# 閉塞
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bìsè
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄧˋ ㄙㄜˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bai$^3$ sak$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): pi-set
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pì-sek / pì-sak
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bìsè
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄧˋ ㄙㄜˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bìsè
*** Wade–Giles: pi$^4$-sê$^4$
*** Yale: bì-sè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bihseh
*** Palladius: бисэ (bisɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /pi⁵¹⁻⁵³ sɤ⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$蔽塞 閉塞／闭塞
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bai$^3$ sak$^1$
*** Yale: bai sāk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bai$^3$ sak$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bei$^3$ seg$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɐi̯³³ sɐk̚⁵/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$蔽塞 閉塞／闭塞
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pi-set
*** Hakka Romanization System: bi sed$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: bi$^4$ sed$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /pi⁵⁵ set̚²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pì-sek
*** Tâi-lô: pì-sik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pieseg
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /pi²¹⁻⁵³ siɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pì-sak
*** Tâi-lô: pì-sak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: piesag
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pi⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sak̚⁵/

### Verb

閉塞
* to be stopped up; to be closed up

#### Synonyms

* 不通 (bùtōng)
* 堵塞
* 堵截 (dǔjié)
* 堵窒 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 妨礙／妨碍 (fáng'ài)
* 徑杈／径杈 (Hakka)
* 截 (jié)
* 掛礙／挂碍 (guà'ài)
* 擋／挡
* 擋住／挡住 (dǎngzhù)
* 攔／拦 (lán)
* 攔住／拦住 (lánzhù)
* 攔截／拦截 (lánjié)
* 攔擋／拦挡 (lándǎng)
* 攔閘／拦闸 (Hokkien)
* 攔阻／拦阻 (lánzǔ)
* 有礙／有碍 (yǒu'ài)
* 梗塞
* 滯滯／滞滞 (Hokkien)
* 滯礙／滞碍 (zhì'ài)
* 礙噠／碍哒 (ngai$^5$ da) (Xiang)
* 窒礙／窒碍 (zhì'ài) (literary)
* 蔽塞 (bìsè) (literary)
* 蔽障 (bìzhàng)
* 遮 (literary, or in compounds)
* 邀 (yāo)
* 阻住 (zo$^2$ zyu$^6$) (Cantonese)
* 阻塞
* 阻撓／阻挠 (zǔnáo)
* 阻擋／阻挡 (zǔdǎng)
* 阻攔／阻拦 (zǔlán)
* 阻滯／阻滞 (zǔzhì)
* 阻礙／阻碍 (zǔ'ài)
* 阻窒 (Hokkien)
* 障礙／障碍 (zhàng'ài)

#### Antonyms

* 放行 (fàngxíng)
* 暢通／畅通 (chàngtōng)
* 通行 (tōngxíng)

### Noun

閉塞
* (rail transport) block system; Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 閉(へい)塞(そく) (heisoku, “blockade”)

### Adjective

閉塞
* hard to get to; out of the way; inaccessible
* unenlightened; uninformed; conservative

#### Synonyms

* (hard to get to):
* 偏僻 (piānpì)
* 偏遠／偏远 (piānyuǎn)
* 僻遠／僻远 (Hokkien)
* 絕／绝 (jué) (literary)
* 蔽塞 (bìsè)
* 迢迢 (tiáotiáo) (literary)
* 迢遙／迢遥 (tiáoyáo) (literary)
* 遙遠／遥远 (yáoyuǎn)
* 遼遠／辽远 (liáoyuǎn)
* 邊遠／边远 (biānyuǎn)
* (unenlightened):
* 保守 (bǎoshǒu)
* 守舊／守旧 (shǒujiù)
* 頑固／顽固 (wángù)

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “unenlightened”):
* 通達／通达 (tōngdá)
* 進步／进步 (jìnbù)
* 開明／开明 (kāimíng)
* 開通／开通 (kāitong)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 閉 | 塞 |
| へい Grade: 6 | そく Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Alternative forms

* 閉そく

### Noun

閉(へい)塞(そく) • (heisoku)
* blockage
* blockade

#### Related terms

* 閉塞感(へいそくかん) (heisokukan)

### Verb

閉(へい)塞(そく)する • (heisoku suru) suru (stem 閉(へい)塞(そく)し (heisoku shi), past 閉(へい)塞(そく)した (heisoku shita))
* to obstruct
* to blockade

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 閉塞し | へいそくし | heisoku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 閉塞し | へいそくし | heisoku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 閉塞する | へいそくする | heisoku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 閉塞する | へいそくする | heisoku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 閉塞すれ | へいそくすれ | heisoku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 閉塞せよ¹ 閉塞しろ² | へいそくせよ¹ へいそくしろ² | heisoku seyo¹ heisoku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 閉塞される | へいそくされる | heisoku sareru |
| Causative | 閉塞させる 閉塞さす | へいそくさせる へいそくさす | heisoku saseru heisoku sasu |
| Potential | 閉塞できる | へいそくできる | heisoku dekiru |
| Volitional | 閉塞しよう | へいそくしよう | heisoku shiyō |
| Negative | 閉塞しない | へいそくしない | heisoku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 閉塞せず | へいそくせず | heisoku sezu |
| Formal | 閉塞します | へいそくします | heisoku shimasu |
| Perfective | 閉塞した | へいそくした | heisoku shita |
| Conjunctive | 閉塞して | へいそくして | heisoku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 閉塞すれば | へいそくすれば | heisoku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||