# 講和
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiǎnghé
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄤˇ ㄏㄜˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gong$^2$ wo$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kóng-fò
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kóng-hô / káng-hô
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiǎnghé
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄤˇ ㄏㄜˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiǎnghé
*** Wade–Giles: chiang$^3$-ho$^2$
*** Yale: jyǎng-hé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jeangher
*** Palladius: цзянхэ (czjanxɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gong$^2$ wo$^4$
*** Yale: góng wòh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gong$^2$ wo$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gong$^2$ wo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔːŋ³⁵ wɔː²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kóng-fò
*** Hakka Romanization System: gong$^ˋ$ fo$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gong$^3$ fo$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /koŋ³¹ fo¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kóng-hô
*** Tâi-lô: kóng-hô
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kofnghooi
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɤ²³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: káng-hô
*** Tâi-lô: káng-hô
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kafnghooi
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kaŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɤ²³/

### Verb

講和
* to make peace; to settle a dispute; to become reconciled

#### Related terms

* 求和 (qiúhé)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 講 | 和 |
| こう Grade: 5 | わ Grade: 3 |
| kan'on | goon |
* Alternative spelling
* 媾和 (dated)

### Etymology

/kauwa/ → /kɔːwa/ → /koːwa/
講 is a daiyōji replacing 媾.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こーわ [kòówá] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ko̞ːβ̞a̠]

### Noun

講(こう)和(わ) • (kōwa)
* agreeing to end conflict and restore peace; reconciliation

#### Derived terms

* 講(こう)和(わ)条(じょう)約(やく) (kōwa jōyaku)
* 全(ぜん)面(めん)講(こう)和(わ) (zenmen kōwa)
* 単(たん)独(どく)講(こう)和(わ) (tandoku kōwa)

### Verb

講(こう)和(わ)する • (kōwa suru) intransitive suru (stem 講(こう)和(わ)し (kōwa shi), past 講(こう)和(わ)した (kōwa shita))
* to make peace

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 講和し | こうわし | kōwa shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 講和し | こうわし | kōwa shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 講和する | こうわする | kōwa suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 講和する | こうわする | kōwa suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 講和すれ | こうわすれ | kōwa sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 講和せよ¹ 講和しろ² | こうわせよ¹ こうわしろ² | kōwa seyo¹ kōwa shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 講和される | こうわされる | kōwa sareru |
| Causative | 講和させる 講和さす | こうわさせる こうわさす | kōwa saseru kōwa sasu |
| Potential | 講和できる | こうわできる | kōwa dekiru |
| Volitional | 講和しよう | こうわしよう | kōwa shiyō |
| Negative | 講和しない | こうわしない | kōwa shinai |
| Negative continuative | 講和せず | こうわせず | kōwa sezu |
| Formal | 講和します | こうわします | kōwa shimasu |
| Perfective | 講和した | こうわした | kōwa shita |
| Conjunctive | 講和して | こうわして | kōwa shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 講和すれば | こうわすれば | kōwa sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 講 | 和 |

### Noun

講和 • (ganghwa) (hangeul 강화)
* hanja form of 강화

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 講 | 和 |

### Verb

講和
* chữ Hán form of giảng hoà (“to make peace; to reconcile”).