# 何以
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): héyǐ
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄜˊ ㄧˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ho$^4$ ji$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: héyǐ
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˊ ㄧˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: héyǐ
*** Wade–Giles: ho$^2$-i$^3$
*** Yale: hé-yǐ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: heryii
*** Palladius: хэи (xɛi)
*** Sinological IPA : /xɤ³⁵ i²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ho$^4$ ji$^5$
*** Yale: hòh yíh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ho$^4$ ji$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ho$^4$ yi$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔː²¹ jiː¹³/
* Middle Chinese: ha yiX
Rime :
| Character | 何 | 以 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 歌 (94) | 之 (19) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 胡歌切 | 羊己切 |
| Baxter | ha | yiX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦɑ/ | /jɨ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦɑ/ | /jɨ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣɑ/ | /ie$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦa/ | /jɨ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣɑ/ | /iə$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣɑ/ | /jĭə$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ɣɑ/ | /i$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hé | yǐ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ho$^4$ | ji$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤaj ləʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡaːl lɯʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 何 | 以 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hé | yǐ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ha › | ‹ yi$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ]ˁaj/ | /*ləʔ/ |
| English | what | take, use |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 何 | 以 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 7458 | 14929 |
| Phonetic component | 可 | 以 |
| Rime group | 歌 | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 何 | 以 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡaːl/ | /*lɯʔ/ |

### Adverb

何以
* (literary) how; why; with what
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Xuānwáng yuē: “Zhūhóu duō móu fá guǎrén zhě, héyǐ dài zhī?” [Pinyin]
    The king Xuan said to Mencius, "The princes have formed many plans to attack me - how shall I prepare myself for them?"
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Gāozǐ yuē: “Yǔ zhī shēng, shàng Wénwáng zhī shēng.” Mèngzǐ yuē: “Héyǐ yán zhī?” [Pinyin]
    The disciple Gao said, "The music of Yu was better than that of king Wen." Mencius observed, "Why do you say so?"
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Xī fūzǐ dāng xíng, shǐ dìzǐ chí yǔjù, yǐ'ér guǒ yǔ. Dìzǐ wèn yuē: “Fūzǐ héyǐ zhī zhī?” [Pinyin]
    Once Confucius was above to set out, and asked his disciples to bring along raingear. Soon afterwards it really rained. His disciples asked, "Master, how did you know it would rain?"
    From: 曹操 (Cao Cao), 《短歌行》, 2nd – 3rd century CE
    Héyǐ jiěyōu? Wéiyǒu dùkāng. [Pinyin]
    How can I rid myself of sorrow? Only via drinking!

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 何為, 何以, 何, 何故, 緣何, 胡, 奚, 曷, 胡為 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 為什麼, 為何, 因何, 何以 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 為什麼, 幹嗎, 幹什麼 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 為什麼 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 為啥 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 為什麼, 做什麼, 做麼 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 為什麼, 做什麼, 做麼 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 為嘛 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 為麼兒, 為麼, 幹麼兒, 為什麼 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 為麼, 為麼個 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 為啥, 因啥 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 為啥 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 為啥, 擁啥, 擁什麼 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 為啥 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 為啥 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 為啥 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 為啥子, 做啥子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 做麼事, 為麼事 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 為哪樣, 為些哪樣 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 為什麼 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 為什麼 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangtan (Jiangnan Industries Group koine) | 為什麼 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 為什麼 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 甚們事, 做事, 做啥, 為甚們 formal |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 怎搞, 怎搞的 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 點解, 做乜, 做乜嘢, 為乜, 為乜為物, 做乜事幹, 因乜事幹, 因乜解究, 因乜緣故, 何解, 乜, 咩 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 點解, 做乜, 做乜嘢, 做咩, 為乜, 為咩, 做乜事幹, 因乜事幹, 因乜解究, 因咩解究, 因乜緣故, 何解, 乜, 咩 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) | 做乜嘢 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 為乜嘢 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 點解 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 整乜嘢 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 做乜嘢 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 點解 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 點解 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 為乜嘢 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 因乜嘢, 點解 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 為乜嘢 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 為乜嘢 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 點解 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 點解 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 點解 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 幾何, 幾解, 做乜, 為乜, 乜頭路 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 幾解 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 做乜 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 點解, 做乜嘢, 做乜, 為乜嘢 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 點解 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Dapeng) | 點解 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 為乜, 為乜事, 做乜, 做乜事, 做乜嘢 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 為物底 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou | 為乜嘢, 為乜 |
| Cantonese | Qinzhou (Xiniujiao) | 為乜底 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 為乜嘢 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Nankang) | 做乜嘢 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Yingpan) | 為乜底 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 做乜嘢, 為乜 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 做乜嘢 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 做乜嘢, 為乜 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 點解 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 點解 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 做乜嘢 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 點解, 為乜 |
| Cantonese | Yangon (Taishan) | 幾解 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 為什哩 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 為咋個, 為咋哩, 做咋個, 做咋哩, 何解 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 做麼個 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 做乜嘢, 做嘢 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 做麼個 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 做麼個 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Wuguishan) | 仰解, 做乜嘢 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 為乜嘢 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 為麼個 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 做麼個 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 做麼個 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 做麼個 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 做麼個 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 做麼個 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 做麼個 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 做麼個 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 做乜個 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 為甚, 因為甚, 幹什 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 𠰻們 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 為孰事, 做孰事 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 蔣其, 蔣講, 做什乇, 做什名, 幹乜勢, 傒勢 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 傒勢 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 介計 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 蔣其 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 做什乇 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 做乜乇 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 做乇 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 做呢乇 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 做乜乇 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 做哪乇 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 為什乇, 蔣其, 蔣講, 做什乇, 傒勢 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 為什物, 按怎, 物代, 敢咧, 創什物 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 按怎, 物代 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 為啥物 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 按怎 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 為甚物 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 為甚物 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 為啥物, 是按怎 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 何物事, 做物事, 做物 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 按怎 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 敢哪, 敢哪誌 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 做呢 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 做呢 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 做呢 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 做呢 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 作乜, 因乜 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 作乜, 因乜, 怎作 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 作乜, 作個乜, 作乜物, 因乜, 因個乜 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 作乜 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 為乜嘢 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 做門, 做哪門, 為哪門 |
| Waxiang | Guzhang (Gaofeng) | 為什個 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 啥體, 為啥, 做啥, 啥講究, 為啥體, 啥個講究, 啥道理, 為啥道理, 啥個路道, 啥個緣故 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 為何, 做何 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 為啥, 為點啥, 做啥, 啥體, 為啥體 |
| Wu | Danyang | 為點高, 做點高 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 為啥 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 妝乜, 為何呢, 為乜事幹 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 為淡事幹, 為待西 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 為麼子, 何解 |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | 奚解 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 嗎介 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 為麼子, 做麼子 |
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 如何, 何以, 若何 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 如何, 怎樣 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 怎麼樣兒, 怎樣兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 怎麼樣, 怎樣, 如何 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 怎麼樣, 怎樣, 如何 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 怎麼樣, 怎樣, 如何 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 怎麼樣 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 咋樣兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 咋個樣, 咋個樣子, 啷個樣, 啷個樣子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 麼樣, 麼樣子, 哪樣, 哪樣子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 啷子樣 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 怎們樣, 哪一個樣, 哪一個樣子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 怎樣 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 點樣, 點 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 點樣, 點 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) | 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 點樣, 點 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 點 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 點樣, 點樣做 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 點 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 點 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 點 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 點 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 點子 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Huancheng) | 點子 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Nanlang) | 點子 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Xiaolan) | 點 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Dongsheng, Xiaolan) | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Tanbei, Xiaolan) | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Henglan) | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Dongfeng) | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Nantou) | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Fusha) | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shalang) | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Gangkou) | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Huangpu) | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Langwang, Minzhong) | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Minzhong) | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Banfu) | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Tanzhou) | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 點 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 點 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 幾何 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 點樣, 點 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 啷樣, 啷 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 仰般, 仰仔 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 仰般, 仰仔 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 仰仔 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 仰般 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 仰脣, 仰 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 仰般, 仰般形 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 仰子 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 咋, 咋底 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 何如, 何如事 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 將樣, 蔣樣, 蔣其 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 按怎, 怎樣, 啥款 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 障仔, 怎樣, 按怎, 啥款 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 按怎, 怎樣, 啥款 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 按怎, 怎仔樣, 怎樣仔, 啥款 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 按怎 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 按怎 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 障仔, 怎樣 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 在生樣, 乜生樣, 做呢 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 在生 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 在生, 在生樣 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 做呢, 做呢樣 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 做呢, 在生 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 哪, 哪樣 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 哪能, 哪能介, 哪能樣子 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 捺亨 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 訾那, 訾那能 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 何是, 何裡 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 麼家 |