# 黔

| 黔 | U+9ED4, &#40660; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9ED4 |
| ← 黓 [U+9ED3] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 黕 → [U+9ED5] |

## Translingual
### Han character

黔 (Kangxi radical 203, 黑+4, 16 strokes, cangjie input 田火人戈弓 (WFOIN), four-corner 6832$_7$, composition ⿰黑今)

#### Derived characters

* 𭌘

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1519, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 48056
* Dae Jaweon: page 2052, character 17
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4744, character 19
* Unihan data for U+9ED4

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 黔 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 貪 | *kʰl'uːm |
| 嗿 | *l̥ʰuːmʔ |
| 僋 | *l̥ʰuːms, *luːms |
| 酓 | *qʰɯːm, *qlamʔ, *qlɯːms |
| 馠 | *qʰɯːm |
| 谽 | *qʰɯːm |
| 唅 | *qʰɯːm, *ɡɯːms |
| 含 | *ɡɯːm |
| 肣 | *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ |
| 頷 | *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ |
| 筨 | *ɡɯːm |
| 梒 | *ɡɯːm |
| 鋡 | *ɡɯːm |
| 莟 | *ɡɯːmʔ, *ɡɯːms |
| 琀 | *ɡɯːms |
| 浛 | *ɡɯːms |
| 盦 | *qɯːm, *qaːb |
| 韽 | *qɯːm, *qrɯːms |
| 玪 | *krɯːm |
| 妗 | *qʰrɯːm, *kʰjam, *qʰlɯːm, *ɡrɯms |
| 欦 | *qʰrɯːmʔ, *qʰram, *kʰlam, *kʰlamʔ, *qʰlɯːm |
| 黔 | *ɡram, *ɡrɯm |
| 鈐 | *ɡram |
| 鳹 | *ɡram |
| 雂 | *ɡram, *ɡrɯm |
| 念 | *nɯːms |
| 梣 | *sɡɯm, *sɡrɯm |
| 枔 | *sɢrɯm |
| 岑 | *sɡrɯm |
| 笒 | *sɡrɯm, *ɡrɯms |
| 涔 | *sɡrɯm |
| 侺 | *ɡjɯms |
| 今 | *krɯm |
| 黅 | *krɯm |
| 衿 | *krɯm |
| 衾 | *kʰrɯm |
| 坅 | *kʰrɯmʔ |
| 搇 | *kʰrɯms |
| 琴 | *ɡrɯm |
| 禽 | *ɡrɯm |
| 芩 | *ɡrɯm |
| 庈 | *ɡrɯm |
| 耹 | *ɡrɯm |
| 靲 | *ɡrɯm |
| 擒 | *ɡrɯm |
| 檎 | *ɡrɯm |
| 紟 | *ɡrɯms |
| 吟 | *ŋɡrɯm, *ŋɡrɯms |
| 訡 | *ŋɡrɯm |
| 廞 | *qʰrɯm, *qʰrɯmʔ |
| 陰 | *qrɯm |
| 霠 |
| 飲 | *qrɯmʔ, *qrɯms |
| 蔭 | *qrɯms |
| 廕 | *qrɯms |
| 矜 | *ɡrɯn, *ɡɯn, *kɯŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡram, *ɡrɯm) : semantic 黑 (“black”) + phonetic 今 (OC *krɯm)

### Etymology

Perhaps an areal word related to Longzhou Zhuang kʰam¹ ("cloudy; dark"), Proto-Katuic *koom (“black”) (Schuessler, 2007). See also 黮 and 紺.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qián (qian$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): kim$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khiâm / khâm
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kim$^5$ / ngim$^5$ / kam$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qián
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cián
*** Wade–Giles: chʻien$^2$
*** Yale: chyán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyan
*** Palladius: цянь (cjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kim$^4$
*** Yale: kìhm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kim$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kim$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰiːm²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiâm
*** Tâi-lô: khiâm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qiaam
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiam¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /kʰiam²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khâm
*** Tâi-lô: khâm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qaam
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰam¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /kʰam²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰam²³/
* khiâm - literary;
* khâm - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: gim, gjem
Rime :
| Character | 黔 | 黔 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 群 (30) | 群 (30) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (140) | 鹽 (154) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 巨金切 | 巨淹切 |
| Baxter | gim | gjem |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɡˠiɪm/ | /ɡˠiᴇm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɡᵚim/ | /ɡᵚiɛm/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɡiem/ | /ɡiæm/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /gjim/ | /gjiam/ |
| Li Rong | /ɡjəm/ | /ɡjɛm/ |
| Wang Li | /ɡĭĕm/ | /ɡĭɛm/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /gi̯əm/ | /gi̯ɛm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qín | qián |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | kam$^4$ | kim$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ](r)[o]m/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡram/, /*ɡrɯm/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 黔 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qián |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ gjem › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ](r)[o]m/ |
| English | black |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 黔 | 黔 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 6580 | 6606 |
| Phonetic component | 今 | 今 |
| Rime group | 談 | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 箝 | 琴 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡram/ | /*ɡrɯm/ |

### Definitions

黔
* (literary) black
* (obsolete) to blacken by tanning or exposure to smoke
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Fū hú bù rì yù ér bái, wū bù rì qián ér hēi. [Pinyin]
    The snow-goose does not bathe every day to make itself white, nor the crow blacken itself every day to make itself black.
* (～州) Name of a prefecture in ancient China now located in Chongqing and Guizhou.
* Short for 貴州／贵州 (Guìzhōu, “Guizhou”).
* a surname

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 黑, 烏, 青, 皂, 黔, 黢 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 黑 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 黑 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 黑 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 黑 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 黑 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 黑 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 黑 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 黑 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 黑 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 黑 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 黑 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 黑 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 黑 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 黑 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 黑 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 黑 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 黑 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 黑 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 黑 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 黑 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 黑 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 黑 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 黑, 青 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 黑 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 黑 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 黑, 青 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 黑 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 黑, 烏, 青 † |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 黑 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 黑 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 黑 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 黑 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 黑 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 黑 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 黑 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 烏, 黑 skin |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 烏 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 黑, 烏 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Dapeng) | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Danzhou | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 黑 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 黑 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 黑, 烏, 青 † |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 黑 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 烏 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 烏 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Huiyang | 烏 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 黑 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Wengyuan | 烏 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 黑 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 黑 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 烏 |
| Hakka | Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Changting | 烏 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 烏 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Yanqian) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 烏 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 烏 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 黑 |
| Hakka | Ningdu | 黑 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 烏 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 烏 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Tonggu (Sandu) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Ganzhou (Panlong) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Dayu | 烏 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 烏 |
| Hakka | Yangxi (Tangkou) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Yangchun (Sanjia) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Sihe) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Qianpai) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Gaozhou (Xindong) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Huazhou (Xin'an) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Shijiao) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Qingping) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Mengshan (Xihe) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 烏 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 烏 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 烏 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 黑 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 黑 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 黑 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 黑 |
| Jin | Linhe | 黑 |
| Jin | Jining | 黑 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 黑 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 黑 |
| Jin | Handan | 黑 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 烏, 青 † |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 烏, 青 † |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 烏 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 烏 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 烏 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 烏 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 烏 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 烏 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 烏 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 烏 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Medan (Hokkien) | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 黑 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Lufeng | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 烏 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 烏 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 烏 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 烏 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 黑 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 黑, 烏 |
| Shehua | Fu'an | 黑 |
| Shehua | Fuding | 黑 |
| Shehua | Luoyuan | 黑 |
| Shehua | Sanming | 烏 |
| Shehua | Shunchang | 烏 |
| Shehua | Hua'an | 烏 |
| Shehua | Guixi (Zhangping) | 烏 |
| Shehua | Cangnan | 黑 |
| Shehua | Jingning (Hexi) | 黑 |
| Shehua | Lishui | 黑 |
| Shehua | Longyou | 黑 |
| Shehua | Chaozhou | 黑 |
| Shehua | Fengshun | 烏 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 黑 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 黑 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 黑 |
| Wu | Danyang | 黑 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 黑 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 黑 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 黑, 烏, 青 † |
| Wu | Jinhua | 黑 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 黑, 青 † |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 黑, 青 † |
| Note | † - usually describes the color of cloth or thread | † - usually describes the color of cloth or thread |

### Compounds

* 布衣黔首
* 烏黔黔／乌黔黔
* 蒸黔
* 突黔
* 羊黔
* 蒼黔／苍黔
* 邑中黔
* 黎黔
* 墨突不黔
* 黔刺
* 黔劇／黔剧
* 黔劓
* 黔南 (Qiánnán)
* 黔口
* 黔喙
* 黔婁／黔娄
* 黔婁妻／黔娄妻
* 黔嬴
* 黔巫
* 黔庶
* 黔愚
* 黔民
* 黔江 (Qiánjiāng)
* 黔灶
* 黔烝
* 黔皁／黔皂
* 黔突
* 黔突暖席
* 黔細／黔细
* 黔落
* 黔蒼／黔苍
* 黔醜／黔丑
* 黔雷
* 黔首 (qiánshǒu)
* 黔驢／黔驴
* 黔驢之技／黔驴之技 (qiánlǘzhījì)
* 黔驢技孤／黔驴技孤
* 黔驢技盡／黔驴技尽
* 黔驢技窮／黔驴技穷 (qiánlǘjìqióng)
* 黔黎
* 黔黑
* 黔黧
* 黧黔

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): けん (ken)、きん (kin)
* Kun: くろい (kuroi)

## Korean
### Hanja

黔 • (geom, geum) (hangeul 검, 금, revised geom, geum, McCune–Reischauer kŏm, kŭm, Yale kem, kum)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

黔: Hán Nôm readings: kiềm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.