# 苦菜
## Chinese

* 苦菜

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kǔcài
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨˇ ㄘㄞˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fu$^2$ coi$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fú-chhoi
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khó͘-chhài
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kǔcài
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄨˇ ㄘㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kǔcài
*** Wade–Giles: kʻu$^3$-tsʻai$^4$
*** Yale: kǔ-tsài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuutsay
*** Palladius: куцай (kucaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fu$^2$ coi$^3$
*** Yale: fú choi
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fu$^2$ tsoi$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fu$^2$ coi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /fuː³⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fú-chhoi
*** Hakka Romanization System: fu$^ˋ$ coi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fu$^3$ coi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /fu³¹ t͡sʰoi̯⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khó͘-chhài
*** Tâi-lô: khóo-tshài
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qofzhaix
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰai²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰai⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰai²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰai¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰai²¹/
* Middle Chinese: khuX|khuH tshojH
Rime :
| Character | 苦 | 苦 | 菜 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) | 溪 (29) | 清 (14) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) | 模 (23) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I | I |
| Fanqie | 康杜切 | 苦故切 | 倉代切 |
| Baxter | khuX | khuH | tshojH |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰuo$^X$/ | /kʰuo$^H$/ | /t͡sʰʌi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰuo$^X$/ | /kʰuo$^H$/ | /t͡sʰəi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰo$^X$/ | /kʰo$^H$/ | /t͡sʰɒi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰɔ$^X$/ | /kʰɔ$^H$/ | /t͡sʰəj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰo$^X$/ | /kʰo$^H$/ | /t͡sʰᴀi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰu$^X$/ | /kʰu$^H$/ | /t͡sʰɒi$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kʰuo$^X$/ | /kʰuo$^H$/ | /t͡sʰɑ̆i$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kǔ | kù | cài |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fu$^2$ | fu$^3$ | coi$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʰˤaʔ s.r̥ˤəʔ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰaːʔ|kʰaːs sʰɯːs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 苦 | 菜 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | kǔ | cài |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khu$^X$ › | ‹ tshoj$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰˁaʔ/ | /*s.r̥ˁəʔ-s/ |
| English | bitter | vegetables |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 苦 | 苦 | 菜 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 4242 | 4243 | 1076 |
| Phonetic component | 古 | 古 | 采 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 魚 | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 苦 | 絝 | 菜 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰaːʔ/ | /*kʰaːs/ | /*sʰɯːs/ |

### Noun

苦菜
* (literally) bitter vegetable
* common sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus)
* Alternative name for 敗醬／败酱.

#### Synonyms

* (bitter vegetable): (literary) 苦荼 (kǔtú)

#### See also

* 苦苦菜

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 苦 | 菜 |
| にが Grade: 3 | な Grade: 4 |
| kun'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɲ̟iɡa̠na̠]

### Etymology 1
#### Noun

苦(にが)菜(な) or 苦菜(ニガナ) • (nigana)
* toothed ixeridium, Ixeridium dentatum

#### Usage notes

* As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary).

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 苦 | 菜 |
| のけし ||
| Grade: 3 | Grade: 4 |
| jukujikun ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 苦菜 – see the following entry. :
| 【野芥子のげし】 | [noun] sow thistle, Sonchus oleraceus Alternative spellings 野罌粟, ノゲシ |
(This term, 苦菜, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :