# 草原
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): cǎoyuán
    (Zhuyin): ㄘㄠˇ ㄩㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cou$^2$ jyun$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhó-ngièn / chhó-ngiàn
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chháu-goân
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: cǎoyuán
*** Zhuyin: ㄘㄠˇ ㄩㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cǎoyuán
*** Wade–Giles: tsʻao$^3$-yüan$^2$
*** Yale: tsǎu-ywán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsaoyuan
*** Palladius: цаоюань (caojuanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cou$^2$ jyun$^4$
*** Yale: chóu yùhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsou$^2$ jyn$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cou$^2$ yun$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰou̯³⁵ jyːn²¹/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhó-ngièn
*** Hakka Romanization System: co$^ˋ$ ngien$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: co$^3$ ngian$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰo³¹ ŋi̯en¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhó-ngiàn
*** Hakka Romanization System: co$^ˋ$ ngian$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: co$^3$ ngian$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰo³¹ ŋi̯an¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chháu-goân
*** Tâi-lô: tsháu-guân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhaw'goaan
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡuan²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰau⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²³/

### Noun

草原
* grassland; prairie; steppe; savanna
    From: 13th century, Il-yeon, Samguk yusa
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: 1978, 費玉清 (Fei Yu-ching) (lyricist 劉家昌), 中華民國頌
    Qīnghǎi de cǎoyuán, yīyǎn kàn bù wán [Pinyin]
    The grasslands of Qinghai cannot be seen at a glance.

#### Synonyms

* 乾草原／干草原 (gāncǎoyuán)
* 稀樹草原／稀树草原 (xīshù cǎoyuán) (savanna)
* 草地 (cǎodì)
* 草埔 (Hokkien, Teochew)
* 草場／草场 (cǎochǎng)
* 草甸 (cǎodiàn)
* 薩瓦納／萨瓦纳 (sàwǎnà) (savanna)

#### Derived terms

* 大草原
* 稀樹草原／稀树草原 (xīshù cǎoyuán)
* 草原三省 (Cǎoyuán sānshěng)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 草原(そうげん) (sōgen)
* → Korean: 초원(草原) (chowon)
* → Vietnamese: thảo nguyên (草原)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 草 | 原 |
| そう Grade: 1 | げん Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi | kan'on |
Might be a learned borrowing from Chinese 草原 (cǎoyuán). Alternatively, it might be a reanalysis of 草原 (kusahara), applying the expected on'yomi to the spelling to imbue the term with a higher register.
First cited with this sōgen reading to a newspaper article published in 1871.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) そーげん [sòógéń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [so̞ːɡẽ̞ɴ]

#### Noun

草(そう)原(げん) • (sōgen)
* [from 1871] grassland, meadow
** 2014 March 8, “ルイーズ (Ruīzu, “Louise”)”, in 決闘王の記憶 － 決闘者の王国編 (“Memories of the Duel King: Duelist Kingdom Arc”), Konami:
    体(からだ)は小(ちい)さいが、草(そう)原(げん)での守(しゅ)備(び)力(りょく)はかなり強(つよ)い。
       Karada wa chīsai ga, sōgen de no shubiryoku wa kanari tsuyoi.
       It may be small, but its defense strength is considerable in grasslands.
* [after 1871] steppe, savanna, prairie

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 草 | 原 |
| くさ Grade: 1 | わら Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi ||
Kanji in this term :
| 草 | 原 |
| くさ Grade: 1 | はら Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi ||
Compound of 草 (kusa, “grass”) +‎ 原 (hara, “wild or uncultivated field, plain, flatland”).
First cited with the kusahara reading to a text from the late 1500s.
Occasionally encountered with an alternative reading of kusawara.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) くさはら [kùsáhárá] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kɯ̟sa̠ha̠ɾa̠]
* (Tokyo) くさわら [kùsáwárá] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kɯ̟sa̠β̞a̠ɾa̠]

#### Noun

草(くさ)原(はら) or 草(くさ)原(わら) • (kusahara or kusawara)
* [from late 1500s] grassland, meadow

### References

* 1 2 3 “草原”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 4 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ “草原”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
* ↑ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
   * 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 草 | 原 |

### Noun

草原 • (chowon) (hangeul 초원)
* hanja form of 초원 (“grassland”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 草 | 原 |

### Noun

草原
* chữ Hán form of thảo nguyên (“grassland; steppe”).