# 固執
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gùzhi, gùzhí
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˋ ˙ㄓ, ㄍㄨˋ ㄓˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gu$^3$ zap$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ku-chṳp
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kò͘-chip
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gu$^3$ zib$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gùzhi
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˋ ˙ㄓ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gùjhi̊h
*** Wade–Giles: ku$^4$-chih$^5$
*** Yale: gù-jr
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guh.jy
*** Palladius: гучжи (gučži)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku⁵¹ ɖ͡ʐ̥ʐ̩¹/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gùzhí
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˋ ㄓˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gùjhíh
*** Wade–Giles: ku$^4$-chih$^2$
*** Yale: gù-jŕ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guhjyr
*** Palladius: гучжи (gučži)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gu$^3$ zap$^1$
*** Yale: gu jāp
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gu$^3$ dzap$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gu$^3$ zeb$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kuː³³ t͡sɐp̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ku-chṳp
*** Hakka Romanization System: gu ziib$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gu$^4$ zib$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /ku⁵⁵ t͡sɨp̚²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kò͘-chip
*** Tâi-lô: kòo-tsip
*** Phofsit Daibuun: korcib
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kɔ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sip̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sip̚⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sip̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sip̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sip̚³²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gu$^3$ zib$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kù tsip
*** Sinological IPA : /ku²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sip̚²/
* Middle Chinese: kuH tsyip
Rime :
| Character | 固 | 執 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 章 (23) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) | 緝 (141) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 古暮切 | 之入切 |
| Baxter | kuH | tsyip |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuo$^H$/ | /t͡ɕiɪp̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kuo$^H$/ | /t͡ɕip̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ko$^H$/ | /t͡ɕjep̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɔ$^H$/ | /cip̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ko$^H$/ | /t͡ɕiəp̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ku$^H$/ | /t͡ɕĭĕp̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kuo$^H$/ | /t͡ɕi̯əp̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gù | zhi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gu$^3$ | zap$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤa-s [t]ip/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kaːs tjib/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 固 | 執 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gù | zhí |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ku$^H$ › | ‹ tsyip › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k]ˁa-s/ | /*[t]ip/ |
| English | fortified, secure | seize |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 固 | 執 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 4230 | 17290 |
| Phonetic component | 古 | 執 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 緝 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 顧 | 執 |
| Old Chinese | /*kaːs/ | /*tjib/ |
| Notes | | 甲金文象梏人雙手， 幸象梏非聲 |

### Adjective

固執
* stubborn; obstinate

#### Synonyms

* 乖張／乖张 (guāizhāng)
* 剺揭 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
* 執一癖／执一癖 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 執性／执性 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 執拗／执拗
* 執死板／执死板 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 執癖／执癖 (Xiamen Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 執著／执著 (zhízhuó)
* 執訣／执诀 (Taiwanese Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 悻直 (xìngzhí) (literary)
* 愚躕／愚蹰 (Min Nan)
* 拘執／拘执 (jūzhí) (literary)
* 拘泥 (jūnì)
* 確切／确切 (quèqiè) (literary)
* 耿性 (gang$^2$ lhen$^1$) (Taishanese)
* 蠻皮／蛮皮 (mánpí)
* 頑固／顽固 (wángù)

### Verb

固執
* to stubbornly stick with; to persist in; to cling to

#### Derived terms

* 固執己見／固执己见 (gùzhíjǐjiàn)
* 擇善固執／择善固执 (zéshàngùzhí)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 固(こ)執(しゅう) (koshū); 固(こ)執(しつ) (koshitsu)
* → Korean: 고집(固執) (gojip)
* → Vietnamese: cố chấp (固執)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 固 | 執 |
| こ Grade: 4 | しゅう Grade: S |
| kan'on | on'yomi |
Kanji in this term :
| 固 | 執 |
| こ Grade: 4 | しつ Grade: S |
| kan'on | kan'yōon |

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こしゅう [kòshúú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ko̞ɕɨː]
* (Tokyo) こしつ [kòshítsú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ko̞ɕit͡sɨ]

### Noun

固(こ)執(しゅう) or 固(こ)執(しつ) • (koshū or koshitsu)
* persistence

### Verb

固(こ)執(しゅう)する or 固(こ)執(しつ)する • (koshū suru or koshitsu suru) intransitive suru (stem 固(こ)執(しゅう)し (koshū shi), past 固(こ)執(しゅう)した (koshū shita))
* persist in one's view; stick, cling to one's belief; insist on doing

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 固執し | こしつし | koshitsu shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 固執し | こしつし | koshitsu shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 固執する | こしつする | koshitsu suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 固執する | こしつする | koshitsu suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 固執すれ | こしつすれ | koshitsu sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 固執せよ¹ 固執しろ² | こしつせよ¹ こしつしろ² | koshitsu seyo¹ koshitsu shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 固執される | こしつされる | koshitsu sareru |
| Causative | 固執させる 固執さす | こしつさせる こしつさす | koshitsu saseru koshitsu sasu |
| Potential | 固執できる | こしつできる | koshitsu dekiru |
| Volitional | 固執しよう | こしつしよう | koshitsu shiyō |
| Negative | 固執しない | こしつしない | koshitsu shinai |
| Negative continuative | 固執せず | こしつせず | koshitsu sezu |
| Formal | 固執します | こしつします | koshitsu shimasu |
| Perfective | 固執した | こしつした | koshitsu shita |
| Conjunctive | 固執して | こしつして | koshitsu shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 固執すれば | こしつすれば | koshitsu sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

#### Synonyms

* 偏執(へんしゅう) (henshū)

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 固 | 執 |

### Noun

固執 • (gojip) (hangeul 고집)
* hanja form of 고집 (“stubbornness”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 固 | 執 |

### Adjective

固執
* chữ Hán form of cố chấp (“intransigent, unreasonable”).