# khuphuka
## Zulu
### Etymology

From the ideophone khuphu.

### Verb

-khuphuka
* (intransitive) to ascend, to climb
* (intransitive) to increase, to go up
* (intransitive) to be promoted

#### Inflection

Tone L :
| Infinitive | ukukhuphuka |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Infinitive | ukukhuphuka | ukungakhuphuki |
| | Imperative | Imperative |
| | Simple | + object concord |
| Singular | khuphuka | -khuphuke |
| Plural | khuphukani | -khuphukeni |
| | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyakhuphuka, ngikhuphuka | engikhuphukayo, engikhuphuka | ngikhuphuka | angikhuphuki | engingakhuphuki | ngingakhuphuki |
| 2nd singular | uyakhuphuka, ukhuphuka | okhuphukayo, okhuphuka | ukhuphuka | awukhuphuki | ongakhuphuki | ungakhuphuki |
| 1st plural | siyakhuphuka, sikhuphuka | esikhuphukayo, esikhuphuka | sikhuphuka | asikhuphuki | esingakhuphuki | singakhuphuki |
| 2nd plural | niyakhuphuka, nikhuphuka | enikhuphukayo, enikhuphuka | nikhuphuka | anikhuphuki | eningakhuphuki | ningakhuphuki |
| Class 1 | uyakhuphuka, ukhuphuka | okhuphukayo, okhuphuka | ekhuphuka | akakhuphuki | ongakhuphuki | engakhuphuki |
| Class 2 | bayakhuphuka, bakhuphuka | abakhuphukayo, abakhuphuka | bekhuphuka | abakhuphuki | abangakhuphuki | bengakhuphuki |
| Class 3 | uyakhuphuka, ukhuphuka | okhuphukayo, okhuphuka | ukhuphuka | awukhuphuki | ongakhuphuki | ungakhuphuki |
| Class 4 | iyakhuphuka, ikhuphuka | ekhuphukayo, ekhuphuka | ikhuphuka | ayikhuphuki | engakhuphuki | ingakhuphuki |
| Class 5 | liyakhuphuka, likhuphuka | elikhuphukayo, elikhuphuka | likhuphuka | alikhuphuki | elingakhuphuki | lingakhuphuki |
| Class 6 | ayakhuphuka, akhuphuka | akhuphukayo, akhuphuka | ekhuphuka | awakhuphuki | angakhuphuki | engakhuphuki |
| Class 7 | siyakhuphuka, sikhuphuka | esikhuphukayo, esikhuphuka | sikhuphuka | asikhuphuki | esingakhuphuki | singakhuphuki |
| Class 8 | ziyakhuphuka, zikhuphuka | ezikhuphukayo, ezikhuphuka | zikhuphuka | azikhuphuki | ezingakhuphuki | zingakhuphuki |
| Class 9 | iyakhuphuka, ikhuphuka | ekhuphukayo, ekhuphuka | ikhuphuka | ayikhuphuki | engakhuphuki | ingakhuphuki |
| Class 10 | ziyakhuphuka, zikhuphuka | ezikhuphukayo, ezikhuphuka | zikhuphuka | azikhuphuki | ezingakhuphuki | zingakhuphuki |
| Class 11 | luyakhuphuka, lukhuphuka | olukhuphukayo, olukhuphuka | lukhuphuka | alukhuphuki | olungakhuphuki | lungakhuphuki |
| Class 14 | buyakhuphuka, bukhuphuka | obukhuphukayo, obukhuphuka | bukhuphuka | abukhuphuki | obungakhuphuki | bungakhuphuki |
| Class 15 | kuyakhuphuka, kukhuphuka | okukhuphukayo, okukhuphuka | kukhuphuka | akukhuphuki | okungakhuphuki | kungakhuphuki |
| Class 17 | kuyakhuphuka, kukhuphuka | okukhuphukayo, okukhuphuka | kukhuphuka | akukhuphuki | okungakhuphuki | kungakhuphuki |
| | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngikhuphukile, ngikhuphukē | engikhuphukile, engikhuphukē | ngikhuphukile, ngikhuphukē | angikhuphukanga | engingakhuphukanga | ngingakhuphukanga |
| 2nd singular | ukhuphukile, ukhuphukē | okhuphukile, okhuphukē | ukhuphukile, ukhuphukē | awukhuphukanga | ongakhuphukanga | ungakhuphukanga |
