# مصطار
## Arabic
### Alternative forms

* مُصْطَارَة (muṣṭāra), مُسْطَار (musṭār)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Byzantine Greek μουστάριον (moustárion, “a measure of must”), from Latin mustārium (“a measure of must”), from Latin mustum (“must”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /musˤ.tˤaːr/

### Noun

مُصْطَار • (muṣṭār) m
* must, fermentation grapes, or recently-made wine
** a. 710, الأخطل al-ʾaḵṭal, edited by Theodor Nöldeke and August Müller, Delectus veterum carminum arabicorum, Berlin: H. Reuther’s Verlagsbuchhandlung, published 1890, page 54:إِذَا هَدَرَ الْعَصِيرَ رَأَيْتَهُمْ حُمْرًا عُيُونُهُمُ مِنَ الْمُسْطَارِʔiḏā hadara l-ʕaṣīra raʔayta-hum ḥumran ʕuyūnu-humu mina al-musṭāriWhen they seethe the juice you see them red in the eyes from the defrutum.
** c. 1200, يحيى بن محمد بن أحمد بن العوام [yaḥyā ibn muḥammad ibn ʔaḥmad ibn al-ʕawwām], edited by José Antonio Banqueri, كتاب الفلاحة [Book on Agriculture], volume 2, Madrid: Imprenta Real, published 1802$^{IA}$, Cap. 30, Art. 7, page 416:وَأَمَّا المُصَنَّبُ فَيُؤْخَذُ الصِنَابُ الْحَدِيثُ وَيُجْتَنَبُ الْقَدِيمُ وَيُغْسَلُ حَبُّهُ بِالْمَاءِ الْعَذْبِ وَيُجَفَّفُ ثُمَّ يُدْرَسُ وَيُغَرْبَلُ ثُمَّ يُعْمَدُ إِلَى الْمُصْطَارِ الْحُلْوِ الْغَايَةِ فِي الْحَلَاوَةِ فَيُمْلِئُ مِنْهُ خَابِيَةً وَيُقَسَّمُ ذٰلِكَ الصِنَابُ أَقْسَامًا ثَلَاثَةً وَيُجْعَلُ كُلُّ ثُلْثٍ فِي خَرِيطَةٍ وَيُرْبَطُ فِي قَصَبَةٍ مِثْلَ مَا تَقَدَّمَ وَيُذْرَى مِن ذٰلِكَ الصِنَابِ عَلَى وَجْهِ الْمُصْطَارِ فِي أَعْلَا الْخَابِيَةِ حَتَّى يُسْتَرَ وَيَنْعَقِدَ.wa-ʔammā l-muṣannabu fayuʔḵaḏu ṣ-ṣinābu l-ḥadīṯu wa-yujtanabu l-qadīmu wa-yuḡsalu ḥabbu-hū bi-l-māʔi l-ʕaḏbi wa-yujaffafu ṯumma yudrasu wa-yuḡarbalu ṯumma yuʕmadu ʔilā al-muṣṭāri al-ḥulwi l-ḡāyati fī l-ḥalāwati fa-yumliʔu min-hu ḵābiyatan wa-yuqassamu ḏālika ṣ-ṣinābu ʔaqsāman ṯalāṯatan wa-yujʕalu kullu ṯulṯin fī ḵarīṭatin wa-yurbaṭu fī qaṣabatin miṯla mā taqaddama wa-yuḏrā min ḏālika ṣ-ṣinābi ʕalā wajhi al-muṣṭāri fī ʔaʕlā l-ḵābiyati ḥattā yustara wa-yanʕaqida.In what concerns the mustard preparation, one takes new mustard, avoiding the old, and cleans its grains with sweet water and dries them, then one threshes and sieves it, thereafter puts it to must of utmost sweetness, and it fills from it a vessel, and this mustard is dealt into three portions, of which all thirds are transferred into a pouch tied up with a cane in the way said earlier, and from this mustard one sews onto the must’s surface in the upper part of the vessel until it is covered and thickens.
** 1865, Van Dyck Bible, Ḥaggai 1:11
    وَدَعَوْتُ بِالْحَرِّ عَلَى الأَرْضِ وَعَلَى الْجِبَالِ وَعَلَى الْحِنْطَةِ وَعَلَى الْمِسْطَارِ وَعَلَى الزَّيْتِ وَعَلَى مَا تُنْبِتُهُ الأَرْضُ وَعَلَى النَّاسِ وَعَلَى الْبَهَائِمِ وَعَلَى كُلِّ أَتْعَابِ الْيَدَيْنِ.wadaʕawtu bi-l-ḥarri ʕalā l-ʔarḍi waʕalā l-jibāli waʕalā l-ḥinṭati waʕalā al-misṭāri waʕalā z-zayti waʕalā mā tunbituhū l-ʔarḍu waʕalā n-nāsi waʕalā l-bahāʔimi waʕalā kulli ʔatʕābi l-yadayni.And I called for a drought upon the land, and upon the mountains, and upon the corn, and upon the new wine, and upon the oil, and upon that which the ground bringeth forth, and upon men, and upon cattle, and upon all the labour of the hands.

#### Descendants

* → Middle Armenian: մուստառ (mustaṙ)
* → Ottoman Turkish: مسطار (müstar, mistar)

### References

* Dozy, Reinhart Pieter Anne (1881) “مصطار”, in Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes‎ (in French), volume 1, Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 652
* Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 163
* Freytag, Georg (1833) “مصطار”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 2, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 314
* Guidi, Ignazio (1879) Della sede primitiva dei popoli semitici (in Italian), Rome: Tipi del Salviucci, page 44
* Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “مصطار”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc‎ (in French), volume 1, Paris: Maisonneuve et C$^{ie}$, page 1088
* Lane, Edward William (1863) “مصطار”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate, page 1358
* Shahîd, Irfan (2010) Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century. Volume II: Part 2: Economic, Social, and Cultural History, Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, page 149
* Vollers, Karl (1897) “Beiträge zur Kenntniss der lebenden arabischen Sprache in Aegypten”, in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft‎ (in German), volume 51, page 317
* Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “مصطار”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎ (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 570