# 茹

| 茹 | U+8339, &#33593; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8339 |
| ← 茸 [U+8338] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 茺 → [U+833A] |

## Translingual
### Han character

茹 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+6, 12 strokes, cangjie input 廿女口 (TVR), four-corner 4446$_0$, composition ⿱艹如)
* roots
* vegetables
* eat
* to bear; withstand

#### Derived characters

* 𣺾, 𦷸

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1029, character 10
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30921
* Dae Jaweon: page 1488, character 4
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3211, character 11
* Unihan data for U+8339

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 拿 | *rnaː |
| 拏 | *rnaː |
| 詉 | *rnaː |
| 蒘 | *rnaː, *na |
| 笯 | *rnaː, *naː, *naːs |
| 挐 | *rnaː, *na |
| 絮 | *rnaːs, *nas, *snas, *nas |
| 呶 | *rnaːw |
| 怓 | *rnaːw |
| 帑 | *n̥ʰaːŋʔ, *naː |
| 奴 | *naː |
| 砮 | *naː, *naːʔ |
| 駑 | *naː |
| 孥 | *naː |
| 努 | *naːʔ |
| 弩 | *naːʔ |
| 怒 | *naːʔ, *naːs |
| 袽 | *na |
| 帤 | *na |
| 女 | *naʔ, *nas |
| 籹 | *naʔ |
| 恕 | *hnjas |
| 如 | *nja, *njas |
| 茹 | *nja, *njaʔ, *njas |
| 洳 | *nja, *njas |
| 鴽 | *nja |
| 蕠 | *nja |
| 汝 | *njaʔ |
| 肗 | *njaʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *nja, *njaʔ, *njas) : semantic 艹 (“grass, plants”) + phonetic 如 (OC *nja, *njas) – plant roots, part of a plant.

### Etymology 1

Schuessler (2007) proposes an Austroasiatic origin; compare Kharia [script needed] (ɲoʔ, “to eat”) and Proto-Vietic *s-nja:ʔ (“to chew, to masticate”) (> Vietnamese nhá). Schuessler (2003) also compares 茹 with Jingpho noʔ¹ 'to eat' and Proto-Mienic *ʔnək$^D$ 'to swallow'.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): rú, rù (ru$^2$, ru$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄖㄨˊ, ㄖㄨˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jyu$^4$ / jyu$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lîr / lû / jî / jû
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ru$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: rú
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: rú
*** Wade–Giles: ju$^2$
*** Yale: rú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ru
*** Palladius: жу (žu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐu³⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, variant)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: rù
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: rù
*** Wade–Giles: ju$^4$
*** Yale: rù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ruh
*** Palladius: жу (žu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐu⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyu$^4$ / jyu$^6$
*** Yale: yùh / yuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jy$^4$ / jy$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yu$^4$ / yu$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyː²¹/, /jyː²²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîr
*** Tâi-lô: lîr
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lɯ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lû
*** Tâi-lô: lû
*** Phofsit Daibuun: luu
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lu²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jî
*** Tâi-lô: jî
*** Phofsit Daibuun: jii
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zi¹³/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jû
*** Tâi-lô: jû
*** Phofsit Daibuun: juu
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /zu²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ru$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jû
*** Sinological IPA : /d͡zu⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: nyo, nyoX, nyoH
Rime :
| Character | 茹 | 茹 | 茹 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) | 日 (38) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 魚 (22) | 魚 (22) | 魚 (22) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III | III |
| Fanqie | 人諸切 | 人渚切 | 人恕切 |
| Baxter | nyo | nyoX | nyoH |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ȵɨʌ/ | /ȵɨʌ$^X$/ | /ȵɨʌ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ȵiɔ/ | /ȵiɔ$^X$/ | /ȵiɔ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȵʑiɔ/ | /ȵʑiɔ$^X$/ | /ȵʑiɔ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ȵɨə̆/ | /ȵɨə̆$^X$/ | /ȵɨə̆$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȵiɔ/ | /ȵiɔ$^X$/ | /ȵiɔ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȵʑĭo/ | /ȵʑĭo$^X$/ | /ȵʑĭo$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ȵʑi̯wo/ | /ȵʑi̯wo$^X$/ | /ȵʑi̯wo$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | rú | rǔ | rù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyu$^4$ | jyu$^5$ | jyu$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*naʔ/, /*na-s/, /*naʔ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*nja/, /*njaʔ/, /*njas/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 茹 | 茹 | 茹 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | rú | rú | rú |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nyo$^X$ › | ‹ nyo$^H$ › | ‹ nyo$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*naʔ/ | /*na-s/ | /*naʔ-s/ |
| English | swallow, eat | scrutinize | swallow, eat |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 茹 | 茹 | 茹 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| No. | 9624 | 9630 | 9633 |
| Phonetic component | 女 | 女 | 女 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 魚 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 如 | 汝 | 洳 |
| Old Chinese | /*nja/ | /*njaʔ/ | /*njas/ |

