# 堲

| 堲 | U+5832, &#22578; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5832 |
| ← 報 [U+5831] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 堳 → [U+5833] |
| 堲 | U+2F856, &#194646; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F856 |
| ← 型 [U+2F855] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement | 報 → [U+2F857] |

## Translingual
### Han character

堲 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 日中土 (ALG), four-corner 7710$_4$, composition ⿱即土)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 234, character 6
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5276
* Dae Jaweon: page 471, character 14
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 447, character 11
* Unihan data for U+5832
* Unihan data for U+2F856

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 卪 | *ʔsiːɡ |
| 癤 | *ʔsiːɡ |
| 幯 | *ʔsiːɡ |
| 節 | *ʔsiːɡ |
| 蝍 | *ʔsiːɡ, *ʔsiɡ, *ʔsɯɡ |
| 蠞 | *ziːɡ |
| 堲 | *ʔsiɡ, *ʔsɯɡ, *zɯɡ |
| 唧 | *ʔsiɡ, *ʔsɯɡ |
| 楖 | *ʔsiɡ, *ʔsriɡ, *ʔsɯɡ |
| 揤 | *ziɡ, *ʔsɯɡ |
| 櫛 | *ʔsriɡ |
| 瀄 | *ʔsriɡ |
| 擳 | *ʔsriɡ |
| 即 | *ʔsɯɡ |
| 鯽 | *ʔsɯɡ, *ʔseɡ |

### Etymology

Borrowed from Tocharian B tsik and Tocharian A tsik (“to build, to form”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to knead, form, fashion”). An alternative theory by STEDT derives the word from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-(t)sik (“to burn, itch; angry”), for which see 疾 (OC *zid, “swift; illness”) for more.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jí (ji$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zik$^1$ / zat$^1$ / zik$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jí
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jí
*** Wade–Giles: chi$^2$
*** Yale: jí
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyi
*** Palladius: цзи (czi)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zik$^1$ / zat$^1$ / zik$^6$
*** Yale: jīk / jāt / jihk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzik$^7$ / dzat$^7$ / dzik$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: jig$^1$ / zed$^1$ / jig$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɪk̚⁵/, /t͡sɐt̚⁵/, /t͡sɪk̚²/
* Middle Chinese: tsit, tsik, dzik
Rime :
| Character | 堲 | 堲 | 堲 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 精 (13) | 精 (13) | 從 (15) |
| Final (韻) | 質 (48) | 職 (134) | 職 (134) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Checked (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III | III |
| Fanqie | 資悉切 | 子力切 | 秦力切 |
| Baxter | tsit | tsik | dzik |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡siɪt̚/ | /t͡sɨk̚/ | /d͡zɨk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sit̚/ | /t͡sɨk̚/ | /d͡zɨk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sjet̚/ | /t͡siek̚/ | /d͡ziek̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sit̚/ | /t͡sik̚/ | /d͡zik̚/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡siĕt̚/ | /t͡siək̚/ | /d͡ziək̚/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sĭĕt̚/ | /t͡sĭək̚/ | /d͡zĭək̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /t͡si̯ĕt̚/ | /t͡si̯ək̚/ | /d͡zʱi̯ək̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | ji | ji | jí |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zat$^1$ | zik$^1$ | zik$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tsik/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsiɡ/, /*ʔsɯɡ/, /*zɯɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 堲 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jí |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsit › |
| Old Chinese | /*tsik/ |
| English | masonry |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 堲 | 堲 | 堲 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| No. | 5716 | 5730 | 5732 |
| Phonetic component | 即 | 即 | 即 |
| Rime group | 質 | 職 | 職 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 堲 | 即 | 堲 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔsiɡ/ | /*ʔsɯɡ/ | /*zɯɡ/ |

### Definitions

堲
* to fire earth into brick
* to hate

### References

* ↑ Alexander Lubotsky (1998) “Tocharian Loan Words in Old Chinese: Chariots, Chariot Gear, and Town Building”, in The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age peoples of Eastern Central Asia, pages 379-390

### Further reading

* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), B00528
* “堲”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): しつ (shitsu)、しち (shichi)、しょく (shoku)、じき (jiki)、しき (shiki)、し (shi)
* Kun: やきつち (yakitsuchi)、もえさし (moesashi)、にくむ (nikumu)、あさぐ (asagu)