# 懈怠
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xièdài
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄝˋ ㄉㄞˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): haai$^6$ toi$^5$ / haai$^6$ doi$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hai-thai / hái-thái
* Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): hai$^6$ dai$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xièdài
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄝˋ ㄉㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sièdài
*** Wade–Giles: hsieh$^4$-tai$^4$
*** Yale: syè-dài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiehday
*** Palladius: седай (sedaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: haai$^6$ toi$^5$ / haai$^6$ doi$^6$
*** Yale: haaih tóih / haaih doih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: haai$^6$ toi$^5$ / haai$^6$ doi$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hai$^6$ toi$^5$ / hai$^6$ doi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /haːi̯²² tʰɔːi̯¹³/, /haːi̯²² tɔːi̯²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hai-thai / hái-thái
*** Hakka Romanization System: hai tai / hai$^ˋ$ tai$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hai$^4$ tai$^4$ / hai$^3$ tai$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /hai̯⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵/, /hai̯³¹ tʰai̯³¹/
* Southern Min
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hai$^6$ dai$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hăi tăi
*** Sinological IPA : /hai³⁵⁻¹¹ tai³⁵/

### Adjective

懈怠
* slack; sluggish; remiss; lax
    紀律懈怠。／纪律懈怠。 ― Jìlǜ xièdài. ― Discipline is lax.

#### Synonyms

* 怠惰 (dàiduò)
* 慵懶／慵懒 (yōnglǎn) (literary)
* 懶／懒 (lǎn)
* 懶惰／懒惰 (lǎnduò)
* 懶散／懒散 (lǎnsǎn)
* 散漫
* 渙散／涣散 (huànsàn)
* 疏懶／疏懒 (shūlǎn)
* 疲倦 (píjuàn)
* 疲沓
* 荏𤺔／荏𪽴 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 鬆懈／松懈 (sōngxiè)
* 鬆散／松散 (sōngsǎn)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 懈(かい)怠(たい) (kaitai); 懈(け)怠(たい) (ketai); 懈(け)怠(だい) (kedai)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 懈 | 怠 |
| かい Hyōgai | たい Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||
From Middle Chinese compound 懈怠 (hɛ$^X$ doi$^X$, literally “idle + negligent”). The kan'on, so likely a later borrowing.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かいたい [kàítáí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠ita̠i]

#### Noun

懈(かい)怠(たい) • (kaitai)
* (law) laches: a kind of lapse wherein an opposing party has neglected to invoke its rights within a certain period of time
* (civil law) negligence
* laziness, idleness, carelessness

##### Usage notes

The Japanese Wikipedia article 懈怠 (法学) describing the legal laches and negligence senses uses the ketai reading. However, dictionaries tend to list kaitai as the primary reading for the legal senses.

##### Synonyms

* (negligence): 過失(かしつ) (kashitsu)
* (laziness): 怠慢(たいまん) (taiman)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 懈 | 怠 |
| け Hyōgai | たい Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||
From Middle Chinese compound 懈怠 (hɛ$^X$ doi$^X$, literally “idle + negligent”). A mixed reading, so likely a later development within Japanese. Uses the goon of ke for the first half, and the kan'on of tai for the second half.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) けたい [kètáí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ke̞ta̠i]

#### Noun

懈(け)怠(たい) • (ketai)
* laziness, idleness, carelessness
* (law) laches: a kind of lapse wherein an opposing party has neglected to invoke its rights within a certain period of time
* (civil law) negligence
* (Buddhism) spiritual slothfulness: kausidya

##### Usage notes

The kedai reading below is more common for the Buddhist spiritual slothfulness sense.

##### Synonyms

* (laziness): 怠慢(たいまん) (taiman)

#### Verb

懈(け)怠(たい)する • (ketai suru) suru (stem 懈(け)怠(たい)し (ketai shi), past 懈(け)怠(たい)した (ketai shita))
* to be lazy, to be careless

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 懈怠し | けたいし | ketai shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 懈怠し | けたいし | ketai shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 懈怠する | けたいする | ketai suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 懈怠する | けたいする | ketai suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 懈怠すれ | けたいすれ | ketai sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 懈怠せよ¹ 懈怠しろ² | けたいせよ¹ けたいしろ² | ketai seyo¹ ketai shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 懈怠される | けたいされる | ketai sareru |
| Causative | 懈怠させる 懈怠さす | けたいさせる けたいさす | ketai saseru ketai sasu |
| Potential | 懈怠できる | けたいできる | ketai dekiru |
| Volitional | 懈怠しよう | けたいしよう | ketai shiyō |
| Negative | 懈怠しない | けたいしない | ketai shinai |
| Negative continuative | 懈怠せず | けたいせず | ketai sezu |
| Formal | 懈怠します | けたいします | ketai shimasu |
| Perfective | 懈怠した | けたいした | ketai shita |
| Conjunctive | 懈怠して | けたいして | ketai shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 懈怠すれば | けたいすれば | ketai sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

##### Synonyms

* (laziness): 怠慢(たいまん) (taiman)

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 懈 | 怠 |
| け Hyōgai | だい Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||
From Middle Chinese compound 懈怠 (hɛ$^X$ doi$^X$, literally “idle + negligent”). The goon, so likely the original borrowing.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) けだい [kèdáí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ke̞da̠i]

#### Noun

懈(け)怠(だい) • (kedai)
* (Buddhism) spiritual slothfulness: kausidya
* laziness, idleness, carelessness

##### Usage notes

The ketai reading above is more common for the laziness sense.

### References

* 1 2 3 4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN