# 懸念
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xuánniàn
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄩㄢˊ ㄋㄧㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jyun$^4$ nim$^6$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hiân-liām / soân-liām
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xuánniàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄢˊ ㄋㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: syuánniàn
*** Wade–Giles: hsüan$^2$-nien$^4$
*** Yale: sywán-nyàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyuanniann
*** Palladius: сюаньнянь (sjuanʹnjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕy̯ɛn³⁵ ni̯ɛn⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyun$^4$ nim$^6$
*** Yale: yùhn nihm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jyn$^4$ nim$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yun$^4$ nim$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyːn²¹ niːm²²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiân-liām
*** Tâi-lô: hiân-liām
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hienliam
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiɛn¹³⁻²² liam²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hiɛn²⁴⁻²² liam⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hiɛn²⁴⁻²² liam²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soân-liām
*** Tâi-lô: suân-liām
*** Phofsit Daibuun: soanliam
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /suan²⁴⁻²² liam⁴¹/

### Noun

懸念
* suspense (anticipation regarding the outcome of a book, film etc., or apprehension in an uncertain situation generally)

### Verb

懸念
* (formal) to be concerned about (especially someone's welfare)

#### Synonyms

* 心念 (Hokkien)
* 念 (niàn) (literary, or in compounds)
* 惦念 (diànniàn)
* 惦記／惦记 (diànjì)
* 懸／悬 (xuán) (literary, or in compounds)
* 懸想／悬想 (xuánxiǎng)
* 掛念／挂念 (guàniàn)
* 掛意／挂意 (guàyì)
* 掛記／挂记 (Nanchang Gan, Yudu Hakka)
* 數念／数念 (siàu-liām) (Hokkien)
* 牽掛／牵挂 (qiānguà)
* 眷懷／眷怀 (juànhuái) (literary)
* 眷注 (juànzhù) (literary)
* 眷顧／眷顾 (juàngù) (formal)
* 記掛／记挂 (jìguà) (dialectal)
* 顧念／顾念 (gùniàn)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 懸 | 念 |
| け Grade: S | ねん Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) けねん [kènéń] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) けねん [kéꜜnèǹ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ke̞nẽ̞ɴ]

### Noun

懸(け)念(ねん) • (kenen)
* worry, concern
    核戦争(かくせんそう)の懸念(けねん)
       kakusensō no kenen
       concern about nuclear war

### Verb

懸(け)念(ねん)する • (kenen suru) suru (stem 懸(け)念(ねん)し (kenen shi), past 懸(け)念(ねん)した (kenen shita))
* to worry

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 懸念し | けねんし | kenen shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 懸念し | けねんし | kenen shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 懸念する | けねんする | kenen suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 懸念する | けねんする | kenen suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 懸念すれ | けねんすれ | kenen sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 懸念せよ¹ 懸念しろ² | けねんせよ¹ けねんしろ² | kenen seyo¹ kenen shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 懸念される | けねんされる | kenen sareru |
| Causative | 懸念させる 懸念さす | けねんさせる けねんさす | kenen saseru kenen sasu |
| Potential | 懸念できる | けねんできる | kenen dekiru |
| Volitional | 懸念しよう | けねんしよう | kenen shiyō |
| Negative | 懸念しない | けねんしない | kenen shinai |
| Negative continuative | 懸念せず | けねんせず | kenen sezu |
| Formal | 懸念します | けねんします | kenen shimasu |
| Perfective | 懸念した | けねんした | kenen shita |
| Conjunctive | 懸念して | けねんして | kenen shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 懸念すれば | けねんすれば | kenen sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 懸 | 念 |

### Noun

懸念 • (hyeonnyeom) (hangeul 현념)
* hanja form of 현념