# 狼藉
## Chinese
### Etymology

First attested in Records of the Grand Historian.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lángjí
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄤˊ ㄐㄧˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): long$^4$ zik$^6$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lông-che̍k / lông-chi̍p / lông-chek
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lángjí
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄤˊ ㄐㄧˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lángjí
*** Wade–Giles: lang$^2$-chi$^2$
*** Yale: láng-jí
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: langjyi
*** Palladius: ланцзи (lanczi)
*** Sinological IPA : /lɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: long$^4$ zik$^6$
*** Yale: lòhng jihk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: long$^4$ dzik$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: long$^4$ jig$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɔːŋ²¹ t͡sɪk̚²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lông-che̍k
*** Tâi-lô: lông-tsi̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: longzek
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /lɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siɪk̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siɪk̚⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lông-chi̍p
*** Tâi-lô: lông-tsi̍p
*** Phofsit Daibuun: longcip
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sip̚²⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lông-chek
*** Tâi-lô: lông-tsik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: longzeg
*** IPA (Taipei): /lɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siɪk̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siɪk̚³²/
* Middle Chinese: lang dzjek
Rime :
| Character | 狼 | 藉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 從 (15) |
| Final (韻) | 唐 (101) | 昔 (123) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 魯當切 | 秦昔切 |
| Baxter | lang | dzjek |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɑŋ/ | /d͡ziᴇk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lɑŋ/ | /d͡ziɛk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /lɑŋ/ | /d͡ziæk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /laŋ/ | /d͡ziajk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /lɑŋ/ | /d͡ziɛk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /lɑŋ/ | /d͡zĭɛk̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /lɑŋ/ | /d͡zʱi̯ɛk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | láng | jí |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | long$^4$ | zik$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤaŋ [dz]Ak/
    (Zhengzhang): /*raːŋ zjaːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 狼 | 藉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | láng | jí |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ lang › | ‹ dzjek › |
| Old Chinese | /*[r]ˁaŋ/ | /*[dz]Ak/ |
| English | wolf | tribute (n.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 狼 | 藉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| No. | 8019 | 13304 |
| Phonetic component | 良 | 昔 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 鐸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 郎 | 籍 |
| Old Chinese | /*raːŋ/ | /*zjaːɡ/ |
| Notes | 甲文作𤜪 | |

### Adjective

狼藉
* disorderly; messy; disorganised
* hopelessly discredited

#### Synonyms

* (disorderly):
* 一塌糊塗／一塌糊涂
* 亂／乱 (luàn)
* 亂七八糟／乱七八糟 (luànqībāzāo)
* 亂雜／乱杂 (luànzá) (literary)
* 凌亂 (língluàn)
* 嘈亂／嘈乱 (cáoluàn) (literary, of sound)
* 大鼎炒狗蟻／大鼎炒狗蚁 (Hokkien)
* 挐亂／挐乱 (Hokkien)
* 擾擾／扰扰 (rǎorǎo)
* 散亂／散乱 (sǎnluàn)
* 有七無八／有七无八 (Hokkien)
* 殽亂／淆乱 (xiáoluàn) (literary)
* 混亂／混乱 (hùnluàn)
* 烏七八糟／乌七八糟 (wūqībāzāo)
* 烏哩單刀／乌哩单刀 (Cantonese)
* 無序／无序 (wúxù)
* 狼戾 (Hakka, literary)
* 狼狼戾戾 (Hakka)
* 狼藉 (lángjí)
* 立立亂／立立乱 (lap$^6$ lap$^{6-2}$ lyun$^6$) (Cantonese)
* 糊塗／糊涂
* 糾紛／纠纷 (jiūfēn) (literary)
* 紊 (wěn) (literary, or in compounds)
* 紛亂／纷乱 (fēnluàn)
* 紊亂／紊乱 (wěnluàn)
* 紛雜／纷杂 (fēnzá) (literary)
* 繚亂／缭乱 (liáoluàn) (formal)
* 肆亂／肆乱 (sìluàn) (literary)
* 荊棘／荆棘 (jīngjí) (literary, figurative)
* 蕪雜／芜杂 (wúzá)
* 雜亂／杂乱 (záluàn)
* 雜醪膏／杂醪膏 (Xiamen Hokkien, Quanzhou Hokkien)
* 鬼打樣／鬼打样 (Hakka)

#### Derived terms

* 出醜狼藉／出丑狼藉
* 杯盤狼藉／杯盘狼藉 (bēipánlángjí)
* 聲名狼藉／声名狼藉 (shēngmínglángjí)
* 贓汙狼藉／赃污狼藉

#### See also

* 狼狽／狼狈 (lángbèi)
* 狼戾 (lánglì)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 狼 | 藉 |
| ろう Jinmeiyō | せき > ぜき Hyōgai |
| on'yomi | kan'on |

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ろーぜき [ròózékí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɾo̞ːze̞kʲi]

### Noun

狼(ろう)藉(ぜき) • (rōzeki)
* violence, outrage
* riot, confusion, disorder

#### Derived terms

* 狼(ろう)藉(ぜき)者(もの) (rōzekimono)

### Verb

狼(ろう)藉(ぜき)する • (rōzeki suru) intransitive suru (stem 狼(ろう)藉(ぜき)し (rōzeki shi), past 狼(ろう)藉(ぜき)した (rōzeki shita))
* to riot

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 狼藉し | ろうぜきし | rōzeki shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 狼藉し | ろうぜきし | rōzeki shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 狼藉する | ろうぜきする | rōzeki suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 狼藉する | ろうぜきする | rōzeki suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 狼藉すれ | ろうぜきすれ | rōzeki sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 狼藉せよ¹ 狼藉しろ² | ろうぜきせよ¹ ろうぜきしろ² | rōzeki seyo¹ rōzeki shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 狼藉される | ろうぜきされる | rōzeki sareru |
| Causative | 狼藉させる 狼藉さす | ろうぜきさせる ろうぜきさす | rōzeki saseru rōzeki sasu |
| Potential | 狼藉できる | ろうぜきできる | rōzeki dekiru |
| Volitional | 狼藉しよう | ろうぜきしよう | rōzeki shiyō |
| Negative | 狼藉しない | ろうぜきしない | rōzeki shinai |
| Negative continuative | 狼藉せず | ろうぜきせず | rōzeki sezu |
| Formal | 狼藉します | ろうぜきします | rōzeki shimasu |
| Perfective | 狼藉した | ろうぜきした | rōzeki shita |
| Conjunctive | 狼藉して | ろうぜきして | rōzeki shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 狼藉すれば | ろうぜきすれば | rōzeki sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### Adjective

狼(ろう)藉(ぜき) • (rōzeki) $^†$-tari (adnominal 狼(ろう)藉(ぜき)とした (rōzeki to shita) or 狼(ろう)藉(ぜき)たる (rōzeki taru), adverbial 狼(ろう)藉(ぜき)と (rōzeki to) or 狼(ろう)藉(ぜき)として (rōzeki to shite)) 狼(ろう)藉(ぜき) • (rōzeki) $^†$-nari
* disorderly; untidy

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 狼藉たら | ろうぜきたら | rouzekitara |
| Continuative (連用形) | 狼藉と$^{[1]}$ 狼藉たり$^{[2]}$ | ろうぜきと ろうぜきたり | rouzekito rouzekitari |
| Terminal (終止形) | 狼藉たり | ろうぜきたり | rouzekitari |
| Attributive (連体形) | 狼藉たる | ろうぜきたる | rouzekitaru |
| Realis (已然形) | 狼藉たれ | ろうぜきたれ | rouzekitare |
| Imperative (命令形) | 狼藉たれ | ろうぜきたれ | rouzekitare |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 狼藉たらず | ろうぜきたらず | rouzekitarazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 狼藉たれど | ろうぜきたれど | rouzekitaredo |
| Causal conjunction | 狼藉たれば | ろうぜきたれば | rouzekitareba |
| Conditional conjunction | 狼藉たらば | ろうぜきたらば | rouzekitaraba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 狼藉たりき | ろうぜきたりき | rouzekitariki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 狼藉たりけり | ろうぜきたりけり | rouzekitarikeri |
| Adverbial | 狼藉と | ろうぜきと | rouzekito |
| $^{[1]}$Without auxiliary verb. $^{[2]}$With auxiliary verb. ||||
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 狼藉なら | ろうぜきなら | rouzekinara |
| Continuative (連用形) | 狼藉に$^{[1]}$ 狼藉なり$^{[2]}$ | ろうぜきに ろうぜきなり | rouzekini rouzekinari |
| Terminal (終止形) | 狼藉なり | ろうぜきなり | rouzekinari |
| Attributive (連体形) | 狼藉なる | ろうぜきなる | rouzekinaru |
| Realis (已然形) | 狼藉なれ | ろうぜきなれ | rouzekinare |
| Imperative (命令形) | 狼藉なれ | ろうぜきなれ | rouzekinare |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 狼藉ならず | ろうぜきならず | rouzekinarazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 狼藉なれど | ろうぜきなれど | rouzekinaredo |
| Causal conjunction | 狼藉なれば | ろうぜきなれば | rouzekinareba |
| Conditional conjunction | 狼藉ならば | ろうぜきならば | rouzekinaraba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 狼藉なりき | ろうぜきなりき | rouzekinariki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 狼藉なりけり | ろうぜきなりけり | rouzekinarikeri |
| Adverbial | 狼藉に | ろうぜきに | rouzekini |
| $^{[1]}$Without auxiliary verb. $^{[2]}$With auxiliary verb. ||||

### References

* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN