# gqamuka
## Zulu
### Pronunciation

IPA: /ᶢǃʱamúːɠa/

### Verb

-gqamúka
* (intransitive) to blaze up, to flame up, to flare up

#### Inflection

Tone H :
| Infinitive | ukugqamuka |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Infinitive | ukugqamuka | ukungagqamuki |
| | Imperative | Imperative |
| | Simple | + object concord |
| Singular | gqamuka | -gqamuke |
| Plural | gqamukani | -gqamukeni |
| | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyagqamuka, ngigqamuka | engigqamukayo, engigqamuka | ngigqamuka | angigqamuki | engingagqamuki | ngingagqamuki |
| 2nd singular | uyagqamuka, ugqamuka | ogqamukayo, ogqamuka | ugqamuka | awugqamuki | ongagqamuki | ungagqamuki |
| 1st plural | siyagqamuka, sigqamuka | esigqamukayo, esigqamuka | sigqamuka | asigqamuki | esingagqamuki | singagqamuki |
| 2nd plural | niyagqamuka, nigqamuka | enigqamukayo, enigqamuka | nigqamuka | anigqamuki | eningagqamuki | ningagqamuki |
| Class 1 | uyagqamuka, ugqamuka | ogqamukayo, ogqamuka | egqamuka | akagqamuki | ongagqamuki | engagqamuki |
| Class 2 | bayagqamuka, bagqamuka | abagqamukayo, abagqamuka | begqamuka | abagqamuki | abangagqamuki | bengagqamuki |
| Class 3 | uyagqamuka, ugqamuka | ogqamukayo, ogqamuka | ugqamuka | awugqamuki | ongagqamuki | ungagqamuki |
| Class 4 | iyagqamuka, igqamuka | egqamukayo, egqamuka | igqamuka | ayigqamuki | engagqamuki | ingagqamuki |
| Class 5 | liyagqamuka, ligqamuka | eligqamukayo, eligqamuka | ligqamuka | aligqamuki | elingagqamuki | lingagqamuki |
| Class 6 | ayagqamuka, agqamuka | agqamukayo, agqamuka | egqamuka | awagqamuki | angagqamuki | engagqamuki |
| Class 7 | siyagqamuka, sigqamuka | esigqamukayo, esigqamuka | sigqamuka | asigqamuki | esingagqamuki | singagqamuki |
| Class 8 | ziyagqamuka, zigqamuka | ezigqamukayo, ezigqamuka | zigqamuka | azigqamuki | ezingagqamuki | zingagqamuki |
| Class 9 | iyagqamuka, igqamuka | egqamukayo, egqamuka | igqamuka | ayigqamuki | engagqamuki | ingagqamuki |
| Class 10 | ziyagqamuka, zigqamuka | ezigqamukayo, ezigqamuka | zigqamuka | azigqamuki | ezingagqamuki | zingagqamuki |
| Class 11 | luyagqamuka, lugqamuka | olugqamukayo, olugqamuka | lugqamuka | alugqamuki | olungagqamuki | lungagqamuki |
| Class 14 | buyagqamuka, bugqamuka | obugqamukayo, obugqamuka | bugqamuka | abugqamuki | obungagqamuki | bungagqamuki |
| Class 15 | kuyagqamuka, kugqamuka | okugqamukayo, okugqamuka | kugqamuka | akugqamuki | okungagqamuki | kungagqamuki |
| Class 17 | kuyagqamuka, kugqamuka | okugqamukayo, okugqamuka | kugqamuka | akugqamuki | okungagqamuki | kungagqamuki |
| | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngigqamukile, ngigqamukē | engigqamukile, engigqamukē | ngigqamukile, ngigqamukē | angigqamukanga | engingagqamukanga | ngingagqamukanga |
| 2nd singular | ugqamukile, ugqamukē | ogqamukile, ogqamukē | ugqamukile, ugqamukē | awugqamukanga | ongagqamukanga | ungagqamukanga |
| 1st plural | sigqamukile, sigqamukē | esigqamukile, esigqamukē | sigqamukile, sigqamukē | asigqamukanga | esingagqamukanga | singagqamukanga |
| 2nd plural | nigqamukile, nigqamukē | enigqamukile, enigqamukē | nigqamukile, nigqamukē | anigqamukanga | eningagqamukanga | ningagqamukanga |
| Class 1 | ugqamukile, ugqamukē | ogqamukile, ogqamukē | egqamukile, egqamukē | akagqamukanga | ongagqamukanga | engagqamukanga |
| Class 2 | bagqamukile, bagqamukē | abagqamukile, abagqamukē | begqamukile, begqamukē | abagqamukanga | abangagqamukanga | bengagqamukanga |
| Class 3 | ugqamukile, ugqamukē | ogqamukile, ogqamukē | ugqamukile, ugqamukē | awugqamukanga | ongagqamukanga | ungagqamukanga |
| Class 4 | igqamukile, igqamukē | egqamukile, egqamukē | igqamukile, igqamukē | ayigqamukanga | engagqamukanga | ingagqamukanga |
| Class 5 | ligqamukile, ligqamukē | eligqamukile, eligqamukē | ligqamukile, ligqamukē | aligqamukanga | elingagqamukanga | lingagqamukanga |
| Class 6 | agqamukile, agqamukē | agqamukile, agqamukē | egqamukile, egqamukē | awagqamukanga | angagqamukanga | engagqamukanga |
| Class 7 | sigqamukile, sigqamukē | esigqamukile, esigqamukē | sigqamukile, sigqamukē | asigqamukanga | esingagqamukanga | singagqamukanga |
| Class 8 | zigqamukile, zigqamukē | ezigqamukile, ezigqamukē | zigqamukile, zigqamukē | azigqamukanga | ezingagqamukanga | zingagqamukanga |
| Class 9 | igqamukile, igqamukē | egqamukile, egqamukē | igqamukile, igqamukē | ayigqamukanga | engagqamukanga | ingagqamukanga |
| Class 10 | zigqamukile, zigqamukē | ezigqamukile, ezigqamukē | zigqamukile, zigqamukē | azigqamukanga | ezingagqamukanga | zingagqamukanga |
| Class 11 | lugqamukile, lugqamukē | olugqamukile, olugqamukē | lugqamukile, lugqamukē | alugqamukanga | olungagqamukanga | lungagqamukanga |
| Class 14 | bugqamukile, bugqamukē | obugqamukile, obugqamukē | bugqamukile, bugqamukē | abugqamukanga | obungagqamukanga | bungagqamukanga |
| Class 15 | kugqamukile, kugqamukē | okugqamukile, okugqamukē | kugqamukile, kugqamukē | akugqamukanga | okungagqamukanga | kungagqamukanga |
| Class 17 | kugqamukile, kugqamukē | okugqamukile, okugqamukē | kugqamukile, kugqamukē | akugqamukanga | okungagqamukanga | kungagqamukanga |
| | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngāgqamuka | engāgqamuka | ngāgqamuka | angigqamukanga | engingagqamukanga | ngingagqamukanga |
| 2nd singular | wāgqamuka | owāgqamuka | wāgqamuka | awugqamukanga | ongagqamukanga | ungagqamukanga |
| 1st plural | sāgqamuka | esāgqamuka | sāgqamuka | asigqamukanga | esingagqamukanga | singagqamukanga |
| 2nd plural | nāgqamuka | enāgqamuka | nāgqamuka | anigqamukanga | eningagqamukanga | ningagqamukanga |
| Class 1 | wāgqamuka | owāgqamuka | āgqamuka | akagqamukanga | ongagqamukanga | engagqamukanga |
| Class 2 | bāgqamuka | abāgqamuka | bāgqamuka | abagqamukanga | abangagqamukanga | bengagqamukanga |
| Class 3 | wāgqamuka | owāgqamuka | wāgqamuka | awugqamukanga | ongagqamukanga | ungagqamukanga |
| Class 4 | yāgqamuka | eyāgqamuka | yāgqamuka | ayigqamukanga | engagqamukanga | ingagqamukanga |
| Class 5 | lāgqamuka | elāgqamuka | lāgqamuka | aligqamukanga | elingagqamukanga | lingagqamukanga |
| Class 6 | āgqamuka | āgqamuka | āgqamuka | awagqamukanga | angagqamukanga | engagqamukanga |
| Class 7 | sāgqamuka | esāgqamuka | sāgqamuka | asigqamukanga | esingagqamukanga | singagqamukanga |
| Class 8 | zāgqamuka | ezāgqamuka | zāgqamuka | azigqamukanga | ezingagqamukanga | zingagqamukanga |
| Class 9 | yāgqamuka | eyāgqamuka | yāgqamuka | ayigqamukanga | engagqamukanga | ingagqamukanga |
| Class 10 | zāgqamuka | ezāgqamuka | zāgqamuka | azigqamukanga | ezingagqamukanga | zingagqamukanga |
| Class 11 | lwāgqamuka | olwāgqamuka | lwāgqamuka | alugqamukanga | olungagqamukanga | lungagqamukanga |
| Class 14 | bāgqamuka | obāgqamuka | bāgqamuka | abugqamukanga | obungagqamukanga | bungagqamukanga |
| Class 15 | kwāgqamuka | okwāgqamuka | kwāgqamuka | akugqamukanga | okungagqamukanga | kungagqamukanga |
| Class 17 | kwāgqamuka | okwāgqamuka | kwāgqamuka | akugqamukanga | okungagqamukanga | kungagqamukanga |
| | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngingagqamuka | — | ngingagqamuka | ngingegqamuke | — | ngingegqamuke |
| 2nd singular | ungagqamuka | — | ungagqamuka | ungegqamuke | — | ungegqamuke |
| 1st plural | singagqamuka | — | singagqamuka | singegqamuke | — | singegqamuke |
| 2nd plural | ningagqamuka | — | ningagqamuka | ningegqamuke | — | ningegqamuke |
| Class 1 | angagqamuka | — | engagqamuka | angegqamuke | — | engegqamuke |
| Class 2 | bangagqamuka | — | bengagqamuka | bangegqamuke | — | bengegqamuke |
| Class 3 | ungagqamuka | — | ungagqamuka | ungegqamuke | — | ungegqamuke |
| Class 4 | ingagqamuka | — | ingagqamuka | ingegqamuke | — | ingegqamuke |
| Class 5 | lingagqamuka | — | lingagqamuka | lingegqamuke | — | lingegqamuke |
| Class 6 | angagqamuka | — | engagqamuka | angegqamuke | — | engegqamuke |
| Class 7 | singagqamuka | — | singagqamuka | singegqamuke | — | singegqamuke |
| Class 8 | zingagqamuka | — | zingagqamuka | zingegqamuke | — | zingegqamuke |
| Class 9 | ingagqamuka | — | ingagqamuka | ingegqamuke | — | ingegqamuke |
| Class 10 | zingagqamuka | — | zingagqamuka | zingegqamuke | — | zingegqamuke |
| Class 11 | lungagqamuka | — | lungagqamuka | lungegqamuke | — | lungegqamuke |
| Class 14 | bungagqamuka | — | bungagqamuka | bungegqamuke | — | bungegqamuke |
| Class 15 | kungagqamuka | — | kungagqamuka | kungegqamuke | — | kungegqamuke |
| Class 17 | kungagqamuka | — | kungagqamuka | kungegqamuke | — | kungegqamuke |
| | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngizogqamuka | engizogqamuka | ngizogqamuka | angizugqamuka | engingezugqamuka | ngingezugqamuka |
| 2nd singular | uzogqamuka | ozogqamuka | uzogqamuka | awuzugqamuka | ongezugqamuka | ungezugqamuka |
| 1st plural | sizogqamuka | esizogqamuka | sizogqamuka | asizugqamuka | esingezugqamuka | singezugqamuka |
| 2nd plural | nizogqamuka | enizogqamuka | nizogqamuka | anizugqamuka | eningezugqamuka | ningezugqamuka |
| Class 1 | uzogqamuka | ozogqamuka | ezogqamuka | akazugqamuka | ongezugqamuka | engezugqamuka |
| Class 2 | bazogqamuka | abazogqamuka | bezogqamuka | abazugqamuka | abangezugqamuka | bengezugqamuka |
| Class 3 | uzogqamuka | ozogqamuka | uzogqamuka | awuzugqamuka | ongezugqamuka | ungezugqamuka |
| Class 4 | izogqamuka | ezogqamuka | izogqamuka | ayizugqamuka | engezugqamuka | ingezugqamuka |
| Class 5 | lizogqamuka | elizogqamuka | lizogqamuka | alizugqamuka | elingezugqamuka | lingezugqamuka |
| Class 6 | azogqamuka | azogqamuka | ezogqamuka | awazugqamuka | angezugqamuka | engezugqamuka |
| Class 7 | sizogqamuka | esizogqamuka | sizogqamuka | asizugqamuka | esingezugqamuka | singezugqamuka |
| Class 8 | zizogqamuka | ezizogqamuka | zizogqamuka | azizugqamuka | ezingezugqamuka | zingezugqamuka |
| Class 9 | izogqamuka | ezogqamuka | izogqamuka | ayizugqamuka | engezugqamuka | ingezugqamuka |
| Class 10 | zizogqamuka | ezizogqamuka | zizogqamuka | azizugqamuka | ezingezugqamuka | zingezugqamuka |
| Class 11 | luzogqamuka | oluzogqamuka | luzogqamuka | aluzugqamuka | olungezugqamuka | lungezugqamuka |
| Class 14 | buzogqamuka | obuzogqamuka | buzogqamuka | abuzugqamuka | obungezugqamuka | bungezugqamuka |
| Class 15 | kuzogqamuka | okuzogqamuka | kuzogqamuka | akuzugqamuka | okungezugqamuka | kungezugqamuka |
| Class 17 | kuzogqamuka | okuzogqamuka | kuzogqamuka | akuzugqamuka | okungezugqamuka | kungezugqamuka |
| | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyogqamuka | engiyogqamuka | ngiyogqamuka | angiyugqamuka | engingeyugqamuka | ngingeyugqamuka |
| 2nd singular | uyogqamuka | oyogqamuka | uyogqamuka | awuyugqamuka | ongeyugqamuka | ungeyugqamuka |
| 1st plural | siyogqamuka | esiyogqamuka | siyogqamuka | asiyugqamuka | esingeyugqamuka | singeyugqamuka |
| 2nd plural | niyogqamuka | eniyogqamuka | niyogqamuka | aniyugqamuka | eningeyugqamuka | ningeyugqamuka |
| Class 1 | uyogqamuka | oyogqamuka | eyogqamuka | akayugqamuka | ongeyugqamuka | engeyugqamuka |
| Class 2 | bayogqamuka | abayogqamuka | beyogqamuka | abayugqamuka | abangeyugqamuka | bengeyugqamuka |
| Class 3 | uyogqamuka | oyogqamuka | uyogqamuka | awuyugqamuka | ongeyugqamuka | ungeyugqamuka |
| Class 4 | iyogqamuka | eyogqamuka | iyogqamuka | ayiyugqamuka | engeyugqamuka | ingeyugqamuka |
| Class 5 | liyogqamuka | eliyogqamuka | liyogqamuka | aliyugqamuka | elingeyugqamuka | lingeyugqamuka |
| Class 6 | ayogqamuka | ayogqamuka | eyogqamuka | awayugqamuka | angeyugqamuka | engeyugqamuka |
| Class 7 | siyogqamuka | esiyogqamuka | siyogqamuka | asiyugqamuka | esingeyugqamuka | singeyugqamuka |
| Class 8 | ziyogqamuka | eziyogqamuka | ziyogqamuka | aziyugqamuka | ezingeyugqamuka | zingeyugqamuka |
| Class 9 | iyogqamuka | eyogqamuka | iyogqamuka | ayiyugqamuka | engeyugqamuka | ingeyugqamuka |
| Class 10 | ziyogqamuka | eziyogqamuka | ziyogqamuka | aziyugqamuka | ezingeyugqamuka | zingeyugqamuka |
| Class 11 | luyogqamuka | oluyogqamuka | luyogqamuka | aluyugqamuka | olungeyugqamuka | lungeyugqamuka |
| Class 14 | buyogqamuka | obuyogqamuka | buyogqamuka | abuyugqamuka | obungeyugqamuka | bungeyugqamuka |
| Class 15 | kuyogqamuka | okuyogqamuka | kuyogqamuka | akuyugqamuka | okungeyugqamuka | kungeyugqamuka |
| Class 17 | kuyogqamuka | okuyogqamuka | kuyogqamuka | akuyugqamuka | okungeyugqamuka | kungeyugqamuka |
| | Present subjunctive | Present subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngigqamuke | ngingagqamuki |
| 2nd singular | ugqamuke | ungagqamuki |
| 1st plural | sigqamuke | singagqamuki |
| 2nd plural | nigqamuke | ningagqamuki |
| Class 1 | agqamuke | angagqamuki |
| Class 2 | bagqamuke | bangagqamuki |
| Class 3 | ugqamuke | ungagqamuki |
| Class 4 | igqamuke | ingagqamuki |
| Class 5 | ligqamuke | lingagqamuki |
| Class 6 | agqamuke | angagqamuki |
| Class 7 | sigqamuke | singagqamuki |
| Class 8 | zigqamuke | zingagqamuki |
| Class 9 | igqamuke | ingagqamuki |
| Class 10 | zigqamuke | zingagqamuki |
| Class 11 | lugqamuke | lungagqamuki |
| Class 14 | bugqamuke | bungagqamuki |
| Class 15 | kugqamuke | kungagqamuki |
| Class 17 | kugqamuke | kungagqamuki |
| | Past subjunctive | Past subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngagqamuka | ngangagqamuka, angagqamuka, angangagqamuka |
| 2nd singular | wagqamuka | wangagqamuka, awagqamuka, awangagqamuka |
| 1st plural | sagqamuka | sangagqamuka, asagqamuka, asangagqamuka |
| 2nd plural | nagqamuka | nangagqamuka, anagqamuka, anangagqamuka |
| Class 1 | wagqamuka | wangagqamuka, akagqamuka, akangagqamuka |
| Class 2 | bagqamuka | bangagqamuka, abagqamuka, abangagqamuka |
| Class 3 | wagqamuka | wangagqamuka, awagqamuka, awangagqamuka |
| Class 4 | yagqamuka | yangagqamuka, ayagqamuka, ayangagqamuka |
| Class 5 | lagqamuka | langagqamuka, alagqamuka, alangagqamuka |
| Class 6 | agqamuka | angagqamuka, awagqamuka, awangagqamuka |
| Class 7 | sagqamuka | sangagqamuka, asagqamuka, asangagqamuka |
| Class 8 | zagqamuka | zangagqamuka, azagqamuka, azangagqamuka |
| Class 9 | yagqamuka | yangagqamuka, ayagqamuka, ayangagqamuka |
| Class 10 | zagqamuka | zangagqamuka, azagqamuka, azangagqamuka |
| Class 11 | lwagqamuka | lwangagqamuka, alwagqamuka, alwangagqamuka |
| Class 14 | bagqamuka | bangagqamuka, abagqamuka, abangagqamuka |
| Class 15 | kwagqamuka | kwangagqamuka, akwagqamuka, akwangagqamuka |
| Class 17 | kwagqamuka | kwangagqamuka, akwagqamuka, akwangagqamuka |

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “gqamuka”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “gqamuka (3.2.9)”