# 稟告
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bǐnggào
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄧㄥˇ ㄍㄠˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ban$^2$ gou$^3$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): péng-kò͘ / pín-kò / péng-kò
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bǐnggào
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄧㄥˇ ㄍㄠˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bǐnggào
*** Wade–Giles: ping$^3$-kao$^4$
*** Yale: bǐng-gàu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: biinggaw
*** Palladius: бингао (bingao)
*** Sinological IPA : /piŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɑʊ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ban$^2$ gou$^3$
*** Yale: bán gou
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ban$^2$ gou$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ben$^2$ gou$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /pɐn³⁵ kou̯³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: péng-kò͘
*** Tâi-lô: píng-kòo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pefngkox
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /piɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pín-kò
*** Tâi-lô: pín-kò
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pynkoix
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pin⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɤ²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /pin⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ko¹¹/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: péng-kò
*** Tâi-lô: píng-kò
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pefngkoix
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /piɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ko²¹/

### Verb

稟告
* to report (to one's superior)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 稟 | 告 |
| ひん Jinmeiