# 形成
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xíngchéng
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄔㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jing$^4$ sing$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hìn-sàng
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hêng-sêng
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xíngchéng
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄥˊ ㄔㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: síngchéng
*** Wade–Giles: hsing$^2$-chʻêng$^2$
*** Yale: syíng-chéng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyngcherng
*** Palladius: синчэн (sinčɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$形成 行程
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jing$^4$ sing$^4$
*** Yale: yìhng sìhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jing$^4$ sing$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ying$^4$ xing$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɪŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hìn-sàng
*** Hakka Romanization System: hin$^ˇ$ sang$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hin$^2$ sang$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /hin¹¹ saŋ¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hêng-sêng
*** Tâi-lô: hîng-sîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hengseeng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² siɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiɪŋ¹³⁻²² siɪŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ siɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiɪŋ²³⁻³³ siɪŋ²³/

### Verb

形⫽成 (verb-complement)
* (intransitive) to form (after undergoing many changes); to take shape; to evolve and become (a certain form)
    逐漸形成／逐渐形成 ― zhújiàn xíngchéng ― to form gradually
       Wǒ chá le zīliào, dànshì dōu shì líng líng suì suì de, hái méiyǒu xíngchéng shénme jùtǐ de tǐxì. [Pinyin]
       I checked the materials, but they're all in bits and pieces — a concrete system has not been formed yet.
* (transitive) to constitute; to represent; to amount to

#### Synonyms

* (to form):
* 催生 (cuīshēng) (figurative)
* 出世 (chūshì)
* 問世／问世 (wènshì)
* 現世／现世 (xiànshì)
* 生成 (shēngchéng)
* 產生／产生 (chǎnshēng)
* 登臺／登台 (dēngtái) (figurative)
* 行世 (xíngshì) (literary)
* 誕生／诞生 (dànshēng)
* 長成／长成 (zhǎngchéng) (literary)
* 面世 (miànshì)

#### Derived terms

* 形成層／形成层 (xíngchéngcéng)
* 血栓形成 (xuèshuān xíngchéng)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 形 | 成 |
| けい Grade: 2 | せい Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Noun

形(けい)成(せい) • (keisei)
* formation
* Short for 形成手術.

### Verb

形(けい)成(せい)する • (keisei suru) suru (stem 形(けい)成(せい)し (keisei shi), past 形(けい)成(せい)した (keisei shita))
* form, take form

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 形成し | けいせいし | keisei shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 形成し | けいせいし | keisei shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 形成する | けいせいする | keisei suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 形成する | けいせいする | keisei suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 形成すれ | けいせいすれ | keisei sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 形成せよ¹ 形成しろ² | けいせいせよ¹ けいせいしろ² | keisei seyo¹ keisei shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 形成される | けいせいされる | keisei sareru |
| Causative | 形成させる 形成さす | けいせいさせる けいせいさす | keisei saseru keisei sasu |
| Potential | 形成できる | けいせいできる | keisei dekiru |
| Volitional | 形成しよう | けいせいしよう | keisei shiyō |
| Negative | 形成しない | けいせいしない | keisei shinai |
| Negative continuative | 形成せず | けいせいせず | keisei sezu |
| Formal | 形成します | けいせいします | keisei shimasu |
| Perfective | 形成した | けいせいした | keisei shita |
| Conjunctive | 形成して | けいせいして | keisei shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 形成すれば | けいせいすれば | keisei sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 形 | 成 |

### Noun

形成 • (hyeongseong) (hangeul 형성)
* hanja form of 형성 (“formation”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 形 | 成 |

### Verb

形成
* chữ Hán form of hình thành (“to form”).