# 發憤
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fāfèn
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄚ ㄈㄣˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): faat$^3$ fan$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fāfèn
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄚ ㄈㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fafèn
*** Wade–Giles: fa$^1$-fên$^4$
*** Yale: fā-fèn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fafenn
*** Palladius: фафэнь (fafɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /fä⁵⁵ fən⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$發奮／发奋 發憤／发愤
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: faat$^3$ fan$^5$
*** Yale: faat fáhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: faat$^8$ fan$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fad$^3$ fen$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /faːt̚³ fɐn¹³/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$發奮／发奋 發憤／发愤
* Middle Chinese: pjot bjunX
Rime :
| Character | 發 | 憤 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) | 並 (3) |
| Final (韻) | 月 (68) | 文 (59) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 方伐切 | 房吻切 |
| Baxter | pjot | bjunX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pʉɐt̚/ | /bɨun$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pʷiɐt̚/ | /biun$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /piuɐt̚/ | /biuən$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /puat̚/ | /bun$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /piuɐt̚/ | /biuən$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /pĭwɐt̚/ | /bĭuən$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /pi̯wɐt̚/ | /bʱi̯uən$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fa | fèn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | faat$^3$ | fan$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə.pat [b]urʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*pad bɯnʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 發 | 憤 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | fā | fèn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ pjot › | ‹ bjun$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*Cə.pat/ | /*[b]urʔ/ |
| English | fly forth, send forth | unhappy |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 發 | 憤 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 164 | 466 |
| Phonetic component | 癹 | 奔 |
| Rime group | 月 | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 髮 | 憤 |
| Old Chinese | /*pad/ | /*bɯnʔ/ |

### Verb

發憤
* (literary) to express one's strong emotions (chiefly those of passion, sadness, or dissatisfaction)
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Huò zé dì ér dǎozhī, shí ránhòu chūyán, xíngbùyóujìng, fēi gōngzhèng bù fāfèn, ér yù huòzāi zhě, bùkěshēngshǔ yě. [Pinyin]
    There were also those who chose with great care the ground on which they tread, who after careful deliberation only spoke of what was the most appropriate and pertinent, who never deviated from the correct course, who never spoke strongly except for the sake of righteousness; yet countless of them were met with disaster and ruin.
    From: 1st century BCE, Sima Qian, Letter to Ren An. Translated by Burton Watson.
    “Shī” sānbǎi piān, dàdǐ xiánshèng fāfèn zhī suǒ wéizuò yě. [Pinyin]
    Most of the three hundred poems in the Book of Odes were written when the sages poured out their anger and dissatisfaction.
    From: c. late 16th century, Li Zhi (李贄), Preface to Water Margin (《〈忠義水滸傳〉序》)
    “Shuǐhǔchuán” zhě, fāfèn zhī suǒzuò yě. [Pinyin]
    Water Margin was a work expressing discontent.
* (literary) to do something with strong passion or determination; to be passionate; to be emotional
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Rǔ xī bù yuē “qí wéirén yě, fāfèn wàng shí, lè yǐ wàngyōu, bùzhī lǎo zhī jiāng zhì” yún'ěr. [Pinyin]
    Why did you not say to him, "He is simply a man, who in his eager pursuit of knowledge forgets his food, who in the joy of its attainment forgets his sorrows, and who does not perceive that old age is coming on," and such?
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Rán'ér jìnshēn xiānshēng zhī tú fù Kǒngzǐ lǐqì wǎng wěizhì wéi chén zhě, hé yě? Yǐ Qín fén qí yè, jīyuàn ér fāfèn yú Chénwáng yě. [Pinyin]
    However, the educated elite, bearing their Confucian implements of high ceremony, went towards him to pledge their loyalty as subjects. Why was that? Because Qin laid waste to their works and tradition, and they, full of dissent and anger, had passionate hope and support in King Chen.
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Shì suì tiānzǐ shǐ jiàn Hànjiā zhī fēng, ér Tàishǐgōng liúzhì Zhōunán, bùdé yù cóngshì, gù fāfèn qiě zú. [Pinyin]
    That was the year when the Emperor made the first Fenshan for Han, but my father was hindered in the southern Zhou and unable to participate in the great event. Filled with passion, he then approached the end of his life.

#### Synonyms

* 奮勉／奋勉 (fènmiǎn) (literary)
* 奮發／奋发 (fènfā)
* 怒 (nù) (Classical Chinese)
* 振作 (zhènzuò)
* 發奮／发奋 (fāfèn)

#### Derived terms

* 發憤圖強／发愤图强 (fāfèntúqiáng)
* 發憤忘食／发愤忘食 (fāfènwàngshí)