# 憲章
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xiànzhāng
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˋ ㄓㄤ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hin$^3$ zoeng$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hiàn-chiong / hiàn-chiang
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiànzhāng
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˋ ㄓㄤ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siànjhang
*** Wade–Giles: hsien$^4$-chang$^1$
*** Yale: syàn-jāng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiannjang
*** Palladius: сяньчжан (sjanʹčžan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hin$^3$ zoeng$^1$
*** Yale: hin jēung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hin$^3$ dzoeng$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hin$^3$ zêng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hiːn³³ t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiàn-chiong
*** Tâi-lô: hiàn-tsiong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hiernciofng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siɔŋ³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiàn-chiang
*** Tâi-lô: hiàn-tsiang
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hiernciafng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siaŋ⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: xjonH tsyang
Rime :
| Character | 憲 | 章 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) | 章 (23) |
| Final (韻) | 元 (65) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 許建切 | 諸良切 |
| Baxter | xjonH | tsyang |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hɨɐn$^H$/ | /t͡ɕɨɐŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /hiɐn$^H$/ | /t͡ɕiɐŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xiɐn$^H$/ | /t͡ɕiɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /hɨan$^H$/ | /cɨaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /xiɐn$^H$/ | /t͡ɕiaŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /xĭɐn$^H$/ | /t͡ɕĭaŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /xɨ̯ɐn$^H$/ | /t͡ɕi̯aŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xiàn | zhāng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hin$^3$ | zoeng$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰar taŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hŋans kjaŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 憲 | 章 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xiàn | zhāng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xjon$^H$ › | ‹ tsyang › |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰar/ (~ *qʰar-s) | /*taŋ/ |
| English | law; model; rule | brilliant; distinctive mark; to display |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 憲 | 章 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 4849 | 16817 |
| Phonetic component | 害 | 章 |
| Rime group | 元 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 獻 | 章 |
| Old Chinese | /*hŋans/ | /*kjaŋ/ |

### Noun

憲章
* charter (document)
       Liánhéguó Xiànzhāng [Pinyin]
       Charter of the United Nations
* (literary, historical) ancient laws and regulations

#### Synonyms

* (charter): 章程 (zhāngchéng)
* (ancient laws and regulations): 典章制度 (diǎnzhāng zhìdù), 典制 (diǎnzhì)

#### Derived terms

* 大憲章／大宪章 (Dà Xiànzhāng)

### Verb

憲章
* (literary) to follow the example of; to take as one's model; to pattern after; to imitate
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
    Zhòngní zǔshù Yáo-Shùn, xiànzhāng Wén-Wǔ, shàng lǜ tiānshí, xià xí shuǐtǔ. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Synonyms

* 仿效 (fǎngxiào)
* 仿照 (fǎngzhào)
* 仿行 (fǎngxíng)
* 取法 (qǔfǎ)
* 宗法 (zōngfǎ)
* 師匠／师匠 (shījiàng) (literary)
* 師法／师法 (shīfǎ) (literary)
* 憲法／宪法 (xiànfǎ) (Classical Chinese)
* 效仿 (xiàofǎng)
* 效尤 (xiàoyóu) (literary, to mimic wrongdoing)
* 效法 (xiàofǎ)
* 模仿 (mófǎng)
* 步武 (bùwǔ) (literary)
* 法象 (fǎxiàng) (archaic)
* 視／视 (shì) (archaic)
* 範圍／范围 (fànwéi) (Classical Chinese)
* 觀象／观象 (guānxiàng) (literary)
* 遵法 (zūnfǎ) (literary)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 憲 | 章 |
| けん Grade: 6 | しょう Grade: 3 |
| kan'on | on'yomi |

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) けんしょー [kèńshóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kẽ̞ɰ̃ɕo̞ː]

#### Noun

憲(けん)章(しょう) • (kenshō)
* charter

##### Derived terms

* 国(こく)連(れん)憲(けん)章(しょう) (kokuren kenshō)
* 児(じ)童(どう)憲(けん)章(しょう) (jidō kenshō)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 憲 | 章 |
| のり Grade: 6 | あき Grade: 3 |
| nanori ||

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) のりあき [nòríꜜàkì] (Nakadaka – [2])
* IPA: [no̞ɾʲia̠kʲi]

#### Proper noun

憲(のり)章(あき) • (Noriaki)
* a male given name

### References

* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 憲 | 章 |

### Noun

憲章 • (heonjang) (hangeul 헌장)
* hanja form of 헌장 (“charter”)