# 忠告
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhōnggào, zhōnggù
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄠˋ, ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zung$^1$ guk$^1$ / zung$^1$ gou$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chûng-ko
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tiong-kò / tiong-kò͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dong$^1$ gao$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$tson-kau
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhōnggào
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄠˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhonggào
*** Wade–Giles: chung$^1$-kao$^4$
*** Yale: jūng-gàu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jonggaw
*** Palladius: чжунгао (čžungao)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ kɑʊ̯⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, literary)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhōnggù
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhonggù
*** Wade–Giles: chung$^1$-ku$^4$
*** Yale: jūng-gù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jongguh
*** Palladius: чжунгу (čžungu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zung$^1$ guk$^1$ / zung$^1$ gou$^3$
*** Yale: jūng gūk / jūng gou
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzung$^1$ guk$^7$ / dzung$^1$ gou$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zung$^1$ gug$^1$ / zung$^1$ gou$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʊk̚⁵/, /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kou̯³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chûng-ko
*** Hakka Romanization System: zung$^ˊ$ go
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zung$^1$ go$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ko⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiong-kò
*** Tâi-lô: tiong-kò
*** Phofsit Daibuun: diongkoix
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ko²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ko¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ²¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiong-kò͘
*** Tâi-lô: tiong-kòo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: diongkox
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ³³ kɔ⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: dong$^1$ gao$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tong kàu
*** Sinological IPA : /toŋ³³⁻²³ kau²¹³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$tson-kau
*** MiniDict: tson$^平$ kau
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$tson-kau
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡soŋ⁵⁵ kɔ²¹/
* Middle Chinese: trjuwng kowk
Rime :
| Character | 忠 | 告 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 知 (9) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (2) | 沃 (6) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 陟弓切 | 古沃切 |
| Baxter | trjuwng | kowk |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʈɨuŋ/ | /kuok̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈiuŋ/ | /kuok̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȶiuŋ/ | /kok̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈuwŋ/ | /kawk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ȶiuŋ/ | /kok̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ȶĭuŋ/ | /kuok̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ȶi̯uŋ/ | /kuok̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhōng | gu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zung$^1$ | guk$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*truŋ kˤuk/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tuŋ kuːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 忠 | 告 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhōng | gào |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ trjuwng › | ‹ kowk › |
| Old Chinese | /*truŋ/ | /*kˁuk/ |
| English | loyal | announce, inform |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 忠 | 告 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| No. | 17408 | 3818 |
| Phonetic component | 中 | 吿 |
| Rime group | 終 | 覺 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 中 | 梏 |
| Old Chinese | /*tuŋ/ | /*kuːɡ/ |

### Noun

忠告
* advice; recommendation; counsel

#### Synonyms

* 勸告／劝告 (quàngào)

### Verb

忠告
* to advise

#### Synonyms

* 勸告／劝告 (quàngào)
* 勸導／劝导 (quàndǎo)
* 勸解／劝解 (quànjiě)
* 勸誡／劝诫 (quànjiè)
* 告誡／告诫 (gàojiè)
* 奉勸／奉劝 (fèngquàn) (honorific)
* 懲／惩 (chéng) (literary, or in compounds)
* 戒飭／戒饬 (jièchì)
* 提醒 (tíxǐng)
* 正告 (zhènggào)
* 相勸／相劝 (xiāngquàn) (literary)
* 規／规 (literary, or in compounds)
* 規勸／规劝 (guīquàn)
* 誘／诱 (yòu) (literary, or in compounds)
* 諧喙／谐喙 (Quanzhou Hokkien)
* 諫訓／谏训 (jiànxùn) (literary)
* 警告 (jǐnggào)
* 警示 (jǐngshì)
* 警誡／警诫 (jǐngjiè) (literary)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 忠(ちゅう)告(こく) (chūkoku)
* → Korean: 충고(忠告) (chunggo)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 忠 | 告 |
| ちゅう Grade: 6 | こく Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 忠吿 (kyūjitai)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ちゅうこく [chùúkókú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [t͡ɕɨːko̞kɯ̟]

### Noun

忠(ちゅう)告(こく) • (chūkoku)
* advice

### Verb

忠(ちゅう)告(こく)する • (chūkoku suru) transitive suru (stem 忠(ちゅう)告(こく)し (chūkoku shi), past 忠(ちゅう)告(こく)した (chūkoku shita))
* advise
    気(き)を付(つ)けるようにと忠告(ちゅうこく)する
       ki o tsukeru yō ni to chūkoku suru
       advise to be careful

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 忠告し | ちゅうこくし | chūkoku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 忠告し | ちゅうこくし | chūkoku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 忠告する | ちゅうこくする | chūkoku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 忠告する | ちゅうこくする | chūkoku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 忠告すれ | ちゅうこくすれ | chūkoku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 忠告せよ¹ 忠告しろ² | ちゅうこくせよ¹ ちゅうこくしろ² | chūkoku seyo¹ chūkoku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 忠告される | ちゅうこくされる | chūkoku sareru |
| Causative | 忠告させる 忠告さす | ちゅうこくさせる ちゅうこくさす | chūkoku saseru chūkoku sasu |
| Potential | 忠告できる | ちゅうこくできる | chūkoku dekiru |
| Volitional | 忠告しよう | ちゅうこくしよう | chūkoku shiyō |
| Negative | 忠告しない | ちゅうこくしない | chūkoku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 忠告せず | ちゅうこくせず | chūkoku sezu |
| Formal | 忠告します | ちゅうこくします | chūkoku shimasu |
| Perfective | 忠告した | ちゅうこくした | chūkoku shita |
| Conjunctive | 忠告して | ちゅうこくして | chūkoku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 忠告すれば | ちゅうこくすれば | chūkoku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 忠 | 告 |

### Noun

忠告 • (chunggo) (hangeul 충고)
* hanja form of 충고 (“advice”)