# 誇張
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kuāzhāng
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄚ ㄓㄤ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): kwaa$^1$ zoeng$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khoa-tiong / khoa-tiang / khoa-tiuⁿ / khoa-tioⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kua$^1$ ziang$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kuāzhāng
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄚ ㄓㄤ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kuajhang
*** Wade–Giles: kʻua$^1$-chang$^1$
*** Yale: kwā-jāng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuajang
*** Palladius: куачжан (kuačžan)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kwaa$^1$ zoeng$^1$
*** Yale: kwā jēung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kwaa$^1$ dzoeng$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kua$^1$ zêng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʷʰaː⁵⁵ t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khoa-tiong
*** Tâi-lô: khua-tiong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qoa'diofng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰua³³ tiɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰua⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰua⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khoa-tiang
*** Tâi-lô: khua-tiang
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qoa'diafng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰua⁴⁴⁻²² tiaŋ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khoa-tiuⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: khua-tiunn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qoa'dviw
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰua³³ tiũ³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰua⁴⁴⁻²² tiũ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khoa-tioⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: khua-tionn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qoa'dvioy
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰua⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔ̃⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kua$^1$ ziang$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khua tsiang
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰua³³⁻²³ t͡siaŋ³³/
* Middle Chinese: khwae trjang
Rime :
| Character | 誇 | 張 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) | 知 (9) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (99) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | II | III |
| Fanqie | 苦瓜切 | 陟良切 |
| Baxter | khwae | trjang |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰˠua/ | /ʈɨɐŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰʷᵚa/ | /ʈiɐŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰua/ | /ȶiɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰwaɨ/ | /ʈɨaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰua/ | /ȶiaŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰwa/ | /ȶĭaŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kʰwa/ | /ȶi̯aŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kuā | zhāng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | faa$^1$ | zoeng$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[kʷʰ]ˤra C.traŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰʷraː taŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 誇 | 張 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | kuā | zhāng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khwae › | ‹ trjang › |
| Old Chinese | /*[kʷʰ]ˁra/ | /*C.traŋ/ |
| English | boast | draw a bow |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 誇 | 張 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| No. | 15652 | 1259 |
| Phonetic component | 于 | 長 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 誇 | 張 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰʷraː/ | /*taŋ/ |

### Verb

誇張
* to exaggerate; to overstate

#### Synonyms

* 擺攤兒／摆摊儿 (bǎi tānr) (figurative)
* 擺攤子／摆摊子 (bǎi tānzi) (figurative)
* 渲染 (xuànrǎn) (figurative)
* 虛張／虚张 (xūzhāng) (literary)
* 誇大／夸大 (kuādà)
* 鋪張／铺张 (pūzhāng)

### Adjective

誇張
* exaggerated; overstated; over-the-top
    沒那麼誇張吧。／没那么夸张吧。 ― Méi nàme kuāzhāng ba. ― It can't be that over-the-top surely.
       sai$^2$ m$^4$ sai$^2$ gam$^3$ kwaa$^1$ zoeng$^1$ aa$^3$? [Jyutping]
       Surely you are exaggerating things!
       jau$^5$ mou$^5$ gam$^3$ kwaa$^1$ zoeng$^1$! [Jyutping]
       Surely that's a bit too much?

### Noun

誇張
* (rhetoric) exaggeration; hyperbole

### Derived terms

* 誇張其辭／夸张其辞
* 誇張法／夸张法

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 誇 | 張 |
| こ Grade: S | ちょう Grade: 5 |
| kan'yōon | on'yomi |

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こちょー [kòchóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ko̞t͡ɕo̞ː]

### Noun

誇(こ)張(ちょう) • (kochō)
* exaggeration
** 1927, Tōson Shimazaki, San’in Miyage‎:
    こゝは海(うみ)の女(め)神(がみ)の住(ぢゆう)居(きよ)であつたといふことも、あながち誇(こ)張(ちやう)とのみは思(おも)はれない。海(うみ)の神(しん)祕(ぴ)は、それほど凄(すご)い美(うつく)しさで私(わたし)達(たち)をその深(ふか)い力(ちから)の中(なか)に引(ひ)き入(い)れる。
       Koko wa umi no megami no jūkyo de atta to iu koto mo, anagachi kochō to nomi wa omowarenai. Umi no shinpi wa, sore hodo sugoi utsukushisa de watashitachi o sono fukai chikara no naka ni hikiireru.
       It is not necessarily considered just an exaggeration that this was the residence of the goddess of the sea. The mystery of the sea draws us into its profound power with such awesome beauty.

#### Antonyms

* 矮(わい)小(しょう)化(か) (waishō-ka, “trivialization”)

#### Derived terms

* 誇(こ)張(ちょう)法(ほう) (kochō-hō)

### Verb

誇(こ)張(ちょう)する • (kochō suru) transitive suru (stem 誇(こ)張(ちょう)し (kochō shi), past 誇(こ)張(ちょう)した (kochō shita))
* to exaggerate

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 誇張し | こちょうし | kochō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 誇張し | こちょうし | kochō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 誇張する | こちょうする | kochō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 誇張する | こちょうする | kochō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 誇張すれ | こちょうすれ | kochō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 誇張せよ¹ 誇張しろ² | こちょうせよ¹ こちょうしろ² | kochō seyo¹ kochō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 誇張される | こちょうされる | kochō sareru |
| Causative | 誇張させる 誇張さす | こちょうさせる こちょうさす | kochō saseru kochō sasu |
| Potential | 誇張できる | こちょうできる | kochō dekiru |
| Volitional | 誇張しよう | こちょうしよう | kochō shiyō |
| Negative | 誇張しない | こちょうしない | kochō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 誇張せず | こちょうせず | kochō sezu |
| Formal | 誇張します | こちょうします | kochō shimasu |
| Perfective | 誇張した | こちょうした | kochō shita |
| Conjunctive | 誇張して | こちょうして | kochō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 誇張すれば | こちょうすれば | kochō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 誇 | 張 |

### Noun

誇張 • (gwajang) (hangeul 과장)
* hanja form of 과장 (“exaggeration”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 誇 | 張 |

### Noun

誇張
* chữ Hán form of khoa trương (“exaggeration; overstatement”).

### Verb

誇張
* chữ Hán form of khoa trương (“to boast; to brag; to exaggerate; to overstate”).

### Adjective

誇張
* chữ Hán form of khoa trương (“exaggerated; overstated”).