# 反芻
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fǎnchú
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄢˇ ㄔㄨˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): faan$^2$ co$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hoán-chho͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): huang$^2$ cu$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fǎnchú
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄢˇ ㄔㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fǎnchú
*** Wade–Giles: fan$^3$-chʻu$^2$
*** Yale: fǎn-chú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: faanchwu
*** Palladius: фаньчу (fanʹču)
*** Sinological IPA : /fän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: faan$^2$ co$^1$
*** Yale: fáan chō
*** Cantonese Pinyin: faan$^2$ tso$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fan$^2$ co$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /faːn³⁵ t͡sʰɔː⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoán-chho͘
*** Tâi-lô: huán-tshoo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoafnzhof
*** IPA (Xiamen): /huan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰɔ⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: huang$^2$ cu$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huáng tshu
*** Sinological IPA : /huaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sʰu³³/

### Verb

反芻
* to ruminate; to chew the cud
* (figurative) to meditate on; to mull over (past events)

#### Synonyms

* (to ruminate):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 反芻, 倒嚼, 倒噍 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 反芻, 倒嚼 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 倒噍 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 倒磨 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 倒磨 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 倒磨 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 回嚼 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 反草 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 翻草 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 倒胲 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 倒草 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 翻肚 |
| Hakka | Changting | 倒草 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 倒草 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 倒草 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 倒草 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 倒草 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 倒草 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 倒草 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 倒草 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 倒草 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 倒草 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 倒草 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 倒草 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 翻草 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 倒草 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 倒嚼 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 翻草, 倒噍 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 倒噍 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 翻草 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 轉嚼 |

#### Derived terms

* 反芻動物／反刍动物 (fǎnchú dòngwù)
* 反芻物／反刍物 (fǎnchúwù)
* 反芻胃／反刍胃

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 反芻(はんすう) (hansū)
* → Korean: 반추(反芻) (banchu)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 反 | 芻 |
| はん Grade: 3 | すう Hyōgai |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 反すう

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) はんすう [hàńsúú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [hã̠ɰ̃sɨː]

### Noun

反(はん)芻(すう) • (hansū)
* (of cows, etc...) rumination, regurgitation
* (figurative) meditating on, pondering

### Verb

反(はん)芻(すう)する • (hansū suru) suru (stem 反(はん)芻(すう)し (hansū shi), past 反(はん)芻(すう)した (hansū shita))
* to ruminate, to chew the cud
* to meditate on, to think over
** Tatoeba
    改(あらた)めて反芻(はんすう)してると、何(なん)だか恥(は)ずかしいぞ。
       Aratamete hansū shiteru to, nandaka hazukashī zo.
       Now that I think over it, it's somewhat embarrassing.

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 反芻し | はんすうし | hansū shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 反芻し | はんすうし | hansū shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 反芻する | はんすうする | hansū suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 反芻する | はんすうする | hansū suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 反芻すれ | はんすうすれ | hansū sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 反芻せよ¹ 反芻しろ² | はんすうせよ¹ はんすうしろ² | hansū seyo¹ hansū shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 反芻される | はんすうされる | hansū sareru |
| Causative | 反芻させる 反芻さす | はんすうさせる はんすうさす | hansū saseru hansū sasu |
| Potential | 反芻できる | はんすうできる | hansū dekiru |
| Volitional | 反芻しよう | はんすうしよう | hansū shiyō |
| Negative | 反芻しない | はんすうしない | hansū shinai |
| Negative continuative | 反芻せず | はんすうせず | hansū sezu |
| Formal | 反芻します | はんすうします | hansū shimasu |
| Perfective | 反芻した | はんすうした | hansū shita |
| Conjunctive | 反芻して | はんすうして | hansū shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 反芻すれば | はんすうすれば | hansū sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

#### Derived terms

* 反芻類(はんすうるい) (hansūrui)
* 反芻症(はんすうしょう) (hansūshō)
* 反芻胃(はんすうい) (hansūi)
* 反芻動物(はんすうどうぶつ) (hansūdōbutsu)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN