# 京城
## Chinese
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): jīngchéng
       (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥ ㄔㄥˊ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): җинчын (žinčɨn, I-I)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ging$^1$ sing$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kîn-sàng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kiaⁿ-siâⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gian$^1$ sian$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$cin-zen
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jīngchéng
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ ㄔㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jingchéng
*** Wade–Giles: ching$^1$-chʻêng$^2$
*** Yale: jīng-chéng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jingcherng
*** Palladius: цзинчэн (czinčɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$京城 精誠／精诚
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: җинчын (žinčɨn, I-I)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiŋ²⁴ ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ging$^1$ sing$^4$
*** Yale: gīng sìhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ging$^1$ sing$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ging$^1$ xing$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɪŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kîn-sàng
*** Hakka Romanization System: gin$^ˊ$ sang$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gin$^1$ sang$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kin²⁴ saŋ¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiaⁿ-siâⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: kiann-siânn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kviasviaa
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kiã⁴⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiã³³ siã²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiã⁴⁴⁻²² siã¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ siã²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ siã²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gian$^1$ sian$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiaⁿ siâⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /kĩã³³⁻²³ sĩã⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$cin-zen
*** MiniDict: cin$^平$ zen
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$jin-zen
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕin⁵⁵ zən²¹/
* Middle Chinese: kjaeng dzyeng
Rime :
| Character | 京 | 城 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 常 (25) |
| Final (韻) | 庚 (111) | 清 (121) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 舉卿切 | 是征切 |
| Baxter | kjaeng | dzyeng |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠiæŋ/ | /d͡ʑiᴇŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚiaŋ/ | /d͡ʑiɛŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiaŋ/ | /d͡ʑiæŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kiajŋ/ | /d͡ʑiajŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /kiɐŋ/ | /ʑiɛŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭɐŋ/ | /ʑĭɛŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ki̯ɐŋ/ | /ʑi̯ɛŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jīng | chéng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ging$^1$ | sing$^4$ |

### Noun

京城
* (literary) capital city (of a country)
    From: Romance of the Three Kingdoms, circa 14th century CE
    Dǒng Zhuó nǎi cháiláng yě, yǐnrù jīngchéng, bì shí rén yǐ. [Pinyin]
    Dong Zhuo is a wolf and a jackal, if he enters the capital, it will most certainly be people that he devours.
    From: late 15th c., 金時習 (Kim Si-seup), 《李生窺牆傳》, 《金鰲新話》
    Sinchung-nyeon Hongjeok geo gyeongseong, wang i Bokju. [Sino-Korean]
    In the sinchuk year [1361], the Red Bandits occupied the capital [of Korea]; the king fled to Bokju.

#### Usage notes

When translating the English term capital city, use 首都 (shǒudū) when referring to the capital of a country, 首府 (shǒufǔ) when referring to the capital of a state or autonomous region, and 省會／省会 (shěnghuì) when referring to the capital of a province. Alternative terms for the capital of a country include 國都／国都 (guódū), 京城 (jīngchéng), 京都 (jīngdū), 京邑 (jīngyì) and 都城 (dūchéng) all of which are more commonly used in literary language. The term 京城 (jīngchéng) is most commonly used in historical dramas set in Imperial China.

#### Synonyms

* 上國／上国 (shàngguó) (literary)
* 京師／京师 (jīngshī) (literary)
* 京華／京华 (jīnghuá) (literary)
* 京邑 (jīngyì) (literary)
* 京都 (jīngdū) (literary)
* 國家／国家 (guójiā) (Classical Chinese)
* 國都／国都 (guódū)
* 帝都 (dìdū) (imperial capital)
* 王京 (wángjīng) (literary, royal capital)
* 王都 (wángdū) (formal, royal capital)
* 皇州 (huángzhōu) (literary, imperial capital)
* 神州 (shénzhōu) (literary)
* 都城 (dūchéng)
* 都邑 (dūyì) (literary)
* 都門／都门 (dūmén) (literary)
* 鎬京／镐京 (hàojīng) (literary)
* 長安／长安 (cháng'ān) (literary, figurative)
* 首都 (shǒudū)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 京(けい)城(じょう) (keijō)
* → Korean: 경성(京城) (gyeongseong)
* → Vietnamese: kinh thành (京城)
Others:
* → Zhuang: gingsingz

#### See also

* 省會／省会 (shěnghuì)
* 首府 (shǒufǔ)

### Proper noun

京城
* (historical) (Japanese colonial era) Seoul, Gyeongseong or Keijō

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 京 | 城 |
| けい Grade: 2 | じょう Grade: 4 |
| kan'on | goon |

### Etymology 1

From Old Japanese. First cited to a text from 706. In turn, from Middle Chinese 京城 (MC kjaeng dzyeng, literally “capital + city, town”).
Possibly encountered in older texts with the reading きょうじょう (kyōjō), using the older goon pronunciation for both characters.
Use to refer to Seoul was based in part on the older name 漢城 (Hanseong), and in part on the Japanese sense of "imperial capital", in referring to the city as the center of administration under the Japanese Empire. The city was also informally called 京城 (Gyeongseong) in Korean during the Joseon dynasty (1392–1897). See also Names_of_Seoul on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) けーじょー [kèéjóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ke̞ːʑo̞ː]
* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

京(けい)城(じょう) • (keijō)
* [from 706] the emperor's residence, the imperial palace
* [from 706] the capital, especially within an empire

#### Proper noun

京(けい)城(じょう) • (Keijō)
* [1910–1945] (historical) (Japanese colonial era) Seoul, also known as Gyeongseong (the Korean reading of these same Chinese characters) and Keijō
    京城(けいじょう)帝国大学(ていこくだいがく)
       Keijō Teikoku Daigaku
       Keijō Imperial University

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 京 | 城 |
| きょう Grade: 2 | じょう Grade: 4 |
| goon ||
The older goon pronunciation. Not used in modern Japanese, but possibly still encountered in older texts.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kʲo̞ːʑo̞ː]

#### Noun

京(きょう)城(じょう) • (kyōjō)
* [706–???] (obsolete) the emperor's residence, the imperial palace
* [706–???] (obsolete) the capital, especially within an empire

### References

* 1 2 3 4 “京城”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ “京城”, in 世界大百科事典 第２版 (Sekai Dai-hyakka Jiten Dainihan, “Heibonsha World Encyclopedia Second Edition”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, 1998
* ↑ “ソウル”, in 日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ (Nippon Dai Hyakka Zensho: Nipponica, “Encyclopedia Nipponica”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 1984
* ↑ Katsuhiro Kuroda (2004 July 2) “漢城、京城、セソウル？ (Kanjō, Keijō, Sesouru?, “Hanseong, Gyeongseong, Seseoul (New Seoul)?”)”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)‎, Sankei Shimbun, retrieved 2020-12-19
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 京 | 城 |

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “when it was first attested?”)

### Proper noun

京城 • (Gyeongseong) (hangeul 경성)
* hanja form of 경성 (“(Japanese colonial era) Seoul, Gyeongseong or Keijō”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 京 | 城 |

### Noun

京城
* chữ Hán form of kinh thành (“capital city; imperial city”).