# 窒息
## Chinese

* 窒息

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhìxī, zhìxí
    (Zhuyin): ㄓˋ ㄒㄧ, ㄓˋ ㄒㄧˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zat$^6$ sik$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tit-siak / tit-sek / lit-sit / chit-siak / chit-sek
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhìxī
*** Zhuyin: ㄓˋ ㄒㄧ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhìhsi
*** Wade–Giles: chih$^4$-hsi$^1$
*** Yale: jr̀-syī
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyhshi
*** Palladius: чжиси (čžisi)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhìxí
*** Zhuyin: ㄓˋ ㄒㄧˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhìhsí
*** Wade–Giles: chih$^4$-hsi$^2$
*** Yale: jr̀-syí
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyhshyi
*** Palladius: чжиси (čžisi)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ɕi³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zat$^6$ sik$^1$
*** Yale: jaht sīk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzat$^9$ sik$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zed$^6$ xig$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɐt̚² sɪk̚⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tit-siak
*** Tâi-lô: tit-siak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ditsiag
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tit̚⁵⁻²⁴ siak̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tit-sek
*** Tâi-lô: tit-sik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ditseg
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tit̚³²⁻⁴ siɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lit-sit
*** Tâi-lô: lit-sit
*** Phofsit Daibuun: litsid
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /lit̚³²⁻⁵ sit̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chit-siak
*** Tâi-lô: tsit-siak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: citsiag
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sit̚⁵⁻²⁴ siak̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chit-sek
*** Tâi-lô: tsit-sik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: citseg
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sit̚³²⁻⁴ siɪk̚³²/

### Verb

窒息
* (intransitive, literally, medicine) to suffer asphyxia; to asphyxiate; to suffocate; to stifle
* (transitive, figuratively) to suffocate; to stifle
    窒息國家的活力／窒息国家的活力 ― zhìxī guójiā de huólì ― to stifle the vitality of the country

#### Derived terms

* 性窒息 (xìngzhìxī)
* 智熄 (zhìxī)

#### See also

* 缺氧 (quēyǎng)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 窒 | 息 |
| ちつ > ちっ Grade: S | そく Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ちっそく [chìssókú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [t͡ɕi̥sːo̞kɯ̟]

### Noun

窒(ちっ)息(そく) • (chissoku)
* suffocation
* (medicine) asphyxia

#### See also

* 酸欠(さんけつ) (sanketsu)

### Verb

窒(ちっ)息(そく)する • (chissoku suru) suru (stem 窒(ちっ)息(そく)し (chissoku shi), past 窒(ちっ)息(そく)した (chissoku shita))
* suffocate, choke

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 窒息し | ちっそくし | chissoku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 窒息し | ちっそくし | chissoku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 窒息する | ちっそくする | chissoku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 窒息する | ちっそくする | chissoku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 窒息すれ | ちっそくすれ | chissoku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 窒息せよ¹ 窒息しろ² | ちっそくせよ¹ ちっそくしろ² | chissoku seyo¹ chissoku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 窒息される | ちっそくされる | chissoku sareru |
| Causative | 窒息させる 窒息さす | ちっそくさせる ちっそくさす | chissoku saseru chissoku sasu |
| Potential | 窒息できる | ちっそくできる | chissoku dekiru |
| Volitional | 窒息しよう | ちっそくしよう | chissoku shiyō |
| Negative | 窒息しない | ちっそくしない | chissoku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 窒息せず | ちっそくせず | chissoku sezu |
| Formal | 窒息します | ちっそくします | chissoku shimasu |
| Perfective | 窒息した | ちっそくした | chissoku shita |
| Conjunctive | 窒息して | ちっそくして | chissoku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 窒息すれば | ちっそくすれば | chissoku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 窒 | 息 |

### Noun

窒息 • (jilsik) (hangeul 질식)
* hanja form of 질식 (“suffocation”)