# ⲥϩⲁⲓ
## Coptic
### Alternative forms

* ⲥⳉⲉⲉⲓ (sxeei) — Akhmimic
* ⲥϩⲉⲓ (shei) — Fayyumic
* ⲥϩⲉⲉⲓ (sheei) — Lycopolitan
* ⲥϧⲁⲓ (sxai) — Bohairic

### Verb

ⲥϩⲁⲓ • (shai) (nominal state ⲥϩⲁⲓ- or ⲥⲉϩ-, pronominal state ⲥϩⲁⲓⲥ⸗ or ⲥϩⲁⲓⲧ⸗ or ⲥⲁϩ⸗ or ⲥⲁϩⲧ⸗ or ⲥⲉϩⲧ⸗, stative ⲥⲏϩ†)
* (Sahidic) to write

#### Conjugation

| infinitive | affirmative | ⲥϩⲁⲓ shai | imperative | affirmative | ⲥϩⲁⲓ shai |
| infinitive | negative | ⲧⲙ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ tm̄shai | imperative | negative | ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ m̄pr̄shai |
| | | | singular | singular | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | nominal |
| | | | 1st person | 2nd person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | nominal |
| | | | 1st person | masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | nominal |
| durative sentence ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲟⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟϥ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲥ | ⲁⲛⲟⲛ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲱⲧⲛ̄ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ | - |
| present | basic | basic | ϯⲥϩⲁⲓ tishai | ⲕⲥϩⲁⲓ kshai | ⲧⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ teshai | ϥⲥϩⲁⲓ fshai | ⲥⲥϩⲁⲓ sshai | ⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ tn̄shai | ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ tetn̄shai | ⲥⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ seshai | ⲥϩⲁⲓ shai |
| present | circumstantial, focalising | circumstantial, focalising | ⲉⲓ̈ⲥϩⲁⲓ eïshai | ⲉⲕⲥϩⲁⲓ ekshai | ⲉⲣⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ ereshai | ⲉϥⲥϩⲁⲓ efshai | ⲉⲥⲥϩⲁⲓ esshai | ⲉⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ enshai | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ etetn̄shai | ⲉⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ eushai | ⲉⲣⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ ere- shai |
| present | relative | relative | ⲉϯⲥϩⲁⲓ etishai | ⲉⲧⲕ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ etk̄shai | ⲉⲧⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ eteshai, etereshai | ⲉⲧϥ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ etf̄shai | ⲉⲧⲥ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ ets̄shai | ⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ etn̄shai | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ etetn̄shai | ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ etoushai | ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ etere- shai |
| present | preterite | preterite | ⲛⲉⲓ̈ⲥϩⲁⲓ neïshai | ⲛⲉⲕⲥϩⲁⲓ nekshai | ⲛⲉⲣⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ nereshai | ⲛⲉϥⲥϩⲁⲓ nefshai | ⲛⲉⲥⲥϩⲁⲓ nesshai | ⲛⲉⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ nenshai | ⲛⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ netetn̄shai | ⲛⲉⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ neushai | ⲛⲉⲣⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ nere- shai |
| future | basic | basic | ϯⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ tinashai | ⲕⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ knashai | ⲧⲉⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ tenashai | ϥⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ fnashai | ⲥⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ snashai | ⲧⲛ̄ⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ tn̄nashai | ⲧⲉⲧⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ tetnashai | ⲥⲉⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ senashai | ⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ nashai |
| future | circumstantial, focalising | circumstantial, focalising | ⲉⲓ̈ⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ eïnashai | ⲉⲕⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ eknashai | ⲉⲣⲉⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ erenashai | ⲉϥⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ efnashai | ⲉⲥⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ esnashai | ⲉⲛⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ ennashai | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ etetnashai | ⲉⲩⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ eunashai | ⲉⲣⲉ- ⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ ere- nashai |
| future | relative | relative | ⲉϯⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ etinashai | ⲉⲧⲕ̄ⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ etk̄nashai | ⲉⲧⲉⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ etenashai, eterenashai | ⲉⲧϥ̄ⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ etf̄nashai | ⲉⲧⲥ̄ⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ ets̄nashai | ⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ etn̄nashai | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ etetnashai | ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ etounashai | ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉ- ⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ etere- nashai |
| future | preterite | preterite | ⲛⲉⲓ̈ⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ neïnashai | ⲛⲉⲕⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ neknashai | ⲛⲉⲣⲉⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ nerenashai | ⲛⲉϥⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ nefnashai | ⲛⲉⲥⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ nesnashai | ⲛⲉⲛⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ nennashai | ⲛⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ netetnashai | ⲛⲉⲩⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ neunashai | ⲛⲉⲣⲉ- ⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ nere- nashai |
| negated with | negated with | negated with | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an |
| non-durative sentence ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲟⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟϥ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲥ | ⲁⲛⲟⲛ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲱⲧⲛ̄ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ | - |
| past | basic | affirmative | ⲁⲓ̈ⲥϩⲁⲓ aïshai | ⲁⲕⲥϩⲁⲓ akshai | ⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲁⲣⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲁⲣⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ ashai, arshai, areshai | ⲁϥⲥϩⲁⲓ afshai | ⲁⲥⲥϩⲁⲓ asshai | ⲁⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ anshai | ⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ atetn̄shai | ⲁⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ aushai | ⲁ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ a- shai |
| past | basic | negative | ⲙ̄ⲡⲓⲥϩⲁⲓ m̄pishai | ⲙ̄ⲡⲕ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ m̄pk̄shai | ⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ m̄peshai, m̄pr̄shai | ⲙ̄ⲡϥ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ m̄pf̄shai | ⲙ̄ⲡⲥ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ m̄ps̄shai | ⲙ̄ⲡⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ m̄pn̄shai | ⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ m̄petn̄shai | ⲙ̄ⲡⲟⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ m̄poushai | ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ m̄pe- shai |
| past | circumstantial | affirmative | ⲉⲁⲓ̈ⲥϩⲁⲓ eaïshai | ⲉⲁⲕⲥϩⲁⲓ eakshai | ⲉⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲉⲁⲣⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲉⲁⲣⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ eashai, earshai, eareshai | ⲉⲁϥⲥϩⲁⲓ eafshai | ⲉⲁⲥⲥϩⲁⲓ easshai | ⲉⲁⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ eanshai | ⲉⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ eatetn̄shai | ⲉⲁⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ eaushai | ⲉⲁ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ ea- shai |
| past | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲓⲥϩⲁⲓ em̄pishai | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲕ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ em̄pk̄shai | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ em̄peshai, em̄pr̄shai | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡϥ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ em̄pf̄shai | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲥ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ em̄ps̄shai | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ em̄pn̄shai | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ em̄petn̄shai | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲟⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ em̄poushai | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ em̄pe- shai |
| past | relative | affirmative | ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲓ̈ⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓ̈ⲥϩⲁⲓ entaïshai, n̄taïshai | ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲕⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲕⲥϩⲁⲓ entakshai, n̄takshai | ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲣⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲣⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ entashai, n̄tashai, entarshai, n̄tarshai, entareshai, n̄tareshai | ⲉⲛⲧⲁϥⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁϥⲥϩⲁⲓ entafshai, n̄tafshai | ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲥⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲥⲥϩⲁⲓ entasshai, n̄tasshai | ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ entanshai, n̄tanshai | ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ entatetn̄shai, n̄tatetn̄shai | ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ entaushai, n̄taushai | ⲉⲛⲧⲁ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ enta- shai, n̄ta- shai |
| past | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲓⲥϩⲁⲓ etem̄pishai | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲕ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ etem̄pk̄shai | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ etem̄peshai, etem̄pr̄shai | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡϥ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ etem̄pf̄shai | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲥ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ etem̄ps̄shai | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ etem̄pn̄shai | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ etem̄petn̄shai | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲟⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ etem̄poushai | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ etem̄pe- shai |
| past | preterite | affirmative | ⲛⲉⲁⲓ̈ⲥϩⲁⲓ neaïshai | ⲛⲉⲁⲕⲥϩⲁⲓ neakshai | ⲛⲉⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲛⲉⲁⲣⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲛⲉⲁⲣⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ neashai, nearshai, neareshai | ⲛⲉⲁϥⲥϩⲁⲓ neafshai | ⲛⲉⲁⲥⲥϩⲁⲓ neasshai | ⲛⲉⲁⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ neanshai | ⲛⲉⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ neatetn̄shai | ⲛⲉⲁⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ neaushai | ⲛⲉⲁ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ nea- shai |
| past | preterite | negative | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲓⲥϩⲁⲓ nem̄pishai | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲕ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ nem̄pk̄shai | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ nem̄peshai, nem̄pr̄shai | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡϥ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ nem̄pf̄shai | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲥ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ nem̄ps̄shai | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ nem̄pn̄shai | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ nem̄petn̄shai | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲟⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ nem̄poushai | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ nem̄pe- shai |
| past | focalising | affirmative | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓ̈ⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄taïshai | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲕⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄takshai | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄tashai, n̄tarshai, n̄tareshai | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁϥⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄tafshai | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲥⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄tasshai | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄tanshai | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄tatetn̄shai | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄taushai | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄ta- shai |
| expectative | basic | negative | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁϯⲥϩⲁⲓ m̄patishai | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲕ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ m̄patk̄shai | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ m̄pateshai | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧϥ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ m̄patf̄shai | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲥ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ m̄pats̄shai | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ m̄patn̄shai | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ m̄patetn̄shai | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ m̄patoushai | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ m̄pate- shai |
| expectative | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁϯⲥϩⲁⲓ em̄patishai | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲕ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ em̄patk̄shai | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ em̄pateshai | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧϥ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ em̄patf̄shai | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲥ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ em̄pats̄shai | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ em̄patn̄shai | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ em̄patetn̄shai | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ em̄patoushai | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ em̄pate- shai |
| expectative | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁϯⲥϩⲁⲓ etem̄patishai | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲕ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ etem̄patk̄shai | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ etem̄pateshai | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧϥ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ etem̄patf̄shai | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲥ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ etem̄pats̄shai | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ etem̄patn̄shai | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ etem̄patetn̄shai | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ etem̄patoushai | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ etem̄pate- shai |
| expectative | preterite | negative | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁϯⲥϩⲁⲓ nem̄patishai | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲕ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ nem̄patk̄shai | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ nem̄pateshai | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧϥ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ nem̄patf̄shai | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲥ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ nem̄pats̄shai | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ nem̄patn̄shai | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ nem̄patetn̄shai | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ nem̄patoushai | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ nem̄pate- shai |
| aorist | basic | affirmative | ϣⲁⲓ̈ⲥϩⲁⲓ šaïshai | ϣⲁⲕⲥϩⲁⲓ šakshai | ϣⲁⲣⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ šareshai | ϣⲁϥⲥϩⲁⲓ šafshai | ϣⲁⲥⲥϩⲁⲓ šasshai | ϣⲁⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ šanshai | ϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ šatetn̄shai | ϣⲁⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ šaushai | ϣⲁⲣⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ šare- shai |
| aorist | basic | negative | ⲙⲉⲓ̈ⲥϩⲁⲓ meïshai | ⲙⲉⲕⲥϩⲁⲓ mekshai | ⲙⲉⲣⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ mereshai | ⲙⲉϥⲥϩⲁⲓ mefshai | ⲙⲉⲥⲥϩⲁⲓ messhai | ⲙⲉⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ menshai | ⲙⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ metetn̄shai | ⲙⲉⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ meushai | ⲙⲉⲣⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ mere- shai |
| aorist | circumstantial | affirmative | ⲉϣⲁⲓ̈ⲥϩⲁⲓ ešaïshai | ⲉϣⲁⲕⲥϩⲁⲓ ešakshai | ⲉϣⲁⲣⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ ešareshai | ⲉϣⲁϥⲥϩⲁⲓ ešafshai | ⲉϣⲁⲥⲥϩⲁⲓ ešasshai | ⲉϣⲁⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ ešanshai | ⲉϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ ešatetn̄shai | ⲉϣⲁⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ ešaushai | ⲉϣⲁⲣⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ ešare- shai |
