# 成都
## Chinese

* 成都 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 成都 (Cantonese)
* 成都 (Classical)
* Sṳ̀n-tû-sṳ (Hakka)
* Sìng-dŭ (Eastern Min)
* Sêng-to͘ (Southern Min)
* 成都 (Wu)

### Etymology

May be the transcription of a native non-Chinese word. Attested on excavated artefacts dating to the late Warring States Period, as well as in the Records of the Grand Historian.
Compare 邛都, 新都 (Xīndū), 廣都／广都, 筰都, 武都 (Wǔdū), all of which are toponyms in present-day southwest China with 都 (OC *taː) as the second syllable. In particular, according to the Records of the Grand Historian, 邛都 (OC *ɡoŋ taː) and 筰都 (OC *zaːɡ taː) were originally names of tribes that were "Southwestern Barbarians" (西南夷 (Xīnányí)).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): Chéngdū
       (Zhuyin): ㄔㄥˊ ㄉㄨ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): Cen$^2$ du$^1$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): sing$^4$ dou$^1$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): sen$^3$ u$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): Sṳ̀n-tû
    (Meixian, Guangdong): sen$^2$ du$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): Sìng-dŭ
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): Sêng-to͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sêng$^5$ dou$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zen-tu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Chéngdū
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄥˊ ㄉㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Chéngdu
*** Wade–Giles: Chʻêng$^2$-tu$^1$
*** Yale: Chéng-dū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Cherngdu
*** Palladius: Чэнду (Čɛndu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ tu⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: Cen$^2$ du$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: Cendu
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰən²¹ tu⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sing$^4$ dou$^1$
*** Yale: sìhng dōu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sing$^4$ dou$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xing$^4$ dou$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɪŋ²¹ tou̯⁵⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: sen$^3$ u$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /sen²² u³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Sṳ̀n-tû
*** Hakka Romanization System: siin$^ˇ$ du$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: sin$^2$ du$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /sɨn¹¹ tu²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: sen$^2$ du$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /sən¹¹ tu⁴⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: Sìng-dŭ
*** Sinological IPA : /siŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ $^{(t-)}$nu⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Sêng-to͘
*** Tâi-lô: Sîng-too
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sengdof
*** IPA (Xiamen): /siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tɔ³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /siɪŋ¹³⁻²² tɔ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tɔ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /siɪŋ²³⁻³³ tɔ⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: sêng$^5$ dou$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sêng tou
*** Sinological IPA : /seŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tou³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$zen-tu
*** MiniDict: zen$^去$ tu
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$zen-tu
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zən²² tu⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: dzyeng tu
Rime :
| Character | 成 | 都 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 常 (25) | 端 (5) |
| Final (韻) | 清 (121) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 是征切 | 當孤切 |
| Baxter | dzyeng | tu |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ʑiᴇŋ/ | /tuo/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡ʑiɛŋ/ | /tuo/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ʑiæŋ/ | /to/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡ʑiajŋ/ | /tɔ/ |
| Li Rong | /ʑiɛŋ/ | /to/ |
| Wang Li | /ʑĭɛŋ/ | /tu/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ʑi̯ɛŋ/ | /tuo/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chéng | dū |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sing$^4$ | dou$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]eŋ tˤa/
    (Zhengzhang): /*djeŋ taː/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 成 | 都 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | chéng | dū |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzyeng › | ‹ tu › |
| Old Chinese | /*[d]eŋ/ | /*tˁa/ |
| English | to become (v.i.) | capital city |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 成 | 都 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 1417 | 16968 |
| Phonetic component | 成 | 者 |
| Rime group | 耕 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 成 | 都 |
| Old Chinese | /*djeŋ/ | /*taː/ |
| Notes | 說文丁聲，甲文戌下一豎， 或表戈已製成 | |

### Proper noun

成都
* (～市) Chengdu (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Sichuan, China)
* (～市) (historical) Chengdu (the capital city of the kingdom of Shu)

#### Synonyms

* (informal or literary nicknames): 龜城／龟城 (Guīchéng), 錦城／锦城 (Jǐnchéng), 蓉城 (Róngchéng); 錦官城／锦官城 (Jǐnguānchéng) (obsolete)
* (historical): 西京 (Xījīng) (at fall of Ming)

#### Derived terms

* 成都人
* 成都話／成都话

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 成(せい)都(と) (Seito)
* → Korean: 성도(成都) (Seongdo)
* → Vietnamese: Thành Đô (成都)
Others:
* → English: Chengdu, Chengtu, Ch'eng-tu
* → French: Chengdu, Tcheng-tou
* → Japanese: チョントゥー (Chontū), チェンドゥ (Chendu)
* → Korean: 청두 (Cheongdu)
* → Manchu: ᠴᡝᠩ ᡩ᠋ᡠ᠋ (ceng du)
* → Portuguese: Chengdu
* → Russian: Чэнду́ (Čɛndú)
* → Zhuang: Cwngzduh

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 成 | 都 |
| せい Grade: 4 | と Grade: 3 |
| kan'on ||
* Alternative spelling
* 成都 (kyūjitai)
Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 成都 (Chéngdū).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) せーと [séꜜètò] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [se̞ːto̞]

#### Proper noun

成(せい)都(と) • (Seito)
* Chengdu (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Sichuan, in southwestern China)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 成 | 都 |
| ちぇん Grade: 4 | どぅ Grade: 3 |
| irregular ||
* Alternative spelling
* 成都 (kyūjitai)
Borrowed from Mandarin 成都 (Chéngdū).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [t͡ɕẽ̞ndɯ̟]

#### Proper noun

成都(チェンドゥ) • (Chendu)
* Chengdu (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Sichuan, in southwestern China)

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 成 | 都 |

### Proper noun

成都 • (Seongdo) (hangeul 성도)
* hanja form of 성도 (“Chengdu”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 成 | 都 |

### Proper noun

成都
* chữ Hán form of Thành Đô (“Chengdu”).