# ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ
## Coptic
### Alternative forms

* ϩⲱⲧⲉⲃ (hōteb) — Fayyumic
* ϩⲟⲧⲉⲃ (hoteb) — Fayyumic
* ϩⲱⲧⲃ (hōtb) — Sahidic
* ϧⲱⲧⲉⲃ (xōteb) — Bohairic

### Etymology

Inherited from Demotic ẖtb (“to kill”), from Egyptian ẖdb (“to kill”).

### Verb

ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ • (xōtbe) (nominal state ?, pronominal state ⳉⲁⲧⲃ⸗, conjunct participle ⳉⲁⲧⲃⲉ-)
* (Akhmimic, transitive, intransitive) to kill

#### Conjugation

| infinitive | affirmative | ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ xōtbe | imperative | affirmative | ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ xōtbe |
| infinitive | negative | ⲧⲙ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲧⲙ̄ⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ tm̄xōtbe, tm̄n̄xōtbe | imperative | negative | ⲙ̄ⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ m̄n̄xōtbe |
| | | | singular | singular | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | nominal |
| | | | 1st person | 2nd person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | nominal |
| | | | 1st person | masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | nominal |
| durative sentence ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲁⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁϥ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲥ | ⲁⲛⲁⲛ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲱⲧⲛⲉ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩ | - |
| present | basic | basic | ϯⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ tixōtbe | ⲕⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ kxōtbe | ⲧⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ texōtbe | ϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ fxōtbe | ⲥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ sxōtbe | ⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ tn̄xōtbe | ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ tetn̄xōtbe | ⲥⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ sexōtbe | ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ xōtbe |
| present | circumstantial | circumstantial | ⲉⲓ̈ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ eïxōtbe | ⲉⲕⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ ekxōtbe | ⲉⲣⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ erexōtbe | ⲉϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ efxōtbe | ⲉⲥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ esxōtbe | ⲉⲛⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ enxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etetn̄xōtbe | ⲉⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ euxōtbe | ⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲣⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ e- xōtbe, ere- xōtbe |
| present | relative | relative | ⲉϯⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etixōtbe | ⲉⲧⲕⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etkxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etexōtbe, eterexōtbe | ⲉⲧϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etfxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etsxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲛⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etnxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etetn̄xōtbe | ⲉⲧⲟⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etouxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ ete- xōtbe, etere- xōtbe |
| present | preterite | preterite | ⲛⲁⲓ̈ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ naïxōtbe | ⲛⲁⲕⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nakxōtbe | ⲛⲁⲣⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ narexōtbe | ⲛⲁϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nafxōtbe | ⲛⲁⲥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nasxōtbe | ⲛⲁⲛⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nanxōtbe | ⲛⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ natetn̄xōtbe | ⲛⲁⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nauxōtbe | ⲛⲁ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲛⲁⲣⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ na- xōtbe, nare- xōtbe |
| present | focalising | focalising | ⲁⲓⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ aixōtbe | ⲁⲕⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ akxōtbe | ⲁⲣⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ arexōtbe | ⲁϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ afxōtbe | ⲁⲥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ asxōtbe | ⲁⲛⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ anxōtbe | ⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ aretenxōtbe | ⲁⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ auxōtbe | ⲁ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲁⲣ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲁⲣⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ a- xōtbe, ar- xōtbe, are- xōtbe |
| future | basic | basic | ϯⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ tinaxōtbe | ⲕⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ knaxōtbe | ⲧⲉⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ tenaxōtbe | ϥⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ fnaxōtbe | ⲥⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ snaxōtbe | ⲧⲛ̄ⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ tn̄naxōtbe | ⲧⲉⲧⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ tetnaxōtbe | ⲥⲉⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ senaxōtbe | ⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ naxōtbe |
| future | circumstantial | circumstantial | ⲉⲓ̈ⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ eïnaxōtbe | ⲉⲕⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ eknaxōtbe | ⲉⲣⲉⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ erenaxōtbe | ⲉϥⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ efnaxōtbe | ⲉⲥⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ esnaxōtbe | ⲉⲛⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ ennaxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etetnaxōtbe | ⲉⲩⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ eunaxōtbe | ⲉ- ⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ e- naxōtbe |
| future | relative | relative | ⲉϯⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etinaxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲕⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etknaxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etenaxōtbe, eterenaxōtbe | ⲉⲧϥⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etfnaxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲥⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etsnaxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲛⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etnnaxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etetnaxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etounaxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉ- ⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ ete- naxōtbe |
| future | preterite | preterite | ⲛⲁⲓ̈ⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ naïnaxōtbe | ⲛⲁⲕⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ naknaxōtbe | ⲛⲁⲣⲉⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ narenaxōtbe | ⲛⲁϥⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nafnaxōtbe | ⲛⲁⲥⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nasnaxōtbe | ⲛⲁⲛⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nannaxōtbe | ⲛⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ netetnaxōtbe | ⲛⲁⲩⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ naunaxōtbe | ⲛⲁ- ⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ na- naxōtbe |
| future | focalising | focalising | ⲁⲓⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ ainaxōtbe | ⲁⲕⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲕⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ aknaxōtbe, eknaxōtbe | ⲁⲣⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ araxōtbe | ⲁϥⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ afnaxōtbe | ⲁⲥⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ asnaxōtbe | ⲁⲛⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ annaxōtbe | ⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ aretennaxōtbe | ⲁⲩⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ aunaxōtbe | ⲁ- ⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲁⲣⲉ- ⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ a- naxōtbe, are- naxōtbe |
| negated with | negated with | negated with | … ⲉⲛ … en | … ⲉⲛ … en | … ⲉⲛ … en | … ⲉⲛ … en | … ⲉⲛ … en | … ⲉⲛ … en | … ⲉⲛ … en | … ⲉⲛ … en | … ⲉⲛ … en |
| non-durative sentence ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲁⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁϥ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲥ | ⲁⲛⲁⲛ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲱⲧⲛⲉ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩ | - |
| past | basic | affirmative | ⲁⲓ̈ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ aïxōtbe | ⲁⲕⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ akxōtbe | ⲁⲣⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ arxōtbe | ⲁϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ afxōtbe | ⲁⲥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ asxōtbe | ⲁⲛⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ anxōtbe | ⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ atetn̄xōtbe | ⲁⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ auxōtbe | ⲁ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ a- xōtbe |
| past | basic | negative | ⲙ̄ⲡⲓⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ m̄pixōtbe | ⲙ̄ⲡⲕ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ m̄pk̄xōtbe | ⲙ̄ⲡⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ m̄pexōtbe, m̄pr̄xōtbe | ⲙ̄ⲡϥ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ m̄pf̄xōtbe | ⲙ̄ⲡⲥ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ m̄ps̄xōtbe | ⲙ̄ⲡⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ m̄pn̄xōtbe | ⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ m̄petn̄xōtbe | ⲙ̄ⲡⲟⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ m̄pouxōtbe | ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ m̄pe- xōtbe |
| past | circumstantial | affirmative | ⲉⲁⲓ̈ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ eaïxōtbe | ⲉⲁⲕⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ eakxōtbe | ⲉⲁⲣⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ earxōtbe | ⲉⲁϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ eafxōtbe | ⲉⲁⲥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ easxōtbe | ⲉⲁⲛⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ eanxōtbe | ⲉⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ eatetn̄xōtbe | ⲉⲁⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ eauxōtbe | ⲉⲁ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ ea- xōtbe |
| past | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲓⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ em̄pixōtbe | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲕ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ em̄pk̄xōtbe | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ em̄pexōtbe, em̄pr̄xōtbe | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡϥ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ em̄pf̄xōtbe | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲥ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ em̄ps̄xōtbe | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ em̄pn̄xōtbe | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ em̄petn̄xōtbe | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲟⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ em̄pouxōtbe | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ em̄pe- xōtbe |
