# 病死
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bìngsǐ
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄧㄥˋ ㄙˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): beng$^6$ sei$^2$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): phiang-sí
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pēⁿ-sí / pīⁿ-sí
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bìngsǐ
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄧㄥˋ ㄙˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bìngsǐh
*** Wade–Giles: ping$^4$-ssŭ$^3$
*** Yale: bìng-sž
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: binqsyy
*** Palladius: бинсы (binsy)
*** Sinological IPA : /piŋ⁵¹ sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: beng$^6$ sei$^2$
*** Yale: behng séi
*** Cantonese Pinyin: beng$^6$ sei$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: béng$^6$ séi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɛːŋ²² sei̯³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phiang-sí
*** Hakka Romanization System: piang xi$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: piang$^4$ xi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰi̯aŋ⁵⁵ si³¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pēⁿ-sí
*** Tâi-lô: pēnn-sí
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pvexsie
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pẽ³³⁻²¹ si⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pīⁿ-sí
*** Tâi-lô: pīnn-sí
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pvixsie
*** IPA (Taipei): /pĩ³³⁻¹¹ si⁵³/
* Middle Chinese: bjaengH sijX
Rime :
| Character | 病 | 死 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 庚 (111) | 脂 (17) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 皮命切 | 息姊切 |
| Baxter | bjaengH | sijX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /bˠiæŋ$^H$/ | /sˠiɪ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /bᵚiaŋ$^H$/ | /sᵚi$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /biaŋ$^H$/ | /siɪ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /biajŋ$^H$/ | /sji$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /biɐŋ$^H$/ | /sji$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /bĭɐŋ$^H$/ | /si$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /bʱi̯ɐŋ$^H$/ | /si$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bìng | sǐ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | bing$^6$ | si$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[b]raŋ-s sijʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*braŋs hljiʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 病 | 死 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | bìng | sǐ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ bjæng$^H$ › | ‹ sij$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[b]raŋ-s/ | /*sijʔ/ |
| English | extreme illness | die (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 病 | 死 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 898 | 12006 |
| Phonetic component | 丙 | 死 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 脂 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 病 | 死 |
| Old Chinese | /*braŋs/ | /*hljiʔ/ |

### Verb

病死
* to die of an illness
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Jū jiǔ zhī, Lǐ Shàojūn bìngsǐ. Tiānzǐ yǐwèi huàqù bùsǐ, ér shǐ Huáng Chuí Shǐ Kuānshū shòu qí fāng. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: 1975 April 7, 《蒋介石死了》, in People's Daily, →ISSN
    Guómíndǎng fǎndòngpài de tóuzǐ, zhōngguó rénmín de gōngdí Jiǎng Jièshí, sì yuè wǔ rì zài Táiwān bìngsǐ. [Pinyin]
    Chiang Kai-shek, the leader of the Kuomintang reactionaries and the public enemy of the Chinese people, died of illness in Taiwan on April 5.

#### Synonyms

* 下世 (xiàshì) (formal)
* 上天 (shàngtiān) (euphemistic)
* 上路 (shànglù) (euphemistic)
* 不在 (bùzài) (euphemistic)
* 不幸 (bùxìng) (Classical Chinese, euphemistic)
* 不祿／不禄 (bùlù) (archaic, euphemistic, of military officers)
* 亡
* 亡故 (wánggù) (literary)
* 仙逝 (xiānshì) (euphemistic)
* 仙遊／仙游 (xiānyóu) (euphemistic)
* 作古 (zuògǔ) (literary, euphemistic)
* 做鬼 (zuòguǐ) (colloquial)
* 傾世／倾世 (qīngshì) (literary)
* 傾亡／倾亡 (qīngwáng) (literary)
* 入寂 (rùjì) (Buddhism, of Buddhist monks)
* 凋謝／凋谢 (diāoxiè) (to die of old age)
* 化去 (huàqù) (euphemistic)
* 升天 (shēngtiān) (euphemistic)
* 即世 (jíshì) (literary)
* 去世 (qùshì)
* 合眼 (héyǎn) (euphemistic)
* 喪亡／丧亡 (sàngwáng) (literary)
* 喪命／丧命 (sàngmìng) (euphemistic)
* 喪生／丧生 (sàngshēng) (euphemistic)
* 嗚呼／呜呼 (wūhū) (euphemistic)
* 嗝屁 (gěpì) (Mandarin, vulgar, derogatory)
* 嚥氣／咽气 (yànqì) (colloquial)
* 回老家 (huí lǎojiā) (euphemistic, humorous)
* 圓寂／圆寂 (yuánjì) (of Buddhist monks or nuns)
* 壽終正寢／寿终正寝 (shòuzhōngzhèngqǐn) (euphemistic)
* 失氣／失气 (shīqì) (literary)
* 安息 (ānxī) (euphemistic)
* 安眠 (ānmián) (euphemistic)
* 小喇叭兒吹了／小喇叭儿吹了 (xiǎo lǎbār chuī le) (Beijing Mandarin)
* 就義／就义 (jiùyì) (to die a martyr)
* 崩 (bēng) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 崩殂 (bēngcú) (Classical, of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 彈老三／弹老三 (Northern Wu, informal, humorous)
* 往生 (wǎngshēng) (euphemistic)
* 忽然 (hūrán) (Classical Chinese, euphemistic)
* 掛／挂 (guà) (slang, humorous)
* 故 (gù)
* 故世 (gùshì) (euphemistic, chiefly of one's elders)
* 故去 (gùqù) (euphemistic, chiefly of one's elders)
* 斃命／毙命 (bìmìng) (pejorative)
* 早死 (zǎosǐ)
* 晏駕／晏驾 (yànjià) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 枯死 (kūsǐ) (literary, figurative)
* 棄世／弃世 (qìshì) (literary)
* 歸天／归天 (guītiān) (euphemistic)
* 歸西／归西 (guīxī) (euphemistic)
* 歸道山／归道山 (guī dàoshān) (literary, euphemistic)
* 死 (sǐ)
* 死亡 (sǐwáng) (formal)
* 死人 (sǐrén)
* 死去 (sǐqù) (informal)
* 死掉 (sǐdiào) (informal)
* 死翹翹／死翘翘 (sǐqiàoqiào) (informal, humorous)
* 死脫／死脱 ($^5$shi-theq) (Wu)
* 殞／殒 (yǔn) (archaic)
* 氣絕／气绝 (qìjué) (literary)
* 永眠 (yǒngmián) (euphemistic, honorific)
* 沒世／没世 (mòshì) (literary)
* 沉眠 (chénmián) (euphemistic)
* 消忒 (Hakka, euphemistic)
* 物化 (wùhuà) (literary)
* 畢命／毕命 (bìmìng) (formal, euphemistic)
* 病亡 (bìngwáng) (to die of illness)
* 病故 (bìnggù) (to die of illness)
* 病逝 (bìngshì) (to die of illness)
* 百年歸老／百年归老 (bǎiniánguīlǎo) (euphemistic, of the elderly)
* 盡命／尽命 (jìnmìng) (literary, euphemistic)
* 終／终 (zhōng) (literary, or in compounds, euphemistic)
* 絕／绝 (jué) (literary, or in compounds)
* 翹辮子／翘辫子 (qiào biànzi) (informal, humorous)
* 老了 (lǎo le) (euphemistic, of the elderly)
* 蒙主寵召／蒙主宠召 (méngzhǔchǒngzhào) (euphemistic)
* 薨 (hōng) (Classical Chinese, of feudal lords or high officials)
* 薨逝 (hōngshì) (of feudal lords)
* 被難／被难 (bèinàn) (to be killed in a disaster, political incident, etc.)
* 見背／见背 (jiànbèi) (literary, of one's parents or elders)
* 見閻王／见阎王 (jiàn Yánwáng) (figurative)
* 謝世／谢世 (xièshì) (literary)
* 賓天／宾天 (bīntiān) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 走 (zǒu) (euphemistic)
* 走去踮 (Hokkien, euphemistic)
* 身亡 (shēnwáng) (formal, usually from unnatural causes)
* 辭世／辞世 (císhì) (literary)
* 辭塵／辞尘 (cíchén) (literary, euphemistic)
* 逝世 (shìshì)
* 進棺材／进棺材 (jìn guāncái)
* 過世／过世 (guòshì)
* 過去／过去 (guòqù) (euphemistic)
* 過往／过往 (Hokkien, euphemistic, Teochew, euphemistic)
* 過身／过身 (guòshēn) (literary)
* 過面／过面 (Hokkien)
* 長山賣鴨卵／长山卖鸭卵 (Hakka, euphemistic)
* 長眠／长眠 (chángmián) (euphemistic, honorific)
* 閉眼／闭眼 (bìyǎn) (euphemistic)
* 隕落／陨落 (yǔnluò) (euphemistic)
* 離世／离世 (líshì) (euphemistic)
* 駕崩／驾崩 (jiàbēng) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
* 駕鶴西去／驾鹤西去 (jiàhèxīqù) (euphemistic)
* 駕鶴西遊／驾鹤西游 (jiàhèxīyóu) (euphemistic)
* 龍馭上賓／龙驭上宾 (lóngyùshàngbīn) (of an emperor)

#### Derived terms

* 病死率 (bìngsǐlǜ)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 病 | 死 |
| びょう Grade: 3 | し Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) びょーし [byòóshí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [bʲo̞ːɕi]

### Noun

病(びょう)死(し) • (byōshi)
* death due to illness, expiration

### Verb

病(びょう)死(し)する • (byōshi suru) suru (stem 病(びょう)死(し)し (byōshi shi), past 病(びょう)死(し)した (byōshi shita))
* to die of an illness, to expire

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 病死し | びょうしし | byōshi shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 病死し | びょうしし | byōshi shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 病死する | びょうしする | byōshi suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 病死する | びょうしする | byōshi suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 病死すれ | びょうしすれ | byōshi sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 病死せよ¹ 病死しろ² | びょうしせよ¹ びょうししろ² | byōshi seyo¹ byōshi shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 病死される | びょうしされる | byōshi sareru |
| Causative | 病死させる 病死さす | びょうしさせる びょうしさす | byōshi saseru byōshi sasu |
| Potential | 病死できる | びょうしできる | byōshi dekiru |
| Volitional | 病死しよう | びょうししよう | byōshi shiyō |
| Negative | 病死しない | びょうししない | byōshi shinai |
| Negative continuative | 病死せず | びょうしせず | byōshi sezu |
| Formal | 病死します | びょうしします | byōshi shimasu |
| Perfective | 病死した | びょうしした | byōshi shita |
| Conjunctive | 病死して | びょうしして | byōshi shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 病死すれば | びょうしすれば | byōshi sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

#### Synonyms

* 病没する, 息を引き取る

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN