# 不易
## Chinese
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bùyì
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄨˋ ㄧˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bat$^1$ ji$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bùyì [Phonetic: búyì]
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄨˋ ㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bùyì
*** Wade–Giles: pu$^4$-i$^4$
*** Yale: bù-yì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: buyih
*** Palladius: буи (bui)
*** Sinological IPA : /pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ i⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$不亦 不意 不易 不義／不义
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bat$^1$ ji$^6$
*** Yale: bāt yih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bat$^7$ ji$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bed$^1$ yi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɐt̚⁵ jiː²²/
* Middle Chinese: pjuw|pjuwX|pjut yeH
Rime :
| Character | 不 | 不 | 不 | 易 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) | 幫 (1) | 幫 (1) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) | 尤 (136) | 物 (60) | 支 (11) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) | Checked (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III | III | III |
| Fanqie | 甫鳩切 | 方久切 | 分勿切 | 以豉切 |
| Baxter | pjuw | pjuwX | pjut | yeH |
| Reconstructions |||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pɨu/ | /pɨu$^X$/ | /pɨut̚/ | /jiᴇ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /piu/ | /piu$^X$/ | /piut̚/ | /jiɛ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /piəu/ | /piəu$^X$/ | /piuət̚/ | /jɛ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /puw/ | /puw$^X$/ | /put̚/ | /jiə̆$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /piu/ | /piu$^X$/ | /piuət̚/ | /ie$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /pĭəu/ | /pĭəu$^X$/ | /pĭuət̚/ | /jǐe$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /pi̯ə̯u/ | /pi̯ə̯u$^X$/ | /pi̯uət̚/ | /ie̯$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fōu | fǒu | fu | yì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fau$^1$ | fau$^2$ | fat$^1$ | ji$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pə lek-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*pɯ|pɯʔ|pɯ' leːɡs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 不 | 易 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | bù | yì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ pjuw › | ‹ ye$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*pə/ | /*lek-s/ |
| English | not | easy |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 不 | 不 | 不 | 易 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 | 1/2 |
| No. | 1025 | 1029 | 1048 | 15029 |
| Phonetic component | 不 | 不 | 不 | 易 |
| Rime group | 之 | 之 | 物 | 賜 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 不 | 缶 | 弗 | 易 |
| Old Chinese | /*pɯ/ | /*pɯʔ/ | /*pɯ'/ | /*leːɡs/ |
| Notes | | 象花柎與本同源 | 中古才促化 | |

#### Verb

不易
* (literary) to be not easy
    生活不易 ― shēnghuó bùyì ― life is not easy
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Wéi jūn nán, wéi chén bùyì. [Pinyin]
    To be a prince is difficult; to be a minister is not easy.

##### Derived terms

* 來之不易／来之不易 (láizhībùyì)

##### Descendants

* → Japanese: 不易(ふい) (fui)
* → Korean: 불이(不易) (buri)

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bùyì
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄨˋ ㄧˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bat$^1$ jik$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bùyì [Phonetic: búyì]
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄨˋ ㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bùyì
*** Wade–Giles: pu$^4$-i$^4$
*** Yale: bù-yì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: buyih
*** Palladius: буи (bui)
*** Sinological IPA : /pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ i⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$不亦 不意 不易 不義／不义
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bat$^1$ jik$^6$
*** Yale: bāt yihk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bat$^7$ jik$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bed$^1$ yig$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɐt̚⁵ jɪk̚²/
* Middle Chinese: pjuw|pjuwX|pjut yek
Rime :
| Character | 不 | 不 | 不 | 易 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) | 幫 (1) | 幫 (1) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) | 尤 (136) | 物 (60) | 昔 (123) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) | Checked (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III | III | III |
| Fanqie | 甫鳩切 | 方久切 | 分勿切 | 羊益切 |
| Baxter | pjuw | pjuwX | pjut | yek |
| Reconstructions |||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pɨu/ | /pɨu$^X$/ | /pɨut̚/ | /jiᴇk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /piu/ | /piu$^X$/ | /piut̚/ | /jiɛk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /piəu/ | /piəu$^X$/ | /piuət̚/ | /iæk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /puw/ | /puw$^X$/ | /put̚/ | /jiajk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /piu/ | /piu$^X$/ | /piuət̚/ | /iɛk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /pĭəu/ | /pĭəu$^X$/ | /pĭuət̚/ | /jĭɛk̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /pi̯ə̯u/ | /pi̯ə̯u$^X$/ | /pi̯uət̚/ | /i̯ɛk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fōu | fǒu | fu | yì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fau$^1$ | fau$^2$ | fat$^1$ | jik$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pə lek/
    (Zhengzhang): /*pɯ|pɯʔ|pɯ' leɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 不 | 易 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | bù | yì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ pjuw › | ‹ yek › |
| Old Chinese | /*pə/ | /*lek/ |
| English | not | change; exchange |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 不 | 不 | 不 | 易 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 | 2/2 |
| No. | 1025 | 1029 | 1048 | 15034 |
| Phonetic component | 不 | 不 | 不 | 易 |
| Rime group | 之 | 之 | 物 | 錫 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 不 | 缶 | 弗 | 繹 |
| Old Chinese | /*pɯ/ | /*pɯʔ/ | /*pɯ'/ | /*leɡ/ |
| Notes | | 象花柎與本同源 | 中古才促化 | 甲文象斟酒，表易器而賜 |

#### Verb

不易
* (literary) to not change
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Shàng bì wúwéi ér yòng tiānxià, xià bì yǒuwéi wéi tiānxià yòng, cǐ bùyì zhī dào yě. [Pinyin]
    But that the superiors do nothing and yet thereby use the world in their service, and that the inferiors, while acting, be employed in the service of the world, is an unchangeable principle.

##### Derived terms

* 一定不易 (yīdìngbùyì)
* 不易之論／不易之论 (bùyìzhīlùn)
* 千古不易

##### Descendants

* → Japanese: 不(ふ)易(えき) (fueki)
* → Korean: 불역(不易) (buryeok)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 不 | 易 |
| ふ Grade: 4 | えき Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ふえき [fùékí] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) ふえき [fúꜜèkì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɸɯ̟e̞kʲi]

### Noun

不(ふ)易(えき) • (fueki)
* constancy, immutable
    Synonyms: 不変, 一定
    Antonym: 可変
    万古(ばんこ)不易(ふえき)の真理(しんり)
       bankofueki no shinri
       the eternal truth

### Adjective

不(ふ)易(えき) • (fueki) -na (adnominal 不(ふ)易(えき)な (fueki na), adverbial 不(ふ)易(えき)に (fueki ni))
* everlasting, unchangeable

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 不易だろ | ふえきだろ | fueki daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 不易で | ふえきで | fueki de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 不易だ | ふえきだ | fueki da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 不易な | ふえきな | fueki na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 不易なら | ふえきなら | fueki nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 不易であれ | ふえきであれ | fueki de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 不易ではない 不易じゃない | ふえきではない ふえきじゃない | fueki de wa nai fueki ja nai |
| Informal past | 不易だった | ふえきだった | fueki datta |
| Informal negative past | 不易ではなかった 不易じゃなかった | ふえきではなかった ふえきじゃなかった | fueki de wa nakatta fueki ja nakatta |
| Formal | 不易です | ふえきです | fueki desu |
| Formal negative | 不易ではありません 不易じゃありません | ふえきではありません ふえきじゃありません | fueki de wa arimasen fueki ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 不易でした | ふえきでした | fueki deshita |
| Formal negative past | 不易ではありませんでした 不易じゃありませんでした | ふえきではありませんでした ふえきじゃありませんでした | fueki de wa arimasen deshita fueki ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 不易で | ふえきで | fueki de |
| Conditional | 不易なら（ば） | ふえきなら（ば） | fueki nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 不易だったら | ふえきだったら | fueki dattara |
| Volitional | 不易だろう | ふえきだろう | fueki darō |
| Adverbial | 不易に | ふえきに | fueki ni |
| Degree | 不易さ | ふえきさ | fuekisa |

### Derived terms

* 千古不易(せんこふえき) (senkofueki)
* 万古不易(ばんこふえき) (bankofueki)
* 万世不易(ばんせいふえき) (banseifueki)
* 万代不易(ばんだいふえき) (bandaifueki)

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN