# 以故
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yǐgù
    (Zhuyin): ㄧˇ ㄍㄨˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yǐgù
*** Zhuyin: ㄧˇ ㄍㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yǐgù
*** Wade–Giles: i$^3$-ku$^4$
*** Yale: yǐ-gù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yiiguh
*** Palladius: игу (igu)
*** Sinological IPA : /i²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$已故 以故
* Middle Chinese: yiX kuH
Rime :
| Character | 以 | 故 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 之 (19) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 羊己切 | 古暮切 |
| Baxter | yiX | kuH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jɨ$^X$/ | /kuo$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /jɨ$^X$/ | /kuo$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ie$^X$/ | /ko$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /jɨ$^X$/ | /kɔ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /iə$^X$/ | /ko$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /jĭə$^X$/ | /ku$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /i$^X$/ | /kuo$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yǐ | gù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ji$^5$ | gu$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ləʔ kˤa(ʔ)-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*lɯʔ kaːs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 以 | 故 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yǐ | gù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ yi$^X$ › | ‹ ku$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*ləʔ/ | /*kˁa(ʔ)-s/ |
| English | take, use | fact; reason |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 以 | 故 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 14929 | 4228 |
| Phonetic component | 以 | 古 |
| Rime group | 之 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 以 | 顧 |
| Old Chinese | /*lɯʔ/ | /*kaːs/ |

### Conjunction

以故
* (Classical) because of this
    From: Zhanguo Ce, circa 5th – 3rd centuries BCE
    Fāng jí shí, bùjí zhào xià bīng, yǐgù Jīng Kē zhú qínwáng, ér zú huángjí wúyǐ jī Kē, ér nǎi yǐ shǒu gòng bó zhī. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Synonyms

* 乃末 (Shanghainese)
* 以是 (yǐshì) (Classical Chinese)
* 因此 (yīncǐ)
* 因而 (yīn'ér)
* 從而／从而 (cóng'ér)
* 所以
* 故 (gù) (literary)
* 故此 (gùcǐ)
* 故而 (gù'ér)
* 於是／于是 (yúshì)
* 於是乎／于是乎 (yúshìhū) (literary)
* 是以 (shìyǐ) (literary)
* 是故 (shìgù) (literary)
* 此以 (cǐyǐ) (literary)
* 為此／为此 (wèicǐ)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 是以, 是故, 故, 以, 以是, 以故 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 所以, 因此, 因而, 故, 故此, 故而 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 所以 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 所以 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 所以 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 所以 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 所以, 故此 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 所以 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 所以 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 故是 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 所以, 故此 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 故所, 所以 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 故所, 所以, 故所以 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 所以 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 所以 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 所以, 故所 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 所以 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 所以上 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 故此 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 故此 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 所以 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 所以 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 所以 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 所以 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 所以 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 所以 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 所以 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 所以 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 所以, 咾, 葛咾, 因此, 故所以 dated, 故而 dated, 所以緣故 dated, 為此緣故 dated, 因此緣故 dated |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 故所以 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 故所以 |