# 交通
## Chinese
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “is it from Japanese?”)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiāotōng
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄠ ㄊㄨㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gaau$^1$ tung$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kâu-thûng
* Eastern Min (BUC): gău-tŭng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kau-thong
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gao$^1$ tong$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$ciau-thon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiāotōng
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄠ ㄊㄨㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiaotong
*** Wade–Giles: chiao$^1$-tʻung$^1$
*** Yale: jyāu-tūng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiautong
*** Palladius: цзяотун (czjaotun)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gaau$^1$ tung$^1$
*** Yale: gāau tūng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gaau$^1$ tung$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gao$^1$ tung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaːu̯⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kâu-thûng
*** Hakka Romanization System: gau$^ˊ$ tung$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gau$^1$ tung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /kau̯²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuŋ²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gău-tŭng
*** Sinological IPA : /kau⁵⁵ $^{(tʰ-)}$luŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kau-thong
*** Tâi-lô: kau-thong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kau'tofng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kau⁴⁴⁻²² tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kau³³ tʰɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kau⁴⁴⁻²² tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kau⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kau⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gao$^1$ tong$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kau thong
*** Sinological IPA : /kau³³⁻²³ tʰoŋ³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$ciau-thon
*** MiniDict: ciau$^平$ thon
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$jiau-thon
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕiɔ⁵⁵ tʰoŋ²¹/
* Middle Chinese: kaew thuwng
Rime :
| Character | 交 | 通 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 透 (6) |
| Final (韻) | 肴 (90) | 東 (1) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | I |
| Fanqie | 古肴切 | 他紅切 |
| Baxter | kaew | thuwng |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠau/ | /tʰuŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚau/ | /tʰuŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kau/ | /tʰuŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kaɨw/ | /tʰəwŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /kau/ | /tʰuŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /kau/ | /tʰuŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kau/ | /tʰuŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiāo | tōng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gaau$^1$ | tung$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤraw l̥ˤoŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kreːw l̥ʰoːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 交 | 通 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jiāo | tōng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kæw › | ‹ thuwng › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k]ˁraw/ | /*l̥ˁoŋ/ |
| English | cross (v.) | penetrate |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 交 | 通 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 6296 | 15428 |
| Phonetic component | 交 | 用 |
| Rime group | 宵 | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 交 | 通 |
| Old Chinese | /*kreːw/ | /*l̥ʰoːŋ/ |

### Noun

交通
* transportation; transport; traffic
    交通要道 ― jiāotōng yàodào ― main road
    雙向交通／双向交通 ― shuāngxiàng jiāotōng ― two-way traffic
    交通繁忙 ― jiāotōng fánmáng ― heavy traffic
    道路交通信息 ― dàolù jiāotōng xìnxī ― traffic information
    有礙交通／有碍交通 ― yǒu'ài jiāotōng ― to hinder traffic
    地面交通 ― dìmiàn jiāotōng ― ground transportation
    阻礙交通／阻碍交通 ― zǔ'ài jiāotōng ― to obstruct traffic
** 1920 February 1, Hu Shi, “國語的進化”, in 新青年, volume 7, number 3, 羣益書社, page 5:
       Hòulái lùdì jiāotōng yǒu le rénlìchē, mǎchē, huǒchē, diànchē; shuǐlù jiāotōng yǒu le qìchuán: rénlèi jiāotōng gèng fāngbiàn le, gèng wěndang le, gèng kuàijié le. [Pinyin]
       (please add an English translation of this quotation)
* communications; liaison
* liaison person

#### Derived terms

* 交通事故 (jiāotōng shìgù)
* 交通壅塞
* 交通壕 (jiāotōngháo)
* 交通大學／交通大学
* 交通安全
* 交通密度
* 交通島／交通岛 (jiāotōngdǎo)
* 交通工具 (jiāotōng gōngjù)
* 交通工程 (jiāotōng gōngchéng)
* 交通建設／交通建设
* 交通指揮／交通指挥
* 交通標誌／交通标志 (jiāotōng biāozhì)
* 交通法庭
* 交通流量
* 交通癱瘓／交通瘫痪
* 交通管制
* 交通線／交通线 (jiāotōngxiàn)
* 交通號誌／交通号志
* 交通規則／交通规则 (jiāotōng guīzé)
* 交通車／交通车
* 交通部
* 交通量
* 交通錐／交通锥 (jiāotōngzhuī)
* 交通阻塞 (jiāotōng zǔsè)
* 公共交通 (gōnggòng jiāotōng)
* 共同交通 (gòngtóng jiāotōng)
* 旁推交通
* 軌道交通／轨道交通 (guǐdào jiāotōng)

### Verb

交通
* (literary) to be linked with
    From: Guanzi, 5th century BCE to 220 CE
    Chūn sānyuè, tiāndì qiánzào, shuǐ jiūliè zhī shí yě, shānchuān héluò, tiānqì xià, dìqì shàng, wànwù jiāotōng. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    From: 421, Tao Yuanming, 桃花源記 (The Peach Blossom Spring)
    Qiānmò jiāotōng, jī quǎn xiàng wén. [Pinyin]
    Linking paths led everywhere, and the fowls and dogs of one farm could be heard from the next.
* (literary) to contact; to communicate with
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Fū bù xǐ wénxué, hǎo rènxiá, yǐrán nuò. Zhū suǒ yǔ jiāotōng, wúfēi háojié dàhuá. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    From: c. 6th century, 洛陽伽藍記
    Nánzhōng yǒu Gēyíngguó, qù jīngshī shèn yuǎn, fēngtǔ géjué, shì bù yǔ Zhōngguó jiāotōng. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
* (literary) to collude with
    From: Romance of the Three Kingdoms, circa 14th century CE
    Fán Chóu hégù jiāotōng Hán Suì, yù móu zàofǎn? [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Synonyms

* (to collude with):
* 串 (literary, or in compounds)
* 串通 (chuàntōng)
* 勾 (literary, or in compounds)
* 勾搭 (gōuda)
* 勾結／勾结 (gōujié)
* 勾通 (gōutōng)
* 拍通套 (Hokkien)
* 斗空 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 結構／结构 (jiégòu) (archaic)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 交 | 通 |
| こう Grade: 2 | つう Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

/kautuː/ → /kɔːt͡suː/ → /koːt͡suː/
From Middle Chinese compound 交通 (kaew thuwng, literally “cross through”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こーつう [kòótsúú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ko̞ːt͡sɨː]

### Noun

交(こう)通(つう) • (kōtsū)
* transportation
* traffic
    交通(こうつう)事故(じこ)
       kōtsū jiko
       traffic accident
* social intercourse

### Verb

交(こう)通(つう)する • (kōtsū suru) suru (stem 交(こう)通(つう)し (kōtsū shi), past 交(こう)通(つう)した (kōtsū shita))
* to travel along a specific route
* to have contact with other people, to engage in social intercourse

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 交通し | こうつうし | kōtsū shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 交通し | こうつうし | kōtsū shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 交通する | こうつうする | kōtsū suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 交通する | こうつうする | kōtsū suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 交通すれ | こうつうすれ | kōtsū sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 交通せよ¹ 交通しろ² | こうつうせよ¹ こうつうしろ² | kōtsū seyo¹ kōtsū shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 交通される | こうつうされる | kōtsū sareru |
| Causative | 交通させる 交通さす | こうつうさせる こうつうさす | kōtsū saseru kōtsū sasu |
| Potential | 交通できる | こうつうできる | kōtsū dekiru |
| Volitional | 交通しよう | こうつうしよう | kōtsū shiyō |
| Negative | 交通しない | こうつうしない | kōtsū shinai |
| Negative continuative | 交通せず | こうつうせず | kōtsū sezu |
| Formal | 交通します | こうつうします | kōtsū shimasu |
| Perfective | 交通した | こうつうした | kōtsū shita |
| Conjunctive | 交通して | こうつうして | kōtsū shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 交通すれば | こうつうすれば | kōtsū sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
   * Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
   * 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean
### Noun

交通 • (gyotong) (hangeul 교통)
* hanja form of 교통 (“transportation, traffic”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 交 | 通 |

### Verb

交通
* chữ Hán form of giao thông (“to communicate”).

### Noun

交通
* chữ Hán form of giao thông (“transportation, traffic”).