# qwasha
## Zulu
### Pronunciation

IPA: /ǃwaːʃa/

### Verb

-qwasha
* (intransitive) to lie awake

#### Inflection

Tone L :
| Infinitive | ukuqwasha |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Infinitive | ukuqwasha | ukungaqwashi |
| | Imperative | Imperative |
| | Simple | + object concord |
| Singular | qwasha | -qwashe |
| Plural | qwashani | -qwasheni |
| | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyaqwasha, ngiqwasha | engiqwashayo, engiqwasha | ngiqwasha | angiqwashi | engingaqwashi | ngingaqwashi |
| 2nd singular | uyaqwasha, uqwasha | oqwashayo, oqwasha | uqwasha | awuqwashi | ongaqwashi | ungaqwashi |
| 1st plural | siyaqwasha, siqwasha | esiqwashayo, esiqwasha | siqwasha | asiqwashi | esingaqwashi | singaqwashi |
| 2nd plural | niyaqwasha, niqwasha | eniqwashayo, eniqwasha | niqwasha | aniqwashi | eningaqwashi | ningaqwashi |
| Class 1 | uyaqwasha, uqwasha | oqwashayo, oqwasha | eqwasha | akaqwashi | ongaqwashi | engaqwashi |
| Class 2 | bayaqwasha, baqwasha | abaqwashayo, abaqwasha | beqwasha | abaqwashi | abangaqwashi | bengaqwashi |
| Class 3 | uyaqwasha, uqwasha | oqwashayo, oqwasha | uqwasha | awuqwashi | ongaqwashi | ungaqwashi |
| Class 4 | iyaqwasha, iqwasha | eqwashayo, eqwasha | iqwasha | ayiqwashi | engaqwashi | ingaqwashi |
| Class 5 | liyaqwasha, liqwasha | eliqwashayo, eliqwasha | liqwasha | aliqwashi | elingaqwashi | lingaqwashi |
| Class 6 | ayaqwasha, aqwasha | aqwashayo, aqwasha | eqwasha | awaqwashi | angaqwashi | engaqwashi |
| Class 7 | siyaqwasha, siqwasha | esiqwashayo, esiqwasha | siqwasha | asiqwashi | esingaqwashi | singaqwashi |
| Class 8 | ziyaqwasha, ziqwasha | eziqwashayo, eziqwasha | ziqwasha | aziqwashi | ezingaqwashi | zingaqwashi |
| Class 9 | iyaqwasha, iqwasha | eqwashayo, eqwasha | iqwasha | ayiqwashi | engaqwashi | ingaqwashi |
| Class 10 | ziyaqwasha, ziqwasha | eziqwashayo, eziqwasha | ziqwasha | aziqwashi | ezingaqwashi | zingaqwashi |
| Class 11 | luyaqwasha, luqwasha | oluqwashayo, oluqwasha | luqwasha | aluqwashi | olungaqwashi | lungaqwashi |
| Class 14 | buyaqwasha, buqwasha | obuqwashayo, obuqwasha | buqwasha | abuqwashi | obungaqwashi | bungaqwashi |
| Class 15 | kuyaqwasha, kuqwasha | okuqwashayo, okuqwasha | kuqwasha | akuqwashi | okungaqwashi | kungaqwashi |
| Class 17 | kuyaqwasha, kuqwasha | okuqwashayo, okuqwasha | kuqwasha | akuqwashi | okungaqwashi | kungaqwashi |
| | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiqwashile, ngiqwashē | engiqwashile, engiqwashē | ngiqwashile, ngiqwashē | angiqwashanga | engingaqwashanga | ngingaqwashanga |
| 2nd singular | uqwashile, uqwashē | oqwashile, oqwashē | uqwashile, uqwashē | awuqwashanga | ongaqwashanga | ungaqwashanga |
| 1st plural | siqwashile, siqwashē | esiqwashile, esiqwashē | siqwashile, siqwashē | asiqwashanga | esingaqwashanga | singaqwashanga |
| 2nd plural | niqwashile, niqwashē | eniqwashile, eniqwashē | niqwashile, niqwashē | aniqwashanga | eningaqwashanga | ningaqwashanga |
| Class 1 | uqwashile, uqwashē | oqwashile, oqwashē | eqwashile, eqwashē | akaqwashanga | ongaqwashanga | engaqwashanga |
| Class 2 | baqwashile, baqwashē | abaqwashile, abaqwashē | beqwashile, beqwashē | abaqwashanga | abangaqwashanga | bengaqwashanga |
| Class 3 | uqwashile, uqwashē | oqwashile, oqwashē | uqwashile, uqwashē | awuqwashanga | ongaqwashanga | ungaqwashanga |
| Class 4 | iqwashile, iqwashē | eqwashile, eqwashē | iqwashile, iqwashē | ayiqwashanga | engaqwashanga | ingaqwashanga |
| Class 5 | liqwashile, liqwashē | eliqwashile, eliqwashē | liqwashile, liqwashē | aliqwashanga | elingaqwashanga | lingaqwashanga |
| Class 6 | aqwashile, aqwashē | aqwashile, aqwashē | eqwashile, eqwashē | awaqwashanga | angaqwashanga | engaqwashanga |
| Class 7 | siqwashile, siqwashē | esiqwashile, esiqwashē | siqwashile, siqwashē | asiqwashanga | esingaqwashanga | singaqwashanga |
| Class 8 | ziqwashile, ziqwashē | eziqwashile, eziqwashē | ziqwashile, ziqwashē | aziqwashanga | ezingaqwashanga | zingaqwashanga |
| Class 9 | iqwashile, iqwashē | eqwashile, eqwashē | iqwashile, iqwashē | ayiqwashanga | engaqwashanga | ingaqwashanga |
| Class 10 | ziqwashile, ziqwashē | eziqwashile, eziqwashē | ziqwashile, ziqwashē | aziqwashanga | ezingaqwashanga | zingaqwashanga |
| Class 11 | luqwashile, luqwashē | oluqwashile, oluqwashē | luqwashile, luqwashē | aluqwashanga | olungaqwashanga | lungaqwashanga |
| Class 14 | buqwashile, buqwashē | obuqwashile, obuqwashē | buqwashile, buqwashē | abuqwashanga | obungaqwashanga | bungaqwashanga |
| Class 15 | kuqwashile, kuqwashē | okuqwashile, okuqwashē | kuqwashile, kuqwashē | akuqwashanga | okungaqwashanga | kungaqwashanga |
| Class 17 | kuqwashile, kuqwashē | okuqwashile, okuqwashē | kuqwashile, kuqwashē | akuqwashanga | okungaqwashanga | kungaqwashanga |
| | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngāqwasha | engāqwasha | ngāqwasha | angiqwashanga | engingaqwashanga | ngingaqwashanga |
| 2nd singular | wāqwasha | owāqwasha | wāqwasha | awuqwashanga | ongaqwashanga | ungaqwashanga |
| 1st plural | sāqwasha | esāqwasha | sāqwasha | asiqwashanga | esingaqwashanga | singaqwashanga |
| 2nd plural | nāqwasha | enāqwasha | nāqwasha | aniqwashanga | eningaqwashanga | ningaqwashanga |
| Class 1 | wāqwasha | owāqwasha | āqwasha | akaqwashanga | ongaqwashanga | engaqwashanga |
| Class 2 | bāqwasha | abāqwasha | bāqwasha | abaqwashanga | abangaqwashanga | bengaqwashanga |
| Class 3 | wāqwasha | owāqwasha | wāqwasha | awuqwashanga | ongaqwashanga | ungaqwashanga |
| Class 4 | yāqwasha | eyāqwasha | yāqwasha | ayiqwashanga | engaqwashanga | ingaqwashanga |
| Class 5 | lāqwasha | elāqwasha | lāqwasha | aliqwashanga | elingaqwashanga | lingaqwashanga |
| Class 6 | āqwasha | āqwasha | āqwasha | awaqwashanga | angaqwashanga | engaqwashanga |
| Class 7 | sāqwasha | esāqwasha | sāqwasha | asiqwashanga | esingaqwashanga | singaqwashanga |
| Class 8 | zāqwasha | ezāqwasha | zāqwasha | aziqwashanga | ezingaqwashanga | zingaqwashanga |
| Class 9 | yāqwasha | eyāqwasha | yāqwasha | ayiqwashanga | engaqwashanga | ingaqwashanga |
| Class 10 | zāqwasha | ezāqwasha | zāqwasha | aziqwashanga | ezingaqwashanga | zingaqwashanga |
| Class 11 | lwāqwasha | olwāqwasha | lwāqwasha | aluqwashanga | olungaqwashanga | lungaqwashanga |
| Class 14 | bāqwasha | obāqwasha | bāqwasha | abuqwashanga | obungaqwashanga | bungaqwashanga |
| Class 15 | kwāqwasha | okwāqwasha | kwāqwasha | akuqwashanga | okungaqwashanga | kungaqwashanga |
| Class 17 | kwāqwasha | okwāqwasha | kwāqwasha | akuqwashanga | okungaqwashanga | kungaqwashanga |
| | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngingaqwasha | — | ngingaqwasha | ngingeqwashe | — | ngingeqwashe |
| 2nd singular | ungaqwasha | — | ungaqwasha | ungeqwashe | — | ungeqwashe |
| 1st plural | singaqwasha | — | singaqwasha | singeqwashe | — | singeqwashe |
| 2nd plural | ningaqwasha | — | ningaqwasha | ningeqwashe | — | ningeqwashe |
| Class 1 | angaqwasha | — | engaqwasha | angeqwashe | — | engeqwashe |
| Class 2 | bangaqwasha | — | bengaqwasha | bangeqwashe | — | bengeqwashe |
| Class 3 | ungaqwasha | — | ungaqwasha | ungeqwashe | — | ungeqwashe |
| Class 4 | ingaqwasha | — | ingaqwasha | ingeqwashe | — | ingeqwashe |
| Class 5 | lingaqwasha | — | lingaqwasha | lingeqwashe | — | lingeqwashe |
| Class 6 | angaqwasha | — | engaqwasha | angeqwashe | — | engeqwashe |
| Class 7 | singaqwasha | — | singaqwasha | singeqwashe | — | singeqwashe |
| Class 8 | zingaqwasha | — | zingaqwasha | zingeqwashe | — | zingeqwashe |
| Class 9 | ingaqwasha | — | ingaqwasha | ingeqwashe | — | ingeqwashe |
| Class 10 | zingaqwasha | — | zingaqwasha | zingeqwashe | — | zingeqwashe |
| Class 11 | lungaqwasha | — | lungaqwasha | lungeqwashe | — | lungeqwashe |
| Class 14 | bungaqwasha | — | bungaqwasha | bungeqwashe | — | bungeqwashe |
| Class 15 | kungaqwasha | — | kungaqwasha | kungeqwashe | — | kungeqwashe |
| Class 17 | kungaqwasha | — | kungaqwasha | kungeqwashe | — | kungeqwashe |
| | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngizoqwasha | engizoqwasha | ngizoqwasha | angizuqwasha | engingezuqwasha | ngingezuqwasha |
| 2nd singular | uzoqwasha | ozoqwasha | uzoqwasha | awuzuqwasha | ongezuqwasha | ungezuqwasha |
| 1st plural | sizoqwasha | esizoqwasha | sizoqwasha | asizuqwasha | esingezuqwasha | singezuqwasha |
| 2nd plural | nizoqwasha | enizoqwasha | nizoqwasha | anizuqwasha | eningezuqwasha | ningezuqwasha |
| Class 1 | uzoqwasha | ozoqwasha | ezoqwasha | akazuqwasha | ongezuqwasha | engezuqwasha |
| Class 2 | bazoqwasha | abazoqwasha | bezoqwasha | abazuqwasha | abangezuqwasha | bengezuqwasha |
| Class 3 | uzoqwasha | ozoqwasha | uzoqwasha | awuzuqwasha | ongezuqwasha | ungezuqwasha |
| Class 4 | izoqwasha | ezoqwasha | izoqwasha | ayizuqwasha | engezuqwasha | ingezuqwasha |
| Class 5 | lizoqwasha | elizoqwasha | lizoqwasha | alizuqwasha | elingezuqwasha | lingezuqwasha |
| Class 6 | azoqwasha | azoqwasha | ezoqwasha | awazuqwasha | angezuqwasha | engezuqwasha |
| Class 7 | sizoqwasha | esizoqwasha | sizoqwasha | asizuqwasha | esingezuqwasha | singezuqwasha |
| Class 8 | zizoqwasha | ezizoqwasha | zizoqwasha | azizuqwasha | ezingezuqwasha | zingezuqwasha |
| Class 9 | izoqwasha | ezoqwasha | izoqwasha | ayizuqwasha | engezuqwasha | ingezuqwasha |
| Class 10 | zizoqwasha | ezizoqwasha | zizoqwasha | azizuqwasha | ezingezuqwasha | zingezuqwasha |
| Class 11 | luzoqwasha | oluzoqwasha | luzoqwasha | aluzuqwasha | olungezuqwasha | lungezuqwasha |
| Class 14 | buzoqwasha | obuzoqwasha | buzoqwasha | abuzuqwasha | obungezuqwasha | bungezuqwasha |
| Class 15 | kuzoqwasha | okuzoqwasha | kuzoqwasha | akuzuqwasha | okungezuqwasha | kungezuqwasha |
| Class 17 | kuzoqwasha | okuzoqwasha | kuzoqwasha | akuzuqwasha | okungezuqwasha | kungezuqwasha |
| | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyoqwasha | engiyoqwasha | ngiyoqwasha | angiyuqwasha | engingeyuqwasha | ngingeyuqwasha |
| 2nd singular | uyoqwasha | oyoqwasha | uyoqwasha | awuyuqwasha | ongeyuqwasha | ungeyuqwasha |
| 1st plural | siyoqwasha | esiyoqwasha | siyoqwasha | asiyuqwasha | esingeyuqwasha | singeyuqwasha |
| 2nd plural | niyoqwasha | eniyoqwasha | niyoqwasha | aniyuqwasha | eningeyuqwasha | ningeyuqwasha |
| Class 1 | uyoqwasha | oyoqwasha | eyoqwasha | akayuqwasha | ongeyuqwasha | engeyuqwasha |
| Class 2 | bayoqwasha | abayoqwasha | beyoqwasha | abayuqwasha | abangeyuqwasha | bengeyuqwasha |
| Class 3 | uyoqwasha | oyoqwasha | uyoqwasha | awuyuqwasha | ongeyuqwasha | ungeyuqwasha |
| Class 4 | iyoqwasha | eyoqwasha | iyoqwasha | ayiyuqwasha | engeyuqwasha | ingeyuqwasha |
| Class 5 | liyoqwasha | eliyoqwasha | liyoqwasha | aliyuqwasha | elingeyuqwasha | lingeyuqwasha |
| Class 6 | ayoqwasha | ayoqwasha | eyoqwasha | awayuqwasha | angeyuqwasha | engeyuqwasha |
| Class 7 | siyoqwasha | esiyoqwasha | siyoqwasha | asiyuqwasha | esingeyuqwasha | singeyuqwasha |
| Class 8 | ziyoqwasha | eziyoqwasha | ziyoqwasha | aziyuqwasha | ezingeyuqwasha | zingeyuqwasha |
| Class 9 | iyoqwasha | eyoqwasha | iyoqwasha | ayiyuqwasha | engeyuqwasha | ingeyuqwasha |
| Class 10 | ziyoqwasha | eziyoqwasha | ziyoqwasha | aziyuqwasha | ezingeyuqwasha | zingeyuqwasha |
| Class 11 | luyoqwasha | oluyoqwasha | luyoqwasha | aluyuqwasha | olungeyuqwasha | lungeyuqwasha |
| Class 14 | buyoqwasha | obuyoqwasha | buyoqwasha | abuyuqwasha | obungeyuqwasha | bungeyuqwasha |
| Class 15 | kuyoqwasha | okuyoqwasha | kuyoqwasha | akuyuqwasha | okungeyuqwasha | kungeyuqwasha |
| Class 17 | kuyoqwasha | okuyoqwasha | kuyoqwasha | akuyuqwasha | okungeyuqwasha | kungeyuqwasha |
| | Present subjunctive | Present subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngiqwashe | ngingaqwashi |
| 2nd singular | uqwashe | ungaqwashi |
| 1st plural | siqwashe | singaqwashi |
| 2nd plural | niqwashe | ningaqwashi |
| Class 1 | aqwashe | angaqwashi |
| Class 2 | baqwashe | bangaqwashi |
| Class 3 | uqwashe | ungaqwashi |
| Class 4 | iqwashe | ingaqwashi |
| Class 5 | liqwashe | lingaqwashi |
| Class 6 | aqwashe | angaqwashi |
| Class 7 | siqwashe | singaqwashi |
| Class 8 | ziqwashe | zingaqwashi |
| Class 9 | iqwashe | ingaqwashi |
| Class 10 | ziqwashe | zingaqwashi |
| Class 11 | luqwashe | lungaqwashi |
| Class 14 | buqwashe | bungaqwashi |
| Class 15 | kuqwashe | kungaqwashi |
| Class 17 | kuqwashe | kungaqwashi |
| | Past subjunctive | Past subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngaqwasha | ngangaqwasha, angaqwasha, angangaqwasha |
| 2nd singular | waqwasha | wangaqwasha, awaqwasha, awangaqwasha |
| 1st plural | saqwasha | sangaqwasha, asaqwasha, asangaqwasha |
| 2nd plural | naqwasha | nangaqwasha, anaqwasha, anangaqwasha |
| Class 1 | waqwasha | wangaqwasha, akaqwasha, akangaqwasha |
| Class 2 | baqwasha | bangaqwasha, abaqwasha, abangaqwasha |
| Class 3 | waqwasha | wangaqwasha, awaqwasha, awangaqwasha |
| Class 4 | yaqwasha | yangaqwasha, ayaqwasha, ayangaqwasha |
| Class 5 | laqwasha | langaqwasha, alaqwasha, alangaqwasha |
| Class 6 | aqwasha | angaqwasha, awaqwasha, awangaqwasha |
| Class 7 | saqwasha | sangaqwasha, asaqwasha, asangaqwasha |
| Class 8 | zaqwasha | zangaqwasha, azaqwasha, azangaqwasha |
| Class 9 | yaqwasha | yangaqwasha, ayaqwasha, ayangaqwasha |
| Class 10 | zaqwasha | zangaqwasha, azaqwasha, azangaqwasha |
| Class 11 | lwaqwasha | lwangaqwasha, alwaqwasha, alwangaqwasha |
| Class 14 | baqwasha | bangaqwasha, abaqwasha, abangaqwasha |
| Class 15 | kwaqwasha | kwangaqwasha, akwaqwasha, akwangaqwasha |
| Class 17 | kwaqwasha | kwangaqwasha, akwaqwasha, akwangaqwasha |

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “qwasha”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “qwasha (6.3)”