# 空想
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kōngxiǎng
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄥ ㄒㄧㄤˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hung$^1$ soeng$^2$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khong-sióng / khong-siáng / khang-siūⁿ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kōngxiǎng
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄥ ㄒㄧㄤˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kongsiǎng
*** Wade–Giles: kʻung$^1$-hsiang$^3$
*** Yale: kūng-syǎng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kongsheang
*** Palladius: кунсян (kunsjan)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hung$^1$ soeng$^2$
*** Yale: hūng séung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hung$^1$ soeng$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hung$^1$ sêng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hʊŋ⁵⁵ sœːŋ³⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khong-sióng
*** Tâi-lô: khong-sióng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qongsiorng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² siɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔŋ³³ siɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siɔŋ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khong-siáng
*** Tâi-lô: khong-siáng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qongsiarng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² siaŋ⁵³/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khang-siūⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: khang-siūnn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qangsviu
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siũ³³/
* Middle Chinese: khuwng sjangX
Rime :
| Character | 空 | 想 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (1) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 苦紅切 | 息兩切 |
| Baxter | khuwng | sjangX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰuŋ/ | /sɨɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰuŋ/ | /siɐŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰuŋ/ | /siɑŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰəwŋ/ | /sɨaŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰuŋ/ | /siaŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰuŋ/ | /sĭaŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kʰuŋ/ | /si̯aŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kōng | xiǎng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hung$^1$ | soeng$^2$ |

### Noun

空想
* fantasy; dream

#### Synonyms

* 幻想 (huànxiǎng)
* (literary) 冥思 (míngsī)

### Verb

空想
* to fantasize; to daydream

#### Synonyms

* 幻想 (huànxiǎng)
* 夢想／梦想 (mèngxiǎng)
* 做夢／做梦 (zuòmèng)

### Adjective

空想
* (attributive) utopian

### Derived terms

* 空想社會主義／空想社会主义 (kōngxiǎng shèhuì zhǔyì)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 空想(くうそう) (kūsō)
* → Korean: 공상(空想) (gongsang)
* → Vietnamese: không tưởng (空想)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 空 | 想 |
| くう Grade: 1 | そう Grade: 3 |
| goon ||

### Etymology

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 空想 (kʰuŋ sɨɐŋ$^X$, literally “fictional, fabricated + think, thought”).
The sense of fantasy is first cited in Japanese to 1886, and probably reflects a Rangaku and Meiji era style of repurposing older terminology to translate unfamiliar Western concepts.
The Buddhist sense is older, and was borrowed into Japanese along with various Chinese Buddhist texts. This term is included in the 摩訶止観 (Maka Shikan), better known in English by its Chinese pronunciation, the Mohe Zhiguan, completed some time in the early 600s.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) くうそー [kùúsóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kɯ̟ːso̞ː]

### Noun

空(くう)想(そう) • (kūsō)
* [from 1886] fantasy, daydream; something imagined
* [from 600s] (Buddhism) thought that exhibits attachment to sunyata

#### Derived terms

* 空想家(くうそうか) (kūsōka)
* 空想力(くうそうりょく) (kūsōryoku)

### Verb

空(くう)想(そう)する • (kūsō suru) suru (stem 空(くう)想(そう)し (kūsō shi), past 空(くう)想(そう)した (kūsō shita))
* [from 1886] to fantasize
* [from 600s] (Buddhism) to think in a way that exhibits attachment to sunyata

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 空想し | くうそうし | kūsō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 空想し | くうそうし | kūsō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 空想する | くうそうする | kūsō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 空想する | くうそうする | kūsō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 空想すれ | くうそうすれ | kūsō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 空想せよ¹ 空想しろ² | くうそうせよ¹ くうそうしろ² | kūsō seyo¹ kūsō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 空想される | くうそうされる | kūsō sareru |
| Causative | 空想させる 空想さす | くうそうさせる くうそうさす | kūsō saseru kūsō sasu |
| Potential | 空想できる | くうそうできる | kūsō dekiru |
| Volitional | 空想しよう | くうそうしよう | kūsō shiyō |
| Negative | 空想しない | くうそうしない | kūsō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 空想せず | くうそうせず | kūsō sezu |
| Formal | 空想します | くうそうします | kūsō shimasu |
| Perfective | 空想した | くうそうした | kūsō shita |
| Conjunctive | 空想して | くうそうして | kūsō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 空想すれば | くうそうすれば | kūsō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* 1 2 “空想”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
   * 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 空 | 想 |

### Noun

空想 • (gongsang) (hangeul 공상)
* hanja form of 공상

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 空 | 想 |

### Adjective

空想
* chữ Hán form of không tưởng (“unrealistic; utopian”).