# gxiviza
## Zulu
### Etymology

Derived from the ideophone gxivi. Cognate with Xhosa -gximfiza.

### Verb

-gxiviza
* to flatten, to crush
* to stamp (a document)

#### Inflection

Tone L :
| Infinitive | ukugxiviza |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Infinitive | ukugxiviza | ukungagxivizi |
| | Imperative | Imperative |
| | Simple | + object concord |
| Singular | gxiviza | -gxivize |
| Plural | gxivizani | -gxivizeni |
| | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyagxiviza, ngigxiviza | engigxivizayo, engigxiviza | ngigxiviza | angigxivizi | engingagxivizi | ngingagxivizi |
| 2nd singular | uyagxiviza, ugxiviza | ogxivizayo, ogxiviza | ugxiviza | awugxivizi | ongagxivizi | ungagxivizi |
| 1st plural | siyagxiviza, sigxiviza | esigxivizayo, esigxiviza | sigxiviza | asigxivizi | esingagxivizi | singagxivizi |
| 2nd plural | niyagxiviza, nigxiviza | enigxivizayo, enigxiviza | nigxiviza | anigxivizi | eningagxivizi | ningagxivizi |
| Class 1 | uyagxiviza, ugxiviza | ogxivizayo, ogxiviza | egxiviza | akagxivizi | ongagxivizi | engagxivizi |
| Class 2 | bayagxiviza, bagxiviza | abagxivizayo, abagxiviza | begxiviza | abagxivizi | abangagxivizi | bengagxivizi |
| Class 3 | uyagxiviza, ugxiviza | ogxivizayo, ogxiviza | ugxiviza | awugxivizi | ongagxivizi | ungagxivizi |
| Class 4 | iyagxiviza, igxiviza | egxivizayo, egxiviza | igxiviza | ayigxivizi | engagxivizi | ingagxivizi |
| Class 5 | liyagxiviza, ligxiviza | eligxivizayo, eligxiviza | ligxiviza | aligxivizi | elingagxivizi | lingagxivizi |
| Class 6 | ayagxiviza, agxiviza | agxivizayo, agxiviza | egxiviza | awagxivizi | angagxivizi | engagxivizi |
| Class 7 | siyagxiviza, sigxiviza | esigxivizayo, esigxiviza | sigxiviza | asigxivizi | esingagxivizi | singagxivizi |
| Class 8 | ziyagxiviza, zigxiviza | ezigxivizayo, ezigxiviza | zigxiviza | azigxivizi | ezingagxivizi | zingagxivizi |
| Class 9 | iyagxiviza, igxiviza | egxivizayo, egxiviza | igxiviza | ayigxivizi | engagxivizi | ingagxivizi |
| Class 10 | ziyagxiviza, zigxiviza | ezigxivizayo, ezigxiviza | zigxiviza | azigxivizi | ezingagxivizi | zingagxivizi |
| Class 11 | luyagxiviza, lugxiviza | olugxivizayo, olugxiviza | lugxiviza | alugxivizi | olungagxivizi | lungagxivizi |
| Class 14 | buyagxiviza, bugxiviza | obugxivizayo, obugxiviza | bugxiviza | abugxivizi | obungagxivizi | bungagxivizi |
| Class 15 | kuyagxiviza, kugxiviza | okugxivizayo, okugxiviza | kugxiviza | akugxivizi | okungagxivizi | kungagxivizi |
| Class 17 | kuyagxiviza, kugxiviza | okugxivizayo, okugxiviza | kugxiviza | akugxivizi | okungagxivizi | kungagxivizi |
| | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngigxivizile, ngigxivizē | engigxivizile, engigxivizē | ngigxivizile, ngigxivizē | angigxivizanga | engingagxivizanga | ngingagxivizanga |
| 2nd singular | ugxivizile, ugxivizē | ogxivizile, ogxivizē | ugxivizile, ugxivizē | awugxivizanga | ongagxivizanga | ungagxivizanga |
| 1st plural | sigxivizile, sigxivizē | esigxivizile, esigxivizē | sigxivizile, sigxivizē | asigxivizanga | esingagxivizanga | singagxivizanga |
| 2nd plural | nigxivizile, nigxivizē | enigxivizile, enigxivizē | nigxivizile, nigxivizē | anigxivizanga | eningagxivizanga | ningagxivizanga |
| Class 1 | ugxivizile, ugxivizē | ogxivizile, ogxivizē | egxivizile, egxivizē | akagxivizanga | ongagxivizanga | engagxivizanga |
| Class 2 | bagxivizile, bagxivizē | abagxivizile, abagxivizē | begxivizile, begxivizē | abagxivizanga | abangagxivizanga | bengagxivizanga |
| Class 3 | ugxivizile, ugxivizē | ogxivizile, ogxivizē | ugxivizile, ugxivizē | awugxivizanga | ongagxivizanga | ungagxivizanga |
| Class 4 | igxivizile, igxivizē | egxivizile, egxivizē | igxivizile, igxivizē | ayigxivizanga | engagxivizanga | ingagxivizanga |
| Class 5 | ligxivizile, ligxivizē | eligxivizile, eligxivizē | ligxivizile, ligxivizē | aligxivizanga | elingagxivizanga | lingagxivizanga |
| Class 6 | agxivizile, agxivizē | agxivizile, agxivizē | egxivizile, egxivizē | awagxivizanga | angagxivizanga | engagxivizanga |
| Class 7 | sigxivizile, sigxivizē | esigxivizile, esigxivizē | sigxivizile, sigxivizē | asigxivizanga | esingagxivizanga | singagxivizanga |
| Class 8 | zigxivizile, zigxivizē | ezigxivizile, ezigxivizē | zigxivizile, zigxivizē | azigxivizanga | ezingagxivizanga | zingagxivizanga |
| Class 9 | igxivizile, igxivizē | egxivizile, egxivizē | igxivizile, igxivizē | ayigxivizanga | engagxivizanga | ingagxivizanga |
| Class 10 | zigxivizile, zigxivizē | ezigxivizile, ezigxivizē | zigxivizile, zigxivizē | azigxivizanga | ezingagxivizanga | zingagxivizanga |
| Class 11 | lugxivizile, lugxivizē | olugxivizile, olugxivizē | lugxivizile, lugxivizē | alugxivizanga | olungagxivizanga | lungagxivizanga |
| Class 14 | bugxivizile, bugxivizē | obugxivizile, obugxivizē | bugxivizile, bugxivizē | abugxivizanga | obungagxivizanga | bungagxivizanga |
| Class 15 | kugxivizile, kugxivizē | okugxivizile, okugxivizē | kugxivizile, kugxivizē | akugxivizanga | okungagxivizanga | kungagxivizanga |
| Class 17 | kugxivizile, kugxivizē | okugxivizile, okugxivizē | kugxivizile, kugxivizē | akugxivizanga | okungagxivizanga | kungagxivizanga |
| | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngāgxiviza | engāgxiviza | ngāgxiviza | angigxivizanga | engingagxivizanga | ngingagxivizanga |
| 2nd singular | wāgxiviza | owāgxiviza | wāgxiviza | awugxivizanga | ongagxivizanga | ungagxivizanga |
| 1st plural | sāgxiviza | esāgxiviza | sāgxiviza | asigxivizanga | esingagxivizanga | singagxivizanga |
| 2nd plural | nāgxiviza | enāgxiviza | nāgxiviza | anigxivizanga | eningagxivizanga | ningagxivizanga |
| Class 1 | wāgxiviza | owāgxiviza | āgxiviza | akagxivizanga | ongagxivizanga | engagxivizanga |
| Class 2 | bāgxiviza | abāgxiviza | bāgxiviza | abagxivizanga | abangagxivizanga | bengagxivizanga |
| Class 3 | wāgxiviza | owāgxiviza | wāgxiviza | awugxivizanga | ongagxivizanga | ungagxivizanga |
| Class 4 | yāgxiviza | eyāgxiviza | yāgxiviza | ayigxivizanga | engagxivizanga | ingagxivizanga |
| Class 5 | lāgxiviza | elāgxiviza | lāgxiviza | aligxivizanga | elingagxivizanga | lingagxivizanga |
| Class 6 | āgxiviza | āgxiviza | āgxiviza | awagxivizanga | angagxivizanga | engagxivizanga |
| Class 7 | sāgxiviza | esāgxiviza | sāgxiviza | asigxivizanga | esingagxivizanga | singagxivizanga |
| Class 8 | zāgxiviza | ezāgxiviza | zāgxiviza | azigxivizanga | ezingagxivizanga | zingagxivizanga |
| Class 9 | yāgxiviza | eyāgxiviza | yāgxiviza | ayigxivizanga | engagxivizanga | ingagxivizanga |
| Class 10 | zāgxiviza | ezāgxiviza | zāgxiviza | azigxivizanga | ezingagxivizanga | zingagxivizanga |
| Class 11 | lwāgxiviza | olwāgxiviza | lwāgxiviza | alugxivizanga | olungagxivizanga | lungagxivizanga |
| Class 14 | bāgxiviza | obāgxiviza | bāgxiviza | abugxivizanga | obungagxivizanga | bungagxivizanga |
| Class 15 | kwāgxiviza | okwāgxiviza | kwāgxiviza | akugxivizanga | okungagxivizanga | kungagxivizanga |
| Class 17 | kwāgxiviza | okwāgxiviza | kwāgxiviza | akugxivizanga | okungagxivizanga | kungagxivizanga |
| | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngingagxiviza | — | ngingagxiviza | ngingegxivize | — | ngingegxivize |
| 2nd singular | ungagxiviza | — | ungagxiviza | ungegxivize | — | ungegxivize |
| 1st plural | singagxiviza | — | singagxiviza | singegxivize | — | singegxivize |
| 2nd plural | ningagxiviza | — | ningagxiviza | ningegxivize | — | ningegxivize |
| Class 1 | angagxiviza | — | engagxiviza | angegxivize | — | engegxivize |
| Class 2 | bangagxiviza | — | bengagxiviza | bangegxivize | — | bengegxivize |
| Class 3 | ungagxiviza | — | ungagxiviza | ungegxivize | — | ungegxivize |
| Class 4 | ingagxiviza | — | ingagxiviza | ingegxivize | — | ingegxivize |
| Class 5 | lingagxiviza | — | lingagxiviza | lingegxivize | — | lingegxivize |
| Class 6 | angagxiviza | — | engagxiviza | angegxivize | — | engegxivize |
| Class 7 | singagxiviza | — | singagxiviza | singegxivize | — | singegxivize |
| Class 8 | zingagxiviza | — | zingagxiviza | zingegxivize | — | zingegxivize |
| Class 9 | ingagxiviza | — | ingagxiviza | ingegxivize | — | ingegxivize |
| Class 10 | zingagxiviza | — | zingagxiviza | zingegxivize | — | zingegxivize |
| Class 11 | lungagxiviza | — | lungagxiviza | lungegxivize | — | lungegxivize |
| Class 14 | bungagxiviza | — | bungagxiviza | bungegxivize | — | bungegxivize |
| Class 15 | kungagxiviza | — | kungagxiviza | kungegxivize | — | kungegxivize |
| Class 17 | kungagxiviza | — | kungagxiviza | kungegxivize | — | kungegxivize |
| | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngizogxiviza | engizogxiviza | ngizogxiviza | angizugxiviza | engingezugxiviza | ngingezugxiviza |
| 2nd singular | uzogxiviza | ozogxiviza | uzogxiviza | awuzugxiviza | ongezugxiviza | ungezugxiviza |
| 1st plural | sizogxiviza | esizogxiviza | sizogxiviza | asizugxiviza | esingezugxiviza | singezugxiviza |
| 2nd plural | nizogxiviza | enizogxiviza | nizogxiviza | anizugxiviza | eningezugxiviza | ningezugxiviza |
| Class 1 | uzogxiviza | ozogxiviza | ezogxiviza | akazugxiviza | ongezugxiviza | engezugxiviza |
| Class 2 | bazogxiviza | abazogxiviza | bezogxiviza | abazugxiviza | abangezugxiviza | bengezugxiviza |
| Class 3 | uzogxiviza | ozogxiviza | uzogxiviza | awuzugxiviza | ongezugxiviza | ungezugxiviza |
| Class 4 | izogxiviza | ezogxiviza | izogxiviza | ayizugxiviza | engezugxiviza | ingezugxiviza |
| Class 5 | lizogxiviza | elizogxiviza | lizogxiviza | alizugxiviza | elingezugxiviza | lingezugxiviza |
| Class 6 | azogxiviza | azogxiviza | ezogxiviza | awazugxiviza | angezugxiviza | engezugxiviza |
| Class 7 | sizogxiviza | esizogxiviza | sizogxiviza | asizugxiviza | esingezugxiviza | singezugxiviza |
| Class 8 | zizogxiviza | ezizogxiviza | zizogxiviza | azizugxiviza | ezingezugxiviza | zingezugxiviza |
| Class 9 | izogxiviza | ezogxiviza | izogxiviza | ayizugxiviza | engezugxiviza | ingezugxiviza |
| Class 10 | zizogxiviza | ezizogxiviza | zizogxiviza | azizugxiviza | ezingezugxiviza | zingezugxiviza |
| Class 11 | luzogxiviza | oluzogxiviza | luzogxiviza | aluzugxiviza | olungezugxiviza | lungezugxiviza |
| Class 14 | buzogxiviza | obuzogxiviza | buzogxiviza | abuzugxiviza | obungezugxiviza | bungezugxiviza |
| Class 15 | kuzogxiviza | okuzogxiviza | kuzogxiviza | akuzugxiviza | okungezugxiviza | kungezugxiviza |
| Class 17 | kuzogxiviza | okuzogxiviza | kuzogxiviza | akuzugxiviza | okungezugxiviza | kungezugxiviza |
| | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyogxiviza | engiyogxiviza | ngiyogxiviza | angiyugxiviza | engingeyugxiviza | ngingeyugxiviza |
| 2nd singular | uyogxiviza | oyogxiviza | uyogxiviza | awuyugxiviza | ongeyugxiviza | ungeyugxiviza |
| 1st plural | siyogxiviza | esiyogxiviza | siyogxiviza | asiyugxiviza | esingeyugxiviza | singeyugxiviza |
| 2nd plural | niyogxiviza | eniyogxiviza | niyogxiviza | aniyugxiviza | eningeyugxiviza | ningeyugxiviza |
| Class 1 | uyogxiviza | oyogxiviza | eyogxiviza | akayugxiviza | ongeyugxiviza | engeyugxiviza |
| Class 2 | bayogxiviza | abayogxiviza | beyogxiviza | abayugxiviza | abangeyugxiviza | bengeyugxiviza |
| Class 3 | uyogxiviza | oyogxiviza | uyogxiviza | awuyugxiviza | ongeyugxiviza | ungeyugxiviza |
| Class 4 | iyogxiviza | eyogxiviza | iyogxiviza | ayiyugxiviza | engeyugxiviza | ingeyugxiviza |
| Class 5 | liyogxiviza | eliyogxiviza | liyogxiviza | aliyugxiviza | elingeyugxiviza | lingeyugxiviza |
| Class 6 | ayogxiviza | ayogxiviza | eyogxiviza | awayugxiviza | angeyugxiviza | engeyugxiviza |
| Class 7 | siyogxiviza | esiyogxiviza | siyogxiviza | asiyugxiviza | esingeyugxiviza | singeyugxiviza |
| Class 8 | ziyogxiviza | eziyogxiviza | ziyogxiviza | aziyugxiviza | ezingeyugxiviza | zingeyugxiviza |
| Class 9 | iyogxiviza | eyogxiviza | iyogxiviza | ayiyugxiviza | engeyugxiviza | ingeyugxiviza |
| Class 10 | ziyogxiviza | eziyogxiviza | ziyogxiviza | aziyugxiviza | ezingeyugxiviza | zingeyugxiviza |
| Class 11 | luyogxiviza | oluyogxiviza | luyogxiviza | aluyugxiviza | olungeyugxiviza | lungeyugxiviza |
| Class 14 | buyogxiviza | obuyogxiviza | buyogxiviza | abuyugxiviza | obungeyugxiviza | bungeyugxiviza |
| Class 15 | kuyogxiviza | okuyogxiviza | kuyogxiviza | akuyugxiviza | okungeyugxiviza | kungeyugxiviza |
| Class 17 | kuyogxiviza | okuyogxiviza | kuyogxiviza | akuyugxiviza | okungeyugxiviza | kungeyugxiviza |
| | Present subjunctive | Present subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngigxivize | ngingagxivizi |
| 2nd singular | ugxivize | ungagxivizi |
| 1st plural | sigxivize | singagxivizi |
| 2nd plural | nigxivize | ningagxivizi |
| Class 1 | agxivize | angagxivizi |
| Class 2 | bagxivize | bangagxivizi |
| Class 3 | ugxivize | ungagxivizi |
| Class 4 | igxivize | ingagxivizi |
| Class 5 | ligxivize | lingagxivizi |
| Class 6 | agxivize | angagxivizi |
| Class 7 | sigxivize | singagxivizi |
| Class 8 | zigxivize | zingagxivizi |
| Class 9 | igxivize | ingagxivizi |
| Class 10 | zigxivize | zingagxivizi |
| Class 11 | lugxivize | lungagxivizi |
| Class 14 | bugxivize | bungagxivizi |
| Class 15 | kugxivize | kungagxivizi |
| Class 17 | kugxivize | kungagxivizi |
| | Past subjunctive | Past subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngagxiviza | ngangagxiviza, angagxiviza, angangagxiviza |
| 2nd singular | wagxiviza | wangagxiviza, awagxiviza, awangagxiviza |
| 1st plural | sagxiviza | sangagxiviza, asagxiviza, asangagxiviza |
| 2nd plural | nagxiviza | nangagxiviza, anagxiviza, anangagxiviza |
| Class 1 | wagxiviza | wangagxiviza, akagxiviza, akangagxiviza |
| Class 2 | bagxiviza | bangagxiviza, abagxiviza, abangagxiviza |
| Class 3 | wagxiviza | wangagxiviza, awagxiviza, awangagxiviza |
| Class 4 | yagxiviza | yangagxiviza, ayagxiviza, ayangagxiviza |
| Class 5 | lagxiviza | langagxiviza, alagxiviza, alangagxiviza |
| Class 6 | agxiviza | angagxiviza, awagxiviza, awangagxiviza |
| Class 7 | sagxiviza | sangagxiviza, asagxiviza, asangagxiviza |
| Class 8 | zagxiviza | zangagxiviza, azagxiviza, azangagxiviza |
| Class 9 | yagxiviza | yangagxiviza, ayagxiviza, ayangagxiviza |
| Class 10 | zagxiviza | zangagxiviza, azagxiviza, azangagxiviza |
| Class 11 | lwagxiviza | lwangagxiviza, alwagxiviza, alwangagxiviza |
| Class 14 | bagxiviza | bangagxiviza, abagxiviza, abangagxiviza |
| Class 15 | kwagxiviza | kwangagxiviza, akwagxiviza, akwangagxiviza |
| Class 17 | kwagxiviza | kwangagxiviza, akwagxiviza, akwangagxiviza |

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “gxiviza”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “gxiviza (3.2.9)”