# zwakala
## Zulu
### Etymology

From -zwa +‎ -akala.

### Verb

-zwakála
* (intransitive) to be audible
* (intransitive) to be perceptible
* (intransitive) to be comprehensible, to be intelligible, to be understandable

#### Inflection

Tone H, latent i :
| Infinitive | ukuzwakala |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Infinitive | ukuzwakala | ukungezwakali |
| | Imperative | Imperative |
| | Simple | + object concord |
| Singular | yizwakala | -zwakale |
| Plural | yizwakalani | -zwakaleni |
| | Stative | Stative | Stative | Stative | Stative | Stative |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngizwakele | engizwakele | ngizwakele | angizwakele | engingezwakele | ngingezwakele |
| 2nd singular | uzwakele | ozwakele | uzwakele | awuzwakele | ongezwakele | ungezwakele |
| 1st plural | sizwakele | esizwakele | sizwakele | asizwakele | esingezwakele | singezwakele |
| 2nd plural | nizwakele | enizwakele | nizwakele | anizwakele | eningezwakele | ningezwakele |
| Class 1 | uzwakele | ozwakele | ezwakele | akezwakele | ongezwakele | engezwakele |
| Class 2 | bezwakele | abezwakele | bezwakele | abezwakele | abangezwakele | bengezwakele |
| Class 3 | uzwakele | ozwakele | uzwakele | awuzwakele | ongezwakele | ongezwakele |
| Class 4 | izwakele | ezwakele | izwakele | ayizwakele | engezwakele | ingezwakele |
| Class 5 | lizwakele | elizwakele | lizwakele | alizwakele | elingezwakele | lingezwakele |
| Class 6 | ezwakele | ezwakele | ezwakele | awezwakele | angezwakele | engezwakele |
| Class 7 | sizwakele | esizwakele | sizwakele | asizwakele | esingezwakele | singezwakele |
| Class 8 | zizwakele | ezizwakele | zizwakele | azizwakele | ezingezwakele | zingezwakele |
| Class 9 | izwakele | ezwakele | izwakele | ayizwakele | engezwakele | ingezwakele |
| Class 10 | zizwakele | ezizwakele | zizwakele | azizwakele | ezingezwakele | zingezwakele |
| Class 11 | luzwakele | oluzwakele | luzwakele | aluzwakele | olungezwakele | lungezwakele |
| Class 14 | buzwakele | obuzwakele | buzwakele | abuzwakele | obungezwakele | bungezwakele |
| Class 15 | kuzwakele | okuzwakele | kuzwakele | akuzwakele | okungezwakele | kungezwakele |
| Class 17 | kuzwakele | okuzwakele | kuzwakele | akuzwakele | okungezwakele | kungezwakele |
| | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyezwakala, ngizwakala | engizwakalayo, engizwakala | ngizwakala | angizwakali | engingezwakali | ngingezwakali |
| 2nd singular | uyezwakala, uzwakala | ozwakalayo, ozwakala | uzwakala | awuzwakali | ongezwakali | ungezwakali |
| 1st plural | siyezwakala, sizwakala | esizwakalayo, esizwakala | sizwakala | asizwakali | esingezwakali | singezwakali |
| 2nd plural | niyezwakala, nizwakala | enizwakalayo, enizwakala | nizwakala | anizwakali | eningezwakali | ningezwakali |
| Class 1 | uyezwakala, uzwakala | ozwakalayo, ozwakala | ezwakala | akezwakali | ongezwakali | engezwakali |
| Class 2 | bayezwakala, bezwakala | abezwakalayo, abezwakala | bezwakala | abezwakali | abangezwakali | bengezwakali |
| Class 3 | uyezwakala, uzwakala | ozwakalayo, ozwakala | uzwakala | awuzwakali | ongezwakali | ungezwakali |
| Class 4 | iyezwakala, izwakala | ezwakalayo, ezwakala | izwakala | ayizwakali | engezwakali | ingezwakali |
| Class 5 | liyezwakala, lizwakala | elizwakalayo, elizwakala | lizwakala | alizwakali | elingezwakali | lingezwakali |
| Class 6 | ayezwakala, ezwakala | ezwakalayo, ezwakala | ezwakala | awezwakali | angezwakali | engezwakali |
| Class 7 | siyezwakala, sizwakala | esizwakalayo, esizwakala | sizwakala | asizwakali | esingezwakali | singezwakali |
| Class 8 | ziyezwakala, zizwakala | ezizwakalayo, ezizwakala | zizwakala | azizwakali | ezingezwakali | zingezwakali |
| Class 9 | iyezwakala, izwakala | ezwakalayo, ezwakala | izwakala | ayizwakali | engezwakali | ingezwakali |
| Class 10 | ziyezwakala, zizwakala | ezizwakalayo, ezizwakala | zizwakala | azizwakali | ezingezwakali | zingezwakali |
| Class 11 | luyezwakala, luzwakala | oluzwakalayo, oluzwakala | luzwakala | aluzwakali | olungezwakali | lungezwakali |
| Class 14 | buyezwakala, buzwakala | obuzwakalayo, obuzwakala | buzwakala | abuzwakali | obungezwakali | bungezwakali |
| Class 15 | kuyezwakala, kuzwakala | okuzwakalayo, okuzwakala | kuzwakala | akuzwakali | okungezwakali | kungezwakali |
| Class 17 | kuyezwakala, kuzwakala | okuzwakalayo, okuzwakala | kuzwakala | akuzwakali | okungezwakali | kungezwakali |
| | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngizwakalile, ngizwakalē | engizwakalile, engizwakalē | ngizwakalile, ngizwakalē | angizwakalanga | engingezwakalanga | ngingezwakalanga |
| 2nd singular | uzwakalile, uzwakalē | ozwakalile, ozwakalē | uzwakalile, uzwakalē | awuzwakalanga | ongezwakalanga | ungezwakalanga |
| 1st plural | sizwakalile, sizwakalē | esizwakalile, esizwakalē | sizwakalile, sizwakalē | asizwakalanga | esingezwakalanga | singezwakalanga |
| 2nd plural | nizwakalile, nizwakalē | enizwakalile, enizwakalē | nizwakalile, nizwakalē | anizwakalanga | eningezwakalanga | ningezwakalanga |
| Class 1 | uzwakalile, uzwakalē | ozwakalile, ozwakalē | ezwakalile, ezwakalē | akezwakalanga | ongezwakalanga | engezwakalanga |
| Class 2 | bezwakalile, bezwakalē | abezwakalile, abezwakalē | bezwakalile, bezwakalē | abezwakalanga | abangezwakalanga | bengezwakalanga |
| Class 3 | uzwakalile, uzwakalē | ozwakalile, ozwakalē | uzwakalile, uzwakalē | awuzwakalanga | ongezwakalanga | ungezwakalanga |
| Class 4 | izwakalile, izwakalē | ezwakalile, ezwakalē | izwakalile, izwakalē | ayizwakalanga | engezwakalanga | ingezwakalanga |
| Class 5 | lizwakalile, lizwakalē | elizwakalile, elizwakalē | lizwakalile, lizwakalē | alizwakalanga | elingezwakalanga | lingezwakalanga |
| Class 6 | ezwakalile, ezwakalē | ezwakalile, ezwakalē | ezwakalile, ezwakalē | awezwakalanga | angezwakalanga | engezwakalanga |
| Class 7 | sizwakalile, sizwakalē | esizwakalile, esizwakalē | sizwakalile, sizwakalē | asizwakalanga | esingezwakalanga | singezwakalanga |
| Class 8 | zizwakalile, zizwakalē | ezizwakalile, ezizwakalē | zizwakalile, zizwakalē | azizwakalanga | ezingezwakalanga | zingezwakalanga |
| Class 9 | izwakalile, izwakalē | ezwakalile, ezwakalē | izwakalile, izwakalē | ayizwakalanga | engezwakalanga | ingezwakalanga |
| Class 10 | zizwakalile, zizwakalē | ezizwakalile, ezizwakalē | zizwakalile, zizwakalē | azizwakalanga | ezingezwakalanga | zingezwakalanga |
| Class 11 | luzwakalile, luzwakalē | oluzwakalile, oluzwakalē | luzwakalile, luzwakalē | aluzwakalanga | olungezwakalanga | lungezwakalanga |
| Class 14 | buzwakalile, buzwakalē | obuzwakalile, obuzwakalē | buzwakalile, buzwakalē | abuzwakalanga | obungezwakalanga | bungezwakalanga |
| Class 15 | kuzwakalile, kuzwakalē | okuzwakalile, okuzwakalē | kuzwakalile, kuzwakalē | akuzwakalanga | okungezwakalanga | kungezwakalanga |
| Class 17 | kuzwakalile, kuzwakalē | okuzwakalile, okuzwakalē | kuzwakalile, kuzwakalē | akuzwakalanga | okungezwakalanga | kungezwakalanga |
| | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngāzwakala | engāzwakala | ngāzwakala | angizwakalanga | engingezwakalanga | ngingezwakalanga |
| 2nd singular | wāzwakala | owāzwakala | wāzwakala | awuzwakalanga | ongezwakalanga | ungezwakalanga |
| 1st plural | sāzwakala | esāzwakala | sāzwakala | asizwakalanga | esingezwakalanga | singezwakalanga |
| 2nd plural | nāzwakala | enāzwakala | nāzwakala | anizwakalanga | eningezwakalanga | ningezwakalanga |
| Class 1 | wāzwakala | owāzwakala | āzwakala | akezwakalanga | ongezwakalanga | engezwakalanga |
| Class 2 | bāzwakala | abāzwakala | bāzwakala | abezwakalanga | abangezwakalanga | bengezwakalanga |
| Class 3 | wāzwakala | owāzwakala | wāzwakala | awuzwakalanga | ongezwakalanga | ungezwakalanga |
| Class 4 | yāzwakala | eyāzwakala | yāzwakala | ayizwakalanga | engezwakalanga | ingezwakalanga |
| Class 5 | lāzwakala | elāzwakala | lāzwakala | alizwakalanga | elingezwakalanga | lingezwakalanga |
| Class 6 | āzwakala | āzwakala | āzwakala | awezwakalanga | angezwakalanga | engezwakalanga |
| Class 7 | sāzwakala | esāzwakala | sāzwakala | asizwakalanga | esingezwakalanga | singezwakalanga |
| Class 8 | zāzwakala | ezāzwakala | zāzwakala | azizwakalanga | ezingezwakalanga | zingezwakalanga |
| Class 9 | yāzwakala | eyāzwakala | yāzwakala | ayizwakalanga | engezwakalanga | ingezwakalanga |
| Class 10 | zāzwakala | ezāzwakala | zāzwakala | azizwakalanga | ezingezwakalanga | zingezwakalanga |
| Class 11 | lwāzwakala | olwāzwakala | lwāzwakala | aluzwakalanga | olungezwakalanga | lungezwakalanga |
| Class 14 | bāzwakala | obāzwakala | bāzwakala | abuzwakalanga | obungezwakalanga | bungezwakalanga |
| Class 15 | kwāzwakala | okwāzwakala | kwāzwakala | akuzwakalanga | okungezwakalanga | kungezwakalanga |
| Class 17 | kwāzwakala | okwāzwakala | kwāzwakala | akuzwakalanga | okungezwakalanga | kungezwakalanga |
| | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngingezwakala | — | ngingezwakala | ngingezwakale | — | ngingezwakale |
| 2nd singular | ungezwakala | — | ungezwakala | ungezwakale | — | ungezwakale |
| 1st plural | singezwakala | — | singezwakala | singezwakale | — | singezwakale |
| 2nd plural | ningezwakala | — | ningezwakala | ningezwakale | — | ningezwakale |
| Class 1 | angezwakala | — | engezwakala | angezwakale | — | engezwakale |
| Class 2 | bangezwakala | — | bengezwakala | bangezwakale | — | bengezwakale |
| Class 3 | ungezwakala | — | ungezwakala | ungezwakale | — | ungezwakale |
| Class 4 | ingezwakala | — | ingezwakala | ingezwakale | — | ingezwakale |
| Class 5 | lingezwakala | — | lingezwakala | lingezwakale | — | lingezwakale |
| Class 6 | angezwakala | — | engezwakala | angezwakale | — | engezwakale |
| Class 7 | singezwakala | — | singezwakala | singezwakale | — | singezwakale |
| Class 8 | zingezwakala | — | zingezwakala | zingezwakale | — | zingezwakale |
| Class 9 | ingezwakala | — | ingezwakala | ingezwakale | — | ingezwakale |
| Class 10 | zingezwakala | — | zingezwakala | zingezwakale | — | zingezwakale |
| Class 11 | lungezwakala | — | lungezwakala | lungezwakale | — | lungezwakale |
| Class 14 | bungezwakala | — | bungezwakala | bungezwakale | — | bungezwakale |
| Class 15 | kungezwakala | — | kungezwakala | kungezwakale | — | kungezwakale |
| Class 17 | kungezwakala | — | kungezwakala | kungezwakale | — | kungezwakale |
| | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngizokuzwakala | engizokuzwakala | ngizokuzwakala | angizukuzwakala | engingezukuzwakala | ngingezukuzwakala |
| 2nd singular | uzokuzwakala | ozokuzwakala | uzokuzwakala | awuzukuzwakala | ongezukuzwakala | ungezukuzwakala |
| 1st plural | sizokuzwakala | esizokuzwakala | sizokuzwakala | asizukuzwakala | esingezukuzwakala | singezukuzwakala |
| 2nd plural | nizokuzwakala | enizokuzwakala | nizokuzwakala | anizukuzwakala | eningezukuzwakala | ningezukuzwakala |
| Class 1 | uzokuzwakala | ozokuzwakala | ezokuzwakala | akazukuzwakala | ongezukuzwakala | engezukuzwakala |
| Class 2 | bazokuzwakala | abazokuzwakala | bezokuzwakala | abazukuzwakala | abangezukuzwakala | bengezukuzwakala |
| Class 3 | uzokuzwakala | ozokuzwakala | uzokuzwakala | awuzukuzwakala | ongezukuzwakala | ungezukuzwakala |
| Class 4 | izokuzwakala | ezokuzwakala | izokuzwakala | ayizukuzwakala | engezukuzwakala | ingezukuzwakala |
| Class 5 | lizokuzwakala | elizokuzwakala | lizokuzwakala | alizukuzwakala | elingezukuzwakala | lingezukuzwakala |
| Class 6 | azokuzwakala | azokuzwakala | ezokuzwakala | awazukuzwakala | angezukuzwakala | engezukuzwakala |
| Class 7 | sizokuzwakala | esizokuzwakala | sizokuzwakala | asizukuzwakala | esingezukuzwakala | singezukuzwakala |
| Class 8 | zizokuzwakala | ezizokuzwakala | zizokuzwakala | azizukuzwakala | ezingezukuzwakala | zingezukuzwakala |
| Class 9 | izokuzwakala | ezokuzwakala | izokuzwakala | ayizukuzwakala | engezukuzwakala | ingezukuzwakala |
| Class 10 | zizokuzwakala | ezizokuzwakala | zizokuzwakala | azizukuzwakala | ezingezukuzwakala | zingezukuzwakala |
| Class 11 | luzokuzwakala | oluzokuzwakala | luzokuzwakala | aluzukuzwakala | olungezukuzwakala | lungezukuzwakala |
| Class 14 | buzokuzwakala | obuzokuzwakala | buzokuzwakala | abuzukuzwakala | obungezukuzwakala | bungezukuzwakala |
| Class 15 | kuzokuzwakala | okuzokuzwakala | kuzokuzwakala | akuzukuzwakala | okungezukuzwakala | kungezukuzwakala |
| Class 17 | kuzokuzwakala | okuzokuzwakala | kuzokuzwakala | akuzukuzwakala | okungezukuzwakala | kungezukuzwakala |
| | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyokuzwakala | engiyokuzwakala | ngiyokuzwakala | angiyukuzwakala | engingeyukuzwakala | ngingeyukuzwakala |
| 2nd singular | uyokuzwakala | oyokuzwakala | uyokuzwakala | awuyukuzwakala | ongeyukuzwakala | ungeyukuzwakala |
| 1st plural | siyokuzwakala | esiyokuzwakala | siyokuzwakala | asiyukuzwakala | esingeyukuzwakala | singeyukuzwakala |
| 2nd plural | niyokuzwakala | eniyokuzwakala | niyokuzwakala | aniyukuzwakala | eningeyukuzwakala | ningeyukuzwakala |
| Class 1 | uyokuzwakala | oyokuzwakala | eyokuzwakala | akayukuzwakala | ongeyukuzwakala | engeyukuzwakala |
| Class 2 | bayokuzwakala | abayokuzwakala | beyokuzwakala | abayukuzwakala | abangeyukuzwakala | bengeyukuzwakala |
| Class 3 | uyokuzwakala | oyokuzwakala | uyokuzwakala | awuyukuzwakala | ongeyukuzwakala | ungeyukuzwakala |
| Class 4 | iyokuzwakala | eyokuzwakala | iyokuzwakala | ayiyukuzwakala | engeyukuzwakala | ingeyukuzwakala |
| Class 5 | liyokuzwakala | eliyokuzwakala | liyokuzwakala | aliyukuzwakala | elingeyukuzwakala | lingeyukuzwakala |
| Class 6 | ayokuzwakala | ayokuzwakala | eyokuzwakala | awayukuzwakala | angeyukuzwakala | engeyukuzwakala |
| Class 7 | siyokuzwakala | esiyokuzwakala | siyokuzwakala | asiyukuzwakala | esingeyukuzwakala | singeyukuzwakala |
| Class 8 | ziyokuzwakala | eziyokuzwakala | ziyokuzwakala | aziyukuzwakala | ezingeyukuzwakala | zingeyukuzwakala |
| Class 9 | iyokuzwakala | eyokuzwakala | iyokuzwakala | ayiyukuzwakala | engeyukuzwakala | ingeyukuzwakala |
| Class 10 | ziyokuzwakala | eziyokuzwakala | ziyokuzwakala | aziyukuzwakala | ezingeyukuzwakala | zingeyukuzwakala |
| Class 11 | luyokuzwakala | oluyokuzwakala | luyokuzwakala | aluyukuzwakala | olungeyukuzwakala | lungeyukuzwakala |
| Class 14 | buyokuzwakala | obuyokuzwakala | buyokuzwakala | abuyukuzwakala | obungeyukuzwakala | bungeyukuzwakala |
| Class 15 | kuyokuzwakala | okuyokuzwakala | kuyokuzwakala | akuyukuzwakala | okungeyukuzwakala | kungeyukuzwakala |
| Class 17 | kuyokuzwakala | okuyokuzwakala | kuyokuzwakala | akuyukuzwakala | okungeyukuzwakala | kungeyukuzwakala |
| | Present subjunctive | Present subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngizwakale | ngingezwakali |
| 2nd singular | uzwakale | ungezwakali |
| 1st plural | sizwakale | singezwakali |
| 2nd plural | nizwakale | ningezwakali |
| Class 1 | ezwakale | angezwakali |
| Class 2 | bezwakale | bangezwakali |
| Class 3 | uzwakale | ungezwakali |
| Class 4 | izwakale | ingezwakali |
| Class 5 | lizwakale | lingezwakali |
| Class 6 | ezwakale | angezwakali |
| Class 7 | sizwakale | singezwakali |
| Class 8 | zizwakale | zingezwakali |
| Class 9 | izwakale | ingezwakali |
| Class 10 | zizwakale | zingezwakali |
| Class 11 | luzwakale | lungezwakali |
| Class 14 | buzwakale | bungezwakali |
| Class 15 | kuzwakale | kungezwakali |
| Class 17 | kuzwakale | kungezwakali |
| | Past subjunctive | Past subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngezwakala | ngangezwakala, angezwakala, angangezwakala |
| 2nd singular | wezwakala | wangezwakala, awezwakala, awangezwakala |
| 1st plural | sezwakala | sangezwakala, asezwakala, asangezwakala |
| 2nd plural | nezwakala | nangezwakala, anezwakala, anangezwakala |
| Class 1 | wezwakala | wangezwakala, akezwakala, akangezwakala |
| Class 2 | bezwakala | bangezwakala, abezwakala, abangezwakala |
| Class 3 | wezwakala | wangezwakala, awezwakala, awangezwakala |
| Class 4 | yezwakala | yangezwakala, ayezwakala, ayangezwakala |
| Class 5 | lezwakala | langezwakala, alezwakala, alangezwakala |
| Class 6 | ezwakala | angezwakala, awezwakala, awangezwakala |
| Class 7 | sezwakala | sangezwakala, asezwakala, asangezwakala |
| Class 8 | zezwakala | zangezwakala, azezwakala, azangezwakala |
| Class 9 | yezwakala | yangezwakala, ayezwakala, ayangezwakala |
| Class 10 | zezwakala | zangezwakala, azezwakala, azangezwakala |
| Class 11 | lwezwakala | lwangezwakala, alwezwakala, alwangezwakala |
| Class 14 | bezwakala | bangezwakala, abezwakala, abangezwakala |
| Class 15 | kwezwakala | kwangezwakala, akwezwakala, akwangezwakala |
| Class 17 | kwezwakala | kwangezwakala, akwezwakala, akwangezwakala |

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “zwakala”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “zwakala (3.2.9)”