# 艱難
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiānnán
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ ㄋㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gaan$^1$ naan$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kân-nàn / kiên-nàn / kiân-nàn
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kan-lân / kian-lân
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gang$^1$ lang$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiānnán
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ ㄋㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiannán
*** Wade–Giles: chien$^1$-nan$^2$
*** Yale: jyān-nán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiannan
*** Palladius: цзяньнань (czjanʹnanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ nän³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gaan$^1$ naan$^4$
*** Yale: gāan nàahn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gaan$^1$ naan$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gan$^1$ nan$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaːn⁵⁵ naːn²¹/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kân-nàn / kiên-nàn
*** Hakka Romanization System: gan$^ˊ$ nan$^ˇ$ / gien$^ˊ$ nan$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gan$^1$ nan$^2$ / gian$^1$ nan$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kan²⁴ nan¹¹/, /ki̯en²⁴ nan¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kân-nàn / kiân-nàn
*** Hakka Romanization System: gan$^ˊ$ nan$^ˇ$ / gian$^ˊ$ nan$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gan$^1$ nan$^2$ / gian$^1$ nan$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kan²⁴ nan¹¹/, /ki̯an²⁴ nan¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kan-lân
*** Tâi-lô: kan-lân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kanlaan
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kan⁴⁴⁻²² lan¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kan⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kan³³ lan²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kan⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kan⁴⁴⁻²² lan²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian-lân
*** Tâi-lô: kian-lân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kienlaan
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² lan¹³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gang$^1$ lang$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kang lâng
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ³³⁻²³ laŋ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: kean nan
Rime :
| Character | 艱 | 難 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 泥 (8) |
| Final (韻) | 山 (73) | 寒 (61) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | I |
| Fanqie | 古閑切 | 那干切 |
| Baxter | kean | nan |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠɛn/ | /nɑn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚæn/ | /nɑn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kæn/ | /nɑn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kəɨn/ | /nan/ |
| Li Rong | /kɛn/ | /nɑn/ |
| Wang Li | /kæn/ | /nɑn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kăn/ | /nɑn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiān | nán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gaan$^1$ | naan$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤrə[r] nˤar/
    (Zhengzhang): /*krɯːn n̥ʰaːn/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 艱 | 難 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jiān | nán |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kɛn › | ‹ nan › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁrə[r]/ | /*nˁar/ |
| English | difficulty | difficult |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 艱 | 難 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| No. | 3912 | 4897 |
| Phonetic component | 艮 | 暵 |
| Rime group | 文 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 閒 | 難 |
| Old Chinese | /*krɯːn/ | /*n̥ʰaːn/ |
| Notes | | 朱駿聲暵省聲 |

### Adjective

艱難
* hard; difficult; challenging
    時局艱難／时局艰难 ― shíjú jiānnán ― difficult political situation

#### Synonyms

* 不容易 (bùróngyì)
* 勤 (qín) (literary, or in compounds)
* 困難／困难
* 疑難／疑难 (yínán)
* 良苦 (liángkǔ) (literary)
* 艱巨／艰巨 (jiānjù)
* 艱苦／艰苦 (jiānkǔ)
* 艱辛／艰辛 (jiānxīn)
* 苦難／苦难 (kǔnàn)
* 辛勞／辛劳 (xīnláo)
* 辛苦 (xīnkǔ)
* 難／难
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 難, 困難, 艱難 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 難, 困難, 艱難 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 難 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 難 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 難 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 難 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 難 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 難 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 難 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 難 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 難 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 難 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 難, 惡 † |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 難, 惡 † |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 難 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 難, 惡 † |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 難, 惡 † |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 難 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 難 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 難 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 難 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 難 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 難 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 難 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 難 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 難 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 難 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 難 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 艱難, 難 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 惡, 艱苦, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 難 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 惡, 䆀 † |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 惡 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 惡, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 艱苦, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 惡, 艱苦, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 艱苦, 惡, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 難, 惡 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 惡, 艱苦 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 惡, 歹 † |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 惡 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 惡 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 難 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 難 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 難 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 難 |
| Note | † - only used with a verbal complement | † - only used with a verbal complement |

#### Derived terms

* 艱難困苦／艰难困苦 (jiānnánkùnkǔ)
* 艱難竭蹶／艰难竭蹶 (jiānnánjiéjué)
* 艱難險阻／艰难险阻 (jiānnánxiǎnzǔ)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 艱難(かんなん) (kannan)
* → Korean: 간난(艱難) (gannan)
* → Vietnamese: gian nan (艱難)

#### See also

* 艱危／艰危 (jiānwēi)
* 危急 (wēijí)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 艱 | 難 |
| かん Hyōgai | なん Grade: 6 |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 艱難 (kyūjitai)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かんなん [káꜜǹnàǹ] (Atamadaka –)
* (Tokyo) かんなん [kàńnáń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kã̠nːã̠ɴ]

### Noun

艱(かん)難(なん) • (kannan)
* hardships, difficulties

### Verb

艱(かん)難(なん)する • (kannan suru) suru (stem 艱(かん)難(なん)し (kannan shi), past 艱(かん)難(なん)した (kannan shita))
* to experience hardships, difficulties

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 艱難し | かんなんし | kannan shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 艱難し | かんなんし | kannan shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 艱難する | かんなんする | kannan suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 艱難する | かんなんする | kannan suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 艱難すれ | かんなんすれ | kannan sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 艱難せよ¹ 艱難しろ² | かんなんせよ¹ かんなんしろ² | kannan seyo¹ kannan shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 艱難される | かんなんされる | kannan sareru |
| Causative | 艱難させる 艱難さす | かんなんさせる かんなんさす | kannan saseru kannan sasu |
| Potential | 艱難できる | かんなんできる | kannan dekiru |
| Volitional | 艱難しよう | かんなんしよう | kannan shiyō |
| Negative | 艱難しない | かんなんしない | kannan shinai |
| Negative continuative | 艱難せず | かんなんせず | kannan sezu |
| Formal | 艱難します | かんなんします | kannan shimasu |
| Perfective | 艱難した | かんなんした | kannan shita |
| Conjunctive | 艱難して | かんなんして | kannan shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 艱難すれば | かんなんすれば | kannan sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

#### Derived terms

* 艱難辛苦(かんなんしんく) (kannanshinku)
* 艱難苦労(かんなんくろう) (kannankurō)
* 艱難汝(かんなんなんじ)を玉(たま)にす (kannannanji o tamanisu)

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 艱 | 難 |

### Noun

艱難 • (gannan) (hangeul 간난)
* hanja form of 간난 (“hardships, privations, tribulations”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 艱 | 難 |

### Adjective

艱難
* chữ Hán form of gian nan (“miserably hard; difficult; tough”).