# 躊躇
## Chinese
### Etymology

Reduplication with the original form of *du da.
Cognate with 躑躅 (OC *deɡ doɡ), 踟躕 (OC *de do), 彳亍 (OC *tʰeɡ toɡs/tʰoɡ), all meaning "walking slowly or with difficulty > hesitant".

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chóuchú
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄡˊ ㄔㄨˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cau$^4$ cyu$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): tiù-tṳ̀
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tiûⁿ-tû / tiû-tû / tiû-tîr / tiû-tî
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tiu$^5$ tu$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zeu-zy
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chóuchú
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄡˊ ㄔㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chóuchú
*** Wade–Giles: chʻou$^2$-chʻu$^2$
*** Yale: chóu-chú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chourchwu
*** Palladius: чоучу (čouču)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰoʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cau$^4$ cyu$^4$
*** Yale: chàuh chyùh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsau$^4$ tsy$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ceo$^4$ qu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɐu̯²¹ t͡sʰyː²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: tiù-tṳ̀
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰieu⁵³⁻³³ $^{(tʰ-)}$ly⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiûⁿ-tû
*** Tâi-lô: tiûnn-tû
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dviu'duu
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tiũ²⁴⁻²² tu²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiũ¹³⁻²² tu¹³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiû-tû
*** Tâi-lô: tiû-tû
*** Phofsit Daibuun: diu'duu
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiu²³⁻³³ tu²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiu¹³⁻²² tu¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tiu²⁴⁻¹¹ tu²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tiu²⁴⁻²² tu²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiû-tîr
*** Tâi-lô: tiû-tîr
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tiu²⁴⁻²² tɯ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiû-tî
*** Tâi-lô: tiû-tî
*** Phofsit Daibuun: diu'dii
*** IPA (Taipei): /tiu²⁴⁻¹¹ ti²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiu²³⁻³³ ti²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: tiu$^5$ tu$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thiû thû
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰiu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰu⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$zeu-zy
*** MiniDict: zeu$^去$ zy
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$zeu-zr
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zɤ²² zz̩⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: drjuw drjo
Rime :
| Character | 躊 | 躇 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 澄 (11) | 澄 (11) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) | 魚 (22) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 直由切 | 直魚切 |
| Baxter | drjuw | drjo |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɖɨu/ | /ɖɨʌ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɖiu/ | /ɖiɔ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȡiəu/ | /ȡiɔ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɖuw/ | /ɖɨə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /ȡiu/ | /ȡiɔ/ |
| Wang Li | /ȡĭəu/ | /ȡĭo/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ȡʱi̯ə̯u/ | /ȡʱi̯wo/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chóu | chú |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cau$^4$ | cyu$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*du da/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 躇 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | chuò |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ trhjak › |
| Old Chinese | /*tʰrak/ |
| English | jump over, pass over |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 躊 | 躇 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 11696 | 16997 |
| Phonetic component | 壽 | 者 |
| Rime group | 幽 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 儔 | 除 |
| Old Chinese | /*du/ | /*da/ |

### Verb

躊躇
* to walk back and forth
* to hesitate; to pause
       Tīng wán le wǒ de huà, lǎoshī chóuchú le yīhuìr, cái fābiǎo tā de yìjiàn. [Pinyin]
       After hearing me out, my teacher hesitated for a moment before stating his opinion.
    From: 生命弦 (LifeStrings), 耶稣欲搁来
    Ia-so͘ nā lâi, lí chún-pī hó bōe? M̄-thang tiû-tû, tio̍h lia̍h tiâu ki-hōe! [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    If Jesus comes, are you ready yet? Don't hesitate! Hold onto the opportunity!

#### Synonyms

* (to walk back and forth):
* 彷徨 (pánghuáng)
* 徘徊
* 盤旋／盘旋 (pánxuán)
* 盤桓／盘桓 (pánhuán)
* 走來走去／走来走去 (zǒuláizǒuqù)
* 踟躕／踟蹰 (chíchú)
* 躑躅／踯躅 (zhízhú)
* (to hesitate):
* 反顧／反顾 (fǎngù) (literary)
* 彳亍 (chìchù) (literary, figurative)
* 彷徨 (pánghuáng) (figurative)
* 徘徊 (figurative)
* 拿不定主意 (nábùdìng zhǔyì)
* 游移 (yóuyí)
* 猶疑／犹疑 (yóuyí)
* 猶豫／犹豫 (yóuyù)
* 疑蟯／疑蛲 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 盤桓／盘桓 (pánhuán) (figurative)
* 膩／腻 (nyi$^4$) (Sichuanese)
* 巡巡 (xúnxún) (literary)
* 逡巡 (qūnxún) (literary)
* 遲疑／迟疑 (chíyí)

#### Derived terms

* 肚裡躊躇／肚里踌躇
* 躊躇不前／踌躇不前 (chóuchúbùqián)
* 躊躇不決／踌躇不决
* 躊躇未決／踌躇未决

### Adjective

躊躇
* (literary) smug; complacent; self-satisfied

#### Derived terms

* 躊躇滿志／踌躇满志 (chóuchúmǎnzhì)

#### Related terms

* 志得意滿／志得意满 (zhìdéyìmǎn)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 躊(ちゅう)躇(ちょ) (chūcho)
* → Korean: 주저(躊躇) (jujeo)
* → Vietnamese: trù trừ (躊躇)

### References

* “Entry #13200”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 躊 | 躇 |
| ちゅう Hyōgai | ちょ Hyōgai |
| kan'on ||

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 躊躇 (MC drjuw drjo).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ちゅうちょ [chúꜜùchò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [t͡ɕɨːt͡ɕo̞]

### Noun

躊(ちゅう)躇(ちょ) • (chūcho)
* hesitation, indecision, wavering

#### Synonyms

* 躊躇(ためら)い (tamerai)
* 遅疑(ちぎ) (chigi)
* 逡巡(しゅんじゅん) (shunjun)
* 猶(ゆう)予(よ) (yūyo)

### Verb

躊(ちゅう)躇(ちょ)する • (chūcho suru) suru (stem 躊(ちゅう)躇(ちょ)し (chūcho shi), past 躊(ちゅう)躇(ちょ)した (chūcho shita))
* to hesitate, to be undecided, to waver
** 2011, Barack Obama, 中東と北アフリカに関するバラク・オバマの演説, translation of "Remarks by the President on the Middle East and North Africa":
    躊躇(ちゅうちょ)する訳(わけ)にはゆかないのである
       chūcho suru wake ni wa yukanai no de aru
       we cannot hesitate

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 躊躇し | ちゅうちょし | chūcho shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 躊躇し | ちゅうちょし | chūcho shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 躊躇する | ちゅうちょする | chūcho suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 躊躇する | ちゅうちょする | chūcho suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 躊躇すれ | ちゅうちょすれ | chūcho sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 躊躇せよ¹ 躊躇しろ² | ちゅうちょせよ¹ ちゅうちょしろ² | chūcho seyo¹ chūcho shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 躊躇される | ちゅうちょされる | chūcho sareru |
| Causative | 躊躇させる 躊躇さす | ちゅうちょさせる ちゅうちょさす | chūcho saseru chūcho sasu |
| Potential | 躊躇できる | ちゅうちょできる | chūcho dekiru |
| Volitional | 躊躇しよう | ちゅうちょしよう | chūcho shiyō |
| Negative | 躊躇しない | ちゅうちょしない | chūcho shinai |
| Negative continuative | 躊躇せず | ちゅうちょせず | chūcho sezu |
| Formal | 躊躇します | ちゅうちょします | chūcho shimasu |
| Perfective | 躊躇した | ちゅうちょした | chūcho shita |
| Conjunctive | 躊躇して | ちゅうちょして | chūcho shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 躊躇すれば | ちゅうちょすれば | chūcho sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

#### Synonyms

* ぐずぐず (guzuguzu)
* 躊躇(ためら)う (tamerau)
* 遅疑(ちぎ) (chigi)
* 逡巡(しゅんじゅん) (shunjun)
* 猶(ゆう)予(よ) (yūyo)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
   * Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 躊 | 躇 |

### Noun

躊躇 • (jujeo) (hangeul 주저)
* hanja form of 주저 (“hesitation”)