# 匈奴
## Chinese

* 匈奴 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 匈奴 (Cantonese)
* 匈奴 (Classical)
* Hiûng-nù (Hakka)
* 匈奴 (Wu)

### Etymology

Schuessler (2014) reconstructs its 318 BCE pronunciation as *hoŋ-nâ and later *hɨoŋ-nɑ, which he suggests to be a Han or pre-Han transcription of foreign *Hŏna or *Hŭna, which may be connected to Sanskrit हूण (hūṇa), Huns, Latin Hunni, Ancient Greek Οὗννοι (Hoûnnoi) (ibid.; Pulleyblank, 2000).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Xiōngnú
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄩㄥ ㄋㄨˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hung$^1$ nou$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): Hiûng-nù
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): Hiong-lô͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hiong$^1$ nou$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Xiōngnú
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄥ ㄋㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Syongnú
*** Wade–Giles: Hsiung$^1$-nu$^2$
*** Yale: Syūng-nú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Shiongnu
*** Palladius: Сюнну (Sjunnu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ʊŋ⁵⁵ nu³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hung$^1$ nou$^4$
*** Yale: hūng nòuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hung$^1$ nou$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hung$^1$ nou$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /hʊŋ⁵⁵ nou̯²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Hiûng-nù
*** Hakka Romanization System: hiung$^ˊ$ nu$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hiung$^1$ nu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /hi̯uŋ²⁴ nu¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hiong-lô͘
*** Tâi-lô: Hiong-lôo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hiongloo
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hiɔŋ³³ lɔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hiong$^1$ nou$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiong nou
*** Sinological IPA : /hioŋ³³⁻²³ nou³³/
* Middle Chinese: xjowng nu
Rime :
| Character | 匈 | 奴 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) | 泥 (8) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 許容切 | 乃都切 |
| Baxter | xjowng | nu |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hɨoŋ/ | /nuo/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /hioŋ/ | /nuo/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xioŋ/ | /no/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /huawŋ/ | /nɔ/ |
| Li Rong | /xioŋ/ | /no/ |
| Wang Li | /xĭwoŋ/ | /nu/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /xi̯woŋ/ | /nuo/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xiōng | nú |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hung$^1$ | nou$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*qʰoŋ naː/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 奴 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | nú |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nu › |
| Old Chinese | /*nˁa/ |
| English | slave |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 匈 | 奴 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 13890 | 9600 |
| Phonetic component | 凶 | 女 |
| Rime group | 東 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 胷 | 奴 |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰoŋ/ | /*naː/ |
| Notes | 説文胷字見集韻 | |

### Proper noun

匈奴
* (historical) Xiongnu (ancient nomadic-based people that formed a state or confederation north of the agriculture-based empire of the Han dynasty)

#### Synonyms

* (Xin dynasty) 恭奴 (Gōngnú)
* (Zhou dynasty) 獫狁／猃狁, 玁狁／𤞤狁
* (Shang dynasty) 鬼方 (Guǐfāng)
* (Xia dynasty) 獯鬻 (Xūnyù), 葷粥／荤粥

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 匈(きょう)奴(ど) (Kyōdo)
* → Korean: 흉노(匈奴) (Hyungno)
* → Vietnamese: Hung Nô (匈奴)
* → English: Xiongnu
* → Russian: сю́нну (sjúnnu), сюнну́ (sjunnú)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 匈 | 奴 |
| きょう Hyōgai | ど Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||
Kanji in this term :
| 匈 | 奴 |
| Hyōgai | Grade: S |
| irregular ||

### Etymology 1
#### Proper noun

匈(きょう)奴(ど) • (Kyōdo)
* The Xiongnu peoples, the Huns

### Etymology 2
#### Proper noun

匈奴(フンヌ) or 匈奴(フン) • (Funnu or Fun)
* Hun

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 匈 | 奴 |

### Proper noun

匈奴 • (Hyungno) (hangeul 흉노)
* hanja form of 흉노 (“Xiongnu”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 匈 | 奴 |

### Proper noun

匈奴
* chữ Hán form of Hung Nô (“Xiongnu”).