# 憂愁
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): yōuchóu
       (Zhuyin): ㄧㄡ ㄔㄡˊ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): юцу (i͡ucu, I-I)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jau$^1$ sau$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yù-sèu
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): iu-chhiû / iu-chhô͘
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^1$ieu-zhieu$_6$ / $^1$ieu-zeu$_2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yōuchóu
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄡ ㄔㄡˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: youchóu
*** Wade–Giles: yu$^1$-chʻou$^2$
*** Yale: yōu-chóu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iouchour
*** Palladius: ючоу (jučou)
*** Sinological IPA : /joʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰoʊ̯³⁵/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: юцу (i͡ucu, I-I)
*** Sinological IPA : /iou²⁴ t͡sʰou²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jau$^1$ sau$^4$
*** Yale: yāu sàuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jau$^1$ sau$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yeo$^1$ seo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐu̯⁵⁵ sɐu̯²¹/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yù-sèu
*** Hakka Romanization System: iu$^ˇ$ seu$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yiu$^2$ seu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯u¹¹ seu̯¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yù-sèu
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)iu$^ˇ$ seu$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yiu$^2$ seu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯u¹¹ seu̯¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iu-chhiû
*** Tâi-lô: iu-tshiû
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iuchiuu
*** IPA (Xiamen): /iu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiu²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iu³³ t͡sʰiu²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /iu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰiu²³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /iu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰiu²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /iu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiu¹³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iu-chhô͘
*** Tâi-lô: iu-tshôo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iuzhoo
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /iu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɔ¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /iu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɔ²⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$ieu-zhieu$_6$
*** MiniDict: ieu$^平$ zhieu$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$ieu-xxieu$_3$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /iɤ⁵⁵ ʑiɤ²¹/
** (Northern: Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^1$ieu-zeu$_2$
*** MiniDict: ieu$^平$ zeu$^平$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /ʏ⁴⁴ zøy/
* Middle Chinese: 'juw dzrjuw
Rime :
| Character | 憂 | 愁 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) | 崇 (20) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 於求切 | 士尤切 |
| Baxter | 'juw | dzrjuw |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔɨu/ | /d͡ʒɨu/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔiu/ | /ɖ͡ʐiu/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔiəu/ | /d͡ʒiəu/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔuw/ | /ɖ͡ʐuw/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔiu/ | /d͡ʒiu/ |
| Wang Li | /ĭəu/ | /d͡ʒĭəu/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ʔi̯ə̯u/ | /ɖ͡ʐʱi̯ə̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yōu | chóu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jau$^1$ | cau$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔ(r)u [dz]riw/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qu zrɯw/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 憂 | 愁 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yōu | chóu |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ʔjuw › | ‹ dzrjuw › |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔ(r)u/ | /*[dz]riw/ |
| English | grief, grieved | grieved |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 憂 | 愁 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 15493 | 10550 |
| Phonetic component | 憂 | 秋 |
| Rime group | 幽 | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 憂 | 愁 |
| Old Chinese | /*qu/ | /*zrɯw/ |

### Adjective

憂愁
* sad; worried; depressed
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Qū Píng jí wáng tīng zhī bù cōng yě, chánchǎn zhī bì míng yě, xiéqū zhī hài gōng yě, fāngzhèng zhī bùróng yě, gù yōuchóu yōusī ér zuò “Lísāo”. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: In Search of the Sacred, circa 3rd century CE
    Bīngmǎ jiāng wǎng shōubǔ, fùnǚ yōuchóu, díméi tíkū. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: Wei Shou, Book of Wei, 551 – 554 CE
    Rén miàn shòu xīn, qùliú náncè, jì yì shuǐcǎo, kēyàng jiāng duō, yōuchóu zhì kùn, sǐwáng bì shèn. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Synonyms

* 京京 (jīngjīng) (literary)
* 傷心／伤心 (shāngxīn)
* 傷悲／伤悲 (shāngbēi) (literary)
* 傷感／伤感 (shānggǎn)
* 傷懷／伤怀 (shānghuái) (literary)
* 傷痛／伤痛 (shāngtòng)
* 傷神／伤神 (shāngshén) (literary)
* 刺心 (cìxīn)
* 哀傷／哀伤 (āishāng)
* 哀切 (āiqiè)
* 哀怨 (āiyuàn)
* 哀悽／哀凄 (āiqī)
* 哀慟／哀恸 (āitòng)
* 哀戚 (āiqī) (literary)
* 哀痛 (āitòng)
* 心酸 (xīnsuān)
* 怛傷／怛伤 (dáshāng) (literary)
* 悄然 (qiǎorán) (literary)
* 情傷／情伤 (qíngshāng) (literary)
* 悲催 (bēicuī) (neologism, jocular)
* 悲傷／悲伤 (bēishāng)
* 悲切 (bēiqiè) (literary)
* 悲哀 (bēi'āi)
* 悲悽／悲凄 (bēiqī)
* 悱惻／悱恻 (fěicè) (literary)
* 悽惶／凄惶 (qīhuáng) (literary)
* 悲愴／悲怆 (bēichuàng) (literary)
* 悽愴／凄怆 (qīchuàng) (literary)
* 悲慘／悲惨 (bēicǎn)
* 悲慟／悲恸 (bēitòng)
* 悽戚／凄戚 (qīqī) (literary)
* 悲戚 (bēiqī)
* 悲摧 (bēicuī) (literary)
* 悲楚 (bēichǔ) (literary)
* 悲涼／悲凉 (bēiliáng)
* 悲痛 (bēitòng)
* 悲苦 (bēikǔ)
* 感傷／感伤 (gǎnshāng)
* 愀愴／愀怆 (qiǎochuàng)
* 愁楚 (chóuchǔ) (literary)
* 惻然／恻然 (cèrán) (literary)
* 愴然／怆然 (chuàngrán) (literary)
* 慘／惨 (cǎn)
* 憂傷／忧伤 (yōushāng)
* 慘悽／惨凄 (cǎnqī)
* 憂戚／忧戚 (yōuqī) (literary)
* 慘淡／惨淡 (cǎndàn)
* 憯懍／憯懔 (cǎnlǐn)
* 懤懤／㤽㤽 (chóuchóu)
* 沉痛 (chéntòng)
* 淒切／凄切 (qīqiè)
* 淒惻／凄恻 (qīcè) (literary)
* 淒慘／凄惨 (qīcǎn)
* 淒楚／凄楚 (qīchǔ)
* 淒涼／凄凉 (qīliáng)
* 淒然／凄然 (qīrán) (literary)
* 痛心 (tòngxīn)
* 艱苦心／艰苦心 (Hokkien)
* 蒼涼／苍凉 (cāngliáng)
* 酸心 (suānxīn)
* 難受／难受 (nánshòu)
* 難過／难过 (nánguò)
* 青凊 (Hokkien)
* 黯然 (ànrán)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 憂愁(ゆうしゅう) (yūshū)
* → Korean: 우수(憂愁) (usu)
* → Vietnamese: ưu sầu (憂愁)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 憂 | 愁 |
| ゆう Grade: S | しゅう Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ゆうしゅう [yùúshúú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [jɯ̟ːɕɨː]

### Adjective

憂(ゆう)愁(しゅう) • (yūshū) -na (adnominal 憂(ゆう)愁(しゅう)な (yūshū na), adverbial 憂(ゆう)愁(しゅう)に (yūshū ni))
* sad; worried; depressed

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 憂愁だろ | ゆうしゅうだろ | yūshū daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 憂愁で | ゆうしゅうで | yūshū de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 憂愁だ | ゆうしゅうだ | yūshū da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 憂愁な | ゆうしゅうな | yūshū na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 憂愁なら | ゆうしゅうなら | yūshū nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 憂愁であれ | ゆうしゅうであれ | yūshū de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 憂愁ではない 憂愁じゃない | ゆうしゅうではない ゆうしゅうじゃない | yūshū de wa nai yūshū ja nai |
| Informal past | 憂愁だった | ゆうしゅうだった | yūshū datta |
| Informal negative past | 憂愁ではなかった 憂愁じゃなかった | ゆうしゅうではなかった ゆうしゅうじゃなかった | yūshū de wa nakatta yūshū ja nakatta |
| Formal | 憂愁です | ゆうしゅうです | yūshū desu |
| Formal negative | 憂愁ではありません 憂愁じゃありません | ゆうしゅうではありません ゆうしゅうじゃありません | yūshū de wa arimasen yūshū ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 憂愁でした | ゆうしゅうでした | yūshū deshita |
| Formal negative past | 憂愁ではありませんでした 憂愁じゃありませんでした | ゆうしゅうではありませんでした ゆうしゅうじゃありませんでした | yūshū de wa arimasen deshita yūshū ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 憂愁で | ゆうしゅうで | yūshū de |
| Conditional | 憂愁なら（ば） | ゆうしゅうなら（ば） | yūshū nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 憂愁だったら | ゆうしゅうだったら | yūshū dattara |
| Volitional | 憂愁だろう | ゆうしゅうだろう | yūshū darō |
| Adverbial | 憂愁に | ゆうしゅうに | yūshū ni |
| Degree | 憂愁さ | ゆうしゅうさ | yūshūsa |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 憂愁なら | いうしうなら | iusiunara |
| Continuative (連用形) | 憂愁に$^{[1]}$ 憂愁なり$^{[2]}$ | いうしうに いうしうなり | iusiuni iusiunari |
| Terminal (終止形) | 憂愁なり | いうしうなり | iusiunari |
| Attributive (連体形) | 憂愁なる | いうしうなる | iusiunaru |
| Realis (已然形) | 憂愁なれ | いうしうなれ | iusiunare |
| Imperative (命令形) | 憂愁なれ | いうしうなれ | iusiunare |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 憂愁ならず | いうしうならず | iusiunarazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 憂愁なれど | いうしうなれど | iusiunaredo |
| Causal conjunction | 憂愁なれば | いうしうなれば | iusiunareba |
| Conditional conjunction | 憂愁ならば | いうしうならば | iusiunaraba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 憂愁なりき | いうしうなりき | iusiunariki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 憂愁なりけり | いうしうなりけり | iusiunarikeri |
| Adverbial | 憂愁に | いうしうに | iusiuni |
| $^{[1]}$Without auxiliary verb. $^{[2]}$With auxiliary verb. ||||

### Noun

憂(ゆう)愁(しゅう) • (yūshū)
* sorrow; worry; depression

### Verb

憂(ゆう)愁(しゅう)する • (yūshū suru) suru (stem 憂(ゆう)愁(しゅう)し (yūshū shi), past 憂(ゆう)愁(しゅう)した (yūshū shita))
* to be depressed

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 憂愁し | ゆうしゅうし | yūshū shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 憂愁し | ゆうしゅうし | yūshū shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 憂愁する | ゆうしゅうする | yūshū suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 憂愁する | ゆうしゅうする | yūshū suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 憂愁すれ | ゆうしゅうすれ | yūshū sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 憂愁せよ¹ 憂愁しろ² | ゆうしゅうせよ¹ ゆうしゅうしろ² | yūshū seyo¹ yūshū shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 憂愁される | ゆうしゅうされる | yūshū sareru |
| Causative | 憂愁させる 憂愁さす | ゆうしゅうさせる ゆうしゅうさす | yūshū saseru yūshū sasu |
| Potential | 憂愁できる | ゆうしゅうできる | yūshū dekiru |
| Volitional | 憂愁しよう | ゆうしゅうしよう | yūshū shiyō |
| Negative | 憂愁しない | ゆうしゅうしない | yūshū shinai |
| Negative continuative | 憂愁せず | ゆうしゅうせず | yūshū sezu |
| Formal | 憂愁します | ゆうしゅうします | yūshū shimasu |
| Perfective | 憂愁した | ゆうしゅうした | yūshū shita |
| Conjunctive | 憂愁して | ゆうしゅうして | yūshū shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 憂愁すれば | ゆうしゅうすれば | yūshū sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 憂 | 愁 |

### Noun

憂愁 • (usu) (hangeul 우수)
* hanja form of 우수 (“sorrow; worry; depression”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 憂 | 愁 |

### Adjective

憂愁
* chữ Hán form of ưu sầu (“sad; worried; depressed”).

### Noun

憂愁
* chữ Hán form of ưu sầu (“sorrow; worry; depression”).