# 養生
## Chinese
### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yǎngshēng
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄤˇ ㄕㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): joeng$^5$ sang$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ióng-sng / ióng-seng / iáng-seng
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yǎngshēng
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄤˇ ㄕㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yǎngsheng
*** Wade–Giles: yang$^3$-shêng$^1$
*** Yale: yǎng-shēng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeangsheng
*** Palladius: яншэн (janšɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: joeng$^5$ sang$^1$
*** Yale: yéuhng sāng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: joeng$^5$ sang$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yêng$^5$ seng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /jœːŋ¹³ sɐŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ióng-sng
*** Tâi-lô: ióng-sng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iofngsngf
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sŋ̍³³/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ióng-seng
*** Tâi-lô: ióng-sing
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iofngsefng
*** IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /iɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /iɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iáng-seng
*** Tâi-lô: iáng-sing
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iafngsefng
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /iaŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei, Zhangzhou): /iaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɪŋ⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: yangX sraeng|sraengH
Rime :
| Character | 養 | 生 | 生 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) | 生 (21) | 生 (21) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) | 庚 (109) | 庚 (109) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | II | II |
| Fanqie | 餘兩切 | 所庚切 | 所敬切 |
| Baxter | yangX | sraeng | sraengH |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jɨɐŋ$^X$/ | /ʃˠæŋ/ | /ʃˠæŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /jiɐŋ$^X$/ | /ʃᵚaŋ/ | /ʃᵚaŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /iɑŋ$^X$/ | /ʃaŋ/ | /ʃaŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /jɨaŋ$^X$/ | /ʂaɨjŋ/ | /ʂaɨjŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /iaŋ$^X$/ | /ʃɐŋ/ | /ʃɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /jĭaŋ$^X$/ | /ʃɐŋ/ | /ʃɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /i̯aŋ$^X$/ | /ʂɐŋ/ | /ʂɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yǎng | shēng | shèng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | joeng$^5$ | sang$^1$ | sang$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]aŋʔ sreŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*laŋʔ sʰleːŋ|sreŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 養 | 生 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yǎng | shēng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ yang$^X$ › | ‹ sræng › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɢ]aŋʔ/ | /*sreŋ/ (MC srj- > sr-; or *s.reŋ ?) |
| English | nourish, raise | bear, be born; live |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 養 | 生 | 生 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 14613 | 11312 | 11322 |
| Phonetic component | 養 | 生 | 生 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 耕 | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 養 | 生 | 生 |
| Old Chinese | /*laŋʔ/ | /*sʰleːŋ/ | /*sreŋs/ |
| Notes | 說文羊聲 | | |

#### Verb

養生
* to care for life; to conserve one's vital powers; to preserve one's health; to keep in good health
    養生之道／养生之道 ― yǎngshēng zhī dào ― good health regimen
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Wénhuì jūn yuē: “Shàn zāi! Wú wén páo Dīng zhī yán, dé yǎngshēng yān.” [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* to raise domestic animals

##### Synonyms

* (to care for life):
* 保養／保养 (bǎoyǎng)
* 保養身體／保养身体 (bǎoyǎng shēntǐ)
* 攝／摄 (literary, or in compounds)
* 攝生／摄生 (shèshēng) (literary)
* 攝衛／摄卫 (shèwèi) (literary)
* 攝養／摄养 (shèyǎng) (literary)
* 頤養／颐养 (yíyǎng) (literary)
* (to raise domestic animals): 畜養／畜养 (xùyǎng)

##### Derived terms

* 養生堂／养生堂
* 養生家／养生家
* 養生法／养生法
* 養生術／养生术 (yǎngshēngshù)
* 養生送死／养生送死

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yǎngshēng, yàngshēng
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄤˇ ㄕㄥ, ㄧㄤˋ ㄕㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): joeng$^5$ sang$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yǎngshēng
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄤˇ ㄕㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yǎngsheng
*** Wade–Giles: yang$^3$-shêng$^1$
*** Yale: yǎng-shēng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeangsheng
*** Palladius: яншэн (janšɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yàngshēng
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄤˋ ㄕㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yàngsheng
*** Wade–Giles: yang$^4$-shêng$^1$
*** Yale: yàng-shēng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yanqsheng
*** Palladius: яншэн (janšɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɑŋ⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: joeng$^5$ sang$^1$
*** Yale: yéuhng sāng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: joeng$^5$ sang$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yêng$^5$ seng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /jœːŋ¹³ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

#### Verb

養生
* (literal, archaic) to care for the living (especially one's parents)
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Yǎng shēng sāng sǐ wú hàn, wángdào zhī shǐ yě. [Pinyin]
    This condition, in which the people nourish their living and bury their dead without any feeling against any, is the first step of royal government.

##### Derived terms

* 養生送死／养生送死

##### Descendants

* → Japanese: 養生(ようじょう) (yōjō)
* → Korean: 양생(養生) (yangsaeng)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 養 | 生 |
| よう Grade: 4 | じょう Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) よーじょー [yòójóꜜò] (Nakadaka – [3])
* (Tokyo) よーじょー [yóꜜòjòò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [jo̞ːʑo̞ː]

### Noun

養(よう)生(じょう) • (yōjō)
* keeping in good health
* (construction) protection
    養生(ようじょう)シート
       yōjō shīto
       protective sheet

#### Derived terms

* 医者(いしゃ)の不養生(ふようじょう) (isha no fuyōjō)

### Verb

養(よう)生(じょう)する • (yōjō suru) suru (stem 養(よう)生(じょう)し (yōjō shi), past 養(よう)生(じょう)した (yōjō shita))
* to keep in good health
* (construction) to protect from damage

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 養生し | ようじょうし | yōjō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 養生し | ようじょうし | yōjō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 養生する | ようじょうする | yōjō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 養生する | ようじょうする | yōjō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 養生すれ | ようじょうすれ | yōjō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 養生せよ¹ 養生しろ² | ようじょうせよ¹ ようじょうしろ² | yōjō seyo¹ yōjō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 養生される | ようじょうされる | yōjō sareru |
| Causative | 養生させる 養生さす | ようじょうさせる ようじょうさす | yōjō saseru yōjō sasu |
| Potential | 養生できる | ようじょうできる | yōjō dekiru |
| Volitional | 養生しよう | ようじょうしよう | yōjō shiyō |
| Negative | 養生しない | ようじょうしない | yōjō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 養生せず | ようじょうせず | yōjō sezu |
| Formal | 養生します | ようじょうします | yōjō shimasu |
| Perfective | 養生した | ようじょうした | yōjō shita |
| Conjunctive | 養生して | ようじょうして | yōjō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 養生すれば | ようじょうすれば | yōjō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN