# 垣

| 垣 | U+57A3, &#22435; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-57A3 |
| ← 垢 [U+57A2] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 垤 → [U+57A4] |

## Translingual
### Han character

垣 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 土一日一 (GMAM), four-corner 4111$_6$, composition ⿰土亘)
* low wall

#### Derived characters

* 𭈲, 𭝧

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 228, character 20
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5060
* Dae Jaweon: page 464, character 17
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 437, character 11
* Unihan data for U+57A3

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 垣 :
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 烜 | *qʰrolʔ, *qʰonʔ |
| 貆 | *qʰoːn, *ɡoːn, *qʰon |
| 峘 | *ɡoːn, *ɡɯːŋ |
| 狟 | *ɡoːn |
| 絙 | *ɡoːn, *kɯːŋ |
| 荁 | *ɡoːn |
| 宣 | *sqʰon |
| 咺 | *qʰonʔ |
| 暅 | *qʰonʔ |
| 桓 | *ɡʷaːn |
| 洹 | *ɡʷaːn, *ɢʷan |
| 揎 | *sqʰʷan |
| 愃 | *sqʰʷan, *qʰʷanʔ |
| 瑄 | *sqʰʷan |
| 渲 | *sqʰʷans |
| 喧 | *qʰʷan |
| 萱 | *qʰʷan |
| 暄 | *qʰʷan |
| 諠 | *qʰʷan |
| 翧 | *qʰʷan |
| 蝖 | *qʰʷan |
| 垣 | *ɢʷan |
| 楦 | *qʰʷans |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷan) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 亘.

### Etymology

Borrowed from Tocharian B wänt-, Tocharian A wänt- (“to envelop, to surround”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yuán (yuan$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄩㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): wun$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hoân
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yuán
*** Zhuyin: ㄩㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yuán
*** Wade–Giles: yüan$^2$
*** Yale: ywán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yuan
*** Palladius: юань (juanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɥɛn³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wun$^4$
*** Yale: wùhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wun$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wun$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /wuːn²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoân
*** Tâi-lô: huân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoaan
*** IPA (Xiamen): /huan²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /huan²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /huan¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /huan²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /huan²³/
* Middle Chinese: hjwon
Rime :
| Character | 垣 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 云 (35) |
| Final (韻) | 元 (66) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 雨元切 |
| Baxter | hjwon |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦʉɐn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦʷiɐn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣiuɐn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦuan/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣiuɐn/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣĭwɐn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /i̯wɐn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yuán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyun$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷar/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷan/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 垣 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yuán |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hjwon › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɢ]ʷar/ |
| English | wall |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 垣 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 14017 |
| Phonetic component | 亘 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 袁 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷan/ |

### Definitions

垣
* wall
* city
* (astronomy) enclosure

#### Compounds

* 三垣
* 垝垣
* 城垣 (chéngyuán)
* 垣墉 (yuányōng)
* 垣牆／垣墙
* 垣衣
* 堧垣
* 女垣
* 宸垣
* 寒垣
* 屬垣／属垣
* 屬垣有耳／属垣有耳
* 張垣／张垣 (Zhāngyuán)
* 掖垣
* 敗宇頹垣／败宇颓垣
* 新垣 (xīnyuán)
* 斷井頹垣／断井颓垣
* 斷垣殘壁／断垣残壁 (duànyuáncánbì)
* 斷壁殘垣／断壁残垣 (duànbìcányuán)
* 斷壁頹垣／断壁颓垣
* 殘垣敗壁／残垣败壁
* 泥垣宮／泥垣宫
* 牆垣／墙垣 (qiángyuán)
* 省垣
* 短垣自逾
* 破屋壞垣／破屋坏垣
* 破瓦頹垣／破瓦颓垣
* 籬垣／篱垣
* 粉垣
* 補垣塞穴／补垣塞穴
* 襄垣縣／襄垣县
* 西垣
* 踰垣／逾垣
* 鑽穴踰垣／钻穴逾垣
* 陳垣／陈垣

#### References

* ↑ Alexander Lubotsky (1998) “Tocharian Loan Words in Old Chinese: Chariots, Chariot Gear, and Town Building”, in The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age peoples of Eastern Central Asia, pages 379-390

## Japanese
### Alternative forms

* 牆(かき) (kaki)

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)

#### Readings

* Go-on: おん (on)
* Kan-on: えん (en)
* Kun: かき (kaki, 垣, Jōyō)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 垣
* かき Grade: S
* kun'yomi
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かき [kàkíꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
* IPA: [ka̠kʲi]

### Noun

垣(かき) • (kaki)
* fence

### See also

* 垣(かき)根(ね) (kakine)
* 柵(さく) (saku)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Vietnamese
### Han character

垣: Hán Nôm readings: viên
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.