# 呂氏春秋
## Chinese

| | | surname | clan name; maiden name | spring and autumn; the four seasons |
| trad. (呂氏春秋) | trad. (呂氏春秋) | 呂 | 氏 | 春秋 |
| simp. (吕氏春秋) | simp. (吕氏春秋) | 吕 | 氏 | 春秋 |
* 呂氏春秋

### Etymology

Named after Qin politician 呂不韋.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Lǚshìchūnqiū
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄩˇ ㄕˋ ㄔㄨㄣ ㄑㄧㄡ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): leoi$^5$ si$^6$ ceon$^1$ cau$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Lǚshìchūnqiū
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄩˇ ㄕˋ ㄔㄨㄣ ㄑㄧㄡ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Lyǔshìhchunciou
*** Wade–Giles: Lü$^3$-shih$^4$-chʻun$^1$-chʻiu$^1$
*** Yale: Lyǔ-shr̀-chwūn-chyōu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Leushyhchuenchiou
*** Palladius: Люйшичуньцю (Ljujšičunʹcju)
*** Sinological IPA : /ly²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: leoi$^5$ si$^6$ ceon$^1$ cau$^1$
*** Yale: léuih sih chēun chāu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: loey$^5$ si$^6$ tsoen$^1$ tsau$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lêu$^5$ xi$^6$ cên$^1$ ceo$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɵy̯¹³ siː²² t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵ t͡sʰɐu̯⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: ljoX dzyeX tsyhwin tshjuw
Rime :
| Character | 呂 | 氏 | 春 | 秋 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 3/3 | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 常 (25) | 昌 (24) | 清 (14) |
| Final (韻) | 魚 (22) | 支 (11) | 諄 (47) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III | III | III |
| Fanqie | 力舉切 | 承紙切 | 昌脣切 | 七由切 |
| Baxter | ljoX | dzyeX | tsyhwin | tshjuw |
| Reconstructions |||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɨʌ$^X$/ | /d͡ʑiᴇ$^X$/ | /t͡ɕʰiuɪn/ | /t͡sʰɨu/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /liɔ$^X$/ | /d͡ʑiɛ$^X$/ | /t͡ɕʰʷin/ | /t͡sʰiu/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /liɔ$^X$/ | /d͡ʑjɛ$^X$/ | /t͡ɕʰjuen/ | /t͡sʰiəu/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lɨə̆$^X$/ | /d͡ʑiə̆$^X$/ | /cʰwin/ | /t͡sʰuw/ |
| Li Rong | /liɔ$^X$/ | /ʑie$^X$/ | /t͡ɕʰiuĕn/ | /t͡sʰiu/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭo$^X$/ | /ʑǐe$^X$/ | /t͡ɕʰĭuĕn/ | /t͡sʰĭəu/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /li̯wo$^X$/ | /ʑie̯$^X$/ | /t͡ɕʰi̯uĕn/ | /t͡sʰi̯ə̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lǚ | shì | chūn | qiū |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | leoi$^5$ | si$^6$ | ceon$^1$ | cau$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]aʔ k.deʔ tʰun tsʰiw/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·raʔ ɡjeʔ tʰjun sʰɯw/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 呂 | 氏 | 春 | 秋 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | lǚ | shì | chūn | qiū |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ljo$^X$ › | ‹ dzye$^X$ › | ‹ tsyhwin › | ‹ tshjuw › |
| Old Chinese | /*[r]aʔ/ | /*k.deʔ/ | /*tʰun/ | /*tsʰiw/ |
| English | spine; pitch-pipe | clan | springtime | autumn; crop |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 呂 | 氏 | 春 | 秋 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 3/3 | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 8579 | 11523 | 12573 | 10537 |
| Phonetic component | 呂 | 氏 | 屯 | 秋 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 支 | 文 | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 吕 | 是 | 春 | 秋 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡ·raʔ/ | /*ɡjeʔ/ | /*tʰjun/ | /*sʰɯw/ |
| Notes | 甲金文象鑄青銅器用的鋌塊， 中不連，非膂初文 | 甲金文象人俯伏手臂下據着地（右下菱形象封土， 指胙土命氏，金文省爲圓點），以表對氏族份地的禮敬， 後轉註爲坁祇， 非乁聲 | 說文從艸從日屯聲， 實屯繁化轉註字 | |

### Proper noun

呂氏春秋
* Lüshi Chunqiu; Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals

#### Synonyms

* 呂覽／吕览 (Lǚlǎn)