# 論理
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lùnlǐ
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄣˋ ㄌㄧˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): leon$^6$ lei$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lūn-lí
    (Teochew, Peng'im): lung$^6$ li$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lùnlǐ
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄣˋ ㄌㄧˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lùnlǐ
*** Wade–Giles: lun$^4$-li$^3$
*** Yale: lwùn-lǐ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: luennlii
*** Palladius: луньли (lunʹli)
*** Sinological IPA : /lu̯ən⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: leon$^6$ lei$^5$
*** Yale: leuhn léih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: loen$^6$ lei$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lên$^6$ léi$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɵn²² lei̯¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lūn-lí
*** Tâi-lô: lūn-lí
*** Phofsit Daibuun: luxnlie
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lun²²⁻²¹ li⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lun⁴¹⁻²² li⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /lun²²⁻²¹ li⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /lun³³⁻¹¹ li⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /lun³³⁻²¹ li⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: lung$^6$ li$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lŭng lí
*** Sinological IPA : /luŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ li⁵²/
* Middle Chinese: lwonH|lwon liX
Rime :
| Character | 論 | 論 | 理 |
| Reading # | 3/3 | 2/3 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 來 (37) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 魂 (55) | 魂 (55) | 之 (19) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I | III |
| Fanqie | 盧困切 | 盧昆切 | 良士切 |
| Baxter | lwonH | lwon | liX |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /luən$^H$/ | /luən/ | /lɨ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /luon$^H$/ | /luon/ | /lɨ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /luən$^H$/ | /luən/ | /lie$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lwən$^H$/ | /lwən/ | /lɨ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /luən$^H$/ | /luən/ | /liə$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /luən$^H$/ | /luən/ | /lĭə$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /luən$^H$/ | /luən/ | /li$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lùn | lún | lǐ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | leon$^6$ | leon$^4$ | lei$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤu[n]-s|[r]ˤu[n] m(ə).rəʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ruːns|ruːn rɯʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 論 | 論 | 理 | 理 |
| Reading # | 3/3 | 2/3 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | lùn | lún | lǐ | lǐ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ lwon$^H$ › | ‹ lwon › | ‹ li$^X$ › | ‹ li$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[r]ˁu[n]-s/ | /*[r]ˁu[n]/ | /*m(ə).rəʔ/ | /*m(ə).rəʔ/ |
| English | discussion, discourse | discuss, examine | cut jade; regulate | reason; principle |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 論 | 論 | 理 |
| Reading # | 2/3 | 1/3 | 1/1 |
| No. | 8656 | 8649 | 7827 |
| Phonetic component | 侖 | 侖 | 里 |
| Rime group | 文 | 文 | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 論 | 論 | 里 |
| Old Chinese | /*ruːns/ | /*ruːn/ | /*rɯʔ/ |

### Verb

論理
* to reason with; to bring round

#### Synonyms

* 爭辯是非／争辩是非 (zhēngbiàn shìfēi)
* 說理／说理 (shuōlǐ)
* 講道理／讲道理 (jiǎng dàolǐ)

### Adverb

論理
* normally; should

#### Synonyms

* 按理 (ànlǐ)
* 按理說／按理说 (ànlǐshuō)
* 按說／按说 (ànshuō)
* 照理 (zhàolǐ)
* 照紀綱／照纪纲 (Hokkien)
* 論說／论说 (lùnshuō)

### Noun

論理
* theory
    From: Guo Moruo, 《文藝論集•論中德文化書》
    Zhèzhǒng máodùn de lùnlǐ, fēi wǒbèi suǒ néng xìnfú, yì fēi wǒbèi suǒ néng shíxíng. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (obsolete) logic
    From: 1912, Hu Shih (胡適), translator. Translation of La Dernière Classe by Alphonse Daudet into the Chinese as 《割地》.
    Tā shuō wǒmen Fǎguó de wénzì zěnme hǎo, shuō shì tiānxià zuìměi zuìmíngbái zuìhé lùnlǐ de wénzì. [Pinyin]
    [M. Hamel] went on to talk of the French language, saying that it was the most beautiful language in the world - the clearest, the most logical.
    From: 1937, 毛澤東 (Mao Zedong), 《實踐論》 (On Practice), 《毛澤東選集》. English translation based on the Foreign Languages Press edition
    Zài zhège jiēduàn zhōng, rénmen hái bùnéng zàochéng shēnkè de gàiniàn, zuòchū héhū lùnlǐ (jí héhū luójí) de jiélùn. [Pinyin]
    At this stage, people cannot as yet form concepts, which are deeper, or draw logical conclusions.

#### Synonyms

* (theory):
* 學說／学说 (xuéshuō)
* 理念 (lǐniàn)
* 理想 (lǐxiǎng) (literary)
* 理論／理论 (lǐlùn)
* 說／说 (literary, or in compounds)
* (logic): 邏輯／逻辑 (luójí), 理則／理则 (lǐzé) (obsolete)

#### Derived terms

* 論理學／论理学 (lùnlǐxué)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 論 | 理 |
| ろん Grade: 6 | り Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese compound 論理 (MC lwon liX, literally “debate, theory + reason, principle”). Compare modern Mandarin reading lùnlǐ.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ろんり [róꜜǹrì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɾõ̞n̺ɾʲi]

### Noun

論(ろん)理(り) • (ronri)
* logic, reason

#### Related terms

* 論(ろん)理(り)学(がく) (ronrigaku): the study or field of mathematical logic

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 論 | 理 |

### Noun

論理 • (nolli) (hangeul 논리)
* hanja form of 논리 (“logic”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 論 | 理 |

### Noun

論理
* chữ Hán form of luận lý (“logic”).