# 山河
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shānhé
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄢ ㄏㄜˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): saan$^1$ ho$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): san-hô / soaⁿ-hô
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$se-wu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shānhé
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄢ ㄏㄜˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shanhé
*** Wade–Giles: shan$^1$-ho$^2$
*** Yale: shān-hé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shanher
*** Palladius: шаньхэ (šanʹxɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂän⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: saan$^1$ ho$^4$
*** Yale: sāan hòh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: saan$^1$ ho$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: san$^1$ ho$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /saːn⁵⁵ hɔː²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: san-hô
*** Tâi-lô: san-hô
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sanhooi
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /san⁴⁴⁻²² ho¹³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /san³³ ho²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /san⁴⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soaⁿ-hô
*** Tâi-lô: suann-hô
*** Phofsit Daibuun: svoa'hooi
*** IPA (Taipei): /suã⁴⁴⁻³³ ho²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /suã⁴⁴⁻³³ hɤ²³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /suã³³ ho²⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$se-wu
*** MiniDict: se$^平$ wu
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$se-hhu
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /se⁵⁵ ɦu²¹/
* Middle Chinese: srean ha
Rime :
| Character | 山 | 河 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 生 (21) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 山 (73) | 歌 (94) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | I |
| Fanqie | 所閒切 | 胡歌切 |
| Baxter | srean | ha |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʃˠɛn/ | /ɦɑ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʃᵚæn/ | /ɦɑ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʃæn/ | /ɣɑ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʂəɨn/ | /ɦa/ |
| Li Rong | /ʃɛn/ | /ɣɑ/ |
| Wang Li | /ʃæn/ | /ɣɑ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ʂăn/ | /ɣɑ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shān | hé |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | saan$^1$ | ho$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-ŋrar [C.ɡ]ˤaj/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sreːn ɡaːl/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 山 | 河 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shān | hé |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ srɛn › | ‹ ha › |
| Old Chinese | /*s-ŋrar/ | /*[C.ɡ]ˁaj/ |
| English | mountain, hill | river |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 山 | 河 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 11052 | 7459 |
| Phonetic component | 山 | 可 |
| Rime group | 元 | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 山 | 何 |
| Old Chinese | /*sreːn/ | /*ɡaːl/ |

### Noun

山河
* (literally) mountains and rivers
* (figuratively) land of a country; territory

#### Derived terms

* 咫尺山河
* 山河易改，本性難移／山河易改，本性难移
* 山河襟帶／山河襟带
* 帶厲山河／带厉山河
* 帶礪山河／带砺山河
* 氣吞山河／气吞山河
* 氣壓山河／气压山河
* 氣壯山河／气壮山河
* 氣蓋山河／气盖山河
* 百二山河
* 礪帶山河／砺带山河
* 表裡山河／表里山河
* 邈若山河
* 錦繡山河／锦绣山河 (jǐnxiùshānhé)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 山(さん)河(が) (sanga)
* → Korean: 산하(山河) (sanha)
* → Vietnamese: sơn hà (山河)

#### See also

* 江山 (jiāngshān)
* 山水 (shānshuǐ)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 山 | 河 |
| さん Grade: 1 | が Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||
Borrowed from Literary Chinese 山河 (shānhé).

#### Alternative forms

* (less common) 山河(さんか) (sanka)

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) さんが [sáꜜǹgà] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [sã̠ŋɡa̠]

#### Noun

山(さん)河(が) • (sanga)
* (literary) mountains and rivers

##### Synonyms

* 山河(やまかわ) (yamakawa)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 山 | 河 |
| さん Grade: 1 | か Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sã̠ŋka̠]

#### Noun

山(さん)河(か) • (sanka)
* Alternative form of 山河 (sanga)

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 山 | 河 |
| やま Grade: 1 | かわ Grade: 5 |
| kun'yomi ||
* For pronunciation and definitions of 山河 – see the following entry: やまかわ
(The following entry is uncreated: やまかわ.)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 山 | 河 |

### Noun

山河
* chữ Hán form of sơn hà (“country”).