# 忍ぶ
## Japanese

* Kanji in this term
* 忍
* しの Grade: S
* kun'yomi

### Etymology

/sino$_2$bu/ → /sinobu/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *sinənpu.
First attested as noun sino$_2$bi in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE, and as the verb in the Man'yōshū of circa 759 CE.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɕino̞bɯ̟]

### Verb

忍(しの)ぶ • (shinobu) godan (stem 忍(しの)び (shinobi), past 忍(しの)んだ (shinonda))
* to conceal, to hide
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 6, poem 965:凡有者 左毛右毛将為乎 恐跡 振痛袖乎 忍而有香聞(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 11, poem 2478:秋柏 潤和川辺 細竹目 人不顏面 公無勝(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* to suppress or hide one's feelings
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 2, poem 129:古之 嫗尓為而也 如此許 恋尓将沈 如手童児 $_{一云恋乎大尓忍金手武多和良波乃如}$(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 3, poem 472:世間之 常如此耳跡 可都知跡 痛情者 不忍都毛(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 11, poem 2590:石根踏 夜道不行 念跡 妹依者 忍金津毛(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 11, poem 2635:剱刀 身尓佩副流 大夫也 恋云物乎 忍金手武(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 11, poem 2752:吾妹児乎 聞都賀野辺能 靡合歓木 吾者隠不得 間無念者(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 12, poem 2987:梓弓 引而不緩 大夫哉 恋云物乎 忍不得牟(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 17, poem 3940:余呂豆代尓 許己呂波刀気氐 和我世古我 都美之手見都追 志乃備加祢都母(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* to endure, to bear, to restrain oneself
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 12, poem 2911:人目多見 眼社忍礼 小毛 心中尓 吾念莫国(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 16, poem 3795:辱忍 辱尾黙 无事 物不言先丹 我者将依 二(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 忍ば | しのば | shinoba |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 忍び | しのび | shinobi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 忍ぶ | しのぶ | shinobu |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 忍ぶ | しのぶ | shinobu |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 忍べ | しのべ | shinobe |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 忍べ | しのべ | shinobe |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 忍ばれる | しのばれる | shinobareru |
| Causative | 忍ばせる 忍ばす | しのばせる しのばす | shinobaseru shinobasu |
| Potential | 忍べる | しのべる | shinoberu |
| Volitional | 忍ぼう | しのぼう | shinobō |
| Negative | 忍ばない | しのばない | shinobanai |
| Negative continuative | 忍ばず | しのばず | shinobazu |
| Formal | 忍びます | しのびます | shinobimasu |
| Perfective | 忍んだ | しのんだ | shinonda |
| Conjunctive | 忍んで | しのんで | shinonde |
| Hypothetical conditional | 忍べば | しのべば | shinobeba |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 忍び | しのび | sinobi |
| Continuative (連用形) | 忍び | しのび | sinobi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 忍ぶ | しのぶ | sinobu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 忍ぶる | しのぶる | sinoburu |
| Realis (已然形) | 忍ぶれ | しのぶれ | sinobure |
| Imperative (命令形) | 忍びよ | しのびよ | sinobiyo |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 忍びず | しのびず | sinobizu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 忍ぶれど | しのぶれど | sinoburedo |
| Causal conjunction | 忍ぶれば | しのぶれば | sinobureba |
| Conditional conjunction | 忍びば | しのびば | sinobiba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 忍びき | しのびき | sinobiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 忍びけり | しのびけり | sinobikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 忍びつ | しのびつ | sinobitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 忍びぬ | しのびぬ | sinobinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 忍びたり | しのびたり | sinobitari |
| Volitional | 忍びむ | しのびむ | sinobimu |

### References

* Satake, Akihiro with Hideo Yamada, Rikio Kudō, Masao Ōtani, and Yoshiyuki Yamazaki (c. 759) Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 1: Man’yōshū 1 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1999, →ISBN.
* Satake, Akihiro with Hideo Yamada, Rikio Kudō, Masao Ōtani, and Yoshiyuki Yamazaki (c. 759) Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 2: Man’yōshū 2 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 2000, →ISBN.
* Satake, Akihiro with Hideo Yamada, Rikio Kudō, Masao Ōtani, and Yoshiyuki Yamazaki (c. 759) Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 3: Man’yōshū 3 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 2002, →ISBN.
* Satake, Akihiro with Hideo Yamada, Rikio Kudō, Masao Ōtani, and Yoshiyuki Yamazaki (c. 759) Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 4: Man’yōshū 4 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 2003, →ISBN.
* ↑ “忍”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006