# ἐπιστρέφω
## Ancient Greek
### Etymology

From ἐπι- (epi-, “upon”) +‎ στρέφω (stréphō, “to turn”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /e.pis.tré.pʰɔː/ → /e.pisˈtre.ɸo/ → /e.pisˈtre.fo/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /e.pis.tré.pʰɔː/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /e.pisˈtre.pʰo/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /e.pisˈtre.ɸo/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /e.pisˈtre.fo/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /e.pisˈtre.fo/

### Verb

ἐπιστρέφω • (epistréphō)
* to turn about, turn round, wheel about
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.141
** 430 BCE, Euripides, Herakles' Children 942
** 10 CE – 70 CE, Hero, Automata 23.3
** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.90
** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 6.4.9
** 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Sulla 19
** 100 BCE – 1 BCE, Asclepiodotus, Tactics 10.5
** to turn towards
*** 6th century BC, Theognis of Megara, Elegies 1083
*** 6th century BC, Theognis of Megara, Elegies 213
*** 125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, Timon 11
*** 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Moralia 2.21C
*** 412 BCE – 323 BCE, Diogenes of Sinope, Letters 34.1
*** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 1182
*** 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Mark Antony 42
*** (intransitive) to turn oneself towards
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, On Horsemanship 8.12
**** 204 CE – 270 CE, Plotinus, Collected Works 5.3.1
**** 412 CE – 485 CE, Proclus, Elements of Theology 15
** to turn or convert from an error, to correct, make to repent
*** 125 CE – 200 CE, Lucian, How to Write History 5
*** 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Alcibiades 16
*** 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Cato the Younger 14
*** 230 CE – 238 CE, Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists 1.7.1
*** (intransitive) to repent
**** 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Judith 5.19
**** 70 CE – 110 CE, The Gospel of Matthew 13:15
**** 50 CE – 100 CE, The Gospel of Luke 22:32
** to curve, twist
*** 388 BCE, Aristophanes, Plutus 1131
*** Palatine Anthology 11.376.8
*** 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, Aphorisms 4.35
*** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Problems 963B.10
*** 371 BCE – 287 BCE, Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants 3.8.4
*** 371 BCE – 287 BCE, Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants 3.9.6
* (middle voice, passive voice, especially in second aorist) to turn oneself around, turn about
** Oppian, Cynegetica 4.179
** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.156
** 438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 187
** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 629B.15
** 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 616C
** 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 1111
** to go back and forth
*** Second Homeric Hymn to Artemis 10
*** 470 BCE, Aeschylus, The Suppliants 508
*** 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 753
*** 412 BCE, Euripides, Helen 83
*** 413 BCE, Euripides, Ion 352
*** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Oeconomicus 4.13
*** 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 247A
*** 100 CE – 300 CE, Dionysius Periegetes, Periegesis 584
** to turn the mind towards, pay attention to
*** 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 599
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.88
*** c. 440 BCE, Euripides, Rhesus 400
*** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Aristocrates 136
** (perfect passive participle) earnest, vehement
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.62
*** 230 CE – 238 CE, Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists 1.7.1

#### Inflection
### Further reading

* “ἐπιστρέφω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “ἐπιστρέφω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “ἐπιστρέφω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* ἐπιστρέφω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* ἐπιστρέφω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* G1994 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible