# 歪む
## Japanese
### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 歪
* ひず Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
Unknown. Possible shared root with 肘 (hiji, “elbow”) and 膝 (hiza, “knee”), related to ideas of bending.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ひずむ [hìzúmú] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) ひずむ [hìzúꜜmù] (Nakadaka – [2])
* IPA: [çizɨmɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「歪む」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 歪む | ひずむ | [hìzúmú] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 歪め | ひずめ | [hìzúmé] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 歪まれる | ひずまれる | [hìzúmárérú] |
| Causative | 歪ませる | ひずませる | [hìzúmásérú] |
| Potential | - | - | - |
| Volitional | 歪もう | ひずもー | [hìzúmóꜜò] |
| Negative | 歪まない | ひずまない | [hìzúmánáí] |
| Negative perfective | 歪まなかった | ひずまなかった | [hìzúmánáꜜkàttà] |
| Formal | 歪みます | ひずみます | [hìzúmímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 歪んだ | ひずんだ | [hìzúńdá] |
| Conjunctive | 歪んで | ひずんで | [hìzúńdé] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 歪めば | ひずめば | [hìzúméꜜbà] |

#### Verb

歪(ひず)む • (hizumu) transitive or intransitive godan (stem 歪(ひず)み (hizumi), past 歪(ひず)んだ (hizunda))
* (intransitive) to become bent, deformed, warped, twisted, crooked
* (transitive) to bend or warp something:
** to bend something, to warp or distort something
** to bend or fold something into itself so it becomes smaller
** (figurative) to berate or torment someone

##### Usage notes

ひずむ (hizumu) can be used to describe:
* images:
    映(えい)像(ぞう)が歪(ひず)む ― eizō ga hizumu ― the image is distorting
* shapes:
    箱(はこ)の形(かたち)が歪(ひず)む ― hako no katachi ga hizumu ― the box's shape is distorting
* audio:
    音(おん)声(せい)が歪(ひず)む ― onsei ga hizumu ― the sound is distorting
but cannot be used to describe:
* facial expressions
ひずむ (hizumu) implies that the subject is difficult to see or hear properly due to noise, distortion, or other impurity. It is used less to describe specific shapes, and more to describe noise in images or audio.

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 歪ま | ひずま | hizuma |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 歪み | ひずみ | hizumi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 歪む | ひずむ | hizumu |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 歪む | ひずむ | hizumu |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 歪め | ひずめ | hizume |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 歪め | ひずめ | hizume |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 歪まれる | ひずまれる | hizumareru |
| Causative | 歪ませる 歪ます | ひずませる ひずます | hizumaseru hizumasu |
| Potential | 歪める | ひずめる | hizumeru |
| Volitional | 歪もう | ひずもう | hizumō |
| Negative | 歪まない | ひずまない | hizumanai |
| Negative continuative | 歪まず | ひずまず | hizumazu |
| Formal | 歪みます | ひずみます | hizumimasu |
| Perfective | 歪んだ | ひずんだ | hizunda |
| Conjunctive | 歪んで | ひずんで | hizunde |
| Hypothetical conditional | 歪めば | ひずめば | hizumeba |

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 歪
* ゆが Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese, which in turn comes from Proto-Japonic *yOnkamu. Possibly related to 弓 (yumi, “a bow”), which appears in compounds as ゆ (yu).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ゆがむ [yùgámú] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) ゆがむ [yùgáꜜmù] (Nakadaka – [2])
* IPA: [jɯ̟ɡa̠mɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「歪む」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 歪む | ゆがむ | [yùgámú] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 歪め | ゆがめ | [yùgámé] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 歪まれる | ゆがまれる | [yùgámárérú] |
| Causative | 歪ませる | ゆがませる | [yùgámásérú] |
| Potential | - | - | - |
| Volitional | 歪もう | ゆがもー | [yùgámóꜜò] |
| Negative | 歪まない | ゆがまない | [yùgámánáí] |
| Negative perfective | 歪まなかった | ゆがまなかった | [yùgámánáꜜkàttà] |
| Formal | 歪みます | ゆがみます | [yùgámímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 歪んだ | ゆがんだ | [yùgáńdá] |
| Conjunctive | 歪んで | ゆがんで | [yùgáńdé] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 歪めば | ゆがめば | [yùgáméꜜbà] |

