# 開頭
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kāitóu
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄞ ㄊㄡˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi$^1$ tau$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khôi-thèu
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khui-thâu / khai-thiô / khai-thâu
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$khe-deu; $^1$khe $^6$deu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kāitóu
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄞ ㄊㄡˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kaitóu
*** Wade–Giles: kʻai$^1$-tʻou$^2$
*** Yale: kāi-tóu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kaitour
*** Palladius: кайтоу (kajtou)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed) (開頭兒／开头儿)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kāitóur
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄞ ㄊㄡˊㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kaitóur
*** Wade–Giles: kʻai$^1$-tʻou$^2$-ʼrh
*** Yale: kāi-tóur
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kaitourl
*** Palladius: кайтоур (kajtour)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ tʰɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hoi$^1$ tau$^4$
*** Yale: hōi tàuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hoi$^1$ tau$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hoi$^1$ teo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔːi̯⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khôi-thèu
*** Hakka Romanization System: koi$^ˊ$ teu$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: koi$^1$ teu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰoi̯²⁴ tʰeu̯¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khui-thâu
*** Tâi-lô: khui-thâu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qui'taau
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰui³³ tʰau²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khai-thiô
*** Tâi-lô: khai-thiô
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qai'tiooi
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰai³³ tʰio²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khai-thâu
*** Tâi-lô: khai-thâu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qai'taau
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$khe-deu; $^1$khe $^6$deu
*** MiniDict: khe$^平$ deu; khe$^平$ deu$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$khe-deu; $^1$khe $^3$deu
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰe⁵⁵ dɤ²¹/, /kʰe⁴⁴ dɤ²³/

### Verb

開頭
* to start; to begin
    以it開頭的句子／以it开头的句子 ― yǐ it kāitóu de jùzi ― sentence beginning with "it"

#### Synonyms

* 上來／上来 (shànglái)

### Noun

開頭
* start; beginning

#### Synonyms

* 伊始 (yīshǐ) (literary)
* 序幕 (xùmù) (figurative)
* 發端／发端 (fāduān)
* 肇端 (zhàoduān) (literary)
* 萌 (literary)
* 起始 (qǐshǐ)
* 起頭／起头 (qǐtóu)
* 起頭先／起头先 (kī-tàu-sĕng) (Eastern Min)
* 開始／开始 (kāishǐ)
* 開端／开端 (kāiduān)
* 首端 (shǒuduān)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 開 | 頭 |
| かい Grade: 3 | とう Grade: 2 |
| kan'on ||

### Etymology

Coined in Japan of Middle Chinese-derived elements as a compound of 開 (kai, “open”) +‎ 頭 (tō, “head”).
Date of first appearance is uncertain, but this seems to be a relatively modern coinage.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かいとー [kàítóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠ito̞ː]

### Noun

開(かい)頭(とう) • (kaitō)
* (medicine) craniotomy: the opening of the skull for surgery

### Verb

開(かい)頭(とう)する • (kaitō suru) suru (stem 開(かい)頭(とう)し (kaitō shi), past 開(かい)頭(とう)した (kaitō shita))
* (medicine) to craniotomize, to perform a craniotomy: to open the skull for surgery

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 開頭し | かいとうし | kaitō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 開頭し | かいとうし | kaitō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 開頭する | かいとうする | kaitō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 開頭する | かいとうする | kaitō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 開頭すれ | かいとうすれ | kaitō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 開頭せよ¹ 開頭しろ² | かいとうせよ¹ かいとうしろ² | kaitō seyo¹ kaitō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 開頭される | かいとうされる | kaitō sareru |
| Causative | 開頭させる 開頭さす | かいとうさせる かいとうさす | kaitō saseru kaitō sasu |
| Potential | 開頭できる | かいとうできる | kaitō dekiru |
| Volitional | 開頭しよう | かいとうしよう | kaitō shiyō |
| Negative | 開頭しない | かいとうしない | kaitō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 開頭せず | かいとうせず | kaitō sezu |
| Formal | 開頭します | かいとうします | kaitō shimasu |
| Perfective | 開頭した | かいとうした | kaitō shita |
| Conjunctive | 開頭して | かいとうして | kaitō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 開頭すれば | かいとうすれば | kaitō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
   * Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN