# frith-
## Irish
### Alternative forms

* fri- (before t)

### Etymology

From Old Irish frith- (“counter-, beside, against”), from the verbal nouns of Old Irish verbs like fris·beir, fris·aicci, fris·indlea with the initial preverb fri, from Proto-Celtic *writ- (compare Welsh wrth, prefix gwrth-), from the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”) (compare Latin versus (“against”)).

### Prefix

frith-
* anti-, counter-
    Synonym: anta-
* back
    Synonym: cúl-

#### Derived terms

* friofac
* frith-chuaranfa
* frithagóid
* fritháireamh
* fritháirigh
* frithbhuille
* frithchatóid
* frithcheilg
* frithchiallach
* frithchiallach
* frithchioclón
* frithchléireach
* frithchomhairle
* frithchosc
* frithchosúil
* frithchothromaíocht
* frithchúiseamh
* frithchur
* frithdhearbhú
* frithdhílse
* frithdhleathacht
* frithdhúnadh
* frithéasc
* frithfhillteach
* frithghaoth
* frithgheall
* frithghealltanas
* frithghiniúint
* frithghiniúnach
* frithghiniúnach
* frithghníomh
* frithghob
* frithghoin
* frithghreannach
* frithiontráil
* frithloighceacht
* frithluail
* frithlúbthacht
* frithmhúr
* frithráigh
* frithshá
* frithsheasmhach
* frithsheasmhacht
* frithsheipteach
* frithsheipteán
* frithsheiptigh
* frithsheol
* frithshóisialta
* frithshruth
* frithshuigh
* frithspréigh
* frithstróf
* fritonn
* fritoradh
* fritreo
* fritreomhar
* na fritíortha

### Further reading

* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “frith-”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN

## Old Irish
### Alternative forms

* fre-, fri- (before stops)
* fris-, fres- (before resonants)

### Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *writ- (compare Welsh wrth, prefix gwrth-), from the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”) (compare Latin versus (“against”)).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɸʲrʲiθʲ]

### Prefix

frith- (pretonic fris-)
* counter-, beside, against

#### Usage notes

There are three basic shapes of the prefix, used in the following manner:
* Frith- proper manifests as such before morpheme-initial vowels.
    ‎frith- (“beside”) + ‎aire (“watching”) → ‎frithaire (“vigil”, literally “watching beside”)
    ‎frith- + ‎orcun (“striking down”) → ‎frithorcun (“injury”)
* Fris- and fres- tend to appear before resonants. Originally fres- was created by a following vowel lowering the vowel in older fris-, but by Old Irish times the two variants were interchangeable.
* Fre- and fri- were used before stops. Like with fris- and fres-, the distribution of these two variants originally depended on whether the following morpheme caused its original -i- to lower to -e-, but by the Old Irish period this distribution was not strictly followed. It triggered no mutation of the next morpheme in line.
    ‎frith- (“beside”) + ‎cor (“putting”) → ‎frecor (“cultivation, worship”)
    ‎frith- (“against”) + ‎tuidecht (“coming”) → ‎frituidecht (“opposition”, literally “coming against”)
Later on, the non-frith- forms became fossilized as frith- overtook the other shapes in productivity. Frith- also caused lenition of the initial consonant of a following morpheme as this happened. For instance, ‎frith- + ‎gním (“work”) → ‎frithgnam (“pains, labour, work”).

#### Descendants

* Middle Irish: frith-
** Irish: frith-
** Scottish Gaelic: frith-

## Scottish Gaelic
### Etymology

From frith.

### Prefix

frith-
* by-, sub-
* counter-