# ꜥš
## Egyptian
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* (reconstructed) IPA: /ʕaːʃ/ → /ʕaːʃ/ → /ʕaːʃ/ → /ʕoːʃ/
* (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA: /ʕaːʃ/ (infinitive)
* (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA: /ʕaːʃ/ (infinitive)
* (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA: /ʕaːʃ/ (infinitive)
* (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA: /ʕoːʃ/ (infinitive)
* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /ɑːʃ/
** Conventional anglicization: ash

#### Verb

2-lit.
* (intransitive with n or r or transitive) to summon (someone), to call (someone) over
* (intransitive, with n or r) to call out to (someone)
* (intransitive, with n or r) to call on (a god) for aid, to invoke
* (transitive, Late Egyptian) to specify, to provide (a name), to name names
* (transitive, Late Egyptian) to read (something) aloud [since the 19th Dynasty]

##### Alternative forms

Allen considers the form jꜣš a Middle Kingdom development, with the ayin having become a glottal stop; however, this is in fact the earlier attested variant, and all writings until the 18th Dynasty have ꜣ either instead of or (less commonly) alongside ꜥ. The word only became common in the New Kingdom, however, so that the later renderings as ꜥš are by far the more common variants.
| jꜣš | jꜣꜥš | jꜥš | ꜥš | ꜥš | ꜥw |
| [Middle Kingdom] | [18th to 20th Dynasty] | [19th Dynasty] | [New Kingdom] | [22nd Dynasty] | [Greco-Roman Period] |

##### Derived terms

* ꜥš ḥꜣt

##### Descendants

* Demotic: ꜥš
** Akhmimic Coptic: ⲱϣ (ōš)
** Bohairic Coptic: ⲱϣ (ōš)
** Fayyumic Coptic: ⲱϣ (ōš)
** Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲱϣ (ōš)
** Sahidic Coptic: ⲱϣ (ōš)

#### Noun

m
* call, summons

##### Alternative forms

See under the verb above.

##### Derived terms

* mj ꜥš wꜥ
* sḏm ꜥš

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /ɑːʃ/
** Conventional anglicization: ash

#### Noun

m
* a kind of coniferous tree whose wood and resin were used medicinally, traditionally rendered as ‘cedar’, likely the Cilician fir (Abies cilicica) [since the Old Kingdom]
* the wood of this tree

##### Alternative forms

| ꜥš | ꜥš | ꜥš | ꜥš | ꜥš | ꜥš | ꜥš | ꜥw |
| [Old Kingdom] | [Old Kingdom] | [since the Middle Kingdom] | [since the Middle Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] | [New Kingdom] | [Greco-Roman Period] |
| | | | | | abbreviation | abbreviation, in hieratic |

#### Noun

m
* the resin of the ꜥš-tree
    Synonym: sfṯ

##### Derived terms

* ḥꜣt-ꜥš
* ḥꜣt nt ꜥš

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* (modern Egyptological) IPA: /ɑːʃ/
** Conventional anglicization: ash

#### Noun

m
* (Late Egyptian) beer jug

##### Alternative forms

ꜥšw :

### References

* “ꜥš (lemma ID 40890)”, “ꜥš (lemma ID 40900)”, “ꜥš (lemma ID 40940)”, “ꜥš (lemma ID 450173)”, and “ꜥš (lemma ID 40950)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
* Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 33, 227.4–227.15, 228.1–228.7
* Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 8–9, 11, 48–49
* James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 182, 258, 362.
* Kapiec, Katarzyna (2018) “The Sacred Scents: Examining the Connection Between the ꜥntjw and sfṯ in the Context of the Early Eighteenth Dynasty Temples” in Études et Travaux XXXI, pages 195–217
* ↑ Allen, James Peter (2015) Middle Egyptian Literature: Eight Literary Works of the Middle Kingdom, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 47