# Haicanwei
## English
### Etymology

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 海參崴／海参崴 (Hǎishēnwēi) incorrectly as Hǎicānwēi.

### Proper noun

Haicanwei
* Misspelling of Haishenwei.
** [1964, Te-kong Tong, “The Marshall Mission and Its Failure”, in United States Diplomacy in China, 1844-60‎, Seattle: University of Washington Press, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 130–131:Marshall’s concern over Russia was to prove itself not without foundation. The Russians were already exploring areas along the Amur River, and only seven years after Marshall’s warning, Russia acquired an important tract of land between the Ussuri and the sea (including the city of Hai-ts’an-wei, later changed to Vladivostok) as a reward for her good offices during the Anglo-French Chinese war of 1858-60.(Note: Hai-ts'an-wei is the hyphenated Wade-Giles-derived misspelled name for Haishenwei.)]
** 1991 February 8 [1990 November 5], Chang Yi [4545 1837], “Taiwan-Soviet Economic and Trade Relations Expanding”, in JPRS Report China‎, number 91-007, United States Joint Publications Research Service, →OCLC, page 102, column 1:Others believe that the lack of foreign exchange and aviation conduits between Taiwan and the Soviet Union is a barrier to expanded bilateral economic and trade relations. All must be resolved by interpersonal means. With regard to aviation lines in particular, in the near future the Soviet Union will open the port of Haicanwei [3189 0639 5524]. Taiwan’s civil aviation firm may consider whether starting air service would be beneficial to transporting goods.
** 1993, “Nineteeth Year of the Guangxu Emperor (1893)”, in Helen Hsieh Chien, transl., The European Diary of Hsieh Fucheng‎, →DOI, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 180:Through deceit, Russia traded 400 miles of territory in Hunchun with China and built a large trading port at Haicanwei.
** 2002 August 12 [2002 May], Sovetskaya Rossiya, “China's Encroachment Into Russia”, in Newsmax‎, archived from the original on 24 May 2023:By the way, on July 26, the Hong Kong media reported that during an international scientific conference in Hancanwei (the usual name of Vladivostok city in the media and on the maps of Greater China), Chinese and South Korean scientists proposed to change the name of the Sea of Japan to the "Eastern Sea." Probably, after Chinese control over the Maritime region was established, the capital would change its name from Vladivostok to Haicanwei (Bay of Sea Treasures, the name of the Chinese village located on the site before 1860).
** 2006, Yamamuro Shin'ichi, “Appendix (2004) On the Historical Significance of Manchuria and Manzhouguo”, in Joshua A. Fogel, transl., Manchuria Under Japanese Dominion‎, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 249:Although the Qing court rejected and fought against this, in the Treaty of Beijing in 1860 these rights were reaffirmed and the eastern bank of the Ussuri River was ceded to Russia as well. One fishing village by the name of Haicanwei acquired the name Vladivostok, which had the meaning “mastery over the East.” The Maritime Province centered here was then developed as Russian terrain.
** 2022 August [1869], Sungoh Yoon, quoting 訥穆錦 [Nemujin], “Liability without Suzerainty: Making Sense of Qing China’s Alarmism during the Korean Trespasser Crisis of 1862-75”, in International Journal of Korean History‎, volume 27, number 2, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-09-23, page 141:However, since the official concerned was in Haicanwei 海参崴 (Vladivostok), dealing with official affairs, I was not able to meet him.
** For more quotations using this term, see Citations:Haicanwei.

#### Usage notes

Note that the character 參／参 (cān, shēn, cēn) is a 多音字 (duōyīnzì, literally “character with two or more readings”). shēn is the correct pronunciation of the character 參／参 (shēn) in the words 海參／海参 (hǎishēn, literally “sea cucumber”) and 海參崴／海参崴 (Hǎishēnwēi, literally “Haishenwei”). However, cān is the more commonly encountered pronunciation of the character 參／参 (cān), appearing, for instance, in the commonly-used words 參加／参加 (cānjiā, literally “participate”), 參與／参与 (cānyù, literally “participate in”) and others. Haicanwei reflects an incorrect utilization of the more common pronunciation for the character 參／参 (cān, shēn, cēn).

### References

* ↑ Aretz, Tilman [艾天望] (2007 August) “The Chinese provinces”, in The Greater China Factbook [大中華百科全書]‎, Taipei: Taiwan Elite Press [時英出版社], →ISBN, →OCLC, page 118: “Places outside today’s PRC: […] Haicanwei 海參崴 = Vladivostok, Russia; […]”