# gqwala
## Zulu
### Pronunciation

IPA: /ᶢǃʱwaːla/

### Verb

-gqwala
* (intransitive) to rust, to corrode
* (intransitive) to bleach, to fade, to lose colour

#### Inflection

Tone L :
| Infinitive | ukugqwala |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Infinitive | ukugqwala | ukungagqwali |
| | Imperative | Imperative |
| | Simple | + object concord |
| Singular | gqwala | -gqwale |
| Plural | gqwalani | -gqwaleni |
| | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyagqwala, ngigqwala | engigqwalayo, engigqwala | ngigqwala | angigqwali | engingagqwali | ngingagqwali |
| 2nd singular | uyagqwala, ugqwala | ogqwalayo, ogqwala | ugqwala | awugqwali | ongagqwali | ungagqwali |
| 1st plural | siyagqwala, sigqwala | esigqwalayo, esigqwala | sigqwala | asigqwali | esingagqwali | singagqwali |
| 2nd plural | niyagqwala, nigqwala | enigqwalayo, enigqwala | nigqwala | anigqwali | eningagqwali | ningagqwali |
| Class 1 | uyagqwala, ugqwala | ogqwalayo, ogqwala | egqwala | akagqwali | ongagqwali | engagqwali |
| Class 2 | bayagqwala, bagqwala | abagqwalayo, abagqwala | begqwala | abagqwali | abangagqwali | bengagqwali |
| Class 3 | uyagqwala, ugqwala | ogqwalayo, ogqwala | ugqwala | awugqwali | ongagqwali | ungagqwali |
| Class 4 | iyagqwala, igqwala | egqwalayo, egqwala | igqwala | ayigqwali | engagqwali | ingagqwali |
| Class 5 | liyagqwala, ligqwala | eligqwalayo, eligqwala | ligqwala | aligqwali | elingagqwali | lingagqwali |
| Class 6 | ayagqwala, agqwala | agqwalayo, agqwala | egqwala | awagqwali | angagqwali | engagqwali |
| Class 7 | siyagqwala, sigqwala | esigqwalayo, esigqwala | sigqwala | asigqwali | esingagqwali | singagqwali |
| Class 8 | ziyagqwala, zigqwala | ezigqwalayo, ezigqwala | zigqwala | azigqwali | ezingagqwali | zingagqwali |
| Class 9 | iyagqwala, igqwala | egqwalayo, egqwala | igqwala | ayigqwali | engagqwali | ingagqwali |
| Class 10 | ziyagqwala, zigqwala | ezigqwalayo, ezigqwala | zigqwala | azigqwali | ezingagqwali | zingagqwali |
| Class 11 | luyagqwala, lugqwala | olugqwalayo, olugqwala | lugqwala | alugqwali | olungagqwali | lungagqwali |
| Class 14 | buyagqwala, bugqwala | obugqwalayo, obugqwala | bugqwala | abugqwali | obungagqwali | bungagqwali |
| Class 15 | kuyagqwala, kugqwala | okugqwalayo, okugqwala | kugqwala | akugqwali | okungagqwali | kungagqwali |
| Class 17 | kuyagqwala, kugqwala | okugqwalayo, okugqwala | kugqwala | akugqwali | okungagqwali | kungagqwali |
| | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngigqwalile, ngigqwalē | engigqwalile, engigqwalē | ngigqwalile, ngigqwalē | angigqwalanga | engingagqwalanga | ngingagqwalanga |
| 2nd singular | ugqwalile, ugqwalē | ogqwalile, ogqwalē | ugqwalile, ugqwalē | awugqwalanga | ongagqwalanga | ungagqwalanga |
| 1st plural | sigqwalile, sigqwalē | esigqwalile, esigqwalē | sigqwalile, sigqwalē | asigqwalanga | esingagqwalanga | singagqwalanga |
| 2nd plural | nigqwalile, nigqwalē | enigqwalile, enigqwalē | nigqwalile, nigqwalē | anigqwalanga | eningagqwalanga | ningagqwalanga |
| Class 1 | ugqwalile, ugqwalē | ogqwalile, ogqwalē | egqwalile, egqwalē | akagqwalanga | ongagqwalanga | engagqwalanga |
| Class 2 | bagqwalile, bagqwalē | abagqwalile, abagqwalē | begqwalile, begqwalē | abagqwalanga | abangagqwalanga | bengagqwalanga |
| Class 3 | ugqwalile, ugqwalē | ogqwalile, ogqwalē | ugqwalile, ugqwalē | awugqwalanga | ongagqwalanga | ungagqwalanga |
| Class 4 | igqwalile, igqwalē | egqwalile, egqwalē | igqwalile, igqwalē | ayigqwalanga | engagqwalanga | ingagqwalanga |
| Class 5 | ligqwalile, ligqwalē | eligqwalile, eligqwalē | ligqwalile, ligqwalē | aligqwalanga | elingagqwalanga | lingagqwalanga |
| Class 6 | agqwalile, agqwalē | agqwalile, agqwalē | egqwalile, egqwalē | awagqwalanga | angagqwalanga | engagqwalanga |
| Class 7 | sigqwalile, sigqwalē | esigqwalile, esigqwalē | sigqwalile, sigqwalē | asigqwalanga | esingagqwalanga | singagqwalanga |
| Class 8 | zigqwalile, zigqwalē | ezigqwalile, ezigqwalē | zigqwalile, zigqwalē | azigqwalanga | ezingagqwalanga | zingagqwalanga |
| Class 9 | igqwalile, igqwalē | egqwalile, egqwalē | igqwalile, igqwalē | ayigqwalanga | engagqwalanga | ingagqwalanga |
| Class 10 | zigqwalile, zigqwalē | ezigqwalile, ezigqwalē | zigqwalile, zigqwalē | azigqwalanga | ezingagqwalanga | zingagqwalanga |
| Class 11 | lugqwalile, lugqwalē | olugqwalile, olugqwalē | lugqwalile, lugqwalē | alugqwalanga | olungagqwalanga | lungagqwalanga |
| Class 14 | bugqwalile, bugqwalē | obugqwalile, obugqwalē | bugqwalile, bugqwalē | abugqwalanga | obungagqwalanga | bungagqwalanga |
| Class 15 | kugqwalile, kugqwalē | okugqwalile, okugqwalē | kugqwalile, kugqwalē | akugqwalanga | okungagqwalanga | kungagqwalanga |
| Class 17 | kugqwalile, kugqwalē | okugqwalile, okugqwalē | kugqwalile, kugqwalē | akugqwalanga | okungagqwalanga | kungagqwalanga |
| | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngāgqwala | engāgqwala | ngāgqwala | angigqwalanga | engingagqwalanga | ngingagqwalanga |
| 2nd singular | wāgqwala | owāgqwala | wāgqwala | awugqwalanga | ongagqwalanga | ungagqwalanga |
| 1st plural | sāgqwala | esāgqwala | sāgqwala | asigqwalanga | esingagqwalanga | singagqwalanga |
| 2nd plural | nāgqwala | enāgqwala | nāgqwala | anigqwalanga | eningagqwalanga | ningagqwalanga |
| Class 1 | wāgqwala | owāgqwala | āgqwala | akagqwalanga | ongagqwalanga | engagqwalanga |
| Class 2 | bāgqwala | abāgqwala | bāgqwala | abagqwalanga | abangagqwalanga | bengagqwalanga |
| Class 3 | wāgqwala | owāgqwala | wāgqwala | awugqwalanga | ongagqwalanga | ungagqwalanga |
| Class 4 | yāgqwala | eyāgqwala | yāgqwala | ayigqwalanga | engagqwalanga | ingagqwalanga |
| Class 5 | lāgqwala | elāgqwala | lāgqwala | aligqwalanga | elingagqwalanga | lingagqwalanga |
| Class 6 | āgqwala | āgqwala | āgqwala | awagqwalanga | angagqwalanga | engagqwalanga |
| Class 7 | sāgqwala | esāgqwala | sāgqwala | asigqwalanga | esingagqwalanga | singagqwalanga |
| Class 8 | zāgqwala | ezāgqwala | zāgqwala | azigqwalanga | ezingagqwalanga | zingagqwalanga |
| Class 9 | yāgqwala | eyāgqwala | yāgqwala | ayigqwalanga | engagqwalanga | ingagqwalanga |
| Class 10 | zāgqwala | ezāgqwala | zāgqwala | azigqwalanga | ezingagqwalanga | zingagqwalanga |
| Class 11 | lwāgqwala | olwāgqwala | lwāgqwala | alugqwalanga | olungagqwalanga | lungagqwalanga |
| Class 14 | bāgqwala | obāgqwala | bāgqwala | abugqwalanga | obungagqwalanga | bungagqwalanga |
| Class 15 | kwāgqwala | okwāgqwala | kwāgqwala | akugqwalanga | okungagqwalanga | kungagqwalanga |
| Class 17 | kwāgqwala | okwāgqwala | kwāgqwala | akugqwalanga | okungagqwalanga | kungagqwalanga |
| | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngingagqwala | — | ngingagqwala | ngingegqwale | — | ngingegqwale |
| 2nd singular | ungagqwala | — | ungagqwala | ungegqwale | — | ungegqwale |
| 1st plural | singagqwala | — | singagqwala | singegqwale | — | singegqwale |
| 2nd plural | ningagqwala | — | ningagqwala | ningegqwale | — | ningegqwale |
| Class 1 | angagqwala | — | engagqwala | angegqwale | — | engegqwale |
| Class 2 | bangagqwala | — | bengagqwala | bangegqwale | — | bengegqwale |
| Class 3 | ungagqwala | — | ungagqwala | ungegqwale | — | ungegqwale |
| Class 4 | ingagqwala | — | ingagqwala | ingegqwale | — | ingegqwale |
| Class 5 | lingagqwala | — | lingagqwala | lingegqwale | — | lingegqwale |
| Class 6 | angagqwala | — | engagqwala | angegqwale | — | engegqwale |
| Class 7 | singagqwala | — | singagqwala | singegqwale | — | singegqwale |
| Class 8 | zingagqwala | — | zingagqwala | zingegqwale | — | zingegqwale |
| Class 9 | ingagqwala | — | ingagqwala | ingegqwale | — | ingegqwale |
| Class 10 | zingagqwala | — | zingagqwala | zingegqwale | — | zingegqwale |
| Class 11 | lungagqwala | — | lungagqwala | lungegqwale | — | lungegqwale |
| Class 14 | bungagqwala | — | bungagqwala | bungegqwale | — | bungegqwale |
| Class 15 | kungagqwala | — | kungagqwala | kungegqwale | — | kungegqwale |
| Class 17 | kungagqwala | — | kungagqwala | kungegqwale | — | kungegqwale |
| | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngizogqwala | engizogqwala | ngizogqwala | angizugqwala | engingezugqwala | ngingezugqwala |
| 2nd singular | uzogqwala | ozogqwala | uzogqwala | awuzugqwala | ongezugqwala | ungezugqwala |
| 1st plural | sizogqwala | esizogqwala | sizogqwala | asizugqwala | esingezugqwala | singezugqwala |
| 2nd plural | nizogqwala | enizogqwala | nizogqwala | anizugqwala | eningezugqwala | ningezugqwala |
| Class 1 | uzogqwala | ozogqwala | ezogqwala | akazugqwala | ongezugqwala | engezugqwala |
| Class 2 | bazogqwala | abazogqwala | bezogqwala | abazugqwala | abangezugqwala | bengezugqwala |
| Class 3 | uzogqwala | ozogqwala | uzogqwala | awuzugqwala | ongezugqwala | ungezugqwala |
| Class 4 | izogqwala | ezogqwala | izogqwala | ayizugqwala | engezugqwala | ingezugqwala |
| Class 5 | lizogqwala | elizogqwala | lizogqwala | alizugqwala | elingezugqwala | lingezugqwala |
| Class 6 | azogqwala | azogqwala | ezogqwala | awazugqwala | angezugqwala | engezugqwala |
| Class 7 | sizogqwala | esizogqwala | sizogqwala | asizugqwala | esingezugqwala | singezugqwala |
| Class 8 | zizogqwala | ezizogqwala | zizogqwala | azizugqwala | ezingezugqwala | zingezugqwala |
| Class 9 | izogqwala | ezogqwala | izogqwala | ayizugqwala | engezugqwala | ingezugqwala |
| Class 10 | zizogqwala | ezizogqwala | zizogqwala | azizugqwala | ezingezugqwala | zingezugqwala |
| Class 11 | luzogqwala | oluzogqwala | luzogqwala | aluzugqwala | olungezugqwala | lungezugqwala |
| Class 14 | buzogqwala | obuzogqwala | buzogqwala | abuzugqwala | obungezugqwala | bungezugqwala |
| Class 15 | kuzogqwala | okuzogqwala | kuzogqwala | akuzugqwala | okungezugqwala | kungezugqwala |
| Class 17 | kuzogqwala | okuzogqwala | kuzogqwala | akuzugqwala | okungezugqwala | kungezugqwala |
| | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyogqwala | engiyogqwala | ngiyogqwala | angiyugqwala | engingeyugqwala | ngingeyugqwala |
| 2nd singular | uyogqwala | oyogqwala | uyogqwala | awuyugqwala | ongeyugqwala | ungeyugqwala |
| 1st plural | siyogqwala | esiyogqwala | siyogqwala | asiyugqwala | esingeyugqwala | singeyugqwala |
| 2nd plural | niyogqwala | eniyogqwala | niyogqwala | aniyugqwala | eningeyugqwala | ningeyugqwala |
| Class 1 | uyogqwala | oyogqwala | eyogqwala | akayugqwala | ongeyugqwala | engeyugqwala |
| Class 2 | bayogqwala | abayogqwala | beyogqwala | abayugqwala | abangeyugqwala | bengeyugqwala |
| Class 3 | uyogqwala | oyogqwala | uyogqwala | awuyugqwala | ongeyugqwala | ungeyugqwala |
| Class 4 | iyogqwala | eyogqwala | iyogqwala | ayiyugqwala | engeyugqwala | ingeyugqwala |
| Class 5 | liyogqwala | eliyogqwala | liyogqwala | aliyugqwala | elingeyugqwala | lingeyugqwala |
| Class 6 | ayogqwala | ayogqwala | eyogqwala | awayugqwala | angeyugqwala | engeyugqwala |
| Class 7 | siyogqwala | esiyogqwala | siyogqwala | asiyugqwala | esingeyugqwala | singeyugqwala |
| Class 8 | ziyogqwala | eziyogqwala | ziyogqwala | aziyugqwala | ezingeyugqwala | zingeyugqwala |
| Class 9 | iyogqwala | eyogqwala | iyogqwala | ayiyugqwala | engeyugqwala | ingeyugqwala |
| Class 10 | ziyogqwala | eziyogqwala | ziyogqwala | aziyugqwala | ezingeyugqwala | zingeyugqwala |
| Class 11 | luyogqwala | oluyogqwala | luyogqwala | aluyugqwala | olungeyugqwala | lungeyugqwala |
| Class 14 | buyogqwala | obuyogqwala | buyogqwala | abuyugqwala | obungeyugqwala | bungeyugqwala |
| Class 15 | kuyogqwala | okuyogqwala | kuyogqwala | akuyugqwala | okungeyugqwala | kungeyugqwala |
| Class 17 | kuyogqwala | okuyogqwala | kuyogqwala | akuyugqwala | okungeyugqwala | kungeyugqwala |
| | Present subjunctive | Present subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngigqwale | ngingagqwali |
| 2nd singular | ugqwale | ungagqwali |
| 1st plural | sigqwale | singagqwali |
| 2nd plural | nigqwale | ningagqwali |
| Class 1 | agqwale | angagqwali |
| Class 2 | bagqwale | bangagqwali |
| Class 3 | ugqwale | ungagqwali |
| Class 4 | igqwale | ingagqwali |
| Class 5 | ligqwale | lingagqwali |
| Class 6 | agqwale | angagqwali |
| Class 7 | sigqwale | singagqwali |
| Class 8 | zigqwale | zingagqwali |
| Class 9 | igqwale | ingagqwali |
| Class 10 | zigqwale | zingagqwali |
| Class 11 | lugqwale | lungagqwali |
| Class 14 | bugqwale | bungagqwali |
| Class 15 | kugqwale | kungagqwali |
| Class 17 | kugqwale | kungagqwali |
| | Past subjunctive | Past subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngagqwala | ngangagqwala, angagqwala, angangagqwala |
| 2nd singular | wagqwala | wangagqwala, awagqwala, awangagqwala |
| 1st plural | sagqwala | sangagqwala, asagqwala, asangagqwala |
| 2nd plural | nagqwala | nangagqwala, anagqwala, anangagqwala |
| Class 1 | wagqwala | wangagqwala, akagqwala, akangagqwala |
| Class 2 | bagqwala | bangagqwala, abagqwala, abangagqwala |
| Class 3 | wagqwala | wangagqwala, awagqwala, awangagqwala |
| Class 4 | yagqwala | yangagqwala, ayagqwala, ayangagqwala |
| Class 5 | lagqwala | langagqwala, alagqwala, alangagqwala |
| Class 6 | agqwala | angagqwala, awagqwala, awangagqwala |
| Class 7 | sagqwala | sangagqwala, asagqwala, asangagqwala |
| Class 8 | zagqwala | zangagqwala, azagqwala, azangagqwala |
| Class 9 | yagqwala | yangagqwala, ayagqwala, ayangagqwala |
| Class 10 | zagqwala | zangagqwala, azagqwala, azangagqwala |
| Class 11 | lwagqwala | lwangagqwala, alwagqwala, alwangagqwala |
| Class 14 | bagqwala | bangagqwala, abagqwala, abangagqwala |
| Class 15 | kwagqwala | kwangagqwala, akwagqwala, akwangagqwala |
| Class 17 | kwagqwala | kwangagqwala, akwagqwala, akwangagqwala |

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “gqwala”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “gqwala (6.3)”