# ⲧⲟⲟⲩ
## Coptic
### Etymology 1
#### Noun

ⲧⲟⲟⲩ • (toou) m (plural ⲧⲟⲩⲓⲏ (touiē) or ⲧⲟⲩⲉⲓⲏ (toueiē))
* (Sahidic) mountain
* (Sahidic) desert
* (Sahidic) monastery

##### Alternative forms

* ⲧⲁⲩ (tau) — Akhmimic, Fayyumic
* ⲧⲱⲟⲩ (tōou) — Bohairic

##### Synonyms

* ⲉⲣⲏⲙⲟⲥ (erēmos)
* ϣⲁϥⲉ (šafe) (Bohairic, Sahidic)
* ϫⲁⲓⲉ (čaie) (Sahidic, Akhmimic)

### Etymology 2

From Egyptian djt dj.w (“to cause that they should give”), from djt (infinitive of rḏj) + dj (subjunctive of rḏj) + .w (“they”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tou̯/

#### Verb

ⲧⲟⲟⲩ • (toou)
* (intransitive, Sahidic) to buy

##### Conjugation

| infinitive | affirmative | ⲧⲟⲟⲩ toou | imperative | affirmative | ⲧⲟⲟⲩ toou |
| infinitive | negative | ⲧⲙ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ tm̄toou | imperative | negative | ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ m̄pr̄toou |
| | | | singular | singular | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | nominal |
| | | | 1st person | 2nd person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | nominal |
| | | | 1st person | masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | nominal |
| durative sentence ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲟⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟϥ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲥ | ⲁⲛⲟⲛ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲱⲧⲛ̄ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ | - |
| present | basic | basic | ϯⲧⲟⲟⲩ titoou | ⲕⲧⲟⲟⲩ ktoou | ⲧⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ tetoou | ϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ ftoou | ⲥⲧⲟⲟⲩ stoou | ⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ tn̄toou | ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ tetn̄toou | ⲥⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ setoou | ⲧⲟⲟⲩ toou |
| present | circumstantial, focalising | circumstantial, focalising | ⲉⲓ̈ⲧⲟⲟⲩ eïtoou | ⲉⲕⲧⲟⲟⲩ ektoou | ⲉⲣⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ eretoou | ⲉϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ eftoou | ⲉⲥⲧⲟⲟⲩ estoou | ⲉⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ entoou | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ etetn̄toou | ⲉⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ eutoou | ⲉⲣⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ ere- toou |
| present | relative | relative | ⲉϯⲧⲟⲟⲩ etitoou | ⲉⲧⲕ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ etk̄toou | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ etetoou, eteretoou | ⲉⲧϥ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ etf̄toou | ⲉⲧⲥ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ ets̄toou | ⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ etn̄toou | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ etetn̄toou | ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ etoutoou | ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ etere- toou |
| present | preterite | preterite | ⲛⲉⲓ̈ⲧⲟⲟⲩ neïtoou | ⲛⲉⲕⲧⲟⲟⲩ nektoou | ⲛⲉⲣⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ neretoou | ⲛⲉϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ neftoou | ⲛⲉⲥⲧⲟⲟⲩ nestoou | ⲛⲉⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ nentoou | ⲛⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ netetn̄toou | ⲛⲉⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ neutoou | ⲛⲉⲣⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ nere- toou |
| future | basic | basic | ϯⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ tinatoou | ⲕⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ knatoou | ⲧⲉⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ tenatoou | ϥⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ fnatoou | ⲥⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ snatoou | ⲧⲛ̄ⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ tn̄natoou | ⲧⲉⲧⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ tetnatoou | ⲥⲉⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ senatoou | ⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ natoou |
| future | circumstantial, focalising | circumstantial, focalising | ⲉⲓ̈ⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ eïnatoou | ⲉⲕⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ eknatoou | ⲉⲣⲉⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ erenatoou | ⲉϥⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ efnatoou | ⲉⲥⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ esnatoou | ⲉⲛⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ ennatoou | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ etetnatoou | ⲉⲩⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ eunatoou | ⲉⲣⲉ- ⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ ere- natoou |
| future | relative | relative | ⲉϯⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ etinatoou | ⲉⲧⲕ̄ⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ etk̄natoou | ⲉⲧⲉⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ etenatoou, eterenatoou | ⲉⲧϥ̄ⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ etf̄natoou | ⲉⲧⲥ̄ⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ ets̄natoou | ⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ etn̄natoou | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ etetnatoou | ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ etounatoou | ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉ- ⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ etere- natoou |
| future | preterite | preterite | ⲛⲉⲓ̈ⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ neïnatoou | ⲛⲉⲕⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ neknatoou | ⲛⲉⲣⲉⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ nerenatoou | ⲛⲉϥⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ nefnatoou | ⲛⲉⲥⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ nesnatoou | ⲛⲉⲛⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ nennatoou | ⲛⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ netetnatoou | ⲛⲉⲩⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ neunatoou | ⲛⲉⲣⲉ- ⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ nere- natoou |
| negated with | negated with | negated with | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an |
| non-durative sentence ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲟⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟϥ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲥ | ⲁⲛⲟⲛ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲱⲧⲛ̄ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ | - |
| past | basic | affirmative | ⲁⲓ̈ⲧⲟⲟⲩ aïtoou | ⲁⲕⲧⲟⲟⲩ aktoou | ⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲁⲣⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲁⲣⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ atoou, artoou, aretoou | ⲁϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ aftoou | ⲁⲥⲧⲟⲟⲩ astoou | ⲁⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ antoou | ⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ atetn̄toou | ⲁⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ autoou | ⲁ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ a- toou |
| past | basic | negative | ⲙ̄ⲡⲓⲧⲟⲟⲩ m̄pitoou | ⲙ̄ⲡⲕ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ m̄pk̄toou | ⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ m̄petoou, m̄pr̄toou | ⲙ̄ⲡϥ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ m̄pf̄toou | ⲙ̄ⲡⲥ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ m̄ps̄toou | ⲙ̄ⲡⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ m̄pn̄toou | ⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ m̄petn̄toou | ⲙ̄ⲡⲟⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ m̄poutoou | ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ m̄pe- toou |
| past | circumstantial | affirmative | ⲉⲁⲓ̈ⲧⲟⲟⲩ eaïtoou | ⲉⲁⲕⲧⲟⲟⲩ eaktoou | ⲉⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲉⲁⲣⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲉⲁⲣⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ eatoou, eartoou, earetoou | ⲉⲁϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ eaftoou | ⲉⲁⲥⲧⲟⲟⲩ eastoou | ⲉⲁⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ eantoou | ⲉⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ eatetn̄toou | ⲉⲁⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ eautoou | ⲉⲁ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ ea- toou |
| past | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲓⲧⲟⲟⲩ em̄pitoou | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲕ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ em̄pk̄toou | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ em̄petoou, em̄pr̄toou | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡϥ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ em̄pf̄toou | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲥ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ em̄ps̄toou | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ em̄pn̄toou | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ em̄petn̄toou | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲟⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ em̄poutoou | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ em̄pe- toou |
| past | relative | affirmative | ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲓ̈ⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓ̈ⲧⲟⲟⲩ entaïtoou, n̄taïtoou | ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲕⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲕⲧⲟⲟⲩ entaktoou, n̄taktoou | ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲣⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲣⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ entatoou, n̄tatoou, entartoou, n̄tartoou, entaretoou, n̄taretoou | ⲉⲛⲧⲁϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ entaftoou, n̄taftoou | ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲥⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲥⲧⲟⲟⲩ entastoou, n̄tastoou | ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ entantoou, n̄tantoou | ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ entatetn̄toou, n̄tatetn̄toou | ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ entautoou, n̄tautoou | ⲉⲛⲧⲁ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ enta- toou, n̄ta- toou |
| past | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲓⲧⲟⲟⲩ etem̄pitoou | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲕ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ etem̄pk̄toou | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ etem̄petoou, etem̄pr̄toou | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡϥ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ etem̄pf̄toou | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲥ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ etem̄ps̄toou | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ etem̄pn̄toou | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ etem̄petn̄toou | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲟⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ etem̄poutoou | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ etem̄pe- toou |
| past | preterite | affirmative | ⲛⲉⲁⲓ̈ⲧⲟⲟⲩ neaïtoou | ⲛⲉⲁⲕⲧⲟⲟⲩ neaktoou | ⲛⲉⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲛⲉⲁⲣⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲛⲉⲁⲣⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ neatoou, neartoou, nearetoou | ⲛⲉⲁϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ neaftoou | ⲛⲉⲁⲥⲧⲟⲟⲩ neastoou | ⲛⲉⲁⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ neantoou | ⲛⲉⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ neatetn̄toou | ⲛⲉⲁⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ neautoou | ⲛⲉⲁ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ nea- toou |
| past | preterite | negative | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲓⲧⲟⲟⲩ nem̄pitoou | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲕ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ nem̄pk̄toou | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ nem̄petoou, nem̄pr̄toou | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡϥ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ nem̄pf̄toou | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲥ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ nem̄ps̄toou | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ nem̄pn̄toou | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ nem̄petn̄toou | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲟⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ nem̄poutoou | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ nem̄pe- toou |
| past | focalising | affirmative | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓ̈ⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄taïtoou | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲕⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄taktoou | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄tatoou, n̄tartoou, n̄taretoou | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄taftoou | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲥⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄tastoou | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄tantoou | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄tatetn̄toou | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄tautoou | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄ta- toou |
| expectative | basic | negative | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁϯⲧⲟⲟⲩ m̄patitoou | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲕ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ m̄patk̄toou | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ m̄patetoou | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧϥ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ m̄patf̄toou | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲥ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ m̄pats̄toou | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ m̄patn̄toou | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ m̄patetn̄toou | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ m̄patoutoou | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ m̄pate- toou |
| expectative | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁϯⲧⲟⲟⲩ em̄patitoou | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲕ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ em̄patk̄toou | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ em̄patetoou | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧϥ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ em̄patf̄toou | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲥ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ em̄pats̄toou | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ em̄patn̄toou | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ em̄patetn̄toou | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ em̄patoutoou | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ em̄pate- toou |
| expectative | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁϯⲧⲟⲟⲩ etem̄patitoou | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲕ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ etem̄patk̄toou | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ etem̄patetoou | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧϥ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ etem̄patf̄toou | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲥ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ etem̄pats̄toou | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ etem̄patn̄toou | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ etem̄patetn̄toou | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ etem̄patoutoou | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ etem̄pate- toou |
| expectative | preterite | negative | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁϯⲧⲟⲟⲩ nem̄patitoou | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲕ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ nem̄patk̄toou | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ nem̄patetoou | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧϥ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ nem̄patf̄toou | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲥ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ nem̄pats̄toou | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ nem̄patn̄toou | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ nem̄patetn̄toou | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ nem̄patoutoou | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ nem̄pate- toou |
| aorist | basic | affirmative | ϣⲁⲓ̈ⲧⲟⲟⲩ šaïtoou | ϣⲁⲕⲧⲟⲟⲩ šaktoou | ϣⲁⲣⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ šaretoou | ϣⲁϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ šaftoou | ϣⲁⲥⲧⲟⲟⲩ šastoou | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ šantoou | ϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ šatetn̄toou | ϣⲁⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ šautoou | ϣⲁⲣⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ šare- toou |
| aorist | basic | negative | ⲙⲉⲓ̈ⲧⲟⲟⲩ meïtoou | ⲙⲉⲕⲧⲟⲟⲩ mektoou | ⲙⲉⲣⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ meretoou | ⲙⲉϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ meftoou | ⲙⲉⲥⲧⲟⲟⲩ mestoou | ⲙⲉⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ mentoou | ⲙⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ metetn̄toou | ⲙⲉⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ meutoou | ⲙⲉⲣⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ mere- toou |
| aorist | circumstantial | affirmative | ⲉϣⲁⲓ̈ⲧⲟⲟⲩ ešaïtoou | ⲉϣⲁⲕⲧⲟⲟⲩ ešaktoou | ⲉϣⲁⲣⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ ešaretoou | ⲉϣⲁϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ ešaftoou | ⲉϣⲁⲥⲧⲟⲟⲩ ešastoou | ⲉϣⲁⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ ešantoou | ⲉϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ ešatetn̄toou | ⲉϣⲁⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ ešautoou | ⲉϣⲁⲣⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ ešare- toou |
| aorist | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙⲉⲓ̈ⲧⲟⲟⲩ emeïtoou | ⲉⲙⲉⲕⲧⲟⲟⲩ emektoou | ⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ emeretoou | ⲉⲙⲉϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ emeftoou | ⲉⲙⲉⲥⲧⲟⲟⲩ emestoou | ⲉⲙⲉⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ ementoou | ⲉⲙⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ emetetn̄toou | ⲉⲙⲉⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ emeutoou | ⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ emere- toou |
| aorist | relative | affirmative | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲓ̈ⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲉϣⲁⲓ̈ⲧⲟⲟⲩ etešaïtoou, ešaïtoou | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲕⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲉϣⲁⲕⲧⲟⲟⲩ etešaktoou, ešaktoou | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲣⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲉϣⲁⲣⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ etešaretoou, ešaretoou | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲉϣⲁϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ etešaftoou, ešaftoou | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲥⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲉϣⲁⲥⲧⲟⲟⲩ etešastoou, ešastoou | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲉϣⲁⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ etešantoou, ešantoou | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲉϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ etešatetn̄toou, ešatetn̄toou | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲉϣⲁⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ etešautoou, ešautoou | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲣⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲉϣⲁⲣⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ etešare- toou, ešare- toou |
| aorist | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲓ̈ⲧⲟⲟⲩ etemeïtoou | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲕⲧⲟⲟⲩ etemektoou | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ etemeretoou | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ etemeftoou | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲥⲧⲟⲟⲩ etemestoou | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ etementoou | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ etemetetn̄toou | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ etemeutoou | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ etemere- toou |
| aorist | preterite | affirmative | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲓ̈ⲧⲟⲟⲩ nešaïtoou | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲕⲧⲟⲟⲩ nešaktoou | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲣⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ nešaretoou | ⲛⲉϣⲁϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ nešaftoou | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲥⲧⲟⲟⲩ nešastoou | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ nešantoou | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ nešatetn̄toou | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ nešautoou | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲣⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ nešare- toou |
| aorist | preterite | negative | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲓ̈ⲧⲟⲟⲩ nemeïtoou | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲕⲧⲟⲟⲩ nemektoou | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ nemeretoou | ⲛⲉⲙⲉϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ nemeftoou | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲥⲧⲟⲟⲩ nemestoou | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ nementoou | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ nemetetn̄toou | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ nemeutoou | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ nemere- toou |
| aorist | focalising | affirmative | ⲉⲙⲉⲓ̈ⲧⲟⲟⲩ emeïtoou | ⲉⲙⲉⲕⲧⲟⲟⲩ emektoou | ⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ emeretoou | ⲉⲙⲉϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ emeftoou | ⲉⲙⲉⲥⲧⲟⲟⲩ emestoou | ⲉⲙⲉⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ ementoou | ⲉⲙⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ emetetn̄toou | ⲉⲙⲉⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ emeutoou | ⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ emere- toou |
| optative | basic | affirmative | ⲉⲓ̈ⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ eïetoou | ⲉⲕⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ eketoou | ⲉⲣⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ eretoou | ⲉϥⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ efetoou | ⲉⲥⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ esetoou | ⲉⲛⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ enetoou | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ etetnetoou | ⲉⲩⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ euetoou | ⲉⲣⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ ere- toou |
| optative | basic | negative | ⲛ̄ⲛⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄natoou | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲕⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄nektoou | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄netoou | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄neftoou | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲥⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄nestoou | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄nentoou | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄netn̄toou | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄neutoou | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄ne- toou |
| jussive | basic | affirmative | ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲧⲟⲟⲩ maritoou | (use imperative) | (use imperative) | ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ mareftoou | ⲙⲁⲣⲉⲥⲧⲟⲟⲩ marestoou | ⲙⲁⲣⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ marn̄toou | (use imperative) | ⲙⲁⲣⲟⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ maroutoou | ⲙⲁⲣⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ mare- toou |
| jussive | basic | negative | ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ m̄pr̄tratoou | (use imperative) | (use imperative) | ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲉϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ m̄pr̄treftoou | ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲉⲥⲧⲟⲟⲩ m̄pr̄trestoou | ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲉⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ m̄pr̄trentoou | (use imperative) | ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲉⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ m̄pr̄treutoou | ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ m̄pr̄tre- toou |
| subordinate clause ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲟⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟϥ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲥ | ⲁⲛⲟⲛ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲱⲧⲛ̄ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ | - |
| conjunctive | conjunctive | conjunctive | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲧⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄tatoou, tatoou | ⲛ̄ⲅⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲛ̄ⲕⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄gtoou, n̄ktoou | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄tetoou | ⲛ̄ϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄ftoou | ⲛ̄ⲥⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄stoou | ⲛ̄ⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄tn̄toou | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄tetn̄toou | ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄setoou | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄te- toou |
| future conjunctive | future conjunctive | future conjunctive | ⲧⲁⲣⲓⲧⲟⲟⲩ taritoou | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲕⲧⲟⲟⲩ tarektoou | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ taretoou | ⲧⲁⲣⲉϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ tareftoou | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲥⲧⲟⲟⲩ tarestoou | ⲧⲁⲣⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ tarn̄toou | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ taretn̄toou | ⲧⲁⲣⲟⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ taroutoou | ⲧⲁⲣⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ tare- toou |
| precursive | precursive | precursive | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲓⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄teritoou | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉⲕⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄terektoou | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉⲣⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄teretoou, n̄terertoou | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄tereftoou | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉⲥⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄terestoou | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄tern̄toou, n̄terentoou | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄teretn̄toou | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲟⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄teroutoou | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ n̄tere- toou |
| limitative | limitative | limitative | ϣⲁⲛϯⲧⲟⲟⲩ šantitoou | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲕ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ šantk̄toou | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ šantetoou | ϣⲁⲛⲧϥ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ šantf̄toou | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲥ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ šants̄toou | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ šantn̄toou | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ šantetn̄toou | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲟⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ šantoutoou | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ šante- toou |
| conditional | long | long | ⲉⲓ̈ϣⲁⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ eïšantoou | ⲉⲕϣⲁⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ ekšantoou | ⲉⲣϣⲁⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ, ⲉⲣⲉϣⲁⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ eršantoou, erešantoou | ⲉϥϣⲁⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ efšantoou | ⲉⲥϣⲁⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ esšantoou | ⲉⲛϣⲁⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ enšantoou | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ etetn̄šantoou | ⲉⲩϣⲁⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ eušantoou | ⲉⲣϣⲁⲛ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ eršan- toou |
| conditional | short | short | ⲉⲓ̈ⲧⲟⲟⲩ eïtoou | ⲉⲕⲧⲟⲟⲩ ektoou | ⲉⲣⲉⲧⲟⲟⲩ eretoou | ⲉϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ eftoou | ⲉⲥⲧⲟⲟⲩ estoou | ⲉⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ entoou | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ etetn̄toou | ⲉⲩⲧⲟⲟⲩ eutoou | ⲉⲣⲉ- ⲧⲟⲟⲩ ere- toou |
| negated with | negated with | negated with | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- |

##### Synonyms

* (Bohairic) ϣⲱⲡ (šōp)

### References

* Crum, Walter E. (1939) A Coptic Dictionary‎, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, page 441
* Černý, Jaroslav (1976) Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 199