# 暇

| 暇 | U+6687, &#26247; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6687 |
| ← 暆 [U+6686] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 暈 → [U+6688] |

## Translingual
### Han character

暇 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 日口尸水 (ARSE), four-corner 6704$_7$, composition ⿰日叚)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 497, character 36
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14036
* Dae Jaweon: page 865, character 27
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1527, character 2
* Unihan data for U+6687

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 暇
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 葭 | *kraː |
| 麚 | *kraː |
| 瘕 | *kraː, *kraːʔ |
| 豭 | *kraː |
| 貑 | *kraː |
| 猳 | *kraː |
| 犌 | *kraː |
| 假 | *kraːʔ, *kraːs |
| 嘏 | *kraːʔ |
| 婽 | *kraːʔ |
| 椵 | *kraːʔ |
| 叚 | *kraːʔ |
| 蝦 | *qʰraː, *ɡraː |
| 煆 | *qʰraː, *qʰraːs |
| 霞 | *ɡraː |
| 遐 | *ɡraː |
| 瑕 | *ɡraː |
| 鰕 | *ɡraː |
| 碬 | *ɡraː |
| 蕸 | *ɡraː |
| 赮 | *ɡraː |
| 鍜 | *ɡraː |
| 騢 | *ɡraː |
| 暇 | *ɡraːs |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡraːs) : semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 叚 (OC *kraːʔ)

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Any relation to 假 ("vacation")?”)
Pulleyblank (1973) suggests that it is cognate with 閒 (OC *ɡreːn, “idle, unoccupied, relaxed, etc.”).
Sagart (2023b) relates it to 夏 (OC *[ɡ]ˤraʔ) "summer" and Burmese အား (a:, “to be free (not in use; without obligations)”).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xiá, xià (xia$^2$, xia$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˊ, ㄒㄧㄚˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): haa$^6$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hâ / hā / hēe / hě / hē / hê
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$shia
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiá
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siá
*** Wade–Giles: hsia$^2$
*** Yale: syá
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shya
*** Palladius: ся (sja)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ä³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xià
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sià
*** Wade–Giles: hsia$^4$
*** Yale: syà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiah
*** Palladius: ся (sja)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ä⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: haa$^6$
*** Yale: hah
*** Cantonese Pinyin: haa$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ha$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /haː²²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hâ
*** Tâi-lô: hâ
*** Phofsit Daibuun: haa
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Xiamen): /ha²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hā
*** Tâi-lô: hā
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ha
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ha²²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ha³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ha⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hēe
*** Tâi-lô: hēe
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɛ²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hě
*** Tâi-lô: hě
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /he²²/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hē
*** Tâi-lô: hē
*** Phofsit Daibuun: he
*** IPA (Xiamen): /he²²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /he³³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hê
*** Tâi-lô: hê
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hee
*** IPA (Xiamen): /he²⁴/
* hâ/hā/hēe - literary;
* hě/hē/hê - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: haeH
Rime :
| Character | 暇 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (98) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 胡駕切 |
| Baxter | haeH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦˠa$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦᵚa$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣa$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦaɨ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣa$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣa$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ɣa$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xià |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | haa$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤra-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡraːs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 暇 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xià |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hæ$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ]ˁra-s/ |
| English | leisure |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 暇 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 5975 |
| Phonetic component | 叚 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 暇 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡraːs/ |

#### Definitions

暇
* leisure; relaxation; free time; spare time
* leisurely; relaxed; carefree; idle

#### Compounds

* 不暇 (bùxiá)
* 休暇 (xiūxiá)
* 寸暇
* 應接不暇／应接不暇 (yìngjiēbùxiá)
* 放暇
* 日無暇晷／日无暇晷
* 暇人
* 無暇／无暇 (wúxiá)
* 目不暇給／目不暇给 (mùbùxiájǐ)
* 空暇 (kòngxiá)
* 自顧不暇／自顾不暇 (zìgùbùxiá)
* 閒暇／闲暇 (xiánxiá)
* 餘暇／余暇 (yúxiá)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiǎ (jia$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄚˇ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiǎ
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄚˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiǎ
*** Wade–Giles: chia$^3$
*** Yale: jyǎ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jea
*** Palladius: цзя (czja)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴/

#### Definitions

暇
* Alternative form of 假 (“to use; to borrow”)

### References

* “暇”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* spare time
* rest
* leisure
* time
* leave of absence
* not busy

#### Readings

* Go-on: げ (ge)
* Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)
* Kun: ひま (hima, 暇, Jōyō)、いとま (itoma, 暇)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 暇
* ひま Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 閑

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ひま [hìmá] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [çima̠]

#### Adjective

暇(ひま) • (hima) -na (adnominal 暇(ひま)な (hima na), adverbial 暇(ひま)に (hima ni))
* free; leisure; idle; vacant

##### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 暇だろ | ひまだろ | hima daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 暇で | ひまで | hima de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 暇だ | ひまだ | hima da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 暇な | ひまな | hima na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 暇なら | ひまなら | hima nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 暇であれ | ひまであれ | hima de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 暇ではない 暇じゃない | ひまではない ひまじゃない | hima de wa nai hima ja nai |
| Informal past | 暇だった | ひまだった | hima datta |
| Informal negative past | 暇ではなかった 暇じゃなかった | ひまではなかった ひまじゃなかった | hima de wa nakatta hima ja nakatta |
| Formal | 暇です | ひまです | hima desu |
| Formal negative | 暇ではありません 暇じゃありません | ひまではありません ひまじゃありません | hima de wa arimasen hima ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 暇でした | ひまでした | hima deshita |
| Formal negative past | 暇ではありませんでした 暇じゃありませんでした | ひまではありませんでした ひまじゃありませんでした | hima de wa arimasen deshita hima ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 暇で | ひまで | hima de |
| Conditional | 暇なら（ば） | ひまなら（ば） | hima nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 暇だったら | ひまだったら | hima dattara |
| Volitional | 暇だろう | ひまだろう | hima darō |
| Adverbial | 暇に | ひまに | hima ni |
| Degree | 暇さ | ひまさ | himasa |

#### Noun

暇(ひま) • (hima)
* time, free time
* leisure

##### Derived terms

* 暇人(ひまじん) (himajin)
* 暇(ひま)を唾(つば)す (hima o tsubasu)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 暇
* いとま Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 遑

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) いとま [ìtómá] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) いとま [ìtómáꜜ] (Odaka – [3])
* IPA: [ito̞ma̠]

#### Noun

暇(いとま) • (itoma)
* leisure
* paid vacation
* divorce
* loss of one's job
* farewell

### References

* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ka̠]
* Phonetic hangul: [가]

### Hanja

Wikisource 暇 • (ga) (hangeul 가, revised ga, McCune–Reischauer ka, Yale ka)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

暇: Hán Nôm readings: hạ, hả, há, hã, he, hẻ, hẽ
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.