# 悄然
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qiǎorán
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄠˇ ㄖㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ciu$^2$ jin$^4$
* Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): ciao$^2$ riang$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiǎorán
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄠˇ ㄖㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ciǎorán
*** Wade–Giles: chʻiao$^3$-jan$^2$
*** Yale: chyǎu-rán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: cheauran
*** Palladius: цяожань (cjaožanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐän³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ciu$^2$ jin$^4$
*** Yale: chíu yìhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsiu$^2$ jin$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: qiu$^2$ yin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiːu̯³⁵ jiːn²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ciao$^2$ riang$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshiáu jiâng
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiau⁵²⁻³⁵ d͡ziaŋ⁵⁵/

### Adverb

悄然
* (literary) sorrowfully; sadly
* (literary) quietly; softly

### Adjective

悄然
* (literary) distressed; laden with grief; sad

#### Synonyms

* 京京 (jīngjīng) (literary)
* 傷心／伤心 (shāngxīn)
* 傷悲／伤悲 (shāngbēi) (literary)
* 傷感／伤感 (shānggǎn)
* 傷懷／伤怀 (shānghuái) (literary)
* 傷痛／伤痛 (shāngtòng)
* 傷神／伤神 (shāngshén) (literary)
* 刺心 (cìxīn)
* 哀傷／哀伤 (āishāng)
* 哀切 (āiqiè)
* 哀怨 (āiyuàn)
* 哀悽／哀凄 (āiqī)
* 哀慟／哀恸 (āitòng)
* 哀戚 (āiqī) (literary)
* 哀痛 (āitòng)
* 心酸 (xīnsuān)
* 怛傷／怛伤 (dáshāng) (literary)
* 情傷／情伤 (qíngshāng) (literary)
* 悲催 (bēicuī) (neologism, jocular)
* 悲傷／悲伤 (bēishāng)
* 悲切 (bēiqiè) (literary)
* 悲哀 (bēi'āi)
* 悲悽／悲凄 (bēiqī)
* 悱惻／悱恻 (fěicè) (literary)
* 悽惶／凄惶 (qīhuáng) (literary)
* 悽愴／凄怆 (qīchuàng) (literary)
* 悲愴／悲怆 (bēichuàng) (literary)
* 悲慘／悲惨 (bēicǎn)
* 悲慟／悲恸 (bēitòng)
* 悽戚／凄戚 (qīqī) (literary)
* 悲戚 (bēiqī)
* 悲摧 (bēicuī) (literary)
* 悲楚 (bēichǔ) (literary)
* 悲涼／悲凉 (bēiliáng)
* 悲痛 (bēitòng)
* 悲苦 (bēikǔ)
* 感傷／感伤 (gǎnshāng)
* 愀愴／愀怆 (qiǎochuàng)
* 愁楚 (chóuchǔ) (literary)
* 惻然／恻然 (cèrán) (literary)
* 愴然／怆然 (chuàngrán) (literary)
* 慘／惨 (cǎn)
* 憂傷／忧伤 (yōushāng)
* 慘悽／惨凄 (cǎnqī)
* 憂愁／忧愁 (yōuchóu)
* 憂戚／忧戚 (yōuqī) (literary)
* 慘淡／惨淡 (cǎndàn)
* 憯懍／憯懔 (cǎnlǐn)
* 懤懤／㤽㤽 (chóuchóu)
* 沉痛 (chéntòng)
* 淒切／凄切 (qīqiè)
* 淒惻／凄恻 (qīcè) (literary)
* 淒慘／凄惨 (qīcǎn)
* 淒楚／凄楚 (qīchǔ)
* 淒涼／凄凉 (qīliáng)
* 淒然／凄然 (qīrán) (literary)
* 痛心 (tòngxīn)
* 艱苦心／艰苦心 (Hokkien)
* 蒼涼／苍凉 (cāngliáng)
* 酸心 (suānxīn)
* 難受／难受 (nánshòu)
* 難過／难过 (nánguò)
* 青凊 (Hokkien)
* 黯然 (ànrán)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 悄 | 然 |
| しょう Hyōgai | ぜん Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しょーぜん [shòózéń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɕo̞ːzẽ̞ɴ]

### Adjective

悄(しょう)然(ぜん) • (shōzen) $^†$-tari (adnominal 悄(しょう)然(ぜん)とした (shōzen to shita) or 悄(しょう)然(ぜん)たる (shōzen taru), adverbial 悄(しょう)然(ぜん)と (shōzen to) or 悄(しょう)然(ぜん)として (shōzen to shite))
* dejected
* quiet

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 悄然たら | せうぜんたら | seuzentara |
| Continuative (連用形) | 悄然と$^{[1]}$ 悄然たり$^{[2]}$ | せうぜんと せうぜんたり | seuzento seuzentari |
| Terminal (終止形) | 悄然たり | せうぜんたり | seuzentari |
| Attributive (連体形) | 悄然たる | せうぜんたる | seuzentaru |
| Realis (已然形) | 悄然たれ | せうぜんたれ | seuzentare |
| Imperative (命令形) | 悄然たれ | せうぜんたれ | seuzentare |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 悄然たらず | せうぜんたらず | seuzentarazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 悄然たれど | せうぜんたれど | seuzentaredo |
| Causal conjunction | 悄然たれば | せうぜんたれば | seuzentareba |
| Conditional conjunction | 悄然たらば | せうぜんたらば | seuzentaraba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 悄然たりき | せうぜんたりき | seuzentariki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 悄然たりけり | せうぜんたりけり | seuzentarikeri |
| Adverbial | 悄然と | せうぜんと | seuzento |
| $^{[1]}$Without auxiliary verb. $^{[2]}$With auxiliary verb. ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN