# 堅守
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiānshǒu
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ ㄕㄡˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gin$^1$ sau$^2$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kiên-sú / kiân-sú
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kian-siú
    (Teochew, Peng'im): giang$^1$ siu$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiānshǒu
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ ㄕㄡˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jianshǒu
*** Wade–Giles: chien$^1$-shou$^3$
*** Yale: jyān-shǒu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jianshoou
*** Palladius: цзяньшоу (czjanʹšou)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$堅守／坚守 監守／监守
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gin$^1$ sau$^2$
*** Yale: gīn sáu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gin$^1$ sau$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gin$^1$ seo$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kiːn⁵⁵ sɐu̯³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiên-sú
*** Hakka Romanization System: gien$^ˊ$ su$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gian$^1$ su$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯en²⁴ su³¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiân-sú
*** Hakka Romanization System: gian$^ˊ$ su$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gian$^1$ su$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯an²⁴ su³¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian-siú
*** Tâi-lô: kian-siú
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiensiuo
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² siu⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɛn³³ siu⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² siu⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ siu⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ siu⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: giang$^1$ siu$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiang siú
*** Sinological IPA : /kiaŋ³³⁻²³ siu⁵²/
* Middle Chinese: ken syuwX
Rime :
| Character | 堅 | 守 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 書 (26) |
| Final (韻) | 先 (85) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | IV | III |
| Fanqie | 古賢切 | 書九切 |
| Baxter | ken | syuwX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ken/ | /ɕɨu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ken/ | /ɕiu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɛn/ | /ɕiəu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɛn/ | /ɕuw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ken/ | /ɕiu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /kien/ | /ɕĭəu$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kien/ | /ɕi̯ə̯u$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiān | shǒu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gin$^1$ | sau$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤi[ŋ] s-tuʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kiːn qʰljuʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 堅 | 守 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jiān | shǒu |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ken › | ‹ syuw$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁi[ŋ]/ | /*s-tuʔ/ |
| English | solid, strong | keep, guard |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 堅 | 守 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| No. | 1330 | 11666 |
| Phonetic component | 臣 | 守 |
| Rime group | 眞 | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 堅 | 首 |
| Old Chinese | /*kiːn/ | /*qʰljuʔ/ |
| Notes | | 從宀從寸象掌守護家業之事， 或許肘亦聲 |

### Verb

堅守
* to hole up in a place; to dig in and refuse to give up; to fight until the end without giving up; to vigorously defend oneself without giving up; to uphold

#### Synonyms

* 固守 (gùshǒu)