# 堆積
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): duījī
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄟ ㄐㄧ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): deoi$^1$ zik$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): tôi-chit
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tui-chit / tui-chek
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: duījī
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄟ ㄐㄧ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dueiji
*** Wade–Giles: tui$^1$-chi$^1$
*** Yale: dwēi-jī
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dueiji
*** Palladius: дуйцзи (dujczi)
*** Sinological IPA : /tu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: deoi$^1$ zik$^1$
*** Yale: dēui jīk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: doey$^1$ dzik$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dêu$^1$ jig$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tɵy̯⁵⁵ t͡sɪk̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tôi-chit
*** Hakka Romanization System: doi$^ˊ$ jid$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: doi$^1$ jid$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /toi̯²⁴ t͡sit̚²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tui-chit
*** Tâi-lô: tui-tsit
*** Phofsit Daibuun: duicid
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tui³³ t͡sit̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tui-chek
*** Tâi-lô: tui-tsik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: duizeg
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tui⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɪk̚³²/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tui⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siɪk̚³²/
* Middle Chinese: twoj tsjek
Rime :
| Character | 堆 | 積 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 端 (5) | 精 (13) |
| Final (韻) | 灰 (42) | 昔 (123) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 都回切 | 資昔切 |
| Baxter | twoj | tsjek |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tuʌi/ | /t͡siᴇk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tuoi/ | /t͡siɛk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tuɒi/ | /t͡siæk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /twəj/ | /t͡siajk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /tuᴀi/ | /t͡siɛk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /tuɒi/ | /t͡sĭɛk̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /tuɑ̆i/ | /t͡si̯ɛk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | duī | ji |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | deoi$^1$ | zik$^1$ |

### Verb

堆積
* to pile up; to heap up

#### Synonyms

* 堆集 (duījí)
* 聚 (jù) (literary, or in compounds)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 堆積(たいせき) (taiseki)
* → Korean: 퇴적(堆積) (toejeok)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 堆 | 積 |
| たい Grade: S | せき Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ta̠ise̞kʲi]

### Noun

堆(たい)積(せき) • (taiseki)
* accumulation

### Verb

堆(たい)積(せき)する • (taiseki suru) suru (stem 堆(たい)積(せき)し (taiseki shi), past 堆(たい)積(せき)した (taiseki shita))
* to pile up

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 堆積し | たいせきし | taiseki shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 堆積し | たいせきし | taiseki shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 堆積する | たいせきする | taiseki suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 堆積する | たいせきする | taiseki suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 堆積すれ | たいせきすれ | taiseki sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 堆積せよ¹ 堆積しろ² | たいせきせよ¹ たいせきしろ² | taiseki seyo¹ taiseki shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 堆積される | たいせきされる | taiseki sareru |
| Causative | 堆積させる 堆積さす | たいせきさせる たいせきさす | taiseki saseru taiseki sasu |
| Potential | 堆積できる | たいせきできる | taiseki dekiru |
| Volitional | 堆積しよう | たいせきしよう | taiseki shiyō |
| Negative | 堆積しない | たいせきしない | taiseki shinai |
| Negative continuative | 堆積せず | たいせきせず | taiseki sezu |
| Formal | 堆積します | たいせきします | taiseki shimasu |
| Perfective | 堆積した | たいせきした | taiseki shita |
| Conjunctive | 堆積して | たいせきして | taiseki shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 堆積すれば | たいせきすれば | taiseki sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||