# 鄉黨
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xiāngdǎng
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄤ ㄉㄤˇ
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hiong-tóng
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiāngdǎng
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄤ ㄉㄤˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siangdǎng
*** Wade–Giles: hsiang$^1$-tang$^3$
*** Yale: syāng-dǎng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiangdaang
*** Palladius: сяндан (sjandan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ tɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiong-tóng
*** Tâi-lô: hiong-tóng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hiongdorng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hiɔŋ³³ tɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔŋ⁴¹/
* Middle Chinese: xjang tangX
Rime :
| Character | 鄉 | 黨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) | 端 (5) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) | 唐 (101) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 許良切 | 多朗切 |
| Baxter | xjang | tangX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hɨɐŋ/ | /tɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /hiɐŋ/ | /tɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xiɑŋ/ | /tɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /hɨaŋ/ | /taŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /xiaŋ/ | /tɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /xĭaŋ/ | /tɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /xi̯aŋ/ | /tɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xiāng | dǎng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hoeng$^1$ | dong$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰaŋ tˤaŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qʰaŋ taːŋʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 鄉 | 黨 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xiāng | dǎng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xjang › | ‹ tang$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰaŋ/ | /*tˁaŋʔ/ |
| English | village; district | 500 families; relatives |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鄉 | 黨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| No. | 13596 | 11113 |
| Phonetic component | 鄉 | 尚 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 香 | 黨 |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰaŋ/ | /*taːŋʔ/ |
| Notes | 甲金文象兩人對食， 爲饗初文 | |

### Noun

鄉黨
* (Classical) local community
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Kǒngzǐ yú xiāngdǎng, xúnxúnrú yě, sì bùnéngyán zhě. [Pinyin]
    Confucius, in his village, looked simple and sincere, and as if he were not able to speak.
* (Classical) member of the local community; neighbour
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Zōngzú chēng xiào yān, xiāngdǎng chēng tì yān. [Pinyin]
    He whom the circle of his relatives pronounce to be filial, whom his fellow villagers and neighbours pronounce to be fraternal.
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    fēi suǒyǐ yāo yù yú xiāngdǎng péngyǒu yě [Pinyin]
    nor as a ground on which they may seek the praise of their neighbours and friends

#### Synonyms

* (local community):
* 土 (literary, or in compounds)
* 家鄉／家乡 (jiāxiāng)
* 故國／故国 (gùguó) (literary)
* 故園／故园 (gùyuán) (literary)
* 故土 (gùtǔ)
* 故鄉／故乡 (gùxiāng)
* 故里 (gùlǐ)
* 老家 (lǎojiā)
* 老屋 (Hakka)
* 鄉下／乡下
* 鄉土／乡土 (xiāngtǔ)
* 鄉梓／乡梓 (xiāngzǐ) (literary)
* 鄉關／乡关 (xiāngguān) (literary)
* (member of the local community):
* 同社 (tóngshè) (literary)
* 同鄉／同乡 (tóngxiāng)
* 老鄉／老乡 (lǎoxiāng)
* 鄉人／乡人 (xiāngrén)
* 鄉親／乡亲 (xiāngqīn)
* 黨人／党人 (dǎngrén) (literary)