# 仁愛
## Chinese

* 仁愛區 (Written Standard Chinese)
* Jîn-ài (Southern Min)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): rén'ài
    (Zhuyin): ㄖㄣˊ ㄞˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jan$^4$ oi$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yìn-oi
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): jîn-ài / lîn-ài
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: rén'ài
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄣˊ ㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: rén-ài
*** Wade–Giles: jên$^2$-ai$^4$
*** Yale: rén-ài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: renay
*** Palladius: жэньай (žɛnʹaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐən³⁵ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jan$^4$ oi$^3$
*** Yale: yàhn oi
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jan$^4$ oi$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yen$^4$ oi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐn²¹ ɔːi̯³³/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yìn-oi
*** Hakka Romanization System: in$^ˇ$ oi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yin$^2$ oi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /in¹¹ oi̯⁵⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yìn-oi
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)in$^ˇ$ oi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yin$^2$ oi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)in¹¹ oi̯⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jîn-ài
*** Tâi-lô: jîn-ài
*** Phofsit Daibuun: jin'aix
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zin¹³⁻²² ai²¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /zin²³⁻³³ ai²¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîn-ài
*** Tâi-lô: lîn-ài
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lin'aix
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lin²⁴⁻²² ai⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lin²⁴⁻²² ai²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /lin²⁴⁻¹¹ ai¹¹/
* Middle Chinese: nyin 'ojH
Rime :
| Character | 仁 | 愛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (43) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 如鄰切 | 烏代切 |
| Baxter | nyin | 'ojH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ȵiɪn/ | /ʔʌi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ȵin/ | /ʔəi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȵʑjen/ | /ʔɒi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ȵin/ | /ʔəj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȵiĕn/ | /ʔᴀi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȵʑĭĕn/ | /ɒi$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ȵʑi̯ĕn/ | /ʔɑ̆i$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | rén | ài |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jan$^4$ | oi$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*niŋ [q]ˤə[p]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*njin qɯːds/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 仁 | 愛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | rén | ài |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nyin › | ‹ ʔoj$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*niŋ/ | /*[q]ˁə[p]-s/ |
| English | kind | to love; to grudge (< ‘draw close to oneself’?) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 仁 | 愛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 10801 | 1 |
| Phonetic component | 人 | 愛 |
| Rime group | 眞 | 隊 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 仁 | 愛 |
| Old Chinese | /*njin/ | /*qɯːds/ |
| Notes | | 說文本從心旡聲 |

### Adjective

仁愛
* benevolent; kindhearted
    From: Huainanzi, 2nd century BCE
    Yáo lì xiàocí rén'ài, shǐmín rú zǐdì. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Synonyms

* 仁和 (rénhé) (literary)
* 仁慈 (réncí)
* 友善 (yǒushàn)
* 可親／可亲 (kěqīn)
* 和善 (héshàn)
* 和氣／和气
* 和藹／和蔼 (hé'ǎi)
* 善良 (shànliáng)
* 好心 (hǎoxīn)
* 惠 (huì) (literary, or in compounds)
* 惠愛／惠爱 (huì'ài) (literary)
* 慈愛／慈爱 (cí'ài)
* 慈祥 (cíxiáng)
* 祥和 (xiánghé)
* 腍善 (nam$^4$ sin$^6$) (Cantonese)
* 藹然／蔼然 (ǎirán) (literary)
* 隨和／随和

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 仁(じん)愛(あい) (jin'ai)
* → Korean: 인애(仁愛) (inae)
* → Vietnamese: nhân ái (仁愛)

### Proper noun

仁愛
* (～區) Ren-ai (a district of Keelung, Taiwan)
* (～鄉) Ren-ai, Ren'ai (a mountain indigenous township in Nantou County, Taiwan)
* (～里, formerly ～村) An urban village in Linkou district, New Taipei, Taiwan, formerly a rural village

### Further reading

* “Entry #752”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 仁 | 愛 |
| じん Grade: 6 | あい Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

From 仁 (jin, “benevolence”) + 愛 (ai, “love”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) じんあい [jìń'áí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [d͡ʑĩɰ̃a̠i]

### Adjective

仁(じん)愛(あい) • (jin'ai) -na (adnominal 仁(じん)愛(あい)な (jin'ai na), adverbial 仁(じん)愛(あい)に (jin'ai ni))
* benevolent; kindhearted

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 仁愛だろ | じんあいだろ | jin'ai daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 仁愛で | じんあいで | jin'ai de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 仁愛だ | じんあいだ | jin'ai da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 仁愛な | じんあいな | jin'ai na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 仁愛なら | じんあいなら | jin'ai nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 仁愛であれ | じんあいであれ | jin'ai de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 仁愛ではない 仁愛じゃない | じんあいではない じんあいじゃない | jin'ai de wa nai jin'ai ja nai |
| Informal past | 仁愛だった | じんあいだった | jin'ai datta |
| Informal negative past | 仁愛ではなかった 仁愛じゃなかった | じんあいではなかった じんあいじゃなかった | jin'ai de wa nakatta jin'ai ja nakatta |
| Formal | 仁愛です | じんあいです | jin'ai desu |
| Formal negative | 仁愛ではありません 仁愛じゃありません | じんあいではありません じんあいじゃありません | jin'ai de wa arimasen jin'ai ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 仁愛でした | じんあいでした | jin'ai deshita |
| Formal negative past | 仁愛ではありませんでした 仁愛じゃありませんでした | じんあいではありませんでした じんあいじゃありませんでした | jin'ai de wa arimasen deshita jin'ai ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 仁愛で | じんあいで | jin'ai de |
| Conditional | 仁愛なら（ば） | じんあいなら（ば） | jin'ai nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 仁愛だったら | じんあいだったら | jin'ai dattara |
| Volitional | 仁愛だろう | じんあいだろう | jin'ai darō |
| Adverbial | 仁愛に | じんあいに | jin'ai ni |
| Degree | 仁愛さ | じんあいさ | jin'aisa |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 仁愛なら | じんあいなら | zin'ainara |
| Continuative (連用形) | 仁愛に$^{[1]}$ 仁愛なり$^{[2]}$ | じんあいに じんあいなり | zin'aini zin'ainari |
| Terminal (終止形) | 仁愛なり | じんあいなり | zin'ainari |
| Attributive (連体形) | 仁愛なる | じんあいなる | zin'ainaru |
| Realis (已然形) | 仁愛なれ | じんあいなれ | zin'ainare |
| Imperative (命令形) | 仁愛なれ | じんあいなれ | zin'ainare |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 仁愛ならず | じんあいならず | zin'ainarazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 仁愛なれど | じんあいなれど | zin'ainaredo |
| Causal conjunction | 仁愛なれば | じんあいなれば | zin'ainareba |
| Conditional conjunction | 仁愛ならば | じんあいならば | zin'ainaraba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 仁愛なりき | じんあいなりき | zin'ainariki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 仁愛なりけり | じんあいなりけり | zin'ainarikeri |
| Adverbial | 仁愛に | じんあいに | zin'aini |
| $^{[1]}$Without auxiliary verb. $^{[2]}$With auxiliary verb. ||||

### Noun

仁(じん)愛(あい) • (jin'ai)
* benevolence; charity

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 仁 | 愛 |

### Noun

仁愛 • (inae) (hangeul 인애)
* hanja form of 인애 (“benevolence; kindheartedness”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 仁 | 愛 |

### Adjective

仁愛
* chữ Hán form of nhân ái (“humane; compassionate; benevolent”).