# 匕首
## Chinese

* 匕首

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bǐshǒu, bìshǒu
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄧˇ ㄕㄡˇ, ㄅㄧˋ ㄕㄡˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bei$^6$ sau$^2$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pí-siú
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bǐshǒu [Phonetic: bíshǒu]
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄧˇ ㄕㄡˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bǐshǒu
*** Wade–Giles: pi$^3$-shou$^3$
*** Yale: bǐ-shǒu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: biishoou
*** Palladius: бишоу (bišou)
*** Sinological IPA : /pi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
** (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bǐshǒur [Phonetic: bíshǒur]
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄧˇ ㄕㄡˇㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bǐshǒur
*** Wade–Giles: pi$^3$-shou$^3$-ʼrh
*** Yale: bǐ-shǒur
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: biishooul
*** Palladius: бишоур (bišour)
*** Sinological IPA : /pi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂɤʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
** (Standard Chinese, common misreading)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bìshǒu
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄧˋ ㄕㄡˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bìshǒu
*** Wade–Giles: pi$^4$-shou$^3$
*** Yale: bì-shǒu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bihshoou
*** Palladius: бишоу (bišou)
*** Sinological IPA : /pi⁵¹ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bei$^6$ sau$^2$
*** Yale: beih sáu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bei$^6$ sau$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: béi$^6$ seo$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /pei̯²² sɐu̯³⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pí-siú
*** Tâi-lô: pí-siú
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pysiuo
*** IPA (Xiamen): /pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siu⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siu⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siu⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /pi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siu⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siu⁴¹/
* Middle Chinese: pjijX syuwX
Rime :
| Character | 匕 | 首 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) | 書 (26) |
| Final (韻) | 脂 (15) | 尤 (136) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 卑履切 | 書九切 |
| Baxter | pjijX | syuwX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /piɪ$^X$/ | /ɕɨu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pi$^X$/ | /ɕiu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /pjɪ$^X$/ | /ɕiəu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /pi$^X$/ | /ɕuw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /pi$^X$/ | /ɕiu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /pi$^X$/ | /ɕĭəu$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /pi$^X$/ | /ɕi̯ə̯u$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bǐ | shǒu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | bei$^2$ | sau$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pijʔ l̥uʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*pilʔ hljuʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 匕 | 匕 | 首 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | bǐ | bǐ | shǒu |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ pjij$^X$ › | ‹ pjij$^X$ › | ‹ syuw$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*pijʔ/ | /*pijʔ/ | /*l̥uʔ/ |
| English | ladle, spoon | spoon | head |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 匕 | 首 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| No. | 484 | 11671 |
| Phonetic component | 匕 | 首 |
| Rime group | 脂 | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 匕 | 首 |
| Old Chinese | /*pilʔ/ | /*hljuʔ/ |

### Noun

匕首
* dagger (Classifier: 把 m)

#### Synonyms

* (Cantonese) 劍仔／剑仔
* (Hokkien) 匕鑽／匕钻

#### Derived terms

* 匕首投槍／匕首投枪
* 匕首槍／匕首枪
* 圖窮匕首見／图穷匕首见 (túqióngbǐshǒuxiàn)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 匕(ひ)首(しゅ) (hishu)
* → Korean: 비수(匕首) (bisu)
Others (very likely false):
* →? Cebuano: pisaw
* →? Malay: pisau
** Indonesian: pisau
* →? Tagalog: pisaw

### References

* ↑ Austronesian Comparative Dictionary - *pisaw

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 匕 | 首 |
| ひ Hyōgai | しゅ Grade: 2 |
| goon ||
From Chinese 匕首, possibly from Middle Chinese. Appears in texts from at least the 1300s.
The Chinese dagger was sometimes used for assassination, and had a spoon-shaped blade tip designed to inflict damage on the victim's neck. Hence the spelling, literally 匕 (bǐ, “spoon”) + 首 (shǒu, “neck”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ひしゅ [híꜜshù] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [çiɕɨ]

#### Noun

匕(ひ)首(しゅ) • (hishu)
* Synonym of あいくち: aikuchi, a type of 短刀(たんとう) (tantō) dagger

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 匕 | 首 |
| あいくち ||
| Hyōgai | Grade: 2 |
| jukujikun ||
The spelling is Jukujikun (熟字訓), based on a roughly similar kind of dagger used in China. That dagger was sometimes used for assassination, and had a spoon-shaped blade tip designed to inflict damage on the victim's neck. Hence the spelling, literally 匕 (bǐ, “spoon”) + 首 (shǒu, “neck”).
For pronunciation and definitions of 匕首 – see the following entry. :
| 【あいくち】 | [noun] 匕首, 合口, 合い口: a specific type of dagger with no crossguard, where the hilt fits directly against the opening of the scabbard, often kept concealed in one's clothing Alternative spellings 合口, 合い口 |
(This term, 匕首, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN