# 戰戰兢兢
## Chinese

| trad. (戰戰兢兢) | trad. (戰戰兢兢) | 戰戰 | 兢兢 |
| simp. (战战兢兢) | simp. (战战兢兢) | 战战 | 兢兢 |
| AABB-type reduplication of 戰兢／战兢 ||||

### Etymology

From the Classic of Poetry, poem 195 (《詩經·小雅·小旻》):
    戰戰兢兢，如臨深淵，如履薄冰。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]战战兢兢，如临深渊，如履薄冰。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's versionZhànzhàn jīngjīng, rú lín shēnyuān, rú lǚ bóbīng. [Pinyin]We should be apprehensive and careful, As if we were on the brink of a deep gulf, As if we were treading on thin ice.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhànzhànjīngjīng
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄢˋ ㄓㄢˋ ㄐㄧㄥ ㄐㄧㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zin$^3$ zin$^3$ ging$^1$ ging$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhànzhànjīngjīng
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄢˋ ㄓㄢˋ ㄐㄧㄥ ㄐㄧㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhànjhànjingjing
*** Wade–Giles: chan$^4$-chan$^4$-ching$^1$-ching$^1$
*** Yale: jàn-jàn-jīng-jīng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jannjannjingjing
*** Palladius: чжаньчжаньцзинцзин (čžanʹčžanʹczinczin)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂän⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂän⁵¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zin$^3$ zin$^3$ ging$^1$ ging$^1$
*** Yale: jin jin gīng gīng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzin$^3$ dzin$^3$ ging$^1$ ging$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: jin$^3$ jin$^3$ ging$^1$ ging$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siːn³³ t͡siːn³³ kɪŋ⁵⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: tsyenH tsyenH king king
Rime :
| Character | 戰 | 兢 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 章 (23) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 仙 (77) | 蒸 (133) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 之膳切 | 居陵切 |
| Baxter | tsyenH | king |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕiᴇn$^H$/ | /kɨŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕiɛn$^H$/ | /kɨŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕjæn$^H$/ | /kieŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /cian$^H$/ | /kiŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕiɛn$^H$/ | /kiəŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕĭɛn$^H$/ | /kĭəŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /t͡ɕi̯ɛn$^H$/ | /ki̯əŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhàn | jīng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zin$^3$ | ging$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tar-s tar-s k(r)əŋ k(r)əŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tjans tjans kɯŋ kɯŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 戰 | 戰 | 兢 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhàn | zhàn | jīng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsyen$^H$ › | ‹ tsyen$^H$ › | ‹ king › |
| Old Chinese | /*tar-s/ | /*tar-s/ | /*k(r)əŋ/ |
| English | to fear | battle | cautious |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 戰 | 兢 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 2019 | 6845 |
| Phonetic component | 單 | 兢 |
| Rime group | 元 | 蒸 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 戰 | 兢 |
| Old Chinese | /*tjans/ | /*kɯŋ/ |

### Idiom

戰戰兢兢
* (ideophonic) trembling with fear; apprehensive and careful; fearful and cautious

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 戦(せん)々(せん)恐(きょう)々(きょう) (sensenkyōkyō)
* → Korean: 전전긍긍(戰戰兢兢) (jeonjeon'geunggeung)

#### See also

* 戰兢兢／战兢兢