# stingrs
## Latvian
### Etymology

From the same stem as the verb stingt (“to harden, to stiffen”) (q.v.), with an extra (adjectivizing?) r. A parallel form without the r yielded stings (“stiff, numb”). Cognates include Lithuanian stiñgras (“firm, strict”), stingrùs, stìngrus (“rigid, stiff, numb; hard, solid; strained; heavy”).
The verb stiñgt (“to stiffen”) is cognate with Lithuanian stìngti (“id.”). According to Karulis, from Proto-Indo-European *ten- (“to stretch, pull, flex, clench”) (whence also Latvian tiepties), with an anlaut s- (compare stiept) and an extra -gʰ, thus Proto-Indo-European *stengʰ- : *stn̥gʰ- > Proto-Baltic *steng- : *sting-.
According to a different view (Endzelīns, Vasmer, Pokorny), stingt is to be linked with Old High German stanga (“stick, club”), Old High German stengil (“stalk”) from Proto-Indo-European *stegʰ- (“to stab”) or, according to Pokorny, with Sanskrit स्त्यायते (styāyate, “coagulates, becomes hard”), Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (stains), German Stein (“rock”) from Proto-Indo-European *steyh₂- (“to thicken”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [stīŋɡɾs], IPA: [stîŋɡɾs]
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

### Adjective

stingrs (definite stingrais, comparative stingrāks, superlative visstingrākais, adverb stingri)
* (of objects, materials, etc.) firm, strong, rigid (capable of resisting the actions of mechanical forces without harm or change)
    stingra sija ― strong, firm beam
    stingra construkcija ― strong, firm construction
    stingra atspere ― strong, firm spring
    stingrs rāmis ― strong, firm, rigid frame
    stingrs audums ― strong fabric
    stingrs savienojums ― firm, rigid compound
    stingra masa ― firm, rigid mass
    pamats te stingrs, tu ar savu buldozeru vari droši braukt virsū! ― the foundation is strong, firm here, you and your bulldozer can safely ride on top (of it)!
    “piesēdieties, lūdzu”, viņa pastūma Berga kundzei stingrāko krēslu ― “please sit down,” she pushed to(ward) Mrs Bergs the a firmer, stronger chair
    olu baltumus kopā ar cukuru saputo stingrās putās ― one whips the whites of the eggs together with the sugar into a firm foam
* (of living beings, their bodies) firm, strong, sturdy (having much strength; physically well developed, not weak, not brittle)
    stingrs zirgs ― strong horse
    stingri koki ― strong, firm trees
    tēvs bija vēl stingrs vecis, kādreiz strādājis kalēja darbus ― (his) father was still a strong old man, (who) had once worked as a blacksmith
    jēriņš, kaut arī lēnām, brieda arvien stingrāks un apaļāks ― the little lamb, albeit slowly, was growing increasingly stronger and rounder
    stingrais augums, kuru apņēma sarkani puķota katūna kleitiņa, gan rādīja jau sievieti, bet viņas seja... atgādināja biklu skolnieci ― her firm height (= body), hugged by a little flowery cotton dress, already showed a woman, but her face... recalled the timid schoolgirl
    viņa zina, ka pēc pāris nedēļām vīra rokas būs daudz stingrākas nekā šobrīd... viņai patīk stipras rokas ― she knows that after a couple of weeks (her) husband's hands will be much firmer, stronger than now... she likes strong hands
* firm, strong (done, happening with energy, strength; affecting (something else) strongly)
    rokas spiediens - stingrs, kā jau cilvēkiem, kas draugos ar tehniku ― (his) handshake (is) firm, like that of someone who is friends with the technique
    eju dēlam pa priekšu stingriem, noteiktiem soļiem ― I go ahead of (my) son (with) firm, determined steps
* firm, strong, rigorous (showing above average intensity)
    vējš ar katru stundu kļuva aizvien stingrāks ― with every hour, the wind became increasingly stronger
    togad bija tāda pati agra un stingra ziema kā šogad, tikai sals uzknieba vēl niknāk ― that year winter was just as rigorous as this year, only the frost was biting even more wildly (= strongly, painfully)
* (of ideas, norms, principles, actions, or the people who espouse them) firm, strong, rigorous, strict (based on certain, usually fixed, opinions, viewpoints; expressing such viewpoints)
    stingrs princips ― firm principle
    stingrs likums ― rigorous, strict law
    stingra nostāja ― firm, rigorous stance
    stingra pārliecība ― firm, strong conviction, belief
    stingra tīcība ― strong faith
    stingrs rīkojums ― strict instructions, orders
    stringra audzināšana ― strict upbringing
    stingrs rājens ― strong, firm reprimand
    stingrs skolotājs, audzinātājs ― strict teacher, educator
    stingrs tēvs ― strict father
    stingra seja ― strict, firm face
    slimnieks jāievēro stingrs režīms ― the patient must observe a strict regime
    viņi bija save ceļa gājēji ar stingriem uzksatiem par dzīvi un cilvēkiem ― they were going their own way, with firm, strict opinions about life and people
    veltīgi cerēt, māmiņa ir stingra ― it is futile to hope (for more freedom), mommy is strict
    meitene izskatījās neatkarīga un ar stingru raksturu ― the girl looked independent and strict of character
* (of social phenomena) strong, firm, stable (which does not change in time)
    stingra valsts vara ― strong state power
    stingrs miers ― firm, stable peace
* (colloquial, of alcoholic beverages) strong (with high alcohol content)
    Pētera šņabis bija tik stingrs un krietns, ka viņa slava bija izplatījusies pat vācu aprindās ― Pēteris' vodka was so strong and robust that his fame had spread even in German circles
* (colloquial, adverbial form) very; fully
    kažociņš bija stingri vien apvalkāts ― the fur coat was strictly (= very) worn, shabby
* (mathematics, with nevienādība (“inequality”)) strict; such that is not true if an equals sign is placed between a and b
    stingras nevienādības grafiks ir raustīta līnija ― the graph of a strict inequality is a dashed line

#### Synonyms

* (of "rigid", "stiff"): ciets, stings, stīvs
* (of "strong"): spēcīgs, stiprs

#### Derived terms

* stingrība
* stingrums
* nestingrs

#### Related terms

* stings
* stingt

### References

* ↑ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “stingrs”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca‎ (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN
* ↑ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “stingt”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca‎ (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN