# 般涅槃
## Chinese
### Etymology

From Sanskrit परिनिर्वाण (parinirvāṇa, past participle), transcribed in Huilin's Yiqiejing Yinyi (Book XXI) as 般利涅盤那 (Middle Chinese /*pʷɑ(n) li$^H$ net̚ bʷɑn nɑ/), and the declension forms Sanskrit परिनिर्वाणम् n sg (parinirvāṇam) or Pali parinibbānaṃ n sg transcribed in the Liao-era Buddhist glossary 《續一切經音義》 (Addenda to the Yiqiejing Yinyi, Book X) as 波利儞嚩南 (/*puɑ li$^H$ nɨ$^X$ mɑ$^X$ nəm/). The form has also been used to translate related verbs. See 涅槃 (nièpán).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bōnièpán
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄛ ㄋㄧㄝˋ ㄆㄢˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bōnièpán
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄛ ㄋㄧㄝˋ ㄆㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bonièpán
*** Wade–Giles: po$^1$-nieh$^4$-pʻan$^2$
*** Yale: bwō-nyè-pán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: boniehparn
*** Palladius: бонепань (bonepanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ni̯ɛ⁵¹ pʰän³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: ban|pan|paen net ban
Rime :
| Character | 般 | 般 | 般 | 涅 | 槃 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) | 幫 (1) | 幫 (1) | 泥 (8) | 並 (3) |
| Final (韻) | 桓 (62) | 桓 (62) | 刪 (69) | 屑 (87) | 桓 (62) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed | Open | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | I | II | IV | I |
| Fanqie | 薄官切 | 北潘切 | 布還切 | 奴結切 | 薄官切 |
| Baxter | ban | pan | paen | net | ban |
| Reconstructions ||||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /buɑn/ | /puɑn/ | /pˠan/ | /net̚/ | /buɑn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /bʷɑn/ | /pʷɑn/ | /pᵚan/ | /net̚/ | /bʷɑn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /buɑn/ | /puɑn/ | /pɐn/ | /nɛt̚/ | /buɑn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /bwan/ | /pwan/ | /paɨn/ | /nɛt̚/ | /bwan/ |
| Li Rong | /buɑn/ | /puɑn/ | /pan/ | /net̚/ | /buɑn/ |
| Wang Li | /buɑn/ | /puɑn/ | /pan/ | /niet̚/ | /buɑn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /bʱuɑn/ | /puɑn/ | /pan/ | /niet̚/ | /bʱuɑn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | pán | bān | bān | niè | pán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | pun$^4$ | bun$^1$ | baan$^1$ | nit$^6$ | pun$^4$ |

### Noun

般涅槃
* (Buddhism) parinirvana

### Verb

般涅槃
* (Buddhism) to attain parinirvana; to become fully extinguished
    From: c. 413. Buddhayaśas (佛陀耶舍) and Zhu Fonian (竺佛念), trans. The Dīrghāgama 《長阿含經·遊行經》.
    Cóng sì chán qǐ, Fó bōnièpán. [Pinyin]
    Arising from the fourth jhāna the Buddha became fully extinguished.

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 般(はつ)涅(ね)槃(はん) (hatsunehan)
* → Korean: 반열반(般涅槃) (banyeolban)
* → Vietnamese: bát niết bàn (般涅槃)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 般 | 涅 | 槃 |
| はつ Grade: S | ね Hyōgai | はん Hyōgai |
| kan'yōon | kan'yōon | kan'on |

### Etymology

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 般涅槃 (MC paen net ban), itself a transliteration of Sanskrit परिनिर्वाण (parinirvāṇa) or Pali parinibbāna.
First cited in roughly 1120.

### Noun

般(はつ)涅(ね)槃(はん) • (hatsunehan)
* [from 1120] (Buddhism) parinirvana

#### Derived terms

* 大(だい)般(はつ)涅(ね)槃(はん)経(ぎょう) (Dai Hatsunehan-gyō, “Great Nirvana Sutra”)

#### See also

* 円(えん)寂(じゃく) (enjaku)
* 涅(ね)槃(はん) (nehan, “nirvana”)

### References

* 1 2 “般涅槃”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 般 | 涅 | 槃 |

### Noun

般涅槃 • (banyeolban) (hangeul 반열반)
* hanja form of 반열반 (“parinirvana”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 般 | 涅 | 槃 |

### Noun

般涅槃
* chữ Hán form of bát niết bàn (“parinirvana”).