# 方針
## Chinese
### Etymology

Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 方(ほう)針(しん) (hōshin).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fāngzhēn
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄤ ㄓㄣ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fong$^1$ zam$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fông-chṳ̂m
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hong-cham / hong-chiam
    (Teochew, Peng'im): huang$^1$ zam$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fāngzhēn
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄤ ㄓㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fangjhen
*** Wade–Giles: fang$^1$-chên$^1$
*** Yale: fāng-jēn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fangjen
*** Palladius: фанчжэнь (fančžɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /fɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fong$^1$ zam$^1$
*** Yale: fōng jām
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fong$^1$ dzam$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fong$^1$ zem$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐm⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fông-chṳ̂m
*** Hakka Romanization System: fong$^ˊ$ ziim$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fong$^1$ zim$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /foŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sɨm²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hong-cham
*** Tâi-lô: hong-tsam
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hongzafm
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔŋ³³ t͡sam³³/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hong-chiam
*** Tâi-lô: hong-tsiam
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hongciafm
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siam⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siam⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: huang$^1$ zam$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huang tsam
*** Sinological IPA : /huaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sam³³/

### Noun

方針
* policy (principle of behaviour expressed by a government or other authoritative body); guiding principle (Classifier: 個／个 m; 項／项 m)
    經營方針／经营方针 ― jīngyíng fāngzhēn ― management policy

#### Synonyms

* 政策 (zhèngcè)
* 方略 (fānglüè)
* 決策／决策 (juécè)

#### Derived terms

* 方針政策／方针政策 (fāngzhēn zhèngcè)

### References

* ↑ 刘正埮, 高名凯, 麦永乾, 史有为, editors (1984), 汉语外来词词典 [A Dictionary of Loan Words and Hybrid Words in Chinese] (in Chinese), Shanghai: Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House, →OCLC, page 98

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 方 | 針 |
| ほう Grade: 2 | しん Grade: 6 |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

方 (“direction”) +‎ 針 (“needle”), another name for the 磁針 (jishin, “magnetic needle”), with the meaning figuratively extending to "guidance" in general.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ほーしん [hòóshíń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ho̞ːɕĩɴ]

### Noun

方(ほう)針(しん) • (hōshin)
* Synonym of 磁針 (jishin, “magnetic needle”)
* policy, course, plan
    どのような方(ほう)針(しん)によるものなのですか？
       Dono yō na hōshin ni yoru mono na no desu ka?
       According to what plan has it been carried out?

#### Derived terms

* 施(し)政(せい)方(ほう)針(しん) (shisei hōshin)

#### Descendants

* → Chinese: 方針／方针 (fāngzhēn)
* → Korean: 방침(方針) (bangchim)
* → Vietnamese: phương châm

### References

* ↑ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ 刘正埮, 高名凯, 麦永乾, 史有为, editors (1984), 汉语外来词词典 [A Dictionary of Loan Words and Hybrid Words in Chinese] (in Chinese), Shanghai: Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House, →OCLC, page 98

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 方 | 針 |

### Noun

方針 • (bangchim) (hangeul 방침)
* hanja form of 방침

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 方 | 針 |

### Noun

方針
* chữ Hán form of phương châm (“the main spirit or essence of a policy”).