# infestus
## Esperanto
### Verb

infestus
* conditional of infesti

## Latin
### Etymology

Uncertain. Possibilities include:
* Cognate with manifestus (“caught in the act”) by assuming a precedent sense “caught by hand”, and derived from a tentative -festus (“grabbing, attacking”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰers- (“to be bold”).
* Cognate with festīnō (“to hasten, accelerate”), cōnfestim (“immediately”) by assuming a precedent sense “rushing in”, from Proto-Italic *festis (“hurry”), which Schrijver derives from a root *bʰris-. This makes a connection with manifestus difficult.
* From in- (“un-”) +‎ Proto-Italic *festus (“asked for”), itself from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰedʰ-to-s, from *gʷʰedʰ- (“to request, ask for, pray”). Phonologically this assumes the ending -tus being analogically restored after *TT had shifted to *ss in Italic, as might be the case with fūstis.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /inˈfes.tus/, [ĩːˈfɛs̠t̪ʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /inˈfes.tus/, [iɱˈfɛst̪us]
* It is not entirely certain whether the vowel in the second syllable was short or long. Spanish enhiesto (assumed to be a descendant, with a change in sense) shows development of -ie- from -ĕ- (though this does not exclude the possibility of an original -ē- that underwent later shortening or analogical replacement, as in Spanish fiesta from Latin fēstum). Bennett 1907 cites "infésti" from C.I.L. v. 2627 as inscriptional evidence for a long vowel, and compares the length to that of e in manifē̆stus (but the latter is also uncertain).

### Adjective

īnfestus (feminine īnfesta, neuter īnfestum, comparative īnfestior, superlative īnfestissimus); first/second-declension adjective
* hostile (to a person, cause etc.), antagonistic
    Synonyms: inimīcus, īnfēnsus, inīquus, hostīlis, aliēnus, adversus, āversus
    Antonyms: amīcus, benevolus, aequus
** marked by strife, troubled
* (entertaining or foreboding violent actions) aggressive, warlike; raised, threatening, poised to strike
* (of things) harmful, troublesome [with dative]
** 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.15:si Romana arma omnibus infesta finitimis essentif the Roman army should be dangerous for all his neighbours
* (of places) dangerous, unsafe; infested [with ablative ‘with’]; adverse
* exposed to danger, threatened, insecure
    Synonyms: inermis, intūtus, nūdus
    Antonyms: mūnītus, dēfēnsus, firmātus, tūtus

#### Declension

First/second-declension adjective.

#### Derived terms

* īnfestō

#### Descendants

* Old Spanish: enfiesto
** Spanish: enhiesto
* Portuguese: infesto

### References

* “infestus” on page 987 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (2nd ed., 2012)
* De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “īnfestus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 303
* ↑ Inscriptiones Galliae Cisalpinae latinae. consilio et auctoritate Academiae litterarum regiae Borussicae edidit Theodorus Mommsen., 1872, page 254
* ↑ Charles E. Bennett (1907) “Hidden Quantity”, in The Latin Language – a historical outline of its sounds, inflections, and syntax, Boston: Allyn and Bacon, page 59

### Further reading

* “infestus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “infestus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* infestus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.