# 抑

| 抑 | U+6291, &#25233; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6291 |
| ← 抐 [U+6290] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 抒 → [U+6292] |

## Translingual
### Han character

抑 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 手竹女中 (QHVL), four-corner 5702$_0$, composition ⿰扌卬)

#### Derived characters

* 𠳑

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 421, character 9
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11883
* Dae Jaweon: page 768, character 9
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1841, character 7
* Unihan data for U+6291

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 抑 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Pictogram (象形) : A hand suppressing a kneeling person. For contrast, see 印 (yìn).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yì (yi$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jik$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ya
* Eastern Min (BUC): ék
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): iak / ek / iah / ah / ia̍h / a̍h / á
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$iq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yì
*** Zhuyin: ㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yì
*** Wade–Giles: i$^4$
*** Yale: yì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yih
*** Palladius: и (i)
*** Sinological IPA : /i⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jik$^1$
*** Yale: yīk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jik$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yig$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɪk̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ya
*** Hakka Romanization System: ia
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ya$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯a⁵⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ya
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)ia
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ya$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯a⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ék
*** Sinological IPA : /ɛiʔ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iak
*** Tâi-lô: iak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iag
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iak̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ek
*** Tâi-lô: ik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: eg
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iah
*** Tâi-lô: iah
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iaq
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iaʔ³²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ah
*** Tâi-lô: ah
*** Phofsit Daibuun: aq
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /aʔ³²/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ia̍h
*** Tâi-lô: ia̍h
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iah
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /iaʔ⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: a̍h
*** Tâi-lô: a̍h
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ah
*** IPA (Xiamen): /aʔ⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /aʔ¹²¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: á
*** Tâi-lô: á
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ar
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /a⁵⁵⁴/
* iak/ek - literary;
* iah/ah/ia̍h/á - vernacular;
* a̍h - vernacular (“then”).
* Middle Chinese: 'ik
Rime :
| Character | 抑 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 職 (134) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 於力切 |
| Baxter | 'ik |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔɨk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔɨk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔiek̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔik̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔiək̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ĭək̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ʔi̯ək̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jik$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ʔ](r)ik/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qɯɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 抑 | 抑 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yì | yì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ʔik › | ‹ ʔik › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ʔ](r)ik/ | /*[ʔ](r)ik/ |
| English | and, but, or | rub, repress |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 抑 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 15013 |
| Phonetic component | 抑 |
| Rime group | 職 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 憶 |
| Old Chinese | /*qɯɡ/ |
| Notes | 説文從反印 |

### Definitions

抑
* to press down; to keep down
* to repress; to suppress; to restrain; to restrict
* to hinder; to hamper; to obstruct
* to lower (one's head); to look down
* deep; low-pitched
* sulky; depressed
* (Eastern Min) muggy; sultry; humid
* or (linking alternatives)
* furthermore; moreover; also
* however; but
* (literary or Xiamen Hokkien) then; and (used to connect two clauses or adjectives)
* Meaningless sentence-initial particle.
* a surname

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 抑, 或 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 抑或, 還是 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 還是 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 還是 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 還是 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 定係, 定 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 定係, 定, 抑或, 抑或係, 定抑或, 定抑或係, 還是, 定還是, 定還是係 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 毋, 毋又, 抑或 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 定, 定係 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 還是 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 還係, 也係 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 還係, 也係 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 還係, 也係 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 還係, 也係 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 還係, 也係 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 抑係 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 還是 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 故是 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 抑是, 抑 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 抑是, 抑 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 抑是, 抑 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 抑是 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 抑是 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 抑是 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 抑是 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 抑是 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 抑是 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 還是 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 還是 |
* (and): 而 (ér)

### Compounds

* 冤抑
* 勒抑 (lèyì)
* 務本抑末／务本抑末
* 壓抑／压抑 (yāyì)
* 崇本抑末
* 平抑
* 怒不可抑
* 怨抑
* 悲不可抑
* 愊抑
* 抑且
* 抑制 (yìzhì)
* 抑制栽培
* 抑割
* 抑勒
* 抑塞
* 抑塞磊落
* 抑威餌敵／抑威饵敌
* 扶弱抑強／扶弱抑强
* 抑強扶弱／抑强扶弱 (yìqiángfúruò)
* 抑惡揚善／抑恶扬善
* 抑或 (yìhuò)
* 抑抑
* 抑揚／抑扬 (yìyáng)
* 抑揚頓挫／抑扬顿挫 (yìyángdùncuò)
* 抑損／抑损
* 抑搔
* 抑是 (yìshì)
* 抑止 (yìzhǐ)
* 抑災／抑灾
* 抑遏
* 抑鬱／抑郁 (yìyù)
* 抑鬱寡歡／抑郁寡欢
* 掩抑
* 揚清抑濁／扬清抑浊
* 擠抑／挤抑
* 沉抑 (chényì)
* 諂上抑下／谄上抑下
* 謙抑／谦抑 (qiānyì)
* 貶抑／贬抑 (biǎnyì)
* 遏抑 (èyì)
* 頓挫抑揚／顿挫抑扬
* 鬱抑／郁抑 (yùyì)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* suppress

#### Readings

* Go-on: おく (oku)
* Kan-on: よく (yoku, Jōyō)
* Kun: おさえる (osaeru, 抑える, Jōyō)、そもそも (somosomo, 抑)

### Definitions

* Kanji in this term
* 抑
* そもそも Grade: S
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 抑 – see the following entry. :
| 【そもそも】 | [conjunction] in the first place, to begin with, (in a question) at all Alternative spellings 抑々, 抑も |
(This term, 抑, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Hanja

抑 • (eok) (hangeul 억, revised eok, McCune–Reischauer ŏk, Yale ek)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

抑: Hán Nôm readings: ức, ực
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.