# humusha
## Zulu
### Etymology

From a Khoe language. Related to Xhosa -khumsha (“to speak English or Afrikaans”). Compare Khoekhoe khom (“to say”). The suffix -sha is frequently applied to loaned verbs.

### Verb

-humusha
* (transitive) to interpret, to translate
* (transitive) to paraphrase
* (transitive) to allure, to entice, to lure away
* (transitive) to seduce

#### Inflection

Tone L :
| Infinitive | ukuhumusha |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Infinitive | ukuhumusha | ukungahumushi |
| | Imperative | Imperative |
| | Simple | + object concord |
| Singular | humusha | -humushe |
| Plural | humushani | -humusheni |
| | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyahumusha, ngihumusha | engihumushayo, engihumusha | ngihumusha | angihumushi | engingahumushi | ngingahumushi |
| 2nd singular | uyahumusha, uhumusha | ohumushayo, ohumusha | uhumusha | awuhumushi | ongahumushi | ungahumushi |
| 1st plural | siyahumusha, sihumusha | esihumushayo, esihumusha | sihumusha | asihumushi | esingahumushi | singahumushi |
| 2nd plural | niyahumusha, nihumusha | enihumushayo, enihumusha | nihumusha | anihumushi | eningahumushi | ningahumushi |
| Class 1 | uyahumusha, uhumusha | ohumushayo, ohumusha | ehumusha | akahumushi | ongahumushi | engahumushi |
| Class 2 | bayahumusha, bahumusha | abahumushayo, abahumusha | behumusha | abahumushi | abangahumushi | bengahumushi |
| Class 3 | uyahumusha, uhumusha | ohumushayo, ohumusha | uhumusha | awuhumushi | ongahumushi | ungahumushi |
| Class 4 | iyahumusha, ihumusha | ehumushayo, ehumusha | ihumusha | ayihumushi | engahumushi | ingahumushi |
| Class 5 | liyahumusha, lihumusha | elihumushayo, elihumusha | lihumusha | alihumushi | elingahumushi | lingahumushi |
| Class 6 | ayahumusha, ahumusha | ahumushayo, ahumusha | ehumusha | awahumushi | angahumushi | engahumushi |
| Class 7 | siyahumusha, sihumusha | esihumushayo, esihumusha | sihumusha | asihumushi | esingahumushi | singahumushi |
| Class 8 | ziyahumusha, zihumusha | ezihumushayo, ezihumusha | zihumusha | azihumushi | ezingahumushi | zingahumushi |
| Class 9 | iyahumusha, ihumusha | ehumushayo, ehumusha | ihumusha | ayihumushi | engahumushi | ingahumushi |
| Class 10 | ziyahumusha, zihumusha | ezihumushayo, ezihumusha | zihumusha | azihumushi | ezingahumushi | zingahumushi |
| Class 11 | luyahumusha, luhumusha | oluhumushayo, oluhumusha | luhumusha | aluhumushi | olungahumushi | lungahumushi |
| Class 14 | buyahumusha, buhumusha | obuhumushayo, obuhumusha | buhumusha | abuhumushi | obungahumushi | bungahumushi |
| Class 15 | kuyahumusha, kuhumusha | okuhumushayo, okuhumusha | kuhumusha | akuhumushi | okungahumushi | kungahumushi |
| Class 17 | kuyahumusha, kuhumusha | okuhumushayo, okuhumusha | kuhumusha | akuhumushi | okungahumushi | kungahumushi |
| | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngihumushile, ngihumushē | engihumushile, engihumushē | ngihumushile, ngihumushē | angihumushanga | engingahumushanga | ngingahumushanga |
| 2nd singular | uhumushile, uhumushē | ohumushile, ohumushē | uhumushile, uhumushē | awuhumushanga | ongahumushanga | ungahumushanga |
| 1st plural | sihumushile, sihumushē | esihumushile, esihumushē | sihumushile, sihumushē | asihumushanga | esingahumushanga | singahumushanga |
| 2nd plural | nihumushile, nihumushē | enihumushile, enihumushē | nihumushile, nihumushē | anihumushanga | eningahumushanga | ningahumushanga |
| Class 1 | uhumushile, uhumushē | ohumushile, ohumushē | ehumushile, ehumushē | akahumushanga | ongahumushanga | engahumushanga |
| Class 2 | bahumushile, bahumushē | abahumushile, abahumushē | behumushile, behumushē | abahumushanga | abangahumushanga | bengahumushanga |
| Class 3 | uhumushile, uhumushē | ohumushile, ohumushē | uhumushile, uhumushē | awuhumushanga | ongahumushanga | ungahumushanga |
| Class 4 | ihumushile, ihumushē | ehumushile, ehumushē | ihumushile, ihumushē | ayihumushanga | engahumushanga | ingahumushanga |
| Class 5 | lihumushile, lihumushē | elihumushile, elihumushē | lihumushile, lihumushē | alihumushanga | elingahumushanga | lingahumushanga |
| Class 6 | ahumushile, ahumushē | ahumushile, ahumushē | ehumushile, ehumushē | awahumushanga | angahumushanga | engahumushanga |
| Class 7 | sihumushile, sihumushē | esihumushile, esihumushē | sihumushile, sihumushē | asihumushanga | esingahumushanga | singahumushanga |
| Class 8 | zihumushile, zihumushē | ezihumushile, ezihumushē | zihumushile, zihumushē | azihumushanga | ezingahumushanga | zingahumushanga |
| Class 9 | ihumushile, ihumushē | ehumushile, ehumushē | ihumushile, ihumushē | ayihumushanga | engahumushanga | ingahumushanga |
| Class 10 | zihumushile, zihumushē | ezihumushile, ezihumushē | zihumushile, zihumushē | azihumushanga | ezingahumushanga | zingahumushanga |
| Class 11 | luhumushile, luhumushē | oluhumushile, oluhumushē | luhumushile, luhumushē | aluhumushanga | olungahumushanga | lungahumushanga |
| Class 14 | buhumushile, buhumushē | obuhumushile, obuhumushē | buhumushile, buhumushē | abuhumushanga | obungahumushanga | bungahumushanga |
| Class 15 | kuhumushile, kuhumushē | okuhumushile, okuhumushē | kuhumushile, kuhumushē | akuhumushanga | okungahumushanga | kungahumushanga |
| Class 17 | kuhumushile, kuhumushē | okuhumushile, okuhumushē | kuhumushile, kuhumushē | akuhumushanga | okungahumushanga | kungahumushanga |
| | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngāhumusha | engāhumusha | ngāhumusha | angihumushanga | engingahumushanga | ngingahumushanga |
| 2nd singular | wāhumusha | owāhumusha | wāhumusha | awuhumushanga | ongahumushanga | ungahumushanga |
| 1st plural | sāhumusha | esāhumusha | sāhumusha | asihumushanga | esingahumushanga | singahumushanga |
| 2nd plural | nāhumusha | enāhumusha | nāhumusha | anihumushanga | eningahumushanga | ningahumushanga |
| Class 1 | wāhumusha | owāhumusha | āhumusha | akahumushanga | ongahumushanga | engahumushanga |
| Class 2 | bāhumusha | abāhumusha | bāhumusha | abahumushanga | abangahumushanga | bengahumushanga |
| Class 3 | wāhumusha | owāhumusha | wāhumusha | awuhumushanga | ongahumushanga | ungahumushanga |
| Class 4 | yāhumusha | eyāhumusha | yāhumusha | ayihumushanga | engahumushanga | ingahumushanga |
| Class 5 | lāhumusha | elāhumusha | lāhumusha | alihumushanga | elingahumushanga | lingahumushanga |
| Class 6 | āhumusha | āhumusha | āhumusha | awahumushanga | angahumushanga | engahumushanga |
| Class 7 | sāhumusha | esāhumusha | sāhumusha | asihumushanga | esingahumushanga | singahumushanga |
| Class 8 | zāhumusha | ezāhumusha | zāhumusha | azihumushanga | ezingahumushanga | zingahumushanga |
| Class 9 | yāhumusha | eyāhumusha | yāhumusha | ayihumushanga | engahumushanga | ingahumushanga |
| Class 10 | zāhumusha | ezāhumusha | zāhumusha | azihumushanga | ezingahumushanga | zingahumushanga |
| Class 11 | lwāhumusha | olwāhumusha | lwāhumusha | aluhumushanga | olungahumushanga | lungahumushanga |
| Class 14 | bāhumusha | obāhumusha | bāhumusha | abuhumushanga | obungahumushanga | bungahumushanga |
| Class 15 | kwāhumusha | okwāhumusha | kwāhumusha | akuhumushanga | okungahumushanga | kungahumushanga |
| Class 17 | kwāhumusha | okwāhumusha | kwāhumusha | akuhumushanga | okungahumushanga | kungahumushanga |
| | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngingahumusha | — | ngingahumusha | ngingehumushe | — | ngingehumushe |
| 2nd singular | ungahumusha | — | ungahumusha | ungehumushe | — | ungehumushe |
| 1st plural | singahumusha | — | singahumusha | singehumushe | — | singehumushe |
| 2nd plural | ningahumusha | — | ningahumusha | ningehumushe | — | ningehumushe |
| Class 1 | angahumusha | — | engahumusha | angehumushe | — | engehumushe |
| Class 2 | bangahumusha | — | bengahumusha | bangehumushe | — | bengehumushe |
| Class 3 | ungahumusha | — | ungahumusha | ungehumushe | — | ungehumushe |
| Class 4 | ingahumusha | — | ingahumusha | ingehumushe | — | ingehumushe |
| Class 5 | lingahumusha | — | lingahumusha | lingehumushe | — | lingehumushe |
| Class 6 | angahumusha | — | engahumusha | angehumushe | — | engehumushe |
| Class 7 | singahumusha | — | singahumusha | singehumushe | — | singehumushe |
| Class 8 | zingahumusha | — | zingahumusha | zingehumushe | — | zingehumushe |
| Class 9 | ingahumusha | — | ingahumusha | ingehumushe | — | ingehumushe |
| Class 10 | zingahumusha | — | zingahumusha | zingehumushe | — | zingehumushe |
| Class 11 | lungahumusha | — | lungahumusha | lungehumushe | — | lungehumushe |
| Class 14 | bungahumusha | — | bungahumusha | bungehumushe | — | bungehumushe |
| Class 15 | kungahumusha | — | kungahumusha | kungehumushe | — | kungehumushe |
| Class 17 | kungahumusha | — | kungahumusha | kungehumushe | — | kungehumushe |
| | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngizohumusha | engizohumusha | ngizohumusha | angizuhumusha | engingezuhumusha | ngingezuhumusha |
| 2nd singular | uzohumusha | ozohumusha | uzohumusha | awuzuhumusha | ongezuhumusha | ungezuhumusha |
| 1st plural | sizohumusha | esizohumusha | sizohumusha | asizuhumusha | esingezuhumusha | singezuhumusha |
| 2nd plural | nizohumusha | enizohumusha | nizohumusha | anizuhumusha | eningezuhumusha | ningezuhumusha |
| Class 1 | uzohumusha | ozohumusha | ezohumusha | akazuhumusha | ongezuhumusha | engezuhumusha |
| Class 2 | bazohumusha | abazohumusha | bezohumusha | abazuhumusha | abangezuhumusha | bengezuhumusha |
| Class 3 | uzohumusha | ozohumusha | uzohumusha | awuzuhumusha | ongezuhumusha | ungezuhumusha |
| Class 4 | izohumusha | ezohumusha | izohumusha | ayizuhumusha | engezuhumusha | ingezuhumusha |
| Class 5 | lizohumusha | elizohumusha | lizohumusha | alizuhumusha | elingezuhumusha | lingezuhumusha |
| Class 6 | azohumusha | azohumusha | ezohumusha | awazuhumusha | angezuhumusha | engezuhumusha |
| Class 7 | sizohumusha | esizohumusha | sizohumusha | asizuhumusha | esingezuhumusha | singezuhumusha |
| Class 8 | zizohumusha | ezizohumusha | zizohumusha | azizuhumusha | ezingezuhumusha | zingezuhumusha |
| Class 9 | izohumusha | ezohumusha | izohumusha | ayizuhumusha | engezuhumusha | ingezuhumusha |
| Class 10 | zizohumusha | ezizohumusha | zizohumusha | azizuhumusha | ezingezuhumusha | zingezuhumusha |
| Class 11 | luzohumusha | oluzohumusha | luzohumusha | aluzuhumusha | olungezuhumusha | lungezuhumusha |
| Class 14 | buzohumusha | obuzohumusha | buzohumusha | abuzuhumusha | obungezuhumusha | bungezuhumusha |
| Class 15 | kuzohumusha | okuzohumusha | kuzohumusha | akuzuhumusha | okungezuhumusha | kungezuhumusha |
| Class 17 | kuzohumusha | okuzohumusha | kuzohumusha | akuzuhumusha | okungezuhumusha | kungezuhumusha |
| | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyohumusha | engiyohumusha | ngiyohumusha | angiyuhumusha | engingeyuhumusha | ngingeyuhumusha |
| 2nd singular | uyohumusha | oyohumusha | uyohumusha | awuyuhumusha | ongeyuhumusha | ungeyuhumusha |
| 1st plural | siyohumusha | esiyohumusha | siyohumusha | asiyuhumusha | esingeyuhumusha | singeyuhumusha |
| 2nd plural | niyohumusha | eniyohumusha | niyohumusha | aniyuhumusha | eningeyuhumusha | ningeyuhumusha |
| Class 1 | uyohumusha | oyohumusha | eyohumusha | akayuhumusha | ongeyuhumusha | engeyuhumusha |
