# 生成
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shēngchéng
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄥ ㄔㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sang$^1$ sing$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sâng-sàng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): siⁿ-sêng / seⁿ-sêng / seng-sêng / seⁿ-chiâⁿ / siⁿ-chiâⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sên$^1$ sêng$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shēngchéng
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄥ ㄔㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shengchéng
*** Wade–Giles: shêng$^1$-chʻêng$^2$
*** Yale: shēng-chéng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shengcherng
*** Palladius: шэнчэн (šɛnčɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sang$^1$ sing$^4$
*** Yale: sāng sìhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sang$^1$ sing$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: seng$^1$ xing$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sâng-sàng
*** Hakka Romanization System: sang$^ˊ$ sang$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: sang$^1$ sang$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /saŋ²⁴ saŋ¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Jinjiang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siⁿ-sêng
*** Tâi-lô: sinn-sîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sviseeng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /sĩ⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /sĩ³³ siɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /sĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: seⁿ-sêng
*** Tâi-lô: senn-sîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sveseeng
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /sẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /sɛ̃⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ¹³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: seng-sêng
*** Tâi-lô: sing-sîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sengseeng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: seⁿ-chiâⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: senn-tsiânn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: svecviaa
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /sẽ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siã²³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siⁿ-chiâⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: sinn-tsiânn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: svicviaa
*** IPA (Xiamen): /sĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siã²⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /sĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siã²⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: sên$^1$ sêng$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: seⁿ sêng
*** Sinological IPA : /sẽ³³⁻²³ seŋ⁵⁵/

### Verb

生成
* to form; to be formed; to come into being; to generate; to produce
    生成尿液 ― shēngchéng niàoyè ― to produce urine
* to be born with; to be gifted with

#### Synonyms

* (to form):
* 催生 (cuīshēng) (figurative)
* 出世 (chūshì)
* 問世／问世 (wènshì)
* 形成 (xíngchéng)
* 現世／现世 (xiànshì)
* 產生／产生 (chǎnshēng)
* 登臺／登台 (dēngtái) (figurative)
* 行世 (xíngshì) (literary)
* 誕生／诞生 (dànshēng)
* 長成／长成 (zhǎngchéng) (literary)
* 面世 (miànshì)
* (to be born with): 生就 (shēngjiù)

#### Derived terms

* 生成函數／生成函数 (shēngchéng hánshù)
* 生成式 (shēngchéngshì)
* 血糖生成指數／血糖生成指数 (xuètáng shēngchéng zhǐshù)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 生成(せいせい) (seisei)
* → Korean: 생성(生成) (saengseong)
* → Vietnamese: sinh thành (生成)

### Adverb

生成
* (Zhangzhou Hokkien) anyway; in any case; whatever happens

#### Synonyms

* 不管怎樣／不管怎样 (bùguǎnzěnyàng)
* 不管怎麼樣／不管怎么样 (bùguǎn zěnmeyàng)
* 反正
* 好歹 (hǎodǎi)
* 好賴／好赖 (hǎolài)
* 橫直／横直 (héngzhí) (dialectal)
* 橫豎／横竖 (héngshù)
* 橫豎橫／横竖横 (Northern Wu)
* 死活 (sǐhuó)
* 無論如何／无论如何 (wúlùnrúhé)
* 生死 (sen$^1$ si$^3$) (Sichuanese)
* 紅黑／红黑 (hong$^2$ he$^2$) (Sichuanese)
* 總之／总之 (zǒngzhī)
* 長短／长短 (chángduǎn) (literary)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 長短 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 反正, 不管怎樣, 無論如何 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 反正, 橫豎, 橫直 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 反正, 橫豎 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 反正 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 反正, 橫豎 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 反正 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 橫順, 橫豎, 左橫, 紅黑, 高矮, 生死 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 橫直 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 千急 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 反正 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 反正, 橫豎 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 橫掂 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 橫掂, 反正 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) | 橫掂 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) | 橫掂 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 橫掂 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 橫掂 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 橫掂 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 橫掂 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 橫掂 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 橫掂 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 反正 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 橫掂 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 橫掂 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 橫掂 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 橫掂 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 左右 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 橫掂 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 橫掂 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 橫掂 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 橫掂 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 橫掂 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 橫掂 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 橫掂 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 橫掂 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 橫掂 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 橫掂 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 橫掂 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 反正 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 橫掂 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 橫直 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 橫掂 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 橫直 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 贏輸, 橫直, 橫正, 反正 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 橫掂 |
| Hakka | Huiyang | 橫掂 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 橫掂 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 反正 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 反正 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 反正 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 反正 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 橫掂, 反正 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 反正 |
| Hakka | Changting | 橫直 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 反正 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 反正 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 反正 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 反正 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 反正 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 反正 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 橫直 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 橫掂 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 反正 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 反正 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 反正, 橫豎 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 橫直 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 橫直, 好呆 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 橫直 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 橫直 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 橫直 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 橫直, 生成 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 橫直 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 橫直 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 反正 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 長短, 反正, 橫直 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 正倒 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 長短, 正倒 |
| Southern Min | Puning | 反正, 正倒 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 反正 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 橫直 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 橫直 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) | 橫直 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 反正, 橫直 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 橫掂 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 橫直 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 橫豎, 反正 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 橫豎, 橫道 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 橫直, 到老 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 橫直, 橫去 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 橫直, 紅黑 |

### Noun

生成
* (Jinjiang Hokkien) looks; features; appearance

#### Synonyms

* 人才 (réncái)
* 儀容／仪容 (yíróng) (of a person)
* 儀表／仪表 (yíbiǎo) (of a person)
* 外形 (wàixíng)
* 外相 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
* 外範／外范 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 外表 (wàibiǎo)
* 外觀／外观 (wàiguān)
* 外貌 (wàimào)
* 姿容 (zīróng)
* 容貌 (róngmào, “facial features”)
* 容顏／容颜 (róngyán, “facial features”)
* 尊容 (zūnróng) (ironic or honorific, of a person)
* 尪仔頭／尪仔头 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 形容 (xíngróng, “facial appearance”) (literary)
* 形貌 (xíngmào)
* 樣子／样子 (yàngzi)
* 模樣／模样 (of a person)
* 樣貌／样貌 (yàngmào)
* 相貌 (xiàngmào) (of a person)
* 瞻視／瞻视 (zhānshì) (literary)
* 稿 (gǎo) (literary, or in compounds)
* 觀瞻／观瞻 (guānzhān)
* 貌相 (màoxiàng) (of a person)
* 賣相／卖相 (màixiàng) (originally Wu)
* 長相／长相 (zhǎngxiàng) (of a person)
* 面容 (miànróng, “facial features”)
* 面容仔 (“facial features”) (Hakka)
* 面水 (Hokkien)
* 面貌 (miànmào)
* 顏容／颜容 (yánróng, “facial features”)
* 體面／体面 (tǐmiàn)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 相貌, 長相 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 長相兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 相貌, 長相 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 樣貌 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 相貌 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 相貌 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 相貌 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 相貌 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 相貌 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 相貌 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 生做 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 生做 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 生成 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 生做 |

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 生 | 成 |
| せい Grade: 1 | せい Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) せーせー [sèéséé] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [se̞ːse̞ː]

### Noun

生(せい)成(せい) • (seisei)
* generation, formation

#### Derived terms

* 自(じ)動(どう)生(せい)成(せい) (jidō seisei)
* 生(せい)成(せい)Ａ(エー)Ｉ(アイ) (seisei ēai)

### Verb

生(せい)成(せい)する • (seisei suru) suru (stem 生(せい)成(せい)し (seisei shi), past 生(せい)成(せい)した (seisei shita))
* to create, to form

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 生成し | せいせいし | seisei shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 生成し | せいせいし | seisei shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 生成する | せいせいする | seisei suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 生成する | せいせいする | seisei suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 生成すれ | せいせいすれ | seisei sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 生成せよ¹ 生成しろ² | せいせいせよ¹ せいせいしろ² | seisei seyo¹ seisei shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 生成される | せいせいされる | seisei sareru |
| Causative | 生成させる 生成さす | せいせいさせる せいせいさす | seisei saseru seisei sasu |
| Potential | 生成できる | せいせいできる | seisei dekiru |
| Volitional | 生成しよう | せいせいしよう | seisei shiyō |
| Negative | 生成しない | せいせいしない | seisei shinai |
| Negative continuative | 生成せず | せいせいせず | seisei sezu |
| Formal | 生成します | せいせいします | seisei shimasu |
| Perfective | 生成した | せいせいした | seisei shita |
| Conjunctive | 生成して | せいせいして | seisei shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 生成すれば | せいせいすれば | seisei sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN