# 細孥囝
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): soi$^3$ nao$^1$ gian$^2$
* Southern Min
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: soi$^3$ nao$^1$ gian$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sòi nau kiáⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /soi²¹³⁻⁵⁵ nau³³⁻²³ kĩã⁵²/

### Noun

細孥囝
* (Teochew) child

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 子, 孩, 童, 孺子, 幼 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 兒童, 小孩, 孩子, 小孩子, 小朋友, 小童, 孩童, 幼兒, 孩提 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 小孩兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 小孩, 小孩子, 小朋友 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Langfang | 小孩兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 小孩兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 小孩兒, 小孩伢子, 小尕兒, 小尕子, 毛孩子, 小孩崽子, 孩崽子, 小屄崽子, 小豆包兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 小孩子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 小孩子, 小朋友 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 小孩兒, 小巴拉子, 小嘎巴豆子 humorous, 小毛孩子, 小毛孩兒, 小屁孩兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 小孩兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 小孩子 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 小孩兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 小孩兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 小孩兒, 孩子 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 小孩兒, 小孩子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 小孩兒, 孩子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Daming | 小孩兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 小娃, 猴娃子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Kaifeng | 小孩兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 娃, 碎娃, 碎娃兒, 碎子兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 娃娃家, 尕扎兒, 尕娃, 尕脬蛋 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 小孩兒, 小孩子, 孩子, 孩子蛋, 坷垃頭兒, 坷垃頭子, 小巴狗兒, 巴狗兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 娃娃, 娃 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) | 娃 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 娃娃 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Bayanhot | 娃娃 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 娃娃, 尕的個, 狗娃, 尕, 壞子兒, 子子子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 娃娃, 尕娃娃, 巴郎子, 子子子, 尕子兒, 尕子子子, 泡克子兒, 尕蹦豆兒, 尕㞞, 熱子兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 娃兒, 小娃兒, 娃娃, 小娃娃, 娃子, 小人, 崽崽, 崽兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 小伢, 伢, 小把戲, 小蘿蔔坨, 蘿蔔坨 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 娃娃, 娃兒, 小崽 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 娃娃, 小娃娃, 小鬼, 小鬼娃娃 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 把爺, 小把爺, 把爺崽 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 娃崽, 小娃崽 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 娃兒, 娃娃, 小娃兒, 小孩兒, 孩子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 霞子, 小霞子, 小鬼豆子, 小把戲 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 伢兒, 小人兒, 小把戲, 小伢兒, 小兵瘌子, 小八瘌子, 小蘿蔔頭兒, 細伢兒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 小霞子, 伢子, 小伢子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Huanggang | 細伢兒 |
| Mandarin | Nanping (Yanping) | 阿崽哥 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 細路, 細路仔, 細佬仔, 細佬哥, 細路哥, 細蚊仔, 豆釘, 塞竇窿 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 細路, 細路仔, 細佬哥, 細路哥, 細蚊仔, 豆釘, 塞竇窿, 小朋友 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) | 細蚊仔 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) | 細蚊仔, 細佬仔, 細佬哥 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 細佬哥 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 細蚊仔 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 細蚊仔 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 細蚊仔, 細佬仔 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 細佬哥 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 細蚊仔, 細路仔, 人仔 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 細蚊仔 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 細蚊仔, 細路仔 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 嫩蚊仔 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 細路哥 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 細路哥 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 細蚊仔 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 細佬哥 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 細路仔 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 細佬哥 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 細佬哥 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 細佬哥 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 細民仔, 細佬哥 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 細民仔 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 細蚊仔, 細路仔 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 心滿仔 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 細蚊仔, 細路哥, 細路 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 細蚊仔, 細佬哥 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Dapeng) | 細蚊仔 |
