# -다
## Jeju
### Etymology

Cognate to Korean 다 (-da)

### Pronunciation

* (Morphophonemic) IPA: ⫽ta⫽
* (Jeju City) IPA: [ta̠]
* Phonetic hangul: [다]

### Suffix

다 (-da)
* (formal) a plain style declarative suffix
    도새기것 먹엇다. ― Dosaegi-geot meogeot-da. ― The pig ate the fodder.

#### Synonyms

* 저 (-jeo)

## Korean
### Etymology 1

From Middle Korean 다〮 (Yale: -tá), from Old Korean 如 (*-ta). First uncontroversially attested in 695 C.E.

#### Suffix

다 • (-da)
* In the plain style, the sentence-final declarative mood suffix. [since 695 C.E.]
    맛있겠다. ― Masitgetda. ― It looks delicious.
    우리가 이겼다. ― Uri-ga igyeotda. ― We won.
    길이 멀다. ― Gir-i meolda. ― The way is far.
    양궁 선수가 활을 쏜다. ― Yanggung seonsu-ga hwar-eul ssonda. ― The archery athlete shoots her bow.
    어머니가 아기를 업는다. ― Eomeoni-ga agi-reul eomneunda. ― The mother carries her baby on her back.
* Used to form the dictionary citation form of verbs and adjectives; note that Korean verbs and adjectives are never lemmatized at the infinitive.

##### Alternative forms

* 라 (-ra) (after certain suffixes, and in indirect quotes after the copulas; see the linked entry for more)

##### Derived terms

* 는다 (-neunda)
* 다고 (-dago)
* 다니 (-dani)
* 대 (-dae)
* 습니다 (-seumnida)

### Etymology 2

The contraction may be first attested only in the early twentieth century, such as in the 1922 literary journal Baekjo.

#### Particle

다 • (-da)
* Contraction of 다가 (-daga, emphatic marker).

### Etymology 3

From Middle Korean 다 (Yale: -tà); see the main entry for more.

#### Suffix

다 • (-da)
* Alternative form of 다가 (-daga, “and then; but soon”, conveys one action halting and another beginning).

### References

* ↑ 이병기 (Yi Byeong-gi) (2019) “고대국어 종결어미 연구의 현황과 과제 [godaegugeo jonggyeoreomi yeon'guui hyeonhwanggwa gwaje, The current situation and future tasks in the study of Old Korean sentence enders]”, in Gugyeol yeon'gu, volume 43, pages 5—53
* ↑ 전후민 (Jeon Hu-min) (2014) “{다가}의 변천사 [The history of taka]”, in Urimalgeul, volume 63, pages 29—68

## Middle Korean
### Etymology

From Old Korean 如 (*-ta).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tá/

### Suffix

다〮 (tá)
* declarative mood sentence-final verbal suffix
** orig. 14th century?, “西京別曲 / 서경별곡 (Seogyeong byeolgok)”, in 樂章歌詞 / 악장가사 (Akjang Gasa):아즐가 괴시란ᄃᆡ 우러곰 좃니노ᅌᅵ다aculka kwoysilantoy wulekwom cwosninwongitaIf you only loved me, I would chase after you as I wept
** 1459, Hunmin jeongeum eonhae 訓民正音諺解 / 훈민정음언해:語(ᅌᅥᆼ〯)는 말〯ᄊᆞ미라〮NGĚ-nùn mǎlssòm-ìlá[The Chinese word] "語" is "speech".
** 1586, Widow of Yi Eung-tae, Letter excavated from the grave of Yi Eung-tae:나ᄂᆞᆫ ᄭᅮ믈 자내 보려 믿고 인뇌이다na-non skwum-ul canay pwolye mitkwo innwoyitaI'm trusting that I'll see you in my dreams.

#### Alternative forms

Surfaces as the lenited allomorph 라〮 (-lá) after the following:
* The copula 이 (-i-) and suffixes derived from it:
** The durative aspect suffix 으〮니〮/ᄋᆞ〮니〮 (-úní/óní)
** The prospective aspect suffix 으〮리〮/ᄋᆞ〮리〮 (-úlí/ólí)
* The retrospective mood suffix 더〮 (Yale: -té-)
* The emphatic suffix 과〮 (Yale: -kwá-)
* The modulator suffix 오〮 (Yale: -wó-) or 우〮 (Yale: -wú-)

### See also

Middle Korean sentence enders :
| Form | Form | Form | Mood | Notes | Notes | Notes | Applied to 셔 (sye-, “to stand”) |
| | 다〮 (-tá) 라〮 (-lá) | 다〮 (-tá) 라〮 (-lá) | Declarative | Unmarked | Unmarked | Unmarked | 셔다〮 (Yale: syètá) |
| | 우〮마〮 (-wúmá) | 우〮마〮 (-wúmá) | Declarative | Promissive | Promissive | Promissive | 셔우〮마〮 (Yale: syèwúmá) |
| ㄴ (-n) | 다〮 (-tá) | 다〮 (-tá) | Interrogative | Realis | Obligatory for second-person (2P) subject | Obligatory for second-person (2P) subject | 션다〮 (Yale: syèntá) |
| ㄴ (-n) | 가〮 (-ka) | 가〮 (-ka) | Interrogative | Realis | Polar question, non-2P subject | Polar question, non-2P subject | 션가〮 (Yale: syènká) |
| ㄴ (-n) | 고〮 (-kwo) | 고〮 (-kwo) | Interrogative | Realis | Wh-word question, non-2P subject | Wh-word question, non-2P subject | 션고〮 (Yale: syènkwó) |
| ㅭ (-lq) | 다〮 (-tá) | 다〮 (-tá) | Interrogative | Irrealis | Obligatory for 2P subject | Obligatory for 2P subject | 셜따〮 (Yale: syèlttá) |
| ㅭ (-lq) | 가〮 (-ká) | 가〮 (-ká) | Interrogative | Irrealis | Polar question, non-2P subject | Polar question, non-2P subject | 셜까〮 (Yale: syèlkká) |
| ㅭ (-lq) | 고〮 (-kwó) | 고〮 (-kwó) | Interrogative | Irrealis | Wh-word question, non-2P subject | Wh-word question, non-2P subject | 셜꼬〮 (Yale: syèlkkwó) |
| 니〮 (-ní-) | | 아〮 (-Gá) | Interrogative | Realis | Non-honorific | Polar question | 셔니〮아〮 (Yale: syèníGá), 셔녀〮 (Yale: syènyé) |
| 니〮 (-ní-) | | 오〮 (-Gwó) | Interrogative | Realis | Non-honorific | Non-polar question | 셔니〮오〮 (Yale: syèníGwó), 셔뇨〮 (Yale: syènywó) |
| 니〮 (-ní-) | ㅅ (-s-) | 가〮 (-ká) | Interrogative | Realis | Deferential | No polarity distinction | 셔닛〮가〮 (Yale: syèníská) |
| 니〮 (-ní-) | ᅌᅵᆺ (-ngìs-) | 가〮 (-ká) | Interrogative | Realis | Highly deferential | No polarity distinction | 셔니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (Yale: syèníngìská) |
| 리〮 (-lí-) | | 아〮 (-Gá) | Interrogative | Irrealis | Non-honorific | Polar question | 셔리〮아〮 (Yale: syèlíGá), 셔려〮 (Yale: syèlyé) |
| 리〮 (-lí-) | | 오〮 (-Gwó) | Interrogative | Irrealis | Non-honorific | Non-polar question | 셔리〮오〮 (Yale: syèlíGwó), 셔료〮 (Yale: syèlywó) |
| 리〮 (-lí-) | ㅅ (-s-) | 가〮 (-ká) | Interrogative | Irrealis | Deferential | No polarity distinction | 셔릿〮가〮 (Yale: syèlíská) |
| 리〮 (-lí-) | ᅌᅵᆺ (-ngìs-) | 가〮 (-ká) | Interrogative | Irrealis | Highly deferential | No polarity distinction | 셔리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (Yale: syèlíngìská) |
| | 라〮 (-lá) | 라〮 (-lá) | Imperative | Ordering | Non-honorific | Non-honorific | 셔라〮 (Yale: syèlá) |
| | 아〮쎠〮 (-ássyé) 어〮쎠〮 (-éssyé) | 아〮쎠〮 (-ássyé) 어〮쎠〮 (-éssyé) | Imperative | Ordering | Deferential | Deferential | 셔〮쎠〮 (Yale: syéssyé) |
| | 쇼〮셔〮 (-syósyé) | 쇼〮셔〮 (-syósyé) | Imperative | Ordering | Highly deferential | Highly deferential | 셔쇼〮셔〮 (Yale: syèsyósyé) |
| 고〮 (-kwó-) 오〮 (-Gwó-) | 라〮 (-lá) | 라〮 (-lá) | Imperative | Requesting | Non-honorific | Non-honorific | 셔고〮라〮 (Yale: syèkwólá) |
| 고〮 (-kwó-) 오〮 (-Gwó-) | 려〮 (-lyé) | 려〮 (-lyé) | Imperative | Requesting | Deferential | Deferential | 셔고〮려〮 (Yale: syèkwólyé) |
| 고〮 (-kwó-) 오〮 (-Gwó-) | ᅌᅵ (-ngì-) | 다〮 (-tá) | Imperative | Requesting | Highly deferential | Highly deferential | 셔고〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (Yale: syèkwóngìtá) |
| | 져〮 (-cyé) | 져〮 (-cyé) | Propositive | Plain | Plain | Plain | 셔져〮 (Yale: syècyé) |
| 사〮 (-sá-) | ᅌᅵ (-ngì-) | 다〮 (-tá) | Propositive | Deferential | Deferential | Deferential | 셔사〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (Yale: syèsángìtá) |
| ㄴ (-n) | 뎌〮 (-tyé) | 뎌〮 (-tyé) | Exclamatory | Self-honoring | Self-honoring | Self-honoring | 션뎌〮 (Yale: syèntyé) |
| ㅭ (-lq) | 셔〮 (-syé) | 셔〮 (-syé) | Exclamatory | Self-honoring | Self-honoring | Self-honoring | 셜쎠〮 (Yale: syèlssyé) |
| 고〮나〮 (-kwóná) | 고〮나〮 (-kwóná) | 고〮나〮 (-kwóná) | Exclamatory | Only sixteenth century | Only sixteenth century | Only sixteenth century | 셔고〮나〮 (Yale: syèkwóná) |
| Based on 나찬연 2020, 중세 국어의 이해; Lee and Ramsey 2011, History of the Korean Language. Morphological segmentation of the verbal paradigm sometimes differs between analyses. The list is not exhaustive. ||||||||