# 流浪
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): liúlàng
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄌㄤˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lau$^4$ long$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): liù-long
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): liû-lōng
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: liúlàng
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄌㄤˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lióulàng
*** Wade–Giles: liu$^2$-lang$^4$
*** Yale: lyóu-làng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lioulanq
*** Palladius: люлан (ljulan)
*** Sinological IPA : /li̯oʊ̯³⁵ lɑŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lau$^4$ long$^6$
*** Yale: làuh lohng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lau$^4$ long$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: leo$^4$ long$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɐu̯²¹ lɔːŋ²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: liù-long
*** Hakka Romanization System: liu$^ˇ$ long
*** Hagfa Pinyim: liu$^2$ long$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /li̯u¹¹ loŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liû-lōng
*** Tâi-lô: liû-lōng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liulong
*** IPA (Xiamen): /liu²⁴⁻²² lɔŋ²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /liu²⁴⁻²² lɔŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /liu¹³⁻²² lɔŋ²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /liu²⁴⁻¹¹ lɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /liu²³⁻³³ lɔŋ³³/
* Middle Chinese: ljuw langH
Rime :
| Character | 流 | 浪 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) | 唐 (101) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 力求切 | 來宕切 |
| Baxter | ljuw | langH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɨu/ | /lɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /liu/ | /lɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /liəu/ | /lɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /luw/ | /laŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /liu/ | /lɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭəu/ | /lɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /li̯ə̯u/ | /lɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | liú | làng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lau$^4$ | long$^6$ |

### Verb

流浪
* to lead a vagrant life; to wander the streets

#### Synonyms

* 沒落／没落 (mòluò) (literary)
* 流落 (liúluò)
* 流蕩／流荡 (liúdàng)
* 流離／流离 (liúlí)
* 淪落／沦落 (lúnluò)
* 漂泊 (piāobó)
* 飄蕩／飘荡 (piāodàng)

#### Derived terms

* 流浪漢／流浪汉 (liúlànghàn)
* 流浪犬 (liúlàngquǎn)
* 流浪狗 (liúlànggǒu)
* 流浪貓／流浪猫 (liúlàngmāo)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 流 | 浪 |
| る Grade: 3 | ろう Grade: S |
| goon | on'yomi |

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) るろー [rùróó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɾɯ̟ɾo̞ː]

#### Noun

流(る)浪(ろう) • (rurō)
* wandering
    Synonym: 放浪 (hōrō)

##### Derived terms

* 流(る)浪(ろう)者(しゃ) (rurōsha)

#### Verb

流(る)浪(ろう)する • (rurō suru) intransitive suru (stem 流(る)浪(ろう)し (rurō shi), past 流(る)浪(ろう)した (rurō shita))
* to wander
    Synonym: 放浪する (hōrō suru)

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 流浪し | るろうし | rurō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 流浪し | るろうし | rurō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 流浪する | るろうする | rurō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 流浪する | るろうする | rurō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 流浪すれ | るろうすれ | rurō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 流浪せよ¹ 流浪しろ² | るろうせよ¹ るろうしろ² | rurō seyo¹ rurō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 流浪される | るろうされる | rurō sareru |
| Causative | 流浪させる 流浪さす | るろうさせる るろうさす | rurō saseru rurō sasu |
| Potential | 流浪できる | るろうできる | rurō dekiru |
| Volitional | 流浪しよう | るろうしよう | rurō shiyō |
| Negative | 流浪しない | るろうしない | rurō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 流浪せず | るろうせず | rurō sezu |
| Formal | 流浪します | るろうします | rurō shimasu |
| Perfective | 流浪した | るろうした | rurō shita |
| Conjunctive | 流浪して | るろうして | rurō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 流浪すれば | るろうすれば | rurō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 流 | 浪 |
| さすらい ||
| Grade: 3 | Grade: S |
| jukujikun ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 流浪 – see the following entry. :
| 【さすらい】 | [noun] wandering; homelessness Alternative spelling 流離 |
(This term, 流浪, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### References

* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 流 | 浪 |

### Noun

流浪 • (yurang) (hangeul 유랑)
* hanja form of 유랑