# 謙讓
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qiānràng
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢ ㄖㄤˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): him$^1$ joeng$^6$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khiam-niū / khiam-niō͘ / khiam-jiōng
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiānràng
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢ ㄖㄤˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cianràng
*** Wade–Giles: chʻien$^1$-jang$^4$
*** Yale: chyān-ràng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chianranq
*** Palladius: цяньжан (cjanʹžan)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʐɑŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: him$^1$ joeng$^6$
*** Yale: hīm yeuhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: him$^1$ joeng$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: him$^1$ yêng$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /hiːm⁵⁵ jœːŋ²²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiam-niū
*** Tâi-lô: khiam-niū
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qiamniu
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰiam⁴⁴⁻²² niũ²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiam³³ niũ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiam-niō͘
*** Tâi-lô: khiam-niōo
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiam⁴⁴⁻²² niɔ̃²²/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiam-jiōng
*** Tâi-lô: khiam-jiōng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qiamjiong
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiam⁴⁴⁻³³ ziɔŋ³³/
* Middle Chinese: khem nyangH
Rime :
| Character | 謙 | 讓 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 添 (157) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | IV | III |
| Fanqie | 苦兼切 | 人樣切 |
| Baxter | khem | nyangH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰem/ | /ȵɨɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰem/ | /ȵiɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰɛm/ | /ȵʑiɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰɛm/ | /ȵɨaŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰem/ | /ȵiaŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰiem/ | /ȵʑĭaŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kʰiem/ | /ȵʑi̯aŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qiān | ràng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | him$^1$ | joeng$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*k-r̥ˤem naŋ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰeːm njaŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 謙 | 讓 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qiān | ràng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khem › | ‹ nyang$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*k-r̥ˁem/ | /*naŋ-s/ |
| English | modest | yield |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 謙 | 讓 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 6070 | 13649 |
| Phonetic component | 兼 | 襄 |
| Rime group | 談 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 謙 | 讓 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰeːm/ | /*njaŋs/ |

### Verb

謙讓
* to modestly decline

#### Synonyms

* 婉拒 (wǎnjù)
* 婉辭／婉辞 (wǎncí)
* 客氣／客气
* 推免 (tuīmiǎn) (literary)
* 推卻／推却 (tuīquè)
* 推絕／推绝 (tuījué)
* 推謝／推谢 (tuīxiè)
* 推辭／推辞 (tuīcí)
* 禮讓／礼让 (lǐràng)
* 謝絕／谢绝 (xièjué)
* 辭讓／辞让 (círàng)
* 退讓／退让 (tuìràng)

### Adjective

謙讓
* humble; modest; unassuming

#### Synonyms

* 徛裡／徛里 (kiê-*diē) (Eastern Min)
* 自謙／自谦 (zìqiān)
* 虛心／虚心 (xūxīn)
* 課謙／课谦 (Hokkien)
* 謙卑／谦卑 (qiānbēi)
* 謙抑／谦抑 (qiānyì) (literary)
* 謙沖／谦冲 (qiānchōng) (literary)
* 謙虛／谦虚 (qiānxū)
* 謙遜／谦逊 (qiānxùn)
* 顧謙／顾谦 (Hokkien)

#### Antonyms

* 驕傲／骄傲 (jiāo'ào)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 謙(けん)譲(じょう) (kenjō)
* → Korean: 겸양(謙讓) (gyeomyang)
* → Vietnamese: khiêm nhường (謙讓)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 謙 | 讓 |
| けん Grade: S | じょう Jinmeiyō |
| on'yomi | kan'on |
For pronunciation and definitions of 謙讓 – see the following entry. :
| 【謙譲けんじょう】 | [adjective] modest, humble [noun] modesty, humility [verb] to humble |
(This term, 謙讓, is the kyūjitai of the above term.) :

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 謙 | 讓 |

### Noun

謙讓 • (gyeomyang) (hangeul 겸양)
* hanja form of 겸양