# 刻苦
## Chinese
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): kèkǔ, kēkǔ
       (Zhuyin): ㄎㄜˋ ㄎㄨˇ, ㄎㄜ ㄎㄨˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ke$^2$ ku$^3$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hak$^1$ fu$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): khek-khó͘ / khiak-khó͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kag$^4$ kou$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kèkǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄜˋ ㄎㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kèkǔ
*** Wade–Giles: kʻo$^4$-kʻu$^3$
*** Yale: kè-kǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kehkuu
*** Palladius: кэку (kɛku)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɤ⁵¹ kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
** (Standard Chinese, variant in Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kēkǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄜ ㄎㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kekǔ
*** Wade–Giles: kʻo$^1$-kʻu$^3$
*** Yale: kē-kǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kekuu
*** Palladius: кэку (kɛku)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɤ⁵⁵ kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: ke$^2$ ku$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: keku
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɛ²¹ kʰu⁵³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hak$^1$ fu$^2$
*** Yale: hāk fú
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hak$^7$ fu$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: heg$^1$ fu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɐk̚⁵ fuː³⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khek-khó͘
*** Tâi-lô: khik-khóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qekqor
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ kʰɔ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ kʰɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ kʰɔ⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiak-khó͘
*** Tâi-lô: khiak-khóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qiakqor
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: kag$^4$ kou$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khak khóu
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰak̚²⁻⁴ kʰou⁵²⁻²¹/

### Adjective

刻苦
* industrious; assiduous; diligent
* (of life) basic; frugal

#### Synonyms

* (industrious):
* 下力 (xiàlì) (Muping Mandarin)
* 亹亹 (wěiwěi) (literary)
* 力落 (lag$^8$ loh$^8$) (Teochew)
* 努力 (nǔlì)
* 勤力 (qínlì) (literary or Cantonese)
* 勤勉 (qínmiǎn)
* 勤勞／勤劳 (qínláo)
* 勤奮／勤奋 (qínfèn)
* 勤快 (qínkuài) (informal)
* 勤懇／勤恳 (qínkěn) (diligent and conscientious)
* 勤謹／勤谨 (Dungan)
* 堅苦／坚苦 (jiānkǔ) (hardworking and persevering)
* 巴劫 (bājié) (literary)
* 巴巴結結／巴巴结结 (bāba-jiējiē) (regional)
* 急計／急计 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 用功 (yònggōng)
* 發狠／发狠 (fa$^3$ hen$^6$) (Xiang)
* 耐勞／耐劳 (nàiláo)
* 骨力 (Hokkien, Puxian Min)
* (frugal):
* 仔細／仔细 (zǐxì) (Northeastern Mandarin)
* 做人家 (Wu)
* 儉／俭 (jiǎn) (Hsinchu & Taichung Hokkien)
* 儉樸／俭朴 (jiǎnpǔ) (thrifty and simple)
* 儉省／俭省 (jiǎnshěng)
* 儉約／俭约 (jiǎnyuē) (literary)
* 克己 (kèjǐ)
* 抾拾 (Hokkien)
* 樸素／朴素 (pǔsù)
* 省儉／省俭 (shěngjiǎn)
* 節儉／节俭 (jiéjiǎn)
* 節省／节省 (jiéshěng)
* 節約／节约 (jiéyuē)
* 簡省／简省 (Hokkien)
* 粒積／粒积 (Hokkien)
* 𧺤儉／𧺤俭 (Hokkien)

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “industrious”): 懶惰／懒惰 (lǎnduò)

### Adverb

刻苦
* industriously; assiduously; diligently; hard
    刻苦學習／刻苦学习 ― kèkǔ xuéxí ― to study hard

### Verb

刻苦
* (dialectal) to treat harshly

#### Synonyms

* 苛待 (kēdài)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 刻 | 苦 |
| こく > こっ Grade: 6 | く Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

### Noun

刻(こっ)苦(く) • (kokku)
* hard work

### Verb

刻(こっ)苦(く)する • (kokku suru) suru (stem 刻(こっ)苦(く)し (kokku shi), past 刻(こっ)苦(く)した (kokku shita))
* work hard

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 刻苦し | こっくし | kokku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 刻苦し | こっくし | kokku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 刻苦する | こっくする | kokku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 刻苦する | こっくする | kokku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 刻苦すれ | こっくすれ | kokku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 刻苦せよ¹ 刻苦しろ² | こっくせよ¹ こっくしろ² | kokku seyo¹ kokku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 刻苦される | こっくされる | kokku sareru |
| Causative | 刻苦させる 刻苦さす | こっくさせる こっくさす | kokku saseru kokku sasu |
| Potential | 刻苦できる | こっくできる | kokku dekiru |
| Volitional | 刻苦しよう | こっくしよう | kokku shiyō |
| Negative | 刻苦しない | こっくしない | kokku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 刻苦せず | こっくせず | kokku sezu |
| Formal | 刻苦します | こっくします | kokku shimasu |
| Perfective | 刻苦した | こっくした | kokku shita |
| Conjunctive | 刻苦して | こっくして | kokku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 刻苦すれば | こっくすれば | kokku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||