# 共和
## Chinese

* 共和

### Etymology
#### Gonghe Regency

    Traditionally interpreted as "joint harmony", as during the Gonghe regency, the Zhou Dynasty was considered to be ruled jointly by two dukes; but according to the Bamboo Annals, the Gonghe regency was ruled by a single person—the Count of Gong (共伯), whose name was He (和). This reading has been confirmed by the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): gònghé
       (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gong$^4$ ho$^2$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): гунхә (gunhə, I-I)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gung$^6$ wo$^4$
* Gan (Wiktionary): kung$^5$ fo$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khiung-fò
    (Meixian, Guangdong): kiung$^4$ fo$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): gung$^3$ hue$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): gō̤ng-uǎ
* Eastern Min (BUC): gê̤ṳng-huò
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kiōng-hô͘ / kiōng-hô
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gang$^7$ hua$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$gon-wu$_6$
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gong$^5$ ho$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gònghé
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gònghé
*** Wade–Giles: kung$^4$-ho$^2$
*** Yale: gùng-hé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gonqher
*** Palladius: гунхэ (gunxɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: gong$^4$ ho$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gungxo
*** Sinological IPA : /koŋ²¹³ xo²¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гунхә (gunhə, I-I)
*** Sinological IPA : /kuŋ²⁴ xə²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gung$^6$ wo$^4$
*** Yale: guhng wòh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gung$^6$ wo$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gung$^6$ wo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ²² wɔː²¹/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: kung$^5$ fo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰuŋ¹¹ fo³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiung-fò
*** Hakka Romanization System: kiung fo$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kiung$^4$ fo$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ fo¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: kiung$^4$ fo$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰiʊŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ fo¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: gung$^3$ hue$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /kũŋ⁴⁵ xuɤ¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gō̤ng-uǎ
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔŋ⁵⁵ ua²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gê̤ṳng-huò
*** Sinological IPA : /kyŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ $^{(h-)}$ŋuo⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiōng-hô͘
*** Tâi-lô: kiōng-hôo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kioxnghoo
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² hɔ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiōng-hô
*** Tâi-lô: kiōng-hô
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kioxnghooi
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gang$^7$ hua$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kāng huâ
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ¹¹ hua⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$gon-wu$_6$
*** MiniDict: gon$^去$ wu$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$gon-hhu$_3$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɡoŋ²² ɦu⁴⁴/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: gong$^5$ ho$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /kʊŋ²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³/
*** Sinological IPA (new-style): /kən²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³/
* Middle Chinese: gjowngH hwa
Rime :
| Character | 共 | 和 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 群 (30) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) | 戈 (95) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 渠用切 | 戸戈切 |
| Baxter | gjowngH | hwa |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɡɨoŋ$^H$/ | /ɦuɑ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɡioŋ$^H$/ | /ɦuɑ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɡioŋ$^H$/ | /ɣuɑ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /guawŋ$^H$/ | /ɦwa/ |
| Li Rong | /ɡioŋ$^H$/ | /ɣuɑ/ |
| Wang Li | /ɡĭwoŋ$^H$/ | /ɣuɑ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /gi̯woŋ$^H$/ | /ɣuɑ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiòng | huó |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gung$^6$ | wo$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s [ɢ]ˤoj/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡloŋs ɡoːl/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 共 | 和 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gòng | hé |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ gjowng$^H$ › | ‹ hwa › |
| Old Chinese | /*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s/ | /*[ɢ]ˁoj/ |
| English | together, all | harmonious |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 共 | 和 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/2 |
| No. | 4182 | 4932 |
| Phonetic component | 共 | 禾 |
| Rime group | 東 | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 共 | 和 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡloŋs/ | /*ɡoːl/ |

### Noun

共和
* republicanism; republic

#### Derived terms

* 中華人民共和國／中华人民共和国 (Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó)
* 五族共和 (wǔzú gònghé)
* 共和主義／共和主义 (gònghé zhǔyì)
* 共和制 (gònghézhì)
* 共和國／共和国 (gònghéguó)
* 共和聯邦／共和联邦 (Gònghé Liánbāng)
* 共和黨／共和党 (Gònghédǎng)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 共和(きょうわ) (kyōwa)
* → Korean: 공화(共和) (gonghwa)
* → Vietnamese: cộng hòa (共和)

#### See also

* 君主制 (jūnzhǔzhì)

### Proper noun

共和
* (historical) Gonghe Regency (interregnum period in Chinese history from 841 to 828 BCE)
    From: Bamboo Annals, circa 475 – 221 BCE
    Gònghé shísì nián, dàhàn, huǒ fén qí wū, bó Hé cuànwèi lì, qiū, yòu dàhàn. Qí nián zhōu Lìwáng sǐ, Xuānwáng lì. [Pinyin]
    In the fourteenth year of Gong['s ]He, there was a great drought; a fire burnt his residence. Earl He, by usurping the throne, was established [as ruler]. In autumn, there was another great drought. That year, King Li died; King Xuan was established.
* (～縣) Gonghe County (a county of Qinghai, China)

#### Derived terms

* 周召共和

### References

* ↑ 華東師範大學中文系戰國簡讀書小組 (2011 December 29) “讀《清華大學藏戰國竹簡（貳）․繫年》書後（一）”, in 簡帛網‎, archived from the original on 27 January 2012
* ↑ Chen, Minzhen, Pines, Yuri (2018) “Where is King Ping? The History and Historiography of the Zhou Dynasty's Eastward Relocation”, in Asia Major‎, volume 31.1, Academica Sinica, retrieved 2022-06-15, pages 1–27 (at pp 16–17)

## Japanese
### Etymology

Kanji in this term :
| 共 | 和 |
| きょう Grade: 4 | わ Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||
From Middle Chinese 共和 (gjowngH hwa).
The idea of "government without a king" was later adopted by Japanese geographer Mitsukuri Shōgo in reference to the United States, which he dubbed 共和政治州 (Kyōwa-Seiji-Shū, literally “the States with Cooperative and Harmonious Government”); Mitsukuri anecdotally took this suggestion from a Ruist acquaintance who could only think of the aforementioned regency as the sole example of an East Asian government with no monarch. Later Japanese authors used 共和 in a rather indiscriminate way, for anything from commonwealth, to republic, to democracy. The original translation into Chinese of English republican was Chinese 民主 (mínzhǔ), whence Vietnamese dân chủ (“democracy”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) きょーわ [kyòówá] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠]

### Noun

共(きょう)和(わ) • (kyōwa)
* collaboration; cooperation; working together in harmony
* republicanism

#### Derived terms

* 共和国(きょうわこく) (kyōwakoku)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 共 | 和 |

### Noun

共和 • (gonghwa) (hangeul 공화)
* hanja form of 공화 (“universal harmony, republicanism”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 共 | 和 |

### Noun

共和
* chữ Hán form of cộng hoà (“republic”).