# 苦痛
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kǔtòng
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨˇ ㄊㄨㄥˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fu$^2$ tung$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khú-thung
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khó͘-thàng / khó͘-thòng
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kǔtòng
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄨˇ ㄊㄨㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kǔtòng
*** Wade–Giles: kʻu$^3$-tʻung$^4$
*** Yale: kǔ-tùng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuutonq
*** Palladius: кутун (kutun)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰʊŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fu$^2$ tung$^3$
*** Yale: fú tung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fu$^2$ tung$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fu$^2$ tung$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /fuː³⁵ tʰʊŋ³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khú-thung
*** Hakka Romanization System: ku$^ˋ$ tung
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ku$^3$ tung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰu³¹ tʰuŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khó͘-thàng / khó͘-thòng
*** Tâi-lô: khóo-thàng / khóo-thòng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qoftaxng, qoftoxng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰaŋ²¹/, /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰaŋ⁴¹/, /kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰaŋ²¹/, /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰaŋ¹¹/, /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰaŋ²¹/, /kʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ²¹/
* Middle Chinese: khuX|khuH thuwngH
Rime :
| Character | 苦 | 苦 | 痛 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) | 溪 (29) | 透 (6) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) | 模 (23) | 東 (1) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I | I |
| Fanqie | 康杜切 | 苦故切 | 他貢切 |
| Baxter | khuX | khuH | thuwngH |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰuo$^X$/ | /kʰuo$^H$/ | /tʰuŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰuo$^X$/ | /kʰuo$^H$/ | /tʰuŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰo$^X$/ | /kʰo$^H$/ | /tʰuŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰɔ$^X$/ | /kʰɔ$^H$/ | /tʰəwŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰo$^X$/ | /kʰo$^H$/ | /tʰuŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰu$^X$/ | /kʰu$^H$/ | /tʰuŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kʰuo$^X$/ | /kʰuo$^H$/ | /tʰuŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kǔ | kù | tòng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fu$^2$ | fu$^3$ | tung$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʰˤaʔ l̥ˤoŋ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰaːʔ|kʰaːs l̥ʰoːŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 苦 | 痛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | kǔ | tòng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khu$^X$ › | ‹ thuwng$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰˁaʔ/ | /*l̥ˁoŋ-s/ |
| English | bitter | to be pained |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 苦 | 苦 | 痛 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 4242 | 4243 | 15433 |
| Phonetic component | 古 | 古 | 用 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 魚 | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 苦 | 絝 | 痛 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰaːʔ/ | /*kʰaːs/ | /*l̥ʰoːŋs/ |

### Noun

苦痛
* agony; pain; suffering
    Synonym: 痛苦 (tòngkǔ)
    From: Han Feizi, circa 2nd century BCE
    Gù jiéshā sǐwáng zhī jūn, cǐ qí xīn zhī yōujù, xíng zhī kǔtòng yě, bì shèn yú lì yǐ. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 苦(く)痛(つう) (kutsū)
* → Korean: 고통(苦痛) (gotong)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 苦 | 痛 |
| く Grade: 3 | つう Grade: 6 |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) くつう [kùtsúú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kɯ̟̊t͡sɨː]

### Noun

苦(く)痛(つう) • (kutsū)
* agony, pain
* distress, torment, anguish

#### Synonyms

* 苦悩(くのう) (kunō)

#### See also

* 痛(いた)み (itami)

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 苦 | 痛 |

### Noun

苦痛 • (gotong) (hangeul 고통)
* hanja form of 고통 (“pain”)