# 悔悟
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): huǐwù
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄟˇ ㄨˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fui$^3$ ng$^6$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hóe-ngō͘ / hóe-gō͘
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: huǐwù
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄟˇ ㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: huěiwù
*** Wade–Giles: hui$^3$-wu$^4$
*** Yale: hwěi-wù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hoeiwuh
*** Palladius: хуэйу (xueju)
*** Sinological IPA : /xu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ u⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fui$^3$ ng$^6$
*** Yale: fui ngh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fui$^3$ ng$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fui$^3$ ng$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /fuːi̯³³ ŋ̍²²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hóe-ngō͘
*** Tâi-lô: hué-ngōo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoefngo
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hue⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ŋɔ̃⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ŋɔ̃²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ŋɔ̃³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hue⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ŋɔ̃³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hóe-gō͘
*** Tâi-lô: hué-gōo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoefgo
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡɔ²²/
* Middle Chinese: xwojX|xwojH nguH
Rime :
| Character | 悔 | 悔 | 悟 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) | 曉 (32) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 灰 (42) | 灰 (42) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I | I |
| Fanqie | 呼罪切 | 荒内切 | 五故切 |
| Baxter | xwojX | xwojH | nguH |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /huʌi$^X$/ | /huʌi$^H$/ | /ŋuo$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /huoi$^X$/ | /huoi$^H$/ | /ŋuo$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xuɒi$^X$/ | /xuɒi$^H$/ | /ŋo$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /hwəj$^X$/ | /hwəj$^H$/ | /ŋɔ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /xuᴀi$^X$/ | /xuᴀi$^H$/ | /ŋo$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /xuɒi$^X$/ | /xuɒi$^H$/ | /ŋu$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /xuɑ̆i$^X$/ | /xuɑ̆i$^H$/ | /ŋuo$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | huǐ | huì | wù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fui$^2$ | fui$^3$ | ng$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*m̥ˤəʔ ŋˤa-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hmɯːʔ|hmɯːs ŋaːs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 悔 | 悟 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | huǐ | wù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xwoj$^X$ › | ‹ ngu$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*m̥ˁəʔ/ | /*ŋˁa-s/ |
| English | regret, repent | awake, realize |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 悔 | 悔 | 悟 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 9318 | 9319 | 13152 |
| Phonetic component | 母 | 母 | 五 |
| Rime group | 之 | 之 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 賄 | | 誤 |
| Old Chinese | /*hmɯːʔ/ | /*hmɯːs/ | /*ŋaːs/ |

### Verb

悔悟
* repent (to feel sorrow or regret for what one has done or omitted to do)

#### Synonyms

* 回頭／回头 (huítóu) (figuratively)
* 悔 (huǐ) (literary, or in compounds)
* 悔恨 (huǐhèn)
* 悔過／悔过 (huǐguò)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 悔(かい)悟(ご) (kaigo)
* → Korean: 회오(悔悟) (hoe'o)

#### See also

* 悔改 (huǐgǎi)
* 改悔 (gǎihuǐ)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 悔 | 悟 |
| かい Grade: S | ご Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 悔悟 (kyūjitai)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かいご [káꜜìgò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ka̠iɡo̞]

### Noun

悔(かい)悟(ご) • (kaigo)
* remorse; repentance

### Verb

悔(かい)悟(ご)する • (kaigo suru) suru (stem 悔(かい)悟(ご)し (kaigo shi), past 悔(かい)悟(ご)した (kaigo shita))
* to repent, feel remorse

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 悔悟し | かいごし | kaigo shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 悔悟し | かいごし | kaigo shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 悔悟する | かいごする | kaigo suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 悔悟する | かいごする | kaigo suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 悔悟すれ | かいごすれ | kaigo sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 悔悟せよ¹ 悔悟しろ² | かいごせよ¹ かいごしろ² | kaigo seyo¹ kaigo shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 悔悟される | かいごされる | kaigo sareru |
| Causative | 悔悟させる 悔悟さす | かいごさせる かいごさす | kaigo saseru kaigo sasu |
| Potential | 悔悟できる | かいごできる | kaigo dekiru |
| Volitional | 悔悟しよう | かいごしよう | kaigo shiyō |
| Negative | 悔悟しない | かいごしない | kaigo shinai |
| Negative continuative | 悔悟せず | かいごせず | kaigo sezu |
| Formal | 悔悟します | かいごします | kaigo shimasu |
| Perfective | 悔悟した | かいごした | kaigo shita |
| Conjunctive | 悔悟して | かいごして | kaigo shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 悔悟すれば | かいごすれば | kaigo sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN