# 出恭
## Chinese
### Etymology

From an anti-cheating strategy in the Imperial Examination in ancient China, where candidates were required to hold a card written with the phrase 出恭入敬 (chūgōngrùjìng, “leaving and entering [the examination site] respectfully”) when going to toilet during the examination and return it when they were back so as to prevent them from leaving using such excuse (see 出 (chū), 入 (rù), and 恭敬 (gōngjìng) for detailed meaning).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chūgōng
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄨ ㄍㄨㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ceot$^1$ gung$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhut-kiong
    (Teochew, Peng'im): cug$^4$ giong$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^7$tsheq-kon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chūgōng
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄨ ㄍㄨㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chugong
*** Wade–Giles: chʻu$^1$-kung$^1$
*** Yale: chū-gūng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chugong
*** Palladius: чугун (čugun)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$出宮／出宫 出工 出恭
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ceot$^1$ gung$^1$
*** Yale: chēut gūng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsoet$^7$ gung$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cêd$^1$ gung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɵt̚⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhut-kiong
*** Tâi-lô: tshut-kiong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhutkiofng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰut̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁵ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰut̚³²⁻⁴ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: cug$^4$ giong$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshuk kiong
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰuk̚²⁻⁴ kioŋ³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^7$tsheq-kon
*** MiniDict: tsheh$^入$ kon
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^4$tsheq-kon
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sʰəʔ³³ koŋ⁴⁴/

### Verb

出恭
* (euphemistic) to go to the toilet, especially to defecate

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 如廁, 上廁所, 出恭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 上廁所 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 上外頭 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 上廁所 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 去廁所, 去洗手間 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 去廁所, 去洗手間, 去toilet |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 喊悶 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 去廁所, 去洗手間, 去toilet, 去屎坑 rare, 出恭 rare |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 去廁所 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 去廁所 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 去便所 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 去便所 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 去便所 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 去便所 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 去便所 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 去便所 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 去染蠻 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 去世界盃 |
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 更衣 euphemistic |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 大便, 大解, 排便, 出大恭 euphemistic, 撇條 euphemistic |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 拉屎, 解大手兒, 拉㞎㞎 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 拉屎, 大便, 便便, 上二號, 上大號 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Ulanhot | 拉屎, 拉㞎㞎 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tongliao | 拉屎, 拉㞎㞎 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 大便 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 拉屎 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 拉屎, 大便, 解大手兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 拉屎, 大便 childish |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 拉屎, 大便 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 解大手兒, 拉㞎㞎 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 拉屎, 解大手, 大便 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 拉屎 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 屙屎, 解大手兒, 大便 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 㞎屎 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 屙屎 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 㞎屎 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 大便, 解大手 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 屙屎, 解大手, 出大恭 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 㞎屎 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Bayanhot | 㞎屎, 㞎手, 㞎解 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 㞎屎 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 㞎屎, 大便, 解大手, 拉㞎㞎 childish |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 屙屎, 解大手 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 屙㞎㞎, 解大手, 丟堆子 dated, slang |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 屙屎, 解大手, 解大便, 屙㞎㞎 childish |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 解大手 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 屙㞎 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 屙屎, 屙癟, 解大手, 解大便, 大便 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 屙屎, 大解 dated, euphemistic |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 屙屎, 出恭, 屙㞎㞎 childish |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 屙屎, 屙㞎, 大解, 解大手 euphemistic |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 屙屎 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Huanggang | 解大手 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 屙屎, 屙茄, 大便, 屙扽 dated, 屙唔 childish, 屙唔唔 childish |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 屙屎, 屙茄, 大便, 屙大, 屙唔 childish, 屙唔唔 childish, 屙臭臭 childish, 勃勃 childish, 屙勃勃 childish, 屙坺坺 childish, 屙poo poo childish, 開大 slang, 爆石 slang, 擺堆 slang |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) | 屙屎 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) | 屙屎 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 屙屎, 大便 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 屙屎 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 屙屎 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 屙屎 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 屙屎 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 屙屎 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 屙屎 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 屙屎 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 屙屎 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 屙屎 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 屙屎 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 屙屎 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 屙屎 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 屙屎, 出恭, 屙茄 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 屙屎 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 屙屎 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 屙屎 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 屙屎 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 屙屎 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 屙屎 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 屙屎 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 屙屎 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 屙屎 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 屙屎 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 屙屎 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 屙屎 |
| Cantonese | Zhanjiang | 擺堆 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 屙屎 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 屙屎, 炸東京 slang |
| Cantonese | Ipoh (Guangfu) | 屙屎, 爆石, 開大, 交電費 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 屙屎 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 屙屎 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 屙屎, 解大手 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 屙屎 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 屙屎, 解大手 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 屙屎 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 屙屎, 屙茄, 屙不 childish |
| Hakka | Changting | 屙屎 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 屙屎 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 屙屎 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 屙屎 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 屙屎 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 屙屎 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 屙屎 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 屙屎, 行通 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 屙屎, 行通 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 屙屎 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 屙屎 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 屙屎 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 屙屎 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 屙屎 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 屙屎 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 屙屎 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 屙屎 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 擦屎 |
| Huizhou | Huangshan (Tunxi) | 拉屎 |
| Huizhou | Xiuning | 拉屎, 拉五, 上屎缸 |
| Huizhou | Yixian | 拉屎 |
| Huizhou | Qimen | 屙屎 |
| Huizhou | Wuyuan | 放屎, 出恭 |
| Huizhou | Fuliang | 屙屎, 放屎 |
| Huizhou | Dexing | 屙屎 |
| Huizhou | Shitai (Xianyu) | 屙屎 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 屙屎 |
| Jin | Taibus (Baochang) | 屙屎 |
| Jin | Linhe | 屙屎 |
| Jin | Jining | 大便 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 屙屎 |
| Jin | Baotou | 大便 |
| Jin | Dongsheng | 拉屎 |
| Jin | Haibowan | 拉屎 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 拉屎 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 拉屎, 大解, 出恭 euphemistic |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 拉屎 |
| Eastern Min | Sitiawan (Gutian) | 拉屎 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 放屎, 出恭 euphemistic |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 放屎, 出恭 euphemistic |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 放屎 |
| Southern Min | Shishi | 放屎 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 放屎, 出恭 euphemistic, 應屎 childish |
| Southern Min | Taipei (Wanhua) | 放屎 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 放屎 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Pingxi) | 放屎 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 放屎 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Cijin) | 放屎 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 放屎 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Toucheng) | 放屎 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 放屎 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 放屎 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 放屎 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 放屎 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 放屎 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 放屎 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 放屎 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Xiyu) | 放屎 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 放屎 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 放屎 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 放屎, 大便 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 放屎 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 放屎 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 放屎 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 放屎 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 放屎 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 放屎 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 放屎 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 放屎 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 放屎, 出恭 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 放屎 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 拉屎 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) | 拉屎 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) | 拉屎 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) | 拉屎 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 拉屎 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Fengting) | 拉屎 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Youyang) | 拉屎 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 拉屎 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 屙屎 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 拆惡, 惹惡, 大便, 解大溲, 上馬桶, 辦公 humorous, 跳舞 humorous, 拆惡惡 childish, 惹惡惡 childish, 大溲 dated, 大解 dated |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 射惡 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 拆惡, 惹惡, 拆屎, 惹屎 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 屙屎 |
| Wu | Danyang | 屙屎, 解手, 出恭, 屙恭 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 惹惡 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 惹惡, 大便, 大解 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 拉惡 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 射惡 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 屙屎, 解大手 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 屙屎, 解大手 euphemistic, 屙㞎㞎 childish |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 屙屎 |