# umquam
## Latin
### Alternative forms

* unquam (later)

### Etymology

Perhaps from *quomquam, from quom (later cum) and quam (“any”). Compare cumque.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈum.kʷam/, [ˈʊŋkʷä̃ˑ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈum.kwam/, [ˈumkwäm]

### Adverb

umquam (not comparable)
* (chiefly in the negative) at any time, ever; (with negative) never
** 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 2.246–247:“Tunc etiam fātīs aperit Cassandra futūrīs ōra deī iussū nōn umquam crēdita Teucrīs.”“Then once more Cassandra had spoken, revealing the future: A voice [which], by decree of a god, the Trojans were never to believe.” (See also: Cassandra.)

#### Usage notes

Most frequently in negative clauses, sometimes also in interrogations and in conditional clauses; but very seldom in affirmations

#### Synonyms

* quandō (following sī or num)

#### Derived terms

* numquam
* *dunquam

#### Related terms

| type | demonstrative | demonstrative | demonstrative | anaphoric | identity | interrogative/ relative | indefinite | indefinite | indefinite | indefinite | indefinite | negative | other |
| type | proximal | medial | distal | anaphoric | identity | interrogative/ relative | relative | indefinite | free choice | universal | negative polarity | negative | other |
| basic | hic | iste, istic | ille, illic | is | ipse, īdem | quis/quī | quisquis, quīcumque | quis, quī, quīdam, aliquis, aliquī, quispiam | quīvis, quīlibet | quisque | quisquam, ūllus, °aliquisquam | nēmō, nihil, nūllus | alius |
| dual | | | | | | uter | utercumque | alteruter | utervīs, uterlibet | uterque | | neuter | alter |
| place | hīc | istīc | illīc | ibī̆ | ibī̆dem | ubī̆ | ubiubi, ubī̆cumque | alicubī, uspiam | ubivīs, ubilibet | ubīque | usquam | nusquam, nūllibī | alibī, aliās |
| source | hinc | istinc | illinc | inde | indidem | unde | undecumque, undeunde | alicunde | °undelibet | undique | | | aliunde |
| destination | hūc, °hōrsum | istūc, °istōrsum | illūc, °illōrsum | eō | eōdem | quō, quōrsum | quōquō, quōcumque | aliquō, quōpiam, °aliquōvorsum | quōvīs, quōlibet | | quōquam | nusquam, nūllōrsum | aliō, aliōrsum |
| method, means, path, place | hāc | istāc | illāc | eā | eādem | quā | quāquā, quācumque | aliquā | quāvīs, quālibet | quāque | | nēquāquam, haudquāquam | aliā |
| manner | hōc modō | istō modō | illō modō | ita, sīc, eō modō | item, itidem | ut, quī, quō modō, quōmodo, quemadmodum | utut, utcumque, quōmodocumque | quī, quōdam modō, aliquō modō | quōmodolibet | utīque | ūllō modō | nūllō modō | aliter, aliōquī, alterō/aliō modō |
| time | num, nunc | | ōlim | tum, tunc | simul | quandō, ‡cum | cumque, quandōcumque, quandōque | quondam, aliquandō | quandōlibet | quandōque | umquam | numquam | aliās |
| quantity | | | | tam | †tamen, †tandem | quam | †quamquam | aliquam | quamvīs, quamlibet | | | | |
| size | | | | tantus | tantusdem | quantus | quantuscumque | aliquantus | quantusvīs, quantuslibet | | | | |
| quality | | | | tālis | | quālis | quālis, quāliscumque | aliquālis | quālislibet | | | | |
| number | | | | tot | totidem | quot | quotquot, quotcumque | aliquot | quotlibet | | | | |
| order | | | | totus | | quotus | quotuscumque | aliquotus | quotuslibet | | | | |
| repetition | | | | totiēns | | quotiēns | quotiēnscumque | aliquotiēns | quotiēnslibet | | | | |
| multiplication | | | | totuplex | | quotuplex | | | | | | | |
| † Turned conjunction with original meaning somewhat dissimulated ° Rare ‡only used as a conjunction, not as an interrogative ||||||||||||||

#### Descendants

Several forms reflect the addition of an adverbial /-s/.
* Balkan Romance:
** Romanian: încă
* Italo-Romance:
** Old Italian: unqua, unque
*** Italian: -unque
* Gallo-Italic:
** Old Ligurian: unca
** Old Lombard: unca, uncha, unchan
* Gallo-Romance:
** Franco-Provençal: onques
** French: onc, onques (obsolete)
** Norman: onc
* Occitano-Romance:
** Old Occitan: oncas (central), onc, unques (Béarn)
*** Occitan: onc (Rouergue)

### References

* Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “ŭmquam”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volumes 14: U–Z, page 26

### Further reading

* “umquam”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “umquam”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* umquam in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. nothing will ever make me forgetful of him: memoriam eius nulla umquam delebit (obscurabit) oblivio (Fam. 2. 1)