# eshwama
## Zulu
### Verb

-eshwama$^?$
* (intransitive) to perform the first-fruits ceremony
* (intransitive) to taste the new crops

#### Inflection

Tone unknown :
| Infinitive | ukweshwama |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Infinitive | ukweshwama | ukungeshwami |
| | Imperative | Imperative |
| | Simple | + object concord |
| Singular | yeshwama | -eshwame |
| Plural | yeshwamani | -eshwameni |
| | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyeshwama, ngeshwama | engeshwamayo, engeshwama | ngeshwama | angeshwami | engingeshwami | ngingeshwami |
| 2nd singular | uyeshwama, weshwama | oweshwamayo, oweshwama | weshwama | aweshwami | ongeshwami | ungeshwami |
| 1st plural | siyeshwama, seshwama | eseshwamayo, eseshwama | seshwama | aseshwami | esingeshwami | singeshwami |
| 2nd plural | niyeshwama, neshwama | eneshwamayo, eneshwama | neshwama | aneshwami | eningeshwami | ningeshwami |
| Class 1 | uyeshwama, weshwama | oweshwamayo, oweshwama | eshwama | akeshwami | ongeshwami | engeshwami |
| Class 2 | bayeshwama, beshwama | abeshwamayo, abeshwama | beshwama | abeshwami | abangeshwami | bengeshwami |
| Class 3 | uyeshwama, weshwama | oweshwamayo, oweshwama | weshwama | aweshwami | ongeshwami | ungeshwami |
| Class 4 | iyeshwama, yeshwama | eyeshwamayo, eyeshwama | yeshwama | ayeshwami | engeshwami | ingeshwami |
| Class 5 | liyeshwama, leshwama | eleshwamayo, eleshwama | leshwama | aleshwami | elingeshwami | lingeshwami |
| Class 6 | ayeshwama, eshwama | eshwamayo, eshwama | eshwama | aweshwami | angeshwami | engeshwami |
| Class 7 | siyeshwama, seshwama | eseshwamayo, eseshwama | seshwama | aseshwami | esingeshwami | singeshwami |
| Class 8 | ziyeshwama, zeshwama | ezeshwamayo, ezeshwama | zeshwama | azeshwami | ezingeshwami | zingeshwami |
| Class 9 | iyeshwama, yeshwama | eyeshwamayo, eyeshwama | yeshwama | ayeshwami | engeshwami | ingeshwami |
| Class 10 | ziyeshwama, zeshwama | ezeshwamayo, ezeshwama | zeshwama | azeshwami | ezingeshwami | zingeshwami |
| Class 11 | luyeshwama, lweshwama | olweshwamayo, olweshwama | lweshwama | alweshwami | olungeshwami | lungeshwami |
| Class 14 | buyeshwama, beshwama | obeshwamayo, obeshwama | beshwama | abeshwami | obungeshwami | bungeshwami |
| Class 15 | kuyeshwama, kweshwama | okweshwamayo, okweshwama | kweshwama | akweshwami | okungeshwami | kungeshwami |
| Class 17 | kuyeshwama, kweshwama | okweshwamayo, okweshwama | kweshwama | akweshwami | okungeshwami | kungeshwami |
| | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngeshwamile, ngeshwamē | engeshwamile, engeshwamē | ngeshwamile, ngeshwamē | angeshwamanga | engingeshwamanga | ngingeshwamanga |
| 2nd singular | weshwamile, weshwamē | oweshwamile, oweshwamē | weshwamile, weshwamē | aweshwamanga | ongeshwamanga | ungeshwamanga |
| 1st plural | seshwamile, seshwamē | eseshwamile, eseshwamē | seshwamile, seshwamē | aseshwamanga | esingeshwamanga | singeshwamanga |
| 2nd plural | neshwamile, neshwamē | eneshwamile, eneshwamē | neshwamile, neshwamē | aneshwamanga | eningeshwamanga | ningeshwamanga |
| Class 1 | weshwamile, weshwamē | oweshwamile, oweshwamē | eshwamile, eshwamē | akeshwamanga | ongeshwamanga | engeshwamanga |
| Class 2 | beshwamile, beshwamē | abeshwamile, abeshwamē | beshwamile, beshwamē | abeshwamanga | abangeshwamanga | bengeshwamanga |
| Class 3 | weshwamile, weshwamē | oweshwamile, oweshwamē | weshwamile, weshwamē | aweshwamanga | ongeshwamanga | ungeshwamanga |
| Class 4 | yeshwamile, yeshwamē | eyeshwamile, eyeshwamē | yeshwamile, yeshwamē | ayeshwamanga | engeshwamanga | ingeshwamanga |
| Class 5 | leshwamile, leshwamē | eleshwamile, eleshwamē | leshwamile, leshwamē | aleshwamanga | elingeshwamanga | lingeshwamanga |
| Class 6 | eshwamile, eshwamē | eshwamile, eshwamē | eshwamile, eshwamē | aweshwamanga | angeshwamanga | engeshwamanga |
| Class 7 | seshwamile, seshwamē | eseshwamile, eseshwamē | seshwamile, seshwamē | aseshwamanga | esingeshwamanga | singeshwamanga |
| Class 8 | zeshwamile, zeshwamē | ezeshwamile, ezeshwamē | zeshwamile, zeshwamē | azeshwamanga | ezingeshwamanga | zingeshwamanga |
| Class 9 | yeshwamile, yeshwamē | eyeshwamile, eyeshwamē | yeshwamile, yeshwamē | ayeshwamanga | engeshwamanga | ingeshwamanga |
| Class 10 | zeshwamile, zeshwamē | ezeshwamile, ezeshwamē | zeshwamile, zeshwamē | azeshwamanga | ezingeshwamanga | zingeshwamanga |
| Class 11 | lweshwamile, lweshwamē | olweshwamile, olweshwamē | lweshwamile, lweshwamē | alweshwamanga | olungeshwamanga | lungeshwamanga |
| Class 14 | beshwamile, beshwamē | obeshwamile, obeshwamē | beshwamile, beshwamē | abeshwamanga | obungeshwamanga | bungeshwamanga |
| Class 15 | kweshwamile, kweshwamē | okweshwamile, okweshwamē | kweshwamile, kweshwamē | akweshwamanga | okungeshwamanga | kungeshwamanga |
| Class 17 | kweshwamile, kweshwamē | okweshwamile, okweshwamē | kweshwamile, kweshwamē | akweshwamanga | okungeshwamanga | kungeshwamanga |
| | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngēshwama | engēshwama | ngēshwama | angeshwamanga | engingeshwamanga | ngingeshwamanga |
| 2nd singular | wēshwama | owēshwama | wēshwama | aweshwamanga | ongeshwamanga | ungeshwamanga |
| 1st plural | sēshwama | esēshwama | sēshwama | aseshwamanga | esingeshwamanga | singeshwamanga |
| 2nd plural | nēshwama | enēshwama | nēshwama | aneshwamanga | eningeshwamanga | ningeshwamanga |
| Class 1 | wēshwama | owēshwama | ēshwama | akeshwamanga | ongeshwamanga | engeshwamanga |
| Class 2 | bēshwama | abēshwama | bēshwama | abeshwamanga | abangeshwamanga | bengeshwamanga |
| Class 3 | wēshwama | owēshwama | wēshwama | aweshwamanga | ongeshwamanga | ungeshwamanga |
| Class 4 | yēshwama | eyēshwama | yēshwama | ayeshwamanga | engeshwamanga | ingeshwamanga |
| Class 5 | lēshwama | elēshwama | lēshwama | aleshwamanga | elingeshwamanga | lingeshwamanga |
| Class 6 | ēshwama | ēshwama | ēshwama | aweshwamanga | angeshwamanga | engeshwamanga |
| Class 7 | sēshwama | esēshwama | sēshwama | aseshwamanga | esingeshwamanga | singeshwamanga |
| Class 8 | zēshwama | ezēshwama | zēshwama | azeshwamanga | ezingeshwamanga | zingeshwamanga |
| Class 9 | yēshwama | eyēshwama | yēshwama | ayeshwamanga | engeshwamanga | ingeshwamanga |
| Class 10 | zēshwama | ezēshwama | zēshwama | azeshwamanga | ezingeshwamanga | zingeshwamanga |
| Class 11 | lwēshwama | olwēshwama | lwēshwama | alweshwamanga | olungeshwamanga | lungeshwamanga |
| Class 14 | bēshwama | obēshwama | bēshwama | abeshwamanga | obungeshwamanga | bungeshwamanga |
| Class 15 | kwēshwama | okwēshwama | kwēshwama | akweshwamanga | okungeshwamanga | kungeshwamanga |
| Class 17 | kwēshwama | okwēshwama | kwēshwama | akweshwamanga | okungeshwamanga | kungeshwamanga |
| | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngingeshwama | — | ngingeshwama | ngingeshwame | — | ngingeshwame |
| 2nd singular | ungeshwama | — | ungeshwama | ungeshwame | — | ungeshwame |
| 1st plural | singeshwama | — | singeshwama | singeshwame | — | singeshwame |
| 2nd plural | ningeshwama | — | ningeshwama | ningeshwame | — | ningeshwame |
| Class 1 | angeshwama | — | engeshwama | angeshwame | — | engeshwame |
| Class 2 | bangeshwama | — | bengeshwama | bangeshwame | — | bengeshwame |
| Class 3 | ungeshwama | — | ungeshwama | ungeshwame | — | ungeshwame |
| Class 4 | ingeshwama | — | ingeshwama | ingeshwame | — | ingeshwame |
| Class 5 | lingeshwama | — | lingeshwama | lingeshwame | — | lingeshwame |
| Class 6 | angeshwama | — | engeshwama | angeshwame | — | engeshwame |
| Class 7 | singeshwama | — | singeshwama | singeshwame | — | singeshwame |
| Class 8 | zingeshwama | — | zingeshwama | zingeshwame | — | zingeshwame |
| Class 9 | ingeshwama | — | ingeshwama | ingeshwame | — | ingeshwame |
| Class 10 | zingeshwama | — | zingeshwama | zingeshwame | — | zingeshwame |
| Class 11 | lungeshwama | — | lungeshwama | lungeshwame | — | lungeshwame |
| Class 14 | bungeshwama | — | bungeshwama | bungeshwame | — | bungeshwame |
| Class 15 | kungeshwama | — | kungeshwama | kungeshwame | — | kungeshwame |
| Class 17 | kungeshwama | — | kungeshwama | kungeshwame | — | kungeshwame |
| | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngizokweshwama | engizokweshwama | ngizokweshwama | angizukweshwama | engingezukweshwama | ngingezukweshwama |
| 2nd singular | uzokweshwama | ozokweshwama | uzokweshwama | awuzukweshwama | ongezukweshwama | ungezukweshwama |
| 1st plural | sizokweshwama | esizokweshwama | sizokweshwama | asizukweshwama | esingezukweshwama | singezukweshwama |
| 2nd plural | nizokweshwama | enizokweshwama | nizokweshwama | anizukweshwama | eningezukweshwama | ningezukweshwama |
| Class 1 | uzokweshwama | ozokweshwama | ezokweshwama | akazukweshwama | ongezukweshwama | engezukweshwama |
| Class 2 | bazokweshwama | abazokweshwama | bezokweshwama | abazukweshwama | abangezukweshwama | bengezukweshwama |
| Class 3 | uzokweshwama | ozokweshwama | uzokweshwama | awuzukweshwama | ongezukweshwama | ungezukweshwama |
| Class 4 | izokweshwama | ezokweshwama | izokweshwama | ayizukweshwama | engezukweshwama | ingezukweshwama |
| Class 5 | lizokweshwama | elizokweshwama | lizokweshwama | alizukweshwama | elingezukweshwama | lingezukweshwama |
| Class 6 | azokweshwama | azokweshwama | ezokweshwama | awazukweshwama | angezukweshwama | engezukweshwama |
| Class 7 | sizokweshwama | esizokweshwama | sizokweshwama | asizukweshwama | esingezukweshwama | singezukweshwama |
| Class 8 | zizokweshwama | ezizokweshwama | zizokweshwama | azizukweshwama | ezingezukweshwama | zingezukweshwama |
| Class 9 | izokweshwama | ezokweshwama | izokweshwama | ayizukweshwama | engezukweshwama | ingezukweshwama |
| Class 10 | zizokweshwama | ezizokweshwama | zizokweshwama | azizukweshwama | ezingezukweshwama | zingezukweshwama |
| Class 11 | luzokweshwama | oluzokweshwama | luzokweshwama | aluzukweshwama | olungezukweshwama | lungezukweshwama |
| Class 14 | buzokweshwama | obuzokweshwama | buzokweshwama | abuzukweshwama | obungezukweshwama | bungezukweshwama |
| Class 15 | kuzokweshwama | okuzokweshwama | kuzokweshwama | akuzukweshwama | okungezukweshwama | kungezukweshwama |
| Class 17 | kuzokweshwama | okuzokweshwama | kuzokweshwama | akuzukweshwama | okungezukweshwama | kungezukweshwama |
| | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyokweshwama | engiyokweshwama | ngiyokweshwama | angiyukweshwama | engingeyukweshwama | ngingeyukweshwama |
| 2nd singular | uyokweshwama | oyokweshwama | uyokweshwama | awuyukweshwama | ongeyukweshwama | ungeyukweshwama |
| 1st plural | siyokweshwama | esiyokweshwama | siyokweshwama | asiyukweshwama | esingeyukweshwama | singeyukweshwama |
| 2nd plural | niyokweshwama | eniyokweshwama | niyokweshwama | aniyukweshwama | eningeyukweshwama | ningeyukweshwama |
| Class 1 | uyokweshwama | oyokweshwama | eyokweshwama | akayukweshwama | ongeyukweshwama | engeyukweshwama |
| Class 2 | bayokweshwama | abayokweshwama | beyokweshwama | abayukweshwama | abangeyukweshwama | bengeyukweshwama |
| Class 3 | uyokweshwama | oyokweshwama | uyokweshwama | awuyukweshwama | ongeyukweshwama | ungeyukweshwama |
| Class 4 | iyokweshwama | eyokweshwama | iyokweshwama | ayiyukweshwama | engeyukweshwama | ingeyukweshwama |
| Class 5 | liyokweshwama | eliyokweshwama | liyokweshwama | aliyukweshwama | elingeyukweshwama | lingeyukweshwama |
| Class 6 | ayokweshwama | ayokweshwama | eyokweshwama | awayukweshwama | angeyukweshwama | engeyukweshwama |
| Class 7 | siyokweshwama | esiyokweshwama | siyokweshwama | asiyukweshwama | esingeyukweshwama | singeyukweshwama |
| Class 8 | ziyokweshwama | eziyokweshwama | ziyokweshwama | aziyukweshwama | ezingeyukweshwama | zingeyukweshwama |
| Class 9 | iyokweshwama | eyokweshwama | iyokweshwama | ayiyukweshwama | engeyukweshwama | ingeyukweshwama |
| Class 10 | ziyokweshwama | eziyokweshwama | ziyokweshwama | aziyukweshwama | ezingeyukweshwama | zingeyukweshwama |
| Class 11 | luyokweshwama | oluyokweshwama | luyokweshwama | aluyukweshwama | olungeyukweshwama | lungeyukweshwama |
| Class 14 | buyokweshwama | obuyokweshwama | buyokweshwama | abuyukweshwama | obungeyukweshwama | bungeyukweshwama |
| Class 15 | kuyokweshwama | okuyokweshwama | kuyokweshwama | akuyukweshwama | okungeyukweshwama | kungeyukweshwama |
| Class 17 | kuyokweshwama | okuyokweshwama | kuyokweshwama | akuyukweshwama | okungeyukweshwama | kungeyukweshwama |
| | Present subjunctive | Present subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngeshwame | ngingeshwami |
| 2nd singular | weshwame | ungeshwami |
| 1st plural | seshwame | singeshwami |
| 2nd plural | neshwame | ningeshwami |
| Class 1 | eshwame | angeshwami |
| Class 2 | beshwame | bangeshwami |
| Class 3 | weshwame | ungeshwami |
| Class 4 | yeshwame | ingeshwami |
| Class 5 | leshwame | lingeshwami |
| Class 6 | eshwame | angeshwami |
| Class 7 | seshwame | singeshwami |
| Class 8 | zeshwame | zingeshwami |
| Class 9 | yeshwame | ingeshwami |
| Class 10 | zeshwame | zingeshwami |
| Class 11 | lweshwame | lungeshwami |
| Class 14 | beshwame | bungeshwami |
| Class 15 | kweshwame | kungeshwami |
| Class 17 | kweshwame | kungeshwami |
| | Past subjunctive | Past subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngeshwama | ngangeshwama, angeshwama, angangeshwama |
| 2nd singular | weshwama | wangeshwama, aweshwama, awangeshwama |
| 1st plural | seshwama | sangeshwama, aseshwama, asangeshwama |
| 2nd plural | neshwama | nangeshwama, aneshwama, anangeshwama |
| Class 1 | weshwama | wangeshwama, akeshwama, akangeshwama |
| Class 2 | beshwama | bangeshwama, abeshwama, abangeshwama |
| Class 3 | weshwama | wangeshwama, aweshwama, awangeshwama |
| Class 4 | yeshwama | yangeshwama, ayeshwama, ayangeshwama |
| Class 5 | leshwama | langeshwama, aleshwama, alangeshwama |
| Class 6 | eshwama | angeshwama, aweshwama, awangeshwama |
| Class 7 | seshwama | sangeshwama, aseshwama, asangeshwama |
| Class 8 | zeshwama | zangeshwama, azeshwama, azangeshwama |
| Class 9 | yeshwama | yangeshwama, ayeshwama, ayangeshwama |
| Class 10 | zeshwama | zangeshwama, azeshwama, azangeshwama |
| Class 11 | lweshwama | lwangeshwama, alweshwama, alwangeshwama |
| Class 14 | beshwama | bangeshwama, abeshwama, abangeshwama |
| Class 15 | kweshwama | kwangeshwama, akweshwama, akwangeshwama |
| Class 17 | kweshwama | kwangeshwama, akweshwama, akwangeshwama |

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “eshwama”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “eshwama (3.2.9)”