# gxila
## Zulu
### Pronunciation

IPA: /ᶢǁʱiːla/

### Verb

-gxila
* to stand firm, to stand fast

#### Inflection

Tone L :
| Infinitive | ukugxila |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Infinitive | ukugxila | ukungagxili |
| | Imperative | Imperative |
| | Simple | + object concord |
| Singular | gxila | -gxile |
| Plural | gxilani | -gxileni |
| | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyagxila, ngigxila | engigxilayo, engigxila | ngigxila | angigxili | engingagxili | ngingagxili |
| 2nd singular | uyagxila, ugxila | ogxilayo, ogxila | ugxila | awugxili | ongagxili | ungagxili |
| 1st plural | siyagxila, sigxila | esigxilayo, esigxila | sigxila | asigxili | esingagxili | singagxili |
| 2nd plural | niyagxila, nigxila | enigxilayo, enigxila | nigxila | anigxili | eningagxili | ningagxili |
| Class 1 | uyagxila, ugxila | ogxilayo, ogxila | egxila | akagxili | ongagxili | engagxili |
| Class 2 | bayagxila, bagxila | abagxilayo, abagxila | begxila | abagxili | abangagxili | bengagxili |
| Class 3 | uyagxila, ugxila | ogxilayo, ogxila | ugxila | awugxili | ongagxili | ungagxili |
| Class 4 | iyagxila, igxila | egxilayo, egxila | igxila | ayigxili | engagxili | ingagxili |
| Class 5 | liyagxila, ligxila | eligxilayo, eligxila | ligxila | aligxili | elingagxili | lingagxili |
| Class 6 | ayagxila, agxila | agxilayo, agxila | egxila | awagxili | angagxili | engagxili |
| Class 7 | siyagxila, sigxila | esigxilayo, esigxila | sigxila | asigxili | esingagxili | singagxili |
| Class 8 | ziyagxila, zigxila | ezigxilayo, ezigxila | zigxila | azigxili | ezingagxili | zingagxili |
| Class 9 | iyagxila, igxila | egxilayo, egxila | igxila | ayigxili | engagxili | ingagxili |
| Class 10 | ziyagxila, zigxila | ezigxilayo, ezigxila | zigxila | azigxili | ezingagxili | zingagxili |
| Class 11 | luyagxila, lugxila | olugxilayo, olugxila | lugxila | alugxili | olungagxili | lungagxili |
| Class 14 | buyagxila, bugxila | obugxilayo, obugxila | bugxila | abugxili | obungagxili | bungagxili |
| Class 15 | kuyagxila, kugxila | okugxilayo, okugxila | kugxila | akugxili | okungagxili | kungagxili |
| Class 17 | kuyagxila, kugxila | okugxilayo, okugxila | kugxila | akugxili | okungagxili | kungagxili |
| | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngigxilile, ngigxilē | engigxilile, engigxilē | ngigxilile, ngigxilē | angigxilanga | engingagxilanga | ngingagxilanga |
| 2nd singular | ugxilile, ugxilē | ogxilile, ogxilē | ugxilile, ugxilē | awugxilanga | ongagxilanga | ungagxilanga |
| 1st plural | sigxilile, sigxilē | esigxilile, esigxilē | sigxilile, sigxilē | asigxilanga | esingagxilanga | singagxilanga |
| 2nd plural | nigxilile, nigxilē | enigxilile, enigxilē | nigxilile, nigxilē | anigxilanga | eningagxilanga | ningagxilanga |
| Class 1 | ugxilile, ugxilē | ogxilile, ogxilē | egxilile, egxilē | akagxilanga | ongagxilanga | engagxilanga |
| Class 2 | bagxilile, bagxilē | abagxilile, abagxilē | begxilile, begxilē | abagxilanga | abangagxilanga | bengagxilanga |
| Class 3 | ugxilile, ugxilē | ogxilile, ogxilē | ugxilile, ugxilē | awugxilanga | ongagxilanga | ungagxilanga |
| Class 4 | igxilile, igxilē | egxilile, egxilē | igxilile, igxilē | ayigxilanga | engagxilanga | ingagxilanga |
| Class 5 | ligxilile, ligxilē | eligxilile, eligxilē | ligxilile, ligxilē | aligxilanga | elingagxilanga | lingagxilanga |
| Class 6 | agxilile, agxilē | agxilile, agxilē | egxilile, egxilē | awagxilanga | angagxilanga | engagxilanga |
| Class 7 | sigxilile, sigxilē | esigxilile, esigxilē | sigxilile, sigxilē | asigxilanga | esingagxilanga | singagxilanga |
| Class 8 | zigxilile, zigxilē | ezigxilile, ezigxilē | zigxilile, zigxilē | azigxilanga | ezingagxilanga | zingagxilanga |
| Class 9 | igxilile, igxilē | egxilile, egxilē | igxilile, igxilē | ayigxilanga | engagxilanga | ingagxilanga |
| Class 10 | zigxilile, zigxilē | ezigxilile, ezigxilē | zigxilile, zigxilē | azigxilanga | ezingagxilanga | zingagxilanga |
| Class 11 | lugxilile, lugxilē | olugxilile, olugxilē | lugxilile, lugxilē | alugxilanga | olungagxilanga | lungagxilanga |
| Class 14 | bugxilile, bugxilē | obugxilile, obugxilē | bugxilile, bugxilē | abugxilanga | obungagxilanga | bungagxilanga |
| Class 15 | kugxilile, kugxilē | okugxilile, okugxilē | kugxilile, kugxilē | akugxilanga | okungagxilanga | kungagxilanga |
| Class 17 | kugxilile, kugxilē | okugxilile, okugxilē | kugxilile, kugxilē | akugxilanga | okungagxilanga | kungagxilanga |
| | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngāgxila | engāgxila | ngāgxila | angigxilanga | engingagxilanga | ngingagxilanga |
| 2nd singular | wāgxila | owāgxila | wāgxila | awugxilanga | ongagxilanga | ungagxilanga |
| 1st plural | sāgxila | esāgxila | sāgxila | asigxilanga | esingagxilanga | singagxilanga |
| 2nd plural | nāgxila | enāgxila | nāgxila | anigxilanga | eningagxilanga | ningagxilanga |
| Class 1 | wāgxila | owāgxila | āgxila | akagxilanga | ongagxilanga | engagxilanga |
| Class 2 | bāgxila | abāgxila | bāgxila | abagxilanga | abangagxilanga | bengagxilanga |
| Class 3 | wāgxila | owāgxila | wāgxila | awugxilanga | ongagxilanga | ungagxilanga |
| Class 4 | yāgxila | eyāgxila | yāgxila | ayigxilanga | engagxilanga | ingagxilanga |
| Class 5 | lāgxila | elāgxila | lāgxila | aligxilanga | elingagxilanga | lingagxilanga |
| Class 6 | āgxila | āgxila | āgxila | awagxilanga | angagxilanga | engagxilanga |
| Class 7 | sāgxila | esāgxila | sāgxila | asigxilanga | esingagxilanga | singagxilanga |
| Class 8 | zāgxila | ezāgxila | zāgxila | azigxilanga | ezingagxilanga | zingagxilanga |
| Class 9 | yāgxila | eyāgxila | yāgxila | ayigxilanga | engagxilanga | ingagxilanga |
| Class 10 | zāgxila | ezāgxila | zāgxila | azigxilanga | ezingagxilanga | zingagxilanga |
| Class 11 | lwāgxila | olwāgxila | lwāgxila | alugxilanga | olungagxilanga | lungagxilanga |
| Class 14 | bāgxila | obāgxila | bāgxila | abugxilanga | obungagxilanga | bungagxilanga |
| Class 15 | kwāgxila | okwāgxila | kwāgxila | akugxilanga | okungagxilanga | kungagxilanga |
| Class 17 | kwāgxila | okwāgxila | kwāgxila | akugxilanga | okungagxilanga | kungagxilanga |
| | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngingagxila | — | ngingagxila | ngingegxile | — | ngingegxile |
| 2nd singular | ungagxila | — | ungagxila | ungegxile | — | ungegxile |
| 1st plural | singagxila | — | singagxila | singegxile | — | singegxile |
| 2nd plural | ningagxila | — | ningagxila | ningegxile | — | ningegxile |
| Class 1 | angagxila | — | engagxila | angegxile | — | engegxile |
| Class 2 | bangagxila | — | bengagxila | bangegxile | — | bengegxile |
| Class 3 | ungagxila | — | ungagxila | ungegxile | — | ungegxile |
| Class 4 | ingagxila | — | ingagxila | ingegxile | — | ingegxile |
| Class 5 | lingagxila | — | lingagxila | lingegxile | — | lingegxile |
| Class 6 | angagxila | — | engagxila | angegxile | — | engegxile |
| Class 7 | singagxila | — | singagxila | singegxile | — | singegxile |
| Class 8 | zingagxila | — | zingagxila | zingegxile | — | zingegxile |
| Class 9 | ingagxila | — | ingagxila | ingegxile | — | ingegxile |
| Class 10 | zingagxila | — | zingagxila | zingegxile | — | zingegxile |
| Class 11 | lungagxila | — | lungagxila | lungegxile | — | lungegxile |
| Class 14 | bungagxila | — | bungagxila | bungegxile | — | bungegxile |
| Class 15 | kungagxila | — | kungagxila | kungegxile | — | kungegxile |
| Class 17 | kungagxila | — | kungagxila | kungegxile | — | kungegxile |
| | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngizogxila | engizogxila | ngizogxila | angizugxila | engingezugxila | ngingezugxila |
| 2nd singular | uzogxila | ozogxila | uzogxila | awuzugxila | ongezugxila | ungezugxila |
| 1st plural | sizogxila | esizogxila | sizogxila | asizugxila | esingezugxila | singezugxila |
| 2nd plural | nizogxila | enizogxila | nizogxila | anizugxila | eningezugxila | ningezugxila |
| Class 1 | uzogxila | ozogxila | ezogxila | akazugxila | ongezugxila | engezugxila |
| Class 2 | bazogxila | abazogxila | bezogxila | abazugxila | abangezugxila | bengezugxila |
| Class 3 | uzogxila | ozogxila | uzogxila | awuzugxila | ongezugxila | ungezugxila |
| Class 4 | izogxila | ezogxila | izogxila | ayizugxila | engezugxila | ingezugxila |
| Class 5 | lizogxila | elizogxila | lizogxila | alizugxila | elingezugxila | lingezugxila |
| Class 6 | azogxila | azogxila | ezogxila | awazugxila | angezugxila | engezugxila |
| Class 7 | sizogxila | esizogxila | sizogxila | asizugxila | esingezugxila | singezugxila |
| Class 8 | zizogxila | ezizogxila | zizogxila | azizugxila | ezingezugxila | zingezugxila |
| Class 9 | izogxila | ezogxila | izogxila | ayizugxila | engezugxila | ingezugxila |
| Class 10 | zizogxila | ezizogxila | zizogxila | azizugxila | ezingezugxila | zingezugxila |
| Class 11 | luzogxila | oluzogxila | luzogxila | aluzugxila | olungezugxila | lungezugxila |
| Class 14 | buzogxila | obuzogxila | buzogxila | abuzugxila | obungezugxila | bungezugxila |
| Class 15 | kuzogxila | okuzogxila | kuzogxila | akuzugxila | okungezugxila | kungezugxila |
| Class 17 | kuzogxila | okuzogxila | kuzogxila | akuzugxila | okungezugxila | kungezugxila |
| | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyogxila | engiyogxila | ngiyogxila | angiyugxila | engingeyugxila | ngingeyugxila |
| 2nd singular | uyogxila | oyogxila | uyogxila | awuyugxila | ongeyugxila | ungeyugxila |
| 1st plural | siyogxila | esiyogxila | siyogxila | asiyugxila | esingeyugxila | singeyugxila |
| 2nd plural | niyogxila | eniyogxila | niyogxila | aniyugxila | eningeyugxila | ningeyugxila |
| Class 1 | uyogxila | oyogxila | eyogxila | akayugxila | ongeyugxila | engeyugxila |
| Class 2 | bayogxila | abayogxila | beyogxila | abayugxila | abangeyugxila | bengeyugxila |
| Class 3 | uyogxila | oyogxila | uyogxila | awuyugxila | ongeyugxila | ungeyugxila |
| Class 4 | iyogxila | eyogxila | iyogxila | ayiyugxila | engeyugxila | ingeyugxila |
| Class 5 | liyogxila | eliyogxila | liyogxila | aliyugxila | elingeyugxila | lingeyugxila |
| Class 6 | ayogxila | ayogxila | eyogxila | awayugxila | angeyugxila | engeyugxila |
| Class 7 | siyogxila | esiyogxila | siyogxila | asiyugxila | esingeyugxila | singeyugxila |
| Class 8 | ziyogxila | eziyogxila | ziyogxila | aziyugxila | ezingeyugxila | zingeyugxila |
| Class 9 | iyogxila | eyogxila | iyogxila | ayiyugxila | engeyugxila | ingeyugxila |
| Class 10 | ziyogxila | eziyogxila | ziyogxila | aziyugxila | ezingeyugxila | zingeyugxila |
| Class 11 | luyogxila | oluyogxila | luyogxila | aluyugxila | olungeyugxila | lungeyugxila |
| Class 14 | buyogxila | obuyogxila | buyogxila | abuyugxila | obungeyugxila | bungeyugxila |
| Class 15 | kuyogxila | okuyogxila | kuyogxila | akuyugxila | okungeyugxila | kungeyugxila |
| Class 17 | kuyogxila | okuyogxila | kuyogxila | akuyugxila | okungeyugxila | kungeyugxila |
| | Present subjunctive | Present subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngigxile | ngingagxili |
| 2nd singular | ugxile | ungagxili |
| 1st plural | sigxile | singagxili |
| 2nd plural | nigxile | ningagxili |
| Class 1 | agxile | angagxili |
| Class 2 | bagxile | bangagxili |
| Class 3 | ugxile | ungagxili |
| Class 4 | igxile | ingagxili |
| Class 5 | ligxile | lingagxili |
| Class 6 | agxile | angagxili |
| Class 7 | sigxile | singagxili |
| Class 8 | zigxile | zingagxili |
| Class 9 | igxile | ingagxili |
| Class 10 | zigxile | zingagxili |
| Class 11 | lugxile | lungagxili |
| Class 14 | bugxile | bungagxili |
| Class 15 | kugxile | kungagxili |
| Class 17 | kugxile | kungagxili |
| | Past subjunctive | Past subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngagxila | ngangagxila, angagxila, angangagxila |
| 2nd singular | wagxila | wangagxila, awagxila, awangagxila |
| 1st plural | sagxila | sangagxila, asagxila, asangagxila |
| 2nd plural | nagxila | nangagxila, anagxila, anangagxila |
| Class 1 | wagxila | wangagxila, akagxila, akangagxila |
| Class 2 | bagxila | bangagxila, abagxila, abangagxila |
| Class 3 | wagxila | wangagxila, awagxila, awangagxila |
| Class 4 | yagxila | yangagxila, ayagxila, ayangagxila |
| Class 5 | lagxila | langagxila, alagxila, alangagxila |
| Class 6 | agxila | angagxila, awagxila, awangagxila |
| Class 7 | sagxila | sangagxila, asagxila, asangagxila |
| Class 8 | zagxila | zangagxila, azagxila, azangagxila |
| Class 9 | yagxila | yangagxila, ayagxila, ayangagxila |
| Class 10 | zagxila | zangagxila, azagxila, azangagxila |
| Class 11 | lwagxila | lwangagxila, alwagxila, alwangagxila |
| Class 14 | bagxila | bangagxila, abagxila, abangagxila |
| Class 15 | kwagxila | kwangagxila, akwagxila, akwangagxila |
| Class 17 | kwagxila | kwangagxila, akwagxila, akwangagxila |

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “gxila”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “gxila (6.3)”