# 寒冷
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): hánlěng
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄢˊ ㄌㄥˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hon$^4$ laang$^5$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hòn-lâng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hân-léng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hang$^5$ nên$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hánlěng
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˊ ㄌㄥˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hánlěng
*** Wade–Giles: han$^2$-lêng$^3$
*** Yale: hán-lěng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: harnleeng
*** Palladius: ханьлэн (xanʹlɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /xän³⁵ lɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hon$^4$ laang$^5$
*** Yale: hòhn láahng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hon$^4$ laang$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hon$^4$ lang$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔːn²¹ laːŋ¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hòn-lâng
*** Hakka Romanization System: hon$^ˇ$ lang$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hon$^2$ lang$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /hon¹¹ laŋ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hân-léng
*** Tâi-lô: hân-líng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hanleang
*** IPA (Xiamen): /han²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /han²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /han¹³⁻²² liɪŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /han²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /han²³⁻³³ liɪŋ⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hang$^5$ nên$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hâng néⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /haŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ nẽ⁵²/
* Middle Chinese: han laengX|lengX
Rime :
| Character | 寒 | 冷 | 冷 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) | 來 (37) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 寒 (61) | 庚 (109) | 青 (125) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | II | IV |
| Fanqie | 胡安切 | 魯打切 | 力鼎切 |
| Baxter | han | laengX | lengX |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦɑn/ | /lˠæŋ$^X$/ | /leŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦɑn/ | /lᵚaŋ$^X$/ | /leŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣɑn/ | /laŋ$^X$/ | /lɛŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦan/ | /laɨjŋ$^X$/ | /lɛjŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣɑn/ | /lɐŋ$^X$/ | /leŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣɑn/ | /lɐŋ$^X$/ | /lieŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ɣɑn/ | /lɐŋ$^X$/ | /lieŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hán | lěng | lǐng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hon$^4$ | lang$^5$ | ling$^5$ |

### Adjective

寒冷
* (weather) cold; freezing
       Shìwài fēicháng hánlěng, dàjiā dōu bǎ shēntǐ quánsuō qǐlai bǎonuǎn. [Pinyin]
       It's freezing outside, everyone huddle together to keep warm.

#### Synonyms

* 凜凜／凛凛 (lǐnlǐn) (literary)
* 嚴寒／严寒 (yánhán)
* 死寒 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 淒寒／凄寒 (qīhán)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 冷, 寒冷 weather |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 冷 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 冷 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 冷 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 冷 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 冷 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 冷 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 冷 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 冷 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 冷 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 冷, 凊 very cold |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 冷, 冷凊 weather |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 冷 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 冷, 凊 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 冷 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 冷 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 凍, 冷 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 凍, 冷 weather |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 冷 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 凍, 冷 weather |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 凍 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 凍 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 凍 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 冷 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 冷 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 冷 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 冷, 寒 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 冷, 寒人 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 冷 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 冷, 寒 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 冷, 寒 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 冷, 寒 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 冷, 凍 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 冷 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 凊, 鎮 very cold |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 凊, 凍 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 冷, 凊, 寒 weather |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 冷, 凊, 寒 |
| Southern Min | Shishi | 寒 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 冷, 凊, 寒 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 寒 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 寒 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 冷, 凊, 寒 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 冷, 寒 weather, 凊 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 冷, 寒 weather |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 冷, 寒, 凊 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 凝, 寒 weather, 凊 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 凝, 寒, 凊, 冷 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 凝, 凊 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 凝 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 凝, 凊 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 凝 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 寒 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 寒 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 凊, 寒 weather |
| Wu | Shanghai | 冷 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 冷 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 冷, 凍 weather |
| Wu | Danyang | 冷 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 冷 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 冷 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 冷, 凍 |
| Wu | Lishui | 冷 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 冷 |
| Wu | Yushan | 凊 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 冷, 凊 very cold |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 冷, 凊 very cold |

#### Antonyms

* 酷暑 (kùshǔ)
* 炎熱／炎热 (yánrè)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 寒冷(かんれい) (kanrei)
* → Korean: 한랭(寒冷) (hallaeng)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 寒 | 冷 |
| かん Grade: 3 | れい Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Adjective

寒(かん)冷(れい) • (kanrei) -na (adnominal 寒(かん)冷(れい)な (kanrei na), adverbial 寒(かん)冷(れい)に (kanrei ni))
* cold
** 1948, 海野十三, 三十年後の世界:
    表面(ひょうめん)は寒冷(かんれい)でも中(なか)はずっと暖(あたた)かいからね。
       Hyōmen wa kanrei demo naka wa zutto atatakai kara ne.
       The surface is cold but the inside is always warm, you see.

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 寒冷だろ | かんれいだろ | kanrei daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 寒冷で | かんれいで | kanrei de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 寒冷だ | かんれいだ | kanrei da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 寒冷な | かんれいな | kanrei na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 寒冷なら | かんれいなら | kanrei nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 寒冷であれ | かんれいであれ | kanrei de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 寒冷ではない 寒冷じゃない | かんれいではない かんれいじゃない | kanrei de wa nai kanrei ja nai |
| Informal past | 寒冷だった | かんれいだった | kanrei datta |
| Informal negative past | 寒冷ではなかった 寒冷じゃなかった | かんれいではなかった かんれいじゃなかった | kanrei de wa nakatta kanrei ja nakatta |
| Formal | 寒冷です | かんれいです | kanrei desu |
| Formal negative | 寒冷ではありません 寒冷じゃありません | かんれいではありません かんれいじゃありません | kanrei de wa arimasen kanrei ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 寒冷でした | かんれいでした | kanrei deshita |
| Formal negative past | 寒冷ではありませんでした 寒冷じゃありませんでした | かんれいではありませんでした かんれいじゃありませんでした | kanrei de wa arimasen deshita kanrei ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 寒冷で | かんれいで | kanrei de |
| Conditional | 寒冷なら（ば） | かんれいなら（ば） | kanrei nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 寒冷だったら | かんれいだったら | kanrei dattara |
| Volitional | 寒冷だろう | かんれいだろう | kanrei darō |
| Adverbial | 寒冷に | かんれいに | kanrei ni |
| Degree | 寒冷さ | かんれいさ | kanreisa |

### Noun

寒(かん)冷(れい) • (kanrei)
* chill, chilliness