# ru
## Translingual
### Etymology

Most likely from clipping of English Russian or Russian ру́сский (rússkij)

### Symbol

ru
* (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Russian.

## Afrikaans
### Etymology

From Dutch ruw, from Middle Dutch ruuch, ru, from Old Dutch *rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhwaz. See the Dutch entry for more.

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

ru (attributive ruwe, comparative ruwer, superlative ruuste)
* rough
    Synonym: rof

## Breton
### Adjective

ru
* red

## Chuukese
### Numeral

ru
* two

#### Related terms

* oruwen (ordinal)
* ruche
* rufoch
* rufou
* ruömön
* turu

## French
### Etymology

Inherited from Old French ru, riu, from Vulgar Latin *rius, from Latin rīvus (“brook, small stream”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rih₂wós (from *h₃reyh₂- (“to flow; to move, set in motion”) +‎ *-wós).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʁy/
* Audio (Switzerland):(file)

### Noun

ru m (plural rus)
* (archaic) small stream

#### Related terms

* ruisseau

#### See also

* fleuve
* rivière

### Further reading

* “ru”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Guaraní
### Pronunciation

* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

### Noun

ru
* father

## Japanese
### Romanization

ru
* The hiragana syllable る (ru) or the katakana syllable ル (ru) in Hepburn romanization.

## Kabyle
### Verb

ru
* to cry, shed tears

#### Conjugation
## Malay
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ru/
* Rhymes: -ru, -u

### Noun

ru (Jawi spelling رو, plural ru-ru, informal 1st possessive ruku, 2nd possessive rumu, 3rd possessive runya)
* Alternative form of eru

## Mandarin
### Romanization

ru
* Nonstandard spelling of rú.
* Nonstandard spelling of rǔ.
* Nonstandard spelling of rù.

#### Usage notes

* Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

## Narua
### Noun

ru
* chicken

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Etymology

From Middle Low German.

### Adjective

ru (masculine and feminine ru, neuter ru or rutt, definite singular and plural ru or rue, comparative ruare, indefinite superlative ruast, definite superlative ruaste)
* uneven on the surface
* raspy, hoarse

### References

* “ru” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

### Anagrams

* Ru, ur

## Sumerian
### Romanization

ru
* Romanization of 𒊒 (ru)

## Talysh
### Etymology

Cognate with Persian رود (rud).

### Noun

ru
* river

## Tarifit
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

### Verb

ru (Tifinagh spelling ⵔⵓ)
* (intransitive) to cry, to weep
* (intransitive) to complain
* (intransitive, figuratively) to secrete a liquid

#### Conjugation

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

#### Derived terms

* Causative: sru (“to make cry”)
* amentru (“beggar”)

## Tarok
### Etymology

Cognate to Mapeo dɔ́ɔ́ ("fall, fall downwards"), Owere dò ("fall (as rain)").

### Verb

ru
* to fall (downwards)

### References

* R. Blench, The Benue-Congo languages

## Vietnamese
### Pronunciation

* (Hà Nội) IPA: [zu˧˧]
* (Huế) IPA: [ʐʊw˧˧]
* (Saigon) IPA: [ɹʊw˧˧]
* Homophone: du

### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Verb

ru • (油)
* to sing (a baby) to sleep
    hát ru ― to sing a lullaby
** (Can we date this quote?), Văn Thành Nho (lyrics and music), “Đất nước lời ru [Our Land, a Lullaby]”:Ru con, mẹ ru con, Tiếng ru cả cuộc đời. Ru con lời ru, Cất lên từ ngàn đời.Lull you, I lull you, With the song of a lifetime. Lull you, with a lullaby, Resonating with eternity.

##### Derived terms

* ru hời
* ru ngủ

### Etymology 2

Part of the r-series of demonstratives, along with rày, ri, rứa, sao, and potentially also răng, rằng.

#### Particle

ru • (𠱋)
* (literary, dated) final particle used for negation or to form rhetorical questions
    Synonyms: sao, đâu, ư

##### See also

Vietnamese demonstratives :
| Laurence Thompson (1965), Vietnamese Grammar ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | | Unspecified | Unspecified | Unspecified | Unspecified | Unspecified | Close to the speaker or newly introduced | Close to the speaker or newly introduced | Close to the speaker or newly introduced | Close to the speaker or newly introduced | Close to the speaker or newly introduced | Remote, already identified | Remote, already identified | Remote, already identified | Remote, already identified | Remote, already identified |
| PLACE đ- (first register) | PLACE đ- (first register) | PLACE đ- (first register) | PLACE đ- (first register) | PLACE đ- (first register) | đâu ‘wherever’ | đâu ‘wherever’ | đâu ‘wherever’ | đâu ‘wherever’ | đâu ‘wherever’ | đây ‘here’ | đây ‘here’ | đây ‘here’ | đây ‘here’ | đây ‘here’ | đấy ‘there’ | đấy ‘there’ | đấy ‘there’ | đấy ‘there’ | đấy ‘there’ |
| REFERENCE n- (second register) | REFERENCE n- (second register) | REFERENCE n- (second register) | REFERENCE n- (second register) | REFERENCE n- (second register) | nào ‘whichever’ | nào ‘whichever’ | nào ‘whichever’ | nào ‘whichever’ | nào ‘whichever’ | này ‘this’ | này ‘this’ | này ‘this’ | này ‘this’ | này ‘this’ | nọ ‘that’ | nọ ‘that’ | nọ ‘that’ | nọ ‘that’ | nọ ‘that’ |
| PROPORTION b- (first register) | PROPORTION b- (first register) | PROPORTION b- (first register) | PROPORTION b- (first register) | PROPORTION b- (first register) | bao ‘to whatever extent’ | bao ‘to whatever extent’ | bao ‘to whatever extent’ | bao ‘to whatever extent’ | bao ‘to whatever extent’ | bây ‘to this extent’ | bây ‘to this extent’ | bây ‘to this extent’ | bây ‘to this extent’ | bây ‘to this extent’ | bấy ‘to that extent’ | bấy ‘to that extent’ | bấy ‘to that extent’ | bấy ‘to that extent’ | bấy ‘to that extent’ |
| MANNER s- (first register) v- (second register) | MANNER s- (first register) v- (second register) | MANNER s- (first register) v- (second register) | MANNER s- (first register) v- (second register) | MANNER s- (first register) v- (second register) | sao ‘however’ | sao ‘however’ | sao ‘however’ | sao ‘however’ | sao ‘however’ | vầy ‘this way’ | vầy ‘this way’ | vầy ‘this way’ | vầy ‘this way’ | vầy ‘this way’ | vậy ‘that way’ | vậy ‘that way’ | vậy ‘that way’ | vậy ‘that way’ | vậy ‘that way’ |
| Nguyễn Phú Phong (1992), “Vietnamese Demonstratives Revisited” ||||||||||||||||||||
| | | | | D$^•$ (Indefinite) | D$^•$ (Indefinite) | D$^•$ (Indefinite) | D$^•$ (Indefinite) | D1 (Proximal) | D1 (Proximal) | D1 (Proximal) | D1 (Proximal) | D2 (Medial) | D2 (Medial) | D2 (Medial) | D2 (Medial) | D3 (Distal) | D3 (Distal) | D3 (Distal) | D3 (Distal) |
| +NOM(inal) | +NOM(inal) | +NOM(inal) | +NOM(inal) | đâu place-what | đâu place-what | đâu place-what | đâu place-what | đây place-this | đây place-this | đây place-this | đây place-this | đấy place-that$_1$ | đấy place-that$_1$ | đấy place-that$_1$ | đấy place-that$_1$ | | | | |
| ±NOM(inal) | ±NOM(inal) | ±NOM(inal) | ±NOM(inal) | | | | | | | | | đó (place-)that$_1$ | đó (place-)that$_1$ | đó (place-)that$_1$ | đó (place-)that$_1$ | kia (place-)that$_2$ | kia (place-)that$_2$ | kia (place-)that$_2$ | kia (place-)that$_2$ |
| –NOM(inal) | –NOM(inal) | –NOM(inal) | –NOM(inal) | nào what | nào what | nào what | nào what | nầy this | nầy this | nầy this | nầy this | nấy/ấy that$_1$ | nấy/ấy that$_1$ | nấy/ấy that$_1$ | nấy/ấy that$_1$ | nọ that$_2$ | nọ that$_2$ | nọ that$_2$ | nọ that$_2$ |
Vietnamese demonstratives (alternative version) :
| | Proximal (*-iː) | Distal 1 (*-iːʔ) | Distal 2 (*-əːʔ) | Distal 3/ Remote (*-ɔːʔ) | Interrogative (rime was a rounded back vowel) |
| Place, attributive$^1$ n- | ni nì này | nấy | nớ | nọ | nào |
| Place, nominal$^2$ đ- | đây | đí đấy | — | đó | đâu |
| Manner r- | ri rày | — | rứa | — | ru sao$^3$ |
| Extent 1$^4$ b- | bây | bấy | — | — | bao |
| Extent 2$^5$ v- | vầy | vậy | — | — | — |
| $^1$ Originally can only follow a nominal (being used attributively), hence nơi này (“this place; here”), nơi nào (“where”) (no longer completely true in the modern language). $^2$ Can be used on its own/is itself nominal, hence đây (“here”), đâu (“where”). $^3$ From earlier *C-raːw (where *C is nonspecific consonant). $^4$ Placed before the head: bây nhiêu (“this much”), bấy nhiêu (“that much”), bao nhiêu (“how much”). $^5$ Placed after the head: nhanh vầy (“this fast”), nhanh vậy (“that fast/so fast”). ||||||

## West Makian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ru/

### Noun

ru
* neck

### References

* Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎, Pacific linguistics

## White Hmong
### Etymology

From English roof ("roof").

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʈu˧/

### Noun

ru
* roof

### References

* Ernest E. Heimbach, White Hmong - English Dictionary (1979, SEAP Publications)