# 請求
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qǐngqiú
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄥˇ ㄑㄧㄡˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cing$^2$ kau$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhiáng-khiù
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhéng-kiû
    (Teochew, Peng'im): cian$^2$ kiu$^5$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^5$chin-jieu$_6$ / $^3$chin-jieu$_2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qǐngqiú
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄥˇ ㄑㄧㄡˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cǐngcióu
*** Wade–Giles: chʻing$^3$-chʻiu$^2$
*** Yale: chǐng-chyóu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiingchyou
*** Palladius: цинцю (cincju)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cing$^2$ kau$^4$
*** Yale: chíng kàuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsing$^2$ kau$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: qing$^2$ keo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɪŋ³⁵ kʰɐu̯²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhiáng-khiù
*** Hakka Romanization System: qiang$^ˋ$ kiu$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: qiang$^3$ kiu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰi̯aŋ³¹ kʰi̯u¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhéng-kiû
*** Tâi-lô: tshíng-kiû
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhefngkiuu
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰiɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiu²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰiɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kiu²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: cian$^2$ kiu$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshiáⁿ khiû
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰĩã⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰiu⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$chin-jieu$_6$
*** MiniDict: chin$^去$ jieu$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$qin-jjieu$_3$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕʰin³³ d͡ʑiɤ⁴⁴/
** (Northern: Jiaxing)
*** Wugniu: $^3$chin-jieu$_2$
*** MiniDict: chin$^上$ jieu$^平$
*** Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /t͡ɕʰin¹³ d͡ʑiəu³¹/
* Middle Chinese: tshjengX gjuw
Rime :
| Character | 請 | 求 |
| Reading # | 2/3 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 清 (14) | 群 (30) |
| Final (韻) | 清 (121) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 七靜切 | 巨鳩切 |
| Baxter | tshjengX | gjuw |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sʰiᴇŋ$^X$/ | /ɡɨu/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sʰiɛŋ$^X$/ | /ɡiu/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sʰiæŋ$^X$/ | /ɡiəu/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sʰiajŋ$^X$/ | /guw/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sʰiɛŋ$^X$/ | /ɡiu/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sʰĭɛŋ$^X$/ | /ɡĭəu/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /t͡sʰi̯ɛŋ$^X$/ | /gi̯ə̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qǐng | qiú |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cing$^2$ | kau$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[tsʰ]eŋʔ [ɡ](r)u/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sʰleŋʔ ɡu/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 請 | 求 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qǐng | qiú |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tshjeng$^X$ › | ‹ gjuw › |
| Old Chinese | /*[tsʰ]eŋʔ/ | /*[ɡ](r)u/ |
| English | request | seek |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 請 | 求 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 1/1 |
| No. | 11340 | 10560 |
| Phonetic component | 生 | 求 |
| Rime group | 耕 | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 請 | 𧚍 |
| Old Chinese | /*sʰleŋʔ/ | /*ɡu/ |
| Notes | | 說文作裘古文， 甲文爲蛷初文與裘大異 |

### Verb

請求
* to ask; to request; to entreat; to beg
    請求輕判／请求轻判 ― qǐngqiú qīngpàn ― to request a lenient sentence
    請求饒命／请求饶命 ― qǐngqiú ráomìng ― to beg to have one's life spared
    請求寬恕／请求宽恕 ― qǐngqiú kuānshù ― to ask for forgiveness
    From: The Book of Han, circa 1st century CE
    Xūlǘquánqú chányú qǐngqiú héqīn, bìngsǐ. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Synonyms

* 乞丐 (qǐgài) (archaic)
* 乞憐／乞怜 (qǐlián) (to beg for pity)
* 乞求 (qǐqiú)
* 哀告 (āigào)
* 哀求 (āiqiú)
* 央告 (yānggào)
* 央求 (yāngqiú)
* 憑／凭 (píng) (literary)
* 懇求／恳求 (kěnqiú)
* 懇請／恳请 (kěnqǐng)
* 求 (qiú)
* 沽情 (Hokkien)
* 煩請／烦请 (fánqǐng) (honorific, polite)
* 祈求 (qíqiú) (to pray for)
* 祈祝 (qízhù) (literary)
* 祝禱／祝祷 (zhùdǎo) (literary)
* 要求 (yāoqiú)
* 請／请

#### Derived terms

* 請求權／请求权

### Noun

請求
* request; requirement; entreatment (Classifier: 個／个 m)
* (networking) request (message sent over a network to a server)

#### Synonyms

* (requirement):
* 先決條件／先决条件 (xiānjué tiáojiàn)
* 前提 (qiántí)
* 條件／条件 (tiáojiàn)
* 要求 (yāoqiú)
* 訴求／诉求 (sùqiú)
* 需求 (xūqiú)
* 需要 (xūyào)

#### Derived terms

* 訴訟請求／诉讼请求 (sùsòng qǐngqiú)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 請 | 求 |
| せい Grade: S | きゅう Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) せーきゅう [sèékyúú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [se̞ːkʲɨː]

### Noun

請(せい)求(きゅう) • (seikyū)
* a strong request
* a demand, a claim on the basis of some authority (especially for payment)

#### Synonyms

* (a strong request): 要望(ようぼう) (yōbō), 要求(ようきゅう) (yōkyū)

#### Derived terms

* 請求書(せいきゅうしょ) (seikyūsho)
* 要求権(ようきゅうけん) (yōkyūken)

### Verb

請(せい)求(きゅう)する • (seikyū suru) suru (stem 請(せい)求(きゅう)し (seikyū shi), past 請(せい)求(きゅう)した (seikyū shita))
* to make a demand or strong request
* to make a demand on the basis of some authority, to make a claim

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 請求し | せいきゅうし | seikyū shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 請求し | せいきゅうし | seikyū shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 請求する | せいきゅうする | seikyū suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 請求する | せいきゅうする | seikyū suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 請求すれ | せいきゅうすれ | seikyū sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 請求せよ¹ 請求しろ² | せいきゅうせよ¹ せいきゅうしろ² | seikyū seyo¹ seikyū shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 請求される | せいきゅうされる | seikyū sareru |
| Causative | 請求させる 請求さす | せいきゅうさせる せいきゅうさす | seikyū saseru seikyū sasu |
| Potential | 請求できる | せいきゅうできる | seikyū dekiru |
| Volitional | 請求しよう | せいきゅうしよう | seikyū shiyō |
| Negative | 請求しない | せいきゅうしない | seikyū shinai |
| Negative continuative | 請求せず | せいきゅうせず | seikyū sezu |
| Formal | 請求します | せいきゅうします | seikyū shimasu |
| Perfective | 請求した | せいきゅうした | seikyū shita |
| Conjunctive | 請求して | せいきゅうして | seikyū shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 請求すれば | せいきゅうすれば | seikyū sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
* Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 請 | 求 |

### Noun

請求 • (cheonggu) (hangeul 청구)
* hanja form of 청구 (“request”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 請 | 求 |

### Noun

請求
* chữ Hán form of thỉnh cầu (“request”).

### Verb

請求
* chữ Hán form of thỉnh cầu (“to request”).