# 何故
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): hégù
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄜˊ ㄍㄨˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ho$^4$ gu$^3$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hô-kò͘
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hégù
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˊ ㄍㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hégù
*** Wade–Giles: ho$^2$-ku$^4$
*** Yale: hé-gù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: herguh
*** Palladius: хэгу (xɛgu)
*** Sinological IPA : /xɤ³⁵ ku⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ho$^4$ gu$^3$
*** Yale: hòh gu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ho$^4$ gu$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ho$^4$ gu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔː²¹ kuː³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hô-kò͘
*** Tâi-lô: hô-kòo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoi'kox
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ho²⁴⁻²² kɔ²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ho²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ho¹³⁻²² kɔ²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ho²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔ¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɤ²³⁻³³ kɔ²¹/
* Middle Chinese: ha kuH
Rime :
| Character | 何 | 故 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 歌 (94) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 胡歌切 | 古暮切 |
| Baxter | ha | kuH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦɑ/ | /kuo$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦɑ/ | /kuo$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣɑ/ | /ko$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦa/ | /kɔ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣɑ/ | /ko$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣɑ/ | /ku$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ɣɑ/ | /kuo$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hé | gù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ho$^4$ | gu$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤaj kˤa(ʔ)-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡaːl kaːs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 何 | 故 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hé | gù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ha › | ‹ ku$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ]ˁaj/ | /*kˁa(ʔ)-s/ |
| English | what | fact; reason |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 何 | 故 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 7458 | 4228 |
| Phonetic component | 可 | 古 |
| Rime group | 歌 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 何 | 顧 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡaːl/ | /*kaːs/ |

### Adverb

何故
* (literary) for what reason; why
    From: Xunzi, c. 3rd century BCE
    Yǐshì xuán tiānxià, yī sìhǎi, hégù bì zì wéi zhī? [Pinyin]
    But if one is going to use such a lofty position to manage all under Heaven and unify the lands within the four seas, then for what reason must one do everything oneself?
    From: Lü Buwei, Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals, 239 BCE
    Chǔ Zhuāng Wáng yù fá Chén, shǐ rén shì zhī. Shǐzhě yuē: “Chén bùkě fá yě.” Zhuāng Wáng yuē: “Hégù?” [Pinyin]
    King Zhuang of Chu, wishing to attack the State of Chen, dispatched a messenger for reconnaissance. The messenger reported, "We cannot attack the State of Chen." King Zhuang asked, "Why?"

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 何為, 何以, 何, 何故, 緣何, 胡, 奚, 曷, 胡為 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 為什麼, 為何, 因何, 何以 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 為什麼, 幹嗎, 幹什麼 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 為什麼 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 為啥 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 為什麼, 做什麼, 做麼 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 為什麼, 做什麼, 做麼 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 為嘛 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 為麼兒, 為麼, 幹麼兒, 為什麼 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 為麼, 為麼個 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 為啥, 因啥 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 為啥 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 為啥, 擁啥, 擁什麼 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 為啥 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 為啥 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 為啥 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 為啥子, 做啥子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 做麼事, 為麼事 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 為哪樣, 為些哪樣 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 為什麼 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 為什麼 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangtan (Jiangnan Industries Group koine) | 為什麼 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 為什麼 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 甚們事, 做事, 做啥, 為甚們 formal |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 怎搞, 怎搞的 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 點解, 做乜, 做乜嘢, 為乜, 為乜為物, 做乜事幹, 因乜事幹, 因乜解究, 因乜緣故, 何解, 乜, 咩 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 點解, 做乜, 做乜嘢, 做咩, 為乜, 為咩, 做乜事幹, 因乜事幹, 因乜解究, 因咩解究, 因乜緣故, 何解, 乜, 咩 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) | 做乜嘢 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 為乜嘢 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 點解 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 整乜嘢 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 做乜嘢 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 點解 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 點解 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 為乜嘢 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 因乜嘢, 點解 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 為乜嘢 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 為乜嘢 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 點解 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 點解 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 點解 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 幾何, 幾解, 做乜, 為乜, 乜頭路 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 幾解 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 做乜 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 點解, 做乜嘢, 做乜, 為乜嘢 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 點解 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Dapeng) | 點解 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 為乜, 為乜事, 做乜, 做乜事, 做乜嘢 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 為物底 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou | 為乜嘢, 為乜 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou (Xiniujiao) | 為乜底 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 為乜嘢 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Nankang) | 做乜嘢 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Yingpan) | 為乜底 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 做乜嘢, 為乜 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 做乜嘢 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 做乜嘢, 為乜 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 點解 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 點解 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 做乜嘢 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 點解, 為乜 |
| Cantonese | Yangon (Taishan) | 幾解 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 為什哩 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 為咋個, 為咋哩, 做咋個, 做咋哩, 何解 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 做麼個 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 做乜嘢, 做嘢 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 做麼個 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 做麼個 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Wuguishan) | 仰解, 做乜嘢 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 為乜嘢 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 為麼個 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 做麼個 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 做麼個 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 做麼個 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 做麼個 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 做麼個 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 做麼個 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 做麼個 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 做乜個 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 為甚, 因為甚, 幹什 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 𠰻們 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 為孰事, 做孰事 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 蔣其, 蔣講, 做什乇, 做什名, 幹乜勢, 傒勢 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 傒勢 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 介計 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 蔣其 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 做什乇 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 做乜乇 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 做乇 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 做呢乇 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 做乜乇 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 做哪乇 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 為什乇, 蔣其, 蔣講, 做什乇, 傒勢 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 為什物, 按怎, 物代, 敢咧, 創什物 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 按怎, 物代 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 為啥物 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 按怎 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 為甚物 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 為甚物 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 為啥物, 是按怎 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 何物事, 做物事, 做物 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 按怎 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 敢哪, 敢哪誌 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 做呢 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 做呢 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 做呢 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 做呢 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 作乜, 因乜 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 作乜, 因乜, 怎作 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 作乜, 作個乜, 作乜物, 因乜, 因個乜 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 作乜 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 為乜嘢 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 做門, 做哪門, 為哪門 |
| Waxiang | Guzhang (Gaofeng) | 為什個 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 啥體, 為啥, 做啥, 啥講究, 為啥體, 啥個講究, 啥道理, 為啥道理, 啥個路道, 啥個緣故 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 為何, 做何 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 為啥, 為點啥, 做啥, 啥體, 為啥體 |
| Wu | Danyang | 為點高, 做點高 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 為啥 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 妝乜, 為何呢, 為乜事幹 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 為淡事幹, 為待西 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 為麼子, 何解 |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | 奚解 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 嗎介 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 為麼子, 做麼子 |

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 何 | 故 |
| なぜ ||
| Grade: 2 | Grade: 5 |
| jukujikun ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 何故 – see the following entry. :
| 【なぜ】 | [adverb] (formal, literary, poetic) why ... ?, how ... ? |
(This term, 何故, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 何 | 故 |
| なに Grade: 2 | ゆえ Grade: 5 |
| kun'yomi ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 何故 – see the following entry. :
| 【なにゆえ】 | [adverb] why ... ?, how ... ? Alternative spelling 何ゆえ |
(This term, 何故, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :