# طرخشقون
## Arabic
### Alternative forms

* طَلْخَشْقُوق (ṭalḵašqūq), طَلْخَشْقُون (ṭalḵašqūn), طَرْخَشْقُوق (ṭarḵašqūq), طَلَخَشْقُوق (ṭalaḵašqūq), طَلَخَشْقُون (ṭalaḵašqūn), طَرَخَشْقُوق (ṭaraḵašqūq), طَلَخْشَقُوق (ṭalaḵšaqūq), طَلَخْشَقُون (ṭalaḵšaqūn), طَرَخْشَقُوق (ṭaraḵšaqūq), طَرْشَقُون (ṭaršaqūn), طَرْشَقُوق (ṭaršaqūq), طَلَخْقُوق (ṭalaḵqūq), طَلَخْكُوك (ṭalaḵkūk)

### Etymology

From Middle Persian *tarrag-ī škōhān (literally “herb of the poor”), so called because it is rarely eaten other than in times of famine. The former word is known in Classical Persian تره (tarra, “herb”), the latter widespread in Middle Iranian but not continued into Classical Persian in the meaning “poor” though possibly identical to شکوه (šokuh, “pomp, magnificence; gravity, reverence”), شکوه (šikūh, “fear, terror”), شکوخ (šokux, šekux, “slip, stumble, fall”), exposing the plural ending ـان (-ân). The variant forms of the phytonym commencing with طَلـ (ṭal-) relate to تلخ (talx, “bitter”), endings in ـق (-q) to چکوک (čakuk, “purslane”), which is not a known word anymore. The combined plant-name is in Neo-Persian barely recorded as تلخ‌چکوک (talx-čakuk), تلخ‌جکوک (talx-jakuk), تلخ‌چوک (talx-čuk), تلخ‌جوک (talx-juk, “wild succory”), ousted by کاسنی (kâsni).

### Pronunciation

* (now most common) IPA: /tˤar.xaʃ.quːn/

### Noun

طَرْخَشْقُون or طَرَخَشْقُون or طَرَخْشَقُون • (ṭarḵašqūn or ṭaraḵašqūn or ṭaraḵšaqūn) m
* dandelion (Taraxacum gen. et spp.)
    Synonym: هِنْدِبَاء (hindibāʔ)
** c. 1200, يحيى بن محمد بن أحمد بن العوام [yaḥyā ibn muḥammad ibn ʔaḥmad ibn al-ʕawwām], edited by José Antonio Banqueri, كتاب الفلاحة [Book on Agriculture], volume 2, Madrid: Imprenta Real, published 1802$^{IA}$, Cap. 33, page 601:يؤخذ طرخشقون مجفف وعدس ونورة أجزاء سواء ويسحق الجميع وينخل ويعجن بسمن بقري عتيق ثم يوضع منه على فتيلة ويدخل في الناصور نافع وربما نفع وربما نفع منه الكي بالنار.One takes dried dandelion and lentils and lime at equal parts and grinds all and sieves and kneads with old cow butter and then one applies from it unto a wick and enters the fistula. It may be successful, however cauterization might prove more effective.
* common chicory, Belgian endive (Cichorium intybus)
    Synonym: هِنْدِبَاء بَرِّيَّة (hindibāʔ barriyya)

#### Descendants

* Translingual: Taraxacum
    → Portuguese: taráxaco
* → Persian: طلخشکوک, طلخ شکوک
* → Classical Syriac: ܛܪܫܩܘܩܐ

### References

* Colditz, Iris (2000) “Mp. (i)škōh, parth. iskōh. Etymologie und semantische Entwicklung”, in Zur Sozialterminologie der iranischen Manichäer. Eine semantische Analyse im Vergleich zu den nichtmanichäischen iranischen Quellen (Iranica; 5) (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 166 seqq..
* Corriente, F. (1997) A Dictionary of Andalusi Arabic (Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East; 29)‎, Leiden, New York, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, →LCCN, page 327
* Dozy, Reinhart Pieter Anne (1881) “طرخشقون”, in Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes‎ (in French), volume 2, Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 33
* Löw, Immanuel (1928) Die Flora der Juden‎ (in German), volume 1, Wien und Leipzig: R. Löwit, pages 434–435
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “تلخجكوك”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul, page 321
* Vullers, Johann August (1855) “طرخشقون”, in Lexicon Persico-Latinum etymologicum cum linguis maxime cognatis Sanscrita et Zendica et Pehlevica comparatum, e lexicis persice scriptis Borhâni Qâtiu, Haft Qulzum et Bahâri agam et persico-turcico Farhangi-Shuûrî confectum, adhibitis etiam Castelli, Meninski, Richardson et aliorum operibus et auctoritate scriptorum Persicorum adauctum‎ (in Latin), volume I, Gießen: J. Ricker, page 457b
* “ṭrḥšqwq”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* طرخشقون on the Arabic Wikipedia.Wikipedia $^{ar}$