# 自省
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zìxǐng
    (Zhuyin): ㄗˋ ㄒㄧㄥˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zi$^6$ sing$^2$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chū-séng
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zìxǐng
*** Zhuyin: ㄗˋ ㄒㄧㄥˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zìhsǐng
*** Wade–Giles: tzŭ$^4$-hsing$^3$
*** Yale: dz̀-syǐng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzyhshiing
*** Palladius: цзысин (czysin)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sz̩⁵¹ ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zi$^6$ sing$^2$
*** Yale: jih síng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzi$^6$ sing$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ji$^6$ xing$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siː²² sɪŋ³⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chū-séng
*** Tâi-lô: tsū-síng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zuxseang
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡su²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡su⁴¹⁻²² siɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡su²²⁻²¹ siɪŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡su³³⁻¹¹ siɪŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡su³³⁻²¹ siɪŋ⁴¹/
* Middle Chinese: dzijH sjengX
Rime :
| Character | 自 | 省 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 從 (15) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 脂 (15) | 清 (121) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 疾二切 | 息井切 |
| Baxter | dzijH | sjengX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ziɪ$^H$/ | /siᴇŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡zi$^H$/ | /siɛŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡zjɪ$^H$/ | /siæŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡zi$^H$/ | /siajŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡zi$^H$/ | /siɛŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡zi$^H$/ | /sĭɛŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /d͡zʱi$^H$/ | /si̯ɛŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zì | xǐng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zi$^6$ | sing$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s.[b]i[t]-s [s]eŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɦljids sleŋʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 自 | 省 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zì | xǐng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzij$^H$ › | ‹ sjeng$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*s.[b]i[t]-s/ | /*[s]eŋʔ/ |
| English | self (adv.) | inspect |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 自 | 省 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| No. | 17879 | 11386 |
| Phonetic component | 自 | 省 |
| Rime group | 至 | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 自 | 省 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɦljids/ | /*sleŋʔ/ |

### Verb

自省
* (literary) to self-reflect
       Wǒmen yào bǎochí shēndù zìxǐng. [Pinyin]
       We should keep on examining ourselves critically.
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE
    Jiàn xián sī qí yān, jiàn bù xián ér nèi zìxǐng yě. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Synonyms

* 反思 (fǎnsī)
* 反省 (fǎnxǐng)
* 反躬 (fǎngōng) (literary)
* 問心／问心 (wènxīn) (literary)
* 檢查／检查 (jiǎnchá)
* 檢討／检讨 (jiǎntǎo)
* 省察 (xǐngchá)
* 自問／自问 (zìwèn) (literary)
* 自我反省 (zìwǒ fǎnxǐng)
* 自我批評／自我批评 (zìwǒ pīpíng)
* 警察 (jǐngchá) (literary)

#### Derived terms

* 反躬自省 (fǎngōngzìxǐng)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 自 | 省 |
| じ Grade: 2 | せい Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) じせー [jìséé] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [d͡ʑise̞ː]

### Noun

自(じ)省(せい) • (jisei)
* self-reflection
    Synonym: 反省 (hansei)

### Verb

自(じ)省(せい)する • (jisei suru) suru (stem 自(じ)省(せい)し (jisei shi), past 自(じ)省(せい)した (jisei shita))
* to self-reflect

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 自省し | じせいし | jisei shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 自省し | じせいし | jisei shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 自省する | じせいする | jisei suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 自省する | じせいする | jisei suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 自省すれ | じせいすれ | jisei sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 自省せよ¹ 自省しろ² | じせいせよ¹ じせいしろ² | jisei seyo¹ jisei shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 自省される | じせいされる | jisei sareru |
| Causative | 自省させる 自省さす | じせいさせる じせいさす | jisei saseru jisei sasu |
| Potential | 自省できる | じせいできる | jisei dekiru |
| Volitional | 自省しよう | じせいしよう | jisei shiyō |
| Negative | 自省しない | じせいしない | jisei shinai |
| Negative continuative | 自省せず | じせいせず | jisei sezu |
| Formal | 自省します | じせいします | jisei shimasu |
| Perfective | 自省した | じせいした | jisei shita |
| Conjunctive | 自省して | じせいして | jisei shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 自省すれば | じせいすれば | jisei sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN