# 柔然
## Chinese

* 柔然

### Etymology

Borrowed from Rouran.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Róurán
    (Zhuyin): ㄖㄡˊ ㄖㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jau$^4$ jin$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Róurán
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄡˊ ㄖㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Róurán
*** Wade–Giles: Jou$^2$-jan$^2$
*** Yale: Róu-rán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Rouran
*** Palladius: Жоужань (Žoužanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐoʊ̯³⁵ ʐän³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jau$^4$ jin$^4$
*** Yale: yàuh yìhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jau$^4$ jin$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yeo$^4$ yin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐu̯²¹ jiːn²¹/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$柔然 油然 蚰蜒
* Middle Chinese: nyuw nyen
Rime :
| Character | 柔 | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) | 仙 (77) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 耳由切 | 如延切 |
| Baxter | nyuw | nyen |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ȵɨu/ | /ȵiᴇn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ȵiu/ | /ȵiɛn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȵʑiəu/ | /ȵʑjæn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ȵuw/ | /ȵian/ |
| Li Rong | /ȵiu/ | /ȵiɛn/ |
| Wang Li | /ȵʑĭəu/ | /ȵʑĭɛn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ȵʑi̯ə̯u/ | /ȵʑi̯ɛn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | róu | rán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jau$^4$ | jin$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*nu [n]a[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*mlju njen/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 柔 | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | róu | rán |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nyuw › | ‹ nyen › |
| Old Chinese | /*nu/ | /*[n]a[n]/ |
| English | soft | so, thus; (adv suffix) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 柔 | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 8825 | 10756 |
| Phonetic component | 矛 | 肰 |
| Rime group | 幽 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 柔 | 然 |
| Old Chinese | /*mlju/ | /*njen/ |

### Proper noun

柔然
* (historical) Rouran (a khaganate that ruled much of present-day Mongolia, northern China and southern Siberia from the mid-4th to the mid-6th centuries, formed from a tribal confederation of pre-Mongolic peoples of Donghu origin)
* (historical) Rouran (the language of the Rouran khaganate)

#### Synonyms

* 檀檀 (Tántán)
* 皇芮 (Huángruì)
* 芮芮 (Ruìruì)
* 茹茹 (Rúrú)
* 蝚蠕 (Róurú)
* 蠕蠕 (Ruǎnruǎn)

#### Descendants

* → English: Rouran

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 柔 | 然 |
| じゅう Grade: S | ぜん Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [d͡ʑɨːzẽ̞ɴ]

### Proper noun

柔(じゅう)然(ぜん) • (Jūzen)
* (historical) Rouran (a khaganate that ruled much of present-day Mongolia, northern China and southern Siberia from the mid-4th to the mid-6th centuries, formed from a tribal confederation of pre-Mongolic peoples of Donghu origin)
* (historical) Rouran (the language of the Rouran khaganate)

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 柔 | 然 |

### Proper noun

柔然 • (Yuyeon) (hangeul 유연)
* hanja form of 유연 (“Rouran”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 柔 | 然 |

### Proper noun

柔然
* chữ Hán form of Nhu Nhiên (“Rouran”).