# 무꾸
## Korean
### Etymology

Likely from Middle Korean *뭇ㄱ (Yale: *mwùsk-), unattested dialectal form of Seoul 무ᇫㅇ (Yale: *mwùzG-), connective allomorph of 무ᅀᅮ (Yale: mwùzwù, “radish”), with the epenthetical vowel of a suffix−probably topic marker 은 (Yale: -un) or accusative marker 을 (Yale: -ul)−reanalyzed as part of the root. The new vowel was then assimilated with the first vowel, perhaps under influence from Seoul prestige dialect 무우 (muu). The development would have been like this, if the topic marker is assumed to have been the suffix:
    *뭇근 (*mwusk-un) > *뭇근/*뭇그는 (*mwusku-n(un)) > *뭇군/뭇구는 (*mwuskwu-n(un)) > modern 무꾼/무꾸는 (mukkun/mukkuneun)
Compare Hamgyong 무끼 (mukki), where the fused suffix was apparently the nominative 이 (-i).

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [muk͈u]
* Phonetic hangul: [무꾸]
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

### Noun

무꾸 • (mukku)
* (northern Gyeongsang, southern and eastern Gangwon) Dialectal form of 무 (mu, “radish, daikon”).
** 1980 March 1, 조유란 [joyuran], “진지자리 꼽재기 [jinjijari kkopjaegi]”, in 한국구비문학대계 [han'gukgubimunhakdaegye]‎, 경상북도 영덕군 달산면 [gyeongsangbukdo yeongdeokgun dalsanmyeon]:왜 진장 무꾸 지 겉은 거 안있습니꺼?Wae jinjang mukku ji geoteun geo anit-seumnikkeo?Why do you not have gochujang and radish kimchi?

#### Synonyms

Historical and regional synonyms of 무 (mu, “radish”) :
| view map; ||||
| Group | Region | Location | Words |
| Standardised forms | South Korean Standard Language | South Korean Standard Language | 무 (mū) |
| Standardised forms | North Korean Cultured Language | North Korean Cultured Language | 무 (mū), 무우 (muu) |
| Historical forms | Middle Korean | Middle Korean | 무ᅀᅮ (mwùzwù) (isolation), 무ᇫㅇ (mwùzG-) (connective) |
| Historical forms | Early Modern Seoul Korean | Early Modern Seoul Korean | 무우 (muu) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Modern colloquial Seoul | 무 (mu) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Traditional Seoul | 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Kaesong | 무유 (muyu) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Changpung | 무유 (muyu) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Yeoncheon | 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Paju | 무 (mū), 무이 (mu'i) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Pocheon | 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Ganghwa | 무이 (mu'i) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Gimpo | 무유 (muyu) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Goyang | 무 (mū), 무유 (muyu) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Yangju | 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Gapyeong | 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Siheung | 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Yangpyeong | 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Hwaseong | 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Yongin | 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Icheon | 무우 (muu), 무수 (musu) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Yeoju | 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Pyeongtaek | 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Anseong | 무수 (musu) |
| Central Korean | Yeongseo | Chuncheon | 무 (mū), 무우 (muu) |
| Central Korean | Yeongseo | Wonju | 무 (mū), 무수 (musu) |
| Central Korean | Yeongseo | Kosan | 무 (mū), 무꾸 (mukku) |
| Central Korean | Yeongseo | Cheorwon | 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | Yeongseo | Hwacheon | 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | Yeongseo | Yanggu | 무 (mū), 무꾸 (mukku) |
| Central Korean | Yeongseo | Inje | 무 (mū), 무우 (muu), 무꾸 (mukku), 무수 (musu) |
| Central Korean | Yeongseo | Hongcheon | 무 (mū), 무꾸 (mukku), 무수 (musu) |
| Central Korean | Yeongseo | Hoengseong | 무 (mū), 무꾸 (mukku), 무수 (musu) |
| Central Korean | Yeongdong | Gangneung | 무 (mū́), 무우 (mùú), 무우 (mũ̀ú), 무이 (mùí), 무꾸 (mùkkú) |
| Central Korean | Yeongdong | Wonsan | 무 (mū), 무꾸 (mukku) |
| Central Korean | Yeongdong | Kumya | 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | Yeongdong | Kowon | 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | Yeongdong | Munchon | 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | Yeongdong | Anbyeon | 무 (mū), 무꾸 (mukku) |
| Central Korean | Yeongdong | Tongchon | 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | Yeongdong | Kosong | 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | Yeongdong | Yangyang | 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | Yeongdong | Samcheok | 무 (mū́), 무꾸 (mùkkú) |
| Central Korean | Yeongdong | Pyeongchang | 무 (mū), 무우 (muu), 무수 (musu), 무꾸 (mukku) |
| Central Korean | Yeongdong | Yeongwol | 무 (mū́), 무수 (mùsú), 무꾸 (mùkkú) |
| Central Korean | Yeongdong | Jeongseon | 무우 (muu), 무꾸 (mukku) |
| Central Korean | North Chungcheong | Cheongju | 무수 (musu), 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | North Chungcheong | Jincheon | 무수 (musu), 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | North Chungcheong | Eumseong | 무수 (musu), 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | North Chungcheong | Chungju | 무수 (musu), 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | North Chungcheong | Jecheon | 무수 (musu), 무 (mū), 무우 (muu), 무꾸 (mukku) |
| Central Korean | North Chungcheong | Danyang | 무수 (musu), 무꾸 (mukku) |
| Central Korean | North Chungcheong | Goesan | 무수 (musu), 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | North Chungcheong | Boeun | 무수 (musu), 무우 (muu) |
| Central Korean | North Chungcheong | Okcheon | 무수 (musu), 무우 (muu) |
| Central Korean | North Chungcheong | Yeongdong | 무수 (musu), 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Daejeon | 무수 (musu), 무우 (muu) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Seosan | 무수 (musu), 무우 (muu) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Dangjin | 무수 (musu), 무우 (muu) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Asan | 무수 (musu), 무우 (muu) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Cheonan | 무수 (musu), 무 (mū), 무우 (muu) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Yesan | 무수 (musu), 무우 (muu) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Hongseong | 무수 (musu), 무 (mū), 무우 (muu) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Cheongyang | 무수 (musu) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Gongju | 무수 (musu) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Yeongi | 무수 (musu), 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Boryeong | 무수 (musu), 무이 (mu'i) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Buyeo | 무수 (musu), 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Seocheon | 무수 (musu), 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Nonsan | 무수 (musu), 무우 (muu) |
| Central Korean | South Chungcheong | Geumsan | 무수 (musu), 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | South Hwanghae | Haeju | 무유 (muyu) |
| Central Korean | South Hwanghae | Ongjin | 미우 (miu), 무 (mū) |
| Central Korean | South Hwanghae | Yonan | 무이 (mu'i) |
| Central Korean | South Hwanghae | Taetan | 미우 (miu) |
| Central Korean | South Hwanghae | Chaeryong | 미우 (miu), 무이 (mu'i) |
| Central Korean | South Hwanghae | Changyon | 미우 (miu) |
| Central Korean | South Hwanghae | Anak | 미우 (miu) |
| Central Korean | South Hwanghae | Unnyul | 미우 (miu) |
| Central Korean | North Hwanghae | Hwangju | 무 (mū), 무이 (mu'i) |
| Central Korean | North Hwanghae | Sohung | 미우 (miu) |
| Central Korean | North Hwanghae | Kumchon | 미우 (miu) |
| Central Korean | North Hwanghae | Singye | 무이 (mu'i) |
| Central Korean | North Hwanghae | Suan | 미우 (miu) |
| Central Korean | North Hwanghae | Koksan | 무이 (mu'i) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Daegu | 무'시 (mu si), 무'우 (mu u) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Yeongju | 무'꾸 (mu kku) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Bonghwa | 무'꾸 (mu kku) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Uljin | 무'수 (mu su), 무'꾸 (mu kku), 무 (mū́) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Mungyeong | 무'시 (mu si), 무'수 (mu su), 무'꾸 (mu kku) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Yecheon | 무'수 (mu su), 무'꾸 (mu kku) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Andong | 무'시 (mu si), 무'꾸 (mu kku), 무'우 (mu u) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Yeongyang | 무'시 (mu si), 무'꾸 (mu kku), 무'우 (mu u) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Sangju | 무'시 (mu si), 무'꾸 (mu kku) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Uiseong | 무'시 (mu si), 무'꾸 (mu kku) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Cheongsong | 무'시 (mu si), 무'꾸 (mu kku), 무'수 (mu su), 무'우 (mu u) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Yeongdeok | 무'시 (mu si), 무'꾸 (mu kku), 무'우 (mu u) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Gimcheon | 무'시 (mu si), 무'꾸 (mu kku) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Gumi | 무'시 (mu si), 무'수 (mu su) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Gunwi | 무'시 (mu si), 무'수 (mu su) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Pohang | 무'시 (mu si), 무'꾸 (mu kku), 무'우 (mu u) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Seongju | 무'시 (mu si) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Chilgok | 무'시 (mu si), 무'꾸 (mu kku), 무 (mū́) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Gyeongsan | 무'시 (mu si), 무'우 (mu u) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Yeongcheon | 무'시 (mu si), 무'우 (mu u) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Goryeong | 무'시 (mu si), 무'우 (mu u) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Cheongdo | 무'시 (mu si), 무'수 (mu su), 무'우 (mu u) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Gyeongju | 무'시 (mu si) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Busan | 무'시 (mu si) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Ulsan | 무'시 (mu si) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Changwon | 무'시 (mu si) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Geochang | 무'시 (mu si), 무'우 (mu u) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Hapcheon | 무'시 (mu si) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Changnyeong | 무'시 (mu si), 무'수 (mu su) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Miryang | 무'시 (mu si) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Hamyang | 무'시 (mu si) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Sancheong | 무'시 (mu si), 무'수 (mu su) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Uiryeong | 무'시 (mu si) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Hadong | 무'시 (mu si) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Jinju | 무'시 (mu si) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Haman | 무'시 (mu si) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Gimhae | 무'시 (mu si) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Yangsan | 무'시 (mu si) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Sacheon | 무'시 (mu si), 무'수 (mu su) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Goseong | 무'시 (mu si) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Namhae | 무'시 (mu si) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Tongyeong | 무'시 (mu si), 무'수 (mu su) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Geoje | 무'시 (mu si) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | South Gyeongsang | Ulju | 무'시 (mu si) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | Diaspora | Yanbian (in general) | 무'꾸 (mu kku), 무'수 (mu su) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | Diaspora | Tonghua | 무'시 (mu si), 무'꾸 (mu kku) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | Diaspora | Jilin City | 무'시 (mu si), 무'꾸 (mu kku) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | Diaspora | Liaoyuan | 무'꾸 (mu kku) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | Diaspora | Changchun | 무'꾸 (mu kku) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | Diaspora | Shenyang | 무'시 (mu si) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | Diaspora | Benxi | 무'시 (mu si) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | Diaspora | Anshan | 무'시 (mu si) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | Diaspora | Tieling | 무'시 (mu si) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | Diaspora | Harbin | 무'꾸 (mu kku) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | Diaspora | Jiamusi | 무'꾸 (mu kku) |
| Gyeongsang Korean | Diaspora | Yichun | 무'꾸 (mu kku) |
| Jeolla Korean | North Jeolla | Jeonju | 무수 (musu) |
| Jeolla Korean | North Jeolla | Gunsan | 무수 (musu) |
| Jeolla Korean | North Jeolla | Iksan | 무수 (musu) |
| Jeolla Korean | North Jeolla | Wanju | 무수 (musu) |
| Jeolla Korean | North Jeolla | Jinan | 무수 (musu) |
| Jeolla Korean | North Jeolla | Muju | 무시 (musi), 무수 (musu), 무 (mū) |
| Jeolla Korean | North Jeolla | Gimje | 무시 (musi) |
| Jeolla Korean | North Jeolla | Buan | 무시 (musi) |
| Jeolla Korean | North Jeolla | Jeongeup | 무시 (musi), 무수 (musu) |
| Jeolla Korean | North Jeolla | Imsil | 무시 (musi), 무수 (musu) |
| Jeolla Korean | North Jeolla | Jangsu | 무시 (musi) |
| Jeolla Korean | North Jeolla | Gochang | 무수 (musu) |
| Jeolla Korean | North Jeolla | Sunchang | 무시 (musi), 무 (mū) |
| Jeolla Korean | North Jeolla | Namwon | 무시 (musi) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Gwangju | 무시 (musi) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Yeonggwang | 무시 (musi), 무수 (musu) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Jangseong | 무시 (musi) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Damyang | 무시 (musi) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Gokseong | 무시 (musi) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Gurye | 무시 (musi), 무수 (musu) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Hampyeong | 무시 (musi), 무수 (musu) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Sinan | 무시 (musi), 무수 (musu) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Muan | 무수 (musu) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Mokpo | 무시 (musi) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Naju | 무시 (musi), 무수 (musu) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Hwasun | 무시 (musi), 무수 (musu) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Suncheon | 무시 (musi) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Gwangyang | 무시 (musi) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Yeongam | 무시 (musi), 무수 (musu) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Jindo | 무수 (musu) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Haenam | 무수 (musu) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Gangjin | 무시 (musi), 무수 (musu) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Wando | 무시 (musi) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Jangheung | 무시 (musi) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Boseong | 무시 (musi) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Goheung | 무시 (musi) |
| Jeolla Korean | South Jeolla | Yeosu | 무시 (musi) |
| Pyongan Korean | South Pyongan | Pyongyang | 무 (mū), 무이 (mu'i) |
| Pyongan Korean | North Pyongan | Pakchon | 무 (mū) |
| Pyongan Korean | North Pyongan | Nyongbyon | 무 (mū) |
| Pyongan Korean | North Pyongan | Kusong | 무 (mu) |
| Pyongan Korean | North Pyongan | Kanggye | 무 (mū) |
| Pyongan Korean | North Pyongan | Chasong | 무 (mu) |
| Pyongan Korean | Diaspora | Tonghua | 무 (mu) |
| Pyongan Korean | Diaspora | Shenyang | 무 (mu), 무우 (muu) |
| Pyongan Korean | Diaspora | Dandong | 무 (mu) |
| Pyongan Korean | Diaspora | Benxi | 무 (mu) |
| Pyongan Korean | Diaspora | Yingkou | 무 (mu) |
| Pyongan Korean | Diaspora | Panjin | 무 (mu) |
| Pyongan Korean | Diaspora | Harbin | 무 (mu), 무우 (muu) |
| Hamgyong Korean | South Hamgyong | Hamhung | 무 (mu), 무'끼 (mu kki) |
| Hamgyong Korean | South Hamgyong | Chongpyong | 무수 (musu), 무 (mu) |
| Hamgyong Korean | South Hamgyong | Yonggwang | 무'끼 (mu kki) |
| Hamgyong Korean | South Hamgyong | Sinhung | 무'끼 (mu kki) |
| Hamgyong Korean | South Hamgyong | Hongwon | 무'끼 (mu kki) |
| Hamgyong Korean | South Hamgyong | Pukchong | 무'끼 (mu kki) |
| Hamgyong Korean | South Hamgyong | Riwon | 무'끼 (mu kki) |
| Hamgyong Korean | South Hamgyong | Changjin | 무 (mu) |
| Hamgyong Korean | North Hamgyong | Chongjin | 무'끼 (mu kki), 미'끼 (mi kki) |
| Hamgyong Korean | North Hamgyong | Kimchaek | 무'끼 (mu kki) |
| Hamgyong Korean | North Hamgyong | Kilju | 무'끼 (mu kki) |
| Hamgyong Korean | North Hamgyong | Kyongsong | 무'끼 (mu kki) |
| Hamgyong Korean | North Hamgyong | Puryong | 무'끼 (mu kki), 미'끼 (mi kki) |
| Hamgyong Korean | North Hamgyong | Rason | 무'끼 (mu kki) |
| Hamgyong Korean | North Hamgyong | Musan | 무'끼 (mu kki) |
| Hamgyong Korean | North Hamgyong | Hyesan | 무'끼 (mu kki) |
| Hamgyong Korean | North Hamgyong | Kapsan | 무'끼 (mu kki) |
| Hamgyong Korean | North Hamgyong | Pungso | 무'끼 (mu kki) |
| Hamgyong Korean | North Hamgyong | Samsu | 무'끼 (mu kki) |
| Hamgyong Korean | North Hamgyong | Kimhyongjik | 무 (mu) |
| Hamgyong Korean | Diaspora | Yanji | 무'끼 (mu kki), 므'끼 (meu kki), 무'꾸 (mu kku), '노배 ( nobae) |
| Hamgyong Korean | Diaspora | Tumen | 무'끼 (mu kki), 무'꾸 (mu kku), '노배 ( nobae), '노베 ( nobe) |
| Hamgyong Korean | Diaspora | Dunhua | 무'끼 (mu kki), '노배 ( nobae) |
| Hamgyong Korean | Diaspora | Hunchun | 무'끼 (mu kki), '노배 ( nobae) |
| Hamgyong Korean | Diaspora | Longjing | 무'끼 (mu kki), '노배 ( nobae) |
| Hamgyong Korean | Diaspora | Helong | 무'끼 (mu kki) |
| Hamgyong Korean | Diaspora | Wangqing | '노배 ( nobae) |
| Hamgyong Korean | Diaspora | Baishan | 무'끼 (mu kki) |
| Hamgyong Korean | Diaspora | Jilin City | 무'꾸 (mu kku) (informant's wife was a Gyeongsang speaker) |
| Hamgyong Korean | Diaspora | Mudanjiang | 무'끼 (mu kki), '노배 ( nobae) |
| Hamgyong Korean | Diaspora | Jixi | 무'끼 (mu kki), '노배 ( nobae) |
| Hamgyong Korean | Diaspora | Qitaihe | 무'끼 (mu kki), '노배 ( nobae), '노베 ( nobe) |
| Hamgyong Korean | Diaspora | Shuangyashan | 무'끼 (mu kki) |
| Hamgyong Korean | Diaspora | Jiamusi | '노배 ( nobae), '로베 ( robe) |
| Hamgyong Korean | Diaspora | Hegang | 무'끼 (mu kki) |
| Yukjin Korean | Yukjin | Kyonghung | 무끼 (mùkkí) (possibly connective form followed by suffix -í) |
| Yukjin Korean | Yukjin | Hoeryong | 무끼 (mùkkí) (possibly connective form followed by suffix -í) |
| Yukjin Korean | Yukjin | Onsong | 무끼 (mùkkí) (possibly connective form followed by suffix -í) |
| Yukjin Korean | Diaspora | Hunchun | 무수 (mùsù) (isolation), 무끼 (mùkkí) (isolation), 묶 (mùkk-) (connective), 노배 (nóbàe) (only Chinese radishes) |
| Jeju | Jeju | Jeju City | ᄂᆞᆷ삐 (nawmppi) |
| Jeju | Jeju | Daejeong | ᄂᆞᆷ삐 (nawmppi) |
| Jeju | Jeju | Gujwa | ᄂᆞᆷ삐 (nawmppi) |
| Jeju | Jeju | Seogwipo | ᄂᆞᆷ삐 (nawmppi) |
| Note: Forms listed as Northeastern may include Yukjin ones, because the consulted source did not distinguish beteen the two dialects. ||||
| This table is an amalgamation of surveys of speakers mostly born before 1950 and may not reflect the language of younger speakers, which has lexically converged towards the standard Seoul dialect in both North and South Koreas. ||||