# 無故
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wúgù
    (Zhuyin): ㄨˊ ㄍㄨˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): mou$^4$ gu$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): vù-ku
* Jin (Wiktionary): vu$^1$ gu$^3$
* Eastern Min (BUC): ù-gó
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bû-kò͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bho$^5$ gu$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wúgù
*** Zhuyin: ㄨˊ ㄍㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wúgù
*** Wade–Giles: wu$^2$-ku$^4$
*** Yale: wú-gù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wuguh
*** Palladius: угу (ugu)
*** Sinological IPA : /u³⁵ ku⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: mou$^4$ gu$^3$
*** Yale: mòuh gu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: mou$^4$ gu$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: mou$^4$ gu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /mou̯²¹ kuː³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vù-ku
*** Hakka Romanization System: vu$^ˇ$ gu
*** Hagfa Pinyim: vu$^2$ gu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /vu¹¹ ku⁵⁵/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: vu$^1$ gu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /vu¹¹ ku⁴⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ù-gó
*** Sinological IPA : /u⁵³⁻²¹ $^{(k-)}$ou²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bû-kò͘
*** Tâi-lô: bû-kòo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bu'kox
*** IPA (Xiamen): /bu²⁴⁻²² kɔ²¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bu¹³⁻²² kɔ²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /bu²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: bho$^5$ gu$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: bô kù
*** Sinological IPA : /bo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ku²¹³/
* Middle Chinese: mju kuH
Rime :
| Character | 無 | 故 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 虞 (24) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 武夫切 | 古暮切 |
| Baxter | mju | kuH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /mɨo/ | /kuo$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /mio/ | /kuo$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /mio/ | /ko$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /muə̆/ | /kɔ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /mio/ | /ko$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /mĭu/ | /ku$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /mi̯u/ | /kuo$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wú | gù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | mou$^4$ | gu$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ma kˤa(ʔ)-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ma kaːs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 無 | 故 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | wú | gù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ mju › | ‹ ku$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*ma/ | /*kˁa(ʔ)-s/ |
| English | not have | fact; reason |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 無 | 故 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 13117 | 4228 |
| Phonetic component | 無 | 古 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 無 | 顧 |
| Old Chinese | /*ma/ | /*kaːs/ |

### Adverb

無故
* (literary) for no reason; without a reason
    無故缺席／无故缺席 ― wúgù quēxí ― to be absent without a reason
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Bìxià wúgù zhào chén, cǐ rén bì yǒu yǐ chén qī bìxià zhě. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)