# 左馮翊
## Chinese

* 左馮翊

### Etymology

First created in the Han era [104 BCE], the name was probably coined. According to a commentary to the Book of Han by Zhang Yan (張晏, c. 3rd century?) as collected by Yan Shigu (581–645) much later, both 馮 (OC *brɯŋ) and 翊 (OC *lɯɡ) might be glossed as "to assist" (i.e., to assist the imperial capital).
In addition, the phrase "馮馮翊翊" appeared in the Han Shi Wai Zhuan (《韓詩外傳》) as hapax legomenon and was interpreted by James Robert Hightower as "vast and soaring", likely as ideophone. Together with the 右扶風 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ ba plum, “strong gale on the right”), they would form the left and right wings of the imperial district.
The 左 component refers to the geographical position relative to the imperial city of Chang'an: As the Son of Heaven faces the south, the Pingyi lies on the left-hand side.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Zuǒ Píngyì
    (Zhuyin): ㄗㄨㄛˇ ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄧˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Zuǒ Píngyì
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄨㄛˇ ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Zuǒ Píngyì
*** Wade–Giles: Tso$^3$ Pʻing$^2$-i$^4$
*** Yale: Dzwǒ Píng-yì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Tzuoo Pyngyih
*** Palladius: Цзо Пинъи (Czo Pinʺi)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰiŋ³⁵ i⁵¹/
* Middle Chinese: tsaX bjuwng|bing yik
Rime :
| Character | 左 | 馮 | 馮 | 翊 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 精 (13) | 並 (3) | 並 (3) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 歌 (94) | 東 (2) | 蒸 (133) | 職 (134) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III | III | III |
| Fanqie | 臧可切 | 房戎切 | 扶冰切 | 與職切 |
| Baxter | tsaX | bjuwng | bing | yik |
| Reconstructions |||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sɑ$^X$/ | /bɨuŋ/ | /bɨŋ/ | /jɨk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sɑ$^X$/ | /biuŋ/ | /bɨŋ/ | /jɨk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sɑ$^X$/ | /biuŋ/ | /bieŋ/ | /iek̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sa$^X$/ | /buwŋ/ | /biŋ/ | /jik̚/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sɑ$^X$/ | /biuŋ/ | /biəŋ/ | /iək̚/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sɑ$^X$/ | /bĭuŋ/ | /bĭəŋ/ | /jĭək̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /t͡sɑ$^X$/ | /bʱi̯uŋ/ | /bʱi̯əŋ/ | /i̯ək̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zuǒ | féng | píng | yì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zo$^2$ | fung$^4$ | ping$^4$ | jik$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*tsˤa[j]ʔ [b]rəŋ ɢʷrəp/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsaːlʔ brɯŋ lɯɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 左 | 馮 | 馮 | 翊 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 1/3 | 2/3 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zuǒ | píng | píng | yì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsa$^X$ › | ‹ bing › | ‹ bing › | ‹ yik › |
| Old Chinese | /*tsˁa[j]ʔ/ | /*[b]rəŋ/ | /*[b]rəŋ/ | /*ɢʷrəp/ (dialect: *-p > *-k) |
| English | left (side) | full, solid | lean on | next day |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 左 | 馮 | 翊 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 18004 | 858 | 15995 |
| Phonetic component | 左 | 仌 | 昱 |
| Rime group | 歌 | 蒸 | 職 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 左 | 凭 | 弋 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔsaːlʔ/ | /*brɯŋ/ | /*lɯɡ/ |

### Proper noun

左馮翊
* (historical) Zuo Pingyi (historical administrative and geographic division in the northeastern vicinity of Chang'an)

#### Hypernyms

* 三輔／三辅 (sānfǔ)

### References

* ↑ Hightower, James Robert (1952) chapter V, in Han Shih Wai Chuan: Han Ying's Illustrations of the Didactic Application of the Classic of Songs, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, V.1