# 過ぎる
## Japanese

* Kanji in this term
* 過
* す Grade: 5
* kun'yomi

### Etymology

From Old Japanese 過ぐ (sugu). First attested in the Kojiki of 712.
Likely cognate with 挿げる (sugeru, “to pass a hole through something”), 直ぐ (sugu, “straight through”, adverb).
Reconstructed as deriving from Proto-Japonic *sunk-oi-.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) すぎる [sùgíꜜrù] (Nakadaka –)
* IPA: [sɨɡʲiɾɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「過ぎる」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 過ぎる | すぎる | [sùgíꜜrù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 過ぎろ | すぎろ | [sùgíꜜrò] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 過ぎられる | すぎられる | [sùgíráréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 過ぎさせる | すぎさせる | [sùgísáséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 過ぎられる | すぎられる | [sùgíráréꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 過ぎよう | すぎよー | [sùgíyóꜜò] |
| Negative | 過ぎない | すぎない | [sùgíꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 過ぎなかった | すぎなかった | [sùgíꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 過ぎます | すぎます | [sùgímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 過ぎた | すぎた | [súꜜgìtà] |
| Conjunctive | 過ぎて | すぎて | [súꜜgìtè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 過ぎれば | すぎれば | [sùgíꜜrèbà] |

### Verb

過(す)ぎる • (sugiru) intransitive ichidan (stem 過(す)ぎ (sugi), past 過(す)ぎた (sugita))
Japanese verb pair :
| active | 過ごす |
| mediopassive | 過ぎる |
* to pass by, to pass through; to go beyond
    あの子(こ)もおもちゃで遊(あそ)ぶ年(とし)は過(す)ぎるころだ。
       Ano ko mo omocha de asobu toshi wa sugiru koro da.
       He will soon be past playing with toys.
* to elapse; to exceed
    あれから半年(はんとし)が過(す)ぎた。
       Are kara hantoshi ga sugita.
       Half a year had passed since it had happened.
* to be excessive
    解釈違(かいしゃくちが)いが過(す)ぎる
       kaishaku chigai ga sugiru
       the difference in interpretation is too much
* (auxiliary, used with verbs and adjectives) too, too much
    その靴(くつ)は高(たか)すぎる。
       Sono kutsu wa takasugiru.
       These shoes are too expensive.
    大(おお)きすぎるからトランクに入(はい)らないぞ。
       Ōkisugiru kara toranku ni hairanai zo.
       Dude, it isn't going to fit into the trunk because it's too big.
    あまり酒(さけ)を飲(の)み過(す)ぎるのは、危険(きけん)だ。
       Amari sake o nomisugiru no wa, kiken da.
       It is dangerous to drink too much.
* (informal, used with nouns) Used for emphasis.
    誰(だれ)すぎる
       dare-sugiru
       literally who

#### Usage notes

* When used as an auxiliary, it is usually written in kana: すぎる (sugiru).
* Can also be attached to adjectives in some situations
   * 遠(とお)すぎる (tōsugiru): to be too far away; to be beyond reach
* When すぎる (sugiru) is attached to the end of other verbs and adjectives, it denotes the meaning of "too much".
* (verbs) The verb is directly attached to the stem or the continuative form (連用形(れんようけい) (ren'yōkei)) of the verb:
    飲(の)みすぎる (nomisugiru); to drink too much
    食(た)べすぎる (tabesugiru); to eat too much
    寝(ね)すぎる (nesugiru); to sleep too much
* (na-adjectives) The verb is simply attached to the adjectives:
    静(しず)かすぎる (shizukasugiru); too quiet
* (i-adjectives) The last い (i) is removed before attaching the verb:
    大(おお)きすぎる (ōkisugiru); too big
    高(たか)すぎる (takasugiru); too expensive

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 過ぎ | すぎ | sugi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 過ぎ | すぎ | sugi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 過ぎる | すぎる | sugiru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 過ぎる | すぎる | sugiru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 過ぎれ | すぎれ | sugire |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 過ぎよ¹ 過ぎろ² | すぎよ¹ すぎろ² | sugiyo¹ sugiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 過ぎられる | すぎられる | sugirareru |
| Causative | 過ぎさせる 過ぎさす | すぎさせる すぎさす | sugisaseru sugisasu |
| Potential | 過ぎられる 過ぎれる³ | すぎられる すぎれる³ | sugirareru sugireru³ |
| Volitional | 過ぎよう | すぎよう | sugiyō |
| Negative | 過ぎない 過ぎぬ 過ぎん | すぎない すぎぬ すぎん | suginai suginu sugin |
| Negative continuative | 過ぎず | すぎず | sugizu |
| Formal | 過ぎます | すぎます | sugimasu |
| Perfective | 過ぎた | すぎた | sugita |
| Conjunctive | 過ぎて | すぎて | sugite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 過ぎれば | すぎれば | sugireba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential ||||

#### Related terms

* すぐ (sugu, “soon”)
* 真(ま)っ直(す)ぐ (massugu, “straight, directly”)

### References

* ↑ “過”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN