# 不敢
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bùgǎn
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄨˋ ㄍㄢˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bat$^1$ gam$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bùgǎn
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄨˋ ㄍㄢˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bùgǎn
*** Wade–Giles: pu$^4$-kan$^3$
*** Yale: bù-gǎn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bugaan
*** Palladius: бугань (buganʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /pu⁵¹ kän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bat$^1$ gam$^2$
*** Yale: bāt gám
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bat$^7$ gam$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bed$^1$ gem$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɐt̚⁵ kɐm³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: pjuw|pjuwX|pjut kamX
Rime :
| Character | 不 | 不 | 不 | 敢 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) | 幫 (1) | 幫 (1) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) | 尤 (136) | 物 (60) | 談 (143) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) | Checked (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III | III | I |
| Fanqie | 甫鳩切 | 方久切 | 分勿切 | 古覽切 |
| Baxter | pjuw | pjuwX | pjut | kamX |
| Reconstructions |||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pɨu/ | /pɨu$^X$/ | /pɨut̚/ | /kɑm$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /piu/ | /piu$^X$/ | /piut̚/ | /kɑm$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /piəu/ | /piəu$^X$/ | /piuət̚/ | /kɑm$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /puw/ | /puw$^X$/ | /put̚/ | /kam$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /piu/ | /piu$^X$/ | /piuət̚/ | /kɑm$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /pĭəu/ | /pĭəu$^X$/ | /pĭuət̚/ | /kɑm$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /pi̯ə̯u/ | /pi̯ə̯u$^X$/ | /pi̯uət̚/ | /kɑm$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fōu | fǒu | fu | gǎn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fau$^1$ | fau$^2$ | fat$^1$ | gam$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pə [k]ˤamʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*pɯ|pɯʔ|pɯ' klaːmʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 不 | 敢 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | bù | gǎn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ pjuw › | ‹ kam$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*pə/ | /*[k]ˁamʔ/ |
| English | not | dare |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 不 | 不 | 不 | 敢 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 | 1/1 |
| No. | 1025 | 1029 | 1048 | 3674 |
| Phonetic component | 不 | 不 | 不 | 敢 |
| Rime group | 之 | 之 | 物 | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 不 | 缶 | 弗 | 敢 |
| Old Chinese | /*pɯ/ | /*pɯʔ/ | /*pɯ'/ | /*klaːmʔ/ |
| Notes | | 象花柎與本同源 | 中古才促化 | 說文從爪又，古聲，金文從爭甘聲， 此爲隸變 |

### Verb

不敢
* to not dare (to do something)
       Měitiān zuò yī jiàn nǐ hàipà bùgǎn zuò de shì. [Pinyin]
       Do one thing every day that you are afraid to do.
       Nǐ bùyào yǐwéi wǒ zhēn bùgǎn shā nǐ, nǐ bùyào jī wǒ. [Pinyin]
       Don't assume I'd hesitate to kill you — don't test me.
    From: 759 CE, Du Fu, At Dharma Mirror Temple (《法鏡寺》)
    Míngmíng zǐguī jiào, wēijìng bùgǎn qǔ. [Pinyin]
    Dark in the distance the cuckoo crows Go Go, The narrow path to the temple I dare not seek.
    From: Admiral Yi Sun-sin, 1597, quoted in《李忠武公全書》 (Collected Works of Yi, Duke of Loyalty and Martiality), 1795
    자 임진 지우 오륙년 간 적 불감직돌어양호자 이주사지액기로야 금 신 전선 상유십이 출사력거전 즉 유가위야 Ja Imjin[-euro] jiu o ryuk nyeon gan[-e], jeog[-i] bulgam jik dor eo Yangho ja[-neun], i jusa ji aek gi ro ya[-niida]. Geum sin jeonseon[-i] sang yu sibi[-hani], chul saryeok geojeon[-imyeon], jeuk yu ga wi ya[-niida]. [Sino-Korean]
    Through the five or six years after 1592, the enemy have not dared directly attack Jeolla and Chungcheong because our fleet guarded their route. Your servant still has twelve battleships today. If we defend with our dying strength, it can still be done.
* (regional) cannot; must not; should not

#### Synonyms

* (to not dare): (Cantonese) 唔敢 (m4 gam2), (Hakka, Hokkien, Teochew) 毋敢

### Interjection

不敢
* You flatter me; I wouldn't presume; I don't deserve this (praise, reward, etc.)

### Derived terms

* 不敢問津／不敢问津 (bùgǎnwènjīn)
* 不敢當／不敢当 (bùgǎndāng)
* 不敢苟同 (bùgǎngǒutóng)
* 不敢越雷池一步 (bùgǎn yuè Léichí yībù)