# 剛強
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gāngqiáng
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄤ ㄑㄧㄤˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gong$^1$ koeng$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kông-khiòng
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kong-kiông / kong-kiâng / kang-kiông
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gāngqiáng
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄤ ㄑㄧㄤˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gangciáng
*** Wade–Giles: kang$^1$-chʻiang$^2$
*** Yale: gāng-chyáng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gangchyang
*** Palladius: ганцян (gancjan)
*** Sinological IPA : /kɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gong$^1$ koeng$^4$
*** Yale: gōng kèuhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gong$^1$ koeng$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gong$^1$ kêng$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔːŋ⁵⁵ kʰœːŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kông-khiòng
*** Hakka Romanization System: gong$^ˊ$ kiong$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gong$^1$ kiong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /koŋ²⁴ kʰi̯oŋ¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong-kiông
*** Tâi-lô: kong-kiông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kongkioong
*** IPA (Taipei): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔŋ³³ kiɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔŋ²³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong-kiâng
*** Tâi-lô: kong-kiâng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kongkiaang
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiaŋ¹³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kang-kiông
*** Tâi-lô: kang-kiông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kangkioong
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kaŋ³³ kiɔŋ²⁴/
* Middle Chinese: kang gjang
Rime :
| Character | 剛 | 強 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 群 (30) |
| Final (韻) | 唐 (101) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 古郎切 | 巨良切 |
| Baxter | kang | gjang |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɑŋ/ | /ɡɨɐŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɑŋ/ | /ɡiɐŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɑŋ/ | /ɡiɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kaŋ/ | /gɨaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /kɑŋ/ | /ɡiaŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /kɑŋ/ | /ɡĭaŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kɑŋ/ | /gi̯aŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gāng | qiáng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gong$^1$ | koeng$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤaŋ N-kaŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*klaːŋ ɡaŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 剛 | 強 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gāng | qiáng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kang › | ‹ gjang › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁaŋ/ | /*N-kaŋ/ |
| English | strong; hard | strong |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 剛 | 強 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| No. | 3713 | 10318 |
| Phonetic component | 岡 | 强 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 岡 | 強 |
| Old Chinese | /*klaːŋ/ | /*ɡaŋ/ |
| Notes | | 彊省聲而非弘聲， 通借爲彊 |

### Adjective

剛強
* firm; staunch; unyielding

#### Synonyms

* 倔強／倔强
* 儼硬／俨硬 (Hokkien)
* 剛愎／刚愎 (gāngbì) (literary)
* 剛毅／刚毅 (gāngyì)
* 剛烈／刚烈 (gāngliè)
* 堅強／坚强 (jiānqiáng)
* 堅毅／坚毅 (jiānyì)
* 婞直 (xìngzhí)
* 悻直 (xìngzhí) (literary)
* 擰／拧 (nìng)
* 頑強／顽强 (wánqiáng)