# 長沙
## Chinese

* 長沙 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 長沙 (Cantonese)
* 長沙 (Classical)
* Chhòng-sâ-sṳ (Hakka)
* Diòng-să (Eastern Min)
* Tn̂g-soa (Southern Min)
* 长沙市 (Wu)
* Changsha (English)
* Changsha (disambiguation) (English)

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Chángshā
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄤˊ ㄕㄚ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): coeng$^4$ saa$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): ciang$^3$ sa$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): Chhòng-sâ
    (Meixian, Guangdong): cong$^2$ sa$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): Diòng-să
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): Tiông-sa / Tiâng-see / Tn̂g-soa
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ciang$^5$ sa$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zan-so
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): zhan$^2$ sa$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Chángshā
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄤˊ ㄕㄚ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Chángsha
*** Wade–Giles: Chʻang$^2$-sha$^1$
*** Yale: Cháng-shā
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Charngsha
*** Palladius: Чанша (Čanša)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: coeng$^4$ saa$^1$
*** Yale: chèuhng sā
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsoeng$^4$ saa$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cêng$^4$ sa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ saː⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: ciang$^3$ sa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiaŋ²² sa³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Chhòng-sâ
*** Hakka Romanization System: cong$^ˇ$ sa$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: cong$^2$ sa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ sa²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: cong$^2$ sa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹ sa⁴⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: Diòng-să
*** Sinological IPA : /tuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ $^{(s-)}$na⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiông-sa
*** Tâi-lô: Tiông-sa
*** Phofsit Daibuun: diongsaf
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tiâng-see
*** Tâi-lô: Tiâng-see
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiaŋ¹³⁻²² sɛ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tn̂g-soa
*** Tâi-lô: Tn̂g-sua
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dngsoaf
*** IPA (Taipei): /tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ sua⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tŋ̍²³⁻³³ sua⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ciang$^5$ sa$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshiâng sa
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sa³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$zan-so
*** MiniDict: zan$^去$ so
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$zan-so
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zã²² so⁴⁴/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: zhan$^2$ sa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ʈ͡ʂan¹³ sa̠³³/
*** Sinological IPA (new-style): /t͡san¹³ sa̠³³/
* Middle Chinese: drjang srae
Rime :
| Character | 長 | 沙 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 澄 (11) | 生 (21) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) | 麻 (98) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | II |
| Fanqie | 直良切 | 所加切 |
| Baxter | drjang | srae |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɖɨɐŋ/ | /ʃˠa/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɖiɐŋ/ | /ʃᵚa/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȡiɑŋ/ | /ʃa/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɖɨaŋ/ | /ʂaɨ/ |
| Li Rong | /ȡiaŋ/ | /ʃa/ |
| Wang Li | /ȡĭaŋ/ | /ʃa/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ȡʱi̯aŋ/ | /ʂa/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | cháng | shā |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | coeng$^4$ | saa$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə-[N]-traŋ sˤraj/
    (Zhengzhang): /*daŋ sraːl/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 長 | 沙 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | cháng | shā |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ drjang › | ‹ sræ › |
| Old Chinese | /*Cə-[N]-traŋ/ | /*sˁraj/ |
| English | long (adj.) | sand |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 長 | 沙 |
| Reading # | 2/3 | 1/2 |
| No. | 1276 | 11025 |
| Phonetic component | 長 | 沙 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 長 | 鯊 |
| Old Chinese | /*daŋ/ | /*sraːl/ |

### Proper noun

長沙
* (～市) Changsha (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Hunan, in south-central China)
* (～縣) Changsha (a county of Changsha, Hunan, China)
* (historical) Changsha (a former island in the Yangtze estuary in eastern China, now part of Chongming Island)
* Short for 長沙傅／长沙傅.
* (～鎮) Changsha (a town in Kaizhou district, Chongqing, China)
* (～鄉) Changsha (a township in Zongyang, Tongling, Anhui, China)
* (～村) Changsha (a village in Huangqi, Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)
* Cheung Sha (an area on Lantau, Islands district, New Territories, Hong Kong)

#### Synonyms

* (city): 臨湘／临湘 (Línxiāng) (historical)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 長(ちょう)沙(さ) (Chōsa)
* → Korean: 장사(長沙) (Jangsa)
* → Vietnamese: Trường Sa (長沙)
Others:
* → English: Changsha, Ch'ang-sha
* → Korean: 창사 (Changsa)
* → Russian: Чанша́ (Čanšá)
* → Zhuang: Cangzsah

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 長 | 沙 |
| ちょう Grade: 2 | さ Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

From Chinese 長沙／长沙 (Chángshā).

### Proper noun

長(ちょう)沙(さ) • (Chōsa)
* Changsha (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Hunan, in south-central China)
* Changsha (a county of Changsha, Hunan, China)
* (historical) Changsha (a former island in the Yangtze estuary in eastern China, now part of Chongming Island)
* Changsha (a town in Kaizhou district, Chongqing, China)
* Changsha (a township in Zongyang, Tongling, Anhui, China)
* Changsha (a village in Huangqi, Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 長 | 沙 |

### Proper noun

長沙 • (Jangsa) (hangeul 장사)
* hanja form of 장사 (“Changsha”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 長 | 沙 |

### Proper noun

長沙
* chữ Hán form of Trường Sa (“Trường Sa”).