# gnáth
## Irish
### Etymology 1

From Old Irish gnáth (“customary, usual”), from Proto-Celtic *gnātos (“known, usual”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”).

#### Alternative forms

* gnách

#### Pronunciation

* (Munster) IPA: /ɡn̪ˠɑː/
* (Connacht) IPA: /ɡɾˠɑː/, /ɡnˠɑː/
** Homophones: grá, gráigh (one pronunciation)
* (Ulster) IPA: /ɡɾˠæː/

#### Noun

gnáth m (genitive singular gnáith, nominative plural gnátha or gnáith)
* custom, usage
* customary thing
* frequentation
* haunt, resort
* (literary, in the plural) intimates, associates

##### Declension

First declension

###### Alternative declension

First declension

##### Derived terms

* de ghnáth
* deasghnáth
* gnách
* gnáth-

### Etymology 2
#### Adjective

gnáth (genitive singular masculine gnáth, genitive singular feminine gnáithe, plural gnátha)
* Alternative form of gnách

##### Declension

| | Singular | Singular | Plural (m/f) | Plural (m/f) |
| Positive | Masculine | Feminine | (strong noun) | (weak noun) |
| Nominative | gnáth | ghnáth | gnátha; ghnátha² | gnátha; ghnátha² |
| Vocative | ghnáth | ghnáth | gnátha | gnátha |
| Genitive | ghnáth | gnáithe | gnátha | gnáth |
| Dative | gnáth; ghnáth¹ | ghnáth; ghnáth (archaic) | gnátha; ghnátha² | gnátha; ghnátha² |
| Comparative | níos gnáithe | níos gnáithe | níos gnáithe | níos gnáithe |
| Superlative | is gnáithe | is gnáithe | is gnáithe | is gnáithe |
¹ When the preceding noun is lenited and governed by the definite article. ² When the preceding noun ends in a slender consonant.

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “gnáth”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “gnáth”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm

## Old Irish
### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *gnātos (“known, usual”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₃-tós, past participle of *ǵneh₃- (“to know”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡnaːθ/

### Adjective

gnáth (comparative gnáthiu, superlative gnáithem)
* customary
* usual
** c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 31$^b$11
    Is gnád radat gói.It is usual for them to tell lies.
** Sechtae, published in Ancient Laws of Ireland: Uraicecht Becc and Certain Other Selected Brehon Law Tracts (1901, Dublin: Stationery Office), edited and with translations by W. Neilson Hancock, Thaddeus O'Mahony, Alexander George Richey, and Robert Atkinson, vol. 5, pp. 117-373, page 238
    A[t]·táit secht ngella la Feine [...] timthach fir is gnáth a ndail,There are seven pledges with the Feine [...] [including] the clothes of a man who is frequent at assemblies,

#### Inflection

o/ā-stem :
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | gnáth | gnáth | gnáth |
| Vocative | gnáith* gnáth** | gnáth | gnáth |
| Accusative | gnáth | gnáith | gnáth |
| Genitive | gnáith | gnáithe | gnáith |
| Dative | gnáth | gnáith | gnáth |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine/neuter | Feminine/neuter |
| Nominative | gnáith | gnátha | gnátha |
| Vocative | gnáthu gnátha† | gnátha | gnátha |
| Accusative | gnáthu gnátha† | gnátha | gnátha |
| Genitive | gnáth | gnáth | gnáth |
| Dative | gnáthaib | gnáthaib | gnáthaib |
| Notes | *modifying a noun whose vocative is different from its nominative **modifying a noun whose vocative is identical to its nominative † not when substantivized | *modifying a noun whose vocative is different from its nominative **modifying a noun whose vocative is identical to its nominative † not when substantivized | *modifying a noun whose vocative is different from its nominative **modifying a noun whose vocative is identical to its nominative † not when substantivized |

#### Derived terms

* gnáthach
* gnáthaid
* gnáthaigid
* gnátham
* gnáthe
* gnáthmar
* ingnad

#### Descendants

* Irish: gnáth
* Scottish Gaelic: gnàth

### Noun

gnáth m (nominative plural gnáith)
* (in the plural) intimates, familiar friends

#### Inflection

Masculine o-stem :
| | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| Nominative | — | — | gnáith$^L$ |
| Vocative | — | — | gnáthu$^H$ |
| Accusative | — | — | gnáthu$^H$ |
| Genitive | — | — | gnáth$^N$ |
| Dative | — | — | gnáthaib |
| Initial mutations of a following adjective: $^H$ = triggers aspiration $^L$ = triggers lenition $^N$ = triggers nasalization ||||