# promunturium
## Latin
### Alternative forms

* prōmuntorium, prōmontorium, prōmonturium, promunctorium

### Etymology

Unclear. The first element can be identified as the prefix prō-. Although the end of the word resembles the suffix -tōrium, the spelling with -torium seems to postdate that with -turium, and the word scans in Ovid Metamorphoses 15.709 as prōmuntŭrĭumque (per Müller, who rejects the alternative of reading this line with synizesis as prōmuntūr.jumque).
The second element is typically considered to be mōns, montis (“mountain”). The /u/ could have developed by vowel reduction (which was a regular sound change in non-initial syllables); alternatively, the variation between /o/ and /u/ in this word could be akin to that seen in some other words before a nasal in a closed syllable (even a word-initial syllable) such as frōns/frūns. Lewis and Short (1879) and Gaffiot (1934) favor a derivation from prōmineō (“project, jut out”) (ultimately derived, like mōns, from Proto-Indo-European *men-); however, Ernout and Meillet (1985) consider this difficult. De Vaan, noting that -tōrium is typically affixed to verb bases, proposes an alternative etymology from prōmoneō (“warn”) via contraction of *prōmonetōriom, with the idea that a word meaning "warner" might be used to refer to a "'signpost' in the landscape".

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /proː.munˈtu.ri.um/, [proːmʊn̪ˈt̪ʊriʊ̃ˑ]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /pro.munˈtu.ri.um/, [promun̪ˈt̪uːrium]

### Noun

prōmunturium n (genitive prōmunturiī or prōmunturī); second declension
* peak, ridge, highest part of a mountain chain.
* cape, headland, promontory, ness
** 8 CE, Ovid, Metamorphoses 15.709:inde legit Capreas promunturiumque Minervae / et Surrentino generosos palmite collesTranslation by Frank Justus MillerThence he skirted Capreae, Minerva's promontory, and the hills of Surrentum rich in vines

#### Declension

Second-declension noun (neuter).
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | prōmunturium | prōmunturia |
| Genitive | prōmunturiī prōmunturī$^1$ | prōmunturiōrum |
| Dative | prōmunturiō | prōmunturiīs |
| Accusative | prōmunturium | prōmunturia |
| Ablative | prōmunturiō | prōmunturiīs |
| Vocative | prōmunturium | prōmunturia |
$^1$Found in older Latin (until the Augustan Age).

#### Descendants

* Catalan: promontori
* English: promontory
* French: promontoire
* Galician: promontorio
* Italian: promontorio
* Portuguese: promontório
* Spanish: promontorio

### References

* 1 2 3 Ernout, Alfred, Meillet, Antoine (1985) “prōmunturium”, in Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine: histoire des mots‎ (in French), 4th edition, with additions and corrections of Jacques André, Paris: Klincksieck, published 2001, page 538
* ↑ Müller, Lucian (1892) Platner, Samuel Ball, transl., Greek and Roman Versification: With an Introduction on the Development of Ancient Versification, Allyn and Bacon, page 93
* ↑ Müller, Lucian (1894) De re metrica poetarum latinorum [...], 2 edition, page 302
* 1 2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “mōns, -tis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 388
* ↑ Miller, Frank Justus (1958) Ovid Metamorphoses with an English translation by Frank Justus Miller, volume 2, page 414

### Further reading

* “promunturium”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “promunturium”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* promunturium in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. a promontory juts out into the sea: promunturium in mare procurrit to double a cape: promunturium superare to double an island, cape: superare insulam, promunturium