# 脫了
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$theq-leq
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^7$theq-leq
*** MiniDict: theh$^入$ leh
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^4$theq-leq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tʰəʔ³³ ləʔ⁴⁴/

### Particle

脫了 (Northern Wu)
* Used to indicate the occurrence of an action that results in a loss, vanishment or a negative outcome.
    腦子壞脫了／脑子坏脱了 [Shanghainese] ― $^6$nau-tsy $^6$wa-theq-leq [Wugniu] ― Brain's busted
       $^5$tha-yan $^7$peq $^6$yun $^1$tso-theq-leq [Wugniu]
       The sun was hidden by the clouds.
* Used to indicate that the consumption or disposition of a certain number of objects has been completed.
* Used to indicate that the completion of a due task has been achieved.

#### Usage notes

The terms 脫了, 脫, and 了 (and/or variations of which) all indicate the perfective aspect in a number of Northern Wu languages, though they do differ in use. The vocabulary and grammar used will be based on Shanghainese, though it can be appropriated to others.
* 脫／脱 most basically connotes the vanishing or, harm to, or disadvantage to something resulting from an action. Compare the following:
   * 死脫／死脱 [Shanghainese] ― $^5$shi-theq [Wugniu] ― to die, (one is dead and vanished)
   * 瘦脫／瘦脱 [Shanghainese] ― $^5$seu-theq [Wugniu] ― to lose weight (one's weight is decreased)
   * 壞脫／坏脱 [Shanghainese] ― $^6$wa-theq [Wugniu] ― to spoil; to break (the object was harmed having become spoilt or unusable)
    From there, it was broadened to generally refer to the completedness, vanishing, or disposal of a thing or task, e.g.:
       $^8$geq $^8$meq-zy $^6$gue-theq [Wugniu]
       Throw that thing away!
   * 功課做脫／功课做脱 [Shanghainese] ― $^1$kon-khu $^5$tsu-theq [Wugniu] ― Get homework finished
* 了 has two basic uses, one of which is as a modal particle and the other is as an aspect particle.
   * As a modal particle, 了 mostly appears at the end of a sentence, which is used to mark the occurrence or "happening" of an event. Compare the following two instances of dinner completion:
          $^6$ya-ve $^7$chiq-hau-leq [Wugniu]
          [The speaker has] finished dinner.
          Where it is not that the speaker is going to finish eating the dinner some other time. The completion of dinner has already happened and is true.
          $^7$chiq-hau $^6$ya-ve $^5$khoe $^6$di-zy [Wugniu]
          After eating dinner, watch the television. (non-temporal)
          Where the completion of dinner is not necessarily complete. It may be that watching the television is ought to be done afterwards, or that the speaker is announcing this as a routine.
   * As an aspect particle, 了 marks the action's completion. For example:
          $^7$chiq-leq $^1$ciau-kue $^8$meq-zy [Wugniu]
          Ate a lot of things
       Traditionally, this sense would use the term 仔, though it is somewhat old-fashioned noawadays in Shanghainese.
* Most uses of 脫了／脱了 is used like a merge between 脫 and 了 as a modal particle. It informs the speaker that the verb is completed but is new information.
       $^5$seu-ci $^8$loq-theq-leq [Wugniu]
       My phone is gone.
* One important distinction between the two is that 脫 can be used in moods whereby the action referred to by the verb has not yet taken place (such as in imperatives and subjunctives), as opposed to 了. For instance:
       $^1$i-zaon $^6$da-theq-yi $^1$tse-chi $^6$da-yoq [Wugniu]
       Get the clothes washed before taking a shower.
       is correct, whilst
   * 衣裳汏了伊再去汏浴。 [Shanghainese, trad. and simp.]
       is not.
* 脫 can also be used in non-temporal contexts:
       $^5$seu-ci-meq $^5$seu-ci $^8$loq-theq $^8$yaq-zy-meq $^8$yaq-sy $^8$veq-ta $^6$non $^6$na-nen $^1$ka $^1$ma-hu-gheq $^0$la [Wugniu]
       Your phone you lose, your keys you don't have, how can you be this careless?
       With 脫 here the speaker establishes the current state of the phone "having been lost", without presenting this as a change of state as 脫了 would.
* The speaker's positivity to the result can also be noticed. For instance:
       $^1$ma-ma $^6$ngu $^1$cin-tsau-chi $^6$nga-bu $^7$oq-li $^7$chiq-leq $^1$ciau-kue $^5$hau-meq-zy [Wugniu]
       Mum, I ate so much good stuff at grandma's house today! (Neutrally reporting having eaten)
       $^1$cin-tsau $^7$iq-tsaq $^5$shiau-ciu $^6$yeu $^6$le-leq $^7$chiq-theq $^1$ciau-kue $^8$meq-zy [Wugniu]
       The kid's come again today and ate a lot of things. (The speaker insinuates having "lost" something with 脫, without presenting this as a newly occurred state - the things had already been eaten for a while)
       $^8$meq-zy $^6$ze $^7$peq-yi $^7$chiq-theq-leq [Wugniu]
       He's eaten everything. (The things have been "lost" to the eating, and is newly lost compared to before when the food was not eaten.)

#### Synonyms

* 脫／脱, 了