# Ch'ang-an
## English
### Etymology

From Mandarin 長安／长安 (Cháng'ān), Wade–Giles romanization: Chʻang²-an¹.

### Proper noun

Ch'ang-an
* Alternative form of Chang'an
** 1885 January-February, E. H. Parker, “Asia Reconstructed from Chinese Sources.”, in Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal‎, volume XVI, number 1, Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press, →OCLC, page 38:52. Chang Kʽien said to the Emperor, on his return from his mission to Bactria, [月氐]:—"Ta-üen is distant from Han, [? the capital Chʽang-an], about 10,000 li: their habits there are settled: they till the ground, and cultivate rice and wheat : they have grape-wine, and many excellent horses.
** 1967, Edward H. Schafer, The Vermilion Bird‎, University of California Press, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 24:This rather leisurely journey, consuming almost six months, should be contrasted with Liu Tsung-yüan's trip into exile in 815- it took him a little more than three months to reach Liu-chou in Lingnan from Ch’ang-an.
** 1968, Edgar Snow, Random Notes on Red China 1936-1945‎, 2nd printing, page 7:If our spirit is high in Ch'ang-an (Sian), then Chiang will send the Young Marshal back to us.
** 1978, Hsia Chih-yen, translated by Liang-lao Dee, The Coldest Winter in Peking‎, Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co., →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 218:They calmly kept watch. On the mountain path that wound around from the distant hills to the right, there was no movement. The pass was as flat as Ch'ang-an Avenue in Peking.
** 1979, Kuo-ch'ing Tu, edited by William Schultz, Li Ho‎, Twayne Publishers, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 59:After the Empire of Han was taken over by Wei (220) in the fifth year of the Ch’ing-lung period (237), the statue was moved from Ch’ang-an, the capital of Han, to Hsü-ch’ang, the capital of Wei, in modern Honan province.
** 1993, Eleanor Cooney, Daniel Altieri, Deception‎, New York: Avon Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 109:As a youth, he had had an uncle, a much younger half brother of his mother, who occasionally took him on exploratory adventures in their home city of Ch'ang-an.
** 2003 April 13, New York Board of Regents, quotee, “Pop Quiz; Third Rock From the Sun”, in The New York Times‎, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2009-04-14, EDUCATION‎:3. One reason for the growth and success of ninth-century cities like Baghdad, Constantinople and Ch'ang-an (Xian) was that they . . . a. were part of the Roman Empire b. tolerated religious diversity c. traded only with people from their immediate region d. were located on major trade routes
** 2008, William Watson, “Wang Wei”, in Jelena Krstovic, editor, Classical and Medieval Literature Criticism‎, volume 100, Gale Cengage Learning, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 286:Of more importance are Wang Wei's descriptions of landscapes, particularly those at his country home at Lan-t'ien southeast of Ch'ang-an.
** 2016, Bill Porter, The Silk Road: Taking the Bus to Pakistan‎, Counterpoint, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 171–172:After defeating the King of Kucha, Lu Kuang did as ordered and headed back to Ch’ang-an with his prize.
** 2016, David Hawkes, “Sad Memories”, in A Little Primer of Tu Fu‎, Revised edition, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 70:You would not normally leave Ch’ang-an by the Gate of Golden Light if you were going to Hua-chou, since Hua-chou was east of the city.
** 2023 March 10, Robert Bourbon, “The Journey to the West: Familiarity in Foreign Lands”, in Reed College Quest‎, archived from the original on 10 March 2023‎:The titular journey is fraught with conflict; every mountain houses an army of demons seeking to eat Tripitaka, each river’s guardian bars the path, every king either persecutes Buddhists or has a daughter who lusts after the volcel monk. Almost immediately after departing Ch’ang-an, the pilgrim’s human attendants are eaten by ogres. The wild — along with foreign nations, for that matter — is a threat, with evil immortals lurking in every corner.
** For more quotations using this term, see Citations:Ch'ang-an.

#### Translations
### References

* ↑ Chang'an, Wade-Giles romanization Ch’ang-an, in Encyclopædia Britannica

### Further reading

* Ch'ang-an, Chang'an, Changan at the Google Books Ngram Viewer.
* Leon E. Seltzer, editor (1952), “Changan or Ch’ang-an”, in The Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World‎, Morningside Heights, NY: Columbia University Press, →OCLC, page 369, column 2