# 奉還
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fènghuán
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄥˋ ㄏㄨㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fung$^6$ waan$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hǒng-hoân / hōng-hoân
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fènghuán
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄥˋ ㄏㄨㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fònghuán
*** Wade–Giles: fêng$^4$-huan$^2$
*** Yale: fèng-hwán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fenqhwan
*** Palladius: фэнхуань (fɛnxuanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /fɤŋ⁵¹ xu̯än³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fung$^6$ waan$^4$
*** Yale: fuhng wàahn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fung$^6$ waan$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fung$^6$ wan$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /fʊŋ²² waːn²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hǒng-hoân
*** Tâi-lô: hǒng-huân
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔŋ²² huan²⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hōng-hoân
*** Tâi-lô: hōng-huân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoxnghoaan
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ³³⁻²¹ huan²³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ huan²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ huan²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ huan¹³/
* Middle Chinese: bjowngX hwaen
Rime :
| Character | 奉 | 還 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) | 刪 (70) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | II |
| Fanqie | 扶隴切 | 戸關切 |
| Baxter | bjowngX | hwaen |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /bɨoŋ$^X$/ | /ɦˠuan/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /bioŋ$^X$/ | /ɦʷᵚan/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /bioŋ$^X$/ | /ɣuɐn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /buawŋ$^X$/ | /ɦwaɨn/ |
| Li Rong | /bioŋ$^X$/ | /ɣuan/ |
| Wang Li | /bĭwoŋ$^X$/ | /ɣwan/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /bʱi̯woŋ$^X$/ | /ɣwan/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fèng | huán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fung$^6$ | waan$^4$ |

### Verb

奉還
* (polite) to return (something) with thanks

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 奉還(ほうかん) (hōkan)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 奉 | 還 |
| ほう Grade: S | かん Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ほーかん [hòókáń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ho̞ːkã̠ɴ]

### Noun

奉(ほう)還(かん) • (hōkan)
* (humble) restoration

### Verb

奉(ほう)還(かん)する • (hōkan suru) suru (stem 奉(ほう)還(かん)し (hōkan shi), past 奉(ほう)還(かん)した (hōkan shita))
* (humble) to return (something)

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 奉還し | ほうかんし | hōkan shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 奉還し | ほうかんし | hōkan shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 奉還する | ほうかんする | hōkan suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 奉還する | ほうかんする | hōkan suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 奉還すれ | ほうかんすれ | hōkan sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 奉還せよ¹ 奉還しろ² | ほうかんせよ¹ ほうかんしろ² | hōkan seyo¹ hōkan shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 奉還される | ほうかんされる | hōkan sareru |
| Causative | 奉還させる 奉還さす | ほうかんさせる ほうかんさす | hōkan saseru hōkan sasu |
| Potential | 奉還できる | ほうかんできる | hōkan dekiru |
| Volitional | 奉還しよう | ほうかんしよう | hōkan shiyō |
| Negative | 奉還しない | ほうかんしない | hōkan shinai |
| Negative continuative | 奉還せず | ほうかんせず | hōkan sezu |
| Formal | 奉還します | ほうかんします | hōkan shimasu |
| Perfective | 奉還した | ほうかんした | hōkan shita |
| Conjunctive | 奉還して | ほうかんして | hōkan shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 奉還すれば | ほうかんすれば | hōkan sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN