# 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽
## Gothic
### Etymology

𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺 (hrūk) +‎ -𐌾𐌰𐌽 (-jan).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈhruːk.jan/

### Verb

𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 • (hrūkjan)
* to crow (to make the sound of a rooster)
** 4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of Matthew (Codex Argenteus & Codex Ambrosianus C) 26.74:𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌿𐌷 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌽 𐌰𐍆𐌳𐍉𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐌽𐌹 𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌽 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽. 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌰.þanuh dugann afdōmjan jah swaran þatei ni kann þana mannan. jah suns hana hrukida.Then began he to curse and to swear, saying, I know not the man. And immediately the cock crew. (KJV).
** 4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of John (Codex Argenteus) 18.27:𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌿𐌷 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌹𐌺 𐍀𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍂𐌿𐍃, 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌰.þaruh aftra afaiaik paitrus, jah suns hana hrukida.Peter then denied again: and immediately the cock crew. (KJV).
** 4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of Mark (Codex Argenteus) 14.72:𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍅𐍉𐍀𐌹𐌳𐌰. 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰 𐍀𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍂𐌿𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳, 𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌵𐌰𐌸 𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌹𐌴𐍃𐌿𐍃, 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌼, 𐌹𐌽𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌹𐍃 𐌼𐌹𐌺 𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌼. 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌽 𐌲𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽.jah anþaramma sinþa hana wōpida. jah gamunda paitrus þata waurd, swē qaþ imma iēsus, þatei faurþizē hana hrukjai twaim sinþam, inwidis mik þrim sinþam. jah dugann greitan.And the second time the cock crew. And Peter called to mind the word that Jesus said unto him, Before the cock crow twice, thou shalt deny me thrice. And when he thought thereon, he wept. (KJV).

#### Usage notes

This word is one of several words that translate φωνέω (phōnéō, “to sound”), but it is used chiefly with reference to roosters, for which purpose 𐍅𐍉𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wōpjan, “to cry out, to call”) is also occasionally used. 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (haitan, “to call”), however, is never used this way.

#### Conjugation

Class 1 weak :
| Infinitive | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 hrūkjan | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 hrūkjan | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 hrūkjan |
| Indicative | Present | Past | Present passive |
| 1st singular | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰 hrūkja | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌰 hrūkida | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰 hrūkjada |
| 2nd singular | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃 hrūkeis | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐍃 hrūkidēs | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌶𐌰 hrūkjaza |
| 3rd singular | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌸 hrūkeiþ | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌰 hrūkida | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰 hrūkjada |
| 1st dual | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐍉𐍃 hrūkjōs | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿 hrūkidēdu | — |
| 2nd dual | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐍄𐍃 hrūkjats | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐍄𐍃 hrūkidēduts | — |
| 1st plural | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌼 hrūkjam | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌼 hrūkidēdum | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 hrūkjanda |
| 2nd plural | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌸 hrūkeiþ | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌸 hrūkidēduþ | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 hrūkjanda |
| 3rd plural | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 hrūkjand | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 hrūkidēdun | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 hrūkjanda |
| Subjunctive | Present | Past | Present passive |
| 1st singular | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌿 hrūkjau | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿 hrūkidēdjau | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 hrūkjaidau |
| 2nd singular | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍃 hrūkjais | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 hrūkidēdeis | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌿 hrūkjaizau |
| 3rd singular | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹 hrūkjai | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌹 hrūkidēdi | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 hrūkjaidau |
| 1st dual | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 hrūkjaiwa | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 hrūkidēdeiwa | — |
| 2nd dual | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 hrūkjaits | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 hrūkidēdeits | — |
| 1st plural | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 hrūkjaima | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 hrūkidēdeima | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 hrūkjaindau |
| 2nd plural | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌸 hrūkjaiþ | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌸 hrūkidēdeiþ | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 hrūkjaindau |
| 3rd plural | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 hrūkjaina | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 hrūkidēdeina | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 hrūkjaindau |
| Imperative | | | |
| 2nd singular | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌴𐌹 hrūkei | | |
| 3rd singular | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿 hrūkjadau | | |
| 2nd dual | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐍄𐍃 hrūkjats | | |
| 2nd plural | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌸 hrūkeiþ | | |
| 3rd plural | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 hrūkjandau | | |
| | Present | Past | |
| Participles | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 hrūkjands | 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌹𐌸𐍃 hrūkiþs | |

#### Synonyms

* 𐍅𐍉𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (wōpjan, “to cry, to call”)

#### Related terms

* 𐌷𐍂𐌿𐌺 (hrūk, “crow”)

#### See also

* 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌾𐍉𐌽 (baljōn, “to roar”)
* 𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌰 (hana, “rooster”)

### References

* ↑ Matthew chapter 26 Provided by Project Wulfila 2004, University of Antwerp, Belgium. Last modified on 2005-03-30 by TDH.
* ↑ John chapter 18 Provided by Project Wulfila 2004, University of Antwerp, Belgium. Last modified on 2015-09-29 by TDH.
* ↑ Mark chapter 14 Provided by Project Wulfila 2004, University of Antwerp, Belgium. Last modified on 2015-09-29 by TDH.

### Further reading

* Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986) “H.99 hruk”, in A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the 3rd ed. of Feist’s dictionary, Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 192
* Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910). Die gotische Bibel. Zweiter Teil: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, p. 60