# 遊俠
## Chinese
### Etymology

Attested earliest as a compound noun in Han Feizi:
* 故不相容之事，不兩立也。……廢敬上畏法之民，而養遊俠私劍之屬。舉行如此，治強不可得也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]故不相容之事，不两立也。……废敬上畏法之民，而养游侠私剑之属。举行如此，治强不可得也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]From: Han Feizi, circa 2nd century BCE, translated based on W. K. Liao's versionGù bù xiàngróng zhī shì, bù liǎnglì yě....... Fèi jìngshàng wèifǎ zhī mín, ér yǎng yóuxiá sījiàn zhī shǔ. Jǔxíng rú cǐ, zhìqiáng bùkě dé yě. [Pinyin]Therefore, incompatible things do not coexist. For [...] to neglect the men who respect the superior and revere the law, and at the same time to maintain gangs of wandering cavaliers and self-seeking swordsmen: out of such incompatible acts, how can a state attain order and strength?
Also attested as a phrasal verb in Six Secret Teachings (六韜 (Liùtāo)):
* 民有不事農桑、任氣遊俠、犯歷法禁、不從吏教者，傷王之化。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]民有不事农桑、任气游侠、犯历法禁、不从吏教者，伤王之化。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]From: Six Secret Teachings, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on Ralph D. Sawyer's versionMín yǒu bùshì nóngsāng, rènqì yóuxiá, fànlì fǎjìn, bùcóng lìjiào zhě, shāng wáng zhī huà. [Pinyin]When the people are not engaged in agriculture and sericulture but instead give rein to their temper and travel about as bravados, disdaining and transgressing the laws and prohibitions, not following the instructions of the officials, it harms the king's transforming influence.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yóuxiá
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄡˊ ㄒㄧㄚˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jau$^4$ hap$^6$ / jau$^4$ haap$^6$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): iû-kiap / iû-hia̍p
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yóuxiá
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄡˊ ㄒㄧㄚˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yóusiá
*** Wade–Giles: yu$^2$-hsia$^2$
*** Yale: yóu-syá
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: youshya
*** Palladius: юся (jusja)
*** Sinological IPA : /joʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ä³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jau$^4$ hap$^6$ / jau$^4$ haap$^6$
*** Yale: yàuh hahp / yàuh haahp
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jau$^4$ hap$^9$ / jau$^4$ haap$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yeo$^4$ heb$^6$ / yeo$^4$ hab$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐu̯²¹ hɐp̚²/, /jɐu̯²¹ haːp̚²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iû-kiap
*** Tâi-lô: iû-kiap
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iu'kiab
*** IPA (Xiamen): /iu²⁴⁻²² kiap̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iu²⁴⁻²² kiap̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iû-hia̍p
*** Tâi-lô: iû-hia̍p
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iu'hiap
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /iu¹³⁻²² hiap̚¹²¹/
* Middle Chinese: yuw hep
Rime :
| Character | 遊 | 俠 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) | 怗 (158) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | IV |
| Fanqie | 以周切 | 胡頰切 |
| Baxter | yuw | hep |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jɨu/ | /ɦep̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /jiu/ | /ɦep̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /iəu/ | /ɣɛp̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /juw/ | /ɦɛp̚/ |
| Li Rong | /iu/ | /ɣep̚/ |
| Wang Li | /jĭəu/ | /ɣiep̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /i̯ə̯u/ | /ɣiep̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yóu | xié |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jau$^4$ | jip$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*lu ɡeːb/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 遊 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yóu |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ yuw › |
| Old Chinese | /*[N-]ru/ |
| English | wander about |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 遊 | 俠 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 15546 | 5915 |
| Phonetic component | 斿 | 夾 |
| Rime group | 幽 | 盍 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 猷 | 協 |
| Old Chinese | /*lu/ | /*ɡeːb/ |
| Notes | 同遊 | |

### Noun

遊俠
* 俠客 (Written Standard Chinese)
* Youxia (English)
* 游侠 (角色职业) (Written Standard Chinese)
* Ranger (character class) (English)
* (historical) knight-errant
* (roleplaying games, fantasy) ranger

#### Synonyms

* 豪俠／豪侠 (háoxiá)
* 劍俠／剑侠 (jiànxiá)
* 武俠／武侠 (wǔxiá)
* 俠客／侠客 (xiákè)
* 俠士／侠士 (xiáshì)

#### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: du hiệp (遊俠)