# あばく
## Japanese
### Etymology 1

* Alternative spellings
* 暴く 発く
Recorded since at least the early 1100s CE. Likely cognate with adjective 荒ら (abara, “with large gaps, wide open; wild, ruined”), verb 暴れる (abareru, “to be disorderly, to be wild, to be violent”). Possibly also cognate with adjective 淡い (awai, “faint, slight (as of a color or emotion); inconsistent, disjointed, flippant, frivolous (as of thought or behavior)”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) あばく [àbáꜜkù] (Nakadaka –)
* IPA: [a̠ba̠kɯ̟]

#### Verb

あばく • (abaku) transitive godan (stem あばき (abaki), past あばいた (abaita))
* 暴く, 発く: to dig something up or out, to excavate or exhume something
    Synonym: 発掘する (hakkutsu suru)
* 暴く, 発く: to open something previously closed, to unrestrict something, to cut something loose or free
* 暴く, 発く: to disclose (a secret), to expose (a crime), to lay bare, to divulge
** Tanaka Corpus
    彼(かれ)らの秘(ひ)密(みつ)が全(ぜん)部(ぶ)暴(あば)かれた。
       Karera no himitsu ga zenbu abakareta.
       All their secrets have been revealed.
    Synonyms: (more colloquial) ばらす (barasu), (more formal) 暴露する (bakuro suru)

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | あばか | abaka |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | あばき | abaki |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | あばく | abaku |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | あばく | abaku |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | あばけ | abake |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | あばけ | abake |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | あばかれる | abakareru |
| Causative | あばかせる あばかす | abakaseru abakasu |
| Potential | あばける | abakeru |
| Volitional | あばこう | abakō |
| Negative | あばかない | abakanai |
| Negative continuative | あばかず | abakazu |
| Formal | あばきます | abakimasu |
| Perfective | あばいた | abaita |
| Conjunctive | あばいて | abaite |
| Hypothetical conditional | あばけば | abakeba |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | あばか | あばか | abaka |
| Continuative (連用形) | あばき | あばき | abaki |
| Terminal (終止形) | あばく | あばく | abaku |
| Attributive (連体形) | あばく | あばく | abaku |
| Realis (已然形) | あばけ | あばけ | abake |
| Imperative (命令形) | あばけ | あばけ | abake |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | あばかず | あばかず | abakazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | あばけど | あばけど | abakedo |
| Causal conjunction | あばけば | あばけば | abakeba |
| Conditional conjunction | あばかば | あばかば | abakaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | あばきき | あばきき | abakiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | あばきけり | あばきけり | abakikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | あばきつ | あばきつ | abakitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | あばきぬ | あばきぬ | abakinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | あばけり あばきたり | あばけり あばきたり | abakeri abakitari |
| Volitional | あばかむ | あばかむ | abakamu |

##### Related terms

* あばら (abara, “loosely spaced, sparse, with large gaps; wide open; wild, ruined”)
* 暴(あば)れる (abareru, “to be violent, to be wild”)

### Etymology 2

* Alternative spelling
* 褫く
Unclear. May derive from the 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, “quadrigrade conjugation”) form of abaku above, possibly as a sense development. Compare the English expressions cut loose, let loose → let go in the sense of let oneself go → become unkempt, to go to ruin.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) あばく [àbáꜜkù] (Nakadaka – [2])
* IPA: [a̠ba̠kɯ̟]

#### Verb

あばく • (abaku) intransitive $^†$nidan
* 褫く: (obsolete) to become sparse, to grow wild, to fall apart, to fall into ruin
    Synonyms: 剥げる (hageru), 崩れ落ちる (kuzureochiru), 崩壊する (hōkai suru)
* 褫く: (obsolete) to be careless
    Synonym: 油断する (yudan suru)

##### Usage notes

Superseded in modern Japanese by the form あばける (abakeru), as the expected regular development of the earlier 下二段 (shimo nidan, “lower bigrade”) form. The sense also appears to have shifted somewhat, with a modern emphasis on to be careless; to mess around in Gunma prefecture, and to be wild, to be unrestrained in Yamanashi prefecture.
Usage might be restricted to regional dialects. This term does not appear in various dictionaries that focus on standard Japanese.

