# 超過
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chāoguò
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄠ ㄍㄨㄛˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ciu$^1$ gwo$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhêu-ko
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhiau-kè / chhiau-kòe / chhiau-kèr / thiau-kòe
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tiao$^1$ guê$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chāoguò
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄠ ㄍㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chaoguò
*** Wade–Giles: chʻao$^1$-kuo$^4$
*** Yale: chāu-gwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chauguoh
*** Palladius: чаого (čaogo)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ciu$^1$ gwo$^3$
*** Yale: chīu gwo
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsiu$^1$ gwo$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: qiu$^1$ guo$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiːu̯⁵⁵ kʷɔː³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhêu-ko
*** Hakka Romanization System: ceu$^ˊ$ go
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ceu$^1$ go$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰeu̯²⁴⁻¹¹ ko⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Jinjiang, Taipei, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiau-kè
*** Tâi-lô: tshiau-kè
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chiau'kex
*** IPA (Jinjiang, Philippines): /t͡sʰiau³³ ke⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰiau⁴⁴⁻²² ke²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰiau⁴⁴⁻³³ ke¹¹/
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiau-kòe
*** Tâi-lô: tshiau-kuè
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chiau'koex
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiau⁴⁴⁻³³ kue²¹/
*** IPA (Singapore): /t͡sʰiau⁴⁴⁻²² kue²¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiau-kèr
*** Tâi-lô: tshiau-kèr
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰiau³³ kə⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thiau-kòe
*** Tâi-lô: thiau-kuè
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tiau'koex
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiau⁴⁴⁻²² kue²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: tiao$^1$ guê$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thiau kuè
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰiau³³⁻²³ kue²¹³/

### Verb

超⫽過 (verb-complement)
* (literal, figurative, transitive) to be ahead of; to overtake; to pass; to outstrip; to surpass; to exceed
       Tā chāoguò le sān liàng zìxíngchē. [Pinyin]
       He passed three bikes.
       Shìshíshàng, wǒmen zài kēyán fāngmiàn yuǎnyuǎn chāoguò tāmen. [Pinyin]
       As a matter of fact, we are far ahead of them in scientific research.
       Dúwùzhì hánliàng chāoguò zhèngcháng xǔkězhí shù bèi. [Pinyin]
       The content of toxins in the substance exceeds twice the allowed quantity.

#### Usage notes

* Like English be ahead of and overtake, 超過／超过 (chāoguò) can denote literally rushing to the front, as well as figuratively exceeding a particular benchmark. Chinese monolingual dictionaries often distinguish between these two senses.

#### Synonyms

* 出乎 (chūhū)
* 勝過／胜过 (shèngguò)
* 強似／强似 (qiángsì) (formal)
* 強過／强过 (Quanzhou Hokkien)
* 愈 (yù) (formal)
* 蓋／盖 (literary)
* 蓋過／盖过 (Hakka)
* 賽過／赛过 (sàiguò)
* 超 (chāo)
* 超出 (chāochū)
* 越出 (yuèchū)
* 超越 (chāoyuè)
* 越過／越过 (yuèguò)
* 跨越 (kuàyuè)
* 軼越／轶越 (yìyuè) (literary)
* 逾越 (yúyuè)
* 開過／开过 (kāiguò) (Beijing Mandarin)

#### Derived terms

* 遠超過／远超过

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 超 | 過 |
| ちょう Grade: S | か Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||

### Noun

超(ちょう)過(か) • (chōka)
* excess

### Verb

超(ちょう)過(か)する • (chōka suru) suru (stem 超(ちょう)過(か)し (chōka shi), past 超(ちょう)過(か)した (chōka shita))
* exceed

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 超過し | ちょうかし | chōka shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 超過し | ちょうかし | chōka shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 超過する | ちょうかする | chōka suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 超過する | ちょうかする | chōka suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 超過すれ | ちょうかすれ | chōka sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 超過せよ¹ 超過しろ² | ちょうかせよ¹ ちょうかしろ² | chōka seyo¹ chōka shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 超過される | ちょうかされる | chōka sareru |
| Causative | 超過させる 超過さす | ちょうかさせる ちょうかさす | chōka saseru chōka sasu |
| Potential | 超過できる | ちょうかできる | chōka dekiru |
| Volitional | 超過しよう | ちょうかしよう | chōka shiyō |
| Negative | 超過しない | ちょうかしない | chōka shinai |
| Negative continuative | 超過せず | ちょうかせず | chōka sezu |
| Formal | 超過します | ちょうかします | chōka shimasu |
| Perfective | 超過した | ちょうかした | chōka shita |
| Conjunctive | 超過して | ちょうかして | chōka shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 超過すれば | ちょうかすれば | chōka sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||