# 怨恨
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yuànhèn
    (Zhuyin): ㄩㄢˋ ㄏㄣˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jyun$^3$ han$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yen-hen / yan-hen
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): oàn-hūn / oàn-hīn
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yuànhèn
*** Zhuyin: ㄩㄢˋ ㄏㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yuànhèn
*** Wade–Giles: yüan$^4$-hên$^4$
*** Yale: ywàn-hèn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yuannhenn
*** Palladius: юаньхэнь (juanʹxɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɥɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ xən⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyun$^3$ han$^6$
*** Yale: yun hahn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jyn$^3$ han$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yun$^3$ hen$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyːn³³ hɐn²²/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yen-hen
*** Hakka Romanization System: ien hen
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yan$^4$ hen$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯en⁵⁵ hen⁵⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yan-hen
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)ian hen
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yan$^4$ hen$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯an⁵⁵ hen⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: oàn-hūn
*** Tâi-lô: uàn-hūn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: oarnhun
*** IPA (Xiamen): /uan²¹⁻⁵³ hun²²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /uan²¹⁻⁴¹ hun³³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /uan¹¹⁻⁵³ hun³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /uan⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hun⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: oàn-hīn
*** Tâi-lô: uàn-hīn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: oarnhin
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /uan²¹⁻⁵³ hin²²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /uan²¹⁻⁴¹ hin³³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /uan¹¹⁻⁵³ hin³³/
* Middle Chinese: 'jwonH honH
Rime :
| Character | 怨 | 恨 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 元 (66) | 痕 (53) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 於願切 | 胡艮切 |
| Baxter | 'jwonH | honH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔʉɐn$^H$/ | /ɦən$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔʷiɐn$^H$/ | /ɦən$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔiuɐn$^H$/ | /ɣən$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔuan$^H$/ | /ɦən$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔiuɐn$^H$/ | /ɣən$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ĭwɐn$^H$/ | /ɣən$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ʔi̯wɐn$^H$/ | /ɣən$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yuàn | hèn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyun$^3$ | han$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ʔ]o[r]-s [m-q]ˤə[n]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qons ɡɯːns/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 怨 | 恨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yuàn | hèn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ʔjwon$^H$ › | ‹ hon$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ʔ]o[r]-s/ | /*[m-q]ˁə[n]-s/ |
| English | resentment | regret |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 怨 | 恨 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 16305 | 3938 |
| Phonetic component | 夗 | 艮 |
| Rime group | 元 | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 怨 | 恨 |
| Old Chinese | /*qons/ | /*ɡɯːns/ |

### Noun

怨恨
* hatred; enmity; resentment; grudge

#### Synonyms

* 仇怨 (chóuyuàn)
* 仇恨 (chóuhèn)
* 冤 (yuān) (literary, or in compounds)
* 冤仇 (yuānchóu)
* 嫌 (xián) (literary, or in compounds)
* 敵意／敌意 (díyì)
* 梁子 (niang$^2$ zi$^3$) (Sichuanese)

### Verb

怨恨
* to hate; to resent
* to have a grudge against someone

#### Synonyms

* (to hate):
* 仇恨 (chóuhèn)
* 作嘔／作呕 (zuò'ǒu) (figurative)
* 厭恨／厌恨 (yànhèn)
* 厭惡／厌恶 (yànwù)
* 唾棄／唾弃 (tuòqì)
* 嫌惡／嫌恶 (xiánwù)
* 嫌憎 (xiánzēng)
* 恨怒 (hènnù) (literary)
* 恚恨 (huìhèn) (literary)
* 惡嫌／恶嫌 (wùxián) (literary)
* 悵恨／怅恨 (chànghèn) (literary, to be disappointed and resentful)
* 慍恚／愠恚 (yùnhuì) (literary)
* 憤恨／愤恨 (fènhèn)
* 憎恨 (zēnghèn)
* 憎惡／憎恶
* 憤慨／愤慨 (fènkǎi)
* 憤毒／愤毒 (fèndú) (literary)
* 煩惡／烦恶 (fánwù)
* 痛恨 (tònghèn)
* 討厭／讨厌 (tǎoyàn)
* 鄙棄／鄙弃 (bǐqì)
* (to have a grudge): (Hokkien) 怨慼／怨戚

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 怨恨(えんこん) (enkon)
* → Korean: 원한(怨恨) (wonhan)

### See also

* 怨艾 (yuànyì)
* 不滿／不满 (bùmǎn)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 怨 | 恨 |
| えん Grade: S | こん Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) えんこん [èńkóń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ẽ̞ŋkõ̞ɴ]

### Noun

怨(えん)恨(こん) • (enkon)
* enmity, grudge

### See also

* Appendix:Gikun_Usage_in_Meiji_Version_of_Japanese_Bible/怨恨

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 怨 | 恨 |

### Noun

怨恨 • (wonhan) (hangeul 원한)
* hanja form of 원한 (“grudge; rancour”)