# 慄

| 慄 | U+6144, &#24900; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6144 |
| ← 慃 [U+6143] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 慅 → [U+6145] |
| 慄 | U+F9D9, &#63961; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9D9 |
| ← 律 [U+F9D8] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 栗 → [U+F9DA] |

## Translingual
### Han character

慄 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 心一田木 (PMWD), four-corner 9109$_4$, composition ⿰忄栗)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 397, character 20
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11042
* Dae Jaweon: page 736, character 13
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2336, character 4
* Unihan data for U+6144
* Unihan data for U+F9D9

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 栗 | *riɡ |
| 溧 | *riɡ |
| 慄 | *riɡ |
| 鷅 | *riɡ |
| 凓 | *riɡ |
| 篥 | *riɡ |
| 麜 | *riɡ |
| 瑮 | *riɡ |
| 塛 | *riɡ |
| 搮 | *riɡ |

### Etymology

STEDT compared this to Tibetan བྲེད་པ་ (bred pa, “to be alarmed, scared”). If the relation is to be established, then this term is derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ray-t (“fear”).
Hong Kong Cantonese “to be scared” is borrowed from Taishanese 慄／栗 (nut$^5$).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lì (li$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧˋ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): leot$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): luut$^5$
* Northern Min (KCR): là̤
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lek / liak / lit
    (Teochew, Peng'im): liag$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lì
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lì
*** Wade–Giles: li$^4$
*** Yale: lì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lih
*** Palladius: ли (li)
*** Sinological IPA : /li⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: leot$^6$
*** Yale: leuht
*** Cantonese Pinyin: loet$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lêd$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɵt̚²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: luut$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɵt̚³²/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: là̤
*** Sinological IPA : /lɛ⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lek
*** Tâi-lô: lik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: leg
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /liɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liak
*** Tâi-lô: liak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liag
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /liak̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lit
*** Tâi-lô: lit
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lid
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lit̚⁵/
* lek/liak - vernacular (“to be scared; to become weak and limp”);
* lit - literary.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit慄 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /li⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /li⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /li⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /li²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /li⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /li²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /li²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /l̩⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /li¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /li¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /li²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /ni²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ni³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ni²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /li³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /liʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /liəʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /liəʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /liʌʔ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /liəʔ⁴³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /liɪʔ¹/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /liəʔ³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /liəʔ²/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /li²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /li²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /le¹¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /li²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ni⁵⁵/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /liʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /lit̚⁵/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /lit̚⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /løt̚²/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /lɐt̚²²/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /løt̚²/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /lit̚⁵/ /lat̚⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /liʔ⁵/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /lɛ⁴²/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /liak̚²/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /lit̚⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: lit
Rime :
| Character | 慄 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 質 (48) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 力質切 |
| Baxter | lit |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /liɪt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lit̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ljet̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lit̚/ |
| Li Rong | /liĕt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭĕt̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /li̯ĕt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lat$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*riɡ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 慄 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 7971 |
| Phonetic component | 栗 |
| Rime group | 質 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 栗 |
| Old Chinese | /*riɡ/ |

#### Definitions

慄
* to shiver; to shudder; to tremble
* (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to be scared (of one's facial expression)
* (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to become weak and limp (of one's arms and legs due to fear, lack of strength, etc.)

#### Compounds

* 不寒而慄／不寒而栗 (bùhán'érlì)
* 凜慄／凛栗
* 寒慄／寒栗
* 恂慄／恂栗 (xúnlì)
* 悚慄／悚栗
* 惏慄／惏栗 (línlì)
* 惕慄／惕栗
* 悸慄／悸栗
* 惴慄／惴栗
* 慄冽／栗冽
* 慄慄／栗栗 (lìlì)
* 慄慄危懼／栗栗危惧
* 慄然／栗然
* 慘慄／惨栗
* 懰慄／𰑙栗
* 戰慄／战栗 (zhànlì)
* 戰戰慄慄／战战栗栗
* 栗慄／栗栗
* 汗洽股慄／汗洽股栗
* 股慄／股栗
* 陸讋水慄／陆詟水栗
* 震慄／震栗
* 顫慄／颤栗 (zhànlì)
* 齋慄／斋栗

### Pronunciation 2

* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): lyut$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): nut$^5$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lyut$^6$
*** Yale: lyuht
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lyt$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lüd$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /lyːt̚²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: nut$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ⁿdut̚³²/

#### Definitions

慄
* (originally Taishanese, now also Hong Kong Cantonese) to be scared
    alt. forms: 劣 (Hong Kong Cantonese)
    慄到唔敢喐／栗到唔敢喐 [Taishanese] ― to be so scared one won't dare move

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* fear
* tremble, shudder, shiver

#### Readings

* Go-on: りち (richi)
* Kan-on: りつ (ritsu, Jōyō)
* Kun: おそれる (osoreru, 慄れる)、おののく (ononoku, 慄く)、ふるえる (furueru, 慄える)

#### Usage notes

This character is not used much in modern Japanese.

## Korean
### Hanja

慄 • (ryul>yul) (hangeul 률>율, revised ryul>yul, McCune–Reischauer ryul>yul, Yale lyul>yul)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

慄: Hán Nôm readings: lật
* translates as Lật or Rất which modifies adjectives or adverbs to mean very or extremely