# ngcola
## Northern Ndebele
### Etymology

From a Khoe language. Compare Khoekhoe ǂnaoǂnao (“make dirty”).

### Verb

-ngcola
* (intransitive) to be dirty

#### Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

## Phuthi
### Etymology 1

From a Khoe language. Compare Khoekhoe ǂnaoǂnao (“make dirty”).

#### Verb

-ńgcola
* to become dirty

##### Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

-ńgcóla
* to wash hands

##### Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

## Xhosa
### Etymology

From a Khoe language. Compare Khoekhoe ǂnaoǂnao (“make dirty”).

### Verb

-ngcola
* (intransitive) to be dirty

#### Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

### References

* Louw, J.A. (2013) “The Impact of Khoesan on Southern Bantu”, in Vossen, Rainer, editor, The Khoesan Languages, Routledge, →ISBN, pages 435-444

## Zulu
### Etymology

From a Khoe language. Compare Khoekhoe ǂnaoǂnao (“make dirty”).

### Pronunciation

IPA: /ᵑǀʱoːla/

### Verb

-ngcola
* (intransitive) to be dirty
* (intransitive) to become contaminated, to become polluted
* (intransitive) to become corrupted, to become immoral

#### Inflection

Tone L :
| Infinitive | ukungcola |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Infinitive | ukungcola | ukungangcoli |
| | Imperative | Imperative |
| | Simple | + object concord |
| Singular | ngcola | -ngcole |
| Plural | ngcolani | -ngcoleni |
| | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyangcola, ngingcola | engingcolayo, engingcola | ngingcola | angingcoli | engingangcoli | ngingangcoli |
| 2nd singular | uyangcola, ungcola | ongcolayo, ongcola | ungcola | awungcoli | ongangcoli | ungangcoli |
| 1st plural | siyangcola, singcola | esingcolayo, esingcola | singcola | asingcoli | esingangcoli | singangcoli |
| 2nd plural | niyangcola, ningcola | eningcolayo, eningcola | ningcola | aningcoli | eningangcoli | ningangcoli |
| Class 1 | uyangcola, ungcola | ongcolayo, ongcola | engcola | akangcoli | ongangcoli | engangcoli |
| Class 2 | bayangcola, bangcola | abangcolayo, abangcola | bengcola | abangcoli | abangangcoli | bengangcoli |
| Class 3 | uyangcola, ungcola | ongcolayo, ongcola | ungcola | awungcoli | ongangcoli | ungangcoli |
| Class 4 | iyangcola, ingcola | engcolayo, engcola | ingcola | ayingcoli | engangcoli | ingangcoli |
| Class 5 | liyangcola, lingcola | elingcolayo, elingcola | lingcola | alingcoli | elingangcoli | lingangcoli |
| Class 6 | ayangcola, angcola | angcolayo, angcola | engcola | awangcoli | angangcoli | engangcoli |
| Class 7 | siyangcola, singcola | esingcolayo, esingcola | singcola | asingcoli | esingangcoli | singangcoli |
| Class 8 | ziyangcola, zingcola | ezingcolayo, ezingcola | zingcola | azingcoli | ezingangcoli | zingangcoli |
| Class 9 | iyangcola, ingcola | engcolayo, engcola | ingcola | ayingcoli | engangcoli | ingangcoli |
| Class 10 | ziyangcola, zingcola | ezingcolayo, ezingcola | zingcola | azingcoli | ezingangcoli | zingangcoli |
| Class 11 | luyangcola, lungcola | olungcolayo, olungcola | lungcola | alungcoli | olungangcoli | lungangcoli |
| Class 14 | buyangcola, bungcola | obungcolayo, obungcola | bungcola | abungcoli | obungangcoli | bungangcoli |
| Class 15 | kuyangcola, kungcola | okungcolayo, okungcola | kungcola | akungcoli | okungangcoli | kungangcoli |
| Class 17 | kuyangcola, kungcola | okungcolayo, okungcola | kungcola | akungcoli | okungangcoli | kungangcoli |
| | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngingcolile, ngingcolē | engingcolile, engingcolē | ngingcolile, ngingcolē | angingcolanga | engingangcolanga | ngingangcolanga |
| 2nd singular | ungcolile, ungcolē | ongcolile, ongcolē | ungcolile, ungcolē | awungcolanga | ongangcolanga | ungangcolanga |
