# 來者
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): láizhě
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄞˊ ㄓㄜˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): loi$^4$ ze$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: láizhě
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄞˊ ㄓㄜˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: láijhě
*** Wade–Giles: lai$^2$-chê$^3$
*** Yale: lái-jě
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: laijee
*** Palladius: лайчжэ (lajčžɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /laɪ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: loi$^4$ ze$^2$
*** Yale: lòih jé
*** Cantonese Pinyin: loi$^4$ dze$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: loi$^4$ zé$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɔːi̯²¹ t͡sɛː³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: loj tsyaeX
Rime :
| Character | 來 | 者 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 章 (23) |
| Final (韻) | 咍 (41) | 麻 (100) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 洛哀切 | 章也切 |
| Baxter | loj | tsyaeX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lʌi/ | /t͡ɕia$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ləi/ | /t͡ɕia$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /lɒi/ | /t͡ɕia$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ləj/ | /cia$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /lᴀi/ | /t͡ɕia$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /lɒi/ | /t͡ɕĭa$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /lɑ̆i/ | /t͡ɕi̯a$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lái | zhě |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | loi$^4$ | ze$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*mə.rˤək tAʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*m·rɯːɡ tjaːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 來 | 者 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | lái | zhě |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ loj › | ‹ tsyæ$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*mə.rˁək/ (> *rˁə) | /*tAʔ/ |
| English | come | (nominalizing particle) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 來 | 者 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 7598 | 16960 |
| Phonetic component | 來 | 者 |
| Rime group | 之 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | | 者 |
| Old Chinese | /*m·rɯːɡ/ | /*tjaːʔ/ |
| Notes | | 說文古旅聲。甲金文象足印小坎積水， 爲瀦初文，用詹鄞鑫說 |

### Noun

來者
* (literary) future generations
    From: 1st century BCE, Sima Qian, Letter to Ren An. Translated by Burton Watson.
    Cǐrén jiē yì yǒusuǒ yùjié, bùdé tōng qí dào, gù shù wǎngshì, sī láizhě. [Pinyin]
    All these men had a rankling in their hearts, for they were not able to accomplish what they wished. Therefore they wrote about past affairs in order to pass on their thoughts to future generations.
    From: c. late 7th century, Chen Zi'ang (陳子昂), On a Gate-Tower at Youzhou (《登幽州臺歌》). English translation by Witter Bynner.
    Qián bùjiàn gǔrén, hòu bùjiàn láizhě. [Pinyin]
    Where, before me, are the ages that have gone? And where, behind me, are the coming generations?
* (literary) the future; future events
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Chǔ kuáng Jiēyú gē ér guò Kǒngzǐ yuē: “Fèng xī fèng xī, hé dé zhī shuāi! Wǎngzhě bùkě jiàn, láizhě yóukě zhuī.” [Pinyin]
    The madman of Chu, Jie Yu, passed by Confucius, singing and saying, "O Feng! O Feng! How is your virtue degenerated! As to the past, reproof is useless; but the future may still be provided against."
    From: 405, Tao Yuanming (陶淵明), Home Again! (《歸去來辭》). English translation by Herbert Allen Giles.
    Wù yǐwǎng zhī bùjiàn, zhī láizhě zhī kězhuī. [Pinyin]
    But I will waste no grief upon the past: I will devote my energies to the future.
* Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see 來／来 (lái),‎ 者 (zhě).
    來者不拒／来者不拒 ― láizhěbùjù ― to accept all requests; to meet every challenge
** (archaic) one coming to pay homage; submitter
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Jìng nì láizhě, tiān suǒfú yě. [Pinyin]
    To receive those who come in submission with respect, this is what Heaven would grant favour for.
** (archaic) the following; the next in sequence; follow-up
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Cì yě, shǐ kě yǔ yán “Shī” yǐ yǐ. Gào zhū wǎng, ér zhī láizhě. [Pinyin]
    With one like Ci, I can begin to talk about the Odes. I told him one point, and he knew its proper sequence.

#### Derived terms

* 來者不拒／来者不拒 (láizhěbùjù)
* 前無古人，後無來者／前无古人，后无来者 (qiánwúgǔrén, hòuwúláizhě)