# t-
## English
### Etymology

Abbreviation of tert- (“tertiary”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tiː/

### Prefix

t-
* (organic chemistry) tertiary form

#### Synonyms

* tert-

#### Coordinate terms

* n- (normal form)
* s- (secondary form)

## Afar
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t/

### Prefix

t-
* Used together with the suffix -í to create feminine agent nouns.

#### References

* Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎, Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis), page 118

## Emilian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t/

### Pronoun

t- (personal, nominative case)
* (before a vowel) Alternative form of et

#### Related terms

| Number | Person | Gender | Proclitic | Proclitic | Proclitic | Proclitic | Enclitic | Enclitic | Enclitic | Enclitic | Aphetic | Aphetic | Aphetic | Aphetic |
| Number | Person | Gender | N | A | D | R | N | A | D | R | N | A | D | R |
| Singular | First | — | aj- | m’ | m’ | m’ | -ja | -em | -em | -em | -ja | -m | -m | -m |
| Singular | Second | — | t- | t’ | t’ | t’ | -et | -et | -et | -et | -t | -t | -t | -t |
| Singular | Third | Masculine | l- | l- | g’ | s’ | -el | -el | -eg | -es | -l | -l | -g | -s |
| Singular | Third | Feminine | l’ | l’ | g’ | s’ | -la | -la | -eg | -es | -la | -la | | -g | -s |
| Plural | First | — | aj- | s’ | s’ | s’ | -ja | -es | -es | -es | -ja | -s | -s | -s |
| Plural | Second | — | aj- | v’ | v’ | v’ | -ev | -ev | -ev | -ev | -v | -v | -v | -v |
| Plural | Third | Masculine | j- | j- | g’ | s’ | -i | -i | -eg | -es | -j | -j | -g | -s |
| Plural | Third | Feminine | elj- | elj- | g’ | s’ | -li | -li | -eg | -es | -li | -li | | -g | -s |

## Irish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t̪ˠ/ (before a, á, o, ó, u, ú and where it replaces /sˠ/)
* IPA: /tʲ/ (before e, é, i, í and where it replaces /ʃ/)

### Prefix

t-
* Marker of t-prothesis
    an t-athair ― the father
    an tAthair ― the Father
* Marker of lenition of s after the definite article
    an tseachtain ― the week
    an tSín ― China

#### Usage notes

Written with a hyphen before lowercase vowel letters, without a hyphen before s and uppercase vowel letters.

## Maltese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t/

### Article

t-
* Alternative form of il-

#### Usage notes

* Used after a vowel and before the letter t. For details on usage, see the main lemma.

## Mohawk
### Alternative forms

* te-

### Prefix

t-
* cislocative, indicating motion towards the speaker

### References

* Nora Deering, Helga H. Delisle (1976) Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, page 105

## Old Irish
### Prefix

t- (class A infixed pronoun, triggers lenition)
* you (singular object pronoun)
    ‎do·goa (“s/he chooses”) + ‎t- → ‎dot·goa (“s/he chooses you”)
    ‎ní·ben (“s/he does not strike”) + ‎t- → ‎nít·ben (“s/he does not strike you”)

#### See also

See Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used. Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.

## Scottish Gaelic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /t̪ʰ/ (before a, à, o, ò, u, ù and where it replaces /s̪/)
* IPA: /tʲʰ/ (before e, è, i, ì and where it replaces /ʃ/)

### Prefix

t-
* Marker of t-prothesis
    an t-athair ― the father
    an t-Athair ― the Father
* Marker of lenition of s after the definite article
    an t-seachdain ― the week
    an t-Sìona ― China

## Ye'kwana
### Alternative forms

* tü-, tu-, ti-, te- (allomorphs)

### Etymology

From Proto-Cariban [Term?].

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [t-]

### Prefix

t-
* Marks a noun as having a reflexive possessor, referring back to the same entity as another element in the clause.
* Marks a postposition as having a reflexive object, referring back to the same entity as another element in the clause.
* Marks a verb in a verb form that takes series II markers as having a reflexive argument, referring back to the same entity as another element in the clause.
* Marks an unspecified person when obligatorily used with the adverbializers -e, -emje, and -ke, forming circumfixes t- -e, t- -emje, and t- -ke.
* Marks a transitive verb as having a third-person patient/object with verb forms that take series II markers for a small group of verbs, namely those whose roots start with a consonantless open syllable ü or ö.

#### Usage notes

The form t- is used before vowels. Before a w, or before a syllable beginning with a consonant whose vowel is anything but u or i, the form tü- is used. Before a consonant-initial syllable whose vowel is u, i, or sometimes even e, the form of the prefix changes to match the vowel of the next syllable: tu-, ti-, te-.

#### Inflection

| | pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | postposition object | postposition object | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument |
| | pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | postposition object | postposition object | transitive patient | intransitive patient-like | intransitive patient-like | intransitive agent-like | transitive agent |
| first person | ewü | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | w-, wi- | w-, wi- | w-, wi- |
| first person dual inclusive | küwü | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kii-, ki-$^1$ |
| second person | amödö | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | m-, mi- | m-, mi- |
| first person dual exclusive | nña | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | chö- | ∅- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- |
| third person | tüwü | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | chö- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- |
| distant past third person | tüwü | — | — | — | — | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- |
| coreferential/reflexive | — | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | — | — | — | — | — |
| reciprocal | — | — | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- |
| With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable. |||||||||||
| | series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient |
| first person > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
| first person dual exclusive > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
| second person > first person | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
| second person > first person dual exclusive | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
| third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person | see person X in the chart above |

### References

* Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “t-”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎, Lyon, pages 127–128, 150–155, 174, 192–194, 198–199