# 抱く
## Japanese
### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 抱
* だ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
/idaku/ → /daku/
Shift from idaku.
Compare the shift of 茨 (ibara, “bramble, briar”) → 薔薇 (bara, “rose”).
First cited to the Utsubo Monogatari of roughly 999 CE.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) だく [dàkú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [da̠kɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「抱く」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 抱く | だく | [dàkú] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 抱け | だけ | [dàké] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 抱かれる | だかれる | [dàkárérú] |
| Causative | 抱かせる | だかせる | [dàkásérú] |
| Potential | 抱ける | だける | [dàkérú] |
| Volitional | 抱こう | だこー | [dàkóꜜò] |
| Negative | 抱かない | だかない | [dàkánáí] |
| Negative perfective | 抱かなかった | だかなかった | [dàkánáꜜkàttà] |
| Formal | 抱きます | だきます | [dàkímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 抱いた | だいた | [dàítá] |
| Conjunctive | 抱いて | だいて | [dàíté] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 抱けば | だけば | [dàkéꜜbà] |

#### Verb

抱(だ)く • (daku) transitive godan (stem 抱(だ)き (daki), past 抱(だ)いた (daita))
* [circa 999 — present] to embrace, hug, hold in one's arms
    Synonym: 抱擁する (hōyō suru)
    彼氏(かれし)に後(うし)ろからそっと抱(だ)かれたい。
       Kareshi ni ushiro kara sotto dakaretai.
       I want my boyfriend to hug me gently from behind.
* [1703 — present] (euphemistic) to sleep with someone
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:性交する
    抱(だ)いてね。 ― daite ne. ― Hold me.
* to sit on eggs, to brood on a nest (said of a bird)
* [1008 — present] (archaic) to hold something in mind, to harbor some feeling about, to entertain a thought about
* [1773 — ] to involve someone in one's own actions or thoughts, particularly in negative contexts
* [1822 — ] (archaic) to take a gigolo as a lover (said of a woman working in a brothel as support staff)

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 抱か | だか | daka |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 抱き | だき | daki |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 抱く | だく | daku |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 抱く | だく | daku |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 抱け | だけ | dake |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 抱け | だけ | dake |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 抱かれる | だかれる | dakareru |
| Causative | 抱かせる 抱かす | だかせる だかす | dakaseru dakasu |
| Potential | 抱ける | だける | dakeru |
| Volitional | 抱こう | だこう | dakō |
| Negative | 抱かない | だかない | dakanai |
| Negative continuative | 抱かず | だかず | dakazu |
| Formal | 抱きます | だきます | dakimasu |
| Perfective | 抱いた | だいた | daita |
| Conjunctive | 抱いて | だいて | daite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 抱けば | だけば | dakeba |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 抱か | だか | daka |
| Continuative (連用形) | 抱き | だき | daki |
| Terminal (終止形) | 抱く | だく | daku |
| Attributive (連体形) | 抱く | だく | daku |
| Realis (已然形) | 抱け | だけ | dake |
| Imperative (命令形) | 抱け | だけ | dake |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 抱かず | だかず | dakazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 抱けど | だけど | dakedo |
| Causal conjunction | 抱けば | だけば | dakeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 抱かば | だかば | dakaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 抱きき | だきき | dakiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 抱きけり | だきけり | dakikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 抱きつ | だきつ | dakitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 抱きぬ | だきぬ | dakinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 抱けり 抱きたり | だけり だきたり | dakeri dakitari |
| Volitional | 抱かむ | だかむ | dakamu |

##### Derived terms

* 抱(だ)き (daki)
* ひん抱(だ)く (hindaku)

##### Idioms

* 腰(こし)を抱(だ)く (koshi o daku)
* 膝(ひざ)を抱(だ)く (hiza o daku)
* 不(ふ)審(しん)を抱(だ)く (fushin o daku)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 抱
* いだ Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 懐く 擁く (rare)
/udaku/ → /idaku/
Shift from earlier udaku.
This reading is possibly cited to a work from roughly 850 CE. However, that citation is phonologically ambiguous, and may represent the reading udaku instead. The first unambiguous citation for the idaku reading is in the Tosa Nikki of roughly 935 CE.
While there are numerous examples of mu shifting to u in various words, the mu- → u- → i- shift is unusual, and is shared only by mubara → ubara → ibara (茨, “bramble, briar”).
Found more commonly in 和文 (wabun, “texts written primarily in native Japanese vocabulary”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) いだく [ìdáꜜkù] (Nakadaka –)
* IPA: [ida̠kɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「抱く」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 抱く | いだく | [ìdáꜜkù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 抱け | いだけ | [ìdáꜜkè] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 抱かれる | いだかれる | [ìdákáréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 抱かせる | いだかせる | [ìdákáséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 抱ける | いだける | [ìdákéꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 抱こう | いだこー | [ìdákóꜜò] |
| Negative | 抱かない | いだかない | [ìdákáꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 抱かなかった | いだかなかった | [ìdákáꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 抱きます | いだきます | [ìdákímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 抱いた | いだいた | [ìdáꜜìtà] |
| Conjunctive | 抱いて | いだいて | [ìdáꜜìtè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 抱けば | いだけば | [ìdáꜜkèbà] |

#### Verb

抱(いだ)く • (idaku) transitive godan (stem 抱(いだ)き (idaki), past 抱(いだ)いた (idaita))
* [maybe 850 — present] to hold something in mind, to harbor some feeling about, to entertain a thought about
    不満(ふまん)を抱(いだ)く
       fuman o idaku
       to harbor dissatisfaction
* [circa 935 – present] (literary) to embrace, hug, hold in one's arms

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 抱か | いだか | idaka |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 抱き | いだき | idaki |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 抱く | いだく | idaku |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 抱く | いだく | idaku |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 抱け | いだけ | idake |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 抱け | いだけ | idake |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 抱かれる | いだかれる | idakareru |
| Causative | 抱かせる 抱かす | いだかせる いだかす | idakaseru idakasu |
| Potential | 抱ける | いだける | idakeru |
| Volitional | 抱こう | いだこう | idakō |
| Negative | 抱かない | いだかない | idakanai |
| Negative continuative | 抱かず | いだかず | idakazu |
| Formal | 抱きます | いだきます | idakimasu |
| Perfective | 抱いた | いだいた | idaita |
| Conjunctive | 抱いて | いだいて | idaite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 抱けば | いだけば | idakeba |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 抱か | いだか | idaka |
| Continuative (連用形) | 抱き | いだき | idaki |
| Terminal (終止形) | 抱く | いだく | idaku |
| Attributive (連体形) | 抱く | いだく | idaku |
| Realis (已然形) | 抱け | いだけ | idake |
| Imperative (命令形) | 抱け | いだけ | idake |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 抱かず | いだかず | idakazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 抱けど | いだけど | idakedo |
| Causal conjunction | 抱けば | いだけば | idakeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 抱かば | いだかば | idakaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 抱きき | いだきき | idakiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 抱きけり | いだきけり | idakikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 抱きつ | いだきつ | idakitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 抱きぬ | いだきぬ | idakinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 抱けり 抱きたり | いだけり いだきたり | idakeri idakitari |
| Volitional | 抱かむ | いだかむ | idakamu |

##### Derived terms

* 抱(いだ)き (idaki)
* 抱(いだ)かふ (idakau)

##### Idioms

* 膝(ひざ)を抱(いだ)く (hiza o idaku)

##### Proverbs

* 重(じゅう)宝(ほう)を懐(いだ)く者(もの)は夜(や)行(こう)せず (jūhō o idaku mono wa yakō sezu)

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 抱
* うだ Grade: S
* irregular
* Alternative spelling
* 懐く
⟨mudaku⟩ → /mudaku/ → /udaku/
Shift from Old Japanese 抱く (mudaku), in turn possibly a compound of 身 (mu, “body”, combining reading) +‎ 綰く (taku, “to gather in the hands; to work or operate something with the hands”).
First cited to a text from roughly 810 CE.
This reading is encountered more in the context of 漢文訓読 (kanbun kundoku, “the Japanese reading of texts written primarily in a variety of Classical Chinese”), and it fell out of use in roughly the Kamakura period.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɯ̟da̠kɯ̟]