| Cantonese | Qingyuan | 細佬哥, 細蚊仔 |
| Cantonese | Fogang | 細蚊仔 |
| Cantonese | Yingde (Hanguang) | 細佬哥, 細蚊仔 |
| Cantonese | Yangshan | 細蚊仔, 正蚊仔 |
| Cantonese | Lianshan (Butian) | 細子兒 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 細佬哥, 細蚊仔 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 細蚊仔, 細路哥 |
| Cantonese | Renhua | 細佬哥 |
| Cantonese | Lechang | 細蚊仔 |
| Cantonese | Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) | 細蚊仔, 細佬哥 |
| Cantonese | Sihui | 細蚊仔, 細佬哥 |
| Cantonese | Guangning | 細蚊仔 |
| Cantonese | Deqing | 細佬仔 |
| Cantonese | Huaiji | 細蚊仔 |
| Cantonese | Fengkai (Nanfeng) | 兒仔 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 細佬哥 |
| Cantonese | Xinxing | 細蚊仔 |
| Cantonese | Luoding | 細蚊仔 |
| Cantonese | Yunan (Pingtai) | 細佬哥 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 細蚊仔, 細仔 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 儂, 細儂 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 細蚊仔, 細路仔 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 細鬼, 細蚊仔, 細佬哥 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 細路仔, 細佬哥, 蘇蝦仔 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 儂兒, 𱒃儂 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Shatian) | 儂伢 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 細蚊仔 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Nankang) | 細路哥 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Yingpan) | 儂伢兒 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 細蚊仔, 細佬哥 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 細蚊仔, 細佬仔 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 細佬哥 |
| Cantonese | Danzhou | 細儂 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 細蚊仔 |
| Cantonese | Penang (Guangfu) | 細路, 細路仔 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 細路, 細路仔, 細佬哥 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 細蚊仔 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 細佬哥 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 細人子, 細伢子, 小朋友, 小把戲, 鬼鬼子, 小鬼, 細鬼, 孩兒 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 伢崽兒 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 伢妹仔 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 細人仔, 細𧊅仔, 細鬼仔, 細佬哥, 細仔 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 細仔子, 阿僬哩, 阿僬伯 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 細佬哥, 細仔 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Shuikou Bendihua) | 細仔 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Hengli Bendihua) | 細仔 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Pingshan Bendihua) | 細仔 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 阿僬仔 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 細佬哥 |
| Hakka | Longmen (Pingling Bendihua) | 阿僬仔 |
| Hakka | Longmen (Luxi Bendihua) | 僬仔 |
| Hakka | Boluo (Bendihua) | 細蚊仔哎 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 老弟仔, 老妹仔 |
| Hakka | Zengcheng (Zhengguo) | 阿僬仔 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Wuguishan) | 僬仔 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 僬仔 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 細仔哩, 阿僬哩 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 細人哩, 細仔哩, 細哩, 細佬哥 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Changbu) | 細仔哩, 阿僬哩 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Mianyang) | 阿僬哩 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 細蚊仔, 鬼仔 |
| Hakka | Zijin (Guzhu Bendihua) | 阿僬仔, 細佬仔 |
| Hakka | Longchuan (Tuocheng Bendihua) | 細佬哥 |
| Hakka | Longchuan (Sidu Bendihua) | 細蚊仔 |
| Hakka | Heping (Linzhai Bendihua) | 細佬哥 |
| Hakka | Lianping (Zhongxin Bendihua) | 細佬哥 |
| Hakka | Lianping (Longjie Bendihua) | 細佬哥 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 細人子, 細蚊子 |
| Hakka | Xinfeng (Matou Bendihua) | 細佬哥 |
| Hakka | Xinfeng (Daxi Bendihua) | 細仔 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 細佬仔 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 細子 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 細仔 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 細人 |
| Hakka | Changting | 細人哩 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 細人子 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 細人子 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 細人子 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 大細子, 子女, 子女哩 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 細人子, 小鬼 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 細人子 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 大細子 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 細伢子 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 細人仔, 細孲仔 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 細人仔, 細孲仔 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 細人仔, 細孲仔 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 細人, 細孲 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 細人仔, 細子人, 細孲仔 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 細子, 細子人 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 僬仔, 細佬哥 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 大細兒 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Daqiao) | 大細兒 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 細蚊仔, 細佬哥 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 阿僬仔, 細蚊仔 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 細人 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 細貨, 細人 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 細人家, 細鬼, 妹, 細家伙 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 小人家 |
| Huizhou | Huangshan (Tunxi) | 囝, 囝仂家, 細兒囝, 細囝 |
| Huizhou | Xiuning | 囝仂家 |
| Huizhou | Yixian | 囝兒 |
| Huizhou | Qimen | 小囝, 囝 |
| Huizhou | Wuyuan | 細人家, 細人 |
| Huizhou | Dexing | 嫩人家 |
| Huizhou | Jingde | 小免伲 |
| Huizhou | Shitai (Xianyu) | 點點們兒 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 娃娃, 小娃娃, 小鬼 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 娃娃 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 娃娃 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 小孩兒 |
| Jin | Handan | 小孩兒 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 囝仔, 囝仔人 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou (Dikou) | 囝仔 |
| Northern Min | Songxi | 囝仔, 囝仔人 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe | 囝仔 |
| Northern Min | Jianyang | 囝仔 |
| Northern Min | Wuyishan | 囝仔 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 囝仔 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 兒囝, 兒囝哥, 孩兒 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 兒囝 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 兒囝, 兒囝哥, 兒囝鬼 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 兒囝 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 傀儡囝 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 傀儡 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 傀儡 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 傀儡 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 傀儡, 傀儡囝 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 傀儡, 傀儡囝 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 兒囝, 兒囝哥 |
| Eastern Min | Sitiawan (Gutian) | 傀儡囝 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 囡仔, 囡仔儂, 細漢囝, 細漢囡仔, 囡仔兄, 囡仔疕, 囡仔栽, 小髫 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 囡仔 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 囡仔, 囡仔儂, 細漢囝, 細漢囡仔, 囡仔栽, 小髫 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 囡仔 |
| Southern Min | Hui'an | 囡仔 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 囡囝 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 囡仔, 囡仔儂, 細漢囝, 細漢囡仔, 細漢的, 囡仔嬰, 囡仔囝, 囡仔疕, 囡仔栽, 囡仔包, 囡仔鬼, 小髫 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Changtai) | 囡仔, 嬰仔 |
| Southern Min | Zhangpu | 囡仔 |
| Southern Min | Yunxiao | 小囡仔 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 囡仔, 細囝仔 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 囡仔 |
| Southern Min | Taipei (Wanhua) | 囡仔 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 囡仔 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 囡仔, 囡仔儂, 囡仔囝 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 囡仔 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 囡仔 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 囡仔 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 囡仔 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 囡仔, 囡仔儂, 囡仔囝 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 囡仔 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 囡仔 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 囡仔 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 囡仔 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 囡仔, 囡仔儂, 囡仔囝, 囝 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 囡仔, 囡仔疕, 囡仔嬰, 囡仔儂, 無拉, 細囝, 小髫 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 囡仔 |
| Southern Min | Longyan | 嬰仔儂 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping | 嬰儂 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping (Yongfu) | 嬰仔儂, 嬰仔 |
| Southern Min | Datian | 囡仔 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 孥囝 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 孥囝, 細囝 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 孥囝 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 孥囝, 細孥囝 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 孥囝, 孥囝鬼 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 郎仔, 郎仔儂 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 孥囝 |
| Southern Min | Chiang Mai (Teochew) | 孥囝 |
| Southern Min | Hat Yai (Teochew) | 孥囝 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 孥囝 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Teochew) | 孥囝 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 孥囝 |
| Southern Min | Batam (Teochew) | 孥囝 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 儂囝 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 孧囝 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 細囝, 孧囝 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 孧囝 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 孧囝 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 呆囝, 阿毜, 阿毜師 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) | 家矮, 家矮儂 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) | 呆囝, 阿毜師 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) | 呆囝, 阿毜, 阿毜師 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 囝矮, 阿咪師 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Fengting) | 囝矮, 阿咪師 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Youyang) | 呆囝 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 囝仔倽 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Sanyuan) | 囝仔倽, 囝仔 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Shaxian) | 囝仔倽 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 細蚊囝 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 細佬哥 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 細蚊崽, 細鬼崽, 鬼崽 |
| Shehua | Fu'an | 生仔 |
| Shehua | Luoyuan | 細仔 |
| Shehua | Sanming | 細仔 |
| Shehua | Shunchang | 細仔哥 |
| Shehua | Hua'an | 細仔 |
| Shehua | Guixi (Zhangping) | 細仔 |
| Shehua | Chaozhou | 細仔 |
| Shehua | Fengshun | 細人仔 |
| Waxiang | Guzhang (Gaofeng) | 伢子子 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 小人, 小囡, 囡, 小八臘子, 小把戲, 小赤佬, 小鬼頭, 小鬼, 小棺材, 小鬼三 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Songjiang) | 小囡, 小把戲 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Zhoupu, Pudong) | 小囡 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Shuangcaodun, Baoshan) | 小囡 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Luodian, Baoshan) | 小囡, 小囡兒 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 小囡, 小囡頭子, 小官, 小官頭子 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 小人, 小干, 小干兒, 小囡, 小赤佬, 小鬼 |
| Wu | Suzhou (Lili, Wujiang) | 小百戲 |
| Wu | Suzhou (Shengze, Wujiang) | 小百戲 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 佬小, 小佬小, 細佬小, 小倌 |
| Wu | Changshu | 小干, 小鬼, 小活生 |
| Wu | Kunshan | 小干, 小鬼 |
| Wu | Jiaxing | 小人, 小鬼頭 |
| Wu | Changzhou | 小佬 |
| Wu | Liyang | 細佬家 |
| Wu | Yixing | 小佬, 細俵則, 細賊 |
| Wu | Danyang | 小兒, 小把戲, 小鬼頭子 |
| Wu | Danyang (Tongjiaqiao) | 小鬼 |
| Wu | Jingjiang | 小想, 小鬼 |
| Wu | Jiangyin | 小人, 小干, 小伢兒 |
| Wu | Huzhou (Shuanglin) | 小把戲, 囡囡 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 小伢兒, 小鬼頭兒 |
| Wu | Hangzhou (Yuhang) | 小人 |
| Wu | Shaoxing | 小人, 小鬼 |
| Wu | Zhuji (Wangjiajing) | 小人 |
| Wu | Shengzhou (Chongren) | 小人, 小活猻, 小鬼頭 |
| Wu | Shengzhou (Taiping) | 小人, 小活猻 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 小人, 小小人, 小朋友, 小鬼, 小巴癩子, 小巴癩施, 小赤佬, 小癟三 |
| Wu | Yuyao | 小人, 小囡 |
| Wu | Zhoushan | 小人 |
| Wu | Taizhou (Huangyan) | 小猢猻, 小鬼 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 細兒, 瑣細兒, 瑣個兒, 小溜溜, 娒娒, 娒, 阿娒, 蟹飯, 小細兒 |
| Wu | Quzhou | 小鬼, 小伢兒 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 小個, 小人, 小干, 小個人, 小碗 |
| Wu | Jinhua (Tangxi) | 小儂兒 |
| Wu | Yiwu | 小干 |
| Wu | Yongkang | 小人 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 細伢子, 細人子, 伢妹子, 伢細子, 雞屎粒子 derogatory |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | 細人唧 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 細人唧, 細個唧, 細把戲唧 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 細人唧 |

### References

* 张盛裕 (2016) “潮阳方言的连读变调（一）”, in 潮阳方言研究 (in Chinese), Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press (China), →ISBN, page 32