# 愆

| 愆 | U+6106, &#24838; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6106 |
| ← 愅 [U+6105] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 愇 → [U+6107] |

## Translingual
### Han character

愆 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+9, 13 strokes, cangjie input 竹弓心 (HNP), four-corner 2133$_2$, composition ⿱衍心)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 393, character 35
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10900
* Dae Jaweon: page 730, character 9
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2322, character 14
* Unihan data for U+6106

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 愆 | *kʰran |
| 衍 | *lanʔ, *lans |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰran) : phonetic 衍 (OC *lanʔ, *lans) + semantic 心 (“heart”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qiān (qian$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hin$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): kiĕng
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiān
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cian
*** Wade–Giles: chʻien$^1$
*** Yale: chyān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chian
*** Palladius: цянь (cjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hin$^1$
*** Yale: hīn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hin$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hin$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hiːn⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: kiĕng
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰieŋ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: khjen
Rime :
| Character | 愆 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 仙 (79) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 去乾切 |
| Baxter | khjen |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰˠiᴇn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰᵚiɛn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰiæn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰian/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰjɛn/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰĭɛn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kʰi̯ɛn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qiān |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hin$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.qʰra[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰran/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 愆 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qiān |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khjen › |
| Old Chinese | /*C.qʰra[n]/ |
| English | exceed, err |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 愆 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 14375 |
| Phonetic component | 衍 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 愆 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰran/ |

### Definitions

愆
* (literary) fault; mistake; error; transgression
* (literary) to exceed; to surpass; to pass (time); to delay
* (obsolete) to suffer an intractable illness

#### Compounds

* 三風十愆／三风十愆
* 不愆
* 乾餱以愆／干糇以愆
* 做愆 (zuò qiān)
* 前愆
* 愆伏
* 愆家
* 愆尤 (qiānyóu)
* 愆序
* 愆德
* 愆忒
* 愆期 (qiānqī)
* 愆滯／愆滞
* 愆痾／愆疴
* 惹禍招愆／惹祸招愆
* 愆程
* 惹罪招愆
* 愆義／愆义
* 愆陽／愆阳
* 愆面 (qiānmiàn)
* 繩愆糾謬／绳愆纠谬
* 罪愆 (zuìqiān)
* 蓋愆／盖愆

### Further reading

* “愆”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: けん (ken)
* Kan-on: けん (ken)
* Kun: あやまる (ayamaru, 愆る)、たがう (tagau, 愆う)

## Korean
### Hanja

愆 (eum 건 (geon))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

愆: Hán Nôm readings: khiền, khiên
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.