# gqama
## Zulu
### Pronunciation

IPA: /ᶢǃʱaːma/

### Verb

-gqama
* (intransitive) to stand out
* (intransitive) to be famous, to be notorious, to be renowned

#### Inflection

Tone L :
| Infinitive | ukugqama |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Infinitive | ukugqama | ukungagqami |
| | Imperative | Imperative |
| | Simple | + object concord |
| Singular | gqama | -gqame |
| Plural | gqamani | -gqameni |
| | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyagqama, ngigqama | engigqamayo, engigqama | ngigqama | angigqami | engingagqami | ngingagqami |
| 2nd singular | uyagqama, ugqama | ogqamayo, ogqama | ugqama | awugqami | ongagqami | ungagqami |
| 1st plural | siyagqama, sigqama | esigqamayo, esigqama | sigqama | asigqami | esingagqami | singagqami |
| 2nd plural | niyagqama, nigqama | enigqamayo, enigqama | nigqama | anigqami | eningagqami | ningagqami |
| Class 1 | uyagqama, ugqama | ogqamayo, ogqama | egqama | akagqami | ongagqami | engagqami |
| Class 2 | bayagqama, bagqama | abagqamayo, abagqama | begqama | abagqami | abangagqami | bengagqami |
| Class 3 | uyagqama, ugqama | ogqamayo, ogqama | ugqama | awugqami | ongagqami | ungagqami |
| Class 4 | iyagqama, igqama | egqamayo, egqama | igqama | ayigqami | engagqami | ingagqami |
| Class 5 | liyagqama, ligqama | eligqamayo, eligqama | ligqama | aligqami | elingagqami | lingagqami |
| Class 6 | ayagqama, agqama | agqamayo, agqama | egqama | awagqami | angagqami | engagqami |
| Class 7 | siyagqama, sigqama | esigqamayo, esigqama | sigqama | asigqami | esingagqami | singagqami |
| Class 8 | ziyagqama, zigqama | ezigqamayo, ezigqama | zigqama | azigqami | ezingagqami | zingagqami |
| Class 9 | iyagqama, igqama | egqamayo, egqama | igqama | ayigqami | engagqami | ingagqami |
| Class 10 | ziyagqama, zigqama | ezigqamayo, ezigqama | zigqama | azigqami | ezingagqami | zingagqami |
| Class 11 | luyagqama, lugqama | olugqamayo, olugqama | lugqama | alugqami | olungagqami | lungagqami |
| Class 14 | buyagqama, bugqama | obugqamayo, obugqama | bugqama | abugqami | obungagqami | bungagqami |
| Class 15 | kuyagqama, kugqama | okugqamayo, okugqama | kugqama | akugqami | okungagqami | kungagqami |
| Class 17 | kuyagqama, kugqama | okugqamayo, okugqama | kugqama | akugqami | okungagqami | kungagqami |
| | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngigqamile, ngigqamē | engigqamile, engigqamē | ngigqamile, ngigqamē | angigqamanga | engingagqamanga | ngingagqamanga |
| 2nd singular | ugqamile, ugqamē | ogqamile, ogqamē | ugqamile, ugqamē | awugqamanga | ongagqamanga | ungagqamanga |
| 1st plural | sigqamile, sigqamē | esigqamile, esigqamē | sigqamile, sigqamē | asigqamanga | esingagqamanga | singagqamanga |
| 2nd plural | nigqamile, nigqamē | enigqamile, enigqamē | nigqamile, nigqamē | anigqamanga | eningagqamanga | ningagqamanga |
| Class 1 | ugqamile, ugqamē | ogqamile, ogqamē | egqamile, egqamē | akagqamanga | ongagqamanga | engagqamanga |
| Class 2 | bagqamile, bagqamē | abagqamile, abagqamē | begqamile, begqamē | abagqamanga | abangagqamanga | bengagqamanga |
| Class 3 | ugqamile, ugqamē | ogqamile, ogqamē | ugqamile, ugqamē | awugqamanga | ongagqamanga | ungagqamanga |
| Class 4 | igqamile, igqamē | egqamile, egqamē | igqamile, igqamē | ayigqamanga | engagqamanga | ingagqamanga |
| Class 5 | ligqamile, ligqamē | eligqamile, eligqamē | ligqamile, ligqamē | aligqamanga | elingagqamanga | lingagqamanga |
| Class 6 | agqamile, agqamē | agqamile, agqamē | egqamile, egqamē | awagqamanga | angagqamanga | engagqamanga |
| Class 7 | sigqamile, sigqamē | esigqamile, esigqamē | sigqamile, sigqamē | asigqamanga | esingagqamanga | singagqamanga |
| Class 8 | zigqamile, zigqamē | ezigqamile, ezigqamē | zigqamile, zigqamē | azigqamanga | ezingagqamanga | zingagqamanga |
| Class 9 | igqamile, igqamē | egqamile, egqamē | igqamile, igqamē | ayigqamanga | engagqamanga | ingagqamanga |
| Class 10 | zigqamile, zigqamē | ezigqamile, ezigqamē | zigqamile, zigqamē | azigqamanga | ezingagqamanga | zingagqamanga |
| Class 11 | lugqamile, lugqamē | olugqamile, olugqamē | lugqamile, lugqamē | alugqamanga | olungagqamanga | lungagqamanga |
| Class 14 | bugqamile, bugqamē | obugqamile, obugqamē | bugqamile, bugqamē | abugqamanga | obungagqamanga | bungagqamanga |
| Class 15 | kugqamile, kugqamē | okugqamile, okugqamē | kugqamile, kugqamē | akugqamanga | okungagqamanga | kungagqamanga |
| Class 17 | kugqamile, kugqamē | okugqamile, okugqamē | kugqamile, kugqamē | akugqamanga | okungagqamanga | kungagqamanga |
| | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngāgqama | engāgqama | ngāgqama | angigqamanga | engingagqamanga | ngingagqamanga |
| 2nd singular | wāgqama | owāgqama | wāgqama | awugqamanga | ongagqamanga | ungagqamanga |
| 1st plural | sāgqama | esāgqama | sāgqama | asigqamanga | esingagqamanga | singagqamanga |
| 2nd plural | nāgqama | enāgqama | nāgqama | anigqamanga | eningagqamanga | ningagqamanga |
| Class 1 | wāgqama | owāgqama | āgqama | akagqamanga | ongagqamanga | engagqamanga |
| Class 2 | bāgqama | abāgqama | bāgqama | abagqamanga | abangagqamanga | bengagqamanga |
| Class 3 | wāgqama | owāgqama | wāgqama | awugqamanga | ongagqamanga | ungagqamanga |
| Class 4 | yāgqama | eyāgqama | yāgqama | ayigqamanga | engagqamanga | ingagqamanga |
| Class 5 | lāgqama | elāgqama | lāgqama | aligqamanga | elingagqamanga | lingagqamanga |
| Class 6 | āgqama | āgqama | āgqama | awagqamanga | angagqamanga | engagqamanga |
| Class 7 | sāgqama | esāgqama | sāgqama | asigqamanga | esingagqamanga | singagqamanga |
| Class 8 | zāgqama | ezāgqama | zāgqama | azigqamanga | ezingagqamanga | zingagqamanga |
| Class 9 | yāgqama | eyāgqama | yāgqama | ayigqamanga | engagqamanga | ingagqamanga |
| Class 10 | zāgqama | ezāgqama | zāgqama | azigqamanga | ezingagqamanga | zingagqamanga |
| Class 11 | lwāgqama | olwāgqama | lwāgqama | alugqamanga | olungagqamanga | lungagqamanga |
| Class 14 | bāgqama | obāgqama | bāgqama | abugqamanga | obungagqamanga | bungagqamanga |
| Class 15 | kwāgqama | okwāgqama | kwāgqama | akugqamanga | okungagqamanga | kungagqamanga |
| Class 17 | kwāgqama | okwāgqama | kwāgqama | akugqamanga | okungagqamanga | kungagqamanga |
| | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngingagqama | — | ngingagqama | ngingegqame | — | ngingegqame |
| 2nd singular | ungagqama | — | ungagqama | ungegqame | — | ungegqame |
| 1st plural | singagqama | — | singagqama | singegqame | — | singegqame |
| 2nd plural | ningagqama | — | ningagqama | ningegqame | — | ningegqame |
| Class 1 | angagqama | — | engagqama | angegqame | — | engegqame |
| Class 2 | bangagqama | — | bengagqama | bangegqame | — | bengegqame |
| Class 3 | ungagqama | — | ungagqama | ungegqame | — | ungegqame |
| Class 4 | ingagqama | — | ingagqama | ingegqame | — | ingegqame |
| Class 5 | lingagqama | — | lingagqama | lingegqame | — | lingegqame |
| Class 6 | angagqama | — | engagqama | angegqame | — | engegqame |
| Class 7 | singagqama | — | singagqama | singegqame | — | singegqame |
| Class 8 | zingagqama | — | zingagqama | zingegqame | — | zingegqame |
| Class 9 | ingagqama | — | ingagqama | ingegqame | — | ingegqame |
| Class 10 | zingagqama | — | zingagqama | zingegqame | — | zingegqame |
| Class 11 | lungagqama | — | lungagqama | lungegqame | — | lungegqame |
| Class 14 | bungagqama | — | bungagqama | bungegqame | — | bungegqame |
| Class 15 | kungagqama | — | kungagqama | kungegqame | — | kungegqame |
| Class 17 | kungagqama | — | kungagqama | kungegqame | — | kungegqame |
| | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngizogqama | engizogqama | ngizogqama | angizugqama | engingezugqama | ngingezugqama |
| 2nd singular | uzogqama | ozogqama | uzogqama | awuzugqama | ongezugqama | ungezugqama |
| 1st plural | sizogqama | esizogqama | sizogqama | asizugqama | esingezugqama | singezugqama |
| 2nd plural | nizogqama | enizogqama | nizogqama | anizugqama | eningezugqama | ningezugqama |
| Class 1 | uzogqama | ozogqama | ezogqama | akazugqama | ongezugqama | engezugqama |
| Class 2 | bazogqama | abazogqama | bezogqama | abazugqama | abangezugqama | bengezugqama |
| Class 3 | uzogqama | ozogqama | uzogqama | awuzugqama | ongezugqama | ungezugqama |
| Class 4 | izogqama | ezogqama | izogqama | ayizugqama | engezugqama | ingezugqama |
| Class 5 | lizogqama | elizogqama | lizogqama | alizugqama | elingezugqama | lingezugqama |
| Class 6 | azogqama | azogqama | ezogqama | awazugqama | angezugqama | engezugqama |
| Class 7 | sizogqama | esizogqama | sizogqama | asizugqama | esingezugqama | singezugqama |
| Class 8 | zizogqama | ezizogqama | zizogqama | azizugqama | ezingezugqama | zingezugqama |
| Class 9 | izogqama | ezogqama | izogqama | ayizugqama | engezugqama | ingezugqama |
| Class 10 | zizogqama | ezizogqama | zizogqama | azizugqama | ezingezugqama | zingezugqama |
| Class 11 | luzogqama | oluzogqama | luzogqama | aluzugqama | olungezugqama | lungezugqama |
| Class 14 | buzogqama | obuzogqama | buzogqama | abuzugqama | obungezugqama | bungezugqama |
| Class 15 | kuzogqama | okuzogqama | kuzogqama | akuzugqama | okungezugqama | kungezugqama |
| Class 17 | kuzogqama | okuzogqama | kuzogqama | akuzugqama | okungezugqama | kungezugqama |
| | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyogqama | engiyogqama | ngiyogqama | angiyugqama | engingeyugqama | ngingeyugqama |
| 2nd singular | uyogqama | oyogqama | uyogqama | awuyugqama | ongeyugqama | ungeyugqama |
| 1st plural | siyogqama | esiyogqama | siyogqama | asiyugqama | esingeyugqama | singeyugqama |
| 2nd plural | niyogqama | eniyogqama | niyogqama | aniyugqama | eningeyugqama | ningeyugqama |
| Class 1 | uyogqama | oyogqama | eyogqama | akayugqama | ongeyugqama | engeyugqama |
| Class 2 | bayogqama | abayogqama | beyogqama | abayugqama | abangeyugqama | bengeyugqama |
| Class 3 | uyogqama | oyogqama | uyogqama | awuyugqama | ongeyugqama | ungeyugqama |
| Class 4 | iyogqama | eyogqama | iyogqama | ayiyugqama | engeyugqama | ingeyugqama |
| Class 5 | liyogqama | eliyogqama | liyogqama | aliyugqama | elingeyugqama | lingeyugqama |
| Class 6 | ayogqama | ayogqama | eyogqama | awayugqama | angeyugqama | engeyugqama |
| Class 7 | siyogqama | esiyogqama | siyogqama | asiyugqama | esingeyugqama | singeyugqama |
| Class 8 | ziyogqama | eziyogqama | ziyogqama | aziyugqama | ezingeyugqama | zingeyugqama |
| Class 9 | iyogqama | eyogqama | iyogqama | ayiyugqama | engeyugqama | ingeyugqama |
| Class 10 | ziyogqama | eziyogqama | ziyogqama | aziyugqama | ezingeyugqama | zingeyugqama |
| Class 11 | luyogqama | oluyogqama | luyogqama | aluyugqama | olungeyugqama | lungeyugqama |
| Class 14 | buyogqama | obuyogqama | buyogqama | abuyugqama | obungeyugqama | bungeyugqama |
| Class 15 | kuyogqama | okuyogqama | kuyogqama | akuyugqama | okungeyugqama | kungeyugqama |
| Class 17 | kuyogqama | okuyogqama | kuyogqama | akuyugqama | okungeyugqama | kungeyugqama |
| | Present subjunctive | Present subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngigqame | ngingagqami |
| 2nd singular | ugqame | ungagqami |
| 1st plural | sigqame | singagqami |
| 2nd plural | nigqame | ningagqami |
| Class 1 | agqame | angagqami |
| Class 2 | bagqame | bangagqami |
| Class 3 | ugqame | ungagqami |
| Class 4 | igqame | ingagqami |
| Class 5 | ligqame | lingagqami |
| Class 6 | agqame | angagqami |
| Class 7 | sigqame | singagqami |
| Class 8 | zigqame | zingagqami |
| Class 9 | igqame | ingagqami |
| Class 10 | zigqame | zingagqami |
| Class 11 | lugqame | lungagqami |
| Class 14 | bugqame | bungagqami |
| Class 15 | kugqame | kungagqami |
| Class 17 | kugqame | kungagqami |
| | Past subjunctive | Past subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngagqama | ngangagqama, angagqama, angangagqama |
| 2nd singular | wagqama | wangagqama, awagqama, awangagqama |
| 1st plural | sagqama | sangagqama, asagqama, asangagqama |
| 2nd plural | nagqama | nangagqama, anagqama, anangagqama |
| Class 1 | wagqama | wangagqama, akagqama, akangagqama |
| Class 2 | bagqama | bangagqama, abagqama, abangagqama |
| Class 3 | wagqama | wangagqama, awagqama, awangagqama |
| Class 4 | yagqama | yangagqama, ayagqama, ayangagqama |
| Class 5 | lagqama | langagqama, alagqama, alangagqama |
| Class 6 | agqama | angagqama, awagqama, awangagqama |
| Class 7 | sagqama | sangagqama, asagqama, asangagqama |
| Class 8 | zagqama | zangagqama, azagqama, azangagqama |
| Class 9 | yagqama | yangagqama, ayagqama, ayangagqama |
| Class 10 | zagqama | zangagqama, azagqama, azangagqama |
| Class 11 | lwagqama | lwangagqama, alwagqama, alwangagqama |
| Class 14 | bagqama | bangagqama, abagqama, abangagqama |
| Class 15 | kwagqama | kwangagqama, akwagqama, akwangagqama |
| Class 17 | kwagqama | kwangagqama, akwagqama, akwangagqama |

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “gqama”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “gqama (6.3)”