# 授ける
## Japanese

* Kanji in this term
* 授
* さず Grade: 5
* kun'yomi

### Etymology

Derived via regular historical shifts from the classical lower bigrade (カ行下二段活用 (ka-gyō shimo nidan katsuyō)) verb 授(さづ)く (sazuku).
A surface analysis would suggest that this ultimately derives as a compound of さ (sa, of uncertain meaning) +‎ 付ける (tsukeru, “to stick or attach something to something else; to put something somewhere”).
First attested in ideographic form in the Nihon Shoki of 720, and in phonetic spelling in the Man'yōshū of 759.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) さずける [sàzúkéꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [3])
* IPA: [sa̠zɨke̞ɾɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「授ける」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 授ける | さずける | [sàzúkéꜜrù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 授けろ | さずけろ | [sàzúkéꜜrò] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 授けられる | さずけられる | [sàzúkéráréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 授けさせる | さずけさせる | [sàzúkésáséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 授けられる | さずけられる | [sàzúkéráréꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 授けよう | さずけよー | [sàzúkéyóꜜò] |
| Negative | 授けない | さずけない | [sàzúkéꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 授けなかった | さずけなかった | [sàzúkéꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 授けます | さずけます | [sàzúkémáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 授けた | さずけた | [sàzúꜜkètà] |
| Conjunctive | 授けて | さずけて | [sàzúꜜkètè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 授ければ | さずければ | [sàzúkéꜜrèbà] |

### Verb

授(さず)ける • (sazukeru) transitive ichidan (stem 授(さず)け (sazuke), past 授(さず)けた (sazuketa))
Japanese verb pair :
| active | 授ける |
| mediopassive | 授かる |
* [from 720] to bestow, confer, endow with a thing, as a superior to an inferior
    Synonyms: 与える (ataeru), 渡す (watasu), 授与する (juyo suru)
* [from 900] to bestow, confer, endow with knowledge: to teach, to instruct
    Synonyms: 教える (oshieru), 伝授する (denju suru), 教授する (kyōju suru)
* [from early 1600s] to bestow, confer, endow, vest, award with a title, honor, power, or right
    Synonym: 与える (ataeru)

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 授け | さずけ | sazuke |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 授け | さずけ | sazuke |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 授ける | さずける | sazukeru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 授ける | さずける | sazukeru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 授けれ | さずけれ | sazukere |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 授けよ¹ 授けろ² | さずけよ¹ さずけろ² | sazukeyo¹ sazukero² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 授けられる | さずけられる | sazukerareru |
| Causative | 授けさせる 授けさす | さずけさせる さずけさす | sazukesaseru sazukesasu |
| Potential | 授けられる 授けれる³ | さずけられる さずけれる³ | sazukerareru sazukereru³ |
| Volitional | 授けよう | さずけよう | sazukeyō |
| Negative | 授けない 授けぬ 授けん | さずけない さずけぬ さずけん | sazukenai sazukenu sazuken |
| Negative continuative | 授けず | さずけず | sazukezu |
| Formal | 授けます | さずけます | sazukemasu |
| Perfective | 授けた | さずけた | sazuketa |
| Conjunctive | 授けて | さずけて | sazukete |
| Hypothetical conditional | 授ければ | さずければ | sazukereba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential ||||

### References

* 1 2 “授”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
* ↑ “授ける”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4465:, spelled in the continuative as 佐豆氣 ⟨saduke₂⟩, available online here
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN