# 記憶
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jìyì
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧˋ ㄧˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gei$^3$ jik$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ki-yi
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gi$^4$ yid$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kì-ek / kì-iak
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gi$^3$ i$^3$ / gi$^3$ êg$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$ci-i
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jìyì
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˋ ㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jìyì
*** Wade–Giles: chi$^4$-i$^4$
*** Yale: jì-yì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jihyih
*** Palladius: цзии (czii)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$寄意 技藝／技艺 計議／计议 記憶／记忆
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gei$^3$ jik$^1$
*** Yale: gei yīk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gei$^3$ jik$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: géi$^3$ yig$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kei̯³³ jɪk̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ki-yi
*** Hakka Romanization System: gi i
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gi$^4$ yi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki⁵⁵ i⁵⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ki-yi
*** Hakka Romanization System: gi (r)i
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gi$^4$ yi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki⁵⁵ (j)i⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: gi$^4$ yid$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki⁵³⁻⁵⁵ it̚¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kì-ek
*** Tâi-lô: kì-ik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kie'eg
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ki²¹⁻⁴¹ iɪk̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ki¹¹⁻⁵³ iɪk̚³²/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ki²¹⁻⁵³ iɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kì-iak
*** Tâi-lô: kì-iak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kie'iag
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ki⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iak̚⁵/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gi$^3$ i$^3$ / gi$^3$ êg$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kì ì / kì ek
*** Sinological IPA : /ki²¹³⁻⁵⁵ i²¹³/, /ki²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ek̚²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$ci-i
*** MiniDict: ci$^去$ i
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$ji-i
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕi³³ i⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: kiH 'ik
Rime :
| Character | 記 | 憶 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 之 (19) | 職 (134) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 居吏切 | 於力切 |
| Baxter | kiH | 'ik |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɨ$^H$/ | /ʔɨk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɨ$^H$/ | /ʔɨk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kie$^H$/ | /ʔiek̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɨ$^H$/ | /ʔik̚/ |
| Li Rong | /kiə$^H$/ | /ʔiək̚/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭə$^H$/ | /ĭək̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ki$^H$/ | /ʔi̯ək̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jì | yi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gei$^3$ | jik$^1$ |

### Verb

記憶
* to remember; to recall

#### Synonyms

* 回味 (huíwèi) (to recall something and ponder it)
* 回念 (huíniàn)
* 回想 (huíxiǎng)
* 回憶／回忆 (huíyì)
* 回溯 (huísù)
* 回顧／回顾 (huígù)
* 回首 (huíshǒu)
* 思古 (sīgǔ) (literary, to be nostalgic for antiquity)
* 感念 (gǎnniàn) (to recall fondly)
* 感懷／感怀 (gǎnhuái) (to recall with emotion)
* 想起 (xiǎngqǐ)
* 憶／忆 (yì)
* 憶想／忆想 (yìxiǎng)
* 懷古／怀古 (huáigǔ) (literary, to be nostalgic for antiquity)
* 浮想 (fúxiǎng)
* 留戀／留恋 (liúliàn) (to recall with nostalgia)
* 緬想／缅想 (miǎnxiǎng)
* 緬懷／缅怀 (miǎnhuái) (to cherish the memory of, especially the deceased)
* 記／记 (jì)
* 記得／记得 (jìde)
* 記起／记起 (jìqǐ)
* 諗起／谂起 (nam$^2$ hei$^2$) (Cantonese)
* 追 (literary, or in compounds)
* 追念 (zhuīniàn)
* 追思 (zhuīsī) (especially the deceased)
* 追想 (zhuīxiǎng)
* 追憶／追忆 (zhuīyì)
* 追懷／追怀 (zhuīhuái)
* 遙想／遥想 (yáoxiǎng)

### Noun

記憶
* memory; recollection

#### Synonyms

* 回憶／回忆 (huíyì)

### Derived terms

* 形狀記憶合金／形状记忆合金 (xíngzhuàng jìyì héjīn)
* 肌肉記憶／肌肉记忆 (jīròu jìyì)
* 記憶力／记忆力 (jìyìlì)
* 記憶卡／记忆卡 (jìyìkǎ)
* 記憶合金／记忆合金 (jìyì héjīn)
* 記憶咭／记忆咭
* 記憶庫／记忆库 (jìyìkù)
* 記憶條／记忆条 (jìyìtiáo)
* 記憶棒／记忆棒 (jìyìbàng)
* 記憶猶新／记忆犹新 (jìyìyóuxīn)
* 記憶缺失／记忆缺失 (jìyì quēshī)
* 記憶術／记忆术 (jìyìshù)
* 記憶體／记忆体 (jìyìtǐ)
* 集體記憶／集体记忆 (jítǐ jìyì)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 記(き)憶(おく) (kioku)
* → Korean: 기억(記憶) (gieok)
* → Vietnamese: kí ức (記憶)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 記 | 憶 |
| き Grade: 2 | おく Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) きおく [kìókú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kʲio̞kɯ̟]

### Noun

記(き)憶(おく) • (kioku)
* memory; recollection; remembrance
    Synonyms: 追憶 (tsuioku), 追想 (tsuisō), 思い出 (omoide)
** 2015 October 2, “見(み)捨(す)てられた神(かみ)々(がみ)の神(しん)殿(でん) [Shrine of the Forsaken Gods]”, in 戦乱のゼンディカー [Warring Zendikar], Wizards of the Coast:
    マーフォークがウーラ、エメリア、コーシと呼(よ)び崇(あが)めていた三(さん)神(じん)は、実(じっ)際(さい)にはウラモグ、エムラクール、コジレックという三(さん)大(だい)エルドラージの誤(あやま)った記(き)憶(おく)でしかなかった。
       Māfōku ga Ūra, Emeria, Kōshi to yobi agameteita sanjin wa, jissai ni wa Uramogu, Emurakūru, Kojirekku to iu sandai Erudorāji no ayamatta kioku de shika nakatta.
       The three gods known to the merfolk as Ula, Emeria, and Cosi were nothing more than false memories of a monstrous trinity, the Eldrazi titans Ulamog, Emrakul, and Kozilek.

### Verb

記(き)憶(おく)する • (kioku suru) suru (stem 記(き)憶(おく)し (kioku shi), past 記(き)憶(おく)した (kioku shita))
* to remember; to memorize; to recollect

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 記憶し | きおくし | kioku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 記憶し | きおくし | kioku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 記憶する | きおくする | kioku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 記憶する | きおくする | kioku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 記憶すれ | きおくすれ | kioku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 記憶せよ¹ 記憶しろ² | きおくせよ¹ きおくしろ² | kioku seyo¹ kioku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 記憶される | きおくされる | kioku sareru |
| Causative | 記憶させる 記憶さす | きおくさせる きおくさす | kioku saseru kioku sasu |
| Potential | 記憶できる | きおくできる | kioku dekiru |
| Volitional | 記憶しよう | きおくしよう | kioku shiyō |
| Negative | 記憶しない | きおくしない | kioku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 記憶せず | きおくせず | kioku sezu |
| Formal | 記憶します | きおくします | kioku shimasu |
| Perfective | 記憶した | きおくした | kioku shita |
| Conjunctive | 記憶して | きおくして | kioku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 記憶すれば | きおくすれば | kioku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 記 | 憶 |

### Noun

記憶 • (gieok) (hangeul 기억)
* hanja form of 기억 (“recall; the faculty of memory”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 記 | 憶 |

### Noun

記憶
* chữ Hán form of kí ức (“memory”).