OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 方位格
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fāngwèigé
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄤ ㄨㄟˋ ㄍㄜˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fong$^1$ wai$^{6-2}$ gaak$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fāngwèigé
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄤ ㄨㄟˋ ㄍㄜˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fangwèigé
*** Wade–Giles: fang$^1$-wei$^4$-ko$^2$
*** Yale: fāng-wèi-gé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fangweyger
*** Palladius: фанвэйгэ (fanvɛjgɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /fɑŋ⁵⁵ weɪ̯⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fong$^1$ wai$^{6-2}$ gaak$^3$
*** Yale: fōng wái gaak
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fong$^1$ wai$^{6-2}$ gaak$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fong$^1$ wei$^{6-2}$ gag$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɔːŋ⁵⁵ wɐi̯²²⁻³⁵ kaːk̚³/

### Noun

方位格
* locative case
# 朗肚裤
## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 朗肚裤 – see 朗肚褲 (“open-crotch pants”). (This term is the simplified form of 朗肚褲).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
# 朗敞
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lǎngchǎng
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄤˇ ㄔㄤˇ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lǎngchǎng [Phonetic: lángchǎng]
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄤˇ ㄔㄤˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lǎngchǎng
*** Wade–Giles: lang$^3$-chʻang$^3$
*** Yale: lǎng-chǎng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: laangchaang
*** Palladius: ланчан (lančan)
*** Sinological IPA : /lɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

### Adjective

朗敞
* (literary) bright and spacious

#### Synonyms

* 敞亮 (chǎngliàng)
* (literary) 曠朗／旷朗 (kuànglǎng)
* (literary) 軒敞／轩敞 (xuānchǎng)
# ชะอม
## Thai
### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | ชะอม d͡ʑ a ɒ m |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | ชะ-อม d͡ʑ a – ɒ m |
| Romanization | Paiboon | chá-om |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | cha-om |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /t͡ɕʰa˦˥.ʔom˧/ |

### Noun

ชะอม • (chá-om)
* climbing wattle (Senegalia pennata)
# ชะมัด
## Thai
### Etymology

Possibly from Classical Persian شاباش (šābāš, “good job”).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | ชะมัด d͡ʑ a m ạ ɗ |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | ชะ-มัด d͡ʑ a – m ạ ɗ |
| Romanization | Paiboon | chá-mát |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | cha-mat |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /t͡ɕʰa˦˥.mat̚˦˥/ |

### Adverb

ชะมัด • (chá-mát)
* (mildly vulgar) quite; very.
    น่ารักชะมัด
       nâa-rák chá-mát
       So damn pretty!
    ร้อนชะมัด
       rɔ́ɔn chá-mát
       It's damn hot! (describing the weather)

#### Descendants

* → Lao: ຊະມັດ (sa mat)
# การบังคับใช้
## Thai
### Etymology

From การ (gaan) +‎ บังคับใช้ (bang-káp-chái).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | การบังคับใช้ k ā r ɓ ạ ŋ g ạ ɓ au d͡ʑ ˆ |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | กาน-บัง-คับ-ไช้ k ā n – ɓ ạ ŋ – g ạ ɓ – ai d͡ʑ ˆ |
| Romanization | Paiboon | gaan-bang-káp-chái |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | kan-bang-khap-chai |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /kaːn˧.baŋ˧.kʰap̚˦˥.t͡ɕʰaj˦˥/ |

### Noun

การบังคับใช้ • (gaan-bang-káp-chái)
* abstract noun of บังคับใช้ (bang-káp-chái)
# ทัณฑ์
## Thai
### Alternative forms

* ทัณฑ

### Etymology

From Sanskrit दण्ड (daṇḍa) or Pali daṇḍa.

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | ทัณฑ์ d ạ ɳ ɖ ʻ |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | ทัน d ạ n |
| Romanization | Paiboon | tan |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | than |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /tʰan˧/ |
| Homophonesedit | Homophonesedit | ทัน ทันต์ ทันธ์ ธรรม์ ธัญ |

### Noun

ทัณฑ์ • (tan)
* punishment; penalty
# ทั้งหมด
## Thai
### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | ทั้งหมด d ạ ˆ ŋ h m ɗ |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | ทั้ง-หฺมด d ạ ˆ ŋ – h ̥ m ɗ |
| Romanization | Paiboon | táng-mòt |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | thang-mot |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /tʰaŋ˦˥.mot̚˨˩/ |

### Pronoun

ทั้งหมด • (táng-mòt)
* all.

#### See also

* ทุก (túk)
# ดินร่วน
## Thai
### Etymology

From ดิน (din) +‎ ร่วน (rûuan).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | ดินร่วน ɗ i n r ˋ w n |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | ดิน-ร่วน ɗ i n – r ˋ w n |
| Romanization | Paiboon | din-rûuan |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | din-ruan |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /din˧.rua̯n˥˩/ |

### Noun

ดินร่วน • (din-rûuan)
* loam
# น้ำนิ่งไหลลึก
## Thai
### Etymology

From น้ำ (náam, “water”) +‎ นิ่ง (nîng, “still”) +‎ ไหล (lǎi, “to flow”) +‎ ลึก (lʉ́k, “deep”); perhaps calque of English still waters run deep.

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | น้ำนิ่งไหลลึก n ˆ å n i ˋ ŋ ai h l l ụ k |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | น้าม-นิ่ง-ไหฺล-ลึก n ˆ ā m – n i ˋ ŋ – ai h ̥ l – l ụ k |
| Romanization | Paiboon | náam-nîng-lǎi-lʉ́k |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | nam-ning-lai-luek |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /naːm˦˥.niŋ˥˩.laj˩˩˦.lɯk̚˦˥/ |

### Noun

น้ำนิ่งไหลลึก • (náam-nîng-lǎi-lʉ́k)
* (idiomatic) still waters run deep: placid, but profound, person.
# กาว
## Nyah Kur
### Etymology

From Proto-Mon-Khmer *pkaaw ~ *pkaʔ (“flower”). Cognate with Mon ပ္ကဴ (“flower”) and ကဴ (“to flower”), Khmer ផ្កា (phkaa), Bahnar pơkao.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kaːw/

### Noun

กาว (kaaw)
* flower.

## Thai
### Pronunciation

| Orthographic/Phonemic | Orthographic/Phonemic | กาว k ā w |
| Romanization | Paiboon | gaao |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | kao |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /kaːw˧/ |
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

### Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 膠 (MC kaew, “glue”). Cognate with Lao ກາວ (kāo), Burmese ကော် (kau), Khmer កាវ (kaaw), Vietnamese keo.

#### Noun

กาว • (gaao)
* adhesive, as glue, rubber cement, adhesive tape, etc.
* sniffing glue, a type of addictive inhalant.

##### Derived terms

* กระดาษกาว
* กาวใจ
* กาวช้าง
* กาวตราช้าง
* กาวร้อน
* กาวสองหน้า
* กาวหนังไก่
* แถบกาว
* เทปกาว
* ปืนกาว
* มือกาว
* วางถุงกาวลงก่อน (waang-tǔng-gaao-long-gɔ̀ɔn)

#### Adjective

กาว • (gaao) (abstract noun ความกาว)
* (slang, humorous) crazy, silly, or out of one's mind, as if being intoxicated with glue.

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

กาว • (gaao)
* (historical) an ethnic group living in present-day Northern Thailand and Northeastern Thailand; person belonging to this group.
# 无价之宝
## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 无价之宝 – see 無價之寶 (“priceless treasure; invaluable asset”). (This term is the simplified form of 無價之寶).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
# 无任
## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 无任 – see 無任 (“extremely; immensely”). (This term is the simplified form of 無任).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
# บาลิ
## Urak Lawoi'
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayic *balik, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *balik (“reverse, turn around”); compare Malay balik, Tagalog balík.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /baliʔ/, [balɪʔ]

### Verb

บาลิ (baliq)
* to return
# บาลัย
## Urak Lawoi'
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayic *balay.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /balaj/, [baˈlʌj]

### Noun

บาลัย (balay)
* shrine
* royal residence

### Further reading

* Hogan, David W. (1988) Urak Lawoi': Basic Structures And Dictionary (Pacific Linguistics. Series C-109)‎, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University, →ISBN, page 106
# บาวะฮ
## Urak Lawoi'
### Etymology

From Proto-Malayic *babah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *babaq (“under, below”); compare Malay bawah, Tagalog bába.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bawah/, [baˈwʌh]

### Preposition

บาวะฮ (bawah)
* under, below
# ยกทรง
## Thai
### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | ยกทรง y k d r ŋ |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | ยก-ซง y k – z ŋ |
| Romanization | Paiboon | yók-song |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | yok-song |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /jok̚˦˥.soŋ˧/ |

### Noun

ยกทรง • (yók-song)
* bra; brassiere.
# 明史
## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 明 | 史 |
| みん Grade: 2 | し Grade: 5 |
| tōon | on'yomi |

### Etymology

明 (Min, “Ming”) +‎ 史 (shi, “history”)

### Proper noun

明(みん)史(し) • (Minshi)
* the History of Ming

### See also

* 文(ぶん)明(めい)史(し) (bunmeishi)
# คนไข้
## Thai
### Etymology

From คน (kon, “person”) +‎ ไข้ (kâi, “fever; sickness”).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | คนไข้ g n ai kʰ ˆ |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | คน-ไค่ g n – ai g ˋ |
| Romanization | Paiboon | kon-kâi |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | khon-khai |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /kʰon˧.kʰaj˥˩/ |

### Noun

คนไข้ • (kon-kâi)
* sick person; patient.

#### Derived terms

* คนไข้นอก
* คนไข้ใน
# คม
## Thai
### Pronunciation

| Orthographic/Phonemic | Orthographic/Phonemic | คม g m |
| Romanization | Paiboon | kom |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | khom |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /kʰom˧/ |
| Homophonesedit | Homophonesedit | คมน์ |

### Etymology 1

Shortened from บังคม (bang-kom), from Khmer បង្គំ (bɑngkum).

#### Verb

คม • (kom)
* (royal) (ทรง~) to perform a wai; to greet with respect; to pay respect; to worship.

### Etymology 2

From Proto-Tai *ɣɤmᴬ (“sharp; sharp edge”). Cognate with Lao ຄົມ (khom), Shan ၶူမ်း (khúum), Ahom 𑜁𑜤𑜪 (khuṃ), Saek กฺั๊ม.

#### Alternative forms

* (obsolete) ฅม (kom)

#### Noun

คม • (kom)
* edge (of knife, sword, axe, etc).

##### See also

* ขอบ (kɔ̀ɔp)

#### Adjective

คม • (kom) (abstract noun ความคม)
* sharp.

##### Antonyms

* ทื่อ (tʉ̂ʉ)
# ยี่สิบเก้า
## Thai
### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | ยี่สิบเก้า y ī ˋ s i ɓ e k ˆ ā |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | ยี่-สิบ-เก้า y ī ˋ – s i ɓ – e k ˆ ā |
| Romanization | Paiboon | yîi-sìp-gâo |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | yi-sip-kao |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /jiː˥˩.sip̚˨˩.kaw˥˩/ |

### Numeral

ยี่สิบเก้า • (yîi-sìp-gâo)
* 29 (Thai numerals: ๒๙ (29))

### Noun

ยี่สิบเก้า • (yîi-sìp-gâo)
* twenty-nine.
# ยี่สิบสอง
## Thai
### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | ยี่สิบสอง y ī ˋ s i ɓ s ɒ ŋ |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | ยี่-สิบ-สอง y ī ˋ – s i ɓ – s ɒ ŋ |
| Romanization | Paiboon | yîi-sìp-sɔ̌ɔng |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | yi-sip-song |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /jiː˥˩.sip̚˨˩.sɔːŋ˩˩˦/ |

### Numeral

ยี่สิบสอง • (yîi-sìp-sŏng)
* 22 (Thai numerals: ๒๒ (22))

### Noun

ยี่สิบสอง • (yîi-sìp-sɔ̌ɔng)
* twenty-two.
# ยี่สิบห้า
## Thai
### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | ยี่สิบห้า y ī ˋ s i ɓ h ˆ ā |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | ยี่-สิบ-ห้า y ī ˋ – s i ɓ – h ˆ ā |
| Romanization | Paiboon | yîi-sìp-hâa |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | yi-sip-ha |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /jiː˥˩.sip̚˨˩.haː˥˩/ |

### Numeral

ยี่สิบห้า • (yîi-sìp-hâa)
* 25 (Thai numerals: ๒๕ (25))

### Noun

ยี่สิบห้า • (yîi-sìp-hâa)
* twenty-five.
# ยี่สิบสาม
## Thai
### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | ยี่สิบสาม y ī ˋ s i ɓ s ā m |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | ยี่-สิบ-สาม y ī ˋ – s i ɓ – s ā m |
| Romanization | Paiboon | yîi-sìp-sǎam |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | yi-sip-sam |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /jiː˥˩.sip̚˨˩.saːm˩˩˦/ |

### Numeral

ยี่สิบสาม • (yîi-sìp-sǎam)
* 23 (Thai numerals: ๒๓ (23))

### Noun

ยี่สิบสาม • (yîi-sìp-sǎam)
* twenty-three.
# ฆาต
## Thai
### Alternative forms

* (obsolete) ฆาฏ (kâat)

### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Pali ghāta (“destruction; killing; slaughter”) or Sanskrit घात (ghāta, “injuring; hurting; killing”).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | ฆาต gʰ ā t | ฆาต gʰ ā t |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | คาด g ā ɗ | [bound form] คาด-ตะ- g ā ɗ – t a – |
| Romanization | Paiboon | kâat | kâat-dtà- |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | khat | khat-ta- |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /kʰaːt̚˥˩/ | /kʰaːt̚˥˩.ta˨˩./ |
| Homophonesedit | Homophonesedit | คาด คาธ คาส | |

### Noun

ฆาต • (kâat)
* (elegant, literary, poetic) destruction
* (elegant, literary, poetic) hitting; striking
* (elegant, literary, poetic) killing

#### Derived terms

* การุณยฆาต (gaa-run-yá-kâat, “mercy killing”)
* ฆาตกร (kâat-dtà-gɔɔn, “murderer”)
* ฆาตกรรม (kâat-dtà-gam, “murder”)
* ชีวฆาต (“biocide”)
* ถึงฆาต (“to reach the time of one's death”)
* ทัณฑฆาต (tan-tá-kâat, a diacritical mark)
* บิตุฆาต (“patricide”)
* ปรานีฆาต (bpraa-nii-kâat, “mercy killing”)
* ปิตุฆาต (bpì-dtù-kâat, “patricide”)
* ปุตตฆาต (“filicide”)
* พันธุฆาต (“genocide”)
* ภริยาฆาต (“uxoricide”)
* มาตุฆาต (maa-dtù-kâat, “matricide”)
* มุตฆาต (“hematuria”)
* รุกฆาต (“checkmate”)
* อรหันตฆาต (“murder of a saint”)

### Verb

ฆาต • (kâat) (abstract noun การฆาต)
* (elegant, literary, poetic) to destroy
* (elegant, literary, poetic) to hit; to strike
* (elegant, literary, poetic) to kill

#### Related terms

* พิฆาต (pí-kâat)
* อาฆาต (aa-kâat)
# ฆ่าตัวตาย
## Thai
### Etymology

From ฆ่า (kâa, “to kill”) +‎ ตัว (dtuua, “self”) +‎ ตาย (dtaai, “dead; to die”).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | ฆ่าตัวตาย gʰ ˋ ā t ạ w t ā y |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | ค่า-ตัว-ตาย g ˋ ā – t ạ w – t ā y |
| Romanization | Paiboon | kâa-dtuua-dtaai |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | kha-tua-tai |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /kʰaː˥˩.tua̯˧.taːj˧/ |

### Verb

ฆ่าตัวตาย • (kâa-dtuua-dtaai) (abstract noun การฆ่าตัวตาย)
* to commit suicide.

#### Synonyms

* อัตวินิบาต (àt-dtà-wí-ní-bàat)
# ฆาตกรรม
## Thai
### Etymology

From ฆาต (kâat, “to destroy; to hit; to kill; to strike”) +‎ กรรม (gam, “act; action”); literally "act of killing".

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | ฆาตกรรม gʰ ā t k r r m |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | คาด-ตะ-กำ g ā ɗ – t a – k å |
| Romanization | Paiboon | kâat-dtà-gam |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | khat-ta-kam |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /kʰaːt̚˥˩.ta˨˩.kam˧/ |

### Noun

ฆาตกรรม • (kâat-dtà-gam)
* (formal) murder.

#### Related terms

* ฆาตกร (kâat-dtà-gɔɔn, “murderer”)
# สารกันบูด
## Thai
### Etymology

Compound of สาร (sǎan, “agent”) +‎ กัน (gan, “to prevent”) +‎ บูด (bùut, “decomposed”), literally “decomposition prevention agent”

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | สารกันบูด s ā r k ạ n ɓ ū ɗ |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | สาน-กัน-บูด s ā n – k ạ n – ɓ ū ɗ |
| Romanization | Paiboon | sǎan-gan-bùut |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | san-kan-but |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /saːn˩˩˦.kan˧.buːt̚˨˩/ |

### Noun

สารกันบูด • (sǎan-gan-bùut)
* preservative.
# สารก่อไข้
## Thai
### Etymology

From สาร (sǎan, “substance”) +‎ ก่อ (gɔ̀ɔ, “to cause”) +‎ ไข้ (kâi, “fever”).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | สารก่อไข้ s ā r k ˋ ɒ ai kʰ ˆ |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | สาน-ก่อ-ไข้ s ā n – k ˋ ɒ – ai kʰ ˆ |
| Romanization | Paiboon | sǎan-gɔ̀ɔ-kâi |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | san-ko-khai |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /saːn˩˩˦.kɔː˨˩.kʰaj˥˩/ |

### Noun

สารก่อไข้ • (sǎan-gɔ̀ɔ-kâi)
* (medicine) pyrogen.
# ปุย
## Thai
### Pronunciation

| Orthographic/Phonemic | Orthographic/Phonemic | ปุย p u y |
| Romanization | Paiboon | bpui |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | pui |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /puj˧/ |

### Noun

ปุย • (bpui)
* fluff; puff; fuzz.

### Adjective

ปุย • (bpui) (abstract noun ความปุย)
* fluffy; puffy.
# ปุตราจายา
## Thai
### Etymology

Borrowed from Malay Putrajaya.

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | ปุตราจายา p u t r ā t͡ɕ ā y ā |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | ปุด-รา-จา-ยา p u ɗ – r ā – t͡ɕ ā – y ā |
| Romanization | Paiboon | bpùt-raa-jaa-yaa |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | put-ra-cha-ya |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /put̚˨˩.raː˧.t͡ɕaː˧.jaː˧/ |

### Proper noun

ปุตราจายา • (bpùt-raa-jaa-yaa)
* Putrajaya (a city, a federal territory, the administrative capital of Malaysia)
# ปุญฺญ
## Pali
### Alternative forms

* puñña (Latin script)
* 𑀧𑀼𑀜𑁆𑀜 (Brahmi script)
* पुञ्ञ (Devanagari script)
* পুঞ্ঞ (Bengali script)
* පුඤ‍්ඤ (Sinhalese script)
* ပုည or ပုၺ္ၺ or ပုၺ်ၺ (Burmese script)
* ปุญญะ (Thai script)
* ᨷᩩᨬ᩠ᨬ (Tai Tham script)
* ປຸຎ຺ຎ or ປຸຎຎະ (Lao script)
* បុញ្ញ (Khmer script)
* 𑄛𑄪𑄐𑄴𑄐 (Chakma script)

### Noun

ปุญฺญ n
* Thai script form of puñña (“merit”)
** 2005, บุญคิด วัชรศาสตร์, ภาษาเมืองล้านนา [The Language of Mueang Lanna] (overall work in Thai), Chiang Mai: Tharatong Print Shop, →ISBN, page 188:ยทิทํ จตฺตาริ ปุริสยุคานิ อฏฺฐ ปุริสปุคฺคลา, เอส ภควโต สาวกสงฺโฆ, อาหุเนยฺโย ปาหุเนยฺโย ทกฺขิเณยฺโย อญฺชลีกรณีโย, อนุตฺตรํ ปุญฺญกเขตฺตํ โลกัสฺสาติ.yadidaṃ cattāri purisayugāni aṭṭha purisapuggalā, esa bhagavato sāvakasaṅgho, āhuneyyo pāhuneyyo dakkhiṇeyyo añjalīkaraṇīyo, anuttaraṃ puññakkhettaṃ lokassāti.Which is this, the four pairs of persons, the eight types of individuals, this assembly of the Fortunate One's disciples is worthy of gifts, worthy of hospitality, worthy of offerings, worthy of reverential salutation, the unsurpassed field of merit for the world.
** 2005, บุญคิด วัชรศาสตร์, ภาษาเมืองล้านนา [The Language of Mueang Lanna] (overall work in Thai), Chiang Mai: Tharatong Print Shop, →ISBN, page 192:(๑) ยงฺกิญฺจิ กุสลํ กตฺตพฺพํ กมฺมํ สพฺเพหิ กเตหิ กตํ ปุญฺญํ โน อนุโมทนฺตุ.(1) yaṅkiñci kusalaṃ kattabbaṃ kammaṃ sabbehi katehi kataṃ puññaṃ no anumodantuWhatever wholesome action will be done by us, may they rejoice in the merit produced by all the deeds;
# 曄

| 曄 | U+66C4, &#26308; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-66C4 |
| ← 曃 [U+66C3] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 曅 → [U+66C5] |

## Translingual
### Han character

曄 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+10, 14 strokes, cangjie input 日廿一十 (ATMJ), four-corner 6405$_4$, composition ⿰日華)
* bright
* radiant
* thriving

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 500, character 8
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14169
* Dae Jaweon: page 870, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1528, character 7
* Unihan data for U+66C4

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 曄 | *ɢʷab, *ɢʷɯb |
| 爗 | *ɢʷab |
| 燁 | *ɢʷab, *ɢʷɯb |
| 曅 | *ɢʷrab |
| 皣 | *ɢʷrab |
| 瞱 | *ɢʷrab |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yè (ye$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄝˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jip$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yè
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄝˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yè
*** Wade–Giles: yeh$^4$
*** Yale: yè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeh
*** Palladius: е (je)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɛ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jip$^6$
*** Yale: yihp
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jip$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yib$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /jiːp̚²/
* Middle Chinese: hip, hjep
Rime :
| Character | 曄 | 曄 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 云 (35) | 云 (35) |
| Final (韻) | 緝 (142) | 葉 (156) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 爲立切 | 筠輒切 |
| Baxter | hip | hjep |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦˠiɪp̚/ | /ɦˠiᴇp̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦᵚip̚/ | /ɦᵚiɛp̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣiep̚/ | /ɣiæp̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦjip̚/ | /ɦjiap̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣjəp̚/ | /ɣjɛp̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣĭĕp̚/ | /ɣĭɛp̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /i̯əp̚/ | /i̯ɛp̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yì | yè |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jap$^6$ | jip$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷab/, /*ɢʷɯb/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 曄 | 曄 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 14825 | 14831 |
| Phonetic component | 曄 | 曄 |
| Rime group | 盍 | 緝 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 曄 | 煜 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɢʷab/ | /*ɢʷɯb/ |

### Definitions

曄
* (literary, of light) bright; shining; brilliant;
* (literary) flourishing; thriving

#### Synonyms

* 燁／烨 (yè)

#### Compounds

* 曄曄／晔晔
* 韡曄／𮧵晔

### References

* “曄”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: よう (yō)
* Kan-on: よう (yō)
* Kun: かがやく (kagayaku, 曄く)
* Nanori: あきら (akira)、てる (teru)、はじめ (hajime)

## Korean
### Hanja

曄 • (yeop) (hangeul 엽, revised yeop, McCune–Reischauer yŏp, Yale yep)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

曄: Hán Nôm readings: diệp
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
# ฟาร์ม
## Thai
### Etymology

From English farm.

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | ฟาร์ม f ā r ʻ m |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | ฟาม f ā m |
| Romanization | Paiboon | faam |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | fam |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /faːm˧/ |

### Noun

ฟาร์ม • (faam) (classifier แห่ง)
* farm.

#### Synonyms

* ไร่นา (râi-naa)
# หน้ากากอนามัย
## Thai
### Etymology

From หน้ากาก (nâa-gàak) +‎ อนามัย (à-naa-mai).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | หน้ากากอนามัย h n ˆ ā k ā k ɒ n ā m ạ y |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | น่า-กาก-อะ-นา-มัย n ˋ ā – k ā k – ɒ a – n ā – m ạ y |
| Romanization | Paiboon | nâa-gàak-à-naa-mai |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | na-kak-a-na-mai |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /naː˥˩.kaːk̚˨˩.ʔa˨˩.naː˧.maj˧/ |

### Noun

หน้ากากอนามัย • (nâa-gàak-à-naa-mai)
* surgical mask.
# เสาโคม
## Thai
### Etymology

เสา (sǎo) +‎ โคม (koom).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | เสาโคม e s ā o g m |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | เสา-โคม e s ā – o g m |
| Romanization | Paiboon | sǎo-koom |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | sao-khom |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /saw˩˩˦.kʰoːm˧/ |

### Noun

เสาโคม • (sǎo-koom)
* lamppost
# ผู้โดยสาร
## Thai
### Etymology

From ผู้ (pûu) +‎ โดยสาร (dooi-sǎan).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | ผู้โดยสาร pʰ ū ˆ o ɗ y s ā r |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | พู่-โดย-สาน b ū ˋ – o ɗ y – s ā n |
| Romanization | Paiboon | pûu-dooi-sǎan |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | phu-doi-san |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /pʰuː˥˩.doːj˧.saːn˩˩˦/ |

### Noun

ผู้โดยสาร • (pûu-dooi-sǎan) (classifier คน)
* passenger.
# རྙེད
## Tibetan
### Etymology

From Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s/r-ney-t (“to get, have, obtain”) (STEDT).
Cognate with Mizo nei, S'gaw Karen န့ၢ် (nay̱), Mara Chin hnēi.

### Pronunciation

* Old Tibetan: /*rȵet/
* Lhasa: /ȵeː˥˨/
* Old Tibetan:
** IPA: /*rȵet/ (reconstructed)
* Ü-Tsang
** Tibetan pinyin: nyee$^h$
** (Lhasa) IPA: /ȵeː˥˨/

### Verb

རྙེད • (rnyed) (nominal form རྙེད་པ)
* (involuntary) to find, discover
* to get, receive

#### Derived terms

* རྙེད་བཀུར (rnyed bkur)

### References

* “རྙེད” in The Tibetan Living Dictionary, Mandala Collections, 2021.
# རྙོག་ཟིང
## Tibetan
### Etymology

རྙོག (rnyog) +‎ ཟིང (zing)

### Noun

རྙོག་ཟིང • (rnyog zing)
* trouble, turmoil, disturbance
# ချံၣ်
## S'gaw Karen
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kʰa̰lì/

### Noun

ချံၣ် • (khleè)
* a bow; a weapon used to shoot arrows.

### References

* ↑ အဲကလံးဝီၢ်သြဲ ၁၀၀၀ ဖျၢၣ် လၢပကြၢးသ့ၣ်ညါ The first 1,000 words picture dictionary (S'gaw Karen) 1995 to 1979, Kanchanaburi, Thailand.
# ချံၭ
## Western Pwo
### Etymology

From Proto-Karen *kliʔᴰ (“turtle; tortoise”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-lip (“turtle; tortoise”). Cognate with S'gaw Karen ချံး (khleë), Western Kayah ꤒꤢ꤬ꤊꤜꤤ (tàkli).

### Noun

ချံၭ (transliteration needed)
* turtle
# รัฐกันชน
## Thai
### Etymology

Calque of English buffer state. Same as รัฐ (rát, “country; nation; realm; state; etc.”) +‎ กันชน (gan-chon, “buffer; bumper”).

### Pronunciation

| Orthographic | Orthographic | รัฐกันชน r ạ ʈʰ k ạ n d͡ʑ n |
| Phonemic | Phonemic | รัด-กัน-ชน r ạ ɗ – k ạ n – d͡ʑ n |
| Romanization | Paiboon | rát-gan-chon |
| Romanization | Royal Institute | rat-kan-chon |
| (standard) IPA | (standard) IPA | /rat̚˦˥.kan˧.t͡ɕʰon˧/ |

### Noun

รัฐกันชน • (rát-gan-chon)
* buffer state.

#### Synonyms

* ประเทศกันชน