# 落葉
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): luòyè
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄛˋ ㄧㄝˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lok$^6$ jip$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): lo̍k-ya̍p
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lo̍h-hio̍h / lak-hio̍h / làu-hio̍h
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: luòyè
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄛˋ ㄧㄝˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: luòyè
*** Wade–Giles: lo$^4$-yeh$^4$
*** Yale: lwò-yè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: luohyeh
*** Palladius: лое (loje)
*** Sinological IPA : /lu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɛ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lok$^6$ jip$^6$
*** Yale: lohk yihp
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lok$^9$ jip$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: log$^6$ yib$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɔːk̚² jiːp̚²/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lo̍k-ya̍p
*** Hakka Romanization System: log iab
*** Hagfa Pinyim: log$^6$ yab$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /lok̚⁵ i̯ap̚⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lo̍k-ya̍p
*** Hakka Romanization System: log (r)iab
*** Hagfa Pinyim: log$^6$ yab$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /lok̚⁵ (j)i̯ap̚⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lo̍h-hio̍h / lak-hio̍h / làu-hio̍h
*** Tâi-lô: lo̍h-hio̍h / lak-hio̍h / làu-hio̍h
*** Phofsit Daibuun: loiqhioih, lakhioih, lao'hioih
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lo(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ hioʔ⁴/, /lak̚³²⁻⁴ hioʔ⁴/, /lau²¹⁻⁵³ hioʔ⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lo(ʔ)²⁴⁻² hioʔ²⁴/, /lak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hioʔ²⁴/, /lau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hioʔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /lo(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ hioʔ¹²¹/, /lak̚³²⁻⁵ hioʔ¹²¹/, /lau²¹⁻⁵³ hioʔ¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /lo(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ hioʔ⁴/, /lak̚³²⁻⁴ hioʔ⁴/, /lau¹¹⁻⁵³ hioʔ⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ hiɤʔ⁴/, /lak̚³²⁻⁴ hiɤʔ⁴/, /lau²¹⁻⁴¹ hiɤʔ⁴/
* Middle Chinese: lak yep
Rime :
| Character | 落 | 葉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 鐸 (103) | 葉 (155) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 盧各切 | 與涉切 |
| Baxter | lak | yep |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɑk̚/ | /jiᴇp̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lɑk̚/ | /jiɛp̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /lɑk̚/ | /jæp̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lak̚/ | /jiap̚/ |
| Li Rong | /lɑk̚/ | /iɛp̚/ |
| Wang Li | /lɑk̚/ | /jĭɛp̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /lɑk̚/ | /i̯ɛp̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | luò | yè |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lok$^6$ | jip$^6$ |

### Noun

落葉
* fallen leaves

#### Derived terms

* 樹高千丈，落葉歸根／树高千丈，落叶归根
* 秋風掃落葉／秋风扫落叶 (qiūfēng sǎo luòyè)
* 秋風落葉／秋风落叶
* 落葉歸根／落叶归根 (luòyèguīgēn)
* 落葉知秋／落叶知秋

### Verb

落葉
* to lose leaves

#### Derived terms

* 落葉松／落叶松 (luòyèsōng)
* 落葉林／落叶林
* 落葉果樹／落叶果树
* 落葉樹／落叶树 (luòyèshù)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 落葉(らくよう) (rakuyō)
* → Korean: 낙엽(落葉) (nagyeop)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 落 | 葉 |
| らく Grade: 3 | よう Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) らくよー [ràkúyóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɾa̠kɯ̟jo̞ː]

#### Noun

落(らく)葉(よう) • (rakuyō)
* defoliation, the shedding of leaves
* scattered leaves, leaves that have fallen from a tree

#### Verb

落(らく)葉(よう)する • (rakuyō suru) suru (stem 落(らく)葉(よう)し (rakuyō shi), past 落(らく)葉(よう)した (rakuyō shita))
* to shed leaves
    落葉(らくよう)する木(き) ― rakuyō suru ki ― deciduous tree, a tree that sheds leaves

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 落葉し | らくようし | rakuyō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 落葉し | らくようし | rakuyō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 落葉する | らくようする | rakuyō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 落葉する | らくようする | rakuyō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 落葉すれ | らくようすれ | rakuyō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 落葉せよ¹ 落葉しろ² | らくようせよ¹ らくようしろ² | rakuyō seyo¹ rakuyō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 落葉される | らくようされる | rakuyō sareru |
| Causative | 落葉させる 落葉さす | らくようさせる らくようさす | rakuyō saseru rakuyō sasu |
| Potential | 落葉できる | らくようできる | rakuyō dekiru |
| Volitional | 落葉しよう | らくようしよう | rakuyō shiyō |
| Negative | 落葉しない | らくようしない | rakuyō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 落葉せず | らくようせず | rakuyō sezu |
| Formal | 落葉します | らくようします | rakuyō shimasu |
| Perfective | 落葉した | らくようした | rakuyō shita |
| Conjunctive | 落葉して | らくようして | rakuyō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 落葉すれば | らくようすれば | rakuyō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 落 | 葉 |
| お(ち) Grade: 3 | は > ば Grade: 3 |
| kun'yomi ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 落葉 – see the following entry. :
| 【おちば】 | [noun] fallen leaves [verb] This term needs a translation to English. Alternative spelling 落ち葉 |
(This term, 落葉, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### See also

* 落葉松(からまつ) (karamatsu)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN