# 捏造
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): niēzào
    (Zhuyin): ㄋㄧㄝ ㄗㄠˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): nip$^6$ zou$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ngiap-chho
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lia̍p-chō / liap-chǒ / liap-chō
    (Teochew, Peng'im): niab$^4$ zao$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: niēzào
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄝ ㄗㄠˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: niezào
*** Wade–Giles: nieh$^1$-tsao$^4$
*** Yale: nyē-dzàu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nhietzaw
*** Palladius: нецзао (neczao)
*** Sinological IPA : /ni̯ɛ⁵⁵ t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: nip$^6$ zou$^6$
*** Yale: nihp jouh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: nip$^9$ dzou$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: nib$^6$ zou$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /niːp̚² t͡sou̯²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiap-chho
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngiab$^ˋ$ co
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngiab$^5$ co$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯ap̚² t͡sʰo⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lia̍p-chō
*** Tâi-lô: lia̍p-tsō
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liabzoi
*** IPA (Xiamen): /liap̚⁴⁻³² t͡so²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /liap̚⁴⁻³² t͡so³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /liap̚⁴⁻³² t͡sɤ³³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liap-chǒ
*** Tâi-lô: liap-tsǒ
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /liap̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡so²²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liap-chō
*** Tâi-lô: liap-tsō
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liapzoi
*** IPA (Xiamen): /liap̚³²⁻⁴ t͡so²²/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /liap̚³²⁻⁵ t͡so²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: niab$^4$ zao$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: niap tsău
*** Sinological IPA : /niap̚²⁻⁴ t͡sau³⁵/

### Verb

捏造
* to fabricate; to concoct; to make up a false set of facts

#### Synonyms

* 偽造／伪造 (wěizào)
* 假造 (jiǎzào)
* 土統／土统 (Hokkien)
* 捏 (niē) (literary, or in compounds)
* 杜撰 (dùzhuàn)
* 桶摃／桶𫼱 (Hokkien)
* 構造／构造 (gòuzào) (archaic)
* 瞎編／瞎编 (xiābiān)
* 編製／编制 (biānzhì) (figurative)
* 編造／编造 (biānzào)
* 胡編／胡编 (húbiān)
* 臆造 (yìzào)
* 莫之莫捏 (Hokkien)
* 莫捏 (Hokkien)
* 虛構／虚构 (xūgòu)
* 造謠／造谣 (zàoyáo)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 捏 | 造 |
| ねつ Hyōgai | ぞう Grade: 5 |
| goon | on'yomi |
* Alternative spelling
* ねつ造

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ねつぞー [nètsúzóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ne̞t͡sɨzo̞ː]

#### Noun

捏(ねつ)造(ぞう) • (netsuzō)
* fabrication; fake; staged

#### Verb

捏(ねつ)造(ぞう)する • (netsuzō suru) transitive suru (stem 捏(ねつ)造(ぞう)し (netsuzō shi), past 捏(ねつ)造(ぞう)した (netsuzō shita))
* to fabricate; to make up a false set of facts
    証(しょう)拠(こ)を捏(ねつ)造(ぞう)する
       shōko o netsuzō suru
       to fabricate evidence

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 捏造し | ねつぞうし | netsuzō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 捏造し | ねつぞうし | netsuzō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 捏造する | ねつぞうする | netsuzō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 捏造する | ねつぞうする | netsuzō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 捏造すれ | ねつぞうすれ | netsuzō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 捏造せよ¹ 捏造しろ² | ねつぞうせよ¹ ねつぞうしろ² | netsuzō seyo¹ netsuzō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 捏造される | ねつぞうされる | netsuzō sareru |
| Causative | 捏造させる 捏造さす | ねつぞうさせる ねつぞうさす | netsuzō saseru netsuzō sasu |
| Potential | 捏造できる | ねつぞうできる | netsuzō dekiru |
| Volitional | 捏造しよう | ねつぞうしよう | netsuzō shiyō |
| Negative | 捏造しない | ねつぞうしない | netsuzō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 捏造せず | ねつぞうせず | netsuzō sezu |
| Formal | 捏造します | ねつぞうします | netsuzō shimasu |
| Perfective | 捏造した | ねつぞうした | netsuzō shita |
| Conjunctive | 捏造して | ねつぞうして | netsuzō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 捏造すれば | ねつぞうすれば | netsuzō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 捏 | 造 |
| でつ Hyōgai | ぞう Grade: 5 |
| kan'on | on'yomi |

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) でつぞー [dètsúzóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [de̞t͡sɨzo̞ː]

#### Noun

捏(でつ)造(ぞう) • (detsuzō)
* (uncommon) Alternative form of 捏造 (netsuzō)

#### Verb

捏(でつ)造(ぞう)する • (detsuzō suru) transitive suru (stem 捏(でつ)造(ぞう)し (detsuzō shi), past 捏(でつ)造(ぞう)した (detsuzō shita))
* (uncommon) Alternative form of 捏造 (netsuzō)

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 捏造し | でつぞうし | detsuzō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 捏造し | でつぞうし | detsuzō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 捏造する | でつぞうする | detsuzō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 捏造する | でつぞうする | detsuzō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 捏造すれ | でつぞうすれ | detsuzō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 捏造せよ¹ 捏造しろ² | でつぞうせよ¹ でつぞうしろ² | detsuzō seyo¹ detsuzō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 捏造される | でつぞうされる | detsuzō sareru |
| Causative | 捏造させる 捏造さす | でつぞうさせる でつぞうさす | detsuzō saseru detsuzō sasu |
| Potential | 捏造できる | でつぞうできる | detsuzō dekiru |
| Volitional | 捏造しよう | でつぞうしよう | detsuzō shiyō |
| Negative | 捏造しない | でつぞうしない | detsuzō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 捏造せず | でつぞうせず | detsuzō sezu |
| Formal | 捏造します | でつぞうします | detsuzō shimasu |
| Perfective | 捏造した | でつぞうした | detsuzō shita |
| Conjunctive | 捏造して | でつぞうして | detsuzō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 捏造すれば | でつぞうすれば | detsuzō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 捏 | 造 |

### Noun

捏造 • (naljo) (hangeul 날조)
* hanja form of 날조 (“fabrication”)