# 忠信
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhōngxìn
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥ ㄒㄧㄣˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zung$^1$ seon$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chûng-sin
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tiong-sìn
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhōngxìn
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥ ㄒㄧㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhongsìn
*** Wade–Giles: chung$^1$-hsin$^4$
*** Yale: jūng-syìn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jongshinn
*** Palladius: чжунсинь (čžunsinʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕin⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zung$^1$ seon$^3$
*** Yale: jūng seun
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzung$^1$ soen$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zung$^1$ sên$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ sɵn³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chûng-sin
*** Hakka Romanization System: zung$^ˊ$ xin
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zung$^1$ xin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sin⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiong-sìn
*** Tâi-lô: tiong-sìn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: diongsixn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ³³ sin⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²¹/
* Middle Chinese: trjuwng sinH
Rime :
| Character | 忠 | 信 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 知 (9) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (2) | 眞 (43) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 陟弓切 | 息晉切 |
| Baxter | trjuwng | sinH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʈɨuŋ/ | /siɪn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈiuŋ/ | /sin$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȶiuŋ/ | /sjen$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈuwŋ/ | /sin$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȶiuŋ/ | /siĕn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȶĭuŋ/ | /sĭĕn$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ȶi̯uŋ/ | /si̯ĕn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhōng | xìn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zung$^1$ | san$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*truŋ s-ni[ŋ]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tuŋ hljins/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 忠 | 信 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhōng | xìn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ trjuwng › | ‹ sin$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*truŋ/ | /*s-ni[ŋ]-s/ |
| English | loyal | truthful |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 忠 | 信 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 17408 | 13849 |
| Phonetic component | 中 | 信 |
| Rime group | 終 | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 中 | 信 |
| Old Chinese | /*tuŋ/ | /*hljins/ |
| Notes | | 金文或從人從口， 本指操信符傳言之信使， 故表可信，或從言身聲 |

### Adjective

忠信
* faithful and honest; loyal and sincere
    From: I Ching, 11th – 8th century BCE
    Jūnzǐ jìndé xiūyè, zhōngxìn suǒyǐ jìndé yě. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Xiàojìng zhōngxìn wéi jídé, dàozéi cángjiān wéi xiōngdé. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: 《朝鮮王朝實錄》 (Joseon Veritable Records), 1407
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: 1469, Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, Peripheral Records volume 4, in 孫曉 (Sun Xiao), chief editor, 《標點校勘本大越史記全書》, →ISBN, page 94
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)