# 成功
## Chinese

* 成功 (Written Standard Chinese)
* Sêng-kong-tìn (Southern Min)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): chénggōng
       (Zhuyin): ㄔㄥˊ ㄍㄨㄥ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): чынгун (čɨngun, I-I)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sing$^4$ gung$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sṳ̀n-kûng
* Eastern Min (BUC): sìng-gŭng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sêng-kong
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sêng$^5$ gong$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zen-kon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chénggōng
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄥˊ ㄍㄨㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chénggong
*** Wade–Giles: chʻêng$^2$-kung$^1$
*** Yale: chéng-gūng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chernggong
*** Palladius: чэнгун (čɛngun)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: чынгун (čɨngun, I-I)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ²⁴ kuŋ²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sing$^4$ gung$^1$
*** Yale: sìhng gūng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sing$^4$ gung$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xing$^4$ gung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɪŋ²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ̀n-kûng
*** Hakka Romanization System: siin$^ˇ$ gung$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: sin$^2$ gung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /sɨn¹¹ kuŋ²⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sìng-gŭng
*** Sinological IPA : /siŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ $^{(k-)}$ŋuŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sêng-kong
*** Tâi-lô: sîng-kong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sengkofng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /siɪŋ¹³⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /siɪŋ²³⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: sêng$^5$ gong$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sêng kong
*** Sinological IPA : /seŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ koŋ³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$zen-kon
*** MiniDict: zen$^去$ kon
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$zen-kon
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zən²² koŋ⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: dzyeng kuwng
Rime :
| Character | 成 | 功 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 常 (25) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 清 (121) | 東 (1) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 是征切 | 古紅切 |
| Baxter | dzyeng | kuwng |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ʑiᴇŋ/ | /kuŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡ʑiɛŋ/ | /kuŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ʑiæŋ/ | /kuŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡ʑiajŋ/ | /kəwŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ʑiɛŋ/ | /kuŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ʑĭɛŋ/ | /kuŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ʑi̯ɛŋ/ | /kuŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chéng | gōng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sing$^4$ | gung$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]eŋ|m-[d]eŋ kˤoŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*djeŋ koːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 成 | 成 | 功 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | chéng | chéng | gōng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzyeng › | ‹ dzyeng › | ‹ kuwng › |
| Old Chinese | /*[d]eŋ/ | /*m-[d]eŋ/ | /*kˁoŋ/ |
| English | to become (v.i.) | to complete (tr. v) | work, effort |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 成 | 功 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 1417 | 4021 |
| Phonetic component | 成 | 工 |
| Rime group | 耕 | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 成 | 公 |
| Old Chinese | /*djeŋ/ | /*koːŋ/ |
| Notes | 說文丁聲，甲文戌下一豎， 或表戈已製成 | |

### Verb

成功
* to succeed; to achieve success; to be successful
    付款成功。 ― Fùkuǎn chénggōng. ― Payment successful.
       Nà cì kàngyì méi chénggōng. [Pinyin]
       That protest was not successful.
       Suīrán wǒmen bùgǎn shuō nǐ yīdìng huì chénggōng, dànshì yě juéduì méiyǒu rén gǎn shuō nǐ yīdìng bùhuì chénggōng! [Pinyin]
       Though we dare not say you'll definitely succeed, no one would dare say you definitely won't!
* (literary) to complete a task
    From: The Book of Documents, circa 4th – 3rd century BCE
    Dōng jiàn yú hǎi, xī bèi yú liúshā, shuò nán jì shēngjiào qì yú sìhǎi. Yǔ xī xuánguī, gào jué chénggōng. [Pinyin]
    On the east, reaching to the sea; on the west, extending to the moving sands; to the utmost limits of the north and south— his fame and influence filled up (all within) the four seas. Yu presented the dark-coloured symbol of his rank, and announced the completion of his work.
* (literary) to gather in the crops; to harvest
* (literary) to agree; to allow; to permit

#### Synonyms

* (to succeed):
* 勝利／胜利 (shènglì)
* 樂成／乐成 (lèchéng) (literary)
* 獲得成功／获得成功 (huòdé chénggōng)

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “to succeed”): 失敗／失败 (shībài)

### Noun

成功
* success; prosperity
    取得成功 ― qǔdé chénggōng ― to succeed
       Méiyǒu chénggōng, nǎ lái de xìngfú? [Pinyin]
       How can one be happy without success?
       Shībài nǎi chénggōng zhī mǔ. [Pinyin]
       Failure is the mother of success. (proverb)
       Zuìhòu, yùzhù dàhuì huòdé yuánmǎn chénggōng! [Pinyin]
       To conclude, I wish the conference a great success!
* (literary) achievements; exploits; deeds
* (literary) effect; outcome

### Adjective

成功
* successful
    一個很成功的人／一个很成功的人 ― yī ge hěn chénggōng de rén ― a very successful person
       Tā chénggōng huòdé Hāfó Dàxué jiǎngxuéjīn, qiánwǎng Měiguó shēnzào. [Pinyin]
       He successfully gained a scholarship from the Harvard University, and went to the US to further his studies.

### Proper noun

成功
* (～鎮) Chenggong (an urban township in Taitung County, Taiwan)
* (～村) Chenggong (a village in Caidian, Caidian district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)

### Derived terms

* 失敗是成功之母／失败是成功之母 (shībài shì chénggōng zhī mǔ)
* 成功嶺／成功岭
* 成功率 (chénggōnglǜ)
* 迄未成功
* 馬到成功／马到成功 (mǎdào-chénggōng)

### See also

* 功成 (gōngchéng)
* 功成名就 (gōngchéngmíngjiù)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 成功(せいこう) (seikō)
* → Korean: 성공(成功) (seonggong)
* → Vietnamese: thành công (成功)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 成 | 功 |
| せい Grade: 4 | こう Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 成功 (d͡ʑiᴇŋ kuŋ).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) せーこー [sèékóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [se̞ːko̞ː]

### Noun

成(せい)功(こう) • (seikō)
* success
* success in life, achievement in the world

#### Synonyms

* (success): 完成(かんせい) (kansei), 成(な)し遂(と)げる (nashitogeru)

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “success”): 失敗(しっぱい) (shippai)

#### Derived terms

* 勤勉(きんべん)は成功(せいこう)の母(はは) (kinben wa seikō no haha)
* 失敗(しっぱい)は成功(せいこう)のもと (shippai wa seikō no moto)
* 成功報酬(せいこうほうしゅう) (seikō hōshū)
* 成功裏(せいこうり) (seikōri), 成功裡(せいこうり) (seikōri)
* 不成功(ふせいこう) (fuseikō)

### Verb

成(せい)功(こう)する • (seikō suru) suru (stem 成(せい)功(こう)し (seikō shi), past 成(せい)功(こう)した (seikō shita))
* succeed
    製品(せいひん)の開発(かいはつ)に成功(せいこう)した。
       Seihin no kaihatsu ni seikō shita.
       We successfully developed the product.
* be successful in life

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 成功し | せいこうし | seikō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 成功し | せいこうし | seikō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 成功する | せいこうする | seikō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 成功する | せいこうする | seikō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 成功すれ | せいこうすれ | seikō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 成功せよ¹ 成功しろ² | せいこうせよ¹ せいこうしろ² | seikō seyo¹ seikō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 成功される | せいこうされる | seikō sareru |
| Causative | 成功させる 成功さす | せいこうさせる せいこうさす | seikō saseru seikō sasu |
| Potential | 成功できる | せいこうできる | seikō dekiru |
| Volitional | 成功しよう | せいこうしよう | seikō shiyō |
| Negative | 成功しない | せいこうしない | seikō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 成功せず | せいこうせず | seikō sezu |
| Formal | 成功します | せいこうします | seikō shimasu |
| Perfective | 成功した | せいこうした | seikō shita |
| Conjunctive | 成功して | せいこうして | seikō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 成功すれば | せいこうすれば | seikō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
   * 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 成 | 功 |

### Noun

成功 • (seonggong) (hangeul 성공)
* hanja form of 성공 (“success”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 成 | 功 |

### Verb

成功
* chữ Hán form of thành công (“to succeed”).