| past | relative | affirmative | ⲉⲧⲁⲓ̈ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etaïxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲁⲕⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etakxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲁⲣⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etarxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲁϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etafxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲁⲥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etasxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲁⲛⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etanxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etatetn̄xōtbe | ⲉⲧⲁⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etauxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲁ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ eta- xōtbe |
| past | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲓⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etem̄pixōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲕ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etem̄pk̄xōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etem̄pexōtbe, etem̄pr̄xōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡϥ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etem̄pf̄xōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲥ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etem̄ps̄xōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etem̄pn̄xōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etem̄petn̄xōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲟⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etem̄pouxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etem̄pe- xōtbe |
| past | preterite | affirmative | ⲛⲉⲁⲓ̈ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ neaïxōtbe | ⲛⲉⲁⲕⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ neakxōtbe | ⲛⲉⲁⲣⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nearxōtbe | ⲛⲉⲁϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ neafxōtbe | ⲛⲉⲁⲥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ neasxōtbe | ⲛⲉⲁⲛⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ neanxōtbe | ⲛⲉⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ neatetn̄xōtbe | ⲛⲉⲁⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ neauxōtbe | ⲛⲉⲁ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nea- xōtbe |
| past | preterite | negative | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲓⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nem̄pixōtbe | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲕ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nem̄pk̄xōtbe | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nem̄pexōtbe, nem̄pr̄xōtbe | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡϥ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nem̄pf̄xōtbe | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲥ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nem̄ps̄xōtbe | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nem̄pn̄xōtbe | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nem̄petn̄xōtbe | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲟⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nem̄pouxōtbe | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nem̄pe- xōtbe |
| past | focalising | affirmative | ⲛⲁⲓ̈ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ naïxōtbe | ⲛⲁⲕⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nakxōtbe | ⲛⲁⲣⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ narxōtbe | ⲛⲁϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nafxōtbe | ⲛⲁⲥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nasxōtbe | ⲛⲁⲛⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nanxōtbe | ⲛⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ natetn̄xōtbe | ⲛⲁⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nauxōtbe | ⲛⲁ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ na- xōtbe |
| expectative | basic | negative | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁϯⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ m̄patixōtbe | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲕ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ m̄patk̄xōtbe | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ m̄patexōtbe | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧϥ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ m̄patf̄xōtbe | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲥ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ m̄pats̄xōtbe | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ m̄patn̄xōtbe | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ m̄patetn̄xōtbe | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ m̄patouxōtbe | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ m̄pate- xōtbe |
| expectative | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁϯⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ em̄patixōtbe | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲕ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ em̄patk̄xōtbe | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ em̄patexōtbe | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧϥ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ em̄patf̄xōtbe | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲥ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ em̄pats̄xōtbe | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ em̄patn̄xōtbe | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ em̄patetn̄xōtbe | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ em̄patouxōtbe | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ em̄pate- xōtbe |
| expectative | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁϯⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etem̄patixōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲕ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etem̄patk̄xōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etem̄patexōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧϥ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etem̄patf̄xōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲥ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etem̄pats̄xōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etem̄patn̄xōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etem̄patetn̄xōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etem̄patouxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etem̄pate- xōtbe |
| expectative | preterite | negative | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁϯⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nem̄patixōtbe | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲕ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nem̄patk̄xōtbe | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nem̄patexōtbe | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧϥ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nem̄patf̄xōtbe | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲥ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nem̄pats̄xōtbe | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nem̄patn̄xōtbe | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nem̄patetn̄xōtbe | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nem̄patouxōtbe | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nem̄pate- xōtbe |
| aorist | basic | affirmative | ⳉⲁⲣⲉⲓ̈ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ xareïxōtbe | ⳉⲁⲣⲉⲕⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ xarekxōtbe | ⳉⲁⲣⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ xarexōtbe | ⳉⲁⲣⲉϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ xarefxōtbe | ⳉⲁⲣⲉⲥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ xaresxōtbe | ⳉⲁⲣⲉⲛⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ xarenxōtbe | ⳉⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ xaretetn̄xōtbe | ⳉⲁⲣⲟⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ xarouxōtbe | ⳉⲁⲣⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ xare- xōtbe |
| aorist | basic | negative | ⲙⲁⲓ̈ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ maïxōtbe | ⲙⲁⲕⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ makxōtbe | ⲙⲁⲣⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ marexōtbe | ⲙⲁϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ mafxōtbe | ⲙⲁⲥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ masxōtbe | ⲙⲁⲛⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ manxōtbe | ⲙⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ matetn̄xōtbe | ⲙⲁⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ mauxōtbe | ⲙⲁⲣⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲙⲁ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ mare- xōtbe, ma- xōtbe |
| aorist | circumstantial | affirmative | ⲉⳉⲁⲣⲉⲓ̈ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ exareïxōtbe | ⲉⳉⲁⲣⲉⲕⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ exarekxōtbe | ⲉⳉⲁⲣⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ exarexōtbe | ⲉⳉⲁⲣⲉϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ exarefxōtbe | ⲉⳉⲁⲣⲉⲥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ exaresxōtbe | ⲉⳉⲁⲣⲉⲛⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ exarenxōtbe | ⲉⳉⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ exaretetn̄xōtbe | ⲉⳉⲁⲣⲟⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ exarouxōtbe | ⲉⳉⲁⲣⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ exare- xōtbe |
| aorist | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙⲁⲓ̈ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ emaïxōtbe | ⲉⲙⲁⲕⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ emakxōtbe | ⲉⲙⲁⲣⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ emarexōtbe | ⲉⲙⲁϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ emafxōtbe | ⲉⲙⲁⲥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ emasxōtbe | ⲉⲙⲁⲛⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ emanxōtbe | ⲉⲙⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ ematetn̄xōtbe | ⲉⲙⲁⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ emauxōtbe | ⲉⲙⲁⲣⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲙⲁ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ emare- xōtbe, ema- xōtbe |
| aorist | relative | affirmative | ⲉⲧⲉⳉⲁⲣⲉⲓ̈ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲧⳉⲁⲣⲉⲓ̈ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etexareïxōtbe, etxareïxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⳉⲁⲣⲉⲕⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲧⳉⲁⲣⲉⲕⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etexarekxōtbe, etxarekxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⳉⲁⲣⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲧⳉⲁⲣⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etexarexōtbe, etxarexōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⳉⲁⲣⲉϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲧⳉⲁⲣⲉϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etexarefxōtbe, etxarefxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⳉⲁⲣⲉⲥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲧⳉⲁⲣⲉⲥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etexaresxōtbe, etxaresxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⳉⲁⲣⲉⲛⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲧⳉⲁⲣⲉⲛⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etexarenxōtbe, etxarenxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⳉⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲧⳉⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etexaretetn̄xōtbe, etxaretetn̄xōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⳉⲁⲣⲟⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲧⳉⲁⲣⲟⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etexarouxōtbe, etxarouxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⳉⲁⲣⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲧⳉⲁⲣⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etexare- xōtbe, etxare- xōtbe |
