# 殺伐
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shāfá, shāfā
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄚ ㄈㄚˊ, ㄕㄚ ㄈㄚ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): saat$^3$ fat$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shāfá
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄚ ㄈㄚˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shafá
*** Wade–Giles: sha$^1$-fa$^2$
*** Yale: shā-fá
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shafar
*** Palladius: шафа (šafa)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂä⁵⁵ fä³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shāfā
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄚ ㄈㄚ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shafa
*** Wade–Giles: sha$^1$-fa$^1$
*** Yale: shā-fā
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shafa
*** Palladius: шафа (šafa)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂä⁵⁵ fä⁵⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$殺伐／杀伐 沙發／沙发
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: saat$^3$ fat$^6$
*** Yale: saat faht
*** Cantonese Pinyin: saat$^8$ fat$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sad$^3$ fed$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /saːt̚³ fɐt̚²/
* Middle Chinese: sreat bjot
Rime :
| Character | 殺 | 伐 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 生 (21) | 並 (3) |
| Final (韻) | 鎋 (75) | 月 (68) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | II | III |
| Fanqie | 所八切 | 房越切 |
| Baxter | sreat | bjot |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʃˠɛt̚/ | /bʉɐt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʃᵚæt̚/ | /bʷiɐt̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʃæt̚/ | /biuɐt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʂəɨt̚/ | /buat̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ʃɛt̚/ | /biuɐt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ʃæt̚/ | /bĭwɐt̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ʂat̚/ | /bʱi̯wɐt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | sha | fá |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | saat$^3$ | faat$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s<r>at-s m-pat/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sreːd bad/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 殺 | 伐 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shài | fá |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ srɛj$^H$ › | ‹ bjot › |
| Old Chinese | /*s<r>at-s/ | /*m-pat/ |
| English | diminish | cut; strike; attack |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 殺 | 伐 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 11010 | 2859 |
| Phonetic component | 杀 | 伐 |
| Rime group | 月 | 月 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 殺 | 伐 |
| Old Chinese | /*sreːd/ | /*bad/ |

### Verb

殺伐
* (literary) to kill; to murder; to massacre
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    “Tài Shì” yuē: ‘Wǒ wǔ wéi yáng, qīn yú zhī jiāng, zé qǔ yú cán, shāfá yòng zhāng, yú Tāng yǒu guāng.’ [Pinyin]
    In the Great Declaration it is said, "My power shall be put forth, and, invading the territories of Shang, I will seize the oppressor. I will put him to death to punish him - so shall the greatness of my work appear, more glorious than that of Tang."

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 殺 | 伐 |
| さつ Grade: 5 | ばつ Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 殺伐 (kyūjitai)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) さつばつ [sàtsúbátsú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [sa̠t͡sɨba̠t͡sɨ]

### Adjective

殺(さつ)伐(ばつ) • (satsubatsu) $^†$-tari (adnominal 殺(さつ)伐(ばつ)とした (satsubatsu to shita) or 殺(さつ)伐(ばつ)たる (satsubatsu taru), adverbial 殺(さつ)伐(ばつ)と (satsubatsu to) or 殺(さつ)伐(ばつ)として (satsubatsu to shite))
* murderous, cruel
** 2001, "Yoshinoya copypasta"
    吉野家(よしのや)ってのはな、もっと殺伐(さつばつ)としてるべきなんだよ。
       Yoshinoya tte no wa na, motto satsubatsu to shiteru beki na n da yo.
       Yoshinoya really ought to have a harsher, more murderous air about it.

### Adjective

殺(さつ)伐(ばつ) • (satsubatsu) -na (adnominal 殺(さつ)伐(ばつ)な (satsubatsu na), adverbial 殺(さつ)伐(ばつ)に (satsubatsu ni))
* murderous, cruel

### Noun

殺(さつ)伐(ばつ) • (satsubatsu)
* murderousness, cruelty

### Verb

殺(さつ)伐(ばつ)する • (satsubatsu suru) suru (stem 殺(さつ)伐(ばつ)し (satsubatsu shi), past 殺(さつ)伐(ばつ)した (satsubatsu shita))
* to kill, to murder

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 殺伐し | さつばつし | satsubatsu shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 殺伐し | さつばつし | satsubatsu shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 殺伐する | さつばつする | satsubatsu suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 殺伐する | さつばつする | satsubatsu suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 殺伐すれ | さつばつすれ | satsubatsu sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 殺伐せよ¹ 殺伐しろ² | さつばつせよ¹ さつばつしろ² | satsubatsu seyo¹ satsubatsu shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 殺伐される | さつばつされる | satsubatsu sareru |
| Causative | 殺伐させる 殺伐さす | さつばつさせる さつばつさす | satsubatsu saseru satsubatsu sasu |
| Potential | 殺伐できる | さつばつできる | satsubatsu dekiru |
| Volitional | 殺伐しよう | さつばつしよう | satsubatsu shiyō |
| Negative | 殺伐しない | さつばつしない | satsubatsu shinai |
| Negative continuative | 殺伐せず | さつばつせず | satsubatsu sezu |
| Formal | 殺伐します | さつばつします | satsubatsu shimasu |
| Perfective | 殺伐した | さつばつした | satsubatsu shita |
| Conjunctive | 殺伐して | さつばつして | satsubatsu shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 殺伐すれば | さつばつすれば | satsubatsu sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN