# k-
## Translingual
### Prefix

k-
* (SI prefix) Abbreviation of kilo-.

## English
### Etymology

Uncertain. Perhaps from OK, in phrases like OK, cool; perhaps from the K prefix for kilo-, as in kilobyte.

### Prefix

k-
* (BBS and Internet slang, dated) Used as an intensifier.
** 1994, Dave!, “Mind Warp! Volume #02 Release Info...”, in alt.zines (Usenet):We have been heavily influenced by, and use the same 'zine format' as cDc and uXu. And if you think we're ripping them off.. you damn skippy! They're excellent texts and I wish to be as k-cool as them. :)
** 1994?, "Rabid Rasta", The Real Pirate's Guide (reposted anonymously on newsgroup alt.2600, 14 August 1994)
    Corollary: Real pirates don't keep score. Real pirates don't say "K-K00L", "K-AWESOME", "X10DER", "L8R0N", or anything of the sort. Real pirates know the difference between "f" and "ph" (i.e. "philes", "phuck", "fone", etc.).
** 1996, Jerod Pore, “k-rad warez d00d hits alt.binaries.zines - AGAIN”, in nwes.admin.net-abuse.misc (Usenet):My least favorite k-rad warez d00d […] has once again plastered alt.binaries.zines with millions of bytes of pirated software using a forged address at penet.
** 1996, rj, “quake crack”, in alt.games.quake (Usenet):Oooo.... what use of sarcasm, I bow down to you almighty one. What really was the point of your 'post'. To defend your K-Rad Warez pals? You k-rad warez puppies are something else. Now run along and download the latest k-rad game and of course never use it, just be k00l and say you got it 0 hour.

#### Derived terms

* k-rad

### See also

* leetspeak

### References

* Eric S. Raymond (1991) The New Hacker's Dictionary

## Albanian
### Alternative forms

* kë-

### Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *ka-, from Proto-Indo-European *ko-

### Prefix

k-
* to-

#### Derived terms
### References

* ↑ Schumacher, S. & Matzinger, J. Die verben des altabanischen Belegwörterbuch, Vorgeschichte und etymologie unter mitarbeit von Anna-Maria Adaktylos. 2013. Harrassowiz Vergal. Wiesbaden

## Cayuga
### Alternative forms

* g- (before vowels and y)

### Prefix

k-
* first person agent pronominal prefix; I

### References

* Marianne Mithun, Reginald Henry (1982) Wadęwayę́stanih - A Cayuga Teaching Grammar, 3rd edition, Woodland Cultural Centre, published 2015, page 54

## Emilian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /k/

### Adjective

k-
* (before a vowel) Alternative form of kí

## Javanese
### Etymology

Inherited from Old Javanese ka-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka-.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ka/, /kə/

### Prefix

k-
* passive verb-forming prefix
** generally for ꦏ- (ka-), from verbal base
** generally for ꦏ- (ka-), from nominal or verbal base, with related tools
** generally for ꦏꦼ- (ke-), intransitive passive verb-forming prefix

#### Alternative forms

* ꦏ- (ka-)
* ꦏꦼ- (ke-)

#### Derived terms
## Mohawk
### Prefix

k-
* first person agent pronominal prefix; I

#### Alternative forms

| - | Initial consonant | Initial consonant | Initial consonant | Initial consonant | Initial consonant | Initial consonant | Initial consonant |
| Environment | t/s/h/k | n/r/w/’ | a | e/en | o/on | i | y |
| Word-Initial | k- | ke- | k- | k- | k- | k- | t- |

### References

* Gunther Michelson (1973) A thousand words of Mohawk, University of Ottawa Press, page 9

## Oneida
### Prefix

k-
* first person agent pronominal prefix; I

### References

* Floyd Lounsbury (1953) Oneida Verb Morphology, Yale University Press, pages 59-60

## Ye'kwana
### Etymology 1
#### Alternative forms

* kü-, ku-, ki- (allomorphs)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [k-]

#### Prefix

k-
* Marks a noun as having a first-person-dual-inclusive possessor.
* Marks a postposition as having a first-person-dual-inclusive object.
* Marks a transitive verb as having a first-person-dual-inclusive patient/object when the agent/subject is of third person with verb forms that take series I markers.
* Marks a transitive verb as having a first-person-dual-inclusive patient/object when the agent/subject is unspecified with verb forms that take series II markers.
* Marks a transitive verb as having a second-person agent/subject and a first-person or first-person-dual-exclusive patient/object.
* Marks an intransitive verb with agent- or patient-like argument as having a first-person-dual-inclusive argument/subject, regardless of whether the verb form takes series I or series II markers.
* Marks a verb form derived with n- and -dü or -'jüdü as having a first-person-dual-inclusive agent/subject.

##### Usage notes

The form taken by this prefix depends on the first syllable of the stem it attaches to:
* k- if the first syllable begins with a vowel.
* kü- if the first syllable begins with a consonant and its vowel is anything but u or i.
* ku- if the first syllable begins with a consonant and its vowel is u.
* ki- if the first syllable begins with a consonant and its vowel is i.
The various different transitive verbal uses of this prefix can be roughly summarized as “I am being acted on, and you are somehow involved (whether as subject or co-object).”

##### Inflection

| | pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | postposition object | postposition object | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument |
| | pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | postposition object | postposition object | transitive patient | intransitive patient-like | intransitive patient-like | intransitive agent-like | transitive agent |
| first person | ewü | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | w-, wi- | w-, wi- | w-, wi- |
| first person dual inclusive | küwü | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kii-, ki-$^1$ |
| second person | amödö | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | m-, mi- | m-, mi- |
| first person dual exclusive | nña | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | chö- | ∅- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- |
| third person | tüwü | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | chö- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- |
| distant past third person | tüwü | — | — | — | — | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- |
| coreferential/reflexive | — | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | — | — | — | — | — |
| reciprocal | — | — | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- |
| With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable. |||||||||||
| | series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient |
| first person > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
| first person dual exclusive > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
| second person > first person | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
| second person > first person dual exclusive | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
| third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person | see person X in the chart above |

### Etymology 2
#### Alternative forms

* kii-, ki- (allomorphs)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [k-]

#### Prefix

k-
* Marks a transitive verb as having a first-person-dual-inclusive agent/subject.

##### Usage notes

The form taken by this prefix depends on the first syllable of the stem it attaches to:
* k- if the first syllable begins with a vowel. In addition, if the first syllable is an open syllable, then its vowel is lengthened.
* kii- if the first syllable begins with a consonant.
* ki- if the first syllable begins with two consonants, e.g. as a result of syllable reduction.
In the latter two cases the initial consonant is also palatalized if possible.

##### Inflection

| | pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | postposition object | postposition object | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument |
| | pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | postposition object | postposition object | transitive patient | intransitive patient-like | intransitive patient-like | intransitive agent-like | transitive agent |
| first person | ewü | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | w-, wi- | w-, wi- | w-, wi- |
| first person dual inclusive | küwü | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kii-, ki-$^1$ |
| second person | amödö | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | m-, mi- | m-, mi- |
| first person dual exclusive | nña | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | chö- | ∅- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- |
| third person | tüwü | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | chö- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- |
| distant past third person | tüwü | — | — | — | — | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- |
| coreferential/reflexive | — | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | — | — | — | — | — |
| reciprocal | — | — | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- |
| With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable. |||||||||||
| | series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient |
| first person > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
| first person dual exclusive > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
| second person > first person | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
| second person > first person dual exclusive | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
| third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person | see person X in the chart above |

### References

* Cáceres, Natalia (2011) Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎, Lyon, pages 171–172, 181–182, 189–190, 194–195