#### Definitions

茹
* to eat
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
    Wèi yǒu huǒhuà, shí cǎomù zhī shí, niǎoshòu zhī ròu, yǐn qí xuè, rú qí máo. [Pinyin]
    They knew not yet the transforming power of fire, but ate the fruits of plants and trees, and the flesh of birds and beasts, drinking their blood, and swallowing (also) the hair and feathers.
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Shùn zhī fàn qiǔ rú cǎo yě, ruò jiāng zhōngshēn yān. [Pinyin]
    Shun's manner of eating his parched grain and consuming herbs was as if he were to be doing so all his life.
* (literary) to bear
    含辛茹苦 ― hánxīnrúkǔ ― to suffer hardships
    From: Yan Zhitui, The Family Instructions of Master Yan, 6th century CE
    Yǒu shīfù mínglěi shū biǎo qǐ shū èrshí juǎn, wú xiōngdì shǐ zài cǎotǔ, bìng wèi dé biāncì, biàn zāo huǒ dàng jìn, jìng bù chuán yú shì. Xián kù rú hèn, chè yú xīnsuǐ! [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
* (literary) to guess
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Wǒ xīn fěi jiàn, bù kěyǐ rú. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
* (literary) soft
    From: The Verses of Chu, 4th century BCE – 2nd century CE
    Lǎn rú huì yǐ yǎn tì xī, zhān yú jīn zhī lànglàng. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
* (literary) corrupted
* (literary) vegetables
    From: c. 2nd century CE, 枚乘, 七發
    Qiūhuáng zhī sū, báilù zhī rú. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this quotation)
* a surname
* (organic chemistry) rubicene

#### Compounds

* 吐剛茹柔／吐刚茹柔
* 含辛茹苦 (hánxīnrúkǔ)
* 拔茅連茹／拔茅连茹
* 柔茹剛吐／柔茹刚吐
* 柔茹寡斷／柔茹寡断
* 竹茹 (zhúrú)
* 茅茹
* 茹古涵今
* 茹柔吐剛／茹柔吐刚
* 茹毛飲血／茹毛饮血 (rúmáoyǐnxuè)
* 茹泣吞悲
* 茹素 (rúsù)
* 茹苦含辛
* 茹茹 (Rúrú)
* 茹荼
* 茹葷／茹荤 (rúhūn)
* 茹魚去蠅／茹鱼去蝇
* 菜茹
* 蔬茹氣／蔬茹气
* 銜悲茹恨／衔悲茹恨
* 銜聲茹氣／衔声茹气
* 飲冰茹蘗／饮冰茹蘗
* 飯糗茹草／饭糗茹草
* 飲血茹毛／饮血茹毛
* 香茹 (xiāngrú)

#### References

* “茹”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

### Etymology 2

* For pronunciation and definitions of 茹 – see 挐 (“(Southern Min) chaotic; messy; disorderly”). (This character is a variant form of 挐).

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* to boil
* to seethe

#### Readings

* Go-on: にょ (nyo)
* Kan-on: じょ (jo)
* Kun: ゆでる (yuderu, 茹でる)、くう (kuu, 茹う)
* Nanori: かやね (kayane)

## Korean
### Hanja

茹 • (yeo) (hangeul 여, revised yeo, McCune–Reischauer yŏ, Yale ye)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

茹: Hán Việt readings: như, nhự
茹: Nôm readings: nhà, nhờ, nhựa, nhừa, nhu
* Nôm form of nhà (“home”).

#### References

* 1 2 3 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 3 4 Trần (2004).
* ↑ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
* ↑ Hồ (1976).