# .j
## Egyptian
### Etymology 1

Compare with Arabic ـيَ (-ya) and Blin yə.

#### Pronunciation

* (reconstructed) IPA: /aj/ → /aj/ → /(aʔ)/ → /(aʔ)/
* (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA: /aj/
* (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA: /aj/
* (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) (in certain phonetic environments) IPA: /aʔ/; (usually) silent, but preserves root-final IPA: /t/ or IPA: /ɾ/ that would otherwise be lost
* (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) (in certain phonetic environments) IPA: /aʔ/; (usually) silent, but preserves root-final IPA: /t/ or IPA: /ɾ/ that would otherwise be lost
* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /ʔi/
** Conventional anglicization: .i

#### Pronoun

sg 1. suffix pronoun
* I, me, my (see usage notes)
** c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 41–45: jr.n.j ḫmtw hrw wꜥ.kw jb.j m snnw.j sḏr.kw m ẖnw n(j) kꜣp n(j) ḫt qnj.n.j šwytI spent three days alone, my heart my only companion (literally, “my second”), lying inside a shelter of wood, I having embraced the shadows.

##### Usage notes

This form of pronoun attaches directly to the preceding word, and means different things depending on what it is attached to.
* When attached to a noun, it indicates the possessor of the noun.
* When attached to a verb of the suffix conjugation, it indicates the subject of the verb.
* When attached to an infinitive verb (especially of an intransitive verb) whose subject is not otherwise expressed, it indicates the subject of the verb.
* When attached to a transitive infinitive verb whose subject is otherwise expressed or omitted, it indicates the object of the verb.
* In the third person, when attached to a prospective participle, it indicates gender and number agreement.
* When attached to a particle like jw or a parenthetic like ḫr, it indicates the subject of the clause.
* When attached to a preposition, it indicates the object of the preposition.
* When it follows a relative adjective such as ntj or ntt, it indicates the subject of the relative clause (except in the first person singular and third person common).

##### Alternative forms

The first person singular suffix pronoun is often not written; particularly, it is regularly omitted in Old Egyptian. When it is written, it has a number of variants:
| .j | .j | .j | .j | .j |
| [Old Kingdom] | | [Middle Kingdom] | [18th Dynasty] | [Late Period] |
| | | | sportive writing, from j (“reed panicle”) |
Further, it can optionally be varied to indicate the identity of the antecedent — a distinction which would not have been indicated in speech, e.g.:
| | | | | | | | [Late Egyptian] |
| male human | female human | god | god or king | king | king | dead human | female human |

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /ʔi/
** Conventional anglicization: .i

#### Pronoun

m sg 3. stative ending
* (Old Egyptian, attached to a stative verb form) he, him

##### Alternative forms

| ∅ | .w |
| most commonly, this morpheme is left unwritten |

### References

* James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 50, 199, 206, 319.
* Edel, Elmar (1955-1964) Altägyptische Grammatik, Rome: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum
* Junge, Friedrich (2005) Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction, second English edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, page 52
* Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, pages 32–33
* Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, page 25
* Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 7
* ↑ Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 56, 63