# nqamula
## Zulu
### Pronunciation

IPA: /ᵑǃamúːla/

### Verb

-nqamúla
* (transitive) to cut, to cut off, to cut through, to amputate
* (transitive) to stop, to bring to an end
* (transitive) to cut short (take a shortcut)

#### Inflection

Tone H :
| Infinitive | ukunqamula |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Infinitive | ukunqamula | ukunganqamuli |
| | Imperative | Imperative |
| | Simple | + object concord |
| Singular | nqamula | -nqamule |
| Plural | nqamulani | -nqamuleni |
| | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyanqamula, nginqamula | enginqamulayo, enginqamula | nginqamula | anginqamuli | enginganqamuli | nginganqamuli |
| 2nd singular | uyanqamula, unqamula | onqamulayo, onqamula | unqamula | awunqamuli | onganqamuli | unganqamuli |
| 1st plural | siyanqamula, sinqamula | esinqamulayo, esinqamula | sinqamula | asinqamuli | esinganqamuli | singanqamuli |
| 2nd plural | niyanqamula, ninqamula | eninqamulayo, eninqamula | ninqamula | aninqamuli | eninganqamuli | ninganqamuli |
| Class 1 | uyanqamula, unqamula | onqamulayo, onqamula | enqamula | akanqamuli | onganqamuli | enganqamuli |
| Class 2 | bayanqamula, banqamula | abanqamulayo, abanqamula | benqamula | abanqamuli | abanganqamuli | benganqamuli |
| Class 3 | uyanqamula, unqamula | onqamulayo, onqamula | unqamula | awunqamuli | onganqamuli | unganqamuli |
| Class 4 | iyanqamula, inqamula | enqamulayo, enqamula | inqamula | ayinqamuli | enganqamuli | inganqamuli |
| Class 5 | liyanqamula, linqamula | elinqamulayo, elinqamula | linqamula | alinqamuli | elinganqamuli | linganqamuli |
| Class 6 | ayanqamula, anqamula | anqamulayo, anqamula | enqamula | awanqamuli | anganqamuli | enganqamuli |
| Class 7 | siyanqamula, sinqamula | esinqamulayo, esinqamula | sinqamula | asinqamuli | esinganqamuli | singanqamuli |
| Class 8 | ziyanqamula, zinqamula | ezinqamulayo, ezinqamula | zinqamula | azinqamuli | ezinganqamuli | zinganqamuli |
| Class 9 | iyanqamula, inqamula | enqamulayo, enqamula | inqamula | ayinqamuli | enganqamuli | inganqamuli |
| Class 10 | ziyanqamula, zinqamula | ezinqamulayo, ezinqamula | zinqamula | azinqamuli | ezinganqamuli | zinganqamuli |
| Class 11 | luyanqamula, lunqamula | olunqamulayo, olunqamula | lunqamula | alunqamuli | olunganqamuli | lunganqamuli |
| Class 14 | buyanqamula, bunqamula | obunqamulayo, obunqamula | bunqamula | abunqamuli | obunganqamuli | bunganqamuli |
| Class 15 | kuyanqamula, kunqamula | okunqamulayo, okunqamula | kunqamula | akunqamuli | okunganqamuli | kunganqamuli |
| Class 17 | kuyanqamula, kunqamula | okunqamulayo, okunqamula | kunqamula | akunqamuli | okunganqamuli | kunganqamuli |
| | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | nginqamulile, nginqamulē | enginqamulile, enginqamulē | nginqamulile, nginqamulē | anginqamulanga | enginganqamulanga | nginganqamulanga |
| 2nd singular | unqamulile, unqamulē | onqamulile, onqamulē | unqamulile, unqamulē | awunqamulanga | onganqamulanga | unganqamulanga |
| 1st plural | sinqamulile, sinqamulē | esinqamulile, esinqamulē | sinqamulile, sinqamulē | asinqamulanga | esinganqamulanga | singanqamulanga |
| 2nd plural | ninqamulile, ninqamulē | eninqamulile, eninqamulē | ninqamulile, ninqamulē | aninqamulanga | eninganqamulanga | ninganqamulanga |
| Class 1 | unqamulile, unqamulē | onqamulile, onqamulē | enqamulile, enqamulē | akanqamulanga | onganqamulanga | enganqamulanga |
| Class 2 | banqamulile, banqamulē | abanqamulile, abanqamulē | benqamulile, benqamulē | abanqamulanga | abanganqamulanga | benganqamulanga |
| Class 3 | unqamulile, unqamulē | onqamulile, onqamulē | unqamulile, unqamulē | awunqamulanga | onganqamulanga | unganqamulanga |
| Class 4 | inqamulile, inqamulē | enqamulile, enqamulē | inqamulile, inqamulē | ayinqamulanga | enganqamulanga | inganqamulanga |
| Class 5 | linqamulile, linqamulē | elinqamulile, elinqamulē | linqamulile, linqamulē | alinqamulanga | elinganqamulanga | linganqamulanga |
| Class 6 | anqamulile, anqamulē | anqamulile, anqamulē | enqamulile, enqamulē | awanqamulanga | anganqamulanga | enganqamulanga |
| Class 7 | sinqamulile, sinqamulē | esinqamulile, esinqamulē | sinqamulile, sinqamulē | asinqamulanga | esinganqamulanga | singanqamulanga |
| Class 8 | zinqamulile, zinqamulē | ezinqamulile, ezinqamulē | zinqamulile, zinqamulē | azinqamulanga | ezinganqamulanga | zinganqamulanga |
| Class 9 | inqamulile, inqamulē | enqamulile, enqamulē | inqamulile, inqamulē | ayinqamulanga | enganqamulanga | inganqamulanga |
| Class 10 | zinqamulile, zinqamulē | ezinqamulile, ezinqamulē | zinqamulile, zinqamulē | azinqamulanga | ezinganqamulanga | zinganqamulanga |
| Class 11 | lunqamulile, lunqamulē | olunqamulile, olunqamulē | lunqamulile, lunqamulē | alunqamulanga | olunganqamulanga | lunganqamulanga |
| Class 14 | bunqamulile, bunqamulē | obunqamulile, obunqamulē | bunqamulile, bunqamulē | abunqamulanga | obunganqamulanga | bunganqamulanga |
| Class 15 | kunqamulile, kunqamulē | okunqamulile, okunqamulē | kunqamulile, kunqamulē | akunqamulanga | okunganqamulanga | kunganqamulanga |
| Class 17 | kunqamulile, kunqamulē | okunqamulile, okunqamulē | kunqamulile, kunqamulē | akunqamulanga | okunganqamulanga | kunganqamulanga |
| | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngānqamula | engānqamula | ngānqamula | anginqamulanga | enginganqamulanga | nginganqamulanga |
| 2nd singular | wānqamula | owānqamula | wānqamula | awunqamulanga | onganqamulanga | unganqamulanga |
| 1st plural | sānqamula | esānqamula | sānqamula | asinqamulanga | esinganqamulanga | singanqamulanga |
| 2nd plural | nānqamula | enānqamula | nānqamula | aninqamulanga | eninganqamulanga | ninganqamulanga |
| Class 1 | wānqamula | owānqamula | ānqamula | akanqamulanga | onganqamulanga | enganqamulanga |
| Class 2 | bānqamula | abānqamula | bānqamula | abanqamulanga | abanganqamulanga | benganqamulanga |
| Class 3 | wānqamula | owānqamula | wānqamula | awunqamulanga | onganqamulanga | unganqamulanga |
| Class 4 | yānqamula | eyānqamula | yānqamula | ayinqamulanga | enganqamulanga | inganqamulanga |
| Class 5 | lānqamula | elānqamula | lānqamula | alinqamulanga | elinganqamulanga | linganqamulanga |
| Class 6 | ānqamula | ānqamula | ānqamula | awanqamulanga | anganqamulanga | enganqamulanga |
| Class 7 | sānqamula | esānqamula | sānqamula | asinqamulanga | esinganqamulanga | singanqamulanga |
| Class 8 | zānqamula | ezānqamula | zānqamula | azinqamulanga | ezinganqamulanga | zinganqamulanga |
| Class 9 | yānqamula | eyānqamula | yānqamula | ayinqamulanga | enganqamulanga | inganqamulanga |
| Class 10 | zānqamula | ezānqamula | zānqamula | azinqamulanga | ezinganqamulanga | zinganqamulanga |
| Class 11 | lwānqamula | olwānqamula | lwānqamula | alunqamulanga | olunganqamulanga | lunganqamulanga |
| Class 14 | bānqamula | obānqamula | bānqamula | abunqamulanga | obunganqamulanga | bunganqamulanga |
| Class 15 | kwānqamula | okwānqamula | kwānqamula | akunqamulanga | okunganqamulanga | kunganqamulanga |
| Class 17 | kwānqamula | okwānqamula | kwānqamula | akunqamulanga | okunganqamulanga | kunganqamulanga |
| | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | nginganqamula | — | nginganqamula | ngingenqamule | — | ngingenqamule |
| 2nd singular | unganqamula | — | unganqamula | ungenqamule | — | ungenqamule |
| 1st plural | singanqamula | — | singanqamula | singenqamule | — | singenqamule |
| 2nd plural | ninganqamula | — | ninganqamula | ningenqamule | — | ningenqamule |
| Class 1 | anganqamula | — | enganqamula | angenqamule | — | engenqamule |
| Class 2 | banganqamula | — | benganqamula | bangenqamule | — | bengenqamule |
| Class 3 | unganqamula | — | unganqamula | ungenqamule | — | ungenqamule |
| Class 4 | inganqamula | — | inganqamula | ingenqamule | — | ingenqamule |
| Class 5 | linganqamula | — | linganqamula | lingenqamule | — | lingenqamule |
| Class 6 | anganqamula | — | enganqamula | angenqamule | — | engenqamule |
| Class 7 | singanqamula | — | singanqamula | singenqamule | — | singenqamule |
| Class 8 | zinganqamula | — | zinganqamula | zingenqamule | — | zingenqamule |
| Class 9 | inganqamula | — | inganqamula | ingenqamule | — | ingenqamule |
| Class 10 | zinganqamula | — | zinganqamula | zingenqamule | — | zingenqamule |
| Class 11 | lunganqamula | — | lunganqamula | lungenqamule | — | lungenqamule |
| Class 14 | bunganqamula | — | bunganqamula | bungenqamule | — | bungenqamule |
| Class 15 | kunganqamula | — | kunganqamula | kungenqamule | — | kungenqamule |
| Class 17 | kunganqamula | — | kunganqamula | kungenqamule | — | kungenqamule |
| | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngizonqamula | engizonqamula | ngizonqamula | angizunqamula | engingezunqamula | ngingezunqamula |
| 2nd singular | uzonqamula | ozonqamula | uzonqamula | awuzunqamula | ongezunqamula | ungezunqamula |
| 1st plural | sizonqamula | esizonqamula | sizonqamula | asizunqamula | esingezunqamula | singezunqamula |
| 2nd plural | nizonqamula | enizonqamula | nizonqamula | anizunqamula | eningezunqamula | ningezunqamula |
| Class 1 | uzonqamula | ozonqamula | ezonqamula | akazunqamula | ongezunqamula | engezunqamula |
| Class 2 | bazonqamula | abazonqamula | bezonqamula | abazunqamula | abangezunqamula | bengezunqamula |
| Class 3 | uzonqamula | ozonqamula | uzonqamula | awuzunqamula | ongezunqamula | ungezunqamula |
| Class 4 | izonqamula | ezonqamula | izonqamula | ayizunqamula | engezunqamula | ingezunqamula |
| Class 5 | lizonqamula | elizonqamula | lizonqamula | alizunqamula | elingezunqamula | lingezunqamula |
| Class 6 | azonqamula | azonqamula | ezonqamula | awazunqamula | angezunqamula | engezunqamula |
| Class 7 | sizonqamula | esizonqamula | sizonqamula | asizunqamula | esingezunqamula | singezunqamula |
| Class 8 | zizonqamula | ezizonqamula | zizonqamula | azizunqamula | ezingezunqamula | zingezunqamula |
| Class 9 | izonqamula | ezonqamula | izonqamula | ayizunqamula | engezunqamula | ingezunqamula |
| Class 10 | zizonqamula | ezizonqamula | zizonqamula | azizunqamula | ezingezunqamula | zingezunqamula |
| Class 11 | luzonqamula | oluzonqamula | luzonqamula | aluzunqamula | olungezunqamula | lungezunqamula |
| Class 14 | buzonqamula | obuzonqamula | buzonqamula | abuzunqamula | obungezunqamula | bungezunqamula |
| Class 15 | kuzonqamula | okuzonqamula | kuzonqamula | akuzunqamula | okungezunqamula | kungezunqamula |
| Class 17 | kuzonqamula | okuzonqamula | kuzonqamula | akuzunqamula | okungezunqamula | kungezunqamula |
| | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyonqamula | engiyonqamula | ngiyonqamula | angiyunqamula | engingeyunqamula | ngingeyunqamula |
| 2nd singular | uyonqamula | oyonqamula | uyonqamula | awuyunqamula | ongeyunqamula | ungeyunqamula |
| 1st plural | siyonqamula | esiyonqamula | siyonqamula | asiyunqamula | esingeyunqamula | singeyunqamula |
| 2nd plural | niyonqamula | eniyonqamula | niyonqamula | aniyunqamula | eningeyunqamula | ningeyunqamula |
| Class 1 | uyonqamula | oyonqamula | eyonqamula | akayunqamula | ongeyunqamula | engeyunqamula |
| Class 2 | bayonqamula | abayonqamula | beyonqamula | abayunqamula | abangeyunqamula | bengeyunqamula |
| Class 3 | uyonqamula | oyonqamula | uyonqamula | awuyunqamula | ongeyunqamula | ungeyunqamula |
| Class 4 | iyonqamula | eyonqamula | iyonqamula | ayiyunqamula | engeyunqamula | ingeyunqamula |
| Class 5 | liyonqamula | eliyonqamula | liyonqamula | aliyunqamula | elingeyunqamula | lingeyunqamula |
| Class 6 | ayonqamula | ayonqamula | eyonqamula | awayunqamula | angeyunqamula | engeyunqamula |
| Class 7 | siyonqamula | esiyonqamula | siyonqamula | asiyunqamula | esingeyunqamula | singeyunqamula |
| Class 8 | ziyonqamula | eziyonqamula | ziyonqamula | aziyunqamula | ezingeyunqamula | zingeyunqamula |
| Class 9 | iyonqamula | eyonqamula | iyonqamula | ayiyunqamula | engeyunqamula | ingeyunqamula |
| Class 10 | ziyonqamula | eziyonqamula | ziyonqamula | aziyunqamula | ezingeyunqamula | zingeyunqamula |
| Class 11 | luyonqamula | oluyonqamula | luyonqamula | aluyunqamula | olungeyunqamula | lungeyunqamula |
| Class 14 | buyonqamula | obuyonqamula | buyonqamula | abuyunqamula | obungeyunqamula | bungeyunqamula |
| Class 15 | kuyonqamula | okuyonqamula | kuyonqamula | akuyunqamula | okungeyunqamula | kungeyunqamula |
| Class 17 | kuyonqamula | okuyonqamula | kuyonqamula | akuyunqamula | okungeyunqamula | kungeyunqamula |
| | Present subjunctive | Present subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | nginqamule | nginganqamuli |
| 2nd singular | unqamule | unganqamuli |
| 1st plural | sinqamule | singanqamuli |
| 2nd plural | ninqamule | ninganqamuli |
| Class 1 | anqamule | anganqamuli |
| Class 2 | banqamule | banganqamuli |
| Class 3 | unqamule | unganqamuli |
| Class 4 | inqamule | inganqamuli |
| Class 5 | linqamule | linganqamuli |
| Class 6 | anqamule | anganqamuli |
| Class 7 | sinqamule | singanqamuli |
| Class 8 | zinqamule | zinganqamuli |
| Class 9 | inqamule | inganqamuli |
| Class 10 | zinqamule | zinganqamuli |
| Class 11 | lunqamule | lunganqamuli |
| Class 14 | bunqamule | bunganqamuli |
| Class 15 | kunqamule | kunganqamuli |
| Class 17 | kunqamule | kunganqamuli |
| | Past subjunctive | Past subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | nganqamula | nganganqamula, anganqamula, anganganqamula |
| 2nd singular | wanqamula | wanganqamula, awanqamula, awanganqamula |
| 1st plural | sanqamula | sanganqamula, asanqamula, asanganqamula |
| 2nd plural | nanqamula | nanganqamula, ananqamula, ananganqamula |
| Class 1 | wanqamula | wanganqamula, akanqamula, akanganqamula |
| Class 2 | banqamula | banganqamula, abanqamula, abanganqamula |
| Class 3 | wanqamula | wanganqamula, awanqamula, awanganqamula |
| Class 4 | yanqamula | yanganqamula, ayanqamula, ayanganqamula |
| Class 5 | lanqamula | langanqamula, alanqamula, alanganqamula |
| Class 6 | anqamula | anganqamula, awanqamula, awanganqamula |
| Class 7 | sanqamula | sanganqamula, asanqamula, asanganqamula |
| Class 8 | zanqamula | zanganqamula, azanqamula, azanganqamula |
| Class 9 | yanqamula | yanganqamula, ayanqamula, ayanganqamula |
| Class 10 | zanqamula | zanganqamula, azanqamula, azanganqamula |
| Class 11 | lwanqamula | lwanganqamula, alwanqamula, alwanganqamula |
| Class 14 | banqamula | banganqamula, abanqamula, abanganqamula |
| Class 15 | kwanqamula | kwanganqamula, akwanqamula, akwanganqamula |
| Class 17 | kwanqamula | kwanganqamula, akwanqamula, akwanganqamula |

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “nqamula”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “nqamula (3.2.9)”