# 天災
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tiānzāi
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄧㄢ ㄗㄞ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tin$^1$ zoi$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): thian-chai
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tiang$^1$ zai$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tiānzāi
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄢ ㄗㄞ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tianzai
*** Wade–Giles: tʻien$^1$-tsai$^1$
*** Yale: tyān-dzāi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tiantzai
*** Palladius: тяньцзай (tjanʹczaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡saɪ̯⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tin$^1$ zoi$^1$
*** Yale: tīn jōi
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tin$^1$ dzoi$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tin$^1$ zoi$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɔːi̯⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thian-chai
*** Tâi-lô: thian-tsai
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tienzay
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sai⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiɛn³³ t͡sai³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sai⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sai⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sai⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: tiang$^1$ zai$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thiang tsai
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sai³³/
* Middle Chinese: then tsoj
Rime :
| Character | 天 | 災 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 透 (6) | 精 (13) |
| Final (韻) | 先 (85) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | IV | I |
| Fanqie | 他前切 | 祖才切 |
| Baxter | then | tsoj |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tʰen/ | /t͡sʌi/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tʰen/ | /t͡səi/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tʰɛn/ | /t͡sɒi/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tʰɛn/ | /t͡səj/ |
| Li Rong | /tʰen/ | /t͡sᴀi/ |
| Wang Li | /tʰien/ | /t͡sɒi/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /tʰien/ | /t͡sɑ̆i/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tiān | zāi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | tin$^1$ | zoi$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*l̥ˤi[n]|l̥ˤi[n] [ts]ˤə/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qʰl'iːn ʔslɯː/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 天 | 天 | 災 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | tiān | xiān | zāi |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ then › | ‹ xen › | ‹ tsoj › |
| Old Chinese | /*l̥ˁi[n]/ | /*l̥ˁi[n]/ (W dialect: l̥ˁ- > Hàn-time *xˁ- > MC x-) | /*[ts]ˁə/ |
| English | heaven | heaven | calamity |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 天 | 災 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 12387 | 16487 |
| Phonetic component | 天 | 災 |
| Rime group | 眞 | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 天 | 烖 |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰl'iːn/ | /*ʔslɯː/ |
| Notes | | 烖籀文 |

### Noun

天災
* natural disaster; act of God (Classifier: 場／场; 次; 種／种)

#### Synonyms

* 亂兒／乱儿 (luànr) (dialectal)
* 人禍／人祸 (rénhuò) (man-made disaster)
* 劫 (jié) (Buddhism)
* 劫煞 (Hokkien)
* 劫難／劫难 (jiénàn)
* 厄 (literary, or in compounds)
* 大禍／大祸 (dàhuò) (major catastrophe)
* 大難／大难 (dànàn) (major catastrophe)
* 央厄 (yāng'è) (literary)
* 奇禍／奇祸 (qíhuò) (literary, unexpected disaster)
* 巨禍／巨祸 (jùhuò) (literary)
* 患 (huàn) (literary, or in compounds)
* 慘事／惨事 (cǎnshì)
* 慘劇／惨剧 (cǎnjù)
* 慘禍／惨祸 (cǎnhuò) (tragic accident)
* 沙𧐔 (sua$^1$ sab$^4$) (Teochew)
* 浩劫 (hàojié)
* 災／灾 (zāi) (literary, or in compounds)
* 災劫／灾劫 (zāijié) (literary)
* 災厄／灾厄 (zāi'è) (literary)
* 災害／灾害 (zāihài)
* 災殃／灾殃 (zāiyāng)
* 災禍／灾祸 (zāihuò)
* 災變／灾变 (zāibiàn) (literary, natural disaster)
* 災難／灾难 (zāinàn)
* 癰疽／痈疽 (yōngjū) (figurative)
* 眚沴 (shěnglì) (literary)
* 禍／祸 (huò) (literary, or in compounds)
* 禍事／祸事 (huòshì)
* 禍害／祸害 (huòhài)
* 禍息／祸息 (ho$^5$ si$^6$) (Xiang)
* 禍患／祸患 (huòhuàn)
* 禍殃／祸殃 (huòyāng)

#### Derived terms

* 天災人禍／天灾人祸 (tiānzāirénhuò)
* 天災地孽／天灾地孽
* 天災地變／天灾地变
* 天災物怪／天灾物怪
* 害天災／害天灾

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 天災(てんさい) (tensai)
* → Korean: 천재(天災) (cheonjae)
* → Vietnamese: thiên tai (天災)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 天 | 災 |
| てん Grade: 1 | さい Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) てんさい [tèńsáí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [tẽ̞ɰ̃sa̠i]

### Noun

天(てん)災(さい) • (tensai)
* natural disaster
** 2015 September 14, Kaori Shoji, “When disaster strikes in Japan, keep calm and carry a diaper”, in The Japan Times‎, retrieved 2023-04-11:The Japanese disaster comes in many forms, and saigai include tensai (天災, literally, heaven-sent disasters — i.e., natural ones) [...]

#### Derived terms

* 天災地変(てんさいちへん) (tensaichihen)

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN