# ἱερός
## Ancient Greek
### Alternative forms

* ῑ̔ρός (hīrós) — Epic, Ionic
* ῐ̔ᾰρός (hiarós) — Doric
* ἷρος (hîros) — Aeolic

### Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *iherós, from Proto-Indo-European *ish₁ros (“holy”). There are a number of candidate cognates with this word; these include Sanskrit इषिर (iṣirá, “strong, active”) and Oscan 𐌀𐌉𐌔𐌖𐌔𐌉𐌔 (aisusis, “sacrifices”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /hi.e.rós/ → /i.eˈros/ → /i.eˈros/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /hi.e.rós/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /(h)i.eˈros/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /i.eˈros/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /i.eˈros/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /i.eˈros/

### Adjective

ῐ̔ερός • (hierós) m (feminine ῐ̔ερᾱ́, neuter ῐ̔ερόν); first/second declension
* connected with the gods, supernatural
* holy, sacred, consecrated
* under divine protection

#### Usage notes

The ι is generally short in ἱερός (hierós), but sometimes lengthened for the sake of meter in poetry: ῑ̔ερός (hīerós). The contracted form ῑ̔ρός (hīrós) always has long ῑ.

#### Derived terms

* Ἱερᾱ́πολις (Hierā́polis)
* ῐ̔ερᾰ́ρχης (hierárkhēs)
* ἱεραρχίᾱ (hierarkhíā)
* ῐ̔ερεύς (hiereús)
* Ἱέριος (Hiérios)
* ἱεροβοτάνη (hierobotánē)
* ἱερόγλυφος (hierógluphos)
* ἱερόγλωσσος (hieróglōssos)
* ῑ̔ερόδουλος (hīeródoulos)
* Ἱερόθεος (Hierótheos)
* ἱεροκῆρῠξ (hierokêrux)
* Ῐ̔εροκλῆς (Hieroklês)
* ἱερομνήμων (hieromnḗmōn)
* ἱεροπομπός (hieropompós)
* ἱεροφάντης (hierophántēs)
* Ῑ̔εροφῶν (Hīerophôn)
* Ἱερώνυμος (Hierṓnumos)

#### Descendants

* English: hiero-
* French: hiéro-
* Greek: ιερο- (iero-)
* → Middle Persian: (via ἱερά (hierá))
** → Arabic: إِيَارَج (ʔiyāraj), يَارَج (yāraj)
*** → Persian: ایارج (iyâraj), یارج (yâraj)
* → Persian: یاره (yâra, yâre) (via ἱερά (hierá))

### References

* ↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἱερός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 580-1

### Further reading

* “ἱερός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “ἱερός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* ἱερός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
* ἱερός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* “ἱερός”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
* G2413 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
* ἱερός in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
* Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited. blessed idem, page 83.consecrated idem, page 162.devoted idem, page 221.hallowed idem, page 381.holy idem, page 403.inviolable idem, page 457.sacred idem, page 728.secular idem, page 747.spiritual idem, page 802.