# 穿鑿
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chuānzáo, chuānzuò
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄨㄢ ㄗㄠˊ, ㄔㄨㄢ ㄗㄨㄛˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cyun$^1$ zok$^6$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chhoan-chha̍k
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chuānzáo
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄨㄢ ㄗㄠˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chuanzáo
*** Wade–Giles: chʻuan$^1$-tsao$^2$
*** Yale: chwān-dzáu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chuantzaur
*** Palladius: чуаньцзао (čuanʹczao)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵ t͡sɑʊ̯³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, literary variant)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chuānzuò
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄨㄢ ㄗㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chuanzuò
*** Wade–Giles: chʻuan$^1$-tso$^4$
*** Yale: chwān-dzwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chuantzuoh
*** Palladius: чуаньцзо (čuanʹczo)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cyun$^1$ zok$^6$
*** Yale: chyūn johk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsyn$^1$ dzok$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: qun$^1$ zog$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵ t͡sɔːk̚²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhoan-chha̍k
*** Tâi-lô: tshuan-tsha̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhoanzhak
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰuan⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰak̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰuan³³ t͡sʰak̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰuan⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰak̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰuan⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰak̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰuan⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰak̚⁴/
* Middle Chinese: tsyhwen dzuwk|dzak
Rime :
| Character | 穿 | 鑿 | 鑿 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/3 | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 昌 (24) | 從 (15) | 從 (15) |
| Final (韻) | 仙 (78) | 屋 (3) | 鐸 (103) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I | I |
| Fanqie | 昌緣切 | 昨木切 | 在各切 |
| Baxter | tsyhwen | dzuwk | dzak |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕʰiuᴇn/ | /d͡zuk̚/ | /d͡zɑk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕʰʷiɛn/ | /d͡zuk̚/ | /d͡zɑk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕʰjuæn/ | /d͡zuk̚/ | /d͡zɑk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /cʰwian/ | /d͡zəwk̚/ | /d͡zak̚/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕʰiuɛn/ | /d͡zuk̚/ | /d͡zɑk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕʰĭwɛn/ | /d͡zuk̚/ | /d͡zɑk̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /t͡ɕʰi̯wɛn/ | /d͡zʱuk̚/ | /d͡zʱɑk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chuān | zú | zuó |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cyun$^1$ | zuk$^6$ | zok$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tʰo[n] [dz]ˤawk/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰljon zoːwɢ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 穿 | 鑿 | 鑿 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | chuān | záo | záo |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsyhwen › | ‹ dzak › | ‹ dzowk › |
| Old Chinese | /*tʰo[n]/ | /*[dz]ˁawk/ | /*[dz]ˁawk/ |
| English | bore through | chisel | chisel |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 穿 | 鑿 | 鑿 | 鑿 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/4 | 3/4 | 4/4 |
| No. | 1638 | 18072 | 18073 | 18074 |
| Phonetic component | 穿 | 丵 | 丵 | 丵 |
| Rime group | 元 | 藥 | 藥 | 屋 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 穿 | 昨 | 昨 | 族 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰljon/ | /*zoːwɢ/ | /*zoːwɢ/ | /*zoːwɢ/ |

### Verb

穿鑿
* to dig; to open up
* (figurative) to give an implausible and far-fetched interpretation

#### Derived terms

* 妄生穿鑿／妄生穿凿
* 穿鑿附會／穿凿附会 (chuānzáofùhuì)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 穿鑿(せんさく) (sensaku); 穿鑿(せんざく) (senzaku)
* → Korean: 천착(穿鑿) (cheonchak)
* → Vietnamese: xuyên tạc (穿鑿)