| Class 2 | bayohumusha | abayohumusha | beyohumusha | abayuhumusha | abangeyuhumusha | bengeyuhumusha |
| Class 3 | uyohumusha | oyohumusha | uyohumusha | awuyuhumusha | ongeyuhumusha | ungeyuhumusha |
| Class 4 | iyohumusha | eyohumusha | iyohumusha | ayiyuhumusha | engeyuhumusha | ingeyuhumusha |
| Class 5 | liyohumusha | eliyohumusha | liyohumusha | aliyuhumusha | elingeyuhumusha | lingeyuhumusha |
| Class 6 | ayohumusha | ayohumusha | eyohumusha | awayuhumusha | angeyuhumusha | engeyuhumusha |
| Class 7 | siyohumusha | esiyohumusha | siyohumusha | asiyuhumusha | esingeyuhumusha | singeyuhumusha |
| Class 8 | ziyohumusha | eziyohumusha | ziyohumusha | aziyuhumusha | ezingeyuhumusha | zingeyuhumusha |
| Class 9 | iyohumusha | eyohumusha | iyohumusha | ayiyuhumusha | engeyuhumusha | ingeyuhumusha |
| Class 10 | ziyohumusha | eziyohumusha | ziyohumusha | aziyuhumusha | ezingeyuhumusha | zingeyuhumusha |
| Class 11 | luyohumusha | oluyohumusha | luyohumusha | aluyuhumusha | olungeyuhumusha | lungeyuhumusha |
| Class 14 | buyohumusha | obuyohumusha | buyohumusha | abuyuhumusha | obungeyuhumusha | bungeyuhumusha |
| Class 15 | kuyohumusha | okuyohumusha | kuyohumusha | akuyuhumusha | okungeyuhumusha | kungeyuhumusha |
| Class 17 | kuyohumusha | okuyohumusha | kuyohumusha | akuyuhumusha | okungeyuhumusha | kungeyuhumusha |
| | Present subjunctive | Present subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngihumushe | ngingahumushi |
| 2nd singular | uhumushe | ungahumushi |
| 1st plural | sihumushe | singahumushi |
| 2nd plural | nihumushe | ningahumushi |
| Class 1 | ahumushe | angahumushi |
| Class 2 | bahumushe | bangahumushi |
| Class 3 | uhumushe | ungahumushi |
| Class 4 | ihumushe | ingahumushi |
| Class 5 | lihumushe | lingahumushi |
| Class 6 | ahumushe | angahumushi |
| Class 7 | sihumushe | singahumushi |
| Class 8 | zihumushe | zingahumushi |
| Class 9 | ihumushe | ingahumushi |
| Class 10 | zihumushe | zingahumushi |
| Class 11 | luhumushe | lungahumushi |
| Class 14 | buhumushe | bungahumushi |
| Class 15 | kuhumushe | kungahumushi |
| Class 17 | kuhumushe | kungahumushi |
| | Past subjunctive | Past subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngahumusha | ngangahumusha, angahumusha, angangahumusha |
| 2nd singular | wahumusha | wangahumusha, awahumusha, awangahumusha |
| 1st plural | sahumusha | sangahumusha, asahumusha, asangahumusha |
| 2nd plural | nahumusha | nangahumusha, anahumusha, anangahumusha |
| Class 1 | wahumusha | wangahumusha, akahumusha, akangahumusha |
| Class 2 | bahumusha | bangahumusha, abahumusha, abangahumusha |
| Class 3 | wahumusha | wangahumusha, awahumusha, awangahumusha |
| Class 4 | yahumusha | yangahumusha, ayahumusha, ayangahumusha |
| Class 5 | lahumusha | langahumusha, alahumusha, alangahumusha |
| Class 6 | ahumusha | angahumusha, awahumusha, awangahumusha |
| Class 7 | sahumusha | sangahumusha, asahumusha, asangahumusha |
| Class 8 | zahumusha | zangahumusha, azahumusha, azangahumusha |
| Class 9 | yahumusha | yangahumusha, ayahumusha, ayangahumusha |
| Class 10 | zahumusha | zangahumusha, azahumusha, azangahumusha |
| Class 11 | lwahumusha | lwangahumusha, alwahumusha, alwangahumusha |
| Class 14 | bahumusha | bangahumusha, abahumusha, abangahumusha |
| Class 15 | kwahumusha | kwangahumusha, akwahumusha, akwangahumusha |
| Class 17 | kwahumusha | kwangahumusha, akwahumusha, akwangahumusha |

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “humusha”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “humusha (3.2.9)”
* Louw, J.A. (2013) “The Impact of Khoesan on Southern Bantu”, in Vossen, Rainer, editor, The Khoesan Languages, Routledge, →ISBN, pages 435-444