# خوشه
## Persian
### Alternative forms

* غوشه (ğuše)

### Etymology

From Middle Persian [script needed] (hwšk' /⁠hōšag⁠/, “ear of corn, cluster; the star Spica, the constellation Virgo”), borrowed into Old Armenian խոշակ (xošak) and into Arabic حُوشَاكِيّ (ḥūšākiyy, “two-grained wheat”). Note also the mushroom-name غوشنه (ğôšna, ğôšana) passed into Arabic غَوْشَنَة (ḡawšana, “morel”).
Probably from Proto-Iranian *Hawšaka-, a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓws (“ear”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [xoː.ʃa]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [xoː.ʃä]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [xoː.ʃä]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [xoː.ʃä]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [xʊː.ʃä]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [xuː.ʃe]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [χɵ.ʃä]

### Noun

خوشه • (xuše) (plural خوشه‌ها (xuše-hâ))
* bunch
    خوشه انگور ― a bunch of grapes
* cluster
    خوشهٔ کهکشانی ― a galactic cluster
* ear of corn

#### Derived terms

* خوشه‌ای (“racemose”)
* خوشه‌بندی (“clustering”)

### References

* ↑ MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 44
* ↑ Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “խոշակ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, pages 394–395
* ↑ Corriente, Federico (2008) “Additions and corrections to A Dictionary of Andalusi Arabic”, in Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes‎, volume 98, page 45
* ↑ This a hapax as for it even Corriente, Federico, Pereira, Christophe, Vicente, Angeles, editors (2017), Dictionnaire du faisceau dialectal arabe andalou. Perspectives phraséologiques et étymologiques (in French), Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 381 know only يحيى بن محمد بن أحمد بن العوام [yaḥyā ibn muḥammad ibn ʔaḥmad ibn al-ʕawwām] (c. 1200) José Antonio Banqueri, editor, كتاب الفلاحة [Book on Agriculture] (in Arabic), volume 2, Madrid: Imprenta Real, published 1802$^{IA}$, page 47 line 18, repeated page 48 line 15, an edition known to be bad, here relating the so-called Nabataean Agriculture that has often been attainted as fabrication, so they also theoretize textual corruption, given also the hapax طُرْمَاكِيّ (ṭurmākiyy) following page 48 line 11, which compares to طرمج or طرمش elsewhere, discussed Dozy, Reinhart Pieter Anne (1881) “خوشه”, in Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes‎ (in French), volume 2, Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 42, for Late Latin trimense, Medieval Latin trimesium, tremesium, tremesagium (“a wheat that is ripe three months after sowing”).
* ↑ Sadovski, Velizar (2017–2018) “Chapter VI: Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Iranian, page 578

### Further reading

* Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 270–271
* Horn, Paul (1893) Grundriss der neupersischen Etymologie (in German), Strasbourg: K.J. Trübner, § 489, page 108, connecting with خشک (xošk, “dry”)
* Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2017) “Agricultural terms in Indo-Iranian”, in Language Dispersal Beyond Farming‎, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 282