# 恐懼
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kǒngjù
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄥˇ ㄐㄩˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hung$^2$ geoi$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khióng-kū / khióng-kī / khióng-khū
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kiong$^2$ gu$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$khon-jiu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kǒngjù
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄥˇ ㄐㄩˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kǒngjyù
*** Wade–Giles: kʻung$^3$-chü$^4$
*** Yale: kǔng-jyù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: koongjiuh
*** Palladius: кунцзюй (kunczjuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕy⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$孔鋸／孔锯 恐懼／恐惧
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hung$^2$ geoi$^6$
*** Yale: húng geuih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hung$^2$ goey$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hung$^2$ gêu$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /hʊŋ³⁵ kɵy̯²²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khióng-kū
*** Tâi-lô: khióng-kū
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qiofngku
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰiɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ku³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ku⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰiɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ku²²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ku³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khióng-kī
*** Tâi-lô: khióng-kī
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qiofngki
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ki²²/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khióng-khū
*** Tâi-lô: khióng-khū
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qiofngqu
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰu³³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰiɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰu³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kiong$^2$ gu$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khióng kŭ
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰioŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ ku³⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$khon-jiu
*** MiniDict: khon$^去$ jiu
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$khon-jjy
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰoŋ³³ d͡ʑy⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: khjowngX gjuH
Rime :
| Character | 恐 | 懼 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) | 群 (30) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) | 虞 (24) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 丘隴切 | 其遇切 |
| Baxter | khjowngX | gjuH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰɨoŋ$^X$/ | /ɡɨo$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰioŋ$^X$/ | /ɡio$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰioŋ$^X$/ | /ɡio$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰuawŋ$^X$/ | /guə̆$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰioŋ$^X$/ | /ɡio$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰĭwoŋ$^X$/ | /ɡĭu$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kʰi̯woŋ$^X$/ | /gi̯u$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qiǒng | jù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hung$^2$ | geoi$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʰ(r)oŋʔ [ɡ]ʷ(r)a(k)-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰoŋʔ ɡʷas/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 恐 | 懼 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | kǒng | jù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khjowng$^X$ › | ‹ gju$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰ(r)oŋʔ/ | /*[ɡ]ʷ(r)a(k)-s/ |
| English | fear | fear (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 恐 | 懼 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 4071 | 7151 |
| Phonetic component | 工 | 瞿 |
| Rime group | 東 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 恐 | 懼 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰoŋʔ/ | /*ɡʷas/ |

### Adjective

恐懼
* frightened; terrified; scared

#### Synonyms

* 刺促 (literary)
* 怖懼／怖惧 (bùjù) (literary)
* 恐慌 (kǒnghuāng)
* 惶恐 (huángkǒng)
* 慹／𰑔 (zhí)
* 遑急 (huángjí) (literary)
* 驚恐／惊恐 (jīngkǒng)
* 驚惶／惊惶 (jīnghuáng) (literary or Min Nan)
* 驚慌／惊慌 (jīnghuāng)
* 驚駭／惊骇 (jīnghài) (literary)

### Verb

恐懼
* to fear
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Zhūhóu kǒngjù, huìméng ér ruò Qín. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: 2005, , 信息时报
    Lín Yìlián shǒudù tán chūliàn nányǒu, tǎnyán bùhuì kǒngjù zàihūn (zǔtú) [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: 2006, 林兆华心灵对话易卜生晚年作品《建筑大师》, 北京日报
    Yìbǔshēng yīzhí kǒngjù cóng gāochù xiàng xià huòzhě cóng píngdì xiàng shēnyuān kàn [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: 2019, 社媒流传警官涉勒索‧柔警展开调查, 星洲日报
    shǐ rén kǒngjù sǐwáng huò zhòngshāng ér jìnxíng lèsuǒ [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Synonyms

* 嚇／吓
* 害怕 (hàipà)
* 忌 (jì) (literary, or in compounds)
* 怕
* 怕懼／怕惧 (pàjù) (literary)
* 懼怕／惧怕 (jùpà)
* 深怕 (shēnpà)
* 生怕 (shēngpà)
* 生畏 (shēngwèi) (literary)
* 畏怯 (wèiqiè)
* 畏懼／畏惧 (wèijù)
* 驚／惊 (dialectal)

### Noun

恐懼
* fear
    From: 2004, 北京科技报
    shùzì 13: gǔlǎo kǒngjù biànchéng xiàndài làngmàn [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: 2018, 含羞草的约定, 联合早报
    Wǒ suīrán fēicháng hàoqí, dàn xīnzhōng de kǒngjù què zài zuǒyòu wǒ de xíngwéi. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: 2019, , 新浪健康
    ài yǔ qiúzhī, dài wǒ dǎbài kǒngjù [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Derived terms

* 恐懼不安／恐惧不安 (kǒngjùbù'ān)
* 恐懼症／恐惧症 (kǒngjùzhèng)

#### See also

* 恐怖 (kǒngbù)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 恐(きょう)懼(く) (kyōku)
* → Korean: 공구(恐懼) (gonggu)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 恐 | 懼 |
| きょう Grade: S | く Hyōgai |
| on'yomi ||

### Noun

恐(きょう)懼(く) • (kyōku)
* being struck with awe

### Verb

恐(きょう)懼(く)する • (kyōku suru) suru (stem 恐(きょう)懼(く)し (kyōku shi), past 恐(きょう)懼(く)した (kyōku shita))
* to be struck with awe

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 恐懼し | きょうくし | kyōku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 恐懼し | きょうくし | kyōku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 恐懼する | きょうくする | kyōku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 恐懼する | きょうくする | kyōku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 恐懼すれ | きょうくすれ | kyōku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 恐懼せよ¹ 恐懼しろ² | きょうくせよ¹ きょうくしろ² | kyōku seyo¹ kyōku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 恐懼される | きょうくされる | kyōku sareru |
| Causative | 恐懼させる 恐懼さす | きょうくさせる きょうくさす | kyōku saseru kyōku sasu |
| Potential | 恐懼できる | きょうくできる | kyōku dekiru |
| Volitional | 恐懼しよう | きょうくしよう | kyōku shiyō |
| Negative | 恐懼しない | きょうくしない | kyōku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 恐懼せず | きょうくせず | kyōku sezu |
| Formal | 恐懼します | きょうくします | kyōku shimasu |
| Perfective | 恐懼した | きょうくした | kyōku shita |
| Conjunctive | 恐懼して | きょうくして | kyōku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 恐懼すれば | きょうくすれば | kyōku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||