| aorist | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲁⲓ̈ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etemaïxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲁⲕⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etemakxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲁⲣⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etemarexōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲁϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etemafxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲁⲥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etemasxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲁⲛⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etemanxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etematetn̄xōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲁⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etemauxōtbe | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲁⲣⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲁ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ etemare- xōtbe, etema- xōtbe |
| aorist | preterite | affirmative | ⲛⲉⳉⲁⲣⲉⲓ̈ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nexareïxōtbe | ⲛⲉⳉⲁⲣⲉⲕⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nexarekxōtbe | ⲛⲉⳉⲁⲣⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nexarexōtbe | ⲛⲉⳉⲁⲣⲉϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nexarefxōtbe | ⲛⲉⳉⲁⲣⲉⲥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nexaresxōtbe | ⲛⲉⳉⲁⲣⲉⲛⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nexarenxōtbe | ⲛⲉⳉⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nexaretetn̄xōtbe | ⲛⲉⳉⲁⲣⲟⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nexarouxōtbe | ⲛⲉⳉⲁⲣⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nexare- xōtbe |
| aorist | preterite | negative | ⲛⲉⲙⲁⲓ̈ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nemaïxōtbe | ⲛⲉⲙⲁⲕⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nemakxōtbe | ⲛⲉⲙⲁⲣⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nemarexōtbe | ⲛⲉⲙⲁϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nemafxōtbe | ⲛⲉⲙⲁⲥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nemasxōtbe | ⲛⲉⲙⲁⲛⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nemanxōtbe | ⲛⲉⲙⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nematetn̄xōtbe | ⲛⲉⲙⲁⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nemauxōtbe | ⲛⲉⲙⲁⲣⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲛⲉⲙⲁ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nemare- xōtbe, nema- xōtbe |
| aorist | focalising | affirmative | ⲁⲙⲁⲓ̈ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ amaïxōtbe | ⲁⲙⲁⲕⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ amakxōtbe | ⲁⲙⲁⲣⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ amarexōtbe | ⲁⲙⲁϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ amafxōtbe | ⲁⲙⲁⲥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ amasxōtbe | ⲁⲙⲁⲛⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ amanxōtbe | ⲁⲙⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ amatetn̄xōtbe | ⲁⲙⲁⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ amauxōtbe | ⲁⲙⲁⲣⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲙⲁ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ amare- xōtbe, ma- xōtbe |
| optative | basic | affirmative | ⲁⲓ̈ⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ aïaxōtbe | ⲁⲕⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ akaxōtbe | ⲁⲣⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ araxōtbe | ⲁϥⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ afaxōtbe | ⲁⲥⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ asaxōtbe | ⲁⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ anaxōtbe | ⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ atetnaxōtbe | ⲁⲩⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ auaxōtbe | ⲁ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ a- xōtbe |
| optative | basic | negative | ⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲛⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ naxōtbe, enaxōtbe | ⲛⲉⲕⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲛⲉⲕⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nekxōtbe, enekxōtbe | ⲛⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲛⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nexōtbe, enexōtbe | ⲛⲉϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲛⲉϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nefxōtbe, enefxōtbe | ⲛⲉⲥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲛⲉⲥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nesxōtbe, enesxōtbe | ⲛⲉⲛⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲛⲉⲛⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ nenxōtbe, enenxōtbe | ⲛⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲛⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ netn̄xōtbe, enetn̄xōtbe | ⲛⲉⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲛⲉⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ neuxōtbe, eneuxōtbe | ⲛⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ ne- xōtbe |
| jussive | basic | affirmative | ⲙⲁⲣⲓⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ marixōtbe | (use imperative) | (use imperative) | ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ marefxōtbe | ⲙⲁⲣⲉⲥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ maresxōtbe | ⲙⲁⲣⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ marn̄xōtbe | (use imperative) | ⲙⲁⲣⲟⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ marouxōtbe | ⲙⲁⲣⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ mare- xōtbe |
| jussive | basic | negative | ⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ mn̄taxōtbe | (use imperative) | (use imperative) | ⲙⲛ̄ⲧϥ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ mn̄tf̄xōtbe | ⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲥ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ mn̄ts̄xōtbe | ⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ mn̄tn̄xōtbe | (use imperative) | ⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ mn̄touxōtbe | ⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ mn̄te- xōtbe |
| subordinate clause ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲁⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁϥ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲥ | ⲁⲛⲁⲛ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲱⲧⲛⲉ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩ | - |
| conjunctive | conjunctive | conjunctive | ⲧⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ taxōtbe | ⲕⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ kxōtbe | ⲧⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ texōtbe | ϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲛ̄ⲧϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ fxōtbe, n̄tfxōtbe | ⲥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ sxōtbe | ⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ tn̄xōtbe | ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ tetn̄xōtbe | ⲥⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲥⲟⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ sexōtbe, souxōtbe | ⲧⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ te- xōtbe |
| future conjunctive | future conjunctive | future conjunctive | ⲧⲁⲣⲓⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ tarixōtbe | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲕⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ tarekxōtbe | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ tarexōtbe | ⲧⲁⲣⲉϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ tarefxōtbe | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ taresxōtbe | ⲧⲁⲣⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ tarn̄xōtbe | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ taretetn̄xōtbe | ⲧⲁⲣⲟⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ tarouxōtbe | ⲧⲁⲣⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ tare- xōtbe |
| precursive | precursive | precursive | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣⲓⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲧⲁⲣⲓⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ n̄tarixōtbe, tarixōtbe | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲕⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲕⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ n̄tarekxōtbe, tarekxōtbe | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲧⲁⲣⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ n̄tarexōtbe, tarexōtbe | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣⲉϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲧⲁⲣⲉϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ n̄tarefxōtbe, tarefxōtbe | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ n̄taresxōtbe, taresxōtbe | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲧⲁⲣⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ n̄tarn̄xōtbe, tarn̄xōtbe | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ n̄taretn̄xōtbe, taretn̄xōtbe | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣⲟⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲧⲁⲣⲟⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ n̄tarouxōtbe, tarouxōtbe | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲧⲁⲣⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ n̄tare- xōtbe, tare- xōtbe |
| limitative | limitative | limitative | ϣⲁϯⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ šatixōtbe | ϣⲁⲧⲕ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ šatk̄xōtbe | ϣⲁⲧⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ šatexōtbe | ϣⲁⲧϥ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ šatf̄xōtbe | ϣⲁⲧⲥ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ šats̄xōtbe | ϣⲁⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ šatn̄xōtbe | ϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ šatetn̄xōtbe | ϣⲁⲧⲟⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ šatouxōtbe | ϣⲁⲧⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ šate- xōtbe |
| conditional | long | long | ⲁⲓ̈ϣⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲓ̈ϣⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ aïšaxōtbe, eïšaxōtbe | ⲁⲕϣⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲕϣⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ akšaxōtbe, ekšaxōtbe | ⲁⲣⲉϣⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲣⲉϣⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ arešaxōtbe, erešaxōtbe | ⲁϥϣⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉϥϣⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ afšaxōtbe, efšaxōtbe | ⲁⲥϣⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲥϣⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ asšaxōtbe, esšaxōtbe | ⲁⲛϣⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲛϣⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ anšaxōtbe, enšaxōtbe | ⲁϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ ašatetn̄xōtbe, ešatetn̄xōtbe | ⲁⲩϣⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉⲩϣⲁⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ aušaxōtbe, eušaxōtbe | ⲁϣⲁ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, ⲉϣⲁ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ aša- xōtbe, eša- xōtbe |
| conditional | short | short | ⲁⲓ̈ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ aïxōtbe | ⲁⲕⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ akxōtbe | ⲁⲣⲉⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ arexōtbe | ⲁϥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ afxōtbe | ⲁⲥⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ asxōtbe | ⲁⲛⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ anxōtbe | ⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ atetn̄xōtbe | ⲁⲩⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ auxōtbe | ⲁⲣⲉ- ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ are- xōtbe |
| negated with | negated with | negated with | ⲧⲙ̄-, ⲧⲙ̄ⲛ̄- tm̄-, tm̄n̄- | ⲧⲙ̄-, ⲧⲙ̄ⲛ̄- tm̄-, tm̄n̄- | ⲧⲙ̄-, ⲧⲙ̄ⲛ̄- tm̄-, tm̄n̄- | ⲧⲙ̄-, ⲧⲙ̄ⲛ̄- tm̄-, tm̄n̄- | ⲧⲙ̄-, ⲧⲙ̄ⲛ̄- tm̄-, tm̄n̄- | ⲧⲙ̄-, ⲧⲙ̄ⲛ̄- tm̄-, tm̄n̄- | ⲧⲙ̄-, ⲧⲙ̄ⲛ̄- tm̄-, tm̄n̄- | ⲧⲙ̄-, ⲧⲙ̄ⲛ̄- tm̄-, tm̄n̄- | ⲧⲙ̄-, ⲧⲙ̄ⲛ̄- tm̄-, tm̄n̄- |

### Noun

ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ • (xōtbe) m
* (Akhmimic) murder

#### Derived terms

* ⳉⲁⲧⲃⲉⲥ (xatbes, “slaughter”)

### References

* Černý, Jaroslav (1976) Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN