# shunqa
## Zulu
### Verb

-shunqa
* (intransitive) to tower, to rise up (in a column)
* (intransitive) to smoke (emit smoke)
* (intransitive) to shoot forth, to dart off

#### Inflection

Tone L :
| Infinitive | ukushunqa |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Infinitive | ukushunqa | ukungashunqi |
| | Imperative | Imperative |
| | Simple | + object concord |
| Singular | shunqa | -shunqe |
| Plural | shunqani | -shunqeni |
| | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyashunqa, ngishunqa | engishunqayo, engishunqa | ngishunqa | angishunqi | engingashunqi | ngingashunqi |
| 2nd singular | uyashunqa, ushunqa | oshunqayo, oshunqa | ushunqa | awushunqi | ongashunqi | ungashunqi |
| 1st plural | siyashunqa, sishunqa | esishunqayo, esishunqa | sishunqa | asishunqi | esingashunqi | singashunqi |
| 2nd plural | niyashunqa, nishunqa | enishunqayo, enishunqa | nishunqa | anishunqi | eningashunqi | ningashunqi |
| Class 1 | uyashunqa, ushunqa | oshunqayo, oshunqa | eshunqa | akashunqi | ongashunqi | engashunqi |
| Class 2 | bayashunqa, bashunqa | abashunqayo, abashunqa | beshunqa | abashunqi | abangashunqi | bengashunqi |
| Class 3 | uyashunqa, ushunqa | oshunqayo, oshunqa | ushunqa | awushunqi | ongashunqi | ungashunqi |
| Class 4 | iyashunqa, ishunqa | eshunqayo, eshunqa | ishunqa | ayishunqi | engashunqi | ingashunqi |
| Class 5 | liyashunqa, lishunqa | elishunqayo, elishunqa | lishunqa | alishunqi | elingashunqi | lingashunqi |
| Class 6 | ayashunqa, ashunqa | ashunqayo, ashunqa | eshunqa | awashunqi | angashunqi | engashunqi |
| Class 7 | siyashunqa, sishunqa | esishunqayo, esishunqa | sishunqa | asishunqi | esingashunqi | singashunqi |
| Class 8 | ziyashunqa, zishunqa | ezishunqayo, ezishunqa | zishunqa | azishunqi | ezingashunqi | zingashunqi |
| Class 9 | iyashunqa, ishunqa | eshunqayo, eshunqa | ishunqa | ayishunqi | engashunqi | ingashunqi |
| Class 10 | ziyashunqa, zishunqa | ezishunqayo, ezishunqa | zishunqa | azishunqi | ezingashunqi | zingashunqi |
| Class 11 | luyashunqa, lushunqa | olushunqayo, olushunqa | lushunqa | alushunqi | olungashunqi | lungashunqi |
| Class 14 | buyashunqa, bushunqa | obushunqayo, obushunqa | bushunqa | abushunqi | obungashunqi | bungashunqi |
| Class 15 | kuyashunqa, kushunqa | okushunqayo, okushunqa | kushunqa | akushunqi | okungashunqi | kungashunqi |
| Class 17 | kuyashunqa, kushunqa | okushunqayo, okushunqa | kushunqa | akushunqi | okungashunqi | kungashunqi |
| | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngishunqile, ngishunqē | engishunqile, engishunqē | ngishunqile, ngishunqē | angishunqanga | engingashunqanga | ngingashunqanga |
| 2nd singular | ushunqile, ushunqē | oshunqile, oshunqē | ushunqile, ushunqē | awushunqanga | ongashunqanga | ungashunqanga |
| 1st plural | sishunqile, sishunqē | esishunqile, esishunqē | sishunqile, sishunqē | asishunqanga | esingashunqanga | singashunqanga |
| 2nd plural | nishunqile, nishunqē | enishunqile, enishunqē | nishunqile, nishunqē | anishunqanga | eningashunqanga | ningashunqanga |
| Class 1 | ushunqile, ushunqē | oshunqile, oshunqē | eshunqile, eshunqē | akashunqanga | ongashunqanga | engashunqanga |
| Class 2 | bashunqile, bashunqē | abashunqile, abashunqē | beshunqile, beshunqē | abashunqanga | abangashunqanga | bengashunqanga |
| Class 3 | ushunqile, ushunqē | oshunqile, oshunqē | ushunqile, ushunqē | awushunqanga | ongashunqanga | ungashunqanga |
| Class 4 | ishunqile, ishunqē | eshunqile, eshunqē | ishunqile, ishunqē | ayishunqanga | engashunqanga | ingashunqanga |
| Class 5 | lishunqile, lishunqē | elishunqile, elishunqē | lishunqile, lishunqē | alishunqanga | elingashunqanga | lingashunqanga |
| Class 6 | ashunqile, ashunqē | ashunqile, ashunqē | eshunqile, eshunqē | awashunqanga | angashunqanga | engashunqanga |
| Class 7 | sishunqile, sishunqē | esishunqile, esishunqē | sishunqile, sishunqē | asishunqanga | esingashunqanga | singashunqanga |
| Class 8 | zishunqile, zishunqē | ezishunqile, ezishunqē | zishunqile, zishunqē | azishunqanga | ezingashunqanga | zingashunqanga |
| Class 9 | ishunqile, ishunqē | eshunqile, eshunqē | ishunqile, ishunqē | ayishunqanga | engashunqanga | ingashunqanga |
| Class 10 | zishunqile, zishunqē | ezishunqile, ezishunqē | zishunqile, zishunqē | azishunqanga | ezingashunqanga | zingashunqanga |
| Class 11 | lushunqile, lushunqē | olushunqile, olushunqē | lushunqile, lushunqē | alushunqanga | olungashunqanga | lungashunqanga |
| Class 14 | bushunqile, bushunqē | obushunqile, obushunqē | bushunqile, bushunqē | abushunqanga | obungashunqanga | bungashunqanga |
| Class 15 | kushunqile, kushunqē | okushunqile, okushunqē | kushunqile, kushunqē | akushunqanga | okungashunqanga | kungashunqanga |
| Class 17 | kushunqile, kushunqē | okushunqile, okushunqē | kushunqile, kushunqē | akushunqanga | okungashunqanga | kungashunqanga |
| | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngāshunqa | engāshunqa | ngāshunqa | angishunqanga | engingashunqanga | ngingashunqanga |
| 2nd singular | wāshunqa | owāshunqa | wāshunqa | awushunqanga | ongashunqanga | ungashunqanga |
| 1st plural | sāshunqa | esāshunqa | sāshunqa | asishunqanga | esingashunqanga | singashunqanga |
| 2nd plural | nāshunqa | enāshunqa | nāshunqa | anishunqanga | eningashunqanga | ningashunqanga |
| Class 1 | wāshunqa | owāshunqa | āshunqa | akashunqanga | ongashunqanga | engashunqanga |
| Class 2 | bāshunqa | abāshunqa | bāshunqa | abashunqanga | abangashunqanga | bengashunqanga |
| Class 3 | wāshunqa | owāshunqa | wāshunqa | awushunqanga | ongashunqanga | ungashunqanga |
| Class 4 | yāshunqa | eyāshunqa | yāshunqa | ayishunqanga | engashunqanga | ingashunqanga |
| Class 5 | lāshunqa | elāshunqa | lāshunqa | alishunqanga | elingashunqanga | lingashunqanga |
| Class 6 | āshunqa | āshunqa | āshunqa | awashunqanga | angashunqanga | engashunqanga |
| Class 7 | sāshunqa | esāshunqa | sāshunqa | asishunqanga | esingashunqanga | singashunqanga |
| Class 8 | zāshunqa | ezāshunqa | zāshunqa | azishunqanga | ezingashunqanga | zingashunqanga |
| Class 9 | yāshunqa | eyāshunqa | yāshunqa | ayishunqanga | engashunqanga | ingashunqanga |
| Class 10 | zāshunqa | ezāshunqa | zāshunqa | azishunqanga | ezingashunqanga | zingashunqanga |
| Class 11 | lwāshunqa | olwāshunqa | lwāshunqa | alushunqanga | olungashunqanga | lungashunqanga |
| Class 14 | bāshunqa | obāshunqa | bāshunqa | abushunqanga | obungashunqanga | bungashunqanga |
| Class 15 | kwāshunqa | okwāshunqa | kwāshunqa | akushunqanga | okungashunqanga | kungashunqanga |
| Class 17 | kwāshunqa | okwāshunqa | kwāshunqa | akushunqanga | okungashunqanga | kungashunqanga |
| | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngingashunqa | — | ngingashunqa | ngingeshunqe | — | ngingeshunqe |
| 2nd singular | ungashunqa | — | ungashunqa | ungeshunqe | — | ungeshunqe |
