# 臨

| 臨 | U+81E8, &#33256; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-81E8 |
| ← 臧 [U+81E7] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 臩 → [U+81E9] |
| 臨 | U+F9F6, &#63990; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9F6 |
| ← 淋 [U+F9F5] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 立 → [U+F9F7] |

## Translingual
### Han character

臨 (Kangxi radical 131, 臣+11, 17 strokes in Chinese, 18 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 尸中人口口 (SLORR), four-corner 7876$_6$, composition ⿰臣⿱𠂉品)

#### Derived characters

* 瀶, 𠐼, 𡄦, 𤄈, 𮟤

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 999, character 24
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30087
* Dae Jaweon: page 1451, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2802, character 19
* Unihan data for U+81E8
* Unihan data for U+F9F6

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 臨 | *b·rɯm, *b·rɯms |
| 瀶 | *b·rɯm |
| 品 | *pʰrɯmʔ |
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *b·rɯm, *b·rɯms) : semantic 臣 (“eye”) + semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 品 (OC *pʰrɯmʔ, “objects”) – a person looking down at some objects.
Alternatively analyzed as a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *b·rɯm, *b·rɯms) : semantic 臥 + phonetic 品 (OC *pʰrɯmʔ).

### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): lín (lin$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄣˊ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nin$^2$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): лин (lin, I)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lam$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): lìm
    (Meixian, Guangdong): lim$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): ling$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): lìng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lîm / liâm / lêm
    (Teochew, Peng'im): lim$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$lin
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lín
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lín
*** Wade–Giles: lin$^2$
*** Yale: lín
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lin
*** Palladius: линь (linʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /lin³⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: nin$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lin
*** Sinological IPA : /nin²¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: лин (lin, I)
*** Sinological IPA : /liŋ²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lam$^4$
*** Yale: làhm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lam$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lem$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɐm²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lìm
*** Hakka Romanization System: lim$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: lim$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /lim¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: lim$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /lim¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: ling$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /lĩŋ¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: lìng
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃iŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîm
*** Tâi-lô: lîm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liim
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei): /lim²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /lim¹³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /lim²³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liâm
*** Tâi-lô: liâm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liaam
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei): /liam²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /liam¹³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /liam²³/
** (Hokkien: Hui'an)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lêm
*** Tâi-lô: lêm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: leem
*** IPA (Hui'an): /lem²⁴/
* lîm - literary;
* liâm - vernacular (limited, e.g. 臨邊, 臨捷).
* Middle Chinese: lim
Rime :
| Character | 臨 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (139) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 力尋切 |
| Baxter | lim |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /liɪm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lim/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ljem/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lim/ |
| Li Rong | /liəm/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭĕm/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /li̯əm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lín |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lam$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*(p.)rum/
    (Zhengzhang): /*b·rɯm/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 臨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | lín |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ lim › |
| Old Chinese | /*(p.)rum/ |
| English | look down at |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 臨 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 9801 |
| Phonetic component | 品 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 林 |
| Old Chinese | /*b·rɯm/ |

##### Definitions

臨
* to overlook; to look over; to look down at
* to come down; to descend
* to arrive
* to face; to border; to be adjacent to
* to be faced with; to be confronted by
* just before; approaching; about to
* to copy; to trace
* (historical) a type of siege engine
* 19th hexagram of the I Ching
* a surname

##### Compounds

* 事到臨頭／事到临头
* 五福臨門／五福临门 (wǔfúlínmén)
* 來臨／来临 (láilín)
* 俯臨／俯临
* 光臨／光临 (guānglín)
* 兵臨城下／兵临城下 (bīnglínchéngxià)
* 到臨／到临
* 唐臨晉帖／唐临晋帖
* 單格臨書／单格临书
* 大禍臨頭／大祸临头
* 大難臨頭／大难临头 (dànànlíntóu)
* 大駕光臨／大驾光临
* 如履如臨／如履如临
* 如臨大敵／如临大敌 (rúlíndàdí)
* 如臨深淵／如临深渊 (rúlínshēnyuān)
* 如臨深谷／如临深谷
* 如臨淵谷／如临渊谷
* 將臨期／将临期 (jiānglínqī)
* 對臨／对临
* 屆臨／届临
* 居高臨下／居高临下 (jūgāolínxià)
* 履薄臨深／履薄临深
* 恩臨／恩临
* 惠臨／惠临
* 意臨／意临
* 握圖臨宇／握图临宇
* 揮翰臨池／挥翰临池
* 死臨侵／死临侵
* 瀕臨／濒临 (bīnlín)
* 照臨／照临 (zhàolín)
* 犬牙相臨／犬牙相临
* 玉樹臨風／玉树临风 (yùshùlínfēng)
* 登山臨水／登山临水
* 登臨／登临 (dēnglín)
* 盛氣臨人／盛气临人
* 監臨／监临
* 監臨自盜／监临自盗
* 禍到臨頭／祸到临头
* 移臨／移临
* 背臨／背临
* 臨了／临了 (línliǎo)
* 臨事以懼／临事以惧
* 臨事而懼／临事而惧
* 臨人／临人
* 臨凡／临凡
* 臨刑／临刑 (línxíng)
* 臨別／临别 (línbié)
* 臨別依依／临别依依
* 臨制／临制
* 臨到／临到 (líndào)
* 臨危／临危 (línwēi)
* 臨危下石／临危下石
* 臨危不亂／临危不乱 (línwēibùluàn)
* 臨危不懼／临危不惧
* 臨危不撓／临危不挠
* 臨危不顧／临危不顾
* 臨危受命／临危受命
* 臨危履冰／临危履冰
* 臨危授命／临危授命 (línwēishòumìng)
* 臨危效命／临危效命
* 臨危自悔／临危自悔
* 臨危自省／临危自省
* 臨危自計／临危自计
* 臨危致命／临危致命
* 臨去秋波／临去秋波
* 臨問／临问
* 臨噎掘井／临噎掘井
* 臨場／临场 (línchǎng)
* 臨場感／临场感 (línchǎnggǎn)
* 臨寂／临寂
* 臨寢／临寝
* 臨寫／临写
* 臨屯／临屯 (Líntún)
* 臨崖勒馬／临崖勒马
* 臨川羨魚／临川羡鱼
* 臨帖／临帖 (líntiè)
* 臨年／临年
* 臨幸／临幸 (línxìng)
* 臨床／临床 (línchuáng)
* 臨床實驗／临床实验
* 臨床經驗／临床经验
* 臨床醫學／临床医学 (línchuáng yīxué)
* 臨急抱佛腳／临急抱佛脚 (línjí bào fójiǎo)
* 臨感／临感
* 臨摹／临摹 (línmó)
* 臨摹本／临摹本
* 臨政／临政
* 臨敵賣陣／临敌卖阵
* 臨文／临文
* 臨文不諱／临文不讳
* 臨時／临时 (línshí)
* 臨時動議／临时动议
* 臨時工／临时工 (línshígōng)
* 臨時政府／临时政府
* 臨時會／临时会
* 臨時條款／临时条款
* 臨書／临书
* 臨月／临月 (línyuè)
* 臨期／临期 (línqī)
* 臨朝／临朝 (líncháo)
* 臨期失誤／临期失误
* 臨本／临本 (línběn)
* 臨榆縣／临榆县
* 臨榻／临榻
* 臨機／临机
* 臨機制勝／临机制胜
* 臨機制變／临机制变
* 臨機應變／临机应变
* 臨機處置／临机处置
* 臨檢／临检
* 臨歧／临歧
* 臨死／临死 (línsǐ)
* 臨死不怯／临死不怯
* 臨死不恐／临死不恐 (línsǐbùkǒng)
* 臨水夫人／临水夫人
* 臨水登山／临水登山
* 臨江／临江 (Línjiāng)
* 臨池／临池
* 臨池學書／临池学书
* 臨江折軸／临江折轴
* 臨江驛／临江驿
* 臨沂／临沂 (Línyí)
* 臨河羨魚／临河羡鱼
* 臨深履冰／临深履冰
* 臨深履薄／临深履薄 (línshēnlǚbó)
* 臨淵履薄／临渊履薄
* 臨淵結網／临渊结网
* 臨淵羨魚／临渊羡鱼 (línyuānxiànyú)
* 臨渴掘井／临渴掘井 (línkějuéjǐng)
* 臨渴穿井／临渴穿井
* 臨滄／临沧 (Líncāng)
* 臨潼鬥寶／临潼斗宝
* 臨濟宗／临济宗
* 臨照／临照
* 臨界／临界 (línjiè)
* 臨界線／临界线
* 臨界點／临界点 (línjièdiǎn)
* 臨畫／临画
* 臨盆／临盆 (línpén)
* 臨眺／临眺
* 臨睡／临睡 (línshuì)
* 臨終／临终 (línzhōng)
* 臨終關懷／临终关怀 (línzhōng guānhuái)
* 臨蓐／临蓐 (línrù)
* 臨行／临行 (línxíng)
* 臨街／临街 (línjiē)
* 臨衝／临冲
* 臨財／临财
* 臨財不苟／临财不苟
* 臨財苟得／临财苟得
* 臨走／临走 (línzǒu)
* 臨軍對壘／临军对垒
* 臨軍對陣／临军对阵
* 臨軒／临轩
* 臨近／临近 (línjìn)
* 臨逼／临逼
* 臨邛縣／临邛县
* 臨門／临门 (línmén)
* 臨門一腳／临门一脚
* 臨陣／临阵 (línzhèn)
* 臨陣磨槍／临阵磨枪 (línzhènmóqiāng)
* 臨陣脫逃／临阵脱逃 (línzhèntuōtáo)
* 臨雍
* 臨難／临难 (línnàn)
* 臨難不屈／临难不屈
* 臨難不恐／临难不恐 (línnànbùkǒng)
* 臨難不懾／临难不慑
* 臨難不懼／临难不惧 (línnànbùjù)
* 臨難不避／临难不避
* 臨難無懾／临难无慑
* 臨難苟免／临难苟免 (línnàngǒumiǎn)
* 臨難鑄兵／临难铸兵
* 臨頭／临头 (líntóu)
* 臨風／临风
* 臨風對月／临风对月
* 臨風搖曳／临风摇曳
* 臨風顧盼／临风顾盼
* 臨食廢箸／临食废箸
* 蒞臨／莅临 (lìlín)
* 親臨／亲临 (qīnlín)
* 賁臨／贲临 (bìlín)
* 賵臨／赗临
* 身臨其境／身临其境 (shēnlínqíjìng)
* 軍臨城下／军临城下
* 迫臨／迫临 (pòlín)
* 逼臨／逼临
* 闔第光臨／阖第光临
* 降臨／降临 (jiànglín)
* 雙喜臨門／双喜临门 (shuāngxǐlínmén)
* 面臨／面临 (miànlín)
* 馬端臨／马端临
* 駕臨／驾临 (jiàlín)

#### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lìn (lin$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄣˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lam$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lìn
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lìn
*** Wade–Giles: lin$^4$
*** Yale: lìn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: linn
*** Palladius: линь (linʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /lin⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lam$^6$
*** Yale: lahm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lam$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lem$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɐm²²/
* Middle Chinese: limH
Rime :
| Character | 臨 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (139) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 良鴆切 |
| Baxter | limH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /liɪm$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lim$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ljem$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lim$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /liəm$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭĕm$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /li̯əm$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lìn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lam$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*b·rɯms/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 臨 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 9803 |
| Phonetic component | 品 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 臨 |
| Old Chinese | /*b·rɯms/ |

##### Definitions

臨
* (obsolete) to mourn for a deceased person; to wail in lamentation of a death
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Wú zǐ Shòumèng zú, lìn yú Zhōu miào. [Pinyin]
    Viscount Shoumeng of Wu died. He was mourned at the shrine of (King Wen of) Zhou.

##### Compounds

* 哀臨／哀临
* 哭臨／哭临

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lím
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lím
*** Tâi-lô: lím
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liem
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lim⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lim⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /lim⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /lim⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /lim⁴¹/

#### Definitions

臨 (Hokkien)
* close (to an edge)
* to approach; to get close to; to be almost

#### Compounds

* 臨墘／临墘
* 臨肥／临肥
* 臨臨仔／临临仔

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)
* look at
* confront

#### Readings

* Go-on: りん (rin, Jōyō)
* Kan-on: りん (rin, Jōyō)
* Kun: のぞむ (nozomu, 臨む, Jōyō)

## Korean
### Hanja

臨 (eumhun 임할 림 (imhal rim), word-initial (South Korea) 임할 임 (imhal im))
* hanja form of 림/임 (“draw near, approach”)
* hanja form of 림/임 (“descend”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

臨: Hán Nôm readings: lâm, lom
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.