# 構造
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gòuzào
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄡˋ ㄗㄠˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): kau$^3$ zou$^6$ / gau$^3$ zou$^6$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kiò-chǒ / kò͘-chō
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gòuzào
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄡˋ ㄗㄠˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gòuzào
*** Wade–Giles: kou$^4$-tsao$^4$
*** Yale: gòu-dzàu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gowtzaw
*** Palladius: гоуцзао (gouczao)
*** Sinological IPA : /koʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kau$^3$ zou$^6$ / gau$^3$ zou$^6$
*** Yale: kau jouh / gau jouh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kau$^3$ dzou$^6$ / gau$^3$ dzou$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: keo$^3$ zou$^6$ / geo$^3$ zou$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɐu̯³³ t͡sou̯²²/, /kɐu̯³³ t͡sou̯²²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiò-chǒ
*** Tâi-lô: kiò-tsǒ
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kio⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡so²²/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kò͘-chō
*** Tâi-lô: kòo-tsō
*** Phofsit Daibuun: korzoi
*** IPA (Taipei): /kɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡so³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kɔ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡so²²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sɤ³³/

### Noun

構造
* structure; construction (Classifier: 個／个 m)

#### Synonyms

* 佈局／布局 (bùjú)
* 建築／建筑 (jiànzhù) (figurative)
* 架構／架构 (jiàgòu)
* 框架 (kuàngjià)
* 構成／构成 (gòuchéng)
* 構架／构架 (gòujià)
* 組成／组成 (zǔchéng)
* 結構／结构 (jiégòu)
* 骨 (figurative)
* 骨架 (gǔjià) (figurative)

### Verb

構造
* to build; to construct
* (archaic) to fabricate; to concoct; to make up a false set of facts

#### Synonyms

* (to build):
* 修建 (xiūjiàn)
* 修築／修筑 (xiūzhù)
* 塑建 (sùjiàn)
* 建構／建构 (jiàngòu) (something abstract)
* 建築／建筑 (jiànzhù) (literally or figuratively)
* 建設／建设 (jiànshè)
* 建造 (jiànzào)
* 搭 (Hokkien)
* 搭建 (dājiàn)
* 搭蓋／搭盖 (dāgài) (a temporary structure)
* 搭設／搭设 (dāshè)
* 架構／架构 (jiàgòu)
* 構作／构作 (gòuzuò)
* 構建／构建 (gòujiàn) (something abstract)
* 構築／构筑 (gòuzhù)
* 營造／营造 (yíngzào)
* 版築／版筑 (bǎnzhù) (literary)
* 築／筑 (zhù) (literary, or in compounds)
* 築造／筑造 (zhùzào)
* 興修／兴修 (xīngxiū) (a large project)
* 興建／兴建 (xīngjiàn)
* 興築／兴筑 (xīngzhù) (literary)
* 起立 (qǐlì)
* (to fabricate):
* 假造 (jiǎzào)
* 偽造／伪造 (wěizào)
* 土統／土统 (Hokkien)
* 捏 (niē) (literary, or in compounds)
* 捏造 (niēzào)
* 杜撰 (dùzhuàn)
* 桶摃／桶𫼱 (Hokkien)
* 瞎編／瞎编 (xiābiān)
* 編製／编制 (biānzhì) (figurative)
* 編造／编造 (biānzào)
* 胡編／胡编 (húbiān)
* 臆造 (yìzào)
* 莫之莫捏 (Hokkien)
* 莫捏 (Hokkien)
* 虛構／虚构 (xūgòu)
* 造謠／造谣 (zàoyáo)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 構造(こうぞう) (kōzō)
* → Korean: 구조(構造) (gujo)
* → Vietnamese: cấu tạo (構造)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 構 | 造 |
| こう Grade: 5 | ぞう Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こーぞー [kòózóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ko̞ːzo̞ː]

### Noun

構(こう)造(ぞう) • (kōzō)
* structure; construction

#### Derived terms

* 構造的
* 構造異性
* 構造遺伝子
* 構造運動
* 構造改革論
* 構造化プログラミング
* 構造言語学
* 構造式
* 構造主義
* 構造地震
* 構造線
* 構造不況
* 構造力学

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 構 | 造 |

### Noun

構造 • (gujo) (hangeul 구조)
* hanja form of 구조 (“structure”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 構 | 造 |

### Noun

構造
* chữ Hán form of cấu tạo (“composition, structure”).

### Verb

構造
* chữ Hán form of cấu tạo (“to compose, to construct”).