# 使者
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shǐzhě
    (Zhuyin): ㄕˇ ㄓㄜˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): si$^3$ ze$^2$ / si$^5$ ze$^2$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sṳ́-chá
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): sú-chiá
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shǐzhě [Phonetic: shízhě]
*** Zhuyin: ㄕˇ ㄓㄜˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shǐhjhě
*** Wade–Giles: shih$^3$-chê$^3$
*** Yale: shř-jě
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyyjee
*** Palladius: шичжэ (šičžɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: si$^3$ ze$^2$ / si$^5$ ze$^2$
*** Yale: si jé / síh jé
*** Cantonese Pinyin: si$^3$ dze$^2$ / si$^5$ dze$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xi$^3$ zé$^2$ / xi$^5$ zé$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /siː³³ t͡sɛː³⁵/, /siː¹³ t͡sɛː³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ́-chá
*** Hakka Romanization System: sii$^ˋ$ za$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: si$^3$ za$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /sɨ³¹ t͡sa³¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sú-chiá
*** Tâi-lô: sú-tsiá
*** Phofsit Daibuun: swciar
*** IPA (Xiamen): /su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sia⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /su⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sia⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sia⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sia⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sia⁴¹/
* Middle Chinese: sriH tsyaeX
Rime :
| Character | 使 | 者 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 生 (21) | 章 (23) |
| Final (韻) | 之 (19) | 麻 (100) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 踈吏切 | 章也切 |
| Baxter | sriH | tsyaeX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʃɨ$^H$/ | /t͡ɕia$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʃɨ$^H$/ | /t͡ɕia$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʃie$^H$/ | /t͡ɕia$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʂɨ$^H$/ | /cia$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʃiə$^H$/ | /t͡ɕia$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ʃĭə$^H$/ | /t͡ɕĭa$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ʂi$^H$/ | /t͡ɕi̯a$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shì | zhě |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | si$^3$ | ze$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-rəʔ-s tAʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*srɯs tjaːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 使 | 者 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shǐ | zhě |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ sri$^H$ › | ‹ tsyæ$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*s-rəʔ-s/ | /*tAʔ/ |
| English | envoy | (nominalizing particle) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 使 | 者 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 11491 | 16960 |
| Phonetic component | 史 | 者 |
| Rime group | 之 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 𩢲 | 者 |
| Old Chinese | /*srɯs/ | /*tjaːʔ/ |
| Notes | | 說文古旅聲。甲金文象足印小坎積水， 爲瀦初文，用詹鄞鑫說 |

### Noun

使者
* herald; messenger; emissary; envoy (Classifier: 位)
    派使者 ― pài shǐzhě ― to dispatch an envoy

#### Derived terms

* 和平使者 (hépíng shǐzhě)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 使(し)者(しゃ) (shisha)
* → Korean: 사자(使者) (saja)
* → Vietnamese: sứ giả (使者)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 使 | 者 |
| し Grade: 3 | しゃ Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 使者 (kyūjitai)

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 使者 (MC sriH tsyaeX).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ししゃ [shíꜜshà] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɕiɕa̠]

### Noun

使(し)者(しゃ) • (shisha)
* herald, messenger
* emissary, envoy

#### Synonyms

* 布告者(ふこくしゃ) (fukokusha): herald (a person)
* 前触(まえぶ)れ (maebure): herald (figurative)
* 伝令官(でんれいかん) (denreikan)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 使 | 者 |

### Noun

使者 • (saja) (hangeul 사자)
* hanja form of 사자 (“envoy; emissary; messenger”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 使 | 者 |

### Noun

使者
* chữ Hán form of sứ giả (“envoy; emissary”).