# 攻城
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gōngchéng
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥ ㄔㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gung$^1$ sing$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kûng-sàng
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kong-siâⁿ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gōngchéng
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥ ㄔㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gongchéng
*** Wade–Giles: kung$^1$-chʻêng$^2$
*** Yale: gūng-chéng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gongcherng
*** Palladius: гунчэн (gunčɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$宮城／宫城 工程 攻城 功成 恭城
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gung$^1$ sing$^4$
*** Yale: gūng sìhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gung$^1$ sing$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gung$^1$ xing$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʊŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$攻城 恭城 功成 宮城／宫城
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kûng-sàng
*** Hakka Romanization System: gung$^ˊ$ sang$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gung$^1$ sang$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kuŋ²⁴ saŋ¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kong-siâⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: kong-siânn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kongsviaa
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔŋ³³ siã²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² siã¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siã²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ siã²³/
* Middle Chinese: kuwng|kowng dzyeng
Rime :
| Character | 攻 | 攻 | 城 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 見 (28) | 常 (25) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (1) | 冬 (5) | 清 (121) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I | III |
| Fanqie | 古紅切 | 古冬切 | 是征切 |
| Baxter | kuwng | kowng | dzyeng |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuŋ/ | /kuoŋ/ | /d͡ʑiᴇŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kuŋ/ | /kuoŋ/ | /d͡ʑiɛŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kuŋ/ | /koŋ/ | /d͡ʑiæŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kəwŋ/ | /kawŋ/ | /d͡ʑiajŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /kuŋ/ | /koŋ/ | /ʑiɛŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /kuŋ/ | /kuoŋ/ | /ʑĭɛŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kuŋ/ | /kuoŋ/ | /ʑi̯ɛŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gōng | gōng | chéng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gung$^1$ | gung$^1$ | sing$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤoŋ [d]eŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*koːŋ|kuːŋ djeŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 攻 | 城 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gōng | chéng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kuwng › | ‹ dzyeng › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁoŋ/ | /*[d]eŋ/ |
| English | attack | city wall |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 攻 | 攻 | 城 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 4027 | 4065 | 1418 |
| Phonetic component | 工 | 工 | 成 |
| Rime group | 東 | 終 | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 公 | 攻 | 成 |
| Old Chinese | /*koːŋ/ | /*kuːŋ/ | /*djeŋ/ |

### Verb

攻城
* to attack a city; to besiege

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 攻(こう)城(じょう) (kōjō)
* → Korean: 공성(攻城) (gongseong)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 攻 | 城 |
| こう Grade: S | じょう Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ko̞ːʑo̞ː]

### Noun

攻(こう)城(じょう) • (kōjō)
* siege

### Verb

攻(こう)城(じょう)する • (kōjō suru) suru (stem 攻(こう)城(じょう)し (kōjō shi), past 攻(こう)城(じょう)した (kōjō shita))
* to besiege / to attack a city

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 攻城し | こうじょうし | kōjō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 攻城し | こうじょうし | kōjō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 攻城する | こうじょうする | kōjō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 攻城する | こうじょうする | kōjō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 攻城すれ | こうじょうすれ | kōjō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 攻城せよ¹ 攻城しろ² | こうじょうせよ¹ こうじょうしろ² | kōjō seyo¹ kōjō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 攻城される | こうじょうされる | kōjō sareru |
| Causative | 攻城させる 攻城さす | こうじょうさせる こうじょうさす | kōjō saseru kōjō sasu |
| Potential | 攻城できる | こうじょうできる | kōjō dekiru |
| Volitional | 攻城しよう | こうじょうしよう | kōjō shiyō |
| Negative | 攻城しない | こうじょうしない | kōjō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 攻城せず | こうじょうせず | kōjō sezu |
| Formal | 攻城します | こうじょうします | kōjō shimasu |
| Perfective | 攻城した | こうじょうした | kōjō shita |
| Conjunctive | 攻城して | こうじょうして | kōjō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 攻城すれば | こうじょうすれば | kōjō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 攻 | 城 |

### Noun

攻城 • (gongseong) (hangeul 공성)
* hanja form of 공성 (“siege”)