# 駱越
## Chinese

* 駱越

### Etymology

駱 (OC *rak) here results from the monosyllabification of the areal ethnonym *b.rak or *p.rak by loss of the first element in the iambic cluster; the same ethnonym is used by the Wa people, a Khmu subgroup and possibly the Bai, and may be the same as the first syllable in 百越 (OC *praːɡ ɢʷad, “Baiyue”), later construed as meaning “hundred” (Ferlus, 2009).
Ferlus (2011) links said phonograms to etymon *p.rak "taro > edible tuber" (Norquest (2020) reconstructs Proto-Kra-Dai *pəˀrˠáːk), which is reflected in Kra-Dai words like Baha [script needed] (pɣaːk) or Thai เผือก (pʉ̀ʉak) (from Proto-Tai *pʰrɨak in Ferlus's reconstruction or *prɯəkᴰ in Pittayaporn's 2009 reconstruction); he proposes that the areal ethnonym *b.rak or *p.rak was used by rice growers to designate taro-growing horticulturists.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Luòyuè
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄛˋ ㄩㄝˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lok$^3$ jyut$^6$ / lok$^6$ jyut$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Luòyuè
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄛˋ ㄩㄝˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Luòyuè
*** Wade–Giles: Lo$^4$-yüeh$^4$
*** Yale: Lwò-ywè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Luohyueh
*** Palladius: Лоюэ (Lojue)
*** Sinological IPA : /lu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɥɛ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lok$^3$ jyut$^6$ / lok$^6$ jyut$^6$
*** Yale: lok yuht / lohk yuht
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lok$^8$ jyt$^9$ / lok$^9$ jyt$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: log$^3$ yud$^6$ / log$^6$ yud$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɔːk̚³ jyːt̚²/, /lɔːk̚² jyːt̚²/
* Middle Chinese: lak hjwot
Rime :
| Character | 駱 | 越 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 云 (35) |
| Final (韻) | 鐸 (103) | 月 (68) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 盧各切 | 王伐切 |
| Baxter | lak | hjwot |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɑk̚/ | /ɦʉɐt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lɑk̚/ | /ɦʷiɐt̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /lɑk̚/ | /ɣiuɐt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lak̚/ | /ɦuat̚/ |
| Li Rong | /lɑk̚/ | /ɣiuɐt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /lɑk̚/ | /ɣĭwɐt̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /lɑk̚/ | /i̯wɐt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | luò | yuè |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lok$^6$ | jyut$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤak [ɢ]ʷat/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·raːɡ ɢʷad/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 駱 | 越 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | luò | yuè |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ lak › | ‹ hjwot › |
| Old Chinese | /*[r]ˁak/ | /*[ɢ]ʷat/ |
| English | white horse with black mane | pass over |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 駱 | 越 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| No. | 3867 | 16333 |
| Phonetic component | 各 | 戉 |
| Rime group | 鐸 | 月 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 落 | 越 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡ·raːɡ/ | /*ɢʷad/ |

### Proper noun

駱越
* (historical) Luoyue (an ancient conglomeration of Yue tribes)
    From: The Book of Han, circa 1st century CE
    Luòyuè zhī rén fùzǐ tóng chuān ér yù, xiàng xí yǐ bí yǐn, yǔ qínshòu wúyì, běn bùzú jùnxiàn zhì yě. [Pinyin]
    Among the people of Luoyue, fathers and sons bathe in the same river. They are used to drinking through their noses and are no different from beasts. It was not worth it to establish commanderies and counties there in the first place.

### See also

* 甌越／瓯越 (Ōuyuè)
* 東甌／东瓯 (Dōng'ōu)