| 1st plural | singashunqa | — | singashunqa | singeshunqe | — | singeshunqe |
| 2nd plural | ningashunqa | — | ningashunqa | ningeshunqe | — | ningeshunqe |
| Class 1 | angashunqa | — | engashunqa | angeshunqe | — | engeshunqe |
| Class 2 | bangashunqa | — | bengashunqa | bangeshunqe | — | bengeshunqe |
| Class 3 | ungashunqa | — | ungashunqa | ungeshunqe | — | ungeshunqe |
| Class 4 | ingashunqa | — | ingashunqa | ingeshunqe | — | ingeshunqe |
| Class 5 | lingashunqa | — | lingashunqa | lingeshunqe | — | lingeshunqe |
| Class 6 | angashunqa | — | engashunqa | angeshunqe | — | engeshunqe |
| Class 7 | singashunqa | — | singashunqa | singeshunqe | — | singeshunqe |
| Class 8 | zingashunqa | — | zingashunqa | zingeshunqe | — | zingeshunqe |
| Class 9 | ingashunqa | — | ingashunqa | ingeshunqe | — | ingeshunqe |
| Class 10 | zingashunqa | — | zingashunqa | zingeshunqe | — | zingeshunqe |
| Class 11 | lungashunqa | — | lungashunqa | lungeshunqe | — | lungeshunqe |
| Class 14 | bungashunqa | — | bungashunqa | bungeshunqe | — | bungeshunqe |
| Class 15 | kungashunqa | — | kungashunqa | kungeshunqe | — | kungeshunqe |
| Class 17 | kungashunqa | — | kungashunqa | kungeshunqe | — | kungeshunqe |
| | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngizoshunqa | engizoshunqa | ngizoshunqa | angizushunqa | engingezushunqa | ngingezushunqa |
| 2nd singular | uzoshunqa | ozoshunqa | uzoshunqa | awuzushunqa | ongezushunqa | ungezushunqa |
| 1st plural | sizoshunqa | esizoshunqa | sizoshunqa | asizushunqa | esingezushunqa | singezushunqa |
| 2nd plural | nizoshunqa | enizoshunqa | nizoshunqa | anizushunqa | eningezushunqa | ningezushunqa |
| Class 1 | uzoshunqa | ozoshunqa | ezoshunqa | akazushunqa | ongezushunqa | engezushunqa |
| Class 2 | bazoshunqa | abazoshunqa | bezoshunqa | abazushunqa | abangezushunqa | bengezushunqa |
| Class 3 | uzoshunqa | ozoshunqa | uzoshunqa | awuzushunqa | ongezushunqa | ungezushunqa |
| Class 4 | izoshunqa | ezoshunqa | izoshunqa | ayizushunqa | engezushunqa | ingezushunqa |
| Class 5 | lizoshunqa | elizoshunqa | lizoshunqa | alizushunqa | elingezushunqa | lingezushunqa |
| Class 6 | azoshunqa | azoshunqa | ezoshunqa | awazushunqa | angezushunqa | engezushunqa |
| Class 7 | sizoshunqa | esizoshunqa | sizoshunqa | asizushunqa | esingezushunqa | singezushunqa |
| Class 8 | zizoshunqa | ezizoshunqa | zizoshunqa | azizushunqa | ezingezushunqa | zingezushunqa |
| Class 9 | izoshunqa | ezoshunqa | izoshunqa | ayizushunqa | engezushunqa | ingezushunqa |
| Class 10 | zizoshunqa | ezizoshunqa | zizoshunqa | azizushunqa | ezingezushunqa | zingezushunqa |
| Class 11 | luzoshunqa | oluzoshunqa | luzoshunqa | aluzushunqa | olungezushunqa | lungezushunqa |
| Class 14 | buzoshunqa | obuzoshunqa | buzoshunqa | abuzushunqa | obungezushunqa | bungezushunqa |
| Class 15 | kuzoshunqa | okuzoshunqa | kuzoshunqa | akuzushunqa | okungezushunqa | kungezushunqa |
| Class 17 | kuzoshunqa | okuzoshunqa | kuzoshunqa | akuzushunqa | okungezushunqa | kungezushunqa |
| | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyoshunqa | engiyoshunqa | ngiyoshunqa | angiyushunqa | engingeyushunqa | ngingeyushunqa |
| 2nd singular | uyoshunqa | oyoshunqa | uyoshunqa | awuyushunqa | ongeyushunqa | ungeyushunqa |
| 1st plural | siyoshunqa | esiyoshunqa | siyoshunqa | asiyushunqa | esingeyushunqa | singeyushunqa |
| 2nd plural | niyoshunqa | eniyoshunqa | niyoshunqa | aniyushunqa | eningeyushunqa | ningeyushunqa |
| Class 1 | uyoshunqa | oyoshunqa | eyoshunqa | akayushunqa | ongeyushunqa | engeyushunqa |
| Class 2 | bayoshunqa | abayoshunqa | beyoshunqa | abayushunqa | abangeyushunqa | bengeyushunqa |
| Class 3 | uyoshunqa | oyoshunqa | uyoshunqa | awuyushunqa | ongeyushunqa | ungeyushunqa |
| Class 4 | iyoshunqa | eyoshunqa | iyoshunqa | ayiyushunqa | engeyushunqa | ingeyushunqa |
| Class 5 | liyoshunqa | eliyoshunqa | liyoshunqa | aliyushunqa | elingeyushunqa | lingeyushunqa |
| Class 6 | ayoshunqa | ayoshunqa | eyoshunqa | awayushunqa | angeyushunqa | engeyushunqa |
| Class 7 | siyoshunqa | esiyoshunqa | siyoshunqa | asiyushunqa | esingeyushunqa | singeyushunqa |
| Class 8 | ziyoshunqa | eziyoshunqa | ziyoshunqa | aziyushunqa | ezingeyushunqa | zingeyushunqa |
| Class 9 | iyoshunqa | eyoshunqa | iyoshunqa | ayiyushunqa | engeyushunqa | ingeyushunqa |
| Class 10 | ziyoshunqa | eziyoshunqa | ziyoshunqa | aziyushunqa | ezingeyushunqa | zingeyushunqa |
| Class 11 | luyoshunqa | oluyoshunqa | luyoshunqa | aluyushunqa | olungeyushunqa | lungeyushunqa |
| Class 14 | buyoshunqa | obuyoshunqa | buyoshunqa | abuyushunqa | obungeyushunqa | bungeyushunqa |
| Class 15 | kuyoshunqa | okuyoshunqa | kuyoshunqa | akuyushunqa | okungeyushunqa | kungeyushunqa |
| Class 17 | kuyoshunqa | okuyoshunqa | kuyoshunqa | akuyushunqa | okungeyushunqa | kungeyushunqa |
| | Present subjunctive | Present subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngishunqe | ngingashunqi |
| 2nd singular | ushunqe | ungashunqi |
| 1st plural | sishunqe | singashunqi |
| 2nd plural | nishunqe | ningashunqi |
| Class 1 | ashunqe | angashunqi |
| Class 2 | bashunqe | bangashunqi |
| Class 3 | ushunqe | ungashunqi |
| Class 4 | ishunqe | ingashunqi |
| Class 5 | lishunqe | lingashunqi |
| Class 6 | ashunqe | angashunqi |
| Class 7 | sishunqe | singashunqi |
| Class 8 | zishunqe | zingashunqi |
| Class 9 | ishunqe | ingashunqi |
| Class 10 | zishunqe | zingashunqi |
| Class 11 | lushunqe | lungashunqi |
| Class 14 | bushunqe | bungashunqi |
| Class 15 | kushunqe | kungashunqi |
| Class 17 | kushunqe | kungashunqi |
| | Past subjunctive | Past subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngashunqa | ngangashunqa, angashunqa, angangashunqa |
| 2nd singular | washunqa | wangashunqa, awashunqa, awangashunqa |
| 1st plural | sashunqa | sangashunqa, asashunqa, asangashunqa |
| 2nd plural | nashunqa | nangashunqa, anashunqa, anangashunqa |
| Class 1 | washunqa | wangashunqa, akashunqa, akangashunqa |
| Class 2 | bashunqa | bangashunqa, abashunqa, abangashunqa |
| Class 3 | washunqa | wangashunqa, awashunqa, awangashunqa |
| Class 4 | yashunqa | yangashunqa, ayashunqa, ayangashunqa |
| Class 5 | lashunqa | langashunqa, alashunqa, alangashunqa |
| Class 6 | ashunqa | angashunqa, awashunqa, awangashunqa |
| Class 7 | sashunqa | sangashunqa, asashunqa, asangashunqa |
| Class 8 | zashunqa | zangashunqa, azashunqa, azangashunqa |
| Class 9 | yashunqa | yangashunqa, ayashunqa, ayangashunqa |
| Class 10 | zashunqa | zangashunqa, azashunqa, azangashunqa |
| Class 11 | lwashunqa | lwangashunqa, alwashunqa, alwangashunqa |
| Class 14 | bashunqa | bangashunqa, abashunqa, abangashunqa |
| Class 15 | kwashunqa | kwangashunqa, akwashunqa, akwangashunqa |
| Class 17 | kwashunqa | kwangashunqa, akwashunqa, akwangashunqa |

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “shunqa”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “shunqa (6.3)”