# 父母
## Chinese
### Etymology 1

Dvandva of 父 (fù, “father”) + 母 (mǔ, “mother”)

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): fùmǔ
       (Zhuyin): ㄈㄨˋ ㄇㄨˇ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): фуму (fumu, III-I)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): fu$^6$ mou$^5$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): fu$^5$ mu$^4$
* Gan (Wiktionary): 'fu$^5$ mu$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): fu-mû
    (Meixian, Guangdong): fu$^4$ mu$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hū-bú / hǔ-bió / hū-bó / hū-bió / hū-bó͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bê$^6$ bho$^2$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$vu-mu$_6$ / $^4$vu-mu$_4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fùmǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄨˋ ㄇㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fùmǔ
*** Wade–Giles: fu$^4$-mu$^3$
*** Yale: fù-mǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fuhmuu
*** Palladius: фуму (fumu)
*** Sinological IPA : /fu⁵¹ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: фуму (fumu, III-I)
*** Sinological IPA : /fou⁴⁴ mou²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fu$^6$ mou$^5$
*** Yale: fuh móuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fu$^6$ mou$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fu$^6$ mou$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /fuː²² mou̯¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: fu$^5$ mu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /fu³² ᵐbu²¹/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: 'fu$^5$ mu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ˈfu¹¹ mu²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fu-mû
*** Hakka Romanization System: fu mu$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fu$^4$ mu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /fu⁵⁵ mu²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: fu$^4$ mu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /fu⁵³ mu⁴⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hū-bú
*** Tâi-lô: hū-bú
*** Phofsit Daibuun: huxbuo
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hu²²⁻²¹ bu⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hǔ-bió
*** Tâi-lô: hǔ-bió
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hu²² bio⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hū-bó
*** Tâi-lô: hū-bó
*** Phofsit Daibuun: huxboir
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hu²²⁻²¹ bo⁵³/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hū-bió
*** Tâi-lô: hū-bió
*** Phofsit Daibuun: huxbioir
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hu³³⁻²¹ biɤ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hu³³⁻¹¹ bio⁵³/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hū-bó͘
*** Tâi-lô: hū-bóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: huxbor
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hu³³⁻²¹ bɔ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hu³³⁻¹¹ bɔ⁵³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: bê$^6$ bho$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: pĕ bó
*** Sinological IPA : /pe³⁵⁻¹¹ bo⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$vu-mu$_6$
*** MiniDict: vu$^去$ mu$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$vu-mu$_3$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /vu²² mu⁴⁴/
** (Northern: Jiaxing)
*** Wugniu: $^4$vu-mu$_4$
*** MiniDict: vu$^上$ mu$^上$
*** Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /vu²² mu¹³/
* Middle Chinese: bjuX muwX
Rime :
| Character | 父 | 母 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 虞 (24) | 侯 (137) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 扶雨切 | 莫厚切 |
| Baxter | bjuX | muwX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /bɨo$^X$/ | /məu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /bio$^X$/ | /məu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /bio$^X$/ | /məu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /buə̆$^X$/ | /məw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /bio$^X$/ | /mu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /bĭu$^X$/ | /məu$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /bʱi̯u$^X$/ | /mə̯u$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fù | mǒu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fu$^6$ | mau$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[N-p](r)aʔ məʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*baʔ mɯʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 父 | 母 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | fù | mǔ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ bju$^X$ › | ‹ muw$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[N-p](r)aʔ/ | /*məʔ/ (? or *mˁoʔ) |
| English | father | mother |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 父 | 母 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 3504 | 9288 |
| Phonetic component | 父 | 母 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 父 | 母 |
| Old Chinese | /*baʔ/ | /*mɯʔ/ |

#### Noun

父母
* parents; mother and father; mum and dad
    生身父母 ― shēngshēn fùmǔ ― biological parents
       Fùmǔ ēnqíng bǐ tiān dà. [Pinyin]
       Parental affection knows no bounds.
       Wǒ fùmǔ sān nián qián fēnjū le. [Pinyin]
       My parents separated three years ago.
       Wèishénme wǒ de fùmǔ cónglái bù wèi wǒ kǎolǜ? [Pinyin]
       Why don't mum and dad ever take me into consideration?
       Zǐnǚ wǔnì bùxiào shízài lìng fùmǔ hánxīn. [Pinyin]
       Wayward children who are unfilial are a disappointment to their parents.
* Short for 父母官 (fùmǔguān).

##### Synonyms

* (parents): (polite, non-face-to-face term of address) 老人家 (lǎorenjia)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 父母, 爺娘, 怙恃, 雙親 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 父母, 雙親, 父母親 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 爹媽, 老家兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 爸媽 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 爸媽, 家長 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 老的兒, 爹媽 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 老兒的 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 媽爸 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 娘老子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 娘老子, 老漢們 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 娘老子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 娘老子, 媽老漢兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 媽老漢兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 娘老子, 兩老 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 娘老子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 娘老子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 娘老子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 爺娘 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 老豆老母 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 老豆老母, 爹哋媽咪, 阿爸阿媽 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 老子阿奶 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 爺娘 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 娘爺 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 爺哀 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 爺哀 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 阿爸阿姆 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 阿姆阿爸 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 爺哀 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 阿爸阿姆 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 爺哀 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 爺哀 |
| Hakka | Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) | 爺哀 |
| Hakka | Changting | 爹哀, 爺哀 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 爺哀 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Yanqian) | 爺哀 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 爺哀 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 爹母 |
| Hakka | Ningdu | 爹姐 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 哀爹, 爺娘, 爺哀 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 爹哀 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 爺姐 |
| Hakka | Tonggu (Sandu) | 娘爺 |
| Hakka | Ganzhou (Panlong) | 爺姐 |
| Hakka | Dayu | 爺佬姐佬 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 爺哀, 爺娘, 兩老 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 爺哀, 爺娘, 兩老 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 爺哀, 爺娘, 兩老 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 爺哀, 爺娘, 兩老 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 爺哀, 爺娘, 兩老 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 爺哀, 爺母, 兩老 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 阿爸阿姆 |
| Hakka | Yangxi (Tangkou) | 老子阿奶 |
| Hakka | Yangchun (Sanjia) | 父母 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Sihe) | 爺哀 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Qianpai) | 爺哀 |
| Hakka | Gaozhou (Xindong) | 爸媽 |
| Hakka | Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) | 父母親 |
| Hakka | Huazhou (Xin'an) | 爺哀 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Shijiao) | 爺哀, 爸哀 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Qingping) | 爸哀 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 爸媽 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 娘老子, 老子娘, 老子爺娘 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 爹娘 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 老子娘 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 爹奶 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 爸奶 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 爸奶 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 爸母, 老爸母 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 爸母, 老爸母 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 爸母, 老爸母 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 父嬡, 爸母 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 父嬡 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 爸母 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 爺娘 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 爺娘 |
| Wu | Danyang | 娘啊老子, 爺娘 rare |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 娘老子 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 爹娘 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 奶阿伯, 阿伯奶 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 爺娘 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 爺娘 |

##### Derived terms

* 再生父母 (zàishēngfùmǔ)
* 嗣父母
* 在家靠父母，出外靠朋友
* 天下父母心 (tiānxià fùmǔ xīn)
* 恩同父母
* 父母之命
* 父母之命，媒妁之言
* 父母之邦
* 父母國／父母国
* 父母在，不遠遊／父母在，不远游
* 父母子女
* 父母官 (fùmǔguān)
* 父母恩勤
* 父母親／父母亲 (fùmǔqīn)
* 父母雙亡／父母双亡
* 父母養我們小，我們養父母老／父母养我们小，我们养父母老
* 父母骨肉
* 生身父母 (shēngshēn fùmǔ)
* 直升機父母 (zhíshēngjī fùmǔ)
* 衣食父母 (yīshífùmǔ)
* 親生父母／亲生父母
* 重生父母
* 養父母／养父母 (yǎngfùmǔ)
* 養身父母／养身父母

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 父母 – see 爸母 (“father and mother; parents”). (This term is a variant form of 爸母).

### Further reading

* Ding, Fubao (丁福保) (1922), “父母” in 佛學大辭典 [A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms].

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 父 | 母 |
| ふ Grade: 2 | ぼ Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ふぼ [fúꜜbò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɸɯ̟bo̞]

### Noun

父(ふ)母(ぼ) • (fubo) : lit. "father-mother"
* parents; father and mother

#### Synonyms

* 親(おや) (oya) (lit. "relatives, parents, close relations")
* 両(りょう)親(しん) (ryōshin), 両(ふた)親(おや) (futaoya) (both parents)

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 父 | 母 |

### Noun

父母 • (bumo) (hangeul 부모)
* hanja form of 부모 (“parent, parents”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 父 | 母 |

### Noun

父母
* chữ Hán form of phụ mẫu (“parents”).