# 卒然
## Chinese
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): cùrán
    (Zhuyin): ㄘㄨˋ ㄖㄢˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: cùrán
*** Zhuyin: ㄘㄨˋ ㄖㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cùrán
*** Wade–Giles: tsʻu$^4$-jan$^2$
*** Yale: tsù-rán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsuhran
*** Palladius: цужань (cužanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰu⁵¹ ʐän³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: tshwot nyen
Rime :
| Character | 卒 | 然 |
| Reading # | 2/3 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 清 (14) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 沒 (56) | 仙 (77) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 倉没切 | 如延切 |
| Baxter | tshwot | nyen |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sʰuət̚/ | /ȵiᴇn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sʰuot̚/ | /ȵiɛn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sʰuət̚/ | /ȵʑjæn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sʰwət̚/ | /ȵian/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sʰuət̚/ | /ȵiɛn/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sʰuət̚/ | /ȵʑĭɛn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /t͡sʰuət̚/ | /ȵʑi̯ɛn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | cu | rán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cyut$^3$ | jin$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*sʰuːd njen/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 卒 | 然 |
| Reading # | 2/3 | 1/1 |
| No. | 17959 | 10756 |
| Phonetic component | 卒 | 肰 |
| Rime group | 物 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 猝 | 然 |
| Old Chinese | /*sʰuːd/ | /*njen/ |

#### Adverb

卒然
* (literary) suddenly; abruptly
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Cùrán wèn yān ér guān qí zhī. [Pinyin]
    By questioning them suddenly, he tests their knowledge.
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Cùrán wèn yuē: “Tiānxià wūhū dìng?” Wú duì yuē: “Dìng yú yī.” [Pinyin]
    Abruptly he asked me, "How can the kingdom be settled?" I replied, "It will be settled by being united under one sway."

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zúrán
    (Zhuyin): ㄗㄨˊ ㄖㄢˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zúrán
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄨˊ ㄖㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zúrán
*** Wade–Giles: tsu$^2$-jan$^2$
*** Yale: dzú-rán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzwuran
*** Palladius: цзужань (czužanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡su³⁵ ʐän³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: tswit nyen
Rime :
| Character | 卒 | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 精 (13) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 術 (52) | 仙 (77) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 子聿切 | 如延切 |
| Baxter | tswit | nyen |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡siuɪt̚/ | /ȵiᴇn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sʷit̚/ | /ȵiɛn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sjuet̚/ | /ȵʑjæn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡swit̚/ | /ȵian/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡siuĕt̚/ | /ȵiɛn/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sĭuĕt̚/ | /ȵʑĭɛn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /t͡si̯uĕt̚/ | /ȵʑi̯ɛn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | ju | rán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zeot$^1$ | jin$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ts]ut [n]a[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsud njen/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 卒 | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zú | rán |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tswit › | ‹ nyen › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ts]ut/ | /*[n]a[n]/ |
| English | finish, die | so, thus; (adv suffix) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 卒 | 然 |
| Reading # | 3/3 | 1/1 |
| No. | 17964 | 10756 |
| Phonetic component | 卒 | 肰 |
| Rime group | 物 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 卒 | 然 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔsud/ | /*njen/ |
| Notes | 裘錫圭康殷皆雲金文象衣加劃表衣縫製完結 | |

#### Adverb

卒然
* (literary) finally; in the end; at last