# 外患
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wàihuàn
    (Zhuyin): ㄨㄞˋ ㄏㄨㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ngoi$^6$ waan$^6$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): gōa-hoān
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wàihuàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄞˋ ㄏㄨㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wàihuàn
*** Wade–Giles: wai$^4$-huan$^4$
*** Yale: wài-hwàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wayhuann
*** Palladius: вайхуань (vajxuanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /waɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯än⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngoi$^6$ waan$^6$
*** Yale: ngoih waahn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngoi$^6$ waan$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ngoi$^6$ wan$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋɔːi̯²² waːn²²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gōa-hoān
*** Tâi-lô: guā-huān
*** Phofsit Daibuun: goaxhoan
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ɡua²²⁻²¹ huan²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡua⁴¹⁻²² huan⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡua²²⁻²¹ huan²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ɡua³³⁻¹¹ huan³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡua³³⁻²¹ huan³³/
* Middle Chinese: ngwajH hwaenH
Rime :
| Character | 外 | 患 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 泰 (26) | 刪 (70) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | II |
| Fanqie | 五會切 | 胡慣切 |
| Baxter | ngwajH | hwaenH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋuɑi$^H$/ | /ɦˠuan$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋʷɑi$^H$/ | /ɦʷᵚan$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋuɑi$^H$/ | /ɣuɐn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋwaj$^H$/ | /ɦwaɨn$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋuɑi$^H$/ | /ɣuan$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋuɑi$^H$/ | /ɣwan$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ŋuɑi$^H$/ | /ɣwan$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wèi | huàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ngoi$^6$ | waan$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ]ʷˤa[t]-s [ɡ]ˤro[n]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷaːds ɡroːns/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 外 | 患 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | wài | huàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ngwaj$^H$ › | ‹ hwæn$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ŋ]ʷˁa[t]-s/ | /*[ɡ]ˁro[n]-s/ |
| English | outside | calamity; distress |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 外 | 患 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 12606 | 5364 |
| Phonetic component | 外 | 患 |
| Rime group | 祭 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 外 | 患 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋʷaːds/ | /*ɡroːns/ |
| Notes | | 本從串（毌）聲 |

### Noun

外患
* foreign aggression; aggression from abroad

#### Synonyms

* 外侮 (wàiwǔ)
* 外禍／外祸 (wàihuò)

#### Derived terms

* 內憂外患／内忧外患 (nèiyōuwàihuàn)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 外患(がいかん) (gaikan)
* → Korean: 외환(外患) (oehwan)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 外 | 患 |
| がい Grade: 2 | かん Grade: S |
| kan'on ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) がいかん [gàíkáń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɡa̠ikã̠ɴ]

### Noun

外(がい)患(かん) • (gaikan)
* external pressure; foreign threat
    Antonyms: 内患 (naikan), 内憂 (naiyū)

#### Derived terms

* 外(がい)患(かん)罪(ざい) (gaikanzai)
* 内(ない)憂(ゆう)外(がい)患(かん) (naiyū gaikan)

### References

* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 外 | 患 |

### Noun

外患 • (oehwan) (hangeul 외환)
* hanja form of 외환