# 海原
## Chinese

* 海原

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Hǎiyuán
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄞˇ ㄩㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi$^2$ jyun$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Hǎiyuán
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄞˇ ㄩㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Hǎiyuán
*** Wade–Giles: Hai$^3$-yüan$^2$
*** Yale: Hǎi-ywán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Haeyuan
*** Palladius: Хайюань (Xajjuanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hoi$^2$ jyun$^4$
*** Yale: hói yùhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hoi$^2$ jyn$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hoi$^2$ yun$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔːi̯³⁵ jyːn²¹/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$海原 海員／海员

### Proper noun

海原
* (～縣) Haiyuan County (a county of Ningxia, China)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 海 | 原 |
| Grade: 2 | はら > ばら Grade: 2 |
| irregular | kun'yomi |
* Alternative spelling
* 海原 (kyūjitai)
⟨unapara⟩ → */unaɸara/ → /unabara/
Originally a compound of 海 (u, compounding form of umi, “sea, ocean”) +‎ な (na, Old Japanese possessive particle, apophonic form of の (no)) +‎ 原 (para, “plain, field”).
The shift to bara occurred in Middle Japanese, an instance of rendaku (連濁).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) うなばら [ùnábárá] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) うなばら [ùnáꜜbàrà] (Nakadaka – [2])
* IPA: [ɯ̟na̠ba̠ɾa̠]

#### Noun

海原(うなばら) • (unabara)
* a wide ocean

##### Derived terms

* 青(あお)海(うな)原(ばら) (aōnabara, “vast blue ocean”)
* 大(おお)海(うな)原(ばら) (ōunabara, “great, vast ocean”)

#### Proper noun

海原(うなばら) • (Unabara)
* a surname

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 海 | 原 |
| かい Grade: 2 | はら > わら Grade: 2 |
| jūbakoyomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 海原 (kyūjitai)
Compound of 海 (kai, “sea, ocean”, the on'yomi or Chinese-derived reading) +‎ 原 (hara, “plain, field”, the kun'yomi or native Japanese reading). The shift of medial /h/ to /w/ is a regular sound change in certain compounds.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ka̠iβ̞a̠ɾa̠]

#### Proper noun

海(かい)原(わら) • (Kaiwara)
* a place name

### References

* 1 2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Old Japanese
### Etymology 1

Originally a compound of 海 (u, compounding form of umi$_1$, “sea, ocean”) +‎ な (na, possessive particle, apophonic form of の (no$_2$)) +‎ 原 (para, “plain, field”).

#### Noun

海原 (unapara) (kana うなはら)
* a wide ocean
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 7, poem 1089:, text here
    大海爾嶋毛不在爾海原絶塔浪爾立有白雲opoumi$_1$ ni sima mo aranaku ni unapara no tayutapu nami$_1$ ni tateru sirakumoOn the vast ocean not a single island in sight and yet, far beyond the rolling surface of the sea, white clouds rising high.

##### Derived terms

* 靑海原 (awounapara)

##### Descendants

* Japanese: 海原 (unabara)

### Etymology 2

Originally a compound of 海 (u, compounding form of umi$_1$, “sea, ocean”) +‎ の (no$_2$, possessive particle) +‎ 原 (para, “plain, field”).

#### Noun

海原 (uno$_2$para) (kana うのはら)
* (regional, Central Eastern Old Japanese) a wide ocean
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4328:, text here
    於保吉美能美許等可之古美伊蘇爾布理宇乃波良和多流知知波波乎於伎弖opoki$_1$mi$_1$ no$_2$ miko$_2$to$_2$ kasiko$_1$mi$_1$ iso$_1$ ni puri uno$_2$para wataru titipapa wo oki$_1$teRespectfully accepting the order of the Emperor, I must leave my parents shortly and go, my ship brushing submerged rocks at sea.

### References

* ↑ J. Thomas Rimer (2014) Culture and Identity: Japanese Intellectuals during the Interwar Years (Volume 1106 of Princeton Legacy Library), Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 294
* ↑ The East, Volumes 25-26, East Publications, original from the University of Virginia, 1989, page 45