# 不幸
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bùxìng
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄨˋ ㄒㄧㄥˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bat$^1$ hang$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): put-hen
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): put-hēng / put-hěng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bug$^4$ hêng$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bùxìng [Phonetic: búxìng]
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄨˋ ㄒㄧㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bùsìng
*** Wade–Giles: pu$^4$-hsing$^4$
*** Yale: bù-syìng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bushinq
*** Palladius: бусин (busin)
*** Sinological IPA : /pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bat$^1$ hang$^6$
*** Yale: bāt hahng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bat$^7$ hang$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bed$^1$ heng$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɐt̚⁵ hɐŋ²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: put-hen
*** Hakka Romanization System: bud$^ˋ$ hen
*** Hagfa Pinyim: bud$^5$ hen$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /put̚² hen⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: put-hēng
*** Tâi-lô: put-hīng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: putheng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /put̚⁵⁻²⁴ hiɪŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /put̚³²⁻⁴ hiɪŋ³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /put̚³²⁻⁵ hiɪŋ²²/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /put̚³²⁻⁴ hiɪŋ²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: put-hěng
*** Tâi-lô: put-hǐng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /put̚⁵⁻²⁴ hiɪŋ²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: bug$^4$ hêng$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: puk hĕng
*** Sinological IPA : /puk̚²⁻⁴ heŋ³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: pjuw|pjuwX|pjut heangX
Rime :
| Character | 不 | 不 | 不 | 幸 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) | 幫 (1) | 幫 (1) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) | 尤 (136) | 物 (60) | 耕 (117) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) | Checked (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III | III | II |
| Fanqie | 甫鳩切 | 方久切 | 分勿切 | 胡耿切 |
| Baxter | pjuw | pjuwX | pjut | heangX |
| Reconstructions |||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pɨu/ | /pɨu$^X$/ | /pɨut̚/ | /ɦˠɛŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /piu/ | /piu$^X$/ | /piut̚/ | /ɦᵚæŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /piəu/ | /piəu$^X$/ | /piuət̚/ | /ɣɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /puw/ | /puw$^X$/ | /put̚/ | /ɦəɨjŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /piu/ | /piu$^X$/ | /piuət̚/ | /ɣɛŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /pĭəu/ | /pĭəu$^X$/ | /pĭuət̚/ | /ɣæŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /pi̯ə̯u/ | /pi̯ə̯u$^X$/ | /pi̯uət̚/ | /ɣæŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fōu | fǒu | fu | hèng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fau$^1$ | fau$^2$ | fat$^1$ | hang$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pə [ɡ]ˤreŋʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*pɯ|pɯʔ|pɯ' ɡreːŋʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 不 | 不 | 幸 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | bù | bù | xìng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ pjuw › | ‹ pjuw › | ‹ hɛng$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*pə/ | /*pə/ | /*[ɡ]ˁreŋʔ/ |
| English | not | 不律 writing brush (pron. in Wú 吳 ap. Shuōwén; E. Hàn) | fortunate |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 不 | 不 | 不 | 幸 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 | 1/1 |
| No. | 1025 | 1029 | 1048 | 13881 |
| Phonetic component | 不 | 不 | 不 | 幸 |
| Rime group | 之 | 之 | 物 | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 不 | 缶 | 弗 | 幸 |
| Old Chinese | /*pɯ/ | /*pɯʔ/ | /*pɯ'/ | /*ɡreːŋʔ/ |
| Notes | | 象花柎與本同源 | 中古才促化 | |

### Adjective

不幸
* unfortunate; sad

#### Synonyms

* 倒運／倒运 (dǎoyùn)
* 倒霉 (dǎoméi)
* 失氣／失气 (shīqì) (literary)
* 悲催 (bēicuī) (neologism, jocular)
* 敗興／败兴 (bàixìng) (regional)
* 晦氣／晦气 (huìqì)
* 背時／背时 (bèishí)
* 背興／背兴 (bèixìng) (regional)

### Adverb

不幸
* unfortunately; sadly

#### Synonyms

* 不巧 (bùqiǎo)
* (Cantonese) 弊在

### Noun

不幸
* (countable, uncountable) misfortune; adversity; sadness (Classifier: 個／个 m)

### Verb

不幸
* (Classical, euphemistic) to die

#### Synonyms

* 下世 (xiàshì) (formal)
* 上天 (shàngtiān) (euphemistic)
* 上路 (shànglù) (euphemistic)
* 不在 (bùzài) (euphemistic)
* 不祿／不禄 (bùlù) (archaic, euphemistic, of military officers)
* 亡
* 亡故 (wánggù) (literary)
* 仙逝 (xiānshì) (euphemistic)
* 仙遊／仙游 (xiānyóu) (euphemistic)
* 作古 (zuògǔ) (literary, euphemistic)
* 做鬼 (zuòguǐ) (colloquial)
* 傾世／倾世 (qīngshì) (literary)
* 傾亡／倾亡 (qīngwáng) (literary)
* 入寂 (rùjì) (Buddhism, of Buddhist monks)
* 凋謝／凋谢 (diāoxiè) (to die of old age)
* 化去 (huàqù) (euphemistic)
* 升天 (shēngtiān) (euphemistic)
* 即世 (jíshì) (literary)
* 去世 (qùshì)
* 合眼 (héyǎn) (euphemistic)
* 喪亡／丧亡 (sàngwáng) (literary)
* 喪命／丧命 (sàngmìng) (euphemistic)
* 喪生／丧生 (sàngshēng) (euphemistic)
* 嗚呼／呜呼 (wūhū) (euphemistic)
* 嗝屁 (gěpì) (Mandarin, vulgar, derogatory)
* 嚥氣／咽气 (yànqì) (colloquial)
* 回老家 (huí lǎojiā) (euphemistic, humorous)
* 圓寂／圆寂 (yuánjì) (of Buddhist monks or nuns)
* 壽終正寢／寿终正寝 (shòuzhōngzhèngqǐn) (euphemistic)
* 失氣／失气 (shīqì) (literary)
* 安息 (ānxī) (euphemistic)
* 安眠 (ānmián) (euphemistic)
* 小喇叭兒吹了／小喇叭儿吹了 (xiǎo lǎbār chuī le) (Beijing Mandarin)
* 就義／就义 (jiùyì) (to die a martyr)
* 崩 (bēng) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 崩殂 (bēngcú) (Classical, of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 彈老三／弹老三 (Northern Wu, informal, humorous)
* 往生 (wǎngshēng) (euphemistic)
* 忽然 (hūrán) (Classical Chinese, euphemistic)
* 掛／挂 (guà) (slang, humorous)
* 故 (gù)
* 故世 (gùshì) (euphemistic, chiefly of one's elders)
* 故去 (gùqù) (euphemistic, chiefly of one's elders)
* 斃命／毙命 (bìmìng) (pejorative)
* 早死 (zǎosǐ)
* 晏駕／晏驾 (yànjià) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 枯死 (kūsǐ) (literary, figurative)
* 棄世／弃世 (qìshì) (literary)
* 歸天／归天 (guītiān) (euphemistic)
* 歸西／归西 (guīxī) (euphemistic)
* 歸道山／归道山 (guī dàoshān) (literary, euphemistic)
* 死 (sǐ)
* 死亡 (sǐwáng) (formal)
* 死人 (sǐrén)
* 死去 (sǐqù) (informal)
* 死掉 (sǐdiào) (informal)
* 死翹翹／死翘翘 (sǐqiàoqiào) (informal, humorous)
* 死脫／死脱 ($^5$shi-theq) (Wu)
* 殞／殒 (yǔn) (archaic)
* 氣絕／气绝 (qìjué) (literary)
* 永眠 (yǒngmián) (euphemistic, honorific)
* 沒世／没世 (mòshì) (literary)
* 沉眠 (chénmián) (euphemistic)
* 消忒 (Hakka, euphemistic)
* 物化 (wùhuà) (literary)
* 畢命／毕命 (bìmìng) (formal, euphemistic)
* 病亡 (bìngwáng) (to die of illness)
* 病故 (bìnggù) (to die of illness)
* 病死 (bìngsǐ) (to die of illness)
* 病逝 (bìngshì) (to die of illness)
* 百年歸老／百年归老 (bǎiniánguīlǎo) (euphemistic, of the elderly)
* 盡命／尽命 (jìnmìng) (literary, euphemistic)
* 終／终 (zhōng) (literary, or in compounds, euphemistic)
* 絕／绝 (jué) (literary, or in compounds)
* 翹辮子／翘辫子 (qiào biànzi) (informal, humorous)
* 老了 (lǎo le) (euphemistic, of the elderly)
* 蒙主寵召／蒙主宠召 (méngzhǔchǒngzhào) (euphemistic)
* 薨 (hōng) (Classical Chinese, of feudal lords or high officials)
* 薨逝 (hōngshì) (of feudal lords)
* 被難／被难 (bèinàn) (to be killed in a disaster, political incident, etc.)
* 見背／见背 (jiànbèi) (literary, of one's parents or elders)
* 見閻王／见阎王 (jiàn Yánwáng) (figurative)
* 謝世／谢世 (xièshì) (literary)
* 賓天／宾天 (bīntiān) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 走 (zǒu) (euphemistic)
* 走去踮 (Hokkien, euphemistic)
* 身亡 (shēnwáng) (formal, usually from unnatural causes)
* 辭世／辞世 (císhì) (literary)
* 辭塵／辞尘 (cíchén) (literary, euphemistic)
* 逝世 (shìshì)
* 進棺材／进棺材 (jìn guāncái)
* 過世／过世 (guòshì)
* 過去／过去 (guòqù) (euphemistic)
* 過往／过往 (Hokkien, euphemistic, Teochew, euphemistic)
* 過身／过身 (guòshēn) (literary)
* 過面／过面 (Hokkien)
* 長山賣鴨卵／长山卖鸭卵 (Hakka, euphemistic)
* 長眠／长眠 (chángmián) (euphemistic, honorific)
* 閉眼／闭眼 (bìyǎn) (euphemistic)
* 隕落／陨落 (yǔnluò) (euphemistic)
* 離世／离世 (líshì) (euphemistic)
* 駕崩／驾崩 (jiàbēng) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 駕鶴西去／驾鹤西去 (jiàhèxīqù) (euphemistic)
* 駕鶴西遊／驾鹤西游 (jiàhèxīyóu) (euphemistic)
* 龍馭上賓／龙驭上宾 (lóngyùshàngbīn) (of an emperor)

### Derived terms

* 不幸中的大幸 (bùxìng zhōng de dàxìng)
* 不幸之幸 (bùxìngzhīxìng)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 不(ふ)幸(こう) (fukō)
* → Korean: 불행(不幸) (bulhaeng)
* → Vietnamese: bất hạnh (不幸)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 不 | 幸 |
| ふ Grade: 4 | こう Grade: 3 |
| goon | kan'on |

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ふこー [fùkóꜜò] (Nakadaka –)
* IPA: [ɸɯ̟̊ko̞ː]

### Adjective

不(ふ)幸(こう) • (fukō) -na (adnominal 不(ふ)幸(こう)な (fukō na), adverbial 不(ふ)幸(こう)に (fukō ni))
* unfortunate
* unhappy

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 不幸だろ | ふこうだろ | fukō daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 不幸で | ふこうで | fukō de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 不幸だ | ふこうだ | fukō da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 不幸な | ふこうな | fukō na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 不幸なら | ふこうなら | fukō nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 不幸であれ | ふこうであれ | fukō de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 不幸ではない 不幸じゃない | ふこうではない ふこうじゃない | fukō de wa nai fukō ja nai |
| Informal past | 不幸だった | ふこうだった | fukō datta |
| Informal negative past | 不幸ではなかった 不幸じゃなかった | ふこうではなかった ふこうじゃなかった | fukō de wa nakatta fukō ja nakatta |
| Formal | 不幸です | ふこうです | fukō desu |
| Formal negative | 不幸ではありません 不幸じゃありません | ふこうではありません ふこうじゃありません | fukō de wa arimasen fukō ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 不幸でした | ふこうでした | fukō deshita |
| Formal negative past | 不幸ではありませんでした 不幸じゃありませんでした | ふこうではありませんでした ふこうじゃありませんでした | fukō de wa arimasen deshita fukō ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 不幸で | ふこうで | fukō de |
| Conditional | 不幸なら（ば） | ふこうなら（ば） | fukō nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 不幸だったら | ふこうだったら | fukō dattara |
| Volitional | 不幸だろう | ふこうだろう | fukō darō |
| Adverbial | 不幸に | ふこうに | fukō ni |
| Degree | 不幸さ | ふこうさ | fukōsa |

### Noun

不(ふ)幸(こう) • (fukō)
* misfortune
* sorrow, unhappiness
* (euphemistic) death of a relative; bereavement

### See also

* 不(ふ)幸(しあわ)せ (fushiawase)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 不 | 幸 |

### Noun

不幸 • (bulhaeng) (hangeul 불행)
* hanja form of 불행 (“unhappiness; misfortune”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 不 | 幸 |

### Adjective

不幸
* chữ Hán form of bất hạnh (“unfortunate; unlucky; ill-fated”).