# अधुना
## Hindi
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit अधुना (adhunā́).

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /ə.d̪ʱʊ.nɑː/, [ɐ.d̪ʱʊ.näː]

### Adverb

अधुना • (adhunā) (Urdu spelling ادھنا)
* (rare, literary) now, at this time

### Further reading

* Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975) “अधुना”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. Sea of Hindi words] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha
* Platts, John T. (1884) “अधुना”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
* McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “अधुना”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press

## Pali
### Alternative forms

* adhunā (Latin script)
* 𑀅𑀥𑀼𑀦𑀸 (Brahmi script)
* অধুনা (Bengali script)
* අධුනා (Sinhalese script)
* အဓုနာ or ဢꩪုၼႃ (Burmese script)
* อธุนา or อะธุนา (Thai script)
* ᩋᨵᩩᨶᩣ (Tai Tham script)
* ອຘຸນາ or ອະຘຸນາ (Lao script)
* អធុនា (Khmer script)
* 𑄃𑄙𑄪𑄚𑄂 (Chakma script)

### Adverb

अधुना
* Devanagari script form of adhunā (“now”)

## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* অধুনা (Assamese script)
* ᬅᬥᬸᬦᬵ (Balinese script)
* অধুনা (Bengali script)
* 𑰀𑰠𑰲𑰡𑰯 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀅𑀥𑀼𑀦𑀸 (Brahmi script)
* အဓုနာ (Burmese script)
* અધુના (Gujarati script)
* ਅਧੁਨਾ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌅𑌧𑍁𑌨𑌾 (Grantha script)
* ꦄꦣꦸꦤꦴ (Javanese script)
* 𑂃𑂡𑂳𑂢𑂰 (Kaithi script)
* ಅಧುನಾ (Kannada script)
* អធុនា (Khmer script)
* ອຘຸນາ (Lao script)
* അധുനാ (Malayalam script)
* ᠠᢡᡠᠨᠠᢇ (Manchu script)
* 𑘀𑘠𑘳𑘡𑘰 (Modi script)
* ᠠᢑᠾᠤᠨᠠ᠋᠎ᠠ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦠𑧀𑧔𑧁𑧑 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐀𑐢𑐸𑐣𑐵 (Newa script)
* ଅଧୁନା (Odia script)
* ꢂꢤꢸꢥꢵ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆃𑆣𑆶𑆤𑆳 (Sharada script)
* 𑖀𑖠𑖲𑖡𑖯 (Siddham script)
* අධුනා (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩐𑩮𑩒𑩯𑩛 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚀𑚜𑚰𑚝𑚭 (Takri script)
* அது⁴நா (Tamil script)
* అధునా (Telugu script)
* อธุนา (Thai script)
* ཨ་དྷུ་ནཱ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒁𑒡𑒳𑒢𑒰 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨀𑨜𑨃𑨝𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

Possibly as an ablauting instrumental singular of अध्वन् (ádhvan, “road; time”).

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /ɐ.dʱu.nɑ́ː/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ˈɐ.d̪ʱu.n̪ɑː/

### Adverb

अधुना • (adhunā́)
* at this time, now
    Synonyms: एतत्कालम् (etatkālam), इदानीम् (idānīm)
** c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 5.12.3:तस्माद्भ‍वन्तं मम संशयार्थं प्रक्ष्यामि पश्चाद् अधुना सुबोधम्। अध्यात्मयोगग्रथितं तवोक्तमाख्याहि कौतूहलचेतसो मे॥tasmādbha‍vantaṃ mama saṃśayārthaṃ prakṣyāmi paścād adhunā subodham. adhyātmayogagrathitaṃ tavoktamākhyāhi kautūhalacetaso me.Whatever doubts I have about a particular subject matter I shall ask you about later [than now]. For the time being, these mysterious yoga instructions you have given me for self-realization appear very difficult to understand. Please repeat them in a simple way so that I can understand them. My mind is very inquisitive, and I want to understand this clearly.
** c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 6.16.45:तावेव ह्य् अधुना प्राप्तौ पार्षदप्रवरौ हरेः। दितेर्जठरनिर्विष्टं काश्यपं तेज उल्बणम्॥tāveva hy adhunā prāptau pārṣadapravarau hareḥ. diterjaṭharanirviṣṭaṃ kāśyapaṃ teja ulbaṇam.Lord Brahmā continued: Those two principal doorkeepers of the Personality of Godhead have now entered the womb of Diti, the powerful semen of Kaśyapa Muni having covered them.
** c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 7.1.46:तावत्र क्षत्रियौ जातौ मातृष्वस्रात्मजौ तव। अधुना शापनिर्मुक्तौ कृष्णचक्रहतांहसौ॥tāvatra kṣatriyau jātau mātṛṣvasrātmajau tava. adhunā śāpanirmuktau kṛṣṇacakrahatāṃhasau.In their third birth, the same Jaya and Vijaya appeared in a family of kṣatriyas as your cousins, the sons of your aunt. Because Lord Kṛṣṇa has struck them with his disc, all their sinful reactions have been destroyed, and now they are free from the curse.

#### Descendants

* Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀅𑀥𑀼𑀦𑀸 (adhunā)
** Gandhari: 𐨀𐨯𐨂𐨣 (asuna)
** Prakrit: 𑀅𑀳𑀼𑀡𑀸 (ahuṇā), 𑀅𑀳𑀼𑀡𑀺 (ahuṇi) — Paiśācī, 𑀅𑀥𑀼𑀡𑀸 (adhuṇā) — Śaurasenī
*** Konkani: onu
    Devanagari script: ओनु
    Kannada script: ಒನು
    Latin script: onu
* Pali: adhunā
* → Assamese: অধুনা (odhuna) (learned)
* → Bengali: অধুনা (odhuna) (learned)
* → Gujarati: અધુના (adhunā) (learned)
* → Hindustani: (learned)
    Hindi: अधुना (adhunā)
    Urdu: ادھنا (adhunā)
* → Malayalam: അധുനാ (adhunā) (learned)
* → Marathi: अधुना (adhunā) (learned)
* → Odia: ଅଧୁନା (adhunā) (learned)
* → Sinhalese: අධුනා (adhunā) (learned)

### References

* ↑ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 67

### Further reading

* Monier Williams (1899) “अधुना”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 22.
* Apte, Vaman Shivram (1890) “अधुना”, in The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary, Poona: Prasad Prakashan
* Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “adhunā”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press