# crystalloides
## Latin
### Etymology

From Ancient Greek κρυσταλλοειδής (krustalloeidḗs), from κρύσταλλος (krústallos, “ice, rock crystal”) + -ειδής (-eidḗs, “shaped”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /krys.tal.loˈiː.deːs/, [krʏs̠t̪älːʲoˈiːd̪eːs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /kris.tal.loˈi.des/, [krist̪älːoˈiːd̪es]

### Adjective

crystalloīdēs (genitive crystalloīdis); third-declension one-termination adjective
* crystalline, crystalloid
** 1564, Cristóbal de Vega, Liber de arte medendi, page 142:Eandem enim habet rationem in auribus interna auditorij meatus extremitas, vbi dilatatum neruum attingit, quam habet humor crystalloides in oculis. Partes verò omnes in meatus anfractu extrinsecus consistentes, itidem proportione huic respondent, vt nuper dictae oculorum partes humore crystalloidi.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 1565, Geronimo Cardano, Contradicentium Medicorum liber duo..., page 41:humori autem crystalloidi qui albus est, et clarus, ac splendens: quoniam hac sola ratione futurum erat, vt à coloribus immutaretur, non par fuit vt ex sanguine ipso nutriretur, inquit Galenus in decimo suo de Partium vsu, et autor libri de oculis.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 1618, Pietro Andrea Canonhiero, Petri Andreae Canonherii Patritii Romani Philosophiae Medicinae ac Sacrae Theologiae Doctoris In Septem Aphorismorum Hippocratis libros, Medicae, Politicae, Morales, ac Theologicae Interpretationes, volume 2, Antwerp, page 588:In microcosmo in macrocosmo [...] Crystalloides tunica Spherae LunaeIn microcosm in macrocosm [...] the crystalline tunica the sphere of the moon
** 1718, Steven Blankaart, Stephani Blancardi, Med. Doct. Lexicon Medicum Graeco-Latino-Germanicum..., page 97:CRYSTALLOIDES TUNICA, idem quod aranea tunica.Crystalline membrane, the same as araneous membrane.

### Noun

crystalloīdēs m (genitive crystalloīdis); third declension
* (anatomy) the lens of the eye; the crystalline humour (or a membrane supposed to surround it)
** 1st century CE, Celsus, De Medicina 7.7.13:De qua antequam dico, paucis ante ipsius oculi natura indicanda est. Cuius cognitio cum ad plura loca pertineat, tum vel praecipue ad hunc pertinet. Is igitur summas habet duas tunicas, ex quibus superior a Graecis ceratoides vocatur. Ea, qua parte alba est, satis crassa; pupillae loco extenuatur. Huic inferior adiuncta est, media parte, qua pupilla est, modico foramine concava; circa tenuis, ulterioribus partibus ipsa quoque plenior, quae chorioides a Graecis nominatur. Hae duae tunicae, cum interiora oculi cingant, rursus sub his coeunt, extenuataeque et in unum coactae (per) foramen, quod inter ossa est, ad membranam cerebri perveniunt eique inhaerescunt. Sub his autem, qua parte pupilla est, locus vacuus est; deinde infra rursus tenuissima tunica, quam Herophilus arachnoidem nominavit. Ea media subsidit [...] eoque cavo continet quiddam, quod a vitri similitudine hyaloides Graeci vocant. Id neque liquidum neque aridum est, sed quasi concretus umor, ex cuius colore pupillae color vel niger est vel caesius, cum summa tunica tota alba sit: id autem superveniens ab interiore parte membranula [...] includit. Super his gutta umoris est, ovi albo similis, a qua videndi facultas proficiscitur: crystalloides a Graecis nominatur.1938 translation by Walter George SpencerBefore I speak of this, the nature of the eyeball itself has to be briefly explained. A knowledge of this is often useful, but especially here. The eyeball, then, has two external tunics, of which the outer is called by the Greeks ceratoides. In that part of the eye which is white it is fairly thick; over the region of the pupil it is thin. To this tunic the under one is joined; in the middle where the pupil is, it is pierced by a small hole : around this it is thin, further out it too is thicker and is called by the Greeks chorioides. These two tunics whilst enclosing the contents of the eyeball, coalesce again behind it, and after becoming thinned out and fused into one, go through the space between the bones, and adhere to the membrane of the brain. Under these two tunics, at the spot where the pupil is, there is an empty space ; then underneath again is the thinnest tunic, which Herophilus named arachnoides. At its middle the arachnoides is cupped, and contained in that hollow is what, from its resemblance to glass, the Greeks call hyaloides; it is humour, neither fluid nor thick, but as it were curdled, and upon its colour is dependent the colour of the pupil, whether black or steel-blue, since the outer tunic is quite white : but this humour is enclosed by that thin membrane which comes over it from the interior. In front of these is a drop of humour like white of egg, from which comes the faculty of seeing; it is named by the Greeks crystalloides.
** 1544, Martin Akakia, Claudii Galeni Pergameni Ars medica, Quae & Ars parua, Martino Acakia Catalaunensi Doctore medico interprete, & enarratore., page 339:Crystalloides autem in horum omnium medio collocatus est, ut ab ipsis maiorem commoditatem reciperet, minusque iniurijs externis pateret, Ante leuiter planus est, quò faciliùs rerum imagines reciperet. Plana enim figura plures rerum oculis obiectarum radios quàm orbicularis excipit, et quae obijciuntur oculis corpora, quantunuis exigua sint, in plura distinguit, exactiusque discernit. Candidus humor ante pupillam positus est, ne repente ad crystalloidem, sed sensim lux, et coloris species gradiantur. Idem humidus est, ut ab externi aëris ariditate crystalloidem uindicet, et pupillae rugas impleat. Tenuis quoque est, ut per eum ad crystalloidem rerum oculis obiectarum formae faciliùs perueniant: quas ne obscuret, claritate ac synceritate praeditus est. In posteriore uerò parte crystalloidis, humor alius, quem à Graecis hyaloidem uocari modò dicebamus, positus est, ne sanguine statim crystalloides aleretur, eiusque colore uisio offenderetur. Crystalloides igitur hyaloide, hyaloides sanguine nutritur.But the lens is placed in the middle of all of these, that it might receive from them a greater commodity, and be less exposed to external injuries. In the front it is slightly flat, so that it can more easily receive the images of things. For a flat figure captures more rays of things cast before the eyes than a round one, and it distinguishes more and more exactly discerns the bodies cast before the eyes, however fine they be. A white humor is positioned before the pupil, so that light and types of color advance gradually, not instantly to the lens. This same [humor] is moist, so that it protects the lens from the dryness of the external air, and fills up the folds of the pupil. It is also thin, so that the forms of things cast before the eyes easily arrive through it to the lens: so as to not obscure them, it is endowed with clarity and purity. But in the posterior part of the lens, another humor, which we said that the Greeks call hyaloid, is positioned, so that the lens would not be immediately nourished by blood, and its vision of color be damaged. Therefore, the lens is nourished by the hyaloid, and the hyaloid by blood.
** 1883 [c. 1630-1644?], John of St. Thomas, Philosophia naturalis, volume 3, page 300:Neque hoc est ponere plures potentias, et postea unum, sed solum unam potentiam subjective ponimus in illo concursu interiori oculorum, dispositive autem, et ministrative in crystalloide, quae dividitur in duobus oculis, et ibi fit prima actio dispositiva, et inchoativa ad videndum, scilicet haurire species intra se, ad quod requiritur pars diaphana, deinde fit visio, quod pertinet ad ipsam partem interiorem, ubi utriusque oculi, et specierum haustarum fit concursus.(please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Declension

Third-declension noun.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | crystalloīdēs | crystalloīdēs |
| Genitive | crystalloīdis | crystalloīdum |
| Dative | crystalloīdī | crystalloīdibus |
| Accusative | crystalloīdem | crystalloīdēs |
| Ablative | crystalloīde | crystalloīdibus |
| Vocative | crystalloīdēs | crystalloīdēs |

#### Descendants

* → Middle English: cristalloide (learned)

### Further reading

* “crystalloides”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* crystalloides in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* R. E. Latham, D. R. Howlett, & R. K. Ashdowne, editors (1975–2013), “crystalloides”, in Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources‎, London: Oxford University Press for the British Academy, →ISBN, →OCLC