# 無論
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wúlùn
    (Zhuyin): ㄨˊ ㄌㄨㄣˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): mou$^4$ leon$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): mò-lun / vù-lun
* Northern Min (KCR): mǎu-lō̤ng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bô-lūn / bû-lūn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bho$^5$ lung$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$wu-len
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wúlùn
*** Zhuyin: ㄨˊ ㄌㄨㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wúlùn
*** Wade–Giles: wu$^2$-lun$^4$
*** Yale: wú-lwùn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wuluenn
*** Palladius: улунь (ulunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /u³⁵ lu̯ən⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: mou$^4$ leon$^6$
*** Yale: mòuh leuhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: mou$^4$ loen$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: mou$^4$ lên$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /mou̯²¹ lɵn²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mò-lun / vù-lun
*** Hakka Romanization System: mo$^ˇ$ lun / vu$^ˇ$ lun
*** Hagfa Pinyim: mo$^2$ lun$^4$ / vu$^2$ lun$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /mo¹¹ lun⁵⁵/, /vu¹¹ lun⁵⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: mǎu-lō̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /mau²¹ lɔŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bô-lūn
*** Tâi-lô: bô-lūn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: boilun
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /bo²⁴⁻²² lun⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /bo²⁴⁻¹¹ lun³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /bo²⁴⁻²² lun²²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /bɤ²³⁻³³ lun³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bo¹³⁻²² lun²²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bû-lūn
*** Tâi-lô: bû-lūn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bulun
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bu¹³⁻²² lun²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /bu²⁴⁻²² lun⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /bu²⁴⁻²² lun²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: bho$^5$ lung$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: bô lŭng
*** Sinological IPA : /bo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ luŋ³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$wu-len
*** MiniDict: wu$^去$ len
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$hhu-len
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦu²² lən⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: mju lwon|lwonH
Rime :
| Character | 無 | 論 | 論 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) | 來 (37) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 虞 (24) | 魂 (55) | 魂 (55) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | I | I |
| Fanqie | 武夫切 | 盧昆切 | 盧困切 |
| Baxter | mju | lwon | lwonH |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /mɨo/ | /luən/ | /luən$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /mio/ | /luon/ | /luon$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /mio/ | /luən/ | /luən$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /muə̆/ | /lwən/ | /lwən$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /mio/ | /luən/ | /luən$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /mĭu/ | /luən/ | /luən$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /mi̯u/ | /luən/ | /luən$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wú | lún | lùn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | mou$^4$ | leon$^4$ | leon$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ma [r]ˤu[n]|[r]ˤu[n]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ma ruːns|run/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 無 | 論 | 論 |
| Reading # | 2/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | wú | lún | lùn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ mju › | ‹ lwon › | ‹ lwon$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*ma/ | /*[r]ˁu[n]/ | /*[r]ˁu[n]-s/ |
| English | volitional prefix | discuss, examine | discussion, discourse |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 無 | 論 | 論 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| No. | 13117 | 8656 | 8667 |
| Phonetic component | 無 | 侖 | 侖 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 文 | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 無 | 論 | 淪 |
| Old Chinese | /*ma/ | /*ruːns/ | /*run/ |

### Conjunction

無論
* no matter (what, how, etc.); regardless of; whether
       Wúlùn nǐ xiǎng chī Zhōngguócài háishì Rìběn liàolǐ, zìzhùcān dōu huì yǒu nǐ xǐhuān de. [Pinyin]
       Whether you want Chinese or Japanese food, the buffet will have what you like.
       Wúlùn héshí hédì, zhǐyào nǐ yǒu kùnnan huò yǒu rènhé yíwèn, dōu huānyíng suíshí liánxì wǒ. [Pinyin]
       No matter when or where you have any difficulties or questions, please feel free to contact me.
* let alone; not to mention; much less
    From: 421, Tao Yuanming (陶淵明) The Peach-Blossom Fountain (《桃花源記》). English text based on the translation by Herbert Allen Giles, 1922.
    Wèn jīn shì héshì, nǎi bùzhī yǒu Hàn, wúlùn Wèi Jìn. [Pinyin]
    They then enquired about the politics of the day, ignorant of the establishment of the Han dynasty, and of course of the later dynasties which had succeeded it.

#### Synonyms

* (no matter):
* 不常在 (Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 不拘 (bùjū)
* 不管 (bùguǎn)
* 不論／不论 (bùlùn)
* 任憑／任凭 (rènpíng)
* 別管／别管 (biéguǎn)
* 勿怪 ($^8$veq-kua) (Wu)
* 勿管 ($^8$veq-kuoe) (Wu)
* 勿論／勿论 ($^8$veq-len) (Wu)
* 憑／凭 (píng) (colloquial)
* 毋管
* 無管／无管 (wúguǎn) (literary or Min Nan)
* 隨便／随便 (suíbiàn)
* (let alone):
* 且不說／且不说 (qiěbùshuō)
* 何況／何况 (hékuàng)
* 更不用說／更不用说 (gèng bùyòng shuō)
* 更何況／更何况 (gènghékuàng)

#### Derived terms

* 無論如何／无论如何 (wúlùnrúhé)

### Verb

無論
* (literary) to not investigate
    From: The Book of Han, circa 1st century CE
    Shàng yuē: “Yóujī Jiāngjūn sǐ shì, wúlùn zuò zhě.” [Pinyin]
    "As for the death of the General Youji, do not investigate anyone implicated therein," said the Emperor.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 無 | 論 |
| む Grade: 4 | ろん Grade: 6 |
| goon ||

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 無論 (MC mju lwonH, literally “without discussion, no argument”). Compare modern Hakka mò-lun or Cantonese mou$^4$ leon$^6$.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) むろん [mùróń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [mɯ̟ɾõ̞ɴ]

### Adverb

無(む)論(ろん) • (muron)
* no doubt, naturally, of course, it goes without saying
    無論(むろん)こんな馬鹿(ばか)なことはありえない。
       Muron konna baka na koto wa arienai.
       It goes without saying that this kind of idiotic thing simply cannot be.

### Noun

無(む)論(ろん) • (muron)
* something that is clearly the case
    あれは無論(むろん)ですね。
       Are wa muron desu ne.
       That is clearly the case.

#### Usage notes

More commonly used as an adverb.

### References

* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
   * Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN