# 茫然
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): mángrán
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄤˊ ㄖㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): mong$^4$ jin$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): bông-liân / bông-jiân / bâng-liân / bâng-jiân
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: mángrán
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄤˊ ㄖㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: mángrán
*** Wade–Giles: mang$^2$-jan$^2$
*** Yale: máng-rán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mangran
*** Palladius: манжань (manžanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /mɑŋ³⁵ ʐän³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: mong$^4$ jin$^4$
*** Yale: mòhng yìhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: mong$^4$ jin$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: mong$^4$ yin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɔːŋ²¹ jiːn²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bông-liân
*** Tâi-lô: bông-liân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bonglieen
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Xiamen): /bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /bɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ liɛn²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bông-jiân
*** Tâi-lô: bông-jiân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bongjieen
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bɔŋ¹³⁻²² d͡ziɛn¹³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /bɔŋ²³⁻³³ ziɛn²³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bâng-liân
*** Tâi-lô: bâng-liân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: banglieen
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Xiamen): /baŋ²⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bâng-jiân
*** Tâi-lô: bâng-jiân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bangjieen
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /baŋ¹³⁻²² d͡ziɛn¹³/
* Middle Chinese: mang nyen
Rime :
| Character | 茫 | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 唐 (101) | 仙 (77) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 莫郎切 | 如延切 |
| Baxter | mang | nyen |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /mɑŋ/ | /ȵiᴇn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /mɑŋ/ | /ȵiɛn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /mɑŋ/ | /ȵʑjæn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /maŋ/ | /ȵian/ |
| Li Rong | /mɑŋ/ | /ȵiɛn/ |
| Wang Li | /mɑŋ/ | /ȵʑĭɛn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /mɑŋ/ | /ȵʑi̯ɛn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | máng | rán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | mong$^4$ | jin$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*maːŋ njen/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | rán |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nyen › |
| Old Chinese | /*[n]a[n]/ |
| English | so, thus; (adv suffix) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 茫 | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 12641 | 10756 |
| Phonetic component | 亡 | 肰 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 茫 | 然 |
| Old Chinese | /*maːŋ/ | /*njen/ |
| Notes | 見漢書 | |

### Adjective

茫然
* boundless; borderless
* clueless; directionless
* dazed; confused; frustrated

#### Derived terms

* 茫然不知
* 茫然不解
* 茫然自失 (mángránzìshī)
* 茫然若失 (mángránruòshī)
* 茫然若迷
* 茫然費解／茫然费解
* 茫茫然

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 茫然(ぼうぜん) (bōzen)
* → Korean: 망연(茫然) (mang'yeon)
* → Vietnamese: mang nhiên (茫然)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 茫 | 然 |
| ぼう Hyōgai | ぜん Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* ぼう然

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ぼーぜん [bòózéń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [bo̞ːzẽ̞ɴ]

### Adjective

茫(ぼう)然(ぜん) • (bōzen) $^†$-tari (adnominal 茫(ぼう)然(ぜん)とした (bōzen to shita) or 茫(ぼう)然(ぜん)たる (bōzen taru), adverbial 茫(ぼう)然(ぜん)と (bōzen to) or 茫(ぼう)然(ぜん)として (bōzen to shite))
* clueless

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 茫 | 然 |

### Noun

茫然 • (mang-yeon) (hangeul 망연)
* hanja form of 망연 (“clueless”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 茫 | 然 |

### Adjective

茫然
* chữ Hán form of mang nhiên (“clueless”).