# 陶冶
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): táoyě
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄠˊ ㄧㄝˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tou$^4$ je$^5$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tô-iá / tô͘-iá
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: táoyě
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄠˊ ㄧㄝˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: táoyě
*** Wade–Giles: tʻao$^2$-yeh$^3$
*** Yale: táu-yě
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tauryee
*** Palladius: таое (taoje)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰɑʊ̯³⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tou$^4$ je$^5$
*** Yale: tòuh yéh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tou$^4$ je$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tou$^4$ yé$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰou̯²¹ jɛː¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tô-iá
*** Tâi-lô: tô-iá
*** Phofsit Daibuun: doi'iar
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /to¹³⁻²² ia⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /to²⁴⁻¹¹ ia⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tɤ²³⁻³³ ia⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /to²⁴⁻²² ia⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tô͘-iá
*** Tâi-lô: tôo-iá
*** Phofsit Daibuun: do'iar
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔ²⁴⁻²² ia⁵⁵⁴/
* Middle Chinese: daw yaeX
Rime :
| Character | 陶 | 冶 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 豪 (89) | 麻 (100) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 徒刀切 | 羊者切 |
| Baxter | daw | yaeX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /dɑu/ | /jia$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /dɑu/ | /jia$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /dɑu/ | /ia$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /daw/ | /jia$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /dɑu/ | /ia$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /dɑu/ | /jĭa$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /dʱɑu/ | /i̯a$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | táo | yě |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | tou$^4$ | je$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*bl'uː laːʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 陶 | 冶 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 12363 | 14811 |
| Phonetic component | 匋 | 冶 |
| Rime group | 幽 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 陶 | 野 |
| Old Chinese | /*bl'uː/ | /*laːʔ/ |

### Verb

陶冶
* (literal) to make pottery and smelt metal
* (figurative) to cultivate; to train; to mould someone's character

#### Synonyms

* (to cultivate): 教化 (jiàohuà)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 陶(とう)冶(や) (tōya)
* → Korean: 도야(陶冶) (doya)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 陶 | 冶 |
| とう Grade: S | や Grade: S |
| kan'on ||

### Etymology

/tau ja/ → /tɔːja/ → /toːja/
From Middle Chinese 陶冶 (MC daw yaeX).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) とーや [tóꜜòyà] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [to̞ːja̠]

### Noun

陶(とう)冶(や) • (tōya)
* crafting of pottery and smelting of metal
* (by extension) cultivation, training

#### Derived terms

* 陶(とう)冶(や)性(せい) (tōyasei)
* 一(いっ)般(ぱん)的(てき)陶(とう)冶(や) (ippanteki tōya)
* 形(けい)式(しき)陶(とう)冶(や) (keishiki tōya)
* 実(じっ)質(しつ)陶(とう)冶(や) (jisshitsu tōya)

### Verb

陶(とう)冶(や)する • (tōya suru) transitive suru (stem 陶(とう)冶(や)し (tōya shi), past 陶(とう)冶(や)した (tōya shita))
* to train, build (character, etc.)

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 陶冶し | とうやし | tōya shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 陶冶し | とうやし | tōya shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 陶冶する | とうやする | tōya suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 陶冶する | とうやする | tōya suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 陶冶すれ | とうやすれ | tōya sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 陶冶せよ¹ 陶冶しろ² | とうやせよ¹ とうやしろ² | tōya seyo¹ tōya shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 陶冶される | とうやされる | tōya sareru |
| Causative | 陶冶させる 陶冶さす | とうやさせる とうやさす | tōya saseru tōya sasu |
| Potential | 陶冶できる | とうやできる | tōya dekiru |
| Volitional | 陶冶しよう | とうやしよう | tōya shiyō |
| Negative | 陶冶しない | とうやしない | tōya shinai |
| Negative continuative | 陶冶せず | とうやせず | tōya sezu |
| Formal | 陶冶します | とうやします | tōya shimasu |
| Perfective | 陶冶した | とうやした | tōya shita |
| Conjunctive | 陶冶して | とうやして | tōya shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 陶冶すれば | とうやすれば | tōya sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN