# 僭

| 僭 | U+50ED, &#20717; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-50ED |
| ← 僬 [U+50EC] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 僮 → [U+50EE] |

## Translingual
### Han character

僭 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+12, 14 strokes, cangjie input 人一山日 (OMUA), four-corner 2526$_1$, composition ⿰亻朁)
* assume, usurp

#### Derived characters

* 𠠭, 𧹿

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 117, character 26
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1128
* Dae Jaweon: page 249, character 10
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 218, character 5
* Unihan data for U+50ED

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 僭
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
* Small seal scripts05830Transcribed ancient scriptsL33723
* References:
* Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:
* Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
* Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
* Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
* Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
| | Old Chinese |
| 簪 | *ʔsɯːm, *ʔsrɯm |
| 撍 | *ʔsluːm, *ʔsluːmʔ, *ʔsluːms, *ʔsrum |
| 鐕 | *ʔsluːm |
| 憯 | *sʰluːmʔ, *sʰlɯːmʔ |
| 噆 | *sʰluːmʔ, *ʔsluːb |
| 朁 | *sʰlɯːmʔ, *zlam |
| 蠶 | *zluːm |
| 蚕 | *zluːm, *hl'iːnʔ |
| 糣 | *sluːmʔ |
| 熸 | *ʔslom |
| 鬵 | *zlam, *zɯm, *ljɯm |
| 灊 | *zlam, *zɯm, *ljɯm |
| 潛 | *zlom, *zloms |
| 僭 | *ʔslɯːms |
| 兓 | *sl'ɯm |
| 嶜 | *zlum |
| 兂 | *ʔsrɯm |
| 譖 | *ʔsrums |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiàn (jian$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zim$^3$ / cim$^3$ / cim$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiàn
*** Wade–Giles: chien$^4$
*** Yale: jyàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiann
*** Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zim$^3$ / cim$^3$ / cim$^5$
*** Yale: jim / chim / chíhm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzim$^3$ / tsim$^3$ / tsim$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: jim$^3$ / qim$^3$ / qim$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siːm³³/, /t͡sʰiːm³³/, /t͡sʰiːm¹³/
* Middle Chinese: tsemH
Rime :
| Character | 僭 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 精 (13) |
| Final (韻) | 添 (157) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 子念切 |
| Baxter | tsemH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sem$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sem$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sɛm$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sɛm$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sem$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡siem$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /t͡siem$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zim$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tsˤ[i]m-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔslɯːms/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 僭 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jiàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsem$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*tsˁ[i]m-s/ |
| English | err |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 僭 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 6711 |
| Phonetic component | 兓 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 僭 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔslɯːms/ |

### Definitions

僭
* (literary) to usurp; to overstep; to assume
* (Hong Kong) Short for 僭建.
** 2011 June 16, 陳也, “玻璃屋vs僭行者”, in Apple Daily‎, archived from the original on 2021-06-21:
       lam$^4$ zeng$^6$ joeng$^6$ bou$^6$, zoeng$^1$ ding$^1$ uk$^1$ tin$^1$ toi$^{4-2}$ dik$^1$ faat$^3$ seoi$^2$ bo$^1$ lei$^4$ uk$^1$ soek$^3$ bun$^3$, zik$^1$ si$^6$ cim$^5$ bun$^3$ bin$^1$ mou$^5$ man$^6$ tai$^4$, cyun$^4$ cim$^5$ zau$^6$ dang$^2$ zyu$^6$ uk$^1$ jyu$^5$ cyu$^5$ loi$^4$ caak$^3$ [Jyutping]
       (please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 2012 November 18, “僭建「鬼舖」封逃生路　銅鑼灣3條街15間”, in Apple Daily‎, archived from the original on 2021-06-21:
       jau$^5$ jan$^4$ zou$^2$ ji$^5$ ceoi$^3$ zeon$^2$ tung$^4$ lo$^4$ waan$^1$ cyun$^3$ gam$^1$ cek$^3$ dei$^6$, ging$^2$ tau$^1$ tau$^1$ fung$^1$ hong$^{6-2}$, baa$^3$ lau$^4$ tai$^1$ dai$^2$, lin$^4$ daai$^6$ haa$^6$ ngoi$^6$ coeng$^4$ jik$^6$ bat$^1$ fong$^3$ gwo$^3$, cim$^3$ ceot$^1$ “gwai$^2$ pou$^3$” fong$^3$ zou$^1$, 3 tiu$^4$ gaai$^1$ zi$^3$ siu$^2$ jau$^5$ 15 gaan$^1$, daan$^6$ bat$^1$ siu$^2$ gwai$^2$ pou$^3$ baa$^3$ dei$^6$ fung$^1$ tou$^4$ sang$^1$ ceot$^1$ hau$^2$, jat$^1$ daan$^3$ fo$^2$ ging$^2$, ceoi$^4$ si$^4$ jan$^5$ faat$^3$ daai$^6$ zoi$^1$ naan$^6$. [Jyutping]
       (please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 2017 August 23, “探射燈：僭建地牢遍豪宅　屋署塞責”, in 東網‎:
       sai$^1$ gung$^3$ jau$^5$ uk$^1$ hou$^4$ zong$^1$ dei$^6$ lou$^4$, ji$^4$ jyun$^4$ long$^5$ zak$^1$ jau$^5$ hou$^4$ zaak$^{6-2}$ duk$^6$ laap$^6$ uk$^1$ cim$^5$ ceot$^1$ dei$^6$ lou$^4$ “tong$^1$ fong$^{4-2}$”. [Jyutping]
       (please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 2023 September 13, “紅山半島｜豪宅愈僭愈值錢　還原後價值勢減　74號屋業主為人低調”, in 香港01‎:
       jau$^5$ hou$^4$ zaak$^{6-2}$ doi$^6$ lei$^5$ ming$^4$ jin$^4$, ze$^2$ leoi$^6$ hou$^4$ zaak$^{6-2}$ hoeng$^3$ loi$^4$ “jyu$^6$ cim$^5$ jyu$^6$ zik$^6$ cin$^{4-2}$”, wai$^4$ zoi$^6$ gan$^6$ kei$^4$ bou$^6$ mun$^4$ gan$^2$ deng$^1$ haa$^6$, joek$^6$ seoi$^1$ waan$^4$ jyun$^4$, lau$^4$ gaa$^3$ hung$^2$ suk$^1$ seoi$^2$. [Jyutping]
       (please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Compounds

* 僭上偪下
* 僭坐
* 僭妄 (jiànwàng)
* 僭盜／僭盗
* 僭稱／僭称 (jiànchēng)
* 僭竊／僭窃
* 僭號／僭号
* 僭越 (jiànyuè)
* 鳩僭鵲巢／鸠僭鹊巢 (jiūjiànquècháo)

### References

* “僭”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): せん (sen)、しん (shin)
* Kun: おごる (ogoru)

## Korean
### Hanja

僭 • (cham) (hangeul 참, revised cham, McCune–Reischauer ch'am)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

僭: Hán Nôm readings: tiếm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.