# под-
## Russian
### Alternative forms

* подо- (podo-) — before certain consonant clusters

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *podъ-; see *podъ for further information.

### Pronunciation

* под-: IPA: [pəd] (before vowels and voiced consonants)
* под-: IPA: [pət] (before voiceless consonants)
* по́д-: IPA: [ˈpod] (when stressed, before vowels and voiced consonants)
* по́д-: IPA: [ˈpot] (when stressed, before voiceless consonants)

### Prefix

под- • (pod-)
* (used with verbs) upwards (describing an action of moving from the bottom up)
    ‎под- (pod-) + ‎бро́сить pf (brósitʹ, “to throw”) → ‎подбро́сить pf (podbrósitʹ, “to throw upwards”)
* (used with verbs) closer (describing an action of approaching to an entity)
    ‎под- (pod-) + ‎идти́ impf (idtí, “to go (by walking)”) → ‎подойти́ pf (podojtí, “to walk up to, to approach (by walking)”)
* (used with verbs) adding (describing an action of adding more entity)
    ‎под- (pod-) + ‎-ба́вить (-bávitʹ) → ‎подба́вить pf (podbávitʹ, “to add, replenish”)
* (used with verbs) (describing a meaning that shows a finished action or an obtainment of a result)
    ‎под- (pod-) + ‎стричь impf (stričʹ, “to cut”) → ‎подстри́чь pf (podstríčʹ, “to cut up”)
    ‎под- (pod-) + ‎писа́ть impf (pisátʹ, “to write”) → ‎подписа́ть pf (podpisátʹ, “to sign, to subscribe (in the sense of writing one's name with a result)”)
* (used with verbs) (describing an action of copying or following someone's action)
    ‎под- (pod-) + ‎да (da, “yes”) + ‎-кать (-katʹ, suffix forming verbs from expressions) + ‎-ивать (-ivatʹ, imperfectivizing suffix) → ‎подда́кивать impf (poddákivatʹ, “to say yes, to assent (in the sense echoing "yes")”)
* (used with verbs) (describing an existence of the certain action that is weak, invisible, hidden or incomplete)
    ‎под- (pod-) + ‎уста́ть pf (ustátʹ, “to get tired”) → ‎подуста́ть pf (podustátʹ, “to get tired slightly or lightly”)
    ‎под- (pod-) + ‎слать pf (slatʹ, “to send, dispatch”) → ‎подосла́ть pf (podoslátʹ, “to send something (secretly)”)

### Prefix

под- • (pod-)
* takes nouns, produces nouns or adjectives: under-, sub- (referring to literal position under something, being under the influence of something, occupying a title or position below a superior, etc.)
    ‎под- (pod-) + ‎земля́ (zemljá, “ground”) + ‎-ный (-nyj) → ‎подзе́мный (podzémnyj, “underground”)
    ‎под- (pod-) + ‎гру́ппа (grúppa, “group”) → ‎подгру́ппа (podgrúppa, “subgroup”)
    ‎под- (pod-) + ‎власть (vlastʹ, “authority, control”) + ‎-ный (-nyj) → ‎подвла́стный (podvlástnyj, “subjected, dependant”)
    ‎под- (pod-) + ‎Карпа́ты (Karpáty, “Carpathians (mountains)”) + ‎-ье (-ʹje) → ‎Подкарпа́тье (Podkarpátʹje, “Subcarpathia (region surrounding the Carpathian mountains)”)
    ‎под- (pod-) + ‎ма́стер (máster, “master”) + ‎-ье (-ʹje) → ‎подмасте́рье (podmastérʹje, “apprentice”)
* takes adjectives, produces adverbs: completely
    ‎под- (pod-) + ‎чи́стый (čístyj, “clean”) + ‎-у́ю (-úju, feminine accusative ending) → ‎подчисту́ю (podčistúju, “without remainder”)

#### Usage notes

* In the meaning of closer, only use под- when the subject is in the sight range of the object of interest, and then moves even closer towards it.
   * Я подошла́ к па́мятнику.Ja podošlá k pámjatniku.I walked up to the statue.(I already was in the same room or space with it, and then walked closer to it.)
   * Я пришла́ к па́мятнику.Ja prišlá k pámjatniku.I arrived at the statue.(I came to the statue from somewhere further.)

#### Antonyms

* от- (ot-)

#### Related terms

* под (pod)