| aorist | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙⲉⲓ̈ⲥϩⲁⲓ emeïshai | ⲉⲙⲉⲕⲥϩⲁⲓ emekshai | ⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ emereshai | ⲉⲙⲉϥⲥϩⲁⲓ emefshai | ⲉⲙⲉⲥⲥϩⲁⲓ emesshai | ⲉⲙⲉⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ emenshai | ⲉⲙⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ emetetn̄shai | ⲉⲙⲉⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ emeushai | ⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ emere- shai |
| aorist | relative | affirmative | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲓ̈ⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲉϣⲁⲓ̈ⲥϩⲁⲓ etešaïshai, ešaïshai | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲕⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲉϣⲁⲕⲥϩⲁⲓ etešakshai, ešakshai | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲣⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲉϣⲁⲣⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ etešareshai, ešareshai | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁϥⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲉϣⲁϥⲥϩⲁⲓ etešafshai, ešafshai | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲥⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲉϣⲁⲥⲥϩⲁⲓ etešasshai, ešasshai | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲉϣⲁⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ etešanshai, ešanshai | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲉϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ etešatetn̄shai, ešatetn̄shai | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲉϣⲁⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ etešaushai, ešaushai | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲣⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲉϣⲁⲣⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ etešare- shai, ešare- shai |
| aorist | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲓ̈ⲥϩⲁⲓ etemeïshai | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲕⲥϩⲁⲓ etemekshai | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ etemereshai | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉϥⲥϩⲁⲓ etemefshai | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲥⲥϩⲁⲓ etemesshai | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ etemenshai | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ etemetetn̄shai | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ etemeushai | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ etemere- shai |
| aorist | preterite | affirmative | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲓ̈ⲥϩⲁⲓ nešaïshai | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲕⲥϩⲁⲓ nešakshai | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲣⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ nešareshai | ⲛⲉϣⲁϥⲥϩⲁⲓ nešafshai | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲥⲥϩⲁⲓ nešasshai | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ nešanshai | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ nešatetn̄shai | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ nešaushai | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲣⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ nešare- shai |
| aorist | preterite | negative | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲓ̈ⲥϩⲁⲓ nemeïshai | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲕⲥϩⲁⲓ nemekshai | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ nemereshai | ⲛⲉⲙⲉϥⲥϩⲁⲓ nemefshai | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲥⲥϩⲁⲓ nemesshai | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ nemenshai | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ nemetetn̄shai | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ nemeushai | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ nemere- shai |
| aorist | focalising | affirmative | ⲉⲙⲉⲓ̈ⲥϩⲁⲓ emeïshai | ⲉⲙⲉⲕⲥϩⲁⲓ emekshai | ⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ emereshai | ⲉⲙⲉϥⲥϩⲁⲓ emefshai | ⲉⲙⲉⲥⲥϩⲁⲓ emesshai | ⲉⲙⲉⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ emenshai | ⲉⲙⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ emetetn̄shai | ⲉⲙⲉⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ emeushai | ⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ emere- shai |
| optative | basic | affirmative | ⲉⲓ̈ⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ eïeshai | ⲉⲕⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ ekeshai | ⲉⲣⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ ereshai | ⲉϥⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ efeshai | ⲉⲥⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ eseshai | ⲉⲛⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ eneshai | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ etetneshai | ⲉⲩⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ eueshai | ⲉⲣⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ ere- shai |
| optative | basic | negative | ⲛ̄ⲛⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄nashai | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲕⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄nekshai | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄neshai | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉϥⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄nefshai | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲥⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄nesshai | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄nenshai | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄netn̄shai | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄neushai | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄ne- shai |
| jussive | basic | affirmative | ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲥϩⲁⲓ marishai | (use imperative) | (use imperative) | ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥⲥϩⲁⲓ marefshai | ⲙⲁⲣⲉⲥⲥϩⲁⲓ maresshai | ⲙⲁⲣⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ marn̄shai | (use imperative) | ⲙⲁⲣⲟⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ maroushai | ⲙⲁⲣⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ mare- shai |
| jussive | basic | negative | ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ m̄pr̄trashai | (use imperative) | (use imperative) | ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲉϥⲥϩⲁⲓ m̄pr̄trefshai | ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲉⲥⲥϩⲁⲓ m̄pr̄tresshai | ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲉⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ m̄pr̄trenshai | (use imperative) | ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲉⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ m̄pr̄treushai | ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ m̄pr̄tre- shai |
| subordinate clause ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲟⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟϥ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲥ | ⲁⲛⲟⲛ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲱⲧⲛ̄ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ | - |
| conjunctive | conjunctive | conjunctive | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲧⲁⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄tashai, tashai | ⲛ̄ⲅⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲛ̄ⲕⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄gshai, n̄kshai | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄teshai | ⲛ̄ϥⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄fshai | ⲛ̄ⲥⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄sshai | ⲛ̄ⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄tn̄shai | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄tetn̄shai | ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄seshai | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄te- shai |
| future conjunctive | future conjunctive | future conjunctive | ⲧⲁⲣⲓⲥϩⲁⲓ tarishai | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲕⲥϩⲁⲓ tarekshai | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ tareshai | ⲧⲁⲣⲉϥⲥϩⲁⲓ tarefshai | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲥⲥϩⲁⲓ taresshai | ⲧⲁⲣⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ tarn̄shai | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ taretn̄shai | ⲧⲁⲣⲟⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ taroushai | ⲧⲁⲣⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ tare- shai |
| precursive | precursive | precursive | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲓⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄terishai | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉⲕⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄terekshai | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉⲣⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄tereshai, n̄terershai | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉϥⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄terefshai | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉⲥⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄teresshai | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄tern̄shai, n̄terenshai | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄teretn̄shai | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲟⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄teroushai | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ n̄tere- shai |
| limitative | limitative | limitative | ϣⲁⲛϯⲥϩⲁⲓ šantishai | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲕ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ šantk̄shai | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ šanteshai | ϣⲁⲛⲧϥ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ šantf̄shai | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲥ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ šants̄shai | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ šantn̄shai | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ šantetn̄shai | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲟⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ šantoushai | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ šante- shai |
| conditional | long | long | ⲉⲓ̈ϣⲁⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ eïšanshai | ⲉⲕϣⲁⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ ekšanshai | ⲉⲣϣⲁⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ, ⲉⲣⲉϣⲁⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ eršanshai, erešanshai | ⲉϥϣⲁⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ efšanshai | ⲉⲥϣⲁⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ esšanshai | ⲉⲛϣⲁⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ enšanshai | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ etetn̄šanshai | ⲉⲩϣⲁⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ eušanshai | ⲉⲣϣⲁⲛ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ eršan- shai |
| conditional | short | short | ⲉⲓ̈ⲥϩⲁⲓ eïshai | ⲉⲕⲥϩⲁⲓ ekshai | ⲉⲣⲉⲥϩⲁⲓ ereshai | ⲉϥⲥϩⲁⲓ efshai | ⲉⲥⲥϩⲁⲓ esshai | ⲉⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ enshai | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲥϩⲁⲓ etetn̄shai | ⲉⲩⲥϩⲁⲓ eushai | ⲉⲣⲉ- ⲥϩⲁⲓ ere- shai |
| negated with | negated with | negated with | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- |

#### Derived terms

* ⲣⲉϥⲥϩⲁⲓ (refshai)
* ⲙⲛⲧⲥϩⲁⲓ (mntshai)
* ⲁⲧⲥϩⲁⲓ (atshai)
* ϭⲓⲛⲥϩⲁⲓ (cinshai)

#### Related terms

* ⲥⲁϩ (sah)

### References

* Marcion Coptic dictionary
* TLA lemma no. C3972 (ⲣⲉϥⲥϩⲁⲓ), in: Coptic Dictionary Online, ed. by the Koptische/Coptic Electronic Language and Literature International Alliance (KELLIA), (accessed 2024-09-01).