# 驚愕
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jīng'è
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥ ㄜˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ging$^1$ ngok$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jīng'è
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ ㄜˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jing-è
*** Wade–Giles: ching$^1$-o$^4$
*** Yale: jīng-è
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jingeh
*** Palladius: цзинъэ (czinʺe)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ˀɤ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ging$^1$ ngok$^6$
*** Yale: gīng ngohk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ging$^1$ ngok$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ging$^1$ ngog$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɪŋ⁵⁵ ŋɔːk̚²/
* Middle Chinese: kjaeng ngak
Rime :
| Character | 驚 | 愕 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 庚 (111) | 鐸 (103) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 舉卿切 | 五各切 |
| Baxter | kjaeng | ngak |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠiæŋ/ | /ŋɑk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚiaŋ/ | /ŋɑk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiaŋ/ | /ŋɑk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kiajŋ/ | /ŋak̚/ |
| Li Rong | /kiɐŋ/ | /ŋɑk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭɐŋ/ | /ŋɑk̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ki̯ɐŋ/ | /ŋɑk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jīng | è |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ging$^1$ | ngok$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kreŋ N-qʰˤak/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kreŋ ŋaːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 驚 | 愕 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jīng | è |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kjæng › | ‹ ngak › |
| Old Chinese | /*kreŋ/ | /*N-qʰˁak/ |
| English | be afraid | scared |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 驚 | 愕 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 6877 | 9466 |
| Phonetic component | 敬 | 屰 |
| Rime group | 耕 | 鐸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 驚 | 咢 |
| Old Chinese | /*kreŋ/ | /*ŋaːɡ/ |

### Verb

驚愕
* to be stunned; to be astonished; to be stupefied

#### Synonyms

* 吃一驚／吃一惊 (chīyījīng)
* 吃驚／吃惊 (chījīng)
* 嚇一跳／吓一跳 (xiàyītiào)
* 大吃一驚／大吃一惊 (dàchīyījīng)
* 著驚／著惊 (Hakka, Quanzhou Hokkien)
* 震動／震动 (zhèndòng) (literary)
* 震驚／震惊 (zhènjīng)
* 食驚／食惊 (Hokkien)
* 驚嚇／惊吓 (Hokkien, Teochew)
* 驚懾／惊慑 (Quanzhou Hokkien)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 驚(きょう)愕(がく) (kyōgaku)
* → Korean: 경악(驚愕) (gyeong'ak)
* → Vietnamese: kinh ngạc (驚愕)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 驚 | 愕 |
| きょう Grade: S | がく Hyōgai |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 驚がく

### Noun

驚(きょう)愕(がく) • (kyōgaku)
* astonishment

### Verb

驚(きょう)愕(がく)する • (kyōgaku suru) suru (stem 驚(きょう)愕(がく)し (kyōgaku shi), past 驚(きょう)愕(がく)した (kyōgaku shita))
* to be stunned, to be flabbergasted

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 驚愕し | きょうがくし | kyōgaku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 驚愕し | きょうがくし | kyōgaku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 驚愕する | きょうがくする | kyōgaku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 驚愕する | きょうがくする | kyōgaku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 驚愕すれ | きょうがくすれ | kyōgaku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 驚愕せよ¹ 驚愕しろ² | きょうがくせよ¹ きょうがくしろ² | kyōgaku seyo¹ kyōgaku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 驚愕される | きょうがくされる | kyōgaku sareru |
| Causative | 驚愕させる 驚愕さす | きょうがくさせる きょうがくさす | kyōgaku saseru kyōgaku sasu |
| Potential | 驚愕できる | きょうがくできる | kyōgaku dekiru |
| Volitional | 驚愕しよう | きょうがくしよう | kyōgaku shiyō |
| Negative | 驚愕しない | きょうがくしない | kyōgaku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 驚愕せず | きょうがくせず | kyōgaku sezu |
| Formal | 驚愕します | きょうがくします | kyōgaku shimasu |
| Perfective | 驚愕した | きょうがくした | kyōgaku shita |
| Conjunctive | 驚愕して | きょうがくして | kyōgaku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 驚愕すれば | きょうがくすれば | kyōgaku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 驚 | 愕 |

### Noun

驚愕 • (gyeong'ak) (hangeul 경악)
* hanja form of 경악 (“astonishment”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 驚 | 愕 |

### Verb

驚愕
* chữ Hán form of kinh ngạc (“to be astonished; to be surprised”).