OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# netīrāks
## Latvian
### Adjective

netīrāks (definite netīrākais, superlative visnetīrākais, adverb netīrāk)
* dirtier, more impure; indefinite comparative degree of netīrs
# refringido
## Spanish
### Participle

refringido (feminine refringida, masculine plural refringidos, feminine plural refringidas)
* past participle of refringir
# nesarkušajam
## Latvian
### Participle

nesarkušajam
* dative singular masculine of nesarkušais
# refregaches
## Galician
### Verb

refregaches
* second-person singular preterite indicative of refregar
# refregada
## Catalan
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [rə.fɾəˈɣa.ðə]
* IPA: (Valencia) [re.fɾeˈɣa.ða]

### Participle

refregada f sg
* feminine singular of refregat

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /refɾeˈɡada/ [re.fɾeˈɣ̞a.ð̞a]
* Rhymes: -ada
* Syllabification: re‧fre‧ga‧da

### Participle

refregada f sg
* feminine singular of refregado
# enfraquecíeis
## Galician
### Verb

enfraquecíeis
* (reintegrationist norm) second-person plural imperfect indicative of enfraquecer

## Portuguese
### Verb

enfraquecíeis
* second-person plural imperfect indicative of enfraquecer
# 待价而沽
## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 待价而沽 – see 待價而沽 (“to wait for the highest bid before selling an item; to wait for the best job offer before providing one's service”). (This term is the simplified form of 待價而沽).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
# reformidande
## Latin
### Participle

reformīdande
* vocative masculine singular of reformīdandus
# reformidandis
## Latin
### Participle

reformīdandīs
* dative/ablative masculine/feminine/neuter plural of reformīdandus
# neuagglagh
## Manx
### Etymology

From neu- +‎ aggle + -agh.

### Adjective

neuagglagh
* fearless
    Antonym: agglagh

#### Related terms

* neuaggle
# neuagglit
## Manx
### Etymology

From neu- +‎ agglit.

### Adjective

neuagglit
* intrepid
# regalásemos
## Galician
### Verb

regalásemos
* first-person plural imperfect subjunctive of regalar

## Spanish
### Verb

regalásemos
* first-person plural imperfect subjunctive of regalar
# regarnissez
## French
### Verb

regarnissez
* inflection of regarnir:
** second-person plural present indicative
** second-person plural imperative
# enfrentamientos
## Spanish
### Noun

enfrentamientos m pl
* plural of enfrentamiento
# enfrentais
## Portuguese
### Verb

enfrentais
* second-person plural present indicative of enfrentar
# engreixava
## Catalan
### Verb

engreixava
* first/third-person singular imperfect indicative of engreixar
# engraxes
## Portuguese
### Verb

engraxes
* second-person singular present subjunctive of engraxar
# engraxássemos
## Portuguese
### Verb

engraxássemos
* first-person plural imperfect subjunctive of engraxar
# engraxo
## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: (careful pronunciation) /ẽˈɡɾa.ʃu/, (natural pronunciation) /ĩˈɡɾa.ʃu/
* (Brazil) IPA: (careful pronunciation) /ẽˈɡɾa.ʃu/, (natural pronunciation) /ĩˈɡɾa.ʃu/
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: (careful pronunciation) /ẽˈɡɾa.ʃo/, (natural pronunciation) /ĩˈɡɾa.ʃo/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ẽˈɡɾa.ʃu/
* Rhymes: -aʃu
* Hyphenation: en‧gra‧xo

### Verb

engraxo
* first-person singular present indicative of engraxar
# refroidissait
## French
### Verb

refroidissait
* third-person singular imperfect indicative of refroidir
# refroidisses
## French
### Verb

refroidisses
* second-person singular present/imperfect subjunctive of refroidir
# neurofisiología
## Spanish
### Etymology

From neuro- +‎ fisiología.

### Noun

neurofisiología f (uncountable)
* neurophysiology
** 2015 December 14, “¿Qué es lo que le pasa a tu cerebro en el silencio?”, in Frontera.info‎:Luciano Bernardi, medico y músico, realizó un estudio seminal, utilizando la música como medicina, sus investigaciones no estaban dirigidas a los efectos del silencio sino de la música, pero en los intervalos de la música, la neurofisiología del silencio se empezó a evidenciar.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

### Further reading

* “neurofisiología”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
# nevrotizzate
## Italian
### Etymology 1
#### Verb

nevrotizzate
* inflection of nevrotizzare:
** second-person plural present indicative
** second-person plural imperative

### Etymology 2
#### Participle

nevrotizzate f pl
* feminine plural of nevrotizzato
# nevrotizzavo
## Italian
### Verb

nevrotizzavo
* first-person singular imperfect indicative of nevrotizzare
# nevrotizzavate
## Italian
### Verb

nevrotizzavate
* second-person plural imperfect indicative of nevrotizzare
# regeringars
## Swedish
### Noun

regeringars
* indefinite genitive plural of regering
# enfouissement
## French
### Etymology

From enfouir (“to bury”) +‎ -ment.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɑ̃.fwis.mɑ̃/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

enfouissement m (plural enfouissements)
* burying

### Further reading

* “enfouissement”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
# enfouirons
## French
### Verb

enfouirons
* first-person plural future of enfouir
# enfouisse
## French
### Verb

enfouisse
* inflection of enfouir:
** first/third-person singular present subjunctive
** first-person singular imperfect subjunctive
# nestrādādama
## Latvian
### Participle

nestrādādama
* nominative singular feminine of nestrādādams
# nestrpljivost
## Serbo-Croatian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /nestřpʎiʋoːst/
* Hyphenation: ne‧strp‧lji‧vost

### Noun

nestr̀pljivōst f (Cyrillic spelling нестр̀пљиво̄ст)
* impatience
# nestrādā
## Latvian
### Verb

nestrādā
* inflection of nestrādāt:
** second/third-person singular present indicative
** third-person plural present indicative
** second-person singular imperative
* (with the particle lai) third-person singular imperative of nestrādāt
* (with the particle lai) third-person plural imperative of nestrādāt
# neuronavigate
## English
### Etymology

From neuro- +‎ navigate.

### Verb

neuronavigate (third-person singular simple present neuronavigates, present participle neuronavigating, simple past and past participle neuronavigated)
* (surgery) To carry out neuronavigation
# neuronatin
## English
### Noun

neuronatin (uncountable)
* (biochemistry) A proteolipid associated with the control of ion channels during brain development

### Anagrams

* antineuron
# engreixades
## Catalan
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [əŋ.ɡɾəˈʃa.ðəs]
* IPA: (Valencia) [eŋ.ɡɾejˈʃa.ðes]

### Participle

engreixades f pl
* feminine plural of engreixat
# regatés
## Catalan
### Verb

regatés
* first/third-person singular imperfect subjunctive of regatar
# regatéssim
## Catalan
### Verb

regatéssim
* first-person plural imperfect subjunctive of regatar
# refundment
## English
### Etymology

From refund +‎ -ment.

### Noun

refundment (countable and uncountable, plural refundments)
* The act of refunding.
* The amount that is refunded.
** 1823, Elia [pseudonym; Charles Lamb], Elia. Essays which have Appeared under that Signature in The London Magazine, London: […] [Thomas Davison] for Taylor and Hessey, […], →OCLC:But some portions of it somehow always stuck so fast, that the denunciators have been fain to postpone the prophecy of refundment to a late posterity

### References

“refundment”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
# refunds
## English
### Noun

refunds
* plural of refund

### Verb

refunds
* third-person singular simple present indicative of refund

### Anagrams

* Dufners, funders, snurfed
# refundió
## Spanish
### Verb

refundió
* third-person singular preterite indicative of refundir
# nevārītajam
## Latvian
### Participle

nevārītajam
* dative singular masculine of nevārītais
# 微內核
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wēinèihé, wéinèihé
    (Zhuyin): ㄨㄟ ㄋㄟˋ ㄏㄜˊ, ㄨㄟˊ ㄋㄟˋ ㄏㄜˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wēinèihé
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄟ ㄋㄟˋ ㄏㄜˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: weinèihé
*** Wade–Giles: wei$^1$-nei$^4$-ho$^2$
*** Yale: wēi-nèi-hé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ueineyher
*** Palladius: вэйнэйхэ (vɛjnɛjxɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /weɪ̯⁵⁵ neɪ̯⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan; dated variant in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wéinèihé
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄟˊ ㄋㄟˋ ㄏㄜˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wéinèihé
*** Wade–Giles: wei$^2$-nei$^4$-ho$^2$
*** Yale: wéi-nèi-hé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: weineyher
*** Palladius: вэйнэйхэ (vɛjnɛjxɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /weɪ̯³⁵ neɪ̯⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

### Noun

微內核
* (operating systems) microkernel
# 微体
## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 微体 – see 微體 (“microbody”). (This term is the simplified form of 微體).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
# 心经
## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 心经 – see 心經 (“the Heart Sutra; the Heart Scripture”). (This term is the simplified form of 心經).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
# 心缩期
## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 心缩期 – see 心縮期 (“systole; systolic period”). (This term is the simplified form of 心縮期).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
# enhancesome
## English
### Noun

enhancesome (plural enhancesomes)
* Alternative form of enhanceosome
# enganaren
## Galician
### Verb

enganaren
* inflection of enganar:
** third-person plural future subjunctive
** third-person plural personal infinitive
# enganares
## Galician
### Verb

enganares
* inflection of enganar:
** second-person singular future subjunctive
** second-person singular personal infinitive

## Portuguese
### Pronunciation

* Hyphenation: en‧ga‧na‧res

### Verb

enganares
* inflection of enganar:
** second-person singular future subjunctive
** second-person singular personal infinitive
# 必筍
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): pit-sún
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pit-sún
*** Hakka Romanization System: bid$^ˋ$ sun$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: bid$^5$ sun$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /pit̚² sun³¹/

### Verb

必筍
* (Hakka) to germinate; to sprout; to bud

#### Synonyms

* 出息 (Hakka)
* 出穎／出颖 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 出芽 (chūyá)
* 出苗 (chūmiáo)
* 出青 (Hokkien)
* 必目 (Hakka)
* 抽筍／抽笋 (Hakka)
* 抽芽 (chōuyá)
* 暴穎／暴颖 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 暴筍／暴笋 (Hakka)
* 暴芽 (Hokkien)
* 權輿／权舆 (quányú) (literary)
* 爆穎／爆颖 (pok-íⁿ) (Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 爆芽 (bau$^4$ nga$^4$) (Gan, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 生筍／生笋 (Hakka)
* 生芽 (Hakka)
* 發穎／发颖 (Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 發芽／发芽 (fāyá)
* 綻筍／绽笋 (Hakka)
* 萌 (literary, or in compounds)
* 萌動／萌动 (méngdòng)
* 萌發／萌发 (méngfā)
* 萌芽 (méngyá)
* 露苗 (lòumiáo)
# regajnitan
## Esperanto
### Adjective

regajnitan
* accusative singular past passive participle of regajni
# regajnitojn
## Esperanto
### Noun

regajnitojn
* accusative plural past nominal passive participle of regajni
# refrescaves
## Catalan
### Verb

refrescaves
* second-person singular imperfect indicative of refrescar
# refresco normal
## Spanish
### Noun

refresco normal m (plural refrescos normales)
* (Mexico) a non-diet, 600 milliliters soft drink or soda beverage
# refrescaven
## Catalan
### Verb

refrescaven
* third-person plural imperfect indicative of refrescar
# newsticker
## English
### Etymology

From news +‎ ticker.

### Noun

newsticker (plural newstickers)
* Alternative form of news ticker
** 1941 August 18, LIFE, volume 11, number 7, page 77:Dietrich obediently had it sent out over the D. N. B. newsticker. Midway in the announcement, the ticker was stopped.
** 2005, Janne Skaffari, Opening Windows on Texts and Discourses of the Past, page 8:And the following quotation is an extract from a newsticker that appeared on the web page of the Online Sun on June 21, 2002, during the quarter final of the Football World Cup between England and Brazil.
** 2007, Mark Schindler, Rumors in Financial Markets: Insights Into Behavioral Finance, page 129:After the first trading phase is over and the first message has been communicated via newsticker, the first communication phase follows.
# newstickers
## English
### Noun

newstickers
* plural of newsticker
# regulamentámos
## Portuguese
### Verb

regulamentámos
* (European Portuguese spelling) first-person plural preterite indicative of regulamentar
# neutraler
## German
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

neutraler
* comparative degree of neutral

### Adjective

neutraler
* inflection of neutral:
** strong/mixed nominative masculine singular
** strong genitive/dative feminine singular
** strong genitive plural
# englobareu
## Catalan
### Verb

englobareu
* second-person plural future indicative of englobar
# 幙

| 幙 | U+5E59, &#24153; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5E59 |
| ← 幘 [U+5E58] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 幚 → [U+5E5A] |

## Translingual
### Han character

幙 (Kangxi radical 50, 巾+11, 14 strokes, cangjie input 中月廿日大 (LBTAK), four-corner 4423$_4$, composition ⿰巾莫)
* curtain, screen

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 336, character 8
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9052
* Dae Jaweon: page 643, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 749, character 8
* Unihan data for U+5E59

## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 幙 – see 幕 (“curtain; screen; tent; scene; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 幕).

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): ばく (baku)、ぼ (bo)
* Kun: おおう (ōu)、てんまく (tenmaku)、とばり (tobari)、ひきまく (hikimaku)、まく (maku)
# regressió
## Catalan
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin regressiōnem.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [rə.ɣɾə.siˈo]
* IPA: (Valencia) [re.ɣɾe.siˈo]

### Noun

regressió f (plural regressions)
* regression

#### Related terms

* regressar
* regressiu

### Further reading

* “regressió” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “regressió”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
* “regressió” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “regressió” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
# 怎么地
## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 怎么地 – see 怎麼地 (“in which way or manner; how; in such a way or manner; in some way; etc.”). (This term is the simplified form of 怎麼地).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
# neticējušajā
## Latvian
### Participle

neticējušajā
* locative singular masculine/feminine of neticējušais
# neticējušajām
## Latvian
### Participle

neticējušajām
* dative/instrumental plural feminine of neticējušais
# neticējušie
## Latvian
### Participle

neticējušie
* nominative/vocative plural masculine of neticējušais
# refugienti
## Latin
### Participle

refugientī
* dative/ablative masculine/feminine/neuter singular of refugiēns
# refugient
## Latin
### Verb

refugient
* third-person plural future active indicative of refugiō
# nevropatic
## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French névropathique.

### Adjective

nevropatic m or n (feminine singular nevropatică, masculine plural nevropatici, feminine and neuter plural nevropatice)
* neuropathic
# nevrorthid
## English
### Noun

nevrorthid (plural nevrorthids)
* (zoology) Any lacewing in the family Nevrorthidae.
# engomaría
## Spanish
### Verb

engomaría
* first/third-person singular conditional of engomar
# regimentaría
## Spanish
### Verb

regimentaría
* first/third-person singular conditional of regimentar
# regimentaríais
## Spanish
### Verb

regimentaríais
* second-person plural conditional of regimentar
# regimentas
## Spanish
### Verb

regimentas
* second-person singular present indicative of regimentar
# nevannotām
## Latvian
### Participle

nevannotām
* dative/instrumental plural feminine of nevannots
# engoásedes
## Galician
### Verb

engoásedes
* second-person plural imperfect subjunctive of engoar
# engoárades
## Galician
### Verb

engoárades
* (reintegrationist norm) second-person plural pluperfect indicative of engoar
# regaris
## Latin
### Verb

regāris
* second-person singular present passive subjunctive of regō
# regareu
## Catalan
### Verb

regareu
* second-person plural future indicative of regar
# 慌失失
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Cantonese (Jyutping): fong$^1$ sat$^1$ sat$^1$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fong$^1$ sat$^1$ sat$^1$
*** Yale: fōng sāt sāt
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fong$^1$ sat$^7$ sat$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fong$^1$ sed$^1$ sed$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɔːŋ⁵⁵ sɐt̚⁵ sɐt̚⁵/

### Adjective

慌失失
* (Cantonese, ideophonic) flustered; flurried

#### Synonyms

* 慌張／慌张 (huāngzhāng)
# newsdesks
## English
### Noun

newsdesks
* plural of newsdesk
# engrossávamos
## Portuguese
### Verb

engrossávamos
* first-person plural imperfect indicative of engrossar
# engrossât
## French
### Verb

engrossât
* third-person singular imperfect subjunctive of engrosser

### Anagrams

* estragons
# enjuagándolas
## Spanish
### Verb

enjuagándolas
* gerund of enjuagar combined with las
# enjuagándolo
## Spanish
### Verb

enjuagándolo
* gerund of enjuagar combined with lo
# nezogamus
## Latvian
### Participle

nezogamus
* accusative plural masculine of nezogams
# engomáremos
## Spanish
### Verb

engomáremos
* first-person plural future subjunctive of engomar
# engomá
## Spanish
### Verb

engomá
* second-person singular voseo imperative of engomar
# engomáreis
## Portuguese
### Verb

engomáreis
* second-person plural pluperfect indicative of engomar
# nfrtj
## Egyptian
### Pronunciation

* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /nɛfɛrti/
** Conventional anglicization: neferti

### Proper noun

m
* a male given name, Neferti

### References

* Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 117
# nfrt-ḥnwt
## Egyptian
### Etymology

nfrt (“beautiful (one)”) +‎ ḥnwt (“lady”).

### Pronunciation

* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /nɛfrɛt hɛnuːt/
** Conventional anglicization: nefret-henut

### Proper noun

f
* a female given name, Neferthenut
# nfrt-kꜣw
## Egyptian
### Etymology

nfrt (“beautiful (one)”) +‎ kꜣw (plural of kꜣ (“ka”)) in a direct genitive construction, thus literally ‘the beautiful one of kas’.

### Pronunciation

* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /nɛfrɛt kɑuː/
** Conventional anglicization: nefret-kau

### Proper noun

f
* a female given name, Nefertkau

#### Alternative forms

nfrt-kw :

### References

* Ranke, Hermann (1935) Die ägyptischen Personennamen‎, volume 1, Glückstadt: Verlag von J. J. Augustin, page 203.6
# regioselektivstem
## German
### Adjective

regioselektivstem
* strong dative masculine/neuter singular superlative degree of regioselektiv
# regularisire
## Romanian
### Etymology

From regularisi +‎ -re.

### Noun

regularisire f (plural regularisiri)
* regularization
# regañaríamos
## Spanish
### Verb

regañaríamos
* first-person plural conditional of regañar
# 慶子
## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 慶 | 子 |
| けい Grade: S | こ Grade: 1 |

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ke̞ːko̞]

### Proper noun

慶(けい)子(こ) • (Keiko)
* a female given name
# 慶尙北道
## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 慶 | 尙 | 北 | 道 |

### Proper noun

慶尙北道 • (Gyeongsangbukdo) (hangeul 경상북도)
* hanja form of 경상북도 (“North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea”)
# nghwara
## Southern Ndebele
### Verb

-nghwara$^?$
* to scratch

#### Inflection

This entry needs an inflection-table template.
# nghulion
## Welsh
### Adjective

nghulion
* Nasal mutation of culion.
# enkeltpersoner
## Norwegian Bokmål
### Noun

enkeltpersoner m
* indefinite plural of enkeltperson
# enkeltrom
## Norwegian Bokmål
### Etymology

enkelt (“single (definite neuter single form of enkel)”) +‎ rom (“room”)

### Noun

enkeltrom n (definite singular enkeltromet, indefinite plural enkeltrom, definite plural enkeltroma or enkeltromene)
* a single room, often used in the context of a hotel.

### References

* “enkeltrom” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
* “enkeltrom” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

enkelt (“single (definite neuter single form of enkel)”) +‎ rom (“room”)

### Noun

enkeltrom n (definite singular enkeltromet, indefinite plural enkeltrom, definite plural enkeltroma)
* a single room, often used in the context of a hotel.

### References

* “enkeltrom” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
# neuluri
## Finnish
### Etymology

neula +‎ -uri

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈneu̯luri/, [ˈne̞u̯luri]
* Rhymes: -euluri
* Syllabification: neu‧lu‧ri

### Noun

neuluri
* basic knitting machine, beginner's knitting machine

#### Declension

Possessive forms of neuluri (Kotus type 6/paperi, no gradation) :

### Further reading

* “neuluri”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎ (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03
# neulírem
## Catalan
### Verb

neulírem
* first-person plural preterite indicative of neulir
# neulís
## Catalan
### Verb

neulís
* first/third-person singular imperfect subjunctive of neulir
# 慕理
## Old Korean
### Alternative forms

* 慕呂

### Verb

慕理 (*KUli-)
* to long for; to miss [someone]
** c. 690, 得烏 (Deugo), “慕竹旨郞歌 (Mojukjirang-ga)”, in 三國遺事 (Samguk Yusa) [Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms]:慕理尸心未行乎尸道尸*KUli-lq MOSOm-oy NYE-wo-lq KIlhThe path that the longing mind is on
* to draw, to paint
** c. 965, 均如 (Gyunyeo), “禮敬諸佛歌 (Yegyeongjebul-ga)”, in 均如傳 (Gyunyeo-jeon) [Works of Gyunyeo]:心未筆留慕呂白乎隱佛體前衣*MOSOm-oy PWUT-ulwu KUli-SOLP-wo-n PWUthye ALPH-oyin front of the Buddha painted with the mind’s brush

#### Reconstruction notes

In Old Korean orthography, native terms with clear Chinese equivalents are usually written with an initial Chinese character (logogram) glossing the meaning of the word, followed by one or more Chinese characters (phonograms) that transcribe the final syllable or coda consonant of the term. In the case of 慕理, the first character shows that this is the native Old Korean word for “to long for”, and the subsequent character(s) show(s) that the final syllable of this word is *-li. Because the semantics and the final phoneme(s) match, the word is conventionally reconstructed as *KUli, the ancestor of Middle Korean 그리 (Yale: kuli). Note that the reconstruction was not necessarily the actual pronunciation. Rather, it should simply be considered as a method of representing an Old Korean form phonetically by using its Middle Korean reflex.
According to scholarly convention, the elements of the reconstruction which are not directly represented by phonograms are given in capital letters. This allows readers to identify what part of the reconstruction is attested and what part is applied retroactively from the Middle Korean reflex.
Middle Korean merged Old Korean *r and *l unconditionally, and it is not easy to determine the Old Korean phoneme based on the Middle Korean reflex. Old Korean reconstructions are conventionally given in the Yale Romanization of Korean, which makes only those phonemic distinctions also made in Middle Korean. However, Alexander Vovin gives circumstantial evidence that the syllable being transcribed by 理 is *li with a lateral consonant.

#### Descendants

* Middle Korean: 그리다 (kulita)
** Korean: 그리다 (geurida)

### References

* 박지용 外 (Park Ji-yong et al.) (2012) 향가 해독 자료집 [hyangga haedok jaryojip, A Sourcebook of Hyangga Interpretations], Seoul National University, pages 9, 200
* Nam Pung-hyeon (2019). "Mojukjirangga-ui saeroun haedok" 慕竹旨郞歌의 새로운 해독 ["A new reading of the Mojukjirangga"]. Gugyeol Hakhoe Haksul Daehoe (conference). Yongin, South Korea. pp. 1–8.
* Alexander Vovin (2020) “Old Korean and Proto-Korean *r and *l Revisited”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics‎, volume 2, pages 94—107