# 鬼神
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): guǐshén
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄟˇ ㄕㄣˊ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gwai$^2$ san$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): gei$^2$ sin$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kúi-sṳ̀n
    (Meixian, Guangdong): gui$^3$ sen$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kúi-sîn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gui$^2$ sing$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: guǐshén
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄟˇ ㄕㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: guěishén
*** Wade–Giles: kuei$^3$-shên$^2$
*** Yale: gwěi-shén
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: goeishern
*** Palladius: гуйшэнь (gujšɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂən³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gwai$^2$ san$^4$
*** Yale: gwái sàhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gwai$^2$ san$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: guei$^2$ sen$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʷɐi̯³⁵ sɐn²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: gei$^2$ sin$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kei⁵⁵ sin²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kúi-sṳ̀n
*** Hakka Romanization System: gui$^ˋ$ siin$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gui$^3$ sin$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ku̯i³¹ sɨn¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: gui$^3$ sen$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kuɪ³¹ sən¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kúi-sîn
*** Tâi-lô: kuí-sîn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kuysiin
*** IPA (Taipei): /kui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sin²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gui$^2$ sing$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kúi sîng
*** Sinological IPA : /kui⁵²⁻³⁵ siŋ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: kjw+jX zyin
Rime :
| Character | 鬼 | 神 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 船 (27) |
| Final (韻) | 微 (21) | 眞 (43) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 居偉切 | 食鄰切 |
| Baxter | kjw+jX | zyin |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʉi$^X$/ | /ʑiɪn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʷɨi$^X$/ | /ʑin/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiuəi$^X$/ | /ʑjen/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kuj$^X$/ | /ʑin/ |
| Li Rong | /kiuəi$^X$/ | /d͡ʑiĕn/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭwəi$^X$/ | /d͡ʑĭĕn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kwe̯i$^X$/ | /d͡ʑʰi̯ĕn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | guǐ | shén |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gwai$^2$ | san$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*k-ʔujʔ Cə.li[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kulʔ hlin/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 鬼 | 神 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | guǐ | shén |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kjwɨj$^X$ › | ‹ zyin › |
| Old Chinese | /*k-ʔujʔ/ | /*Cə.li[n]/ |
| English | ghost | spirit |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鬼 | 神 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 4689 | 11245 |
| Phonetic component | 鬼 | 申 |
| Rime group | 微 | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 鬼 | 神 |
| Old Chinese | /*kulʔ/ | /*hlin/ |

### Noun

鬼神
* ghosts and spirits; supernatural beings
    迷信鬼神 ― míxìn guǐshén ― to be superstitious about ghosts and spirits
    From: I Ching, 11th – 8th century BCE
    Guǐshén hài yíng ér fú qiān, réndào wù yíng ér hào qiān. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: 9th century, Li Shangyin, 賈生
    Kělián yèbàn xū qián xí, bù wèn cāngshēng wèn guǐshén. [Pinyin]
    Such a pity it is that the emperor left his seat empty at midnight, yet asking not about his people but about the supernatural.

#### Derived terms

* 動天地，感鬼神／动天地，感鬼神
* 動天地，泣鬼神／动天地，泣鬼神
* 天地鬼神
* 感天地，動鬼神／感天地，动鬼神
* 感天地，泣鬼神
* 敬鬼神而遠之／敬鬼神而远之
* 泣鬼神
* 驚天地，泣鬼神／惊天地，泣鬼神 (jīng tiāndì, qì guǐshén)
* 驚風雨，泣鬼神／惊风雨，泣鬼神
* 鬼神不測／鬼神不测
* 鬼神樣相／鬼神样相 (Hakka)
* 鬼神莫測／鬼神莫测
* 鬼神莫窺／鬼神莫窥

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 鬼(き)神(じん) (kijin); 鬼(き)神(しん) (kishin)
* → Korean: 귀신(鬼神) (gwisin)
* → Vietnamese: quỷ thần (鬼神)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 鬼 | 神 |
| き Grade: S | じん Grade: 3 |
| goon ||
* Alternative spelling
* 鬼神 (kyūjitai)
Kanji in this term :
| 鬼 | 神 |
| き Grade: S | しん Grade: 3 |
| kan'on ||
* Alternative spelling
* 鬼神 (kyūjitai)
From Middle Chinese 鬼神 (MC kjw+jX zyin, “devil, devilish + god, spirit”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) きじん [kìjíń] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) きじん [kíꜜjìǹ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [kʲiʑĩɴ]
* IPA: [kʲiɕĩɴ]

#### Noun

鬼(き)神(じん) or 鬼(き)神(しん) • (kijin or kishin)
* a fierce god or spirit
* all of the spirits and souls and gods of the world
* (Buddhism) someone with superhuman power or ability, such as Śakra, the ruler of heaven, or a rakshasa or demon

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 鬼 | 神 |
| おに Grade: S | かみ > がみ Grade: 3 |
| kun'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 鬼神 (kyūjitai)
Compound of 鬼 (oni, “devil, demon, malevolent spirit”) +‎ 神 (kami, “spirit, god”). The kami changes to gami as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
The term may have arisen as the native-Japanese reading of the Middle Chinese derived term kijin above. Found in the Kokin Wakashū, published in roughly 905 CE.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) おにがみ [òníꜜgàmì] (Nakadaka – [2])
* (Tokyo) おにがみ [ònígámí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [o̞ɲ̟iɡa̠mʲi]

#### Noun

鬼(おに)神(がみ) • (onigami)
* an invisible spirit, particularly a fierce one

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 鬼 | 神 |

### Noun

鬼神 • (gwisin) (hangeul 귀신)
* hanja form of 귀신 (“god, ghost, or spirit”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 鬼 | 神 |

### Noun

鬼神
* chữ Hán form of quỷ thần (“god, ghost, or spirit”).