# gymnasion
## English
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek γῠμνᾰ́σιον (gumnásion).

### Noun

gymnasion (plural gymnasia or gymnasions)
* (historical) Alternative form of gymnasium.
** 1883, Franz von Reber, translated by Joseph Thacher Clarke, History of Ancient Art, London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, […], page 253:The most extensive employment of columns in civic architecture was in the porticos, the stoas, which surrounded the market-places and extended through many streets, being connected with baths, gymnasions, palaestras, stadia, and hippodromes, and even appearing as independent buildings.
** 2013, Stephanie Lynn Budin, Intimate Lives of the Ancient Greeks, Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger, →ISBN:Spandex had not yet been invented, so swimming, as many other sports, was done in the nude (see earlier discussion about gymnasions).
** 2014, Erkki Koskenniemi, “Philo and Classical Education”, in Torrey Seland, editor, Reading Philo: A Handbook to Philo of Alexandria, Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 106:The gymnasions did not remain training camps, but became places where people could spend time and hold meetings as needed, and it was there that the early Sophists began teaching youngsters. After the Athenian gymnasions, Academy, Lyceion, and Kynosarges became schools of famous philosophers, gymnasions were no longer merely places where naked men conducted physical training and then washed and relaxed, but were also centers for cultural education — if not schools (see below).
** 2015, Monika Trümper, “Modernization and change of function of Hellenistic gymnasia in the Imperial period: Case-studies Pergamon, Miletus, and Priene”, in Peter Scholz, Dirk Wiegandt, editors, Das kaiserzeitliche Gymnasion, Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 217:The new bathing standard of (some) Late Hellenistic gymnasia is probably reflected in Vitruvius’ description of an ideal Greek gymnasion, which included in the corners of its northern suite of rooms two areas that were physically clearly separated: on one side a traditional loutron for cold water ablutions, and on the other an extended suite with various warm bathing forms, among them especially sweat baths.
** 2018, Stephanie M. Langin-Hooper, “Stronger at the Broken Places: Affect in Hellenistic Babylonian Miniatures with Separately Made and Attached Limbs”, in S. Rebecca Martin, Stephanie M. Langin-Hooper, editors, The Tiny and the Fragmented: Miniature, Broken, or Otherwise Incomplete Objects in the Ancient World, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 123:Although athlete figurines were found in early levels at Seleucia-on-the-Tigris (Van Ingen 1939, 8), archaeological and textual evidence both indicate that gymnasia were not introduced into Babylonia until late in the Hellenistic period, and even then were only founded at Babylon and Seleucia-on-the-Tigris. The earliest evidence for a gymnasion at Babylon is a Greek inscription “giving a victory list of ephebes and youths in gymnastic contests” that dates to 109 bce, over two centuries after Alexander the Great, as well as three decades after the Parthian conquest of the Seleucid Empire (Downey 1988, 14).
** 2019, David B. Small, The Ancient Greeks: Social Structure and Evolution (Case Studies in Early Societies), Cambridge, Cambs.: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 157:Private individuals also supplied financial support for important institutions, such as those housed in the gymnasion.
** 2023, Onno M. van Nijf, “Bringing Women into the Agonistic Sphere: Sport, Women and Festivals in the Greek World under Rome”, in Lucinda Dirven, Martijn Icks, Sofie Remijsen, editors, The Public Lives of Ancient Women (500 bce-650 ce), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140:Gymnasia were public institutions, but in the Roman period the running of the gymnasion was often left to private citizens who were appointed as gymnasiarchs.