# 墓地
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): mùdì
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄨˋ ㄉㄧˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): mou$^6$ dei$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): mu-thi
* Jin (Wiktionary): mu$^3$ di$^3$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): bō͘-tōe / bōng-tōe / bōng-tē
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: mùdì
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄨˋ ㄉㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: mùdì
*** Wade–Giles: mu$^4$-ti$^4$
*** Yale: mù-dì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: muhdih
*** Palladius: муди (mudi)
*** Sinological IPA : /mu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$墓地 目的
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: mou$^6$ dei$^6$
*** Yale: mouh deih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: mou$^6$ dei$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: mou$^6$ déi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /mou̯²² tei̯²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mu-thi
*** Hakka Romanization System: mu ti
*** Hagfa Pinyim: mu$^4$ ti$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /mu⁵⁵ tʰi⁵⁵/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: mu$^3$ di$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /mu⁴⁵ ti⁴⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bō͘-tōe
*** Tâi-lô: bōo-tuē
*** Phofsit Daibuun: boxdoe
*** IPA (Taipei): /bɔ³³⁻¹¹ tue³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /bɔ⁴¹⁻²² tue⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /bɔ²²⁻²¹ tue²²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bōng-tōe
*** Tâi-lô: bōng-tuē
*** Phofsit Daibuun: boxngdoe
*** IPA (Xiamen): /bɔŋ²²⁻²¹ tue²²/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bōng-tē
*** Tâi-lô: bōng-tē
*** Phofsit Daibuun: boxngde
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bɔŋ²²⁻²¹ te²²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /bɔŋ³³⁻²¹ te³³/

### Noun

墓地
* cemetery; graveyard; necropolis

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 墳地, 墳場, 墓地, 墳塋, 墓塋 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 墳地 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 墓地, 墳場 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 墳塋地 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 墳地 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 墳塋地 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 墳地, 墳塋地 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 墳地, 墳塋地 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 墳地, 墳圈子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 墳地, 墳塋地, 墳圈子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 墳塋地 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 墳塋地 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 墳塋地 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 墳地, 墳塋地 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 墳地, 墳塋地, 陰宅 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 墳場 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 墳地 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 墳地, 墳塋地 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 墳地 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 墳地 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 墳地 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 墳地, 塋地 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 墳地, 林地 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 墳塋地, 塋盤 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 墳地, 墳塋地, 墳圈子 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 塋地 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 塋地 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 墳地, 塋地 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 林地, 塋地 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 墳, 墳地, 塋地 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 墳地 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 林地, 塋地 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 墳地 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 墳 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 墳地 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 墳地 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 墳地 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 墳地 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 墳地 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 墳地, 墳塋 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 墳地 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 墳地, 墳院 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 墳地, 墳灘 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 墳地, 林地, 老林, 林, 陰宅 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 墳地, 塋地 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 墳地 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 墳地, 墳塋, 墳灘 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 墳院 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 塋地 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 墳地, 墳院 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 墳地, 陰地 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 墳地 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 墳地 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 墳山 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 墳地 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 墳垻兒, 墳山 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 墳山包包, 墳坡坡 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 墳地, 墳場子, 墳場 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 墳地 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 墳地 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 墳地 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 墳地, 墳山, 陰地 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 墳 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 墳地, 墳山 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 亂葬祖 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 墳院地, 墳山 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 墳地 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 墳地 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 墳山 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 墳地 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 墳地 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 墳地 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 祖山 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 墳地, 墳院 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 墳地, 墳山 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 墳地, 墳灘 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 塋院地 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 墳地, 亂坑 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 墳地 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 墳地 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 墳地 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 墳地 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 墳山 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 墳山 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 墳場, 墓園 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 墳地 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 墳山 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 地 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 地 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 地, 風水 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 墓地, 塚埔 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 墓地, 塚埔 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 墓地, 塚埔 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 墓地, 塚埔 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 墓地, 塚埔 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 埔地, 塚埔 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 墳地 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 墳地, 墓地 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 墳地, 墳塋 |
| Jin | Datong | 墳地 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 墳地, 墳兒, 墳盤子 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 墳地 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 墳地 |
| Jin | Linhe | 墳地 |
| Jin | Jining | 墳地 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 墳地 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 墳地 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 墳地 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 墳地 |
| Jin | Handan | 墳地, 塋地 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 墳地, 塋地 |
| Jin | Suide | 墳地 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 墓地 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 墓地, 塚地, 塚仔地, 塚仔埔 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 塚地, 塚仔地, 塚仔埔 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 風水, 塚仔埔, 墓, 墓仔埔 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 風水, 墓 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 風水, 塚仔埔, 墓, 墓仔埔 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 風水, 塚仔埔, 墓, 墓仔埔 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 崙仔頂, 塚仔埔, 墓 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 墓仔埔 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 風水, 塚仔埔, 墓, 墓仔埔 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 墓仔埔 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 風水 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 風水 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 新山, 義山 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 墳山 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 墓地 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 墳地 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 墳地 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 墳地 |
| Wu | Danyang | 墳山 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 墳地 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 墳地, 墳山 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 墳地 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 墳地, 墳山 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 墳山 |

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 墓地(ぼち) (bochi)
* → Korean: 묘지(墓地) (myoji)
* → Vietnamese: mộ địa (墓地)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 墓 | 地 |
| ぼ Grade: 5 | ち Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||
From Middle Chinese compound 墓地 (mu$^H$ dij$^H$, literally “grave, tomb + ground, region”). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. Compare modern Mandarin reading mùdì, Min Nan bōng-tē.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ぼち [bóꜜchì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [bo̞t͡ɕi]

#### Noun

墓(ぼ)地(ち) • (bochi)
* a cemetery, a graveyard

##### Usage notes

This reading is more common than hakachi below.
In general usage, the Chinese-derived term 墓地 (bochi) is somewhat more formal than the native-Japanese compound 墓場 (hakaba). Compare the similar English terms, with the Latin-derived cemetery and the native compound graveyard.

##### Synonyms

* 墓(はか)場(ば) (hakaba)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 墓 | 地 |
| はか Grade: 5 | ち Grade: 2 |
| yutōyomi ||
Compound of 墓 (haka, “grave”, from Old Japanese) +‎ 地 (chi, “ground, region”, from Middle Chinese).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) はかち [hàkáchí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ha̠ka̠t͡ɕi]

#### Noun

墓(はか)地(ち) • (hakachi)
* a cemetery, a graveyard

##### Usage notes

This reading is less common than bochi above.

##### Synonyms

* 墓(はか)場(ば) (hakaba)

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 墓 | 地 |

### Noun

墓地 • (myoji) (hangeul 묘지)
* hanja form of 묘지 (“cemetery, graveyard”)