# 培養
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): péiyǎng
    (Zhuyin): ㄆㄟˊ ㄧㄤˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): pui$^4$ joeng$^5$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): phì-yông
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): pôe-ióng / pôe-iáng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): buê$^5$ iang$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: péiyǎng
*** Zhuyin: ㄆㄟˊ ㄧㄤˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: péiyǎng
*** Wade–Giles: pʻei$^2$-yang$^3$
*** Yale: péi-yǎng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: peiryeang
*** Palladius: пэйян (pɛjjan)
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰeɪ̯³⁵ jɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: pui$^4$ joeng$^5$
*** Yale: pùih yéuhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: pui$^4$ joeng$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: pui$^4$ yêng$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰuːi̯²¹ jœːŋ¹³/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phì-yông
*** Hakka Romanization System: pi$^ˇ$ iong$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: pi$^2$ yong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰi¹¹ i̯oŋ²⁴/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phì-yông
*** Hakka Romanization System: pi$^ˇ$ (r)iong$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: pi$^2$ yong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰi¹¹ (j)i̯oŋ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pôe-ióng
*** Tâi-lô: puê-ióng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: poe'iorng
*** IPA (Taipei): /pue²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /pue²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pue²³⁻³³ iɔŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pue²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pôe-iáng
*** Tâi-lô: puê-iáng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: poe'iarng
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pue²³⁻³³ iaŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pue¹³⁻²² iaŋ⁵³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: buê$^5$ iang$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: puê iáng
*** Sinological IPA : /pue⁵⁵⁻¹¹ iaŋ⁵²/

### Verb

培養
* to cultivate; to nurture; to bring up
* (biology) to culture; to incubate
* to train; to foster; to produce
    培養人才／培养人才 ― péiyǎng réncái ― to produce talented people

#### Synonyms

* (to cultivate): 哺育 (bǔyù), (literary, or in compounds) 培 (péi), 培育 (péiyù), 栽培 (zāipéi)
* (to train): 培植 (péizhí)

### Noun

培養
* cultivation; education
* (biology) incubation; culture
* training
    培養對象／培养对象 ― péiyǎng duìxiàng ― candidate for training

### Derived terms

* 培養基／培养基 (péiyǎngjī)
* 培養液／培养液 (péiyǎngyè)
* 培養皿／培养皿 (péiyǎngmǐn)
* 培養肉／培养肉 (péiyǎngròu)
* 組織培養／组织培养 (zǔzhī péiyǎng)

### Related terms

* 涵養／涵养 (hányǎng)
* 教養／教养 (jiàoyǎng)
* 教育 (jiàoyù)
* 修養／修养 (xiūyǎng)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 培養(ばいよう) (baiyō)
* → Korean: 배양(培養) (baeyang)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 培 | 養 |
| ばい Grade: S | よう Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ばいよー [bàíyóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ba̠ijo̞ː]

### Noun

培(ばい)養(よう) • (baiyō)
* (microbiology) culture

#### Derived terms

* 培養液(ばいようえき) (baiyōeki, “culture liquid”)

### Verb

培(ばい)養(よう)する • (baiyō suru) suru (stem 培(ばい)養(よう)し (baiyō shi), past 培(ばい)養(よう)した (baiyō shita))
* (microbiology) to culture

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 培養し | ばいようし | baiyō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 培養し | ばいようし | baiyō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 培養する | ばいようする | baiyō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 培養する | ばいようする | baiyō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 培養すれ | ばいようすれ | baiyō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 培養せよ¹ 培養しろ² | ばいようせよ¹ ばいようしろ² | baiyō seyo¹ baiyō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 培養される | ばいようされる | baiyō sareru |
| Causative | 培養させる 培養さす | ばいようさせる ばいようさす | baiyō saseru baiyō sasu |
| Potential | 培養できる | ばいようできる | baiyō dekiru |
| Volitional | 培養しよう | ばいようしよう | baiyō shiyō |
| Negative | 培養しない | ばいようしない | baiyō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 培養せず | ばいようせず | baiyō sezu |
| Formal | 培養します | ばいようします | baiyō shimasu |
| Perfective | 培養した | ばいようした | baiyō shita |
| Conjunctive | 培養して | ばいようして | baiyō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 培養すれば | ばいようすれば | baiyō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### See also

* 培地(ばいち) (baichi, “culture medium”)

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN