# 金陵
## Chinese
### Etymology

The etymology has been debated. Several sources, such as《建康實錄》(The Jiankang Annals, c. middle 8th century), mentioned a historical 邑 (yì, “fortified town”) with the name created after King Wei of Chu's conquest of the Yue (c. 334–306 BCE). However, actual attestations in pre-Qin or Han literature were missing. The name saw attestation in well-established corpus starting from the Nanbeichao era, especially in the literature during and after the 齊 and 梁 periods (early and middle 6th century). For example, in the《顏氏家訓》:
    From: Yan Zhitui, late 6th century, Family Instructions of Master Yan (《顏氏家訓》)
    Què ér liáng zhī, dú Jīnlíng yǔ Luòxià ěr. [Pinyin]
    After careful discussion and study, we can conclude that the various dialects can be classified into the two major language divisions of Jinling and Luoxia.
The designation 金陵 (Jīnlíng, literally “precious hills”) was frequently used in poetic works of the era, for example:
    From: Jiang Yan, c. late 5th century, Four Seasons (《四時賦》)
    Yì shàngguó zhī qǐshù, xiǎng Jīnlíng zhī huìzhī. [Pinyin]
    He shall remember the enchanted trees of the Royal Realm and delicate, fragrant herbs of Jinling.
    From: Yu Xin, c. 578, The Lament for the South (《哀江南賦》)
    Yuèyǐ Wù Chén zhīnián, jiàn Hài zhīyuè, dàdào yíguó, jīnlíng wǎjiě. [Pinyin]
    That fateful tenth month, the year of Wu-Chen, a Great Thief stole my country, and Jinling crumbled like broken clay.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Jīnlíng
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄣ ㄌㄧㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gam$^1$ ling$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Kim-lêng
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$cin-lin
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Jīnlíng
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣ ㄌㄧㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Jinlíng
*** Wade–Giles: Chin$^1$-ling$^2$
*** Yale: Jīn-líng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Jinling
*** Palladius: Цзиньлин (Czinʹlin)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕin⁵⁵ liŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gam$^1$ ling$^4$
*** Yale: gām lìhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gam$^1$ ling$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gem$^1$ ling$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɐm⁵⁵ lɪŋ²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Kim-lêng
*** Tâi-lô: Kim-lîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kimleeng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kim⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kim³³ liɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kim⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kim⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kim⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$cin-lin
*** MiniDict: cin$^平$ lin
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$jin-lin
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕin⁵⁵ lin²¹/
* Middle Chinese: kim ling
Rime :
| Character | 金 | 陵 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (140) | 蒸 (133) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 居吟切 | 力膺切 |
| Baxter | kim | ling |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠiɪm/ | /lɨŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚim/ | /lɨŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiem/ | /lieŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kjim/ | /liŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /kjəm/ | /liəŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭĕm/ | /lĭəŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ki̯əm/ | /li̯əŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jīn | líng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gam$^1$ | ling$^4$ |

### Proper noun

金陵
* (chiefly literary or poetic) Synonym of 南京 (Nánjīng)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 金 | 陵 |
| きん Grade: 1 | りょう Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kʲĩn̺ɾʲo̞ː]

### Proper noun

金(きん)陵(りょう) • (Kinryō)
* (archaic) Nanjing (a major city, the provincial capital of Jiangsu, China)

#### Synonyms

* (Nanjing): 南京(なんきん) (Nankin)