# 違う
## Japanese
### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 違
* ちが Grade: S
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese. Compound of 道 (chi, “road, way”) +‎ 交う (kau, “cross, exchange”). The kau changes to gau as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
First cited to the Kagerō Nikki of 974, and likely extant earlier given the initial citing in 965 of derived form 違える (chigaeru, “to keep something from happening”)
Similar, but not related, to tagau reading.

#### Alternative forms

* 異う

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ちがう [chìgáú] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) ちがう [chìgáꜜù] (Nakadaka – [2])
* IPA: [t͡ɕiɡa̠ɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「違う」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 違う | ちがう | [chìgáú] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 違え | ちがえ | [chìgáé] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 違われる | ちがわれる | [chìgáwárérú] |
| Causative | 違わせる | ちがわせる | [chìgáwásérú] |
| Potential | - | - | - |
| Volitional | 違おう | ちがおー | [chìgáóꜜò] |
| Negative | 違わない | ちがわない | [chìgáwánáí] |
| Negative perfective | 違わなかった | ちがわなかった | [chìgáwánáꜜkàttà] |
| Formal | 違います | ちがいます | [chìgáímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 違った | ちがった | [chìgáttá] |
| Conjunctive | 違って | ちがって | [chìgátté] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 違えば | ちがえば | [chìgáéꜜbà] |

#### Verb

違(ちが)う • (chigau) intransitive godan (stem 違(ちが)い (chigai), past 違(ちが)った (chigatta))
Japanese verb pair :
| active | 違(ちが)える |
| mediopassive | 違(ちが)う |
* to be different; to differ (from something)
* another
* (in conversation) no, that is wrong / incorrect; that's not how it is

##### Usage notes

This is used to disagree with someone in conversation like "no", but it is softer than saying "no" in English.

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 違わ | ちがわ | chigawa |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 違い | ちがい | chigai |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 違う | ちがう | chigau |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 違う | ちがう | chigau |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 違え | ちがえ | chigae |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 違え | ちがえ | chigae |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 違われる | ちがわれる | chigawareru |
| Causative | 違わせる 違わす | ちがわせる ちがわす | chigawaseru chigawasu |
| Potential | 違える | ちがえる | chigaeru |
| Volitional | 違おう | ちがおう | chigaō |
| Negative | 違わない | ちがわない | chigawanai |
| Negative continuative | 違わず | ちがわず | chigawazu |
| Formal | 違います | ちがいます | chigaimasu |
| Perfective | 違った | ちがった | chigatta |
| Conjunctive | 違って | ちがって | chigatte |
| Hypothetical conditional | 違えば | ちがえば | chigaeba |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 違は | ちがは | tigafa |
| Continuative (連用形) | 違ひ | ちがひ | tigafi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 違ふ | ちがふ | tigafu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 違ふ | ちがふ | tigafu |
| Realis (已然形) | 違へ | ちがへ | tigafe |
| Imperative (命令形) | 違へ | ちがへ | tigafe |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 違はず | ちがはず | tigafazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 違へど | ちがへど | tigafedo |
| Causal conjunction | 違へば | ちがへば | tigafeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 違はば | ちがはば | tigafaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 違ひき | ちがひき | tigafiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 違ひけり | ちがひけり | tigafikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 違ひつ | ちがひつ | tigafitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 違ひぬ | ちがひぬ | tigafinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 違へり 違ひたり | ちがへり ちがひたり | tigaferi tigafitari |
| Volitional | 違はむ | ちがはむ | tigafamu |

##### Synonyms

* 異(こと)なる (kotonaru): to differ
* 別(べつ) (betsu): another

##### Derived terms

* 違(ちが)い (chigai)
* 間(ま)違(ちが)う (machigau): make a mistake
* 勘違(かんちが)い (kanchigai): misunderstanding

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 違
* たが Grade: S
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese. Compound of 手 (ta, “hand”, bound form) +‎ 交う (kau, “cross, exchange”). The kau changes to gau as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
First cited to the Kojiki of 712 CE.

#### Verb

違(たが)う • (tagau) intransitive godan (stem 違(たが)い (tagai), past 違(たが)った (tagatta))
Japanese verb pair :
| active | 違(たが)える |
| mediopassive | 違(たが)う |
* (dated) be contrary to; go against; defy; disobey; violate (a rule)
    期(き)待(たい)に違(たが)う
       kitai ni tagau
       be contrary to an anticipation
    定(てい)説(せつ)に違(たが)う
       teisetsu ni tagau
       defy a common theory
    規(き)則(そく)に違(たが)う
       kisoku ni tagau
       violate a rule

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 違わ | たがわ | tagawa |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 違い | たがい | tagai |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 違う | たがう | tagau |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 違う | たがう | tagau |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 違え | たがえ | tagae |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 違え | たがえ | tagae |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 違われる | たがわれる | tagawareru |
| Causative | 違わせる 違わす | たがわせる たがわす | tagawaseru tagawasu |
| Potential | 違える | たがえる | tagaeru |
| Volitional | 違おう | たがおう | tagaō |
| Negative | 違わない | たがわない | tagawanai |
| Negative continuative | 違わず | たがわず | tagawazu |
| Formal | 違います | たがいます | tagaimasu |
| Perfective | 違った | たがった | tagatta |
| Conjunctive | 違って | たがって | tagatte |
| Hypothetical conditional | 違えば | たがえば | tagaeba |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 違は | たがは | tagafa |
| Continuative (連用形) | 違ひ | たがひ | tagafi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 違ふ | たがふ | tagafu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 違ふ | たがふ | tagafu |
| Realis (已然形) | 違へ | たがへ | tagafe |
| Imperative (命令形) | 違へ | たがへ | tagafe |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 違はず | たがはず | tagafazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 違へど | たがへど | tagafedo |
| Causal conjunction | 違へば | たがへば | tagafeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 違はば | たがはば | tagafaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 違ひき | たがひき | tagafiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 違ひけり | たがひけり | tagafikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 違ひつ | たがひつ | tagafitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 違ひぬ | たがひぬ | tagafinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 違へり 違ひたり | たがへり たがひたり | tagaferi tagafitari |
| Volitional | 違はむ | たがはむ | tagafamu |

##### Synonyms

* 逆(さか)らう (sakarau)
* 背(そむ)く (somuku)
* 反(はん)する (hansuru)

##### Antonyms

* 従(したが)う (shitagau, “obey”)

### References

* 1 2 3 “違・交”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* 1 2 3 Samuel E. Martin (1987) The Japanese Language Through Time, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN
* ↑ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
* ↑ “違”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006