# 自首
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zìshǒu
    (Zhuyin): ㄗˋ ㄕㄡˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zi$^6$ sau$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chīr-siú / chū-siú
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ze$^6$ siu$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zìshǒu
*** Zhuyin: ㄗˋ ㄕㄡˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zìhshǒu
*** Wade–Giles: tzŭ$^4$-shou$^3$
*** Yale: dz̀-shǒu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzyhshoou
*** Palladius: цзышоу (czyšou)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sz̩⁵¹ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zi$^6$ sau$^2$
*** Yale: jih sáu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzi$^6$ sau$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ji$^6$ seo$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siː²² sɐu̯³⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chīr-siú
*** Tâi-lô: tsīr-siú
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sɯ⁴¹⁻²² siu⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chū-siú
*** Tâi-lô: tsū-siú
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zuxsiuo
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡su²²⁻²¹ siu⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡su³³⁻²¹ siu⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡su³³⁻¹¹ siu⁵³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ze$^6$ siu$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsṳ̆ siú
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɯ³⁵⁻¹¹ siu⁵²/
* Middle Chinese: dzijH syuwH
Rime :
| Character | 自 | 首 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 從 (15) | 書 (26) |
| Final (韻) | 脂 (15) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 疾二切 | 舒救切 |
| Baxter | dzijH | syuwH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ziɪ$^H$/ | /ɕɨu$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡zi$^H$/ | /ɕiu$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡zjɪ$^H$/ | /ɕiəu$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡zi$^H$/ | /ɕuw$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡zi$^H$/ | /ɕiu$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡zi$^H$/ | /ɕĭəu$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /d͡zʱi$^H$/ | /ɕi̯ə̯u$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zì | shòu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zi$^6$ | sau$^3$ |

### Verb

自首
* (law, intransitive) to turn oneself in; to give up; to surrender

#### Synonyms

* 出首 (chūshǒu)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 自 | 首 |
| じ Grade: 2 | しゅ Grade: 2 |
| goon ||

### Etymology

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 自首 (MC dzijH syuwH, literally “self + report to the authorities; plead guilty”). Borrowed into Old Japanese, where its first mention is in the Ritsuryō legal code of 718 CE.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) じしゅ [jìshú] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) じしゅ [jíꜜshù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [d͡ʑiɕɨ]

### Noun

自(じ)首(しゅ) • (jishu)
* (of a criminal) surrender, the action of turning oneself in
    Synonym: 自訴 (jiso)

### Verb

自(じ)首(しゅ)する • (jishu suru) suru (stem 自(じ)首(しゅ)し (jishu shi), past 自(じ)首(しゅ)した (jishu shita))
* (of a criminal) to turn oneself in, to give up
    Synonym: 自訴する (jiso suru)
    その泥棒(どろぼう)は夕方(ゆうがた)のニュースで放送(ほうそう)された防犯(ぼうはん)カメラの映像(えいぞう)を見(み)て自首(じしゅ)した。
       Sono dorobō wa yūgata no nyūsu de hōsō sareta bōhan kamera no eizō o mite jishu shita.
       The thief turned himself in after he saw a video of himself stealing on the evening news.

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 自首し | じしゅし | jishu shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 自首し | じしゅし | jishu shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 自首する | じしゅする | jishu suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 自首する | じしゅする | jishu suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 自首すれ | じしゅすれ | jishu sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 自首せよ¹ 自首しろ² | じしゅせよ¹ じしゅしろ² | jishu seyo¹ jishu shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 自首される | じしゅされる | jishu sareru |
| Causative | 自首させる 自首さす | じしゅさせる じしゅさす | jishu saseru jishu sasu |
| Potential | 自首できる | じしゅできる | jishu dekiru |
| Volitional | 自首しよう | じしゅしよう | jishu shiyō |
| Negative | 自首しない | じしゅしない | jishu shinai |
| Negative continuative | 自首せず | じしゅせず | jishu sezu |
| Formal | 自首します | じしゅします | jishu shimasu |
| Perfective | 自首した | じしゅした | jishu shita |
| Conjunctive | 自首して | じしゅして | jishu shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 自首すれば | じしゅすれば | jishu sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 1 2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 自 | 首 |

### Noun

自首 • (jasu) (hangeul 자수)
* hanja form of 자수 (“surrender”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 自 | 首 |

### Verb

自首
* chữ Hán form of tự thú (“to admit wrongdoing”).