# 統治
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tǒngzhì
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄥˇ ㄓˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tung$^2$ zi$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thúng-chhṳ
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): thóng-tī / thóng-tǐ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tǒngzhì
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄥˇ ㄓˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tǒngjhìh
*** Wade–Giles: tʻung$^3$-chih$^4$
*** Yale: tǔng-jr̀
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: toongjyh
*** Palladius: тунчжи (tunčži)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$統制／统制 統治／统治
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tung$^2$ zi$^6$
*** Yale: túng jih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tung$^2$ dzi$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tung$^2$ ji$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡siː²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thúng-chhṳ
*** Hakka Romanization System: tung$^ˋ$ cii
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tung$^3$ ci$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰuŋ³¹ t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thóng-tī
*** Tâi-lô: thóng-tī
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tofngdi
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ti³³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ti³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ti²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thóng-tǐ
*** Tâi-lô: thóng-tǐ
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ti²²/
* Middle Chinese: thowngH dri|drijH|driH
Rime :
| Character | 統 | 治 | 治 | 治 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 透 (6) | 澄 (11) | 澄 (11) | 澄 (11) |
| Final (韻) | 冬 (5) | 之 (19) | 脂 (17) | 之 (19) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III | III | III |
| Fanqie | 他綜切 | 直之切 | 直利切 | 直吏切 |
| Baxter | thowngH | dri | drijH | driH |
| Reconstructions |||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tʰuoŋ$^H$/ | /ɖɨ/ | /ɖˠiɪ$^H$/ | /ɖɨ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tʰuoŋ$^H$/ | /ɖɨ/ | /ɖᵚi$^H$/ | /ɖɨ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tʰoŋ$^H$/ | /ȡie/ | /ȡiɪ$^H$/ | /ȡie$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tʰawŋ$^H$/ | /ɖɨ/ | /ɖji$^H$/ | /ɖɨ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /tʰoŋ$^H$/ | /ȡiə/ | /ȡji$^H$/ | /ȡiə$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /tʰuoŋ$^H$/ | /ȡĭə/ | /ȡi$^H$/ | /ȡĭə$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /tʰuoŋ$^H$/ | /ȡʱi/ | /ȡʱi$^H$/ | /ȡʱi$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tòng | chí | zhì | zhì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | tung$^3$ | ci$^4$ | zi$^6$ | zi$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*tʰuːŋs l'ɯ|l'ɯs|l'is/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 治 | 治 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | chí | zhì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dri › | ‹ dri$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*C.lrə/ | /*lrə-s/ |
| English | regulate, arrange | regulate, arrange |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 統 | 治 | 治 | 治 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| No. | 1490 | 12288 | 12289 | 12302 |
| Phonetic component | 充 | 台 | 台 | 台 |
| Rime group | 終 | 之 | 之 | 脂 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 統 | 治 | 值 | 緻 |
| Old Chinese | /*tʰuːŋs/ | /*l'ɯ/ | /*l'ɯs/ | /*l'is/ |

### Verb

統治
* to govern; to rule; to preside over
    統治集團／统治集团 ― tǒngzhì jítuán ― ruling circle
    階級統治／阶级统治 ― jiējí tǒngzhì ― class rule
* to control; to dominate

#### Synonyms

* (to govern): 管理 (guǎnlǐ); (literary, or in compounds) 理 (lǐ); (Classical Chinese) 亂／乱 (luàn), 治理 (zhìlǐ); (Eastern Min) 理治 (lǐzhì)
* (to control):
* 主宰 (zhǔzǎi)
* 主張／主张 (zhǔzhāng) (archaic)
* 克制 (kèzhì)
* 克治 (kèzhì) (literary)
* 制禦／制御 (zhìyù) (literary)
* 制約／制约 (zhìyuē)
* 君 (jūn) (literary)
* 執掌／执掌 (zhízhǎng)
* 壓制／压制 (yāzhì)
* 壓抑／压抑 (yāyì)
* 局 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 局限 (júxiàn)
* 左右 (zuǒyòu)
* 把
* 抑制 (yìzhì)
* 把持 (bǎchí)
* 把控 (bǎkòng)
* 把攬／把揽 (bǎlǎn)
* 抵制 (dǐzhì)
* 拘束 (jūshù)
* 按 (àn)
* 按捺 (ànnà) (usually in the negative)
* 控 (literary, or in compounds)
* 控制 (kòngzhì)
* 掌控 (zhǎngkòng)
* 掌握 (zhǎngwò)
* 提控 (tíkòng) (literary)
* 撥弄／拨弄 (bōnòng)
* 撙節／撙节 (zǔnjié)
* 操控 (cāokòng)
* 操縱／操纵 (cāozòng)
* 擺佈／摆布 (bǎibù)
* 擺治／摆治 (bǎizhì) (regional)
* 支配 (zhīpèi)
* 收斂／收敛 (shōuliǎn)
* 束 (literary, or in compounds)
* 束縛／束缚 (shùfù)
* 柄 (literary, or in compounds)
* 框 (kuàng)
* 禁錮／禁锢 (jìngù) (figurative)
* 積壓／积压 (jīyā) (figurative)
* 節制／节制 (jiézhì)
* 節撙／节撙 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
* 管制 (guǎnzhì)
* 管束 (guǎnshù)
* 約束／约束 (yuēshù)
* 統御／统御 (tǒngyù) (literary)
* 羈束／羁束 (jīshù) (literary)
* 裁 (cái) (literary, or in compounds)
* 遏抑 (èyì) (literary)
* 鎮／镇 (zhèn)
* 限 (xiàn)
* 限乏 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 限制 (xiànzhì)
* 駕／驾 (jià)
* 駕馭／驾驭 (jiàyù) (figurative)

#### Derived terms

* 統治權／统治权 (tǒngzhìquán)
* 統治者／统治者 (tǒngzhìzhě)
* 統治階級／统治阶级 (tǒngzhì jiējí)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 統治(とうち) (tōchi)
* → Korean: 통치(統治) (tongchi)
* → Vietnamese: thống trị (統治)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 統 | 治 |
| とう Grade: 5 | ち Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) とーち [tóꜜòchì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [to̞ːt͡ɕi]

### Noun

統(とう)治(ち) • (tōchi)
* rule, governance

### Verb

統(とう)治(ち)する • (tōchi suru) transitive suru (stem 統(とう)治(ち)し (tōchi shi), past 統(とう)治(ち)した (tōchi shita))
* to rule, to govern

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 統治し | とうちし | tōchi shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 統治し | とうちし | tōchi shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 統治する | とうちする | tōchi suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 統治する | とうちする | tōchi suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 統治すれ | とうちすれ | tōchi sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 統治せよ¹ 統治しろ² | とうちせよ¹ とうちしろ² | tōchi seyo¹ tōchi shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 統治される | とうちされる | tōchi sareru |
| Causative | 統治させる 統治さす | とうちさせる とうちさす | tōchi saseru tōchi sasu |
| Potential | 統治できる | とうちできる | tōchi dekiru |
| Volitional | 統治しよう | とうちしよう | tōchi shiyō |
| Negative | 統治しない | とうちしない | tōchi shinai |
| Negative continuative | 統治せず | とうちせず | tōchi sezu |
| Formal | 統治します | とうちします | tōchi shimasu |
| Perfective | 統治した | とうちした | tōchi shita |
| Conjunctive | 統治して | とうちして | tōchi shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 統治すれば | とうちすれば | tōchi sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 統 | 治 |

### Noun

統治 • (tongchi) (hangeul 통치)
* hanja form of 통치 (“rule”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 統 | 治 |

### Verb

統治
* chữ Hán form of thống trị (“to rule; to govern; to dominate”).