# خام
## Arabic
### Etymology

Borrowed from Persian خام (xâm, “raw”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xaːm/

### Adjective

خَام • (ḵām)
* raw, crude, unprocessed

#### Declension
## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Persian خام (xâm, “raw”).

### Adjective

خام • (ham)
* raw, uncooked, not cooked
    Synonym: چیك (çiğ)
* raw, crude, unrefined
* unripe, immature, green
* untrained, unaccustomed to work
* inexperienced, raw, unseasoned
* ill-considered, unreasonable

#### Derived terms

* خاملق (hamlık, “rawness; unripeness”)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: ham

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “ham”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 1855
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “خام”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 529
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Crudus”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 304
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “خام”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 1845
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “ham”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “خام”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 825

## Pashto
### Etymology

From Persian خام (xâm). Doublet of اوم (um) which was inherited.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /xɑm/

### Adjective

خام • (xâm)
* raw, uncooked (of food)
* unpaved (of a road)
* unripe (of fruit)

#### Synonyms

* اوم

## Persian
### Etymology

From Middle Persian [script needed] (hʾm /⁠xām⁠/, “crude, raw”), from Proto-Iranian *HaHmáh, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₃mós (“raw, uncooked”). Cognate with Baluchi هامَگ (hāmag, “crude, raw, unripe”), Pashto اوم (um, “raw, uncooked”), Sanskrit आम (āma, “raw, uncooked”), Ancient Greek ὠμός (ōmós, “raw, crude”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [xɑːm]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [xɑːm]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [xɑːm]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [xɑːm]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [xɔːm]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [xɒːm]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [χɔm]

### Adjective

| Dari | خام |
| Iranian Persian | خام |
| Tajik | хом |
خام • (xâm) (comparative خام‌تَر (xâm-tar), superlative خام‌تَرین (xâm-tarin))
* raw; crude; uncooked; unrefined
    گوشت خام ― gušt-e xâm ― raw meat
    لاستیک خام ― lâstik-e xâm ― raw rubber
    سنگ خام ― sang-e xâm ― raw ore
    شکر خام ― šekar-e xâm ― unrefined sugar
** c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume III, verse 129:عاقبت تو رفت خواهی ناتمام کارهاات ابتر و نان تو خام'âqebat to raft xâhi nâtamâm kâr-hâ-yat abtar o nân-e to xâmAt the end you will depart incomplete, your affairs marred and your bread unbaked.
* (figurative)
** fresh; green; inexperienced, untrained
    جوان خام ― javân-e xâm ― inexperienced young man/woman
*** c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume III, verse 4457:زان بگرداند به هر سو آن لگام تا خبر یابد ز فارس اسپ خامz-ân be-gardânad be har su ân legâm tâ xabar yâbad ze fâres asp-e xâmHe turns the bridle in every direction in order that the untrained horse may gain knowledge of the rider.
** vain; idle (of thoughts, etc.)
    آرزوی خام ― ârezu-ye xâm ― idle wish
*** c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 1057:گفت من گفتم که عهد آن خسان خام باشد خام و سست و نارسانgoft man goftam ke 'ahd-e ân xasân xâm bâšad, xâm o sost o nâresân"I said," cried [the lion], "that the promise of those vile ones would be vain—vain and frail and unfulfilled."
** bungled, unfinished, poor in quality
    کار خام ― kâr-e xâm ― bungled work
*** c. 1011, Abu'l-Qāsim Firdawsī, “The Reign of Pōrān Dukht”, in شاهنامه [Book of Kings]‎:یکی دختری بود پوران بنام چو زن شاه شد کارها گشت خام بران تخت شاهیش بنشاندند بزرگان برو گوهر افشاندندyakē duxtarē būd pōrān ba nām čū zan šāh šud kār-hā gašt xām bar ān taxt-i šāhī-š binišāndand buzurgān bar ō gawhar afšāndandThere was a girl, Pōrān by name; When a woman has become king, affairs have gone bungled. [But] she was placed on the royal throne, And the great ones scattered jewels upon her.(Classical Persian romanization)

#### Descendants

* → Arabic: خَام (ḵām)
* → Azerbaijani: xam
* → Georgian: ხამი (xami)
* → Ottoman Turkish: خام (ham)
** Turkish: ham
** → Armenian: խամ (xam)
* → Pashto: خام (xâm)
* → Uzbek: xom

### References

* MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) “xām”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 93
* Vullers, Johann August (1855) “خام”, in Lexicon Persico-Latinum etymologicum cum linguis maxime cognatis Sanscrita et Zendica et Pehlevica comparatum, e lexicis persice scriptis Borhâni Qâtiu, Haft Qulzum et Bahâri agam et persico-turcico Farhangi-Shuûrî confectum, adhibitis etiam Castelli, Meninski, Richardson et aliorum operibus et auctoritate scriptorum Persicorum adauctum‎ (in Latin), volume I, Gießen: J. Ricker, page 646

## Southeast Pashayi
### Noun

خام (xām)
* boy

#### Further reading

* Abd-El-Malek Lamuwal, Adam Baker (2013) “Southeastern Pashayi”, in Journal of the International Phonetic Association, volume 43, Cambridge: International Phonetic Association, pages 243-246