | usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ustedes |
| imperative | affirmative | | cía$^{tú}$ cia$^{vos}$ | cíe | ciemos | ciad | cíen |
| imperative | negative | | no cíes | no cíe | no ciemos | no cieis | no cíen |
$^1$Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language. $^2$Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

### References

* ↑ Roberts, Edward A. (2014) A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Spanish Language with Families of Words based on Indo-European Roots, Xlibris Corporation, →ISBN

### Further reading

* “ciar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014