# 倌

| 倌 | U+500C, &#20492; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-500C |
| ← 個 [U+500B] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 倍 → [U+500D] |

## Translingual
### Han character

倌 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 人十口口 (OJRR), four-corner 2327$_7$, composition ⿰亻官)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 107, character 18
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 759
* Dae Jaweon: page 228, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 184, character 4
* Unihan data for U+500C

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 倌
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
* Small seal scripts05818
* References:
* Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:
* Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
* Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
* Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
* Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
| | Old Chinese |
| 官 | *koːn |
| 棺 | *koːn, *koːns |
| 倌 | *koːn, *kroːns |
| 悹 | *koːn, *koːnʔ, *koːns |
| 涫 | *koːn, *koːns |
| 管 | *koːnʔ |
| 琯 | *koːnʔ, *kuːns |
| 痯 | *koːnʔ, *koːns |
| 輨 | *koːnʔ |
| 錧 | *koːnʔ, *koːns |
| 館 | *koːnʔ, *koːns |
| 婠 | *koːns, *qoːn, *qruːd |
| 悺 | *koːns |
| 逭 | *ɡoːns |
| 菅 | *kroːn |
| 綰 | *qroːnʔ, *qroːns |
| 捾 | *qoːd |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koːn, *kroːns) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 官 (OC *koːn).

### Etymology

Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)(j)wal (STEDT); cognate with Tibetan ཁོལ་པོ (khol po, “servant”), Burmese ကျွန် (kywan, “slave”), Proto-Loloish *C-kywan¹ (“slave”), 宦 (OC *ɡʷraːns, “servant; official”).
官 (OC *koːn, “official”) is probably the same word as 倌 (OC *koːn, *kroːns) (Schuelsser, 2007).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): guān (guan$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄢ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gun$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): koaⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): guan$^1$
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gonn$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: guān
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄢ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: guan
*** Wade–Giles: kuan$^1$
*** Yale: gwān
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guan
*** Palladius: гуань (guanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku̯än⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gun$^1$
*** Yale: gūn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gun$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gun$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kuːn⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koaⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: kuann
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kvoaf
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kuã⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kuã³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kuã⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kuã⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kuã⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: guan$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kuaⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /kũã³³/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: gonn$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kõ³³/
* Middle Chinese: kwan, kwaenH
Rime :
| Character | 倌 | 倌 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 桓 (62) | 刪 (70) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | II |
| Fanqie | 古丸切 | 古患切 |
| Baxter | kwan | kwaenH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuɑn/ | /kˠuan$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʷɑn/ | /kʷᵚan$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kuɑn/ | /kuɐn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kwan/ | /kwaɨn$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kuɑn/ | /kuan$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kuɑn/ | /kwan$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kuɑn/ | /kwan$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | guān | guàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gun$^1$ | gwaan$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʷˤra[n]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*koːn/, /*kroːns/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 倌 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | guān |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kwæn$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kʷˁra[n]-s/ |
| English | servant, groom |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 倌 | 倌 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 4437 | 4458 |
| Phonetic component | 官 | 官 |
| Rime group | 元 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 官 | 慣 |
| Old Chinese | /*koːn/ | /*kroːns/ |

### Definitions

倌
* servant who drives a carriage
* groom; keeper of domestic animals
* worker in a teahouse or restaurant who provides service

### Compounds

* 倌人
* 堂倌 (tángguān)
* 寶倌／宝倌
* 渾倌／浑倌
* 牛倌
* 紅倌／红倌
* 羊倌 (yángguān)
* 豬倌／猪倌 (zhūguān)
* 阿倌

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* assistant in wine shop
* groom (keeper of domestic animals)

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): かん (kan)
* Kun: とねり (toneri, 倌)

## Korean
### Hanja

倌 (eum 관 (gwan))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

倌: Hán Nôm readings: quan, quán
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation