# 希望
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xīwàng
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧ ㄨㄤˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hei$^1$ mong$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hî-mong
* Eastern Min (BUC): hĭ-uông
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hi-bāng / hi-bōng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hi$^1$ mo$^7$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$shi-maon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xīwàng
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧ ㄨㄤˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siwàng
*** Wade–Giles: hsi$^1$-wang$^4$
*** Yale: syī-wàng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiwanq
*** Palladius: сиван (sivan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi⁵⁵ wɑŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hei$^1$ mong$^6$
*** Yale: hēi mohng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hei$^1$ mong$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: héi$^1$ mong$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /hei̯⁵⁵ mɔːŋ²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hî-mong
*** Hakka Romanization System: hi$^ˊ$ mong
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hi$^1$ mong$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /hi²⁴⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hĭ-uông
*** Sinological IPA : /hi⁵⁵⁻⁵³ uɔŋ²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hi-bāng
*** Tâi-lô: hi-bāng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hi'bang
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hi⁴⁴⁻³³ baŋ³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hi³³ baŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hi⁴⁴⁻²² baŋ²²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hi-bōng
*** Tâi-lô: hi-bōng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hi'bong
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hi³³ bɔŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hi⁴⁴⁻³³ bɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hi⁴⁴⁻²² bɔŋ²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hi$^1$ mo$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hi mō
*** Sinological IPA : /hi³³⁻²³ mo¹¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$shi-maon
*** MiniDict: shi$^平$ maon
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$xi-maan
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɕi⁵⁵ mɑ̃²¹/
* Middle Chinese: xj+j mjang|mjangH
Rime :
| Character | 希 | 望 | 望 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) | 明 (4) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 微 (20) | 陽 (106) | 陽 (106) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III | III |
| Fanqie | 香衣切 | 武方切 | 巫放切 |
| Baxter | xj+j | mjang | mjangH |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hɨi/ | /mʉɐŋ/ | /mʉɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /hɨi/ | /mʷiɐŋ/ | /mʷiɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xiəi/ | /miuɑŋ/ | /miuɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /hɨj/ | /muaŋ/ | /muaŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /xiəi/ | /miuaŋ/ | /miuaŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /xĭəi/ | /mĭwaŋ/ | /mĭwaŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /xe̯i/ | /miwaŋ/ | /miwaŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xī | wáng | wàng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hei$^1$ | mong$^4$ | mong$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰəj maŋ|maŋ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hlɯl maŋ|maŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 希 | 望 | 望 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xī | wàng | wàng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xjɨj › | ‹ mjang › | ‹ mjang$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰəj/ | /*maŋ/ | /*maŋ-s/ |
| English | thin, sparse | look at from a distance | look at from a distance |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 希 | 望 | 望 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 13250 | 12667 | 12686 |
| Phonetic component | 希 | 亡 | 亡 |
| Rime group | 微 | 陽 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 希 | 亡 | 妄 |
| Old Chinese | /*hlɯl/ | /*maŋ/ | /*maŋs/ |

### Noun

希望
* hope; wish (feeling of desire for something to happen)
    希望工程 ― xīwàng gōngchéng ― Project Hope
       Suǒyǒu de xīwàng dōu pòmiè le. [Pinyin]
       All hope was lost.
* hope (a person or thing that may help someone)
       Nǐ shì wǒ wéiyī de xīwàng. [Pinyin]
       You are my only hope.
       Wǒ kàn bù dào xīwàng, zhǎo bù dào chūlù. [Pinyin]
       I can't see any hope — and I can't find a way out.

#### Synonyms

* (hope):
* 希冀 (xījì) (literary)
* 心願／心愿 (xīnyuàn)
* 志意 (zhìyì) (literary)
* 志願／志愿 (zhìyuàn)
* 想兒／想儿 (xiǎngr) (Beijing Mandarin)
* 意願／意愿 (yìyuàn)
* 慾望／欲望 (yùwàng)
* 指望 (zhǐwàng)
* 期冀 (qījì) (literary)
* 期望 (qīwàng)
* 祈願／祈愿 (qíyuàn)
* 願／愿 (yuàn)
* 願望／愿望 (yuànwàng)

### Verb

希望
* to hope; to wish
       Xīwàng nǐ míngtiān néng lái. [Pinyin]
       I hope you can come tomorrow.
       Xīwàng méiyǒu ràng nín děng tài jiǔ. [Pinyin]
       I hope I didn't make you wait too long.
       Xīwàng nǐ yīqiè dōu hǎo. [Pinyin]
       Wish you all the best.
       Xīwàng nǐ néng zǎodiǎn hǎo. [Pinyin]
       Get well soon.
       Tā xīwàng nénggòu zài xuéshùshǐ shàng liúmíng. [Pinyin]
       She hopes to be able to make a name for herself in the history of scholarship.
* (literary) to look up
* (literary) to cater to

#### Synonyms

* (to hope):
* 企待 (qǐdài) (literary)
* 企望 (qǐwàng)
* 企盼 (qǐpàn)
* 冀望 (jìwàng) (literary)
* 向望 (ǹg-bāng) (Hokkien)
* 夢想／梦想 (mèngxiǎng)
* 寄望 (jìwàng)
* 巴望 (bāwàng) (regional)
* 希冀 (xījì) (literary)
* 幸 (xìng) (literary)
* 引領／引领 (yǐnlǐng) (literary)
* 思 (literary, or in compounds)
* 想望 (xion$^2$ von$^3$) (Jin)
* 承望 (chéngwàng)
* 指望 (zhǐwàng)
* 期冀 (qījì) (literary)
* 期待 (qīdài)
* 期望 (qīwàng)
* 渴望 (kěwàng)
* 盼 (pàn)
* 盼望 (pànwàng)
* 願／愿 (yuàn)
* 願意／愿意 (yuànyì)
* 鵠望／鹄望 (húwàng) (literary)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 希(き)望(ぼう) (kibō)
* → Korean: 희망(希望) (huimang)
* → Vietnamese: hi vọng (希望)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 希 | 望 |
| き Grade: 4 | ぼう Grade: 4 |
| kan'on ||
* Alternative spelling
* 冀望 (rare)

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) きぼー [kìbóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kʲibo̞ː]
* Audio:(file)

#### Noun

希(き)望(ぼう) • (kibō)
* hope (expectations)
    希望(きぼう)を失(うしな)う ― kibō o ushinau ― to lose hope
    希望(きぼう)を与(あた)える ― kibō o ataeru ― to give someone hope
* wish; hope; desire
    Synonyms: 願い (negai), 望み (nozomi)
    希望(きぼう)が叶(かな)う ― kibō ga kanau ― a wish comes true
* (with ordinals (第)) that which one hopes for
    第一(だいいち)希望(きぼう)の大学(だいがく)
       dai-ichi kibō no daigaku
       first choice for university

#### Verb

希(き)望(ぼう)する • (kibō suru) transitive suru (stem 希(き)望(ぼう)し (kibō shi), past 希(き)望(ぼう)した (kibō shita))
* to wish for; to hope for
    参加(さんか)を希望(きぼう)します。
       Sanka o kibō shimasu.
       I hope for your participation.

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 希望し | きぼうし | kibō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 希望し | きぼうし | kibō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 希望する | きぼうする | kibō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 希望する | きぼうする | kibō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 希望すれ | きぼうすれ | kibō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 希望せよ¹ 希望しろ² | きぼうせよ¹ きぼうしろ² | kibō seyo¹ kibō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 希望される | きぼうされる | kibō sareru |
| Causative | 希望させる 希望さす | きぼうさせる きぼうさす | kibō saseru kibō sasu |
| Potential | 希望できる | きぼうできる | kibō dekiru |
| Volitional | 希望しよう | きぼうしよう | kibō shiyō |
| Negative | 希望しない | きぼうしない | kibō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 希望せず | きぼうせず | kibō sezu |
| Formal | 希望します | きぼうします | kibō shimasu |
| Perfective | 希望した | きぼうした | kibō shita |
| Conjunctive | 希望して | きぼうして | kibō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 希望すれば | きぼうすれば | kibō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

##### Derived terms

* キボンヌ (kibonnu)

#### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

### Etymology 2

Various nanori and irregular readings.

#### Proper noun

Kanji in this term :
| 希 | 望 |
| き Grade: 4 | ぼう Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||
Kanji in this term :
| 希 | 望 |
| き Grade: 4 | み Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi | nanori |
Kanji in this term :
| 希 | 望 |
| のぞ Grade: 4 | み Grade: 4 |
| nanori ||
希(き)望(ぼう) or 希(き)望(み) or 希望(きらり) or 希望(なるみ) or 希(のぞ)望(み) or 希望(のの) or 希望(ゆめ) • (Kibō or Kimi or Kirari or Narumi or Nozomi or Nono or Yume)
* a female given name
希望(のぞむ) • (Nozomu)
* a male given name

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 希 | 望 |

### Noun

希望 • (huimang) (hangeul 희망)
* hanja form of 희망 (“hope”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 希 | 望 |

### Noun

希望
* chữ Hán form of hi vọng (“hope”).

### Verb

希望
* chữ Hán form of hi vọng (“to hope”).