# صفد
## Arabic
### Etymology

In view of the restricted meanings, exposing only denominal verbs, probably an Aramaic borrowing, with the original form seen in Classical Syriac ܨܦܕܐ (ṣep̄dā, “book binding; pitcher of wine”), evidently only two fragments of a more general meaning, suggested by Jewish Palestinian Aramaic צפד (ṣfd, “to weave”). The other Arabic form صِفَاد (ṣifād) is secondary, a pattern popular for fasteners and instruments of a certain kind, see شِكَال (šikāl), or even back-formed in dialects from the plural as with زِنَاد (zinād) instead of زَنْد (zand). Probably to be traced to a biliteral root, found in ܨܦܘܦܐ (ṣappūp̄ā, “fetters, clogs”), Arabic ضَفَّ (ḍaffa, “to push, to throng, to jam”), extended in Arabic ضَفَرَ (ḍafara, “to weave, to plait”), while صَفَّ (ṣaffa, “to line”) may be an Aramaic borrowing again. Arabic كِبْل (kibl) and قَيْد (qayd) are also Aramaisms.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sˤa.fa.da/ (verb I)
* IPA: /sˤaf.fa.da/ (verb II)
* IPA: /sˤa.fad/ (noun)

### Verb

صَفَدَ • (ṣafada) I (non-past يَصْفِدُ (yaṣfidu), verbal noun صَفْد (ṣafd) or صُفُود (ṣufūd))
* to bind, to tie, to shackle, to fetter

#### Conjugation
### Verb

صَفَّدَ • (ṣaffada) II (non-past يُصَفِّدُ (yuṣaffidu), verbal noun تَصْفِيد (taṣfīd))
* to bind, to tie, to shackle, to fetter

#### Conjugation
### Noun

صَفَد • (ṣafad) m (plural أَصْفَاد (ʔaṣfād))
* chain, shackles
* (obsolete) present, donation, something bound to be gifted to someone

#### Declension
### Proper noun

صَفَد • (ṣafad) f
* Safed (a city in Israel)

### References

* “ṣpdˀ”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* “ṣpwp”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* “ṣpd”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* “ṣpp$^2$”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Brockelmann, Carl (1928) Lexicon Syriacum (in Latin), 2nd edition, Halle: Max Niemeyer, published 1995, page 634
* Freytag, Georg (1833) “صفد”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 2, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 503a
* Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “صفد”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc‎ (in French), volume 1, Paris: Maisonneuve et C$^{ie}$, page 1345b
* Lane, Edward William (1863) “صفد”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate
* Wehr, Hans (1979) “صفد”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 604
* Баранов, Х. К. (2011) “صفد”, in Большой арабско-русский словарь (Bolʹšoj arabsko-russkij slovarʹ), 11th edition, Москва: Живой язык, →ISBN

## South Levantine Arabic

Picture dictionary :
صفد
فلسطين
صفد
الجليل الأعلى
الجليل الأسفل
الجولان
جبل الكرمل
حبل طابور
عكّا
حيفا
طبريّا
بحيرة طبريّا
الناصرة
ام الفحم
البحـــــر المتوسّط
جنين
نهر الأردن :
* بلاد الشامبلاد الشام
* فلسطينفلسطين

### Etymology

From Arabic صَفَد (ṣafad).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /sˤa.fad/, [ˈsˤɑ.fɑdˤ]
* Audio (Ramallah):(file)

### Proper noun

صفد • (ṣafad) f
* Safed (a city in Galilee, Israel)