| 1st plural | singcolile, singcolē | esingcolile, esingcolē | singcolile, singcolē | asingcolanga | esingangcolanga | singangcolanga |
| 2nd plural | ningcolile, ningcolē | eningcolile, eningcolē | ningcolile, ningcolē | aningcolanga | eningangcolanga | ningangcolanga |
| Class 1 | ungcolile, ungcolē | ongcolile, ongcolē | engcolile, engcolē | akangcolanga | ongangcolanga | engangcolanga |
| Class 2 | bangcolile, bangcolē | abangcolile, abangcolē | bengcolile, bengcolē | abangcolanga | abangangcolanga | bengangcolanga |
| Class 3 | ungcolile, ungcolē | ongcolile, ongcolē | ungcolile, ungcolē | awungcolanga | ongangcolanga | ungangcolanga |
| Class 4 | ingcolile, ingcolē | engcolile, engcolē | ingcolile, ingcolē | ayingcolanga | engangcolanga | ingangcolanga |
| Class 5 | lingcolile, lingcolē | elingcolile, elingcolē | lingcolile, lingcolē | alingcolanga | elingangcolanga | lingangcolanga |
| Class 6 | angcolile, angcolē | angcolile, angcolē | engcolile, engcolē | awangcolanga | angangcolanga | engangcolanga |
| Class 7 | singcolile, singcolē | esingcolile, esingcolē | singcolile, singcolē | asingcolanga | esingangcolanga | singangcolanga |
| Class 8 | zingcolile, zingcolē | ezingcolile, ezingcolē | zingcolile, zingcolē | azingcolanga | ezingangcolanga | zingangcolanga |
| Class 9 | ingcolile, ingcolē | engcolile, engcolē | ingcolile, ingcolē | ayingcolanga | engangcolanga | ingangcolanga |
| Class 10 | zingcolile, zingcolē | ezingcolile, ezingcolē | zingcolile, zingcolē | azingcolanga | ezingangcolanga | zingangcolanga |
| Class 11 | lungcolile, lungcolē | olungcolile, olungcolē | lungcolile, lungcolē | alungcolanga | olungangcolanga | lungangcolanga |
| Class 14 | bungcolile, bungcolē | obungcolile, obungcolē | bungcolile, bungcolē | abungcolanga | obungangcolanga | bungangcolanga |
| Class 15 | kungcolile, kungcolē | okungcolile, okungcolē | kungcolile, kungcolē | akungcolanga | okungangcolanga | kungangcolanga |
| Class 17 | kungcolile, kungcolē | okungcolile, okungcolē | kungcolile, kungcolē | akungcolanga | okungangcolanga | kungangcolanga |
| | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngāngcola | engāngcola | ngāngcola | angingcolanga | engingangcolanga | ngingangcolanga |
| 2nd singular | wāngcola | owāngcola | wāngcola | awungcolanga | ongangcolanga | ungangcolanga |
| 1st plural | sāngcola | esāngcola | sāngcola | asingcolanga | esingangcolanga | singangcolanga |
| 2nd plural | nāngcola | enāngcola | nāngcola | aningcolanga | eningangcolanga | ningangcolanga |
| Class 1 | wāngcola | owāngcola | āngcola | akangcolanga | ongangcolanga | engangcolanga |
| Class 2 | bāngcola | abāngcola | bāngcola | abangcolanga | abangangcolanga | bengangcolanga |
| Class 3 | wāngcola | owāngcola | wāngcola | awungcolanga | ongangcolanga | ungangcolanga |
| Class 4 | yāngcola | eyāngcola | yāngcola | ayingcolanga | engangcolanga | ingangcolanga |
| Class 5 | lāngcola | elāngcola | lāngcola | alingcolanga | elingangcolanga | lingangcolanga |
| Class 6 | āngcola | āngcola | āngcola | awangcolanga | angangcolanga | engangcolanga |
| Class 7 | sāngcola | esāngcola | sāngcola | asingcolanga | esingangcolanga | singangcolanga |
| Class 8 | zāngcola | ezāngcola | zāngcola | azingcolanga | ezingangcolanga | zingangcolanga |
| Class 9 | yāngcola | eyāngcola | yāngcola | ayingcolanga | engangcolanga | ingangcolanga |
| Class 10 | zāngcola | ezāngcola | zāngcola | azingcolanga | ezingangcolanga | zingangcolanga |
| Class 11 | lwāngcola | olwāngcola | lwāngcola | alungcolanga | olungangcolanga | lungangcolanga |
| Class 14 | bāngcola | obāngcola | bāngcola | abungcolanga | obungangcolanga | bungangcolanga |
| Class 15 | kwāngcola | okwāngcola | kwāngcola | akungcolanga | okungangcolanga | kungangcolanga |
| Class 17 | kwāngcola | okwāngcola | kwāngcola | akungcolanga | okungangcolanga | kungangcolanga |
| | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngingangcola | — | ngingangcola | ngingengcole | — | ngingengcole |
| 2nd singular | ungangcola | — | ungangcola | ungengcole | — | ungengcole |
| 1st plural | singangcola | — | singangcola | singengcole | — | singengcole |
| 2nd plural | ningangcola | — | ningangcola | ningengcole | — | ningengcole |
| Class 1 | angangcola | — | engangcola | angengcole | — | engengcole |
| Class 2 | bangangcola | — | bengangcola | bangengcole | — | bengengcole |
| Class 3 | ungangcola | — | ungangcola | ungengcole | — | ungengcole |
| Class 4 | ingangcola | — | ingangcola | ingengcole | — | ingengcole |
| Class 5 | lingangcola | — | lingangcola | lingengcole | — | lingengcole |
| Class 6 | angangcola | — | engangcola | angengcole | — | engengcole |
| Class 7 | singangcola | — | singangcola | singengcole | — | singengcole |
| Class 8 | zingangcola | — | zingangcola | zingengcole | — | zingengcole |
| Class 9 | ingangcola | — | ingangcola | ingengcole | — | ingengcole |
| Class 10 | zingangcola | — | zingangcola | zingengcole | — | zingengcole |
| Class 11 | lungangcola | — | lungangcola | lungengcole | — | lungengcole |
| Class 14 | bungangcola | — | bungangcola | bungengcole | — | bungengcole |
| Class 15 | kungangcola | — | kungangcola | kungengcole | — | kungengcole |
| Class 17 | kungangcola | — | kungangcola | kungengcole | — | kungengcole |
| | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngizongcola | engizongcola | ngizongcola | angizungcola | engingezungcola | ngingezungcola |
| 2nd singular | uzongcola | ozongcola | uzongcola | awuzungcola | ongezungcola | ungezungcola |
| 1st plural | sizongcola | esizongcola | sizongcola | asizungcola | esingezungcola | singezungcola |
| 2nd plural | nizongcola | enizongcola | nizongcola | anizungcola | eningezungcola | ningezungcola |
| Class 1 | uzongcola | ozongcola | ezongcola | akazungcola | ongezungcola | engezungcola |
| Class 2 | bazongcola | abazongcola | bezongcola | abazungcola | abangezungcola | bengezungcola |
| Class 3 | uzongcola | ozongcola | uzongcola | awuzungcola | ongezungcola | ungezungcola |
| Class 4 | izongcola | ezongcola | izongcola | ayizungcola | engezungcola | ingezungcola |
| Class 5 | lizongcola | elizongcola | lizongcola | alizungcola | elingezungcola | lingezungcola |
| Class 6 | azongcola | azongcola | ezongcola | awazungcola | angezungcola | engezungcola |
| Class 7 | sizongcola | esizongcola | sizongcola | asizungcola | esingezungcola | singezungcola |
| Class 8 | zizongcola | ezizongcola | zizongcola | azizungcola | ezingezungcola | zingezungcola |
| Class 9 | izongcola | ezongcola | izongcola | ayizungcola | engezungcola | ingezungcola |
| Class 10 | zizongcola | ezizongcola | zizongcola | azizungcola | ezingezungcola | zingezungcola |
| Class 11 | luzongcola | oluzongcola | luzongcola | aluzungcola | olungezungcola | lungezungcola |
| Class 14 | buzongcola | obuzongcola | buzongcola | abuzungcola | obungezungcola | bungezungcola |
| Class 15 | kuzongcola | okuzongcola | kuzongcola | akuzungcola | okungezungcola | kungezungcola |
| Class 17 | kuzongcola | okuzongcola | kuzongcola | akuzungcola | okungezungcola | kungezungcola |
| | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyongcola | engiyongcola | ngiyongcola | angiyungcola | engingeyungcola | ngingeyungcola |
| 2nd singular | uyongcola | oyongcola | uyongcola | awuyungcola | ongeyungcola | ungeyungcola |
| 1st plural | siyongcola | esiyongcola | siyongcola | asiyungcola | esingeyungcola | singeyungcola |
| 2nd plural | niyongcola | eniyongcola | niyongcola | aniyungcola | eningeyungcola | ningeyungcola |
| Class 1 | uyongcola | oyongcola | eyongcola | akayungcola | ongeyungcola | engeyungcola |
| Class 2 | bayongcola | abayongcola | beyongcola | abayungcola | abangeyungcola | bengeyungcola |
| Class 3 | uyongcola | oyongcola | uyongcola | awuyungcola | ongeyungcola | ungeyungcola |
| Class 4 | iyongcola | eyongcola | iyongcola | ayiyungcola | engeyungcola | ingeyungcola |
| Class 5 | liyongcola | eliyongcola | liyongcola | aliyungcola | elingeyungcola | lingeyungcola |
| Class 6 | ayongcola | ayongcola | eyongcola | awayungcola | angeyungcola | engeyungcola |
| Class 7 | siyongcola | esiyongcola | siyongcola | asiyungcola | esingeyungcola | singeyungcola |
| Class 8 | ziyongcola | eziyongcola | ziyongcola | aziyungcola | ezingeyungcola | zingeyungcola |
| Class 9 | iyongcola | eyongcola | iyongcola | ayiyungcola | engeyungcola | ingeyungcola |
| Class 10 | ziyongcola | eziyongcola | ziyongcola | aziyungcola | ezingeyungcola | zingeyungcola |
| Class 11 | luyongcola | oluyongcola | luyongcola | aluyungcola | olungeyungcola | lungeyungcola |
| Class 14 | buyongcola | obuyongcola | buyongcola | abuyungcola | obungeyungcola | bungeyungcola |
| Class 15 | kuyongcola | okuyongcola | kuyongcola | akuyungcola | okungeyungcola | kungeyungcola |
| Class 17 | kuyongcola | okuyongcola | kuyongcola | akuyungcola | okungeyungcola | kungeyungcola |
| | Present subjunctive | Present subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngingcole | ngingangcoli |
| 2nd singular | ungcole | ungangcoli |
| 1st plural | singcole | singangcoli |
| 2nd plural | ningcole | ningangcoli |
| Class 1 | angcole | angangcoli |
| Class 2 | bangcole | bangangcoli |
| Class 3 | ungcole | ungangcoli |
| Class 4 | ingcole | ingangcoli |
| Class 5 | lingcole | lingangcoli |
| Class 6 | angcole | angangcoli |
| Class 7 | singcole | singangcoli |
| Class 8 | zingcole | zingangcoli |
| Class 9 | ingcole | ingangcoli |
| Class 10 | zingcole | zingangcoli |
| Class 11 | lungcole | lungangcoli |
| Class 14 | bungcole | bungangcoli |
| Class 15 | kungcole | kungangcoli |
| Class 17 | kungcole | kungangcoli |
| | Past subjunctive | Past subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngangcola | ngangangcola, angangcola, angangangcola |
| 2nd singular | wangcola | wangangcola, awangcola, awangangcola |
| 1st plural | sangcola | sangangcola, asangcola, asangangcola |
| 2nd plural | nangcola | nangangcola, anangcola, anangangcola |
| Class 1 | wangcola | wangangcola, akangcola, akangangcola |
| Class 2 | bangcola | bangangcola, abangcola, abangangcola |
| Class 3 | wangcola | wangangcola, awangcola, awangangcola |
| Class 4 | yangcola | yangangcola, ayangcola, ayangangcola |
| Class 5 | langcola | langangcola, alangcola, alangangcola |
| Class 6 | angcola | angangcola, awangcola, awangangcola |
| Class 7 | sangcola | sangangcola, asangcola, asangangcola |
| Class 8 | zangcola | zangangcola, azangcola, azangangcola |
| Class 9 | yangcola | yangangcola, ayangcola, ayangangcola |
| Class 10 | zangcola | zangangcola, azangcola, azangangcola |
| Class 11 | lwangcola | lwangangcola, alwangcola, alwangangcola |
| Class 14 | bangcola | bangangcola, abangcola, abangangcola |
| Class 15 | kwangcola | kwangangcola, akwangcola, akwangangcola |
| Class 17 | kwangcola | kwangangcola, akwangcola, akwangangcola |

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “ngcola”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “ngcola (6.3)”
* Louw, J.A. (2013) “The Impact of Khoesan on Southern Bantu”, in Vossen, Rainer, editor, The Khoesan Languages, Routledge, →ISBN, pages 435-444