# 掛ける
## Japanese
### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 掛
* か Grade: S
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese 掛く (kaku), in the 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern.
First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かける [kàkéꜜrù] (Nakadaka –)
* IPA: [ka̠ke̞ɾɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「掛ける」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 掛ける | かける | [kàkéꜜrù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 掛けろ | かけろ | [kàkéꜜrò] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 掛けられる | かけられる | [kàkéráréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 掛けさせる | かけさせる | [kàkésáséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 掛けられる | かけられる | [kàkéráréꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 掛けよう | かけよー | [kàkéyóꜜò] |
| Negative | 掛けない | かけない | [kàkéꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 掛けなかった | かけなかった | [kàkéꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 掛けます | かけます | [kàkémáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 掛けた | かけた | [káꜜkètà] |
| Conjunctive | 掛けて | かけて | [káꜜkètè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 掛ければ | かければ | [kàkéꜜrèbà] |

### Verb

掛(か)ける • (kakeru) ichidan (stem 掛(か)け (kake), past 掛(か)けた (kaketa))
Japanese verb pair :
| active | 掛ける |
| mediopassive | 掛かる |
* (transitive) hang (a picture, etc.); hoist; raise (a flag); fly (a kite)
** 1907, 夏目漱石, 野分:
    先生(せんせい)はただ気品(きひん)のない画(が)を掛(か)けたものだと思(おも)ったばかりである。
       Sensei wa tada kihin no nai ga o kaketa mono da to omotta bakari de aru.
       I always thought it was just some tasteless picture that the teacher had hung up.
* (transitive) multiply
    ２(に)に３(さん)を掛(か)けると６(ろく)になる。
       Ni ni san o kakeru to roku ni naru.
       Multiply 2 by 3 and you get 6.
* to sit (on a chair or bench, but not on the floor)
    おかけください
       o-kake kudasai
       please have a seat
** 1937, 久生十蘭, 魔都:
    真名古(まなこ)は静(しず)かに椅子(いす)に掛(か)けて林(はやし)の顔(かお)を注視(ちゅうし)する。
       Manako wa shizuka ni isu ni kakete Hayashi no kao o chūshi suru.
       Manako sits in the chair quietly and examines Hayashi's face.
* to speak, to give an order etc., to call out, to call on the telephone
** 1925, 国枝史郎, 郷介法師:
    その法師(ほうし)は声(こえ)を掛(か)けた。
       Sono hōshi wa koe o kaketa.
       The priest called out.
** 1931, 永井荷風, つゆのあとさき:
    ちょっと電話(でんわ)を掛(か)けてくれ。
       Chotto denwa o kakete kure.
       Give me a call.
* to pour onto, to shake onto, to splash, to drip
** 1946, 織田作之助, 土曜夫人:
    ペッペッと、右(みぎ)の手(て)に唾(つば)を掛(か)けて、げっぷをしていた。
       Peppetto, migi no te ni tsuba o kakete, geppu o shite ita.
       There he was, burping, with drool dripping onto his right hand.
* to wear a piece of clothing
** 1908, 伊藤左千夫, 隣の嫁:
    省作(しょうさく)はそれにはかまわず、湯(ゆ)を出(で)て着物(きもの)を着(き)掛(か)けている。
       Shōsaku wa sore ni wa kamawazu, yu o dete kimono o kikakete iru.
       Shōsaku came out of the bath and wore his kimono without worrying about that.
* to pun (謎掛け)
    ○○とかけて××と解(と)く。
       ○○ To kakete ×× to toku.
       (please add an English translation of this example)

### Suffix

掛(か)ける • (-kakeru)
* to address someone, to direct, to do (something to someone)
    老人(ろうじん)が私(わたし)に突然話(とつぜんはな)しかけた。
       Rōjin ga watashi ni totsuzen hanashikaketa.
       An old man spoke to me suddenly.
* to be about to, to begin
    言(い)いかけてやめる
       iikakete yameru
       about to speak something but didn't
* in the middle of, to begin (not complete)
    長編(ちょうへん)を読(よ)みかける
       chōhen o yomikakeru
       in the middle of reading a long novel

#### Usage notes

This term is often spelled in hiragana. As a suffix, attach after the 連用形(れんようけい) (ren'yōkei) or the -masu form of the verb.

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 掛け | かけ | kake |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 掛け | かけ | kake |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 掛ける | かける | kakeru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 掛ける | かける | kakeru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 掛けれ | かけれ | kakere |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 掛けよ¹ 掛けろ² | かけよ¹ かけろ² | kakeyo¹ kakero² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 掛けられる | かけられる | kakerareru |
| Causative | 掛けさせる 掛けさす | かけさせる かけさす | kakesaseru kakesasu |
| Potential | 掛けられる 掛けれる³ | かけられる かけれる³ | kakerareru kakereru³ |
| Volitional | 掛けよう | かけよう | kakeyō |
| Negative | 掛けない 掛けぬ 掛けん | かけない かけぬ かけん | kakenai kakenu kaken |
| Negative continuative | 掛けず | かけず | kakezu |
| Formal | 掛けます | かけます | kakemasu |
| Perfective | 掛けた | かけた | kaketa |
| Conjunctive | 掛けて | かけて | kakete |
| Hypothetical conditional | 掛ければ | かければ | kakereba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential ||||

#### Synonyms

* (sit): 座(すわ)る (suwaru) (to sit in general, including on the floor)

#### Related terms

* 掛(か)かる (kakaru)

#### See also

* (to pun): もじる (mojiru)

### Conjunction

掛(か)ける • (kakeru)
* (mathematics) times (multiplication)
    ２(に)掛(か)ける３(さん)は６(ろく)。
       Ni kakeru san wa roku.
       2 times 3 is 6.

#### Coordinate terms

* 足(た)す (tasu)
* 引(ひ)く (hiku)
* 割(わ)る (waru)

### References

* ↑ “掛・懸・賭・架”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
* ↑ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN