# 悩む
## Japanese

* Kanji in this term
* 悩
* なや Grade: S
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 惱む (kyūjitai)

### Etymology

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū completed in 759 CE.
May be derived from 萎える (naeru, “to weaken; to wither; to bend; to become limp; to become listless”), from the classical form 萎ゆ (nayu) in the irrealis verb stem naya- + suppositional suffix む (mu).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) なやむ [nàyáꜜmù] (Nakadaka – [2])
* IPA: [na̠ja̠mɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「悩む」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 悩む | なやむ | [nàyáꜜmù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 悩め | なやめ | [nàyáꜜmè] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 悩まれる | なやまれる | [nàyámáréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 悩ませる | なやませる | [nàyámáséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 悩める | なやめる | [nàyáméꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 悩もう | なやもー | [nàyámóꜜò] |
| Negative | 悩まない | なやまない | [nàyámáꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 悩まなかった | なやまなかった | [nàyámáꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 悩みます | なやみます | [nàyámímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 悩んだ | なやんだ | [nàyáꜜǹdà] |
| Conjunctive | 悩んで | なやんで | [nàyáꜜǹdè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 悩めば | なやめば | [nàyáꜜmèbà] |

### Verb

悩(なや)む • (nayamu) transitive or intransitive godan (stem 悩(なや)み (nayami), past 悩(なや)んだ (nayanda))
Japanese verb pair :
| active | 悩ます, 悩める |
| mediopassive | 悩む |
* [from early 1000s] (intransitive) (in reaction to something not going as expected) to worry, to be bothered, to be emotionally distressed, to dwell on, to be vexed
    Synonyms: 心配する (shinpai suru, “to worry”), 思い煩う (omoiwazurau, “to be anxious about, to dwell on”), 困る (komaru, “to be stuck, to be in difficulty”), 当惑する (tōwaku suru, “to be perplexed”)
* [from 720] (intransitive) to suffer physically, to suffer physical distress; to fall ill, to get sick
    Synonyms: 苦しむ (kurushimu, “to suffer”), 悶える (modaeru, “to be anguished”), 病む (yamu, “to get sick”)
* [from 720] (intransitive, auxiliary) (attaches to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of another verb) to get stuck, to go sideways, to not go well
    行(ゆき)悩(なや)む
       yukinayamu
       to be deadlocked, to be stuck, to make no progress
* [from 1680s] (transitive, archaic) to make do, to manage to do
    Synonym: 工面する (kumen suru)
* [from 1680s] (transitive, archaic) to deal with a difficulty, to manage a challenge, to handle something
    Synonyms: あしらう (ashirau), 取り扱う (toriatsukau)

#### Usage notes

In modern Japanese, this verb is intransitive. In Classical Japanese, it appears in some texts as transitive.

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 悩ま | なやま | nayama |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 悩み | なやみ | nayami |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 悩む | なやむ | nayamu |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 悩む | なやむ | nayamu |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 悩め | なやめ | nayame |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 悩め | なやめ | nayame |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 悩まれる | なやまれる | nayamareru |
| Causative | 悩ませる 悩ます | なやませる なやます | nayamaseru nayamasu |
| Potential | 悩める | なやめる | nayameru |
| Volitional | 悩もう | なやもう | nayamō |
| Negative | 悩まない | なやまない | nayamanai |
| Negative continuative | 悩まず | なやまず | nayamazu |
| Formal | 悩みます | なやみます | nayamimasu |
| Perfective | 悩んだ | なやんだ | nayanda |
| Conjunctive | 悩んで | なやんで | nayande |
| Hypothetical conditional | 悩めば | なやめば | nayameba |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 悩ま | なやま | nayama |
| Continuative (連用形) | 悩み | なやみ | nayami |
| Terminal (終止形) | 悩む | なやむ | nayamu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 悩む | なやむ | nayamu |
| Realis (已然形) | 悩め | なやめ | nayame |
| Imperative (命令形) | 悩め | なやめ | nayame |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 悩まず | なやまず | nayamazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 悩めど | なやめど | nayamedo |
| Causal conjunction | 悩めば | なやめば | nayameba |
| Conditional conjunction | 悩まば | なやまば | nayamaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 悩みき | なやみき | nayamiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 悩みけり | なやみけり | nayamikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 悩みつ | なやみつ | nayamitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 悩みぬ | なやみぬ | nayaminu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 悩めり 悩みたり | なやめり なやみたり | nayameri nayamitari |
| Volitional | 悩まむ | なやまむ | nayamamu |

### Verb

悩(なや)む • (nayamu) transitive $^†$nidan
* [from 1560s] to vex, to cause distress: see modern 悩(なや)める (nayameru)
    Synonym: 悩ます (nayamasu)

#### Conjugation

Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 悩め | なやめ | nayame |
| Continuative (連用形) | 悩め | なやめ | nayame |
| Terminal (終止形) | 悩む | なやむ | nayamu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 悩むる | なやむる | nayamuru |
| Realis (已然形) | 悩むれ | なやむれ | nayamure |
| Imperative (命令形) | 悩めよ | なやめよ | nayameyo |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 悩めず | なやめず | nayamezu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 悩むれど | なやむれど | nayamuredo |
| Causal conjunction | 悩むれば | なやむれば | nayamureba |
| Conditional conjunction | 悩めば | なやめば | nayameba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 悩めき | なやめき | nayameki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 悩めけり | なやめけり | nayamekeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 悩めつ | なやめつ | nayametu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 悩めぬ | なやめぬ | nayamenu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 悩めたり | なやめたり | nayametari |
| Volitional | 悩めむ | なやめむ | nayamemu |

### Derived terms

* 悩(なや)み (nayami)
* 悩(なや)ます (nayamasu)
* 悩(なや)ましい (nayamashii)
* 悩(なや)める (nayameru)

### References

* 1 2 “悩”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 15, poem 3694:, text here
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
   * 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.