# brandir
## Catalan
### Etymology

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *brandīre, from *brandus, from Frankish *brand.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [bɾənˈdi]
* IPA: (Valencia) [bɾanˈdiɾ]

### Verb

brandir (first-person singular present brandeixo, first-person singular preterite brandí, past participle brandit)
* Synonym of brandar

#### Conjugation

| infinitive | infinitive | infinitive | brandir | brandir | brandir | brandir | brandir |
| gerund | gerund | gerund | brandint | brandint | brandint | brandint | brandint |
| past participle | past participle | | | masculine | masculine | feminine | feminine |
| past participle | past participle | singular | singular | brandit | brandit | brandida | brandida |
| past participle | past participle | plural | plural | brandits | brandits | brandides | brandides |
| person | person | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| person | person | first | second | third | first | second | third |
| indicative | | jo | tu | ell/ella vostè | nosaltres nós | vosaltres vós | ells/elles vostès |
| indicative | present | brandeixo | brandeixes | brandeix | brandim | brandiu | brandeixen |
| indicative | imperfect | brandia | brandies | brandia | brandíem | brandíeu | brandien |
| indicative | future | brandiré | brandiràs | brandirà | brandirem | brandireu | brandiran |
| indicative | preterite | brandí | brandires | brandí | brandírem | brandíreu | brandiren |
| indicative | conditional | brandiria | brandiries | brandiria | brandiríem | brandiríeu | brandirien |
| subjunctive | | jo | tu | ell/ella vostè | nosaltres nós | vosaltres vós | ells/elles vostès |
| subjunctive | present | brandeixi | brandeixis | brandeixi | brandim | brandiu | brandeixin |
| subjunctive | imperfect | brandís | brandissis | brandís | brandíssim | brandíssiu | brandissin |
| imperative | | — | tu | vostè | nosaltres | vosaltres vós | vostès |
| imperative | affirmative | — | brandeix | brandeixi | brandim | brandiu | brandeixin |
| imperative | negative (no) | — | no brandeixis | no brandeixi | no brandim | no brandiu | no brandeixin |

#### Related terms

* brandar

### Further reading

* “brandir” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “brandir”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
* “brandir” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “brandir” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Middle French and Old French brandir.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bʁɑ̃.diʁ/
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

brandir
* to brandish (a weapon)

#### Conjugation

This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, like finir, choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in -ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix -iss-.

#### Descendants

* → Spanish: blandir

### Further reading

* “brandir”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Galician
### Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese brandir (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), from either Old French brandir or Old Occitan brandir.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [bɾanˈdiɾ]

### Verb

brandir (first-person singular present brando, first-person singular preterite brandín, past participle brandido) brandir (first-person singular present brando, first-person singular preterite brandim or brandi, past participle brandido, reintegrationist norm)
* (transitive) to brandish (to move a weapon)

#### Conjugation

$^1$Less recommended.

#### Derived terms

* brandear (“to wave, wag”)

### References

* Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “brandir”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “brandir”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “brandir”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega

## Occitan
### Etymology

From Old Occitan brandir, from Vulgar Latin *brandiō, from *brandus, from Frankish *brand.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Verb

brandir
* to brandish (a weapon)

#### Conjugation

| | | simple | simple | simple | compound | compound | compound |
| infinitive | infinitive | brandir | brandir | brandir | ?er brandit | ?er brandit | ?er brandit |
| past participle | past participle | brandit | brandit | brandit | — | — | — |
| gerund | gerund | brandissent | brandissent | brandissent | ?ent brandit | ?ent brandit | ?ent brandit |
| person | person | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| person | person | first | second | third | first | second | third |
| indicative | | ieu | tu | el | nosautres | vosautres | eles |
| indicative | present | brandissi | brandisses | brandís | brandissèm | brandissètz | brandisson |
| indicative | imperfect | brandissiái | brandissiás | brandissiá | brandissiam | brandissiatz | brandissián |
| indicative | preterite | brandiguèri | brandiguères | brandiguèt | brandiguèrem | brandiguèretz | brandiguèron |
| indicative | future | brandirai | brandiràs | brandirà | brandirem | brandiretz | brandiràn |
| indicative | conditional | brandiriái | brandiriás | brandiriá | brandiriam | brandiriatz | brandirián |
| indicative | conditional 2nd form$^1$ | brandiguèra | brandiguèras | brandiguèra | brandigueram | brandigueratz | brandiguèran |
| compound tenses | present perfect | use the present tense of ?er plus the past participle | use the present tense of ?er plus the past participle | use the present tense of ?er plus the past participle | use the present tense of ?er plus the past participle | use the present tense of ?er plus the past participle | use the present tense of ?er plus the past participle |
| compound tenses | pluperfect | use the imperfect tense of ?er plus the past participle | use the imperfect tense of ?er plus the past participle | use the imperfect tense of ?er plus the past participle | use the imperfect tense of ?er plus the past participle | use the imperfect tense of ?er plus the past participle | use the imperfect tense of ?er plus the past participle |
| compound tenses | past anterior | use the preterite tense of ?er plus the past participle | use the preterite tense of ?er plus the past participle | use the preterite tense of ?er plus the past participle | use the preterite tense of ?er plus the past participle | use the preterite tense of ?er plus the past participle | use the preterite tense of ?er plus the past participle |
| compound tenses | future perfect | use the future tense of ?er plus the past participle | use the future tense of ?er plus the past participle | use the future tense of ?er plus the past participle | use the future tense of ?er plus the past participle | use the future tense of ?er plus the past participle | use the future tense of ?er plus the past participle |
| compound tenses | conditional perfect | use the conditional tense of ?er plus the past participle | use the conditional tense of ?er plus the past participle | use the conditional tense of ?er plus the past participle | use the conditional tense of ?er plus the past participle | use the conditional tense of ?er plus the past participle | use the conditional tense of ?er plus the past participle |
| subjunctive | | que ieu | que tu | que el | que nosautres | que vosautres | que eles |
| subjunctive | present | brandisca | brandiscas | brandisca | brandiscam | brandiscatz | brandiscan |
| subjunctive | imperfect | brandiguèsse | brandiguèsses | brandiguèsse | brandiguèssem | brandiguèssetz | brandiguèsson |
| compound tenses | past | use the present subjunctive of ?er plus the past participle | use the present subjunctive of ?er plus the past participle | use the present subjunctive of ?er plus the past participle | use the present subjunctive of ?er plus the past participle | use the present subjunctive of ?er plus the past participle | use the present subjunctive of ?er plus the past participle |
| compound tenses | pluperfect | use the imperfect subjunctive of ?er plus the past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of ?er plus the past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of ?er plus the past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of ?er plus the past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of ?er plus the past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of ?er plus the past participle |
| imperative | imperative | — | tu | — | nosautres | vosautres | — |
| imperative | imperative | | brandís | | brandiscam | brandissetz | $^1$Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects |

## Old French
### Etymology

From Vulgar Latin *brandus and ultimately of Germanic origin.

### Verb

brandir
* to brandish (a weapon)

#### Conjugation

This verb conjugates as a second-group verb (ending in -ir, with an -iss- infix). Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.

#### Descendants

* Middle French: brandir
** French: brandir
* → Middle English: braundischen, braundishen
** English: brandish

## Portuguese
### Etymology

Borrowed from Old Occitan brandir.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /bɾɐ̃ˈd͡ʒi(ʁ)/ [bɾɐ̃ˈd͡ʒi(h)]
* (Brazil) IPA: /bɾɐ̃ˈd͡ʒi(ʁ)/ [bɾɐ̃ˈd͡ʒi(h)]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /bɾɐ̃ˈd͡ʒi(ɾ)/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /bɾɐ̃ˈd͡ʒi(ʁ)/ [bɾɐ̃ˈd͡ʒi(χ)]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /bɾɐ̃ˈd͡ʒi(ɻ)/
* (Portugal) IPA: /bɾɐ̃ˈdiɾ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /bɾɐ̃ˈdiɾ/
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /bɾɐ̃ˈdi.ɾi/
* Hyphenation: bran‧dir

### Verb

brandir (first-person singular present brando, first-person singular preterite brandi, past participle brandido)
* (transitive) to brandish (to move a weapon)

#### Conjugation
### References

* ↑ “brandir”, in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2024