# 犛

| 犛 | U+729B, &#29339; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-729B |
| ← 犚 [U+729A] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 犜 → [U+729C] |

## Translingual
### Han character

犛 (Kangxi radical 93, 牛+11, 15 strokes, cangjie input 十大一竹手 (JKMHQ), four-corner 5825$_1$, composition ⿸𠩺牛)
* a black ox, a yak
* Shuowen Jiezi radical №20

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 704, character 7
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 20154
* Dae Jaweon: page 1116, character 38
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1818, character 5
* Unihan data for U+729B

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 犛 | *rɯː, *rɯ, *maːw, *mraːw |
| 釐 | *rɯ |
| 嫠 | *rɯ |
| 剺 | *rɯ |
| 孷 | *rɯ |
| 漦 | *sɦrɯ |
| 氂 | *rɯ, *maːw |

### Etymology

Earliest extant attestation is in Discourses of the States:
* 不然，巴浦之犀、犛、兕、象，其可盡乎，其又以規為瑱也？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]不然，巴浦之犀、牦、兕、象，其可尽乎，其又以规为瑱也？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]From: Guoyu, circa 4th century BCEBùrán, Bā Pǔ zhī xī, máo/lí, sì, xiàng, qí kě jìn hū, qí yòu yǐ guī wéi tiàn yě? [Pinyin]‘Otherwise, it is because rhinoceros, yaks, wild bovids and elephants in Ba and Pu have become extinct, and for this reason you use my recommendations as earplugs (which are made from the bones of these exotic animals)?’
According to Schuessler (2007), 犛 (OC *rə) > lí is either related to or borrowed from Tibetan འབྲི ('bri, “female yak”).
Jacques, d'Alpoim Guedes and Zhang (2021) propose 犛 (OC *mrˁu) > máo could reflect a borrowing from Rgyalrongic language after loss of final *-ŋ, thus making it cognate to Rgyalrongic terms for "male yak" like Tshobdun qɐⁿbrúʔ, Zbu qɐⁿbrúʔ, Situ kəmbrû, Japhug qambrɯ, and Khroskyabs [script needed] (ʁbrô); as well as Tibetan འབྲོང ('brong, “wild yak”) and Burmese ပြောင် (praung, “gaur”), etc. all from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *brawŋ (“wild yak, buffalo”) (STEDT).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): máo, lí (mao$^2$, li$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄠˊ, ㄌㄧˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lei$^4$ / maau$^4$ / mou$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: máo
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄠˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: máo
*** Wade–Giles: mao$^2$
*** Yale: máu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mau
*** Palladius: мао (mao)
*** Sinological IPA : /mɑʊ̯³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lí
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lí
*** Wade–Giles: li$^2$
*** Yale: lí
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: li
*** Palladius: ли (li)
*** Sinological IPA : /li³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lei$^4$ / maau$^4$ / mou$^4$
*** Yale: lèih / màauh / mòuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lei$^4$ / maau$^4$ / mou$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: léi$^4$ / mao$^4$ / mou$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /lei̯²¹/, /maːu̯²¹/, /mou̯²¹/
* Middle Chinese: li, loj, maew
Rime :
| Character | 犛 | 犛 | 犛 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 來 (37) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 之 (19) | 咍 (41) | 肴 (90) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I | II |
| Fanqie | 里之切 | 洛哀切 | 莫交切 |
| Baxter | li | loj | maew |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɨ/ | /lʌi/ | /mˠau/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lɨ/ | /ləi/ | /mᵚau/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /lie/ | /lɒi/ | /mau/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lɨ/ | /ləj/ | /maɨw/ |
| Li Rong | /liə/ | /lᴀi/ | /mau/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭə/ | /lɒi/ | /mau/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /li/ | /lɑ̆i/ | /mau/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lí | lái | máo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lei$^4$ | loi$^4$ | maau$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*rɯː/, /*rɯ/, /*maːw/, /*mraːw/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 犛 | 犛 | 犛 | 犛 |
| Reading # | 1/4 | 2/4 | 3/4 | 4/4 |
| No. | 7801 | 7806 | 7809 | 7810 |
| Phonetic component | 釐 | 釐 | 釐 | 釐 |
| Rime group | 之 | 之 | 宵 | 宵 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | | 釐 | | 茅 |
| Old Chinese | /*rɯː/ | /*rɯ/ | /*maːw/ | /*mraːw/ |
| Notes | | | 訓讀同氂 | 訓讀氂 |

### Definitions

犛
* yak
    From: 司馬相如 (Sima Xiangru) 《上林賦》 "Rhapsody on the Imperial Park", in 《史記》 Records of the Grand Historian. Translated based on Knechtges's (2008) version
    Shòu zé yóng máo mò máo/lí, shěnniú zhǔmí, chìshǒu yuántí, qióngqí xiàng xī. [Pinyin]
    Its animals are: The zebus, hairy yaks, pandas, grunting yaks, plunging bulls, elaphures; red-headed, round-hoofed; extreme extraordinaire, elephants, and rhinoceroses.

#### Compounds

* 犛旄／牦旄
* 犛牛／牦牛
* 犛靬／牦靬

### References

* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02504
* “犛”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: らい (rai)、り (ri)
* Kan-on: り (ri)、れい (rei)
* Kun: からうし (karaushi)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

犛: Hán Nôm readings: li, mao
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.