# 鼓舞
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gǔwǔ
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˇ ㄨˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gu$^2$ mou$^5$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kú-vú
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kó͘-bú
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gou$^2$ bhu$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gǔwǔ [Phonetic: gúwǔ]
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˇ ㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gǔwǔ
*** Wade–Giles: ku$^3$-wu$^3$
*** Yale: gǔ-wǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guuwuu
*** Palladius: гуу (guu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku²¹⁴⁻³⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gu$^2$ mou$^5$
*** Yale: gú móuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gu$^2$ mou$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gu$^2$ mou$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /kuː³⁵ mou̯¹³/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$鈷鉧／钴𬭁 鼓舞
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kú-vú
*** Hakka Romanization System: gu$^ˋ$ vu$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gu$^3$ vu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ku³¹ vu³¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kó͘-bú
*** Tâi-lô: kóo-bú
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kofbuo
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bu⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bu⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bu⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bu⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bu⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gou$^2$ bhu$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kóu bú
*** Sinological IPA : /kou⁵²⁻³⁵ bu⁵²⁻²¹/
* Middle Chinese: kuX mjuX
Rime :
| Character | 鼓 | 舞 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) | 虞 (24) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 公戸切 | 文甫切 |
| Baxter | kuX | mjuX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuo$^X$/ | /mɨo$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kuo$^X$/ | /mio$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ko$^X$/ | /mio$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɔ$^X$/ | /muə̆$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ko$^X$/ | /mio$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ku$^X$/ | /mĭu$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kuo$^X$/ | /mi̯u$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gǔ | wǔ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gu$^2$ | mou$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤaʔ k.m(r)aʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʷaːʔ maʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 鼓 | 舞 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gǔ | wǔ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ku$^X$ › | ‹ mju$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k]ˁaʔ/ | /*k.m(r)aʔ/ |
| English | drum (n. & v.) | dance (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 鼓 | 舞 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 4337 | 13126 |
| Phonetic component | 鼓 | 無 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 古 | 武 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʷaːʔ/ | /*maʔ/ |
| Notes | 亦同皷 | |

### Verb

鼓舞
* to inspire; to invigorate; to cheer; to stimulate
* (Classical, literally) to play the drums and dance

#### Synonyms

* 勉勵／勉励 (miǎnlì)
* 勸／劝 (quàn)
* 勗勉／勖勉 (xùmiǎn) (literary)
* 激勵／激励 (jīlì)
* 砥礪／砥砺 (dǐlì)
* 鼓動／鼓动 (gǔdòng)
* 鼓勵／鼓励 (gǔlì)

### Adjective

鼓舞
* inspiring; invigorating; stimulating

#### Synonyms

* 振奮／振奋 (zhènfèn)

### Derived terms

* 歡欣鼓舞／欢欣鼓舞 (huānxīngǔwǔ)
* 鼓舞人心 (gǔwǔrénxīn)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 鼓舞(こぶ) (kobu)
* → Korean: 고무(鼓舞) (gomu)
* → Vietnamese: cổ vũ (鼓舞)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 鼓 | 舞 |
| こ Grade: S | ぶ Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こぶ [kóꜜbù] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ko̞bɯ̟]

### Noun

鼓(こ)舞(ぶ) • (kobu)
* encouragement

### Verb

鼓(こ)舞(ぶ)する • (kobu suru) suru (stem 鼓(こ)舞(ぶ)し (kobu shi), past 鼓(こ)舞(ぶ)した (kobu shita))
* encourage

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 鼓舞し | こぶし | kobu shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 鼓舞し | こぶし | kobu shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 鼓舞する | こぶする | kobu suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 鼓舞する | こぶする | kobu suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 鼓舞すれ | こぶすれ | kobu sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 鼓舞せよ¹ 鼓舞しろ² | こぶせよ¹ こぶしろ² | kobu seyo¹ kobu shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 鼓舞される | こぶされる | kobu sareru |
| Causative | 鼓舞させる 鼓舞さす | こぶさせる こぶさす | kobu saseru kobu sasu |
| Potential | 鼓舞できる | こぶできる | kobu dekiru |
| Volitional | 鼓舞しよう | こぶしよう | kobu shiyō |
| Negative | 鼓舞しない | こぶしない | kobu shinai |
| Negative continuative | 鼓舞せず | こぶせず | kobu sezu |
| Formal | 鼓舞します | こぶします | kobu shimasu |
| Perfective | 鼓舞した | こぶした | kobu shita |
| Conjunctive | 鼓舞して | こぶして | kobu shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 鼓舞すれば | こぶすれば | kobu sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 鼓 | 舞 |

### Noun

鼓舞 • (gomu) (hangeul 고무)
* hanja form of 고무 (“inspiration; encouragement; cheering; uplifting of the spirit”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 鼓 | 舞 |

### Verb

鼓舞
* chữ Hán form of cổ vũ (“to cheer”).