# 風化
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fēnghuà
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fung$^1$ faa$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fûng-fa
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hong-hòa
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fēnghuà
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fonghuà
*** Wade–Giles: fêng$^1$-hua$^4$
*** Yale: fēng-hwà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fenghuah
*** Palladius: фэнхуа (fɛnxua)
*** Sinological IPA : /fɤŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$瘋話／疯话 風化／风化
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fung$^1$ faa$^3$
*** Yale: fūng fa
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fung$^1$ faa$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fung$^1$ fa$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /fʊŋ⁵⁵ faː³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fûng-fa
*** Hakka Romanization System: fung$^ˊ$ fa
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fung$^1$ fa$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /fuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hong-hòa
*** Tâi-lô: hong-huà
*** Phofsit Daibuun: honghoax
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔŋ³³ hua⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/
* Middle Chinese: pjuwng xwaeH
Rime :
| Character | 風 | 化 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (2) | 麻 (99) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | II |
| Fanqie | 方戎切 | 呼霸切 |
| Baxter | pjuwng | xwaeH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pɨuŋ/ | /hˠua$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /piuŋ/ | /hʷᵚa$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /piuŋ/ | /xua$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /puwŋ/ | /hwaɨ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /piuŋ/ | /xua$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /pĭuŋ/ | /xwa$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /pi̯uŋ/ | /xwa$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fēng | huà |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fung$^1$ | faa$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*prəm qʷʰˤ<r>aj-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*plum hŋʷraːls/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 風 | 化 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | fēng | huà |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ pjuwng › | ‹ xwæ$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*prəm/ | /*qʷʰˁ<r>aj-s/ |
| English | wind (n.) | transform |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 風 | 化 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 2921 | 5327 |
| Phonetic component | 凡 | 化 |
| Rime group | 侵 | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 風 | 化 |
| Old Chinese | /*plum/ | /*hŋʷraːls/ |

### Noun

風化
* decency; morals and manners
* efflorescence; weathering; wind erosion

### Verb

風化
* (literary) to educate; to teach good manners; to civilize; to enlighten by education; to shape the mind through education
* to weather (rocks)

#### Derived terms

* 妨害風化罪／妨害风化罪 (fánghài fēnghuà zuì)
* 有傷風化／有伤风化 (yǒushāngfēnghuà)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 風 | 化 |
| ふう Grade: 2 | か Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɸɯ̟ːka̠]

### Noun

風(ふう)化(か) • (fūka)
* weathering
* fadeaway

### Verb

風(ふう)化(か)する • (fūka suru) intransitive suru (stem 風(ふう)化(か)し (fūka shi), past 風(ふう)化(か)した (fūka shita))
* to weather (rocks)
    風化(ふうか)した石(いし)
       fūka shita ishi
       weathered stone
* to fade away
    大震災(だいしんさい)の記憶(きおく)が風化(ふうか)しつつある。
       Dai shinsai no kioku ga fūka shi tsutsu aru.
       Memories of the great earthquake is fading away.

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 風化し | ふうかし | fūka shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 風化し | ふうかし | fūka shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 風化する | ふうかする | fūka suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 風化する | ふうかする | fūka suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 風化すれ | ふうかすれ | fūka sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 風化せよ¹ 風化しろ² | ふうかせよ¹ ふうかしろ² | fūka seyo¹ fūka shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 風化される | ふうかされる | fūka sareru |
| Causative | 風化させる 風化さす | ふうかさせる ふうかさす | fūka saseru fūka sasu |
| Potential | 風化できる | ふうかできる | fūka dekiru |
| Volitional | 風化しよう | ふうかしよう | fūka shiyō |
| Negative | 風化しない | ふうかしない | fūka shinai |
| Negative continuative | 風化せず | ふうかせず | fūka sezu |
| Formal | 風化します | ふうかします | fūka shimasu |
| Perfective | 風化した | ふうかした | fūka shita |
| Conjunctive | 風化して | ふうかして | fūka shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 風化すれば | ふうかすれば | fūka sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 風 | 化 |

### Noun

風化 • (punghwa) (hangeul 풍화)
* hanja form of 풍화 (“weathering”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 風 | 化 |

### Noun

風化
* chữ Hán form of phong hóa (“weathering”).