# 喚起
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): huànqǐ
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄢˋ ㄑㄧˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): wun$^6$ hei$^2$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hoàn-khí
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: huànqǐ
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄢˋ ㄑㄧˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: huàncǐ
*** Wade–Giles: huan$^4$-chʻi$^3$
*** Yale: hwàn-chǐ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huannchii
*** Palladius: хуаньци (xuanʹci)
*** Sinological IPA : /xu̯än⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wun$^6$ hei$^2$
*** Yale: wuhn héi
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wun$^6$ hei$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wun$^6$ héi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /wuːn²² hei̯³⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoàn-khí
*** Tâi-lô: huàn-khí
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoarnqie
*** IPA (Xiamen): /huan²¹⁻⁵³ kʰi⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /huan⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kʰi⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /huan²¹⁻⁵³ kʰi⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /huan¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰi⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /huan²¹⁻⁴¹ kʰi⁴¹/

### Verb

喚起
* to arouse; to waken; to evoke (attention, memory, etc.)
    喚起民眾覺醒／唤起民众觉醒 ― huànqǐ mínzhòng juéxǐng ― to awaken the people to the truth
    From: 唐．Du Fu《秋日夔府詠懷奉寄鄭監李賓客一百韻》
    Huànqǐ sāotóu jí, fú qǐ jǐ jī chuān. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: 宋．Su Shi《有美堂暴雨》
    Huànqǐ zhéxiān quán sǎ miàn, dǎo qīng jiāo shì xiè qióngguī. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
** 2017 January 12, Javier C. Hernández, “中國修改教科書，「八年抗戰」變「十四年抗戰」 [China, Fanning Patriotism, Adds 6 Years to War with Japan in History Books]”, in The New York Times‎:
       Gémìng de zàngē huànqǐ 1937 zhì 1945 nián nàge xuèyǔxīngfēng de niándài. Zhōngguó yǐwài de dìfāng chēng zhī wéi dì'èrcì Zhōngrì zhànzhēng. [Pinyin]
       Revolutionary hymns evoked the bloody years, from 1937 to 1945, of what is known outside China as the Second Sino-Japanese War.
* to initiate; to trigger (a reaction, process, etc.); to cause; to result in

#### Synonyms

* (to initiate):
* 導發／导发 (dǎofā)
* 引發／引发 (yǐnfā)
* 引起 (yǐnqǐ)
* 招
* 招惹 (zhāorě)
* 挑動／挑动 (tiǎodòng)
* 掀動／掀动 (xiāndòng)
* 滋生 (zīshēng)
* 觸發／触发 (chùfā)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 喚(かん)起(き) (kanki)
* → Korean: 환기(喚起) (hwan'gi)

### References

* “Entry #85861”, in 重編國語辭典修訂本 [Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary] (in Chinese), National Academy for Educational Research (Taiwan), 2021.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 喚 | 起 |
| かん Grade: S | き Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kã̠ŋʲkʲi]

### Noun

喚(かん)起(き) • (kanki)
* arousal

### Verb

喚(かん)起(き)する • (kanki suru) transitive suru (stem 喚(かん)起(き)し (kanki shi), past 喚(かん)起(き)した (kanki shita))
* arouse, awaken

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 喚起し | かんきし | kanki shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 喚起し | かんきし | kanki shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 喚起する | かんきする | kanki suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 喚起する | かんきする | kanki suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 喚起すれ | かんきすれ | kanki sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 喚起せよ¹ 喚起しろ² | かんきせよ¹ かんきしろ² | kanki seyo¹ kanki shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 喚起される | かんきされる | kanki sareru |
| Causative | 喚起させる 喚起さす | かんきさせる かんきさす | kanki saseru kanki sasu |
| Potential | 喚起できる | かんきできる | kanki dekiru |
| Volitional | 喚起しよう | かんきしよう | kanki shiyō |
| Negative | 喚起しない | かんきしない | kanki shinai |
| Negative continuative | 喚起せず | かんきせず | kanki sezu |
| Formal | 喚起します | かんきします | kanki shimasu |
| Perfective | 喚起した | かんきした | kanki shita |
| Conjunctive | 喚起して | かんきして | kanki shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 喚起すれば | かんきすれば | kanki sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

#### Synonyms

* 呼(よ)び起(お)こす (yobiokosu)

### References

* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.