#### Verb

歪(ゆが)む • (yugamu) intransitive godan (stem 歪(ゆが)み (yugami), past 歪(ゆが)んだ (yuganda))
Japanese verb pair :
| active | 歪(ゆが)める |
| mediopassive | 歪(ゆが)む |
* to deform, to bend, to become warped or twisted
* to become improper or irregular, such as emotions or actions
* to deviate from a previous stance or favorable direction
* to speak in a strong accent

##### Usage notes

ゆがむ (yugamu) can be used to describe:
* images:
    映(えい)像(ぞう)が歪(ゆが)む ― eizō ga yugamu ― the image is deforming
* shapes:
    箱(はこ)の形(かたち)が歪(ゆが)む ― hako no katachi ga yugamu ― the box's shape is deforming
* facial expressions:
    苦(くる)しみで顔(かお)が歪(ゆが)む ― kurushimi de kao ga yugamu ― the suffering face is becoming irregular
but cannot be used to describe:
* audio
ゆがむ (yugamu) implies that a shape or form has become distorted or deformed for some reason. This can be used to describe three-dimensional objects or lines, but is more often used to describe flat objects. ゆがむ (yugamu) often carries negative connotations.

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 歪ま | ゆがま | yugama |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 歪み | ゆがみ | yugami |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 歪む | ゆがむ | yugamu |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 歪む | ゆがむ | yugamu |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 歪め | ゆがめ | yugame |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 歪め | ゆがめ | yugame |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 歪まれる | ゆがまれる | yugamareru |
| Causative | 歪ませる 歪ます | ゆがませる ゆがます | yugamaseru yugamasu |
| Potential | 歪める | ゆがめる | yugameru |
| Volitional | 歪もう | ゆがもう | yugamō |
| Negative | 歪まない | ゆがまない | yugamanai |
| Negative continuative | 歪まず | ゆがまず | yugamazu |
| Formal | 歪みます | ゆがみます | yugamimasu |
| Perfective | 歪んだ | ゆがんだ | yuganda |
| Conjunctive | 歪んで | ゆがんで | yugande |
| Hypothetical conditional | 歪めば | ゆがめば | yugameba |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 歪ま | ゆがま | yugama |
| Continuative (連用形) | 歪み | ゆがみ | yugami |
| Terminal (終止形) | 歪む | ゆがむ | yugamu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 歪む | ゆがむ | yugamu |
| Realis (已然形) | 歪め | ゆがめ | yugame |
| Imperative (命令形) | 歪め | ゆがめ | yugame |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 歪まず | ゆがまず | yugamazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 歪めど | ゆがめど | yugamedo |
| Causal conjunction | 歪めば | ゆがめば | yugameba |
| Conditional conjunction | 歪まば | ゆがまば | yugamaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 歪みき | ゆがみき | yugamiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 歪みけり | ゆがみけり | yugamikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 歪みつ | ゆがみつ | yugamitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 歪みぬ | ゆがみぬ | yugaminu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 歪めり 歪みたり | ゆがめり ゆがみたり | yugameri yugamitari |
| Volitional | 歪まむ | ゆがまむ | yugamamu |

##### Derived terms

* 歪(ゆが)める (yugameru): (transitive) to warp something

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 歪
* いが Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
Phonetic alteration from ゆがむ (yugamu).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) いがむ [ìgámú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [iɡa̠mɯ̟]

#### Verb

歪(いが)む • (igamu) transitive or intransitive godan (stem 歪(いが)み (igami), past 歪(いが)んだ (iganda))
* (intransitive) to become bent or deformed:
** to deform, to bend, to become warped or twisted
** to become improper or irregular, such as emotions or actions
** to become sick (as used by carpenters and performers)
* (transitive) to steal something

##### Usage notes

The ゆがむ (yugamu) reading is generally more common for the intransitive senses.

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 歪ま | いがま | igama |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 歪み | いがみ | igami |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 歪む | いがむ | igamu |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 歪む | いがむ | igamu |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 歪め | いがめ | igame |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 歪め | いがめ | igame |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 歪まれる | いがまれる | igamareru |
| Causative | 歪ませる 歪ます | いがませる いがます | igamaseru igamasu |
| Potential | 歪める | いがめる | igameru |
| Volitional | 歪もう | いがもう | igamō |
| Negative | 歪まない | いがまない | igamanai |
| Negative continuative | 歪まず | いがまず | igamazu |
| Formal | 歪みます | いがみます | igamimasu |
| Perfective | 歪んだ | いがんだ | iganda |
| Conjunctive | 歪んで | いがんで | igande |
| Hypothetical conditional | 歪めば | いがめば | igameba |

##### Derived terms

* 歪(いが)める (igameru): (transitive) to warp something; to steal something

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN