OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# شبرم
## Arabic
### Etymology

Borrowed from the Middle Persian ancestor of Persian شبرم (šebram).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʃab.ram/

### Noun

شَبْرَم or شُبْرُم • (šabram or šubrum) m
* Euphorbia pithyusa
** 1025, ابن سينا (Avicenna), القانون في الطب‎ [Canon Medicinae], Rome: Stamperia Orientale Medicea, published 1593, Liber 2, page 259:شبرم ينبت في البساتين له قصب دقيق مستو وزغب وورق كورق الطرخون فيما أفدر وله لينThe spurge grows in gardens and has tender and even sticks of down and leaves like the leaves of tarragon but larger and it is supple.
** c. 1200, يحيى بن محمد بن أحمد بن العوام [yaḥyā ibn muḥammad ibn ʔaḥmad ibn al-ʕawwām], edited by José Antonio Banqueri, كتاب الفلاحة [Book on Agriculture], volume 2, Madrid: Imprenta Real, published 1802$^{IA}$, Cap. 30, Art. 14, page 388:الثمرا هي من أنواع الشبرم وفي كتاب ابن سينا الشبرم ينبت في البساتين له قصب دقيق مستو ذو زغب وورق كورق الطرخون فيما أفدر وله لينThe ṯamrā is a type of spurge and in Avicenna’s book the spurge grows in gardens and has tender and even sticks of down and leaves like the leaves of tarragon but larger and it is supple.
* Convolvulus hystrix
    Synonym: شُبْرُق (šubruq)
* Zilla spinosa
    Synonym: شُبْرُق (šubruq)

#### Declension
### References

* Dozy, Reinhart Pieter Anne (1881) “شبرم”, in Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes‎ (in French), volume 1, Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 720
* Fleischer, Heinrich Leberecht (1888) Kleinere Schriften‎ (in German), volume 2, Leipzig: S. Hirzel, page 569
* Freytag, Georg (1833) “شبرم”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 2, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 389
* Löw, Immanuel (1881) Aramæische Pflanzennamen‎ (in German), Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann, page 193

## Persian
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Noun

شبرم • (šebram)
* spurge
# neurofibromas
## English
### Alternative forms

* neurofibromata

### Noun

neurofibromas
* plural of neurofibroma
# reproduirà
## Catalan
### Verb

reproduirà
* third-person singular future indicative of reproduir
# subiecero
## Latin
### Verb

subiēcerō
* first-person singular future perfect active indicative of subiciō
# jiāoliú
## Mandarin
### Romanization

jiāoliú (Zhuyin ㄐㄧㄠ ㄌㄧㄡˊ)
* Hanyu Pinyin reading of 交流
# kätkyet
## Finnish
### Noun

kätkyet
* nominative plural of kätkyt

### Anagrams

* kytketä
# trambicas
## Portuguese
### Verb

trambicas
* second-person singular present indicative of trambicar
# passerens
## Danish
### Noun

passerens c
* definite genitive singular of passer
# pinxàrem
## Catalan
### Verb

pinxàrem
* first-person plural preterite indicative of pinxar
# reformulée
## French
### Participle

reformulée f sg
* feminine singular of reformulé
# rereminding
## English
### Verb

rereminding
* present participle and gerund of reremind
# subieci
## Latin
### Verb

subiēcī
* first-person singular perfect active indicative of subiciō
# jiāojí
## Mandarin
### Romanization

jiāojí (Zhuyin ㄐㄧㄠ ㄐㄧˊ)
* Hanyu Pinyin reading of 焦急
* Hanyu Pinyin reading of 交集
# sinóticas
## Portuguese
### Adjective

sinóticas f pl
* feminine plural of sinótico
# neprātīgākai
## Latvian
### Adjective

neprātīgākai
* dative singular feminine of neprātīgāks
# passeremmo
## Italian
### Verb

passeremmo
* first-person plural conditional of passare
# pisswarmer
## German
### Adjective

pisswarmer
* inflection of pisswarm:
** strong/mixed nominative masculine singular
** strong genitive/dative feminine singular
** strong genitive plural
# reformulávamos
## Portuguese
### Verb

reformulávamos
* first-person plural imperfect indicative of reformular
# reserat
## Latin
### Verb

reserat
* third-person singular present active indicative of reserō
# subiecerim
## Latin
### Verb

subiēcerim
* first-person singular perfect active subjunctive of subiciō
# sinônima
## Portuguese
### Adjective

sinônima
* feminine singular of sinônimo
# keleter
## Turkish
### Etymology

From Greek καλαθαριά f (kalathariá), καλάθια f (kaláthia), καλάθι n (kaláthi, “basket”)

### Noun

keleter (definite accusative keleteri, plural keleterler)
* (regional) large flat basket

#### Declension
### References

* Eren, Hasan (1999) “keleter”, in Türk Dilinin Etimolojik Sözlüğü [Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language] (in Turkish), Ankara: Bizim Büro Basım Evi, page 228b
# trambicagem
## Portuguese
### Etymology

From trambique +‎ -agem.

### Pronunciation

* Hyphenation: tram‧bi‧ca‧gem

### Noun

trambicagem f (plural trambicagens)
* Synonym of trambique

#### Related terms

* trambicar
* trambiqueiro
# pavefient
## Latin
### Verb

pavefīent
* third-person plural future passive indicative of pavefaciō
# pistini
## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /piˈsti.ni/
* Rhymes: -ini
* Hyphenation: pi‧stì‧ni

### Noun

pistini m
* plural of pistino
# reserabitur
## Latin
### Verb

reserābitur
* third-person singular future passive indicative of reserō
# neuitat
## Romanian
### Etymology

From ne- +‎ uitat.

### Adjective

neuitat m or n (feminine singular neuitată, masculine plural neuitați, feminine and neuter plural neuitate)
* unforgettable
# marschierest ein
## German
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Verb

marschierest ein
* second-person singular subjunctive I of einmarschieren
# jimjilbangs
## English
### Noun

jimjilbangs
* plural of jimjilbang
# laxester
## German
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

laxester
* inflection of lax:
** strong/mixed nominative masculine singular superlative degree
** strong genitive/dative feminine singular superlative degree
** strong genitive plural superlative degree
# особнячка
## Russian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɐsəbnʲɪt͡ɕˈka]

### Noun

особнячка́ • (osobnjačká) m inan
* genitive singular of особнячо́к (osobnjačók)
# pavefies
## Latin
### Verb

pavefīēs
* second-person singular future passive indicative of pavefaciō
# pistinta
## Esperanto
### Adjective

pistinta (accusative singular pistintan, plural pistintaj, accusative plural pistintajn)
* singular past active participle of pisti
# independientólogos
## Spanish
### Noun

independientólogos
* plural of independientólogo
# neuit
## Piedmontese
### Etymology

From Latin noctem, accusative of nox.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈnøɪt/

### Noun

neuit f (plural neuit)
* night

#### Alternative forms

* nöit

#### Related terms

* neuité
# marotaina
## Malagasy
### Noun

marotaina
* kingfisher
# jiml
## Bouyei
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t͡ɕim˨˦/

### Etymology 1

From Chinese 金 (MC kim).

#### Noun

jiml
* gold

#### Adjective

jiml
* golden

### Etymology 2

From Chinese 針 (MC tsyim).

#### Noun

jiml
* needle

### Etymology 3
#### Noun

jiml
* friend; lover

### References

* 吴启禄 (Qilu Wu), 王伟 (Wei Wang), 曹广衢 (Guangqu Cao), 吴定川 (Dingchuan Wu), editors (2002), 布依汉词典 [Bouyei–Chinese Dictionary] (in Chinese), Beijing: Publishing House of Minority Nationalities, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 278
# laxest
## English
### Adjective

laxest
* superlative form of lax: most lax

### Anagrams

* exalts, sextal, taxels, Lastex
# оливках
## Russian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɐˈlʲifkəx]

### Noun

оли́вках • (olívkax) f inan pl
* prepositional plural of оли́вка (olívka)
# pavefieres
## Latin
### Verb

pavefierēs
* second-person singular imperfect passive subjunctive of pavefaciō
# pipiantia
## Latin
### Participle

pīpiantia
* nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural of pīpiāns
# independent cities
## English
### Noun

independent cities
* plural of independent city
# nevrotizzati
## Italian
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ne.vro.tidˈd͡za.ti/
* Rhymes: -ati
* Hyphenation: ne‧vro‧tiz‧zà‧ti

#### Participle

nevrotizzati m pl
* masculine plural of nevrotizzato

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ne.vroˈtid.d͡za.ti/
* Rhymes: -iddzati
* Hyphenation: ne‧vro‧tìz‧za‧ti

#### Verb

nevrotizzati
* second-person singular imperative of nevrotizzarsi
# magpumpat
## Swedish
### Verb

magpumpat
* supine of magpumpa
# kvety
## Slovak
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkveti]

### Noun

kvety
* nominative/accusative plural of kvet
# jecinerosis
## Latin
### Adjective

jecinerōsīs
* dative/ablative masculine/feminine/neuter plural of jecinerōsus
# nesimțitor
## Romanian
### Etymology

From ne- +‎ simțitor.

### Adjective

nesimțitor m or n (feminine singular nesimțitoare, masculine plural nesimțitori, feminine and neuter plural nesimțitoare)
* unfeeling
# patoisât
## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pa.twa.za/ ~ /pa.twa.zɑ/
* Homophones: patoisa, patoisas

### Verb

patoisât
* third-person singular imperfect subjunctive of patoiser

### Anagrams

* tapotais
# pipianto
## Latin
### Verb

pīpiantō
* third-person plural future active imperative of pīpiō
# resarcidas
## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Spain) /resaɾˈθidas/ [re.saɾˈθi.ð̞as]
* IPA: (Latin America, Philippines) /resaɾˈsidas/ [re.saɾˈsi.ð̞as]
* Rhymes: -idas
* Syllabification: re‧sar‧ci‧das

### Participle

resarcidas f pl
* feminine plural of resarcido
# nevrotizzavano
## Italian
### Verb

nevrotizzavano
* third-person plural imperfect indicative of nevrotizzare
# magpumpades
## Swedish
### Verb

magpumpades
* past passive indicative of magpumpa
# lay brothers
## English
### Noun

lay brothers
* plural of lay brother
# salgariane
## Italian
### Adjective

salgariane f pl
* feminine plural of salgariano
# nesimțit
## Romanian
### Etymology

From ne- +‎ simțit.

### Adjective

nesimțit m or n (feminine singular nesimțită, masculine plural nesimțiți, feminine and neuter plural nesimțite)
* callous, unfeeling, inconsiderate, insensitive, uncivil, impolite

#### Related terms

* nesimțire
* nesimțitor

### Noun

nesimțit m (plural nesimțiți)
* (informal, colloquial) asshole, douchebag; someone who behaves in an inconsiderate or offensive manner

### Adverb

nesimțit
* inconsiderately, insensitively, or callously
* stealthily (not being perceived or detected)
# patoj
## Esperanto
### Noun

patoj
* plural of pato
# pipiantor
## Latin
### Verb

pīpiantor
* third-person plural future passive imperative of pīpiō
# resarciebam
## Latin
### Verb

resarciēbam
* first-person singular imperfect active indicative of resarciō
# enguacalado
## Spanish
### Participle

enguacalado (feminine enguacalada, masculine plural enguacalados, feminine plural enguacaladas)
* past participle of enguacalar
# magpumpad
## Swedish
### Participle

magpumpad
* past participle of magpumpa
# kelennerez
## Breton
### Etymology

From kelenner (“teacher”) +‎ -ez (“female”).

### Noun

kelennerez f (plural kelennerezed)
* (female) teacher

#### Inflection

Breton consonant mutation :
| | unmutated | soft | aspirate | hard |
| singular | kelennerez | gelennerez | c'helennerez | unchanged |
| plural | kelennerezed | gelennerezed | c'helennerezed | unchanged |

#### Related terms

* kelenn ("to teach")
# latitarere
## Latin
### Verb

latitārēre
* second-person singular imperfect passive subjunctive of latitō
# nemilă
## Romanian
### Etymology

From ne- +‎ milă.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [neˈmilə]

### Noun

nemilă f (plural nemile)
* (rare) cruelty, mercilessness, ruthlessness
    Synonym: cruzime
    Antonym: milă

#### Derived terms

* nemilos
* nemilostiv
# aderistes
## Galician
### Verb

aderistes
* (reintegrationist norm) second-person plural preterite indicative of aderir

## Portuguese
### Verb

aderistes
* second-person plural preterite indicative of aderir
# pisuinasi
## Finnish
### Noun

pisuinasi
* second-person singular possessive form of essive plural of pisu
# reservabitis
## Latin
### Verb

reservābitis
* second-person plural future active indicative of reservō
# enguacalaba
## Spanish
### Verb

enguacalaba
* first/third-person singular imperfect indicative of enguacalar
# subornaveram
## Latin
### Verb

subōrnāveram
* first-person singular pluperfect active indicative of subōrnō
# karpon
## Esperanto
### Noun

karpon
* accusative singular of karpo
# kålens
## Swedish
### Noun

kålens
* definite genitive singular of kål

### Anagrams

* skålen
# transconduttanza
## Italian
### Etymology

From trans- +‎ conduttanza.

### Noun

transconduttanza f (plural transconduttanze)
* (pgysics) transconductance
# aderisti
## Italian
### Verb

aderisti
* second-person singular past historic of aderire

### Anagrams

* Aristide, adiresti, asteridi, desirati, diariste, disertai, disterai, iridaste, ridestai, tediarsi
# pisunasi
## Finnish
### Noun

pisunasi
* second-person singular possessive form of essive singular of pisu
# incremental backup
## English
### Noun

incremental backup (countable and uncountable, plural incremental backups)
* (computing) A backup method where only the information that has changed since a previous backup is saved.
# enfurruñaseis
## Spanish
### Verb

enfurruñaseis
* only used in os enfurruñaseis, second-person plural imperfect subjunctive of enfurruñarse
# subierat
## Latin
### Verb

subierat
* third-person singular pluperfect active indicative of subeō
# salliendae
## Latin
### Participle

salliendae
* inflection of salliendus:
** nominative/vocative feminine plural
** genitive/dative feminine singular
# kålhuvud
## Swedish
### Etymology

kål (“cabbage”) +‎ huvud (“head”)

### Noun

kålhuvud n
* a cabbage head, a head of cabbage

#### Declension
### References

* kålhuvud in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* kålhuvud in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
# neslepkavojot
## Latvian
### Verb

neslepkavojot
* present conjunctive of neslepkavot
* (with the particle lai) imperative conjunctive of neslepkavot

### Participle

neslepkavojot (invariable)
* not murdering; adverbial invariable present active participle of neslepkavot
# California pizzas
## English
### Noun

California pizzas
* plural of California pizza
# pisurako
## Basque
### Noun

pisurako
* destinative singular of pisu
# incrementalisms
## English
### Noun

incrementalisms
* plural of incrementalism
# nestrādādamas
## Latvian
### Participle

nestrādādamas
* nominative plural feminine of nestrādādams
# marshonte
## Esperanto
### Adverb

marshonte
* H-system spelling of marŝonte
# jiong1
## Mandarin
### Romanization

jiong$^1$ (Zhuyin ㄐㄩㄥ)
* Alternative spelling of jiōng
# sistematici
## Italian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /si.steˈma.ti.t͡ʃi/
* Rhymes: -atitʃi
* Hyphenation: si‧ste‧mà‧ti‧ci

### Adjective

sistematici m pl
* masculine plural of sistematico

### Anagrams

* citatissime, semitistica

## Romanian
### Adjective

sistematici m pl
* nominative/accusative masculine plural of sistematic
# ойыс
## Kazakh

Alternative scripts :
| Arabic | ويىس |
| Cyrillic | ойыс |
| Latin | oiys |
| Yañalif | oiьs |

### Adjective

ойыс • (oiys)
* concave

### Noun

ойыс • (oiys)
* (geography) lowland

#### Synonyms

* ойпат (oipat)
# California pitcher plant
## English
### Noun

California pitcher plant (plural California pitcher plants)
* The cobra lily, Darlingtonia californica.
# pisura
## Basque
### Noun

pisura
* allative singular of pisu
# reputierlich
## German
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʁepuˈtiːɐ̯lɪç/
* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

reputierlich (strong nominative masculine singular reputierlicher, comparative reputierlicher, superlative am reputierlichsten)
* reputable, honorable
# nestryl
## Middle English
### Etymology

From Old English næsþyrel.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈnɛ(ː)stril/

### Noun

nestryl (plural nestryllis)
* (Late Middle English, hapax) nostril

#### Synonyms

* nesethirl
* nosethirl
* nostrille

#### References

* “nē̆stril, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
# marshman
## English
### Etymology

From marsh +‎ man.

### Noun

marshman (plural marshmen)
* An inhabitant of a marshy area or piece of marshland. [from 15th c.]
** 1978, Penelope Fitzgerald, The Bookshop, Fourth Estate, published 2014, page 9:She heard her name called, or rather she saw it, since the words were blown away instantly. The marshman was summoning her.
# kehot
## Finnish
### Noun

kehot
* nominative plural of keho

### Anagrams

* hetko, kehto
# sinòptiques
## Catalan
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [siˈnɔp.ti.kəs]
* IPA: (Valencia) [siˈnɔp.ti.kes]

### Adjective

sinòptiques
* feminine plural of sinòptic
# отзывом
## Russian
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈod͡zzɨvəm]

#### Noun

о́тзывом • (ótzyvom) m inan
* instrumental singular of о́тзыв (ótzyv)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɐd͡zˈzɨvəm]

#### Noun

отзы́вом • (otzývom) m inan
* instrumental singular of отзы́в (otzýv)
# California pizza
## English
### Noun

California pizza (countable and uncountable, plural California pizzas)
* Synonym of California-style pizza
# pisunansa
## Finnish
### Noun

pisunansa
* third-person possessive form of essive singular of pisu
# resfriándoos
## Spanish
### Verb

resfriándoos
* gerund of resfriar combined with os
# neuronavigating
## English
### Verb

neuronavigating
* present participle and gerund of neuronavigate

### Noun

neuronavigating (uncountable)
* Synonym of neuronavigation
# majordoms
## Catalan
### Noun

majordoms
* plural of majordom
# sinònim
## Catalan
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin synōnymum, from Ancient Greek συνώνυμον (sunṓnumon), neuter singular form of συνώνυμος (sunṓnumos), from σῠν- (sun-, “with”) +‎ ὄνῠμᾰ (ónuma, “name”) +‎ -ος (-os).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [siˈnɔ.nim]
* Rhymes: -ɔnim

### Noun

sinònim m (plural sinònims)
* synonym
    Antonym: antònim

#### Derived terms

* geosinònim

### Adjective

sinònim (feminine sinònima, masculine plural sinònims, feminine plural sinònimes)
* synonymous
    Antonym: antònim

### Further reading

* “sinònim” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
* “sinònim” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “sinònim”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
* “sinònim” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
# transgredienda
## Latin
### Participle

trānsgredienda
* inflection of trānsgrediendus:
** nominative/vocative feminine singular
** nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural

### Participle

trānsgrediendā
* ablative feminine singular of trānsgrediendus
# addoppiarono
## Italian
### Verb

addoppiarono
* third-person plural past historic of addoppiare
# salakammio
## Finnish
### Etymology

sala- +‎ kammio

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈsɑlɑˌkɑmːio/, [ˈs̠ɑ̝lɑ̝ˌkɑ̝mːio̞]
* Rhymes: -ɑmːio
* Syllabification: sa‧la‧kam‧mi‧o

### Noun

salakammio
* secret chamber

#### Declension

Possessive forms of salakammio (Kotus type 3/valtio, no gradation) :
# pisuni
## Finnish
### Noun

pisuni
* inflection of pisu:
** first-person singular possessive form of nominative/genitive singular
** first-person singular possessive form of nominative/accusative plural
# resfriándolos
## Spanish
### Verb

resfriándolos
* gerund of resfriar combined with los
# engreixaran
## Catalan
### Verb

engreixaran
* third-person plural future indicative of engreixar
# виплутуватися
## Ukrainian
### Etymology

From виплу́тувати (vyplútuvaty) +‎ -ся (-sja)

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ʋeˈpɫutʊʋɐtesʲɐ]
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

виплу́туватися • (vyplútuvatysja) impf
* to disentangle

#### Conjugation
### References

* “виплутуватися”, in Горох – Словозміна [Horokh – Inflection] (in Ukrainian)
# kyakuhon
## Japanese
### Romanization

kyakuhon
* Rōmaji transcription of きゃくほん
# transgrediendarum
## Latin
### Participle

trānsgrediendārum
* genitive feminine plural of trānsgrediendus
# adestrariades
## Galician
### Verb

adestrariades
* second-person plural conditional of adestrar
# jerosolimitanas
## Portuguese
### Noun

jerosolimitanas
* plural of jerosolimitana

## Spanish
### Adjective

jerosolimitanas f pl
* feminine plural of jerosolimitano

### Noun

jerosolimitanas f pl
* plural of jerosolimitana
# pionnetje
## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

pionnetje n (plural pionnetjes)
* diminutive of pion
# resfriándote
## Spanish
### Verb

resfriándote
* gerund of resfriar combined with te
# nevaramajam
## Latvian
### Participle

nevaramajam
* dative singular masculine of nevaramais
# subestimareu
## Catalan
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central) [sup.əs.ti.məˈɾɛw]
* IPA: (Balearic) [sup.əs.ti.məˈɾəw]
* IPA: (Valencia) [sup.es.ti.maˈɾew], [su.bes.ti.maˈɾew]

### Verb

subestimareu
* second-person plural future indicative of subestimar
# lavabilitate
## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French lavabilité. Equivalent to lavabil +‎ -itate.

### Noun

lavabilitate f (uncountable)
* washability
# transgrediemur
## Latin
### Verb

trānsgrediēmur
* first-person plural future active indicative of trānsgredior
# salseen
## Spanish
### Verb

salseen
* inflection of salsear:
** third-person plural present subjunctive
** third-person plural imperative
# Chiang-ling
## English
### Etymology

From Mandarin 江陵 (Jiānglíng), Wade–Giles romanization: Chiang¹-ling².

### Proper noun

Chiang-ling
* Alternative form of Jiangling
** 1972, Kwang-chih Chang, “Major Aspects of Ch'u Archaeology”, in Early Chinese Art and its Possible Influence in the Pacific Basin‎, volume 1, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 5:The archaeology of the Ch'u 楚 has no traditional status or boundary unlike such rigorously defined fields as the archaeology of the Shang, the Minoans, and even the Mayas. Scholars of early China are familiar with a State of Ch'u described in the Shih-chi 史記 (ch. 40) that emerged after a legendary ancestry during the reign of Ch'eng Wang 成王 of the Chou toward the end of the second millennium B. C. somewhere in central China. It grew in size and stature during the late Western Chou period, established a capital and power centre near Chiang-ling 江陵 on the Yangtze in modern Hupei in 689, expanded its rule to a vast area from the upper Huai-ho 淮河 to south of Lake Tung-t'ing 洞庭湖, and was finally subjugated by Ch'in 秦 in 223 B. C.
** 1974, William Watson, The Chinese Exhibition‎, Times Newspapers, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 93:This style flourished especially in the southern Ch'u kingdom, from whose noble tombs at Ch'angsha in Hunan and Chiang-ling in Hupei come some of the finest representative pieces.
** 1999, Red Pine, Mike O'Connor, editors, The Clouds Should Know Me By Now‎, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 45:In 921 Ch'i-chi was invited by Kao Tsung-hui, military commissioner of the Chiang-ling area in Hupei, to head a temple called the Lung-hsing-ssu in Chiang-ling. In 928 Kao became ruler of an independent kingdom called Nan-p'ing, or Ching-nan, with his capital at Chiang-ling, and Ch'i-chi was apparently able to live the remainder of his life in Chiang-ling, associating with many of the eminent poet-officials of the time and enjoying wide recognition for his literary activities.
** For more quotations using this term, see Citations:Chiang-ling.

#### Translations
### Further reading

* Leon E. Seltzer, editor (1952), “Kiangling or Chiang-ling”, in The Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World‎, Morningside Heights, NY: Columbia University Press, →OCLC, page 941, column 3