# 貧賤
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): pínjiàn
    (Zhuyin): ㄆㄧㄣˊ ㄐㄧㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): pan$^4$ zin$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): phìn-chhien
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pîn-chiān / pîn-chian
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: pínjiàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄆㄧㄣˊ ㄐㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: pínjiàn
*** Wade–Giles: pʻin$^2$-chien$^4$
*** Yale: pín-jyàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: pynjiann
*** Palladius: пиньцзянь (pinʹczjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰin³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: pan$^4$ zin$^6$
*** Yale: pàhn jihn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: pan$^4$ dzin$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: pen$^4$ jin$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰɐn²¹ t͡siːn²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phìn-chhien
*** Hakka Romanization System: pin$^ˇ$ qien
*** Hagfa Pinyim: pin$^2$ qian$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰin¹¹ t͡sʰi̯en⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pîn-chiān
*** Tâi-lô: pîn-tsiān
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pincien
*** IPA (Xiamen): /pin²⁴⁻²² t͡siɛn²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pin²⁴⁻²² t͡siɛn⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pin¹³⁻²² t͡siɛn²²/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pîn-chian
*** Tâi-lô: pîn-tsian
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pinciefn
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pin²³⁻³³ t͡siɛn⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /pin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siɛn⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: bin dzjenH
Rime :
| Character | 貧 | 賤 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) | 從 (15) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (44) | 仙 (77) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 符巾切 | 才線切 |
| Baxter | bin | dzjenH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /bˠiɪn/ | /d͡ziᴇn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /bᵚin/ | /d͡ziɛn$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /bien/ | /d͡zjæn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /bjin/ | /d͡zian$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /bjĕn/ | /d͡ziɛn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /bǐĕn/ | /d͡zĭɛn$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /bʱi̯ĕn/ | /d͡zʱi̯ɛn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | pín | jiàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | pan$^4$ | zin$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[b]rə[n] [dz][a][n]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*brɯn zlens/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 貧 | 賤 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | pín | jiàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ bin › | ‹ dzjen$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[b]rə[n]/ | /*[dz][a][n]-s/ |
| English | poor | cheap; low, mean |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 貧 | 賤 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 3140 | 6008 |
| Phonetic component | 分 | 戔 |
| Rime group | 文 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 貧 | 賤 |
| Old Chinese | /*brɯn/ | /*zlens/ |

### Adjective

貧賤
* (literary) poor and lowly
    Antonym: 富貴／富贵 (fùguì)

### Noun

貧賤
* (literary) poverty and lowliness; destitution and degradation (the condition of inferiority in both possession and social status)
    From: Wang Chong, Lun Heng (Discussive Weighing), 80 CE, translated based on Alfred Forke's version
    Tàishǐgōng yuē: “Fùguì bùwéi pínjiàn, pínjiàn bùwéi fùguì.” Shì wèi cóng fùguì wéi pínjiàn, cóng pínjiàn wéi fùguì yě. Fú fùguì bùyù wéi pínjiàn, pínjiàn zìzhì; pínjiàn bùqiú wéi fùguì, fùguì zìdé yě. [Pinyin]
    [T]he Grand Annalist asserts that wealth and honour do not exclude poverty and meanness, and that the latter do not exclude wealth and honour. That means that opulence and nobility may turn into indigence and humbleness, and that indigence and humbleness may be changed into opulence and nobility. Rich and noble persons do not desire poverty and misery, but poverty and misery may come of themselves, and poor and humble fellows may not strive for wealth and honour, yet wealth and honour fall to their sort spontaneously.

#### Derived terms

* 貧賤不能移／贫贱不能移 (pínjiànbùnéngyí)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 貧 | 賤 |
| ひん Grade: 5 | せん Hyōgai |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 貧賎

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese compound 貧賤 (MC bin dzjenH). Compare modern Mandarin 貧賤／贫贱 (pínjiàn, “poor and lowly”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ひんせん [híꜜǹsèǹ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [çĩɰ̃sẽ̞ɴ]

### Adjective

貧(ひん)賤(せん) • (hinsen) -na (adnominal 貧(ひん)賤(せん)な (hinsen na), adverbial 貧(ひん)賤(せん)に (hinsen ni))
* poor, lowly, inferior

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 貧賤だろ | ひんせんだろ | hinsen daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 貧賤で | ひんせんで | hinsen de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 貧賤だ | ひんせんだ | hinsen da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 貧賤な | ひんせんな | hinsen na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 貧賤なら | ひんせんなら | hinsen nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 貧賤であれ | ひんせんであれ | hinsen de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 貧賤ではない 貧賤じゃない | ひんせんではない ひんせんじゃない | hinsen de wa nai hinsen ja nai |
| Informal past | 貧賤だった | ひんせんだった | hinsen datta |
| Informal negative past | 貧賤ではなかった 貧賤じゃなかった | ひんせんではなかった ひんせんじゃなかった | hinsen de wa nakatta hinsen ja nakatta |
| Formal | 貧賤です | ひんせんです | hinsen desu |
| Formal negative | 貧賤ではありません 貧賤じゃありません | ひんせんではありません ひんせんじゃありません | hinsen de wa arimasen hinsen ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 貧賤でした | ひんせんでした | hinsen deshita |
| Formal negative past | 貧賤ではありませんでした 貧賤じゃありませんでした | ひんせんではありませんでした ひんせんじゃありませんでした | hinsen de wa arimasen deshita hinsen ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 貧賤で | ひんせんで | hinsen de |
| Conditional | 貧賤なら（ば） | ひんせんなら（ば） | hinsen nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 貧賤だったら | ひんせんだったら | hinsen dattara |
| Volitional | 貧賤だろう | ひんせんだろう | hinsen darō |
| Adverbial | 貧賤に | ひんせんに | hinsen ni |
| Degree | 貧賤さ | ひんせんさ | hinsensa |

#### Antonyms

* 富貴(ふうき) (fūki): wealthy and noble

### Noun

貧(ひん)賤(せん) • (hinsen)
* poverty and inferiority

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN