# -도다
## Korean
### Alternative forms

* 로다 (-roda) — used only in certain environments, for which refer to usage notes.

### Etymology

From Middle Korean 도〮다〮 (Yale: -twótá) first attested in hangul form in Seokbosangjeol, 1447.

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [to̞da̠]
* Phonetic hangul: [도다]

### Suffix

도다 • (-doda)
* (dated or humorous) A formal non-polite exclamatory ending used to express admiration or surprise.
    Synonym: 는구나 (-neun'guna)
** 양사언(楊士彦) (Yang Sa'eon), 태산가(泰山歌), Middle Korean translation in modernized language
    태산이 높다 하되 하늘 아래 뫼이로다Taesan-i nopda hadoe haneul arae moe-irodaAlthough Taesan is lofty, it is still a mountain underneath heaven
** 시편 135:11 (KRV 개역한글) [Psalm 135:11 (Korean Revised Version)]; English translation from the King James Version
    곧 아모리인의 왕 시혼과 바산 왕 옥과 가나안의 모든 국왕이로다got Amoriin-ui wang Sihon-gwa Basan wang Ok-gwa Ganaan-ui modeun gugwang-irodaSihon king of the Amorites, and Og king of Bashan, And all the kingdoms of Canaan
* (humorous, mainly 1st person) A formal non-polite exclamatory ending used to declare a certain fact.
    나는 왔도다 ― na-neun watdoda ― I have come!

#### Usage notes

* Even though this was a requirement in Middle Korean, Modern Korean 도다 (-doda) does not have to be substituted with 로다 (-roda) after 이다 (-ida), 아니다 (anida), or 으시 (-eusi-). When used after them, 로다 (-roda) tends to sound more old-fashioned.
* 로다 (-roda) is still obligatory after 으리 (-euri).

## Middle Korean
### Alternative forms

* 로〮다〮 (-lwótá) — after the copula and 으〮리〮 (-úlí-)
* 옷〮다〮 (-wóstá) — after ᄂᆞ (-no-), 더〮 (-té-), and 거 (-ke-)

### Etymology

A compound suffix made up of 도〮 (-twó-, emotive suffix) and 다〮 (-tá, declarative mood suffix).

### Suffix

도〮다〮 (twótá)
* An exclamatory sentence-final suffix

#### Related terms

* 도〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (-twóswóngìtá, the polite version)

### See also

Middle Korean sentence enders :
| Form | Form | Form | Mood | Notes | Notes | Notes | Applied to 셔 (sye-, “to stand”) |
| | 다〮 (-tá) 라〮 (-lá) | 다〮 (-tá) 라〮 (-lá) | Declarative | Unmarked | Unmarked | Unmarked | 셔다〮 (Yale: syètá) |
| | 우〮마〮 (-wúmá) | 우〮마〮 (-wúmá) | Declarative | Promissive | Promissive | Promissive | 셔우〮마〮 (Yale: syèwúmá) |
| ㄴ (-n) | 다〮 (-tá) | 다〮 (-tá) | Interrogative | Realis | Obligatory for second-person (2P) subject | Obligatory for second-person (2P) subject | 션다〮 (Yale: syèntá) |
| ㄴ (-n) | 가〮 (-ka) | 가〮 (-ka) | Interrogative | Realis | Polar question, non-2P subject | Polar question, non-2P subject | 션가〮 (Yale: syènká) |
| ㄴ (-n) | 고〮 (-kwo) | 고〮 (-kwo) | Interrogative | Realis | Wh-word question, non-2P subject | Wh-word question, non-2P subject | 션고〮 (Yale: syènkwó) |
| ㅭ (-lq) | 다〮 (-tá) | 다〮 (-tá) | Interrogative | Irrealis | Obligatory for 2P subject | Obligatory for 2P subject | 셜따〮 (Yale: syèlttá) |
| ㅭ (-lq) | 가〮 (-ká) | 가〮 (-ká) | Interrogative | Irrealis | Polar question, non-2P subject | Polar question, non-2P subject | 셜까〮 (Yale: syèlkká) |
| ㅭ (-lq) | 고〮 (-kwó) | 고〮 (-kwó) | Interrogative | Irrealis | Wh-word question, non-2P subject | Wh-word question, non-2P subject | 셜꼬〮 (Yale: syèlkkwó) |
| 니〮 (-ní-) | | 아〮 (-Gá) | Interrogative | Realis | Non-honorific | Polar question | 셔니〮아〮 (Yale: syèníGá), 셔녀〮 (Yale: syènyé) |
| 니〮 (-ní-) | | 오〮 (-Gwó) | Interrogative | Realis | Non-honorific | Non-polar question | 셔니〮오〮 (Yale: syèníGwó), 셔뇨〮 (Yale: syènywó) |
| 니〮 (-ní-) | ㅅ (-s-) | 가〮 (-ká) | Interrogative | Realis | Deferential | No polarity distinction | 셔닛〮가〮 (Yale: syèníská) |
| 니〮 (-ní-) | ᅌᅵᆺ (-ngìs-) | 가〮 (-ká) | Interrogative | Realis | Highly deferential | No polarity distinction | 셔니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (Yale: syèníngìská) |
| 리〮 (-lí-) | | 아〮 (-Gá) | Interrogative | Irrealis | Non-honorific | Polar question | 셔리〮아〮 (Yale: syèlíGá), 셔려〮 (Yale: syèlyé) |
| 리〮 (-lí-) | | 오〮 (-Gwó) | Interrogative | Irrealis | Non-honorific | Non-polar question | 셔리〮오〮 (Yale: syèlíGwó), 셔료〮 (Yale: syèlywó) |
| 리〮 (-lí-) | ㅅ (-s-) | 가〮 (-ká) | Interrogative | Irrealis | Deferential | No polarity distinction | 셔릿〮가〮 (Yale: syèlíská) |
| 리〮 (-lí-) | ᅌᅵᆺ (-ngìs-) | 가〮 (-ká) | Interrogative | Irrealis | Highly deferential | No polarity distinction | 셔리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (Yale: syèlíngìská) |
| | 라〮 (-lá) | 라〮 (-lá) | Imperative | Ordering | Non-honorific | Non-honorific | 셔라〮 (Yale: syèlá) |
| | 아〮쎠〮 (-ássyé) 어〮쎠〮 (-éssyé) | 아〮쎠〮 (-ássyé) 어〮쎠〮 (-éssyé) | Imperative | Ordering | Deferential | Deferential | 셔〮쎠〮 (Yale: syéssyé) |
| | 쇼〮셔〮 (-syósyé) | 쇼〮셔〮 (-syósyé) | Imperative | Ordering | Highly deferential | Highly deferential | 셔쇼〮셔〮 (Yale: syèsyósyé) |
| 고〮 (-kwó-) 오〮 (-Gwó-) | 라〮 (-lá) | 라〮 (-lá) | Imperative | Requesting | Non-honorific | Non-honorific | 셔고〮라〮 (Yale: syèkwólá) |
| 고〮 (-kwó-) 오〮 (-Gwó-) | 려〮 (-lyé) | 려〮 (-lyé) | Imperative | Requesting | Deferential | Deferential | 셔고〮려〮 (Yale: syèkwólyé) |
| 고〮 (-kwó-) 오〮 (-Gwó-) | ᅌᅵ (-ngì-) | 다〮 (-tá) | Imperative | Requesting | Highly deferential | Highly deferential | 셔고〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (Yale: syèkwóngìtá) |
| | 져〮 (-cyé) | 져〮 (-cyé) | Propositive | Plain | Plain | Plain | 셔져〮 (Yale: syècyé) |
| 사〮 (-sá-) | ᅌᅵ (-ngì-) | 다〮 (-tá) | Propositive | Deferential | Deferential | Deferential | 셔사〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (Yale: syèsángìtá) |
| ㄴ (-n) | 뎌〮 (-tyé) | 뎌〮 (-tyé) | Exclamatory | Self-honoring | Self-honoring | Self-honoring | 션뎌〮 (Yale: syèntyé) |
| ㅭ (-lq) | 셔〮 (-syé) | 셔〮 (-syé) | Exclamatory | Self-honoring | Self-honoring | Self-honoring | 셜쎠〮 (Yale: syèlssyé) |
| 고〮나〮 (-kwóná) | 고〮나〮 (-kwóná) | 고〮나〮 (-kwóná) | Exclamatory | Only sixteenth century | Only sixteenth century | Only sixteenth century | 셔고〮나〮 (Yale: syèkwóná) |
| Based on 나찬연 2020, 중세 국어의 이해; Lee and Ramsey 2011, History of the Korean Language. Morphological segmentation of the verbal paradigm sometimes differs between analyses. The list is not exhaustive. ||||||||