# кулак
## Belarusian
### Alternative forms

* kułak — Łacinka (Belarusian Latin alphabet)

### Etymology

Probably from Turkic.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kuˈɫak]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -ak

### Noun

кула́к • (kulák) m inan (genitive кулака́, nominative plural кулакі́, genitive plural кулако́ў)
* fist (clenched hand)

#### Declension

$^1$Used with the numbers 2, 3, 4 and higher numbers after 20 ending in 2, 3, and 4.

### Noun

кула́к • (kulák) m pers (genitive кулака́, nominative plural кулакі́, genitive plural кулако́ў, feminine кула́чка)
* (historical, usually derogatory) kulak
    Synonym: курку́ль (kurkúlʹ)

#### Declension

$^1$Used with the numbers 2, 3, 4 and higher numbers after 20 ending in 2, 3, and 4.

### References

* “кулак” in Belarusian–Russian dictionaries and Belarusian dictionaries at slounik.org

## Bulgarian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Russian кула́к (kulák, “fist”), probably of Turkic origin.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [koˈɫak]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

кула́к • (kulák) m (feminine кула́чка)
* (historical, Soviet society) kulak (free farmer within the Communist bloc who opposed collectivization)

#### Declension
### References

* “кулак”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
* “кулак”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010

## Kildin Sami
### Alternative forms

* кулах (kulax)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkulak/

### Verb

кулак (kulak)
* second-person singular indicative present of куллэ (kulle)

## Kyrgyz
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *kulkak (“ear”). Cognate with Kazakh құлақ (qūlaq), Southern Altai кулак (kulak), Crimean Tatar qulaq, Karachay-Balkar къулакъ (qulaq), Kumyk къулакъ (qulaq), Bashkir ҡолаҡ (qolaq), Tatar колак (qolaq), Azerbaijani qulaq, Gagauz kulak, Turkish kulak, Turkmen gulak, Uzbek quloq, Uyghur قۇلاق (qulaq), Khakas хулах (xulax), Shor қулақ, Tofa ӄулаӄ, Tuvan кулак (kulak), Western Yugur qulaq, etc.

### Noun

кулак • (kulak) (Arabic spelling قۇلاق)
* ear

## Nogai
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *kulkak.

### Noun

кулак • (kulak)
* ear

### References

* N. A. Baskakov, S.A Kalmykov, editor (1963), “кулак”, in Nogajsko-Russkij Slovarʹ [Nogai-Russian Dictionary], Moscow: karačajevo-čerkesskij naučno- issledovatelʹskij institut jazyka, literatury i istorii, →ISBN

## Russian
### Alternative forms

* кула́къ (kulák) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

### Etymology

Probably from Turkic, with the same meaning, from *kul (“hand”). Compare Bashkir ҡул (qul, “arm, hand”), Tatar кул (qul, “arm, hand”) and Turkish kol (“arm”). The sense of “wealthy farmer” is from the expression держа́ть в кулаке́ (deržátʹ v kulaké, “to keep in dependence”) or developed figuratively as “fist” → “tightfisted person”.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kʊˈɫak]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

кула́к • (kulák) m inan (genitive кулака́, nominative plural кулаки́, genitive plural кулако́в, relational adjective кула́чный, diminutive кулачо́к)
* fist
* (military) concentrated force
* (mechanical) cam

#### Declension
### Noun

кула́к • (kulák) m anim (genitive кулака́, nominative plural кулаки́, genitive plural кулако́в, feminine кула́чка, relational adjective кула́цкий, diminutive кулачо́к)
* (historical, usually derogatory) kulak (a prosperous peasant in the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union, who owned land and could hire workers)
    Synonym: курку́ль (kurkúlʹ)

#### Derived terms

* кула́чный (kuláčnyj)
* кула́чество (kuláčestvo)
* кулачо́к (kulačók)
* раскула́чивать (raskuláčivatʹ)
* подкула́чник (podkuláčnik, “subkulak”)
* раскула́чивание (raskuláčivanije, “repression against kulaks”)

#### Descendants

* → English: kulak
* → Ingrian: kulakka
* → Turkish: kulak
* → Uzbek: quloq

## Southern Altai
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *kulkak (“ear”). Cognate with Kazakh құлақ (qūlaq), Kyrgyz кулак (kulak), Crimean Tatar qulaq, Karachay-Balkar къулакъ (qulaq), Kumyk къулакъ (qulaq), Bashkir ҡолаҡ (qolaq), Tatar колак (qolaq), Azerbaijani qulaq, Gagauz kulak, Turkish kulak, Turkmen gulak, Uzbek quloq, Uyghur قۇلاق (qulaq), Khakas хулах (xulax), Shor қулақ, Tofa ӄулаӄ, Tuvan кулак (kulak), Western Yugur qulaq, etc.

### Noun

кулак • (kulak)
* ear

## Tuvan
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *kulkak (“ear”). Cognate with Turkish kulak.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /qʊˈɫaq/

### Noun

кулак • (kulak) (definite accusative кулакты, plural кулактар)
* ear

#### Declension
## Ukrainian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kʊˈɫak]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

кула́к • (kulák) m inan (genitive кулака́, nominative plural кулаки́, genitive plural кулакі́в, relational adjective кула́чний, diminutive кулачо́к)
* fist
* cog

#### Declension
### Noun

кула́к • (kulák) m pers (genitive кулака́, nominative plural кулаки́, genitive plural кулакі́в, feminine кула́чка, relational adjective кула́цький, diminutive кулачо́к)
* (historical, usually derogatory) kulak (a prosperous peasant in the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union, who owned land and could hire workers)
    Synonym: курку́ль (kurkúlʹ)

#### Declension
### References

* Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “кулак”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
* “кулак”, in Горох – Словозміна [Horokh – Inflection] (in Ukrainian)
* “кулак”, in Словник.ua [Slovnyk.ua] (in Ukrainian)