# 困厄
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kùn'è
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄣˋ ㄜˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): kwan$^3$ aak$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khùn-iak / khùn-ek
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kùn'è
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄣˋ ㄜˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kùn-è
*** Wade–Giles: kʻun$^4$-o$^4$
*** Yale: kwùn-è
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuenneh
*** Palladius: куньэ (kunʹe)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu̯ən⁵¹⁻⁵³ ˀɤ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kwan$^3$ aak$^1$
*** Yale: kwan āak
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kwan$^3$ aak$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kuen$^3$ ag$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʷʰɐn³³ aːk̚⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khùn-iak
*** Tâi-lô: khùn-iak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: quon'iag
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰun⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iak̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khùn-ek
*** Tâi-lô: khùn-ik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: quon'eg
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰun²¹⁻⁵³ iɪk̚³²/
* Middle Chinese: khwonH 'eak
Rime :
| Character | 困 | 厄 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 魂 (55) | 麥 (119) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | I | II |
| Fanqie | 苦悶切 | 於革切 |
| Baxter | khwonH | 'eak |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰuən$^H$/ | /ʔˠɛk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰuon$^H$/ | /ʔᵚæk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰuən$^H$/ | /ʔɐk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰwən$^H$/ | /ʔəɨjk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰuən$^H$/ | /ʔɛk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰuən$^H$/ | /æk̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kʰuən$^H$/ | /ʔæk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kùn | e |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fan$^3$ | ak$^1$ |

### Noun

困厄
* (literary) dire straits; distress

#### Synonyms

* 危境 (wēijìng)
* 厄 (literary, or in compounds)
* 困境 (kùnjìng)
* 地步 (dìbù)
* 時艱／时艰 (shíjiān) (difficult times at present)
* 溝壑／沟壑 (gōuhè) (literary)
* 畏景 (wèijǐng) (literary, figurative)
* 處境／处境 (chǔjìng)
* 逆境 (nìjìng)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 困 | 厄 |
| こん Grade: 6 | やく Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 困阨

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こんやく [kòń'yákú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kõ̞ɰ̃ja̠kɯ̟]

### Noun

困(こん)厄(やく) • (kon'yaku)
* dire straits; distress

### Verb

困(こん)厄(やく)する • (kon'yaku suru) suru (stem 困(こん)厄(やく)し (kon'yaku shi), past 困(こん)厄(やく)した (kon'yaku shita))
* to be in serious danger

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 困厄し | こんやくし | kon'yaku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 困厄し | こんやくし | kon'yaku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 困厄する | こんやくする | kon'yaku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 困厄する | こんやくする | kon'yaku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 困厄すれ | こんやくすれ | kon'yaku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 困厄せよ¹ 困厄しろ² | こんやくせよ¹ こんやくしろ² | kon'yaku seyo¹ kon'yaku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 困厄される | こんやくされる | kon'yaku sareru |
| Causative | 困厄させる 困厄さす | こんやくさせる こんやくさす | kon'yaku saseru kon'yaku sasu |
| Potential | 困厄できる | こんやくできる | kon'yaku dekiru |
| Volitional | 困厄しよう | こんやくしよう | kon'yaku shiyō |
| Negative | 困厄しない | こんやくしない | kon'yaku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 困厄せず | こんやくせず | kon'yaku sezu |
| Formal | 困厄します | こんやくします | kon'yaku shimasu |
| Perfective | 困厄した | こんやくした | kon'yaku shita |
| Conjunctive | 困厄して | こんやくして | kon'yaku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 困厄すれば | こんやくすれば | kon'yaku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN