# 災難
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zāinàn
    (Zhuyin): ㄗㄞ ㄋㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zoi$^1$ naan$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): châi-nan
* Jin (Wiktionary): zai$^1$ nan$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): cuói-nūing
* Eastern Min (BUC): căi-nâng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chai-lān
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zai$^1$ lang$^7$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zāinàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄞ ㄋㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zainàn
*** Wade–Giles: tsai$^1$-nan$^4$
*** Yale: dzāi-nàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzainann
*** Palladius: цзайнань (czajnanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡saɪ̯⁵⁵ nän⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zoi$^1$ naan$^6$
*** Yale: jōi naahn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzoi$^1$ naan$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zoi$^1$ nan$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɔːi̯⁵⁵ naːn²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: châi-nan
*** Hakka Romanization System: zai$^ˊ$ nan
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zai$^1$ nan$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sai̯²⁴⁻¹¹ nan⁵⁵/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: zai$^1$ nan$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sai¹¹ næ̃⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cuói-nūing
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡suɛ⁵⁴ nuiŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: căi-nâng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sai⁵⁵⁻⁵³ nˡɑŋ²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chai-lān
*** Tâi-lô: tsai-lān
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zailan
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sai⁴⁴⁻²² lan²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sai³³ lan⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sai⁴⁴⁻²² lan²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sai⁴⁴⁻³³ lan³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sai⁴⁴⁻³³ lan³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: zai$^1$ lang$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsai lāng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sai³³⁻²³ laŋ¹¹/
* Middle Chinese: tsoj nanH
Rime :
| Character | 災 | 難 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 精 (13) | 泥 (8) |
| Final (韻) | 咍 (41) | 寒 (61) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 祖才切 | 奴案切 |
| Baxter | tsoj | nanH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sʌi/ | /nɑn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡səi/ | /nɑn$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sɒi/ | /nɑn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡səj/ | /nan$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sᴀi/ | /nɑn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sɒi/ | /nɑn$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /t͡sɑ̆i/ | /nɑn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zāi | nàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zoi$^1$ | naan$^6$ |

### Noun

災難
* disaster; calamity; catastrophe (Classifier: 場／场; 次)
    From: 648 CE, Fang Xuanling (lead editor), Book of Jin
    Zāinàn yán yú zōngzǐ, quánbǐng lóng yú cháotíng. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Synonyms

* 亂兒／乱儿 (luànr) (dialectal)
* 人禍／人祸 (rénhuò) (man-made disaster)
* 劫 (jié) (Buddhism)
* 劫煞 (Hokkien)
* 劫難／劫难 (jiénàn)
* 厄 (literary, or in compounds)
* 大禍／大祸 (dàhuò) (major catastrophe)
* 大難／大难 (dànàn) (major catastrophe)
* 天災／天灾 (tiānzāi) (natural disaster)
* 央厄 (yāng'è) (literary)
* 奇禍／奇祸 (qíhuò) (literary, unexpected disaster)
* 巨禍／巨祸 (jùhuò) (literary)
* 患 (huàn) (literary, or in compounds)
* 慘事／惨事 (cǎnshì)
* 慘劇／惨剧 (cǎnjù)
* 慘禍／惨祸 (cǎnhuò) (tragic accident)
* 沙𧐔 (sua$^1$ sab$^4$) (Teochew)
* 浩劫 (hàojié)
* 災／灾 (zāi) (literary, or in compounds)
* 災劫／灾劫 (zāijié) (literary)
* 災厄／灾厄 (zāi'è) (literary)
* 災害／灾害 (zāihài)
* 災殃／灾殃 (zāiyāng)
* 災禍／灾祸 (zāihuò)
* 災變／灾变 (zāibiàn) (literary, natural disaster)
* 癰疽／痈疽 (yōngjū) (figurative)
* 眚沴 (shěnglì) (literary)
* 禍／祸 (huò) (literary, or in compounds)
* 禍事／祸事 (huòshì)
* 禍害／祸害 (huòhài)
* 禍息／祸息 (ho$^5$ si$^6$) (Xiang)
* 禍患／祸患 (huòhuàn)
* 禍殃／祸殃 (huòyāng)

#### Derived terms

* 月亮有災難／月亮有灾难
* 災難性／灾难性 (zāinànxìng)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 災難(さいなん) (sainan)
* → Korean: 재난(災難) (jaenan)
* → Vietnamese: tai nạn (災難)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 災 | 難 |
| さい Grade: 5 | なん Grade: 6 |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 災難 (kyūjitai)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) さいなん [sàínáꜜǹ] (Nakadaka – [3])
* IPA: [sa̠inã̠ɴ]

### Noun

災(さい)難(なん) • (sainan)
* disaster
    災難(さいなん)に遭(あ)う
       sainan ni au
       to meet with disaster
    災難(さいなん)を免(まぬか)れる
       sainan o manukareru
       to escape disaster
** 2015 September 14, Kaori Shoji, “When disaster strikes in Japan, keep calm and carry a diaper”, in The Japan Times‎, retrieved 2023-04-11:On a smaller scale, there’s the roster of small catastrophes called sainan (災難); these include everything from mushisasare (虫さされ, mosquito bites) and hage (ハゲ, losing your hair) to wakare (別れ, break-ups), rikon (離婚, divorce) and other relationship troubles.

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 災 | 難 |

### Noun

災難 • (jaenan) (hangeul 재난)
* hanja form of 재난 (“disaster”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 災 | 難 |

### Noun

災難
* chữ Hán form of tai nạn (“accident”).