# 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽
## Gothic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈlisan/

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *lesaną (“to gather, collect”).

#### Verb

𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 • (lisan)
* to gather
* to collect

##### Conjugation

Class 5 strong :
| Infinitive | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 lisan | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 lisan | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 lisan |
| Indicative | Present | Past | Present passive |
| 1st singular | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰 lisa | 𐌻𐌰𐍃 las | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌳𐌰 lisada |
| 2nd singular | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌹𐍃 lisis | 𐌻𐌰𐍃𐍄 last | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌶𐌰 lisaza |
| 3rd singular | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌹𐌸 lisiþ | 𐌻𐌰𐍃 las | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌳𐌰 lisada |
| 1st dual | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍉𐍃 lisōs | 𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌿 lēsu | — |
| 2nd dual | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍄𐍃 lisats | 𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌿𐍄𐍃 lēsuts | — |
| 1st plural | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌼 lisam | 𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌼 lēsum | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 lisanda |
| 2nd plural | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌹𐌸 lisiþ | 𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌸 lēsuþ | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 lisanda |
| 3rd plural | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳 lisand | 𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌽 lēsun | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 lisanda |
| Subjunctive | Present | Past | Present passive |
| 1st singular | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌿 lisau | 𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌿 lēsjau | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 lisaidau |
| 2nd singular | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍃 lisais | 𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍃 lēseis | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌿 lisaizau |
| 3rd singular | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹 lisai | 𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌹 lēsi | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 lisaidau |
| 1st dual | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 lisaiwa | 𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 lēseiwa | — |
| 2nd dual | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 lisaits | 𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 lēseits | — |
| 1st plural | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 lisaima | 𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 lēseima | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 lisaindau |
| 2nd plural | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌸 lisaiþ | 𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌸 lēseiþ | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 lisaindau |
| 3rd plural | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 lisaina | 𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 lēseina | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 lisaindau |
| Imperative | | | |
| 2nd singular | 𐌻𐌹𐍃 lis | | |
| 3rd singular | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿 lisadau | | |
| 2nd dual | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍄𐍃 lisats | | |
| 2nd plural | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌹𐌸 lisiþ | | |
| 3rd plural | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 lisandau | | |
| | Present | Past | |
| Participles | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 lisands | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐍃 lisans | |

##### Derived terms

* 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (galisan)

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *lizaną, following Kroonen. Or, per Lehmann, Köbler and others (see references), a Gothic innovation by analogy with the preterite-present verb 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (witan, “to know”).

#### Verb

𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 • (lisan)
* (hapax) to know
** Gothic Bible, Philippians 4:12:
    𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌺, 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌿 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽; 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐌿𐍃𐌸𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌹𐌸𐍃 𐌹𐌼, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌰𐌳𐍃 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐍂𐌴𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌰𐌿 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐍉𐍃 𐌸𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽.lais jah haunjan mik, lais jah ufarassu haban; in allamma jah in allaim usþrōþiþs im, jah sads wairþan jah grēdags, jah ufarassau haban jah þarbōs þulan.I know both how to be abased, and I know how to abound: every where and in all things I am instructed both to be full and to be hungry, both to abound and to suffer need. (KJV)

##### Conjugation

The only attested form of the verb is 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃 (lais).
Preterite-present :
| Infinitive | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 lisan | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 lisan | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 lisan |
| Indicative | Present | Past | Present passive |
| 1st singular | 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃 lais | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 lista | — |
| 2nd singular | 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄 laist | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌴𐍃 listēs | — |
| 3rd singular | 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃 lais | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰 lista | — |
| 1st dual | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌿 lisu | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌿 listēdu | — |
| 2nd dual | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌿𐍄𐍃 lisuts | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌿𐍄𐍃 listēduts | — |
| 1st plural | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌿𐌼 lisum | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌼 listēdum | — |
| 2nd plural | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌿𐌸 lisuþ | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌸 listēduþ | — |
| 3rd plural | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌿𐌽 lisun | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 listēdun | — |
| Subjunctive | Present | Past | Present passive |
| 1st singular | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌿 lisjau | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿 listēdjau | — |
| 2nd singular | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍃 liseis | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 listēdeis | — |
| 3rd singular | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌹 lisi | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌹 listēdi | — |
| 1st dual | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 liseiwa | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 listēdeiwa | — |
| 2nd dual | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 liseits | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 listēdeits | — |
| 1st plural | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 liseima | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 listēdeima | — |
| 2nd plural | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌸 liseiþ | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌸 listēdeiþ | — |
| 3rd plural | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 liseina | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 listēdeina | — |
| Imperative | | | |
| 2nd singular | — | | |
| 3rd singular | — | | |
| 2nd dual | — | | |
| 2nd plural | — | | |
| 3rd plural | — | | |
| | Present | Past | |
| Participles | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 lisands | 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 lists | |

##### Derived terms

* 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (laisjan)

##### Related terms

* 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (lists)
* *𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃 (*leis)

### References

* "lisan" in Köbler, Gerhard, Gotisches Wörterbuch (4th edition 2014)
* Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*lisan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 349
* Lehmann, Winfred, “lais”, in A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, Leiden: Brill, 1986, page 225.