# 芡

| 芡 | U+82A1, &#33441; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-82A1 |
| ← 芠 [U+82A0] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 芢 → [U+82A2] |

## Translingual
### Han character

芡 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+4, 10 strokes, cangjie input 廿弓人 (TNO), four-corner 4480$_2$, composition ⿱艹欠)

#### Derived characters

* 𡞁, 𥟕

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1019, character 21
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30705
* Dae Jaweon: page 1477, character 9
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3183, character 9
* Unihan data for U+82A1

## Chinese

* 芡 (Written Standard Chinese)
* Euryale ferox (English)

### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 坎 | *kʰoːmʔ, *kʰoːms |
| 扻 | *kʰoːmʔ |
| 砍 | *kʰoːmʔ |
| 芡 | *ɡromʔ |
| 欠 | *kʰoms |
| 杴 | *qʰom |
| 鍁 | *qʰam |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡromʔ) : semantic 艹 (“grass”) + phonetic 欠 (OC *kʰoms).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qiàn (qian$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): him$^3$ / hin$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): kiêng
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khiàm / khiàn
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ciàn
*** Wade–Giles: chʻien$^4$
*** Yale: chyàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiann
*** Palladius: цянь (cjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: him$^3$ / hin$^3$
*** Yale: him / hin
*** Cantonese Pinyin: him$^3$ / hin$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: him$^3$ / hin$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /hiːm³³/, /hiːn³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: kiêng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰiɛŋ²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiàm
*** Tâi-lô: khiàm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qiaxm
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiam⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /kʰiam²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰiam¹¹/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiàn
*** Tâi-lô: khiàn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qiexn
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiɛn²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰiɛn¹¹/
* Middle Chinese: gjemX
Rime :
| Character | 芡 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 群 (30) |
| Final (韻) | 鹽 (154) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 巨險切 |
| Baxter | gjemX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɡˠiᴇm$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɡᵚiɛm$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɡiæm$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /gjiam$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɡjɛm$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɡĭɛm$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /gi̯ɛm$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gim$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡromʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 芡 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 10273 |
| Phonetic component | 欠 |
| Rime group | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 儉 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡromʔ/ |

### Definitions

芡
* Euryale ferox, a plant allied to the water lily
* cornstarch (with water)
* (Eastern Min) to thicken a soup by means of starch
* (Southern Min) tempering (spices)

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 勾芡 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 勾芡兒, 勾芡 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 勾芡 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 勾滷兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 勾芡 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 勾芡 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 勾芡 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 勾芡 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 勾芡 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 勾芡, 淋芡 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 勾芡 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 打芡 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 打芡 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 打芡 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 打河 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 打芡 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 牽粉 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 牽漿 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 芡 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 牽滷, 拍滷, 牽羹, 譴滷, 徛滷 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 譴滷, 寄滷, 兜羹 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 牽滷, 拍滷, 譴滷, 徛滷, 兜粉 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 牽粉 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 牽羹 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 牽羹 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 牽粉 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 牽羹 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 牽羹 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 牽粉 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 牽羹 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 牽粉 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 牽滷, 拍滷, 譴滷 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 拍滷 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 打芡, 打滷子 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 著膩 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 著膩 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 鑽漿 |

### Compounds

* 勾芡 (gōuqiàn)
* 打芡
* 淋芡
* 粉芡
* 芡實／芡实 (qiànshí)
* 芡粉 (qiànfěn)

### References

* “芡”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* “Entry #4440”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* prickly waterlily (Euryale ferox)

#### Readings

* Go-on: げん (gen)
* Kan-on: けん (ken)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 芡
* みずぶき Hyōgai
* irregular
* For pronunciation and definitions of 芡 – see the following entry: 水蕗
(The following entry is uncreated: 水蕗.)

## Korean
### Hanja

芡 • (geom) (hangeul 검, revised geom, McCune–Reischauer kŏm, Yale kem)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

芡 (khiếm)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.