##### Conjugation

Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | あばけ | あばけ | abake |
| Continuative (連用形) | あばけ | あばけ | abake |
| Terminal (終止形) | あばく | あばく | abaku |
| Attributive (連体形) | あばくる | あばくる | abakuru |
| Realis (已然形) | あばくれ | あばくれ | abakure |
| Imperative (命令形) | あばけよ | あばけよ | abakeyo |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | あばけず | あばけず | abakezu |
| Contrasting conjunction | あばくれど | あばくれど | abakuredo |
| Causal conjunction | あばくれば | あばくれば | abakureba |
| Conditional conjunction | あばけば | あばけば | abakeba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | あばけき | あばけき | abakeki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | あばけけり | あばけけり | abakekeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | あばけつ | あばけつ | abaketu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | あばけぬ | あばけぬ | abakenu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | あばけたり | あばけたり | abaketari |
| Volitional | あばけむ | あばけむ | abakemu |

##### Derived terms

* あばけ者(もの) (abakemono): a rash or careless person; a waggish or jocular person, someone who enjoys messing around

#### Further reading

* A list of terms in the dialect of Agatsuma County, Gunma prefecture: http://www.kirara.ne.jp/kaiwa/a-o.html
* A list of terms in the 甲州 (Kōshū) regional dialect of Yamanashi prefecture: https://web.archive.org/web/20181105162856/http://www.geocities.co.jp/gakubow_1/jitenac.html
* The entries for both dialects, as listed at Weblio: https://www.weblio.jp/content/あばける

### Etymology 3

Unknown. Listed in the Nippo Jisho of 1603.
May be related to the above forms of abaku from the general sense of unrestrainedness.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [a̠ba̠kɯ̟]
   * Pitch accent uncertain.

#### Verb

あばく • (abaku) intransitive $^†$yodan
* (rare, apparently colloquial, possibly obsolete, mainly in the negative) to fit into a space
    Synonym: 収まる (osamaru)
    Cono ninjuga cono zaxiqini abacanu.Esta gente não cabe neste Zaxiqi. This many people won't fit in these seats.
* (rare, apparently colloquial, possibly obsolete, mainly in the positive) to overflow, to overabound, to be too much
    Synonyms: 溢れる (afureru), 余る (amaru)

##### Usage notes

Seems to have fallen out of use; not included in many dictionaries. No kanji spelling is used in available historical materials.
The two senses provided by the Nippo Jisho have almost opposite meanings, which may suggest a mistake.

##### Conjugation

Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | あばか | あばか | abaka |
| Continuative (連用形) | あばき | あばき | abaki |
| Terminal (終止形) | あばく | あばく | abaku |
| Attributive (連体形) | あばく | あばく | abaku |
| Realis (已然形) | あばけ | あばけ | abake |
| Imperative (命令形) | あばけ | あばけ | abake |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | あばかず | あばかず | abakazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | あばけど | あばけど | abakedo |
| Causal conjunction | あばけば | あばけば | abakeba |
| Conditional conjunction | あばかば | あばかば | abakaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | あばきき | あばきき | abakiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | あばきけり | あばきけり | abakikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | あばきつ | あばきつ | abakitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | あばきぬ | あばきぬ | abakinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | あばけり あばきたり | あばけり あばきたり | abakeri abakitari |
| Volitional | あばかむ | あばかむ | abakamu |

### References

* 1 2 3 4 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 1 2 3 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ “あば・く 【褫】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Ishizuka, Harumichi (1976 [1603]) 日葡辞書: パリ本 [Nippo Jisho: Paris edition / Vocabulary of the Language of Japan]‎ (overall work in Japanese and Portuguese), Tōkyō: Bensei Publishing, text here, the third entry under the highlighted heading, listed as “Abaqi”