| 1st plural | sikhuphukile, sikhuphukē | esikhuphukile, esikhuphukē | sikhuphukile, sikhuphukē | asikhuphukanga | esingakhuphukanga | singakhuphukanga |
| 2nd plural | nikhuphukile, nikhuphukē | enikhuphukile, enikhuphukē | nikhuphukile, nikhuphukē | anikhuphukanga | eningakhuphukanga | ningakhuphukanga |
| Class 1 | ukhuphukile, ukhuphukē | okhuphukile, okhuphukē | ekhuphukile, ekhuphukē | akakhuphukanga | ongakhuphukanga | engakhuphukanga |
| Class 2 | bakhuphukile, bakhuphukē | abakhuphukile, abakhuphukē | bekhuphukile, bekhuphukē | abakhuphukanga | abangakhuphukanga | bengakhuphukanga |
| Class 3 | ukhuphukile, ukhuphukē | okhuphukile, okhuphukē | ukhuphukile, ukhuphukē | awukhuphukanga | ongakhuphukanga | ungakhuphukanga |
| Class 4 | ikhuphukile, ikhuphukē | ekhuphukile, ekhuphukē | ikhuphukile, ikhuphukē | ayikhuphukanga | engakhuphukanga | ingakhuphukanga |
| Class 5 | likhuphukile, likhuphukē | elikhuphukile, elikhuphukē | likhuphukile, likhuphukē | alikhuphukanga | elingakhuphukanga | lingakhuphukanga |
| Class 6 | akhuphukile, akhuphukē | akhuphukile, akhuphukē | ekhuphukile, ekhuphukē | awakhuphukanga | angakhuphukanga | engakhuphukanga |
| Class 7 | sikhuphukile, sikhuphukē | esikhuphukile, esikhuphukē | sikhuphukile, sikhuphukē | asikhuphukanga | esingakhuphukanga | singakhuphukanga |
| Class 8 | zikhuphukile, zikhuphukē | ezikhuphukile, ezikhuphukē | zikhuphukile, zikhuphukē | azikhuphukanga | ezingakhuphukanga | zingakhuphukanga |
| Class 9 | ikhuphukile, ikhuphukē | ekhuphukile, ekhuphukē | ikhuphukile, ikhuphukē | ayikhuphukanga | engakhuphukanga | ingakhuphukanga |
| Class 10 | zikhuphukile, zikhuphukē | ezikhuphukile, ezikhuphukē | zikhuphukile, zikhuphukē | azikhuphukanga | ezingakhuphukanga | zingakhuphukanga |
| Class 11 | lukhuphukile, lukhuphukē | olukhuphukile, olukhuphukē | lukhuphukile, lukhuphukē | alukhuphukanga | olungakhuphukanga | lungakhuphukanga |
| Class 14 | bukhuphukile, bukhuphukē | obukhuphukile, obukhuphukē | bukhuphukile, bukhuphukē | abukhuphukanga | obungakhuphukanga | bungakhuphukanga |
| Class 15 | kukhuphukile, kukhuphukē | okukhuphukile, okukhuphukē | kukhuphukile, kukhuphukē | akukhuphukanga | okungakhuphukanga | kungakhuphukanga |
| Class 17 | kukhuphukile, kukhuphukē | okukhuphukile, okukhuphukē | kukhuphukile, kukhuphukē | akukhuphukanga | okungakhuphukanga | kungakhuphukanga |
| | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngākhuphuka | engākhuphuka | ngākhuphuka | angikhuphukanga | engingakhuphukanga | ngingakhuphukanga |
| 2nd singular | wākhuphuka | owākhuphuka | wākhuphuka | awukhuphukanga | ongakhuphukanga | ungakhuphukanga |
| 1st plural | sākhuphuka | esākhuphuka | sākhuphuka | asikhuphukanga | esingakhuphukanga | singakhuphukanga |
| 2nd plural | nākhuphuka | enākhuphuka | nākhuphuka | anikhuphukanga | eningakhuphukanga | ningakhuphukanga |
| Class 1 | wākhuphuka | owākhuphuka | ākhuphuka | akakhuphukanga | ongakhuphukanga | engakhuphukanga |
| Class 2 | bākhuphuka | abākhuphuka | bākhuphuka | abakhuphukanga | abangakhuphukanga | bengakhuphukanga |
| Class 3 | wākhuphuka | owākhuphuka | wākhuphuka | awukhuphukanga | ongakhuphukanga | ungakhuphukanga |
| Class 4 | yākhuphuka | eyākhuphuka | yākhuphuka | ayikhuphukanga | engakhuphukanga | ingakhuphukanga |
| Class 5 | lākhuphuka | elākhuphuka | lākhuphuka | alikhuphukanga | elingakhuphukanga | lingakhuphukanga |
| Class 6 | ākhuphuka | ākhuphuka | ākhuphuka | awakhuphukanga | angakhuphukanga | engakhuphukanga |
| Class 7 | sākhuphuka | esākhuphuka | sākhuphuka | asikhuphukanga | esingakhuphukanga | singakhuphukanga |
| Class 8 | zākhuphuka | ezākhuphuka | zākhuphuka | azikhuphukanga | ezingakhuphukanga | zingakhuphukanga |
| Class 9 | yākhuphuka | eyākhuphuka | yākhuphuka | ayikhuphukanga | engakhuphukanga | ingakhuphukanga |
| Class 10 | zākhuphuka | ezākhuphuka | zākhuphuka | azikhuphukanga | ezingakhuphukanga | zingakhuphukanga |
| Class 11 | lwākhuphuka | olwākhuphuka | lwākhuphuka | alukhuphukanga | olungakhuphukanga | lungakhuphukanga |
| Class 14 | bākhuphuka | obākhuphuka | bākhuphuka | abukhuphukanga | obungakhuphukanga | bungakhuphukanga |
| Class 15 | kwākhuphuka | okwākhuphuka | kwākhuphuka | akukhuphukanga | okungakhuphukanga | kungakhuphukanga |
| Class 17 | kwākhuphuka | okwākhuphuka | kwākhuphuka | akukhuphukanga | okungakhuphukanga | kungakhuphukanga |
| | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngingakhuphuka | — | ngingakhuphuka | ngingekhuphuke | — | ngingekhuphuke |
| 2nd singular | ungakhuphuka | — | ungakhuphuka | ungekhuphuke | — | ungekhuphuke |
| 1st plural | singakhuphuka | — | singakhuphuka | singekhuphuke | — | singekhuphuke |
| 2nd plural | ningakhuphuka | — | ningakhuphuka | ningekhuphuke | — | ningekhuphuke |
| Class 1 | angakhuphuka | — | engakhuphuka | angekhuphuke | — | engekhuphuke |
| Class 2 | bangakhuphuka | — | bengakhuphuka | bangekhuphuke | — | bengekhuphuke |
| Class 3 | ungakhuphuka | — | ungakhuphuka | ungekhuphuke | — | ungekhuphuke |
| Class 4 | ingakhuphuka | — | ingakhuphuka | ingekhuphuke | — | ingekhuphuke |
| Class 5 | lingakhuphuka | — | lingakhuphuka | lingekhuphuke | — | lingekhuphuke |
| Class 6 | angakhuphuka | — | engakhuphuka | angekhuphuke | — | engekhuphuke |
| Class 7 | singakhuphuka | — | singakhuphuka | singekhuphuke | — | singekhuphuke |
| Class 8 | zingakhuphuka | — | zingakhuphuka | zingekhuphuke | — | zingekhuphuke |
| Class 9 | ingakhuphuka | — | ingakhuphuka | ingekhuphuke | — | ingekhuphuke |
| Class 10 | zingakhuphuka | — | zingakhuphuka | zingekhuphuke | — | zingekhuphuke |
| Class 11 | lungakhuphuka | — | lungakhuphuka | lungekhuphuke | — | lungekhuphuke |
| Class 14 | bungakhuphuka | — | bungakhuphuka | bungekhuphuke | — | bungekhuphuke |
| Class 15 | kungakhuphuka | — | kungakhuphuka | kungekhuphuke | — | kungekhuphuke |
| Class 17 | kungakhuphuka | — | kungakhuphuka | kungekhuphuke | — | kungekhuphuke |
| | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngizokhuphuka | engizokhuphuka | ngizokhuphuka | angizukhuphuka | engingezukhuphuka | ngingezukhuphuka |
| 2nd singular | uzokhuphuka | ozokhuphuka | uzokhuphuka | awuzukhuphuka | ongezukhuphuka | ungezukhuphuka |
| 1st plural | sizokhuphuka | esizokhuphuka | sizokhuphuka | asizukhuphuka | esingezukhuphuka | singezukhuphuka |
| 2nd plural | nizokhuphuka | enizokhuphuka | nizokhuphuka | anizukhuphuka | eningezukhuphuka | ningezukhuphuka |
| Class 1 | uzokhuphuka | ozokhuphuka | ezokhuphuka | akazukhuphuka | ongezukhuphuka | engezukhuphuka |
| Class 2 | bazokhuphuka | abazokhuphuka | bezokhuphuka | abazukhuphuka | abangezukhuphuka | bengezukhuphuka |
| Class 3 | uzokhuphuka | ozokhuphuka | uzokhuphuka | awuzukhuphuka | ongezukhuphuka | ungezukhuphuka |
| Class 4 | izokhuphuka | ezokhuphuka | izokhuphuka | ayizukhuphuka | engezukhuphuka | ingezukhuphuka |
| Class 5 | lizokhuphuka | elizokhuphuka | lizokhuphuka | alizukhuphuka | elingezukhuphuka | lingezukhuphuka |
| Class 6 | azokhuphuka | azokhuphuka | ezokhuphuka | awazukhuphuka | angezukhuphuka | engezukhuphuka |
| Class 7 | sizokhuphuka | esizokhuphuka | sizokhuphuka | asizukhuphuka | esingezukhuphuka | singezukhuphuka |
| Class 8 | zizokhuphuka | ezizokhuphuka | zizokhuphuka | azizukhuphuka | ezingezukhuphuka | zingezukhuphuka |
| Class 9 | izokhuphuka | ezokhuphuka | izokhuphuka | ayizukhuphuka | engezukhuphuka | ingezukhuphuka |
| Class 10 | zizokhuphuka | ezizokhuphuka | zizokhuphuka | azizukhuphuka | ezingezukhuphuka | zingezukhuphuka |
| Class 11 | luzokhuphuka | oluzokhuphuka | luzokhuphuka | aluzukhuphuka | olungezukhuphuka | lungezukhuphuka |
| Class 14 | buzokhuphuka | obuzokhuphuka | buzokhuphuka | abuzukhuphuka | obungezukhuphuka | bungezukhuphuka |
| Class 15 | kuzokhuphuka | okuzokhuphuka | kuzokhuphuka | akuzukhuphuka | okungezukhuphuka | kungezukhuphuka |
| Class 17 | kuzokhuphuka | okuzokhuphuka | kuzokhuphuka | akuzukhuphuka | okungezukhuphuka | kungezukhuphuka |
| | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyokhuphuka | engiyokhuphuka | ngiyokhuphuka | angiyukhuphuka | engingeyukhuphuka | ngingeyukhuphuka |
| 2nd singular | uyokhuphuka | oyokhuphuka | uyokhuphuka | awuyukhuphuka | ongeyukhuphuka | ungeyukhuphuka |
| 1st plural | siyokhuphuka | esiyokhuphuka | siyokhuphuka | asiyukhuphuka | esingeyukhuphuka | singeyukhuphuka |
| 2nd plural | niyokhuphuka | eniyokhuphuka | niyokhuphuka | aniyukhuphuka | eningeyukhuphuka | ningeyukhuphuka |
| Class 1 | uyokhuphuka | oyokhuphuka | eyokhuphuka | akayukhuphuka | ongeyukhuphuka | engeyukhuphuka |
| Class 2 | bayokhuphuka | abayokhuphuka | beyokhuphuka | abayukhuphuka | abangeyukhuphuka | bengeyukhuphuka |
| Class 3 | uyokhuphuka | oyokhuphuka | uyokhuphuka | awuyukhuphuka | ongeyukhuphuka | ungeyukhuphuka |
| Class 4 | iyokhuphuka | eyokhuphuka | iyokhuphuka | ayiyukhuphuka | engeyukhuphuka | ingeyukhuphuka |
| Class 5 | liyokhuphuka | eliyokhuphuka | liyokhuphuka | aliyukhuphuka | elingeyukhuphuka | lingeyukhuphuka |
| Class 6 | ayokhuphuka | ayokhuphuka | eyokhuphuka | awayukhuphuka | angeyukhuphuka | engeyukhuphuka |
| Class 7 | siyokhuphuka | esiyokhuphuka | siyokhuphuka | asiyukhuphuka | esingeyukhuphuka | singeyukhuphuka |
| Class 8 | ziyokhuphuka | eziyokhuphuka | ziyokhuphuka | aziyukhuphuka | ezingeyukhuphuka | zingeyukhuphuka |
| Class 9 | iyokhuphuka | eyokhuphuka | iyokhuphuka | ayiyukhuphuka | engeyukhuphuka | ingeyukhuphuka |
| Class 10 | ziyokhuphuka | eziyokhuphuka | ziyokhuphuka | aziyukhuphuka | ezingeyukhuphuka | zingeyukhuphuka |
| Class 11 | luyokhuphuka | oluyokhuphuka | luyokhuphuka | aluyukhuphuka | olungeyukhuphuka | lungeyukhuphuka |
| Class 14 | buyokhuphuka | obuyokhuphuka | buyokhuphuka | abuyukhuphuka | obungeyukhuphuka | bungeyukhuphuka |
| Class 15 | kuyokhuphuka | okuyokhuphuka | kuyokhuphuka | akuyukhuphuka | okungeyukhuphuka | kungeyukhuphuka |
| Class 17 | kuyokhuphuka | okuyokhuphuka | kuyokhuphuka | akuyukhuphuka | okungeyukhuphuka | kungeyukhuphuka |
| | Present subjunctive | Present subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngikhuphuke | ngingakhuphuki |
| 2nd singular | ukhuphuke | ungakhuphuki |
| 1st plural | sikhuphuke | singakhuphuki |
| 2nd plural | nikhuphuke | ningakhuphuki |
| Class 1 | akhuphuke | angakhuphuki |
| Class 2 | bakhuphuke | bangakhuphuki |
| Class 3 | ukhuphuke | ungakhuphuki |
| Class 4 | ikhuphuke | ingakhuphuki |
| Class 5 | likhuphuke | lingakhuphuki |
| Class 6 | akhuphuke | angakhuphuki |
| Class 7 | sikhuphuke | singakhuphuki |
| Class 8 | zikhuphuke | zingakhuphuki |
| Class 9 | ikhuphuke | ingakhuphuki |
| Class 10 | zikhuphuke | zingakhuphuki |
| Class 11 | lukhuphuke | lungakhuphuki |
| Class 14 | bukhuphuke | bungakhuphuki |
| Class 15 | kukhuphuke | kungakhuphuki |
| Class 17 | kukhuphuke | kungakhuphuki |
| | Past subjunctive | Past subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngakhuphuka | ngangakhuphuka, angakhuphuka, angangakhuphuka |
| 2nd singular | wakhuphuka | wangakhuphuka, awakhuphuka, awangakhuphuka |
| 1st plural | sakhuphuka | sangakhuphuka, asakhuphuka, asangakhuphuka |
| 2nd plural | nakhuphuka | nangakhuphuka, anakhuphuka, anangakhuphuka |
| Class 1 | wakhuphuka | wangakhuphuka, akakhuphuka, akangakhuphuka |
| Class 2 | bakhuphuka | bangakhuphuka, abakhuphuka, abangakhuphuka |
| Class 3 | wakhuphuka | wangakhuphuka, awakhuphuka, awangakhuphuka |
| Class 4 | yakhuphuka | yangakhuphuka, ayakhuphuka, ayangakhuphuka |
| Class 5 | lakhuphuka | langakhuphuka, alakhuphuka, alangakhuphuka |
| Class 6 | akhuphuka | angakhuphuka, awakhuphuka, awangakhuphuka |
| Class 7 | sakhuphuka | sangakhuphuka, asakhuphuka, asangakhuphuka |
| Class 8 | zakhuphuka | zangakhuphuka, azakhuphuka, azangakhuphuka |
| Class 9 | yakhuphuka | yangakhuphuka, ayakhuphuka, ayangakhuphuka |
| Class 10 | zakhuphuka | zangakhuphuka, azakhuphuka, azangakhuphuka |
| Class 11 | lwakhuphuka | lwangakhuphuka, alwakhuphuka, alwangakhuphuka |
| Class 14 | bakhuphuka | bangakhuphuka, abakhuphuka, abangakhuphuka |
| Class 15 | kwakhuphuka | kwangakhuphuka, akwakhuphuka, akwangakhuphuka |
| Class 17 | kwakhuphuka | kwangakhuphuka, akwakhuphuka, akwangakhuphuka |

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “khuphuka”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “khuphuka (3.2.9)”