# 堅持
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiānchí
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ ㄔˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gin$^1$ ci$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kiên-chhṳ̀ / kiân-chhṳ̀
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kian-chhî / kian-tî
    (Teochew, Peng'im): giang$^1$ ti$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$ci-zy$_6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiānchí
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ ㄔˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jianchíh
*** Wade–Giles: chien$^1$-chʻih$^2$
*** Yale: jyān-chŕ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jianchyr
*** Palladius: цзяньчи (czjanʹči)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gin$^1$ ci$^4$
*** Yale: gīn chìh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gin$^1$ tsi$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gin$^1$ qi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kiːn⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː²¹/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiên-chhṳ̀
*** Hakka Romanization System: gien$^ˊ$ cii$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gian$^1$ ci$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯en²⁴ t͡sʰɨ¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiân-chhṳ̀
*** Hakka Romanization System: gian$^ˊ$ cii$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gian$^1$ ci$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯an²⁴ t͡sʰɨ¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian-chhî
*** Tâi-lô: kian-tshî
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kienchii
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰi²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɛn³³ t͡sʰi²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰi¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰi²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰi²³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian-tî
*** Tâi-lô: kian-tî
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiendii
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² ti¹³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: giang$^1$ ti$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiang thî
*** Sinological IPA : /kiaŋ³³⁻²³ tʰi⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$ci-zy$_6$
*** MiniDict: ci$^平$ zy$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$ji-zr$_3$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕi⁵⁵ zz̩²¹/

### Verb

堅持
* to insist on; to persist with; to keep on (doing something); to stick to; to stick with; to persevere
    堅持下去／坚持下去 ― jiānchí xiàqù ― to keep going; to carry on
    帶病堅持工作／带病坚持工作 ― dàibìng jiānchí gōngzuò ― to keep working despite being ill
    堅持就是勝利。／坚持就是胜利。 ― Jiānchí jiùshì shènglì. ― Persistence is victory; Success belongs to the persevering.
* to uphold; to assert; to stick up for; to safeguard; to protect; to maintain
    堅持真理／坚持真理 ― jiānchí zhēnlǐ ― to uphold the truth
    堅持原則／坚持原则 ― jiānchí yuánzé ― to uphold principles
       Nǐ xūyào jìnyībù jiānchí zìjǐ de xiǎngfǎ. [Pinyin]
       You need to assert yourself more.

#### Synonyms

* (to uphold):
* 保 (bǎo) (literary, or in compounds)
* 保庇 (Hokkien)
* 保護／保护 (bǎohù)
* 保障 (bǎozhàng)
* 掩護／掩护 (yǎnhù)
* 維持／维持 (wéichí)
* 維護／维护 (wéihù)
* 蔽護／蔽护 (bìhù) (literary)
* 護／护 (hù) (literary, or in compounds)

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “to persist with”): 放棄／放弃 (fàngqì)

#### Derived terms

* 堅持不懈／坚持不懈 (jiānchíbùxiè)

#### Related terms

* 保持 (bǎochí)
* 維持／维持 (wéichí)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 堅 | 持 |
| けん Grade: S | じ Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

### Noun

堅(けん)持(じ) • (kenji)
* insist, persistence, tenacity, adherence

#### Synonyms

* 固執(こしつ) (koshitsu)
* 固持(こじ) (koji)

### Verb

堅(けん)持(じ)する • (kenji suru) suru (stem 堅(けん)持(じ)し (kenji shi), past 堅(けん)持(じ)した (kenji shita))
* insist, persist

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 堅持し | けんじし | kenji shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 堅持し | けんじし | kenji shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 堅持する | けんじする | kenji suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 堅持する | けんじする | kenji suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 堅持すれ | けんじすれ | kenji sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 堅持せよ¹ 堅持しろ² | けんじせよ¹ けんじしろ² | kenji seyo¹ kenji shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 堅持される | けんじされる | kenji sareru |
| Causative | 堅持させる 堅持さす | けんじさせる けんじさす | kenji saseru kenji sasu |
| Potential | 堅持できる | けんじできる | kenji dekiru |
| Volitional | 堅持しよう | けんじしよう | kenji shiyō |
| Negative | 堅持しない | けんじしない | kenji shinai |
| Negative continuative | 堅持せず | けんじせず | kenji sezu |
| Formal | 堅持します | けんじします | kenji shimasu |
| Perfective | 堅持した | けんじした | kenji shita |
| Conjunctive | 堅持して | けんじして | kenji shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 堅持すれば | けんじすれば | kenji sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 堅 | 持 |

### Verb

堅持
* chữ Hán form of kiên trì (“to persist; to persevere”).