# 烏弋山離
## Chinese

| | | phonetic | phonetic | phonetic | phonetic |
| trad. (烏弋山離) | trad. (烏弋山離) | 烏 | 弋 | 山 | 離 |
| simp. (乌弋山离) | simp. (乌弋山离) | 乌 | 弋 | 山 | 离 |
* 烏弋山離

### Etymology

First recorded in Chinese historiography in the Book of Han (《漢書·西域傳》) [2nd century]. Pulleyblank (1999) considers the derivation from Ancient Greek Ἀλεξάνδρεια (Alexándreia) "long accepted", connects it with one of the numerous settlements bearing the name in what is now modern Afghanistan, and further notices that the final character 離 (MC lje) would have corresponded to the level-tone (平聲) reading in Middle Chinese.
Doublet of 阿荔散, 亞歷山大／亚历山大 (Yàlìshāndà).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Wūyìshānlí
    (Zhuyin): ㄨ ㄧˋ ㄕㄢ ㄌㄧˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): wu$^1$ jik$^6$ saan$^1$ lei$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$u-iq-se-li
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Wūyìshānlí
*** Zhuyin: ㄨ ㄧˋ ㄕㄢ ㄌㄧˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Wuyìshanlí
*** Wade–Giles: Wu$^1$-i$^4$-shan$^1$-li$^2$
*** Yale: Wū-yì-shān-lí
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Uyihshanli
*** Palladius: Уишаньли (Uišanʹli)
*** Sinological IPA : /u⁵⁵ i⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵ li³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wu$^1$ jik$^6$ saan$^1$ lei$^4$
*** Yale: wū yihk sāan lèih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wu$^1$ jik$^9$ saan$^1$ lei$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wu$^1$ yig$^6$ san$^1$ léi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /wuː⁵⁵ jɪk̚² saːn⁵⁵ lei̯²¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$u-iq-se-li
*** MiniDict: u$^平$ ih se li
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$u-iq-se-li
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /u⁵⁵ iɪʔ³³ se³³ li²¹/
* Middle Chinese: 'u yik srean lje
Rime :
| Character | 烏 | 弋 | 山 | 離 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 | 1/1 | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) | 以 (36) | 生 (21) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) | 職 (134) | 山 (73) | 支 (11) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III | II | III |
| Fanqie | 哀都切 | 與職切 | 所閒切 | 呂支切 |
| Baxter | 'u | yik | srean | lje |
| Reconstructions |||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔuo/ | /jɨk̚/ | /ʃˠɛn/ | /liᴇ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔuo/ | /jɨk̚/ | /ʃᵚæn/ | /liɛ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔo/ | /iek̚/ | /ʃæn/ | /ljɛ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔɔ/ | /jik̚/ | /ʂəɨn/ | /liə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔo/ | /iək̚/ | /ʃɛn/ | /lie/ |
| Wang Li | /u/ | /jĭək̚/ | /ʃæn/ | /lǐe/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ʔuo/ | /i̯ək̚/ | /ʂăn/ | /lie̯/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wū | yì | shān | lí |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | wu$^1$ | jik$^6$ | saan$^1$ | lei$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ʔ]ˤa|ʔˤa lək s-ŋrar [r]aj/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qaː lɯɡ sreːn rel/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 烏 | 烏 | 弋 | 山 | 離 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 3/3 | 1/1 | 1/1 | 1/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | wū | wū | yì | shān | lí |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ʔu › | ‹ ʔu › | ‹ yik › | ‹ srɛn › | ‹ lje › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ʔ]ˁa/ | /*ʔˁa/ | /*lək/ | /*s-ŋrar/ | /*[r]aj/ |
| English | oh! | 烏桓, 烏丸 Wūhuán: Avars (W. Hàn) | shoot arrow with string attached | mountain, hill | meet with, encounter |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 烏 | 弋 | 山 | 離 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 | 1/1 | 2/3 |
| No. | 13077 | 14986 | 11052 | 7780 |
| Phonetic component | 烏 | 弋 | 山 | 离 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 職 | 元 | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 烏 | 弋 | 山 | 離 |
| Old Chinese | /*qaː/ | /*lɯɡ/ | /*sreːn/ | /*rel/ |
| Notes | | | | 甲文象隹入網羅， 離反爲省文 |

### Proper noun

烏弋山離
* (～國) (historical) Alexandria; Further details are uncertain. Possibilities include: (Yu, 1998)
** Alexandria Arion, near Herat
** Alexandria Arachosia, near Kandahar
** Alexandria Prophthasia, possibly related to modern Farah
** Alexandria in Opiana, near modern Ghazni