# 訓練
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xùnliàn
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄩㄣˋ ㄌㄧㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fan$^3$ lin$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hiun-lien
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hùn-liān
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hung$^3$ liêng$^7$ / hung$^3$ liang$^7$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xùnliàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄣˋ ㄌㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: syùnliàn
*** Wade–Giles: hsün$^4$-lien$^4$
*** Yale: syùn-lyàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiunnliann
*** Palladius: сюньлянь (sjunʹljanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕyn⁵¹⁻⁵³ li̯ɛn⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fan$^3$ lin$^6$
*** Yale: fan lihn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fan$^3$ lin$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fen$^3$ lin$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɐn³³ liːn²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hiun-lien
*** Hakka Romanization System: hiun lien
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hiun$^4$ lian$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /hi̯un⁵⁵ li̯en⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hùn-liān
*** Tâi-lô: hùn-liān
*** Phofsit Daibuun: huonlien
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hun²¹⁻⁵³ liɛn²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hun⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɛn⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hun²¹⁻⁵³ liɛn²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hun¹¹⁻⁵³ liɛn³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hun²¹⁻⁴¹ liɛn³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hung$^3$ liêng$^7$ / hung$^3$ liang$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hùng liēng / hùng liāng
*** Sinological IPA : /huŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ lieŋ¹¹/, /huŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ liaŋ¹¹/

### Verb

訓練
* to train; to drill
    在職訓練／在职训练 ― zàizhí xùnliàn ― on-the-job training
    訓練方法／训练方法 ― xùnliàn fāngfǎ ― training method

#### Synonyms

* 培訓／培训 (péixùn)
* (literary, or in compounds) 訓／训 (xùn)

#### Derived terms

* 訓練場／训练场 (xùnliànchǎng)
* 訓練有素／训练有素 (xùnliànyǒusù)
* 訓練營／训练营 (xùnliànyíng)
* 訓練痕跡／训练痕迹 (xùnliàn hénjì)
* 訓練者／训练者 (xùnliànzhě)
* 高強度間歇訓練／高强度间歇训练 (gāoqiángdù jiànxiē xùnliàn)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 訓練(くんれん) (kunren)
* → Korean: 훈련(訓練) (hullyeon)
* → Vietnamese: huấn luyện (訓練)

### References

* “Entry #50091”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 訓 | 練 |
| くん Grade: 4 | れん Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 訓練 (kyūjitai)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) くんれん [kúꜜǹrèǹ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [kɯ̟̃n̺ɾẽ̞ɴ]

### Noun

訓(くん)練(れん) • (kunren)
* training; practice

### Verb

訓(くん)練(れん)する • (kunren suru) suru (stem 訓(くん)練(れん)し (kunren shi), past 訓(くん)練(れん)した (kunren shita))
* to practice; to drill

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 訓練し | くんれんし | kunren shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 訓練し | くんれんし | kunren shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 訓練する | くんれんする | kunren suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 訓練する | くんれんする | kunren suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 訓練すれ | くんれんすれ | kunren sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 訓練せよ¹ 訓練しろ² | くんれんせよ¹ くんれんしろ² | kunren seyo¹ kunren shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 訓練される | くんれんされる | kunren sareru |
| Causative | 訓練させる 訓練さす | くんれんさせる くんれんさす | kunren saseru kunren sasu |
| Potential | 訓練できる | くんれんできる | kunren dekiru |
| Volitional | 訓練しよう | くんれんしよう | kunren shiyō |
| Negative | 訓練しない | くんれんしない | kunren shinai |
| Negative continuative | 訓練せず | くんれんせず | kunren sezu |
| Formal | 訓練します | くんれんします | kunren shimasu |
| Perfective | 訓練した | くんれんした | kunren shita |
| Conjunctive | 訓練して | くんれんして | kunren shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 訓練すれば | くんれんすれば | kunren sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 訓 | 練 |

### Noun

訓練 • (hullyeon) (hangeul 훈련)
* hanja form of 훈련 (“training, drill, discipline”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 訓 | 練 |

### Verb

訓練
* chữ Hán form of huấn luyện (“to train; to coach; to drill”).