# 膨れる
## Japanese
### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 膨
* ふく Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 脹れる
From Old Japanese 膨る (pukuru), following 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”), from Proto-Japonic *pukoru.
Compare 膨らむ (fukuramu, “to swell, to get bigger”), 膨らます (fukuramasu, “to make swell, to fill up”), and 袋 (fukuro, “bag”), from the way a bag is filled with items.
First cited to the Man’yōshū, completed sometime after 759 CE.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ふくれる [fùkúrérú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɸɯ̟kɯ̟ɾe̞ɾɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「膨れる」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 膨れる | ふくれる | [fùkúrérú] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 膨れろ | ふくれろ | [fùkúréró] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 膨れられる | ふくれられる | [fùkúrérárérú] |
| Causative | 膨れさせる | ふくれさせる | [fùkúrésásérú] |
| Potential | - | - | - |
| Volitional | 膨れよう | ふくれよー | [fùkúréyóꜜò] |
| Negative | 膨れない | ふくれない | [fùkúrénáí] |
| Negative perfective | 膨れなかった | ふくれなかった | [fùkúrénáꜜkàttà] |
| Formal | 膨れます | ふくれます | [fùkúrémáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 膨れた | ふくれた | [fùkúrétá] |
| Conjunctive | 膨れて | ふくれて | [fùkúrété] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 膨れれば | ふくれれば | [fùkúréréꜜbà] |

### Verb

膨(ふく)れる • (fukureru) intransitive ichidan (stem 膨(ふく)れ (fukure), past 膨(ふく)れた (fukureta))
* to swell, to expand

#### Usage notes

膨れる (fukureru) is used to describe something that happens due to an abnormality or external force, not necessarily with a positive sense.
* パンが膨(ふく)れる、躯(むくろ)が膨(ふく)れる、頬(ほお)が膨(ふく)れる
    pan ga fukureru, mukuro ga fukureru, hō ga fukureru
    the bread rises, the corpse bloats, one's cheeks puff up (→ one pouts or sulks)
Its synonym, the intransitive verb 膨らむ (fukuramu) is used to describe something that happens naturally of its own accord, generally with a positive sense.
* 蕾(つぼみ)が膨(ふく)らむ、夢(ゆめ)が膨(ふく)らむ、胸(むね)が〔幸(しあわ)せなどで〕膨(ふく)らむ
    tsubomi ga fukuramu, yume ga fukuramu, mune ga 〔shiawase nado de〕 fukuramu
    the buds swell, one's dreams grow bigger, one's chest swells [with joy, etc.]

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 膨れ | ふくれ | fukure |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 膨れ | ふくれ | fukure |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 膨れる | ふくれる | fukureru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 膨れる | ふくれる | fukureru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 膨れれ | ふくれれ | fukurere |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 膨れよ¹ 膨れろ² | ふくれよ¹ ふくれろ² | fukureyo¹ fukurero² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 膨れられる | ふくれられる | fukurerareru |
| Causative | 膨れさせる 膨れさす | ふくれさせる ふくれさす | fukuresaseru fukuresasu |
| Potential | 膨れられる 膨れれる³ | ふくれられる ふくれれる³ | fukurerareru fukurereru³ |
| Volitional | 膨れよう | ふくれよう | fukureyō |
| Negative | 膨れない 膨れぬ 膨れん | ふくれない ふくれぬ ふくれん | fukurenai fukurenu fukuren |
| Negative continuative | 膨れず | ふくれず | fukurezu |
| Formal | 膨れます | ふくれます | fukuremasu |
| Perfective | 膨れた | ふくれた | fukureta |
| Conjunctive | 膨れて | ふくれて | fukurete |
| Hypothetical conditional | 膨れれば | ふくれれば | fukurereba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential ||||

### References

* ↑ “脹・膨”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN