# 臣服
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chénfú
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄣˊ ㄈㄨˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): san$^4$ fuk$^6$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): sîn-ho̍k
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chénfú
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄣˊ ㄈㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chénfú
*** Wade–Giles: chʻên$^2$-fu$^2$
*** Yale: chén-fú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chernfwu
*** Palladius: чэньфу (čɛnʹfu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰən³⁵ fu³⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$沉浮 臣服
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: san$^4$ fuk$^6$
*** Yale: sàhn fuhk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: san$^4$ fuk$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sen$^4$ fug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐn²¹ fʊk̚²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sîn-ho̍k
*** Tâi-lô: sîn-ho̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sinhok
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sin²⁴⁻²² hɔk̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /sin²⁴⁻²² hɔk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /sin¹³⁻²² hɔk̚¹²¹/
* Middle Chinese: dzyin bjuwk
Rime :
| Character | 臣 | 服 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 常 (25) | 並 (3) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (43) | 屋 (4) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 植鄰切 | 房六切 |
| Baxter | dzyin | bjuwk |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ʑiɪn/ | /bɨuk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡ʑin/ | /biuk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ʑjen/ | /biuk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡ʑin/ | /buwk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ʑiĕn/ | /biuk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ʑĭĕn/ | /bĭuk̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ʑi̯ĕn/ | /bʱi̯uk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chén | fú |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | san$^4$ | fuk$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]i[ŋ] [b]ək/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡiŋ bɯɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 臣 | 服 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 3/4 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | chén | fú |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzyin › | ‹ bjuwk › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ]i[ŋ]/ | /*[b]ək/ |
| English | slave, subject | subdue, submit |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 臣 | 服 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 1342 | 3366 |
| Phonetic component | 臣 | 服 |
| Rime group | 眞 | 職 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 辰 | 伏 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡiŋ/ | /*bɯɡ/ |
| Notes | 甲文臧象以戈刺目爲奴， 省戈表不刺者則爲臣， 專指役使於家內者 | |

### Verb

臣服
* (literary, historical) to acknowledge allegiance to; to serve (the emperor)
* (literary, historical) to submit to (the rule of)
* (by extension) to submit to; to acknowledge defeat or inferiority

#### Synonyms

* (to submit):
* 屈從／屈从 (qūcóng)
* 屈服 (qūfú)
* 投降 (tóuxiáng)
* 降服

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “to submit”):
* 不屈 (bùqū)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 臣 | 服 |
| しん Grade: 4 | ふく > ぷく Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɕĩmpɯ̟kɯ̟]

### Verb

臣(しん)服(ぷく)する • (shinpuku suru) suru (stem 臣(しん)服(ぷく)し (shinpuku shi), past 臣(しん)服(ぷく)した (shinpuku shita))
* to acknowledge allegiance to; to serve (the king)

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 臣服し | しんぷくし | shinpuku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 臣服し | しんぷくし | shinpuku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 臣服する | しんぷくする | shinpuku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 臣服する | しんぷくする | shinpuku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 臣服すれ | しんぷくすれ | shinpuku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 臣服せよ¹ 臣服しろ² | しんぷくせよ¹ しんぷくしろ² | shinpuku seyo¹ shinpuku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 臣服される | しんぷくされる | shinpuku sareru |
| Causative | 臣服させる 臣服さす | しんぷくさせる しんぷくさす | shinpuku saseru shinpuku sasu |
| Potential | 臣服できる | しんぷくできる | shinpuku dekiru |
| Volitional | 臣服しよう | しんぷくしよう | shinpuku shiyō |
| Negative | 臣服しない | しんぷくしない | shinpuku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 臣服せず | しんぷくせず | shinpuku sezu |
| Formal | 臣服します | しんぷくします | shinpuku shimasu |
| Perfective | 臣服した | しんぷくした | shinpuku shita |
| Conjunctive | 臣服して | しんぷくして | shinpuku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 臣服すれば | しんぷくすれば | shinpuku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||