# 塗炭
## Chinese
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tútàn
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨˊ ㄊㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tou$^4$ taan$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tútàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨˊ ㄊㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tútàn
*** Wade–Giles: tʻu$^2$-tʻan$^4$
*** Yale: tú-tàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: twutann
*** Palladius: тутань (tutanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰu³⁵ tʰän⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tou$^4$ taan$^3$
*** Yale: tòuh taan
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tou$^4$ taan$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tou$^4$ tan$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰou̯²¹ tʰaːn³³/

#### Noun

塗炭
* (literary) mire and charcoal ashes; (figurative) filthy place
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Lì yú èrén zhī cháo, yǔ èrén yán, rú yǐ cháoyī cháo guān zuò yú tútàn. [Pinyin]
    To stand in a bad prince's court, or to speak with a bad man, would have been to him the same as to sit with his court robes and court cap amid mire and ashes.
* (literary, figurative) harrowing situation; extreme distress; great affliction
    From: Forged Old Text of the Book of Documents, circa 3rd – 4th century CE
    Yǒuxià hūndé, mín zhuì tútàn. [Pinyin]
    The sovereign of Xia had his virtue all-obscured, and the people were (as if they had fallen) amid mire and (burning) charcoal.

#### Verb

塗炭
* (literary) to be in a harrowing situation; to be in great distress
* (literary) to ravage or devastate such that one is in great distress

#### Derived terms

* 塗炭生民／涂炭生民
* 塗炭生靈／涂炭生灵 (tútànshēnglíng)
* 民墜塗炭／民坠涂炭
* 民生塗炭／民生涂炭
* 生民塗炭／生民涂炭
* 生靈塗炭／生灵涂炭 (shēnglíngtútàn)

#### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: lầm than (calque)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): thô͘-thòaⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tou$^5$ tuan$^3$
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Jinjiang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thô͘-thòaⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: thôo-thuànn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: to'tvoax
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /tʰɔ²⁴⁻²² tʰuã⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰɔ²⁴⁻²² tʰuã²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuã¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɔ²³⁻³³ tʰuã²¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰɔ¹³⁻²² tʰuã²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: tou$^5$ tuan$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thôu thuàⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰũã²¹³/

#### Noun

塗炭
* (Southern Min) coal
* (Teochew) coal briquette

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 煤, 烏金 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 煤, 煤炭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 煤 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 煤 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 煤 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 煤 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 煤 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 煤 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 煤, 炭 mined |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 煤 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Wuchang (Yingchengzi) | 煤 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 煤 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 煤 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 煤 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 煤, 炭 mined |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 煤, 煤炭 mined, 炭 mined |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 煤, 煤炭 mined, 砟子 mined |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 煤 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 煤 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 煤 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Xianxian (Xiaoying) | 煤 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 煤 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 煤, 炭 fuel |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 煤 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 煤, 炭 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 煤 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 煤 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 煤 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 煤 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 煤, 炭 mined |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 煤 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 煤, 煤炭, 炭 fuel |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 炭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 煤, 炭 mined |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 煤, 煤炭 mined |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 煤, 炭 mined |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 煤, 炭 mined |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 煤, 炭 mined |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Ankang | 煤, 煤炭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Ankang (Xianhe, Hanbin) | 煤, 煤炭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 煤, 炭 mined |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe (Maoping) | 煤炭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 煤, 炭 mined, 煤炭 mined |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Dingbian | 炭 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 煤, 煤炭 mined |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 煤, 石炭 mined |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 煤, 石煤 mined |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 煤, 炭 mined |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 煤 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 煤, 煤炭 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 煤, 炭 mined |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 煤, 炭 mined |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 煤, 砟子 fuel |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 煤 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 煤 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 煤, 煤炭 mined |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 煤, 煤炭 mined, 炭 mined |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 煤炭 mined, 薪炭 mined, 煤 fuel, 炭 fuel |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 炭, 煤 fuel |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 煤, 炭 mined |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 煤, 煤炭 mined |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 煤炭 mined, 煤 fuel, 炭 fuel |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 煤, 炭 mined |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 煤 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 煤, 煤炭 mined |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 煤, 煤炭 mined, 炭 mined |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 煤, 烏金 mined, 鋼炭 mined, 炭 mined |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 煤炭, 煤 fuel |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 煤 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 炭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 煤炭 mined, 煤 fuel |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 煤, 煤炭 mined |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 煤 mined, 炭 fuel |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 煤, 煤炭 mined |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Pingle | 煤 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 煤 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Luzhai | 煤 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanning (Xiakuojie) | 煤 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanning (Fujian) | 煤 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanning (Wuming) | 煤 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Binyang (Nanjie) | 煤 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hechi (Yizhou) | 煤 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Luocheng (Dongmen) | 煤, 煤炭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianlin (Langping) | 煤 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 煤 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 煤, 炭 mined |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yongzhou | 煤炭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangtan (Jiangnan Industries Group koine) | 煤 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Shiquan | 煤炭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Ziyang | 煤炭 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 煤, 煤炭 mined |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dagudi (Maliba) | 煤 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Reshuitang (Longling) | 煤 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Salong (Lancang) | 煤 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Sai (Tengchong) | 煤 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 煤 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 煤, 煤炭 mined, 炭 mined |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 煤, 炭 mined |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 煤 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 煤, 炭 mined |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 煤 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 煤, 煤炭 mined |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 煤, 煤炭 mined |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 煤, 煤炭, 炭 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 煤 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 煤 |
| Cantonese | Taishan (Guanghai) | 煤 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 煤 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 煤 |
| Cantonese | Baise | 煤 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou | 煤 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou (Xiniujiao) | 煤 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 煤 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 煤炭 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 煤 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 煤炭 |
| Cantonese | Lingchuan (Yangjia) | 煤 |
| Cantonese | Pingle (Majia) | 煤 |
| Cantonese | Pingle (Shuishan) | 煤 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 煤 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 煤炭 |
| Cantonese | Mandalay (Taishan) | 煤 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 煤炭 |
| Gan | Pengze | 煤 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 煤, 石炭 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Lingping) | 煤 |
| Hakka | Guilin (Xiaojiang, Lingui) | 煤 |
| Hakka | Lipu (Shuangduitun) | 煤 |
| Hakka | Pingle (Tong'an) | 煤 |
| Hakka | Yangshuo (Jinbao) | 煤 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 煤 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 煤 soot, 炭 piece |
| Jin | Pingyao | 炭 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 煤, 炭 mined |
| Jin | Datong | 炭 |
| Jin | Datong (Xicetian, Yunzhou) | 炭 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 炭 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 煤, 炭 mined |
| Jin | Changzhi | 煤, 炭 mined, 炭圪拉得 mined |
| Jin | Linhe | 炭 |
| Jin | Jining | 炭 |
| Jin | Liangcheng | 煤 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 煤, 炭 mined |
| Jin | Erenhot | 煤 mined, 炭 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 煤, 炭 mined |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 煤, 煤炭 mined |
| Jin | Handan | 煤, 炭 mined |
| Jin | Linzhou | 煤, 炭 mined |
| Jin | Suide | 炭, 石炭 mined |
| Jiuxing Yumin | Jiande | 煤 |
| Jiuxing Yumin | Jinhua | 煤 |
| Jiuxing Yumin | Lanxi | 煤 |
| Jiuxing Yumin | Tunxi | 煤 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 煤, 煤炭 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 煤 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 煤 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 煤 |
| Eastern Min | Pingnan | 煤 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 煤 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 煤 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 塗炭, 煤 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 塗炭 |
| Southern Min | Guilin (Biyange) | 煤 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 塗炭, 煤 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 煤 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 塗炭, 煤 |
| Southern Min | Pontianak (Teochew) | 煤 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 煤 |
| Central Min | Nanping (Wangtai, Yanping) | 煤 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 煤 |
| Southern Pinghua | Binyang | 煤 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dongbianzhou) | 煤 |
| Northern Pinghua | Lingchuan (Sanjie) | 煤 |
| Waxiang | Guzhang (Gaofeng) | 煤 |
| Waxiang | Yuanling (Shaojiwan) | 煤 |
| Waxiang | Luxi (Liangjiatan) | 煤 |
| Waxiang | Chengbu (Xuntou) | 煤 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Songjiang) | 煤 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 煤 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 煤 |
| Wu | Yiwu | 煤 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 煤炭, 煤 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 煤炭 |
| Xiang | Hengshan | 煤炭 |
| Xiang | Hengshan (Baiguo) | 煤炭 |

##### Derived terms

* 塗炭屎／涂炭屎