#### Verb

抱(うだ)く • (udaku) transitive $^†$yodan
* [810 — 1200s] (obsolete) to hug, embrace
* [883 — 1200s] to hold something in mind, to harbor some feeling about, to entertain a thought about

##### Conjugation

Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 抱か | うだか | udaka |
| Continuative (連用形) | 抱き | うだき | udaki |
| Terminal (終止形) | 抱く | うだく | udaku |
| Attributive (連体形) | 抱く | うだく | udaku |
| Realis (已然形) | 抱け | うだけ | udake |
| Imperative (命令形) | 抱け | うだけ | udake |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 抱かず | うだかず | udakazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 抱けど | うだけど | udakedo |
| Causal conjunction | 抱けば | うだけば | udakeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 抱かば | うだかば | udakaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 抱きき | うだきき | udakiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 抱きけり | うだきけり | udakikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 抱きつ | うだきつ | udakitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 抱きぬ | うだきぬ | udakinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 抱けり 抱きたり | うだけり うだきたり | udakeri udakitari |
| Volitional | 抱かむ | うだかむ | udakamu |

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Old Japanese
### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 抱
* むだ Grade: S
* irregular
Probably a compound of 身 (mu, combining form of mi$_2$, “body”) +‎ 綰く (taku, “to do an action using one's hands”).
First cited in the Man'yōshū of roughly 759 CE. Not attested past the early Heian period.
The Nihon Ryōiki also attests udaki (宇于伎) and udakasi■ (有太加之■).

### Verb

抱く (mudaku) (kana むだく)
* to hug, embrace
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 3, poem 481:腋挾　兒乃泣毎　雄自毛能　負見抱見WAKI₁BASAMU KO₁ no₂ NAKU GO₂TO₂ NI WOTO₂KO₁zimono₂ OPI₁ MI₁ MUDAKI₁ MI₁I caress under those arms; every time he crys, it is like a boy; I bear with it and hug it.
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 14, poem 3404:可美都気努　安蘇能麻素武良　可伎武太伎　奴礼杼安加奴乎　安杼加安我世牟kami₁tuke₂no₁ aso₁ no₂ maso₁mura kaki₁mudaki₁ nuredo₂ akanu wo ado₂ ka a ga semuI embrace those hemps at Kamitukeno Aso; although I sleep, it's not satisfactory; what should I do?
** 794, Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki:抱持、上取也、牟太久Embrace. To take above. Mudaku.

#### Conjugation

Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 抱か | むだか | mudaka |
| Continuative (連用形) | 抱き | むだき | mudaki |
| Terminal (終止形) | 抱く | むだく | mudaku |
| Attributive (連体形) | 抱く | むだく | mudaku |
| Realis (已然形) | 抱け | むだけ | mudake |
| Imperative (命令形) | 抱け | むだけ | mudake |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 抱かず | むだかず | mudakazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 抱けど | むだけど | mudakedo |
| Causal conjunction | 抱けば | むだけば | mudakeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 抱かば | むだかば | mudakaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 抱きき | むだきき | mudakiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 抱きけり | むだきけり | mudakikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 抱きつ | むだきつ | mudakitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 抱きぬ | むだきぬ | mudakinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 抱けり 抱きたり | むだけり むだきたり | mudakeri mudakitari |
| Volitional | 抱かむ | むだかむ | mudakamu |

#### Derived terms

* 抱き (mudaki$_1$)
* 搔き抱く (kaki$_1$mudaku)
* 拱く (tamudaku)

#### Idioms

* 膝を抱く (pi$_1$za wo mudaku)

#### Descendants

* Japanese: 抱く (udaku → idaku → daku)

### References

* 1 2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* Omodaka, Hisataka (1967) 時代別国語大辞典 上代編 [The dictionary of historical Japanese: Old Japanese] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN, pages 117, 726