# qina
## Mam
### Interjection

qina
* goodbye
    Synonym: chinej

## Northern Ndebele
### Verb

-qina$^?$
* to be firm, to be strong

#### Inflection

This entry needs an inflection-table template.

## Phuthi
### Verb

-qína
* to be strong, to be tight

#### Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

## Southern Ndebele
### Verb

-qina$^?$
* to be firm, to be strong

#### Inflection

This entry needs an inflection-table template.

## Xhosa
### Verb

-qina$^?$
* to become firm, to become hard

#### Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

## Zulu
### Verb

-qîna
* (intransitive) to be thick
* (intransitive) to be firm, to be hard, to be solid, to be strong
* (intransitive) to be headstrong, to be obdurate, to be obstinate, to be pigheaded, to be stubborn

#### Inflection

Tone HH :
| Infinitive | ukuqina |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Infinitive | ukuqina | ukungaqini |
| | Imperative | Imperative |
| | Simple | + object concord |
| Singular | qina | -qine |
| Plural | qinani | -qineni |
| | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyaqina, ngiqina | engiqinayo, engiqina | ngiqina | angiqini | engingaqini | ngingaqini |
| 2nd singular | uyaqina, uqina | oqinayo, oqina | uqina | awuqini | ongaqini | ungaqini |
| 1st plural | siyaqina, siqina | esiqinayo, esiqina | siqina | asiqini | esingaqini | singaqini |
| 2nd plural | niyaqina, niqina | eniqinayo, eniqina | niqina | aniqini | eningaqini | ningaqini |
| Class 1 | uyaqina, uqina | oqinayo, oqina | eqina | akaqini | ongaqini | engaqini |
| Class 2 | bayaqina, baqina | abaqinayo, abaqina | beqina | abaqini | abangaqini | bengaqini |
| Class 3 | uyaqina, uqina | oqinayo, oqina | uqina | awuqini | ongaqini | ungaqini |
| Class 4 | iyaqina, iqina | eqinayo, eqina | iqina | ayiqini | engaqini | ingaqini |
| Class 5 | liyaqina, liqina | eliqinayo, eliqina | liqina | aliqini | elingaqini | lingaqini |
| Class 6 | ayaqina, aqina | aqinayo, aqina | eqina | awaqini | angaqini | engaqini |
| Class 7 | siyaqina, siqina | esiqinayo, esiqina | siqina | asiqini | esingaqini | singaqini |
| Class 8 | ziyaqina, ziqina | eziqinayo, eziqina | ziqina | aziqini | ezingaqini | zingaqini |
| Class 9 | iyaqina, iqina | eqinayo, eqina | iqina | ayiqini | engaqini | ingaqini |
| Class 10 | ziyaqina, ziqina | eziqinayo, eziqina | ziqina | aziqini | ezingaqini | zingaqini |
| Class 11 | luyaqina, luqina | oluqinayo, oluqina | luqina | aluqini | olungaqini | lungaqini |
| Class 14 | buyaqina, buqina | obuqinayo, obuqina | buqina | abuqini | obungaqini | bungaqini |
| Class 15 | kuyaqina, kuqina | okuqinayo, okuqina | kuqina | akuqini | okungaqini | kungaqini |
| Class 17 | kuyaqina, kuqina | okuqinayo, okuqina | kuqina | akuqini | okungaqini | kungaqini |
| | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiqinile, ngiqinē | engiqinile, engiqinē | ngiqinile, ngiqinē | angiqinanga | engingaqinanga | ngingaqinanga |
| 2nd singular | uqinile, uqinē | oqinile, oqinē | uqinile, uqinē | awuqinanga | ongaqinanga | ungaqinanga |
| 1st plural | siqinile, siqinē | esiqinile, esiqinē | siqinile, siqinē | asiqinanga | esingaqinanga | singaqinanga |
| 2nd plural | niqinile, niqinē | eniqinile, eniqinē | niqinile, niqinē | aniqinanga | eningaqinanga | ningaqinanga |
| Class 1 | uqinile, uqinē | oqinile, oqinē | eqinile, eqinē | akaqinanga | ongaqinanga | engaqinanga |
| Class 2 | baqinile, baqinē | abaqinile, abaqinē | beqinile, beqinē | abaqinanga | abangaqinanga | bengaqinanga |
| Class 3 | uqinile, uqinē | oqinile, oqinē | uqinile, uqinē | awuqinanga | ongaqinanga | ungaqinanga |
| Class 4 | iqinile, iqinē | eqinile, eqinē | iqinile, iqinē | ayiqinanga | engaqinanga | ingaqinanga |
| Class 5 | liqinile, liqinē | eliqinile, eliqinē | liqinile, liqinē | aliqinanga | elingaqinanga | lingaqinanga |
| Class 6 | aqinile, aqinē | aqinile, aqinē | eqinile, eqinē | awaqinanga | angaqinanga | engaqinanga |
| Class 7 | siqinile, siqinē | esiqinile, esiqinē | siqinile, siqinē | asiqinanga | esingaqinanga | singaqinanga |
| Class 8 | ziqinile, ziqinē | eziqinile, eziqinē | ziqinile, ziqinē | aziqinanga | ezingaqinanga | zingaqinanga |
| Class 9 | iqinile, iqinē | eqinile, eqinē | iqinile, iqinē | ayiqinanga | engaqinanga | ingaqinanga |
| Class 10 | ziqinile, ziqinē | eziqinile, eziqinē | ziqinile, ziqinē | aziqinanga | ezingaqinanga | zingaqinanga |
| Class 11 | luqinile, luqinē | oluqinile, oluqinē | luqinile, luqinē | aluqinanga | olungaqinanga | lungaqinanga |
| Class 14 | buqinile, buqinē | obuqinile, obuqinē | buqinile, buqinē | abuqinanga | obungaqinanga | bungaqinanga |
| Class 15 | kuqinile, kuqinē | okuqinile, okuqinē | kuqinile, kuqinē | akuqinanga | okungaqinanga | kungaqinanga |
| Class 17 | kuqinile, kuqinē | okuqinile, okuqinē | kuqinile, kuqinē | akuqinanga | okungaqinanga | kungaqinanga |
| | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngāqina | engāqina | ngāqina | angiqinanga | engingaqinanga | ngingaqinanga |
| 2nd singular | wāqina | owāqina | wāqina | awuqinanga | ongaqinanga | ungaqinanga |
| 1st plural | sāqina | esāqina | sāqina | asiqinanga | esingaqinanga | singaqinanga |
| 2nd plural | nāqina | enāqina | nāqina | aniqinanga | eningaqinanga | ningaqinanga |
| Class 1 | wāqina | owāqina | āqina | akaqinanga | ongaqinanga | engaqinanga |
| Class 2 | bāqina | abāqina | bāqina | abaqinanga | abangaqinanga | bengaqinanga |
| Class 3 | wāqina | owāqina | wāqina | awuqinanga | ongaqinanga | ungaqinanga |
| Class 4 | yāqina | eyāqina | yāqina | ayiqinanga | engaqinanga | ingaqinanga |
| Class 5 | lāqina | elāqina | lāqina | aliqinanga | elingaqinanga | lingaqinanga |
| Class 6 | āqina | āqina | āqina | awaqinanga | angaqinanga | engaqinanga |
| Class 7 | sāqina | esāqina | sāqina | asiqinanga | esingaqinanga | singaqinanga |
| Class 8 | zāqina | ezāqina | zāqina | aziqinanga | ezingaqinanga | zingaqinanga |
| Class 9 | yāqina | eyāqina | yāqina | ayiqinanga | engaqinanga | ingaqinanga |
| Class 10 | zāqina | ezāqina | zāqina | aziqinanga | ezingaqinanga | zingaqinanga |
| Class 11 | lwāqina | olwāqina | lwāqina | aluqinanga | olungaqinanga | lungaqinanga |
| Class 14 | bāqina | obāqina | bāqina | abuqinanga | obungaqinanga | bungaqinanga |
| Class 15 | kwāqina | okwāqina | kwāqina | akuqinanga | okungaqinanga | kungaqinanga |
| Class 17 | kwāqina | okwāqina | kwāqina | akuqinanga | okungaqinanga | kungaqinanga |
| | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngingaqina | — | ngingaqina | ngingeqine | — | ngingeqine |
| 2nd singular | ungaqina | — | ungaqina | ungeqine | — | ungeqine |
| 1st plural | singaqina | — | singaqina | singeqine | — | singeqine |
| 2nd plural | ningaqina | — | ningaqina | ningeqine | — | ningeqine |
| Class 1 | angaqina | — | engaqina | angeqine | — | engeqine |
| Class 2 | bangaqina | — | bengaqina | bangeqine | — | bengeqine |
| Class 3 | ungaqina | — | ungaqina | ungeqine | — | ungeqine |
| Class 4 | ingaqina | — | ingaqina | ingeqine | — | ingeqine |
| Class 5 | lingaqina | — | lingaqina | lingeqine | — | lingeqine |
| Class 6 | angaqina | — | engaqina | angeqine | — | engeqine |
| Class 7 | singaqina | — | singaqina | singeqine | — | singeqine |
| Class 8 | zingaqina | — | zingaqina | zingeqine | — | zingeqine |
| Class 9 | ingaqina | — | ingaqina | ingeqine | — | ingeqine |
| Class 10 | zingaqina | — | zingaqina | zingeqine | — | zingeqine |
| Class 11 | lungaqina | — | lungaqina | lungeqine | — | lungeqine |
| Class 14 | bungaqina | — | bungaqina | bungeqine | — | bungeqine |
| Class 15 | kungaqina | — | kungaqina | kungeqine | — | kungeqine |
| Class 17 | kungaqina | — | kungaqina | kungeqine | — | kungeqine |
| | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngizoqina | engizoqina | ngizoqina | angizuqina | engingezuqina | ngingezuqina |
| 2nd singular | uzoqina | ozoqina | uzoqina | awuzuqina | ongezuqina | ungezuqina |
| 1st plural | sizoqina | esizoqina | sizoqina | asizuqina | esingezuqina | singezuqina |
| 2nd plural | nizoqina | enizoqina | nizoqina | anizuqina | eningezuqina | ningezuqina |
| Class 1 | uzoqina | ozoqina | ezoqina | akazuqina | ongezuqina | engezuqina |
| Class 2 | bazoqina | abazoqina | bezoqina | abazuqina | abangezuqina | bengezuqina |
| Class 3 | uzoqina | ozoqina | uzoqina | awuzuqina | ongezuqina | ungezuqina |
| Class 4 | izoqina | ezoqina | izoqina | ayizuqina | engezuqina | ingezuqina |
| Class 5 | lizoqina | elizoqina | lizoqina | alizuqina | elingezuqina | lingezuqina |
| Class 6 | azoqina | azoqina | ezoqina | awazuqina | angezuqina | engezuqina |
| Class 7 | sizoqina | esizoqina | sizoqina | asizuqina | esingezuqina | singezuqina |
| Class 8 | zizoqina | ezizoqina | zizoqina | azizuqina | ezingezuqina | zingezuqina |
| Class 9 | izoqina | ezoqina | izoqina | ayizuqina | engezuqina | ingezuqina |
| Class 10 | zizoqina | ezizoqina | zizoqina | azizuqina | ezingezuqina | zingezuqina |
| Class 11 | luzoqina | oluzoqina | luzoqina | aluzuqina | olungezuqina | lungezuqina |
| Class 14 | buzoqina | obuzoqina | buzoqina | abuzuqina | obungezuqina | bungezuqina |
| Class 15 | kuzoqina | okuzoqina | kuzoqina | akuzuqina | okungezuqina | kungezuqina |
| Class 17 | kuzoqina | okuzoqina | kuzoqina | akuzuqina | okungezuqina | kungezuqina |
| | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyoqina | engiyoqina | ngiyoqina | angiyuqina | engingeyuqina | ngingeyuqina |
| 2nd singular | uyoqina | oyoqina | uyoqina | awuyuqina | ongeyuqina | ungeyuqina |
| 1st plural | siyoqina | esiyoqina | siyoqina | asiyuqina | esingeyuqina | singeyuqina |
| 2nd plural | niyoqina | eniyoqina | niyoqina | aniyuqina | eningeyuqina | ningeyuqina |
| Class 1 | uyoqina | oyoqina | eyoqina | akayuqina | ongeyuqina | engeyuqina |
| Class 2 | bayoqina | abayoqina | beyoqina | abayuqina | abangeyuqina | bengeyuqina |
| Class 3 | uyoqina | oyoqina | uyoqina | awuyuqina | ongeyuqina | ungeyuqina |
| Class 4 | iyoqina | eyoqina | iyoqina | ayiyuqina | engeyuqina | ingeyuqina |
| Class 5 | liyoqina | eliyoqina | liyoqina | aliyuqina | elingeyuqina | lingeyuqina |
| Class 6 | ayoqina | ayoqina | eyoqina | awayuqina | angeyuqina | engeyuqina |
| Class 7 | siyoqina | esiyoqina | siyoqina | asiyuqina | esingeyuqina | singeyuqina |
| Class 8 | ziyoqina | eziyoqina | ziyoqina | aziyuqina | ezingeyuqina | zingeyuqina |
| Class 9 | iyoqina | eyoqina | iyoqina | ayiyuqina | engeyuqina | ingeyuqina |
| Class 10 | ziyoqina | eziyoqina | ziyoqina | aziyuqina | ezingeyuqina | zingeyuqina |
| Class 11 | luyoqina | oluyoqina | luyoqina | aluyuqina | olungeyuqina | lungeyuqina |
| Class 14 | buyoqina | obuyoqina | buyoqina | abuyuqina | obungeyuqina | bungeyuqina |
| Class 15 | kuyoqina | okuyoqina | kuyoqina | akuyuqina | okungeyuqina | kungeyuqina |
| Class 17 | kuyoqina | okuyoqina | kuyoqina | akuyuqina | okungeyuqina | kungeyuqina |
| | Present subjunctive | Present subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngiqine | ngingaqini |
| 2nd singular | uqine | ungaqini |
| 1st plural | siqine | singaqini |
| 2nd plural | niqine | ningaqini |
| Class 1 | aqine | angaqini |
| Class 2 | baqine | bangaqini |
| Class 3 | uqine | ungaqini |
| Class 4 | iqine | ingaqini |
| Class 5 | liqine | lingaqini |
| Class 6 | aqine | angaqini |
| Class 7 | siqine | singaqini |
| Class 8 | ziqine | zingaqini |
| Class 9 | iqine | ingaqini |
| Class 10 | ziqine | zingaqini |
| Class 11 | luqine | lungaqini |
| Class 14 | buqine | bungaqini |
| Class 15 | kuqine | kungaqini |
| Class 17 | kuqine | kungaqini |
| | Past subjunctive | Past subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngaqina | ngangaqina, angaqina, angangaqina |
| 2nd singular | waqina | wangaqina, awaqina, awangaqina |
| 1st plural | saqina | sangaqina, asaqina, asangaqina |
| 2nd plural | naqina | nangaqina, anaqina, anangaqina |
| Class 1 | waqina | wangaqina, akaqina, akangaqina |
| Class 2 | baqina | bangaqina, abaqina, abangaqina |
| Class 3 | waqina | wangaqina, awaqina, awangaqina |
| Class 4 | yaqina | yangaqina, ayaqina, ayangaqina |
| Class 5 | laqina | langaqina, alaqina, alangaqina |
| Class 6 | aqina | angaqina, awaqina, awangaqina |
| Class 7 | saqina | sangaqina, asaqina, asangaqina |
| Class 8 | zaqina | zangaqina, azaqina, azangaqina |
| Class 9 | yaqina | yangaqina, ayaqina, ayangaqina |
| Class 10 | zaqina | zangaqina, azaqina, azangaqina |
| Class 11 | lwaqina | lwangaqina, alwaqina, alwangaqina |
| Class 14 | baqina | bangaqina, abaqina, abangaqina |
| Class 15 | kwaqina | kwangaqina, akwaqina, akwangaqina |
| Class 17 | kwaqina | kwangaqina, akwaqina, akwangaqina |

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “qina”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “qina (3.9)”