# 萌芽
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): méngyá
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄥˊ ㄧㄚˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): mang$^4$ ngaa$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): bêng-gâ / bêng-gêe
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: méngyá
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄥˊ ㄧㄚˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: méngyá
*** Wade–Giles: mêng$^2$-ya$^2$
*** Yale: méng-yá
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mengya
*** Palladius: мэнъя (mɛnʺja)
*** Sinological IPA : /mɤŋ³⁵ jä³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: mang$^4$ ngaa$^4$
*** Yale: màhng ngàh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: mang$^4$ ngaa$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: meng$^4$ nga$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɐŋ²¹ ŋaː²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bêng-gâ
*** Tâi-lô: bîng-gâ
*** Phofsit Daibuun: benggaa
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Xiamen): /biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡa²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bêng-gêe
*** Tâi-lô: bîng-gêe
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /biɪŋ¹³⁻²² ɡɛ¹³/
* Middle Chinese: meang ngae
Rime :
| Character | 萌 | 芽 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 耕 (117) | 麻 (98) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | II |
| Fanqie | 莫耕切 | 五加切 |
| Baxter | meang | ngae |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /mˠɛŋ/ | /ŋˠa/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /mᵚæŋ/ | /ŋᵚa/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /mɐŋ/ | /ŋa/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /məɨjŋ/ | /ŋaɨ/ |
| Li Rong | /mɛŋ/ | /ŋa/ |
| Wang Li | /mæŋ/ | /ŋa/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /mæŋ/ | /ŋa/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | méng | yá |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | mang$^4$ | ngaa$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*mreːŋ ŋraː/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 芽 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yá |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ngæ › |
| Old Chinese | /*m-ɢˁ<r>a/ |
| English | shoot, sprout |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 萌 | 芽 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 9191 | 14178 |
| Phonetic component | 明 | 牙 |
| Rime group | 耕 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 甍 | 牙 |
| Old Chinese | /*mreːŋ/ | /*ŋraː/ |

### Noun

萌芽
* sprout
* (figurative) germ (of an idea)

### Verb

萌芽
* (botany) to sprout; to germinate; to bud

#### Synonyms

* 出息 (Hakka)
* 出穎／出颖 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 出芽 (chūyá)
* 出苗 (chūmiáo)
* 出青 (Hokkien)
* 必目 (Hakka)
* 必筍／必笋 (Hakka)
* 抽筍／抽笋 (Hakka)
* 抽芽 (chōuyá)
* 暴穎／暴颖 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 暴筍／暴笋 (Hakka)
* 暴芽 (Hokkien)
* 權輿／权舆 (quányú) (literary)
* 爆穎／爆颖 (pok-íⁿ) (Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 爆芽 (bau$^4$ nga$^4$) (Gan, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 生筍／生笋 (Hakka)
* 生芽 (Hakka)
* 發穎／发颖 (Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 發芽／发芽 (fāyá)
* 綻筍／绽笋 (Hakka)
* 萌 (literary, or in compounds)
* 萌動／萌动 (méngdòng)
* 萌發／萌发 (méngfā)
* 露苗 (lòumiáo)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 萌(ほう)芽(が) (hōga)
* → Korean: 맹아(萌芽) (maeng'a)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 萌 | 芽 |
| ほう Jinmeiyō | が Grade: 4 |
| kan'yōon | kan'on |

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ほーが [hóꜜògà] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ho̞ːɡa̠]

### Noun

萌(ほう)芽(が) • (hōga)
* germination
    Synonyms: 発芽 (hatsuga), 芽生え (mebae)
* (figuratively) sign, omen
    Synonym: 兆し (kizashi)

#### Derived terms

* 萌(ほう)芽(が)林(りん) (hōgarin)

### Verb

萌(ほう)芽(が)する • (hōga suru) intransitive suru (stem 萌(ほう)芽(が)し (hōga shi), past 萌(ほう)芽(が)した (hōga shita))
* to germinate; to sprout

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 萌芽し | ほうがし | hōga shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 萌芽し | ほうがし | hōga shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 萌芽する | ほうがする | hōga suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 萌芽する | ほうがする | hōga suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 萌芽すれ | ほうがすれ | hōga sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 萌芽せよ¹ 萌芽しろ² | ほうがせよ¹ ほうがしろ² | hōga seyo¹ hōga shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 萌芽される | ほうがされる | hōga sareru |
| Causative | 萌芽させる 萌芽さす | ほうがさせる ほうがさす | hōga saseru hōga sasu |
| Potential | 萌芽できる | ほうができる | hōga dekiru |
| Volitional | 萌芽しよう | ほうがしよう | hōga shiyō |
| Negative | 萌芽しない | ほうがしない | hōga shinai |
| Negative continuative | 萌芽せず | ほうがせず | hōga sezu |
| Formal | 萌芽します | ほうがします | hōga shimasu |
| Perfective | 萌芽した | ほうがした | hōga shita |
| Conjunctive | 萌芽して | ほうがして | hōga shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 萌芽すれば | ほうがすれば | hōga sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 萌 | 芽 |

### Noun

萌芽 • (maeng'a) (hangeul 맹아)
* hanja form of 맹아