# 桑土
## Chinese
### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): sāngtǔ
    (Zhuyin): ㄙㄤ ㄊㄨˇ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: sāngtǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄙㄤ ㄊㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sangtǔ
*** Wade–Giles: sang$^1$-tʻu$^3$
*** Yale: sāng-tǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sangtuu
*** Palladius: санту (santu)
*** Sinological IPA : /sɑŋ⁵⁵ tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Middle Chinese: sang thuX
Rime :
| Character | 桑 | 土 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) | 透 (6) |
| Final (韻) | 唐 (101) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 息郎切 | 他魯切 |
| Baxter | sang | thuX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /sɑŋ/ | /tʰuo$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /sɑŋ/ | /tʰuo$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /sɑŋ/ | /tʰo$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /saŋ/ | /tʰɔ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /sɑŋ/ | /tʰo$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /sɑŋ/ | /tʰu$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /sɑŋ/ | /tʰuo$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | sāng | tǔ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | song$^1$ | tou$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[s]ˤaŋ tʰˤaʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sŋaːŋ l̥ʰaːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 桑 | 土 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | sāng | tǔ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ sang › | ‹ thu$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[s]ˁaŋ/ | /*tʰˁaʔ/ |
| English | mulberry tree | earth |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 桑 | 土 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| No. | 10980 | 12499 |
| Phonetic component | 桑 | 土 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 桑 | 土 |
| Old Chinese | /*sŋaːŋ/ | /*l̥ʰaːʔ/ |

#### Noun

桑土
* mulberry field
    From: The Book of Documents, circa 4th – 3rd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Sāngtǔ jì cán, shì jiàng qiū zhái tǔ. [Pinyin]
    The mulberry grounds were made fit for silkworms, and then (the people) came down from the heights, and occupied the grounds (below).
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE, translated based on Herbert J. Allen's version
    Sāngtǔ jì cán, yúshì mín dé xià qiū jū tǔ. [Pinyin]
    The mulberry region was supplied with silkworms, and then the people came down from the heights and occupied it.

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): sāngdù
    (Zhuyin): ㄙㄤ ㄉㄨˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: sāngdù
*** Zhuyin: ㄙㄤ ㄉㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sangdù
*** Wade–Giles: sang$^1$-tu$^4$
*** Yale: sāng-dù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sangduh
*** Palladius: санду (sandu)
*** Sinological IPA : /sɑŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵¹/
* Middle Chinese: sang duX
Rime :
| Character | 桑 | 土 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 唐 (101) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 息郎切 | 徒古切 |
| Baxter | sang | duX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /sɑŋ/ | /duo$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /sɑŋ/ | /duo$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /sɑŋ/ | /do$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /saŋ/ | /dɔ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /sɑŋ/ | /do$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /sɑŋ/ | /du$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /sɑŋ/ | /dʱuo$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | sāng | dù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | song$^1$ | dou$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*sŋaːŋ l'aːʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 桑 | 土 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| No. | 10980 | 12503 |
| Phonetic component | 桑 | 土 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 桑 | 杜 |
| Old Chinese | /*sŋaːŋ/ | /*l'aːʔ/ |

#### Noun

桑土
* (obsolete) mulberry root
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Dài tiān zhī wèi yīnyǔ, chè bǐ sāngdù, chóumóu yǒuhù. [Pinyin]
    Before the sky was dark with rain, I gathered the roots of the mulberry tree, And bound round and round my window and door.

##### Derived terms

* 桑土之謀／桑土之谋
* 桑土之防
* 桑土綢繆／桑土绸缪
* 綢繆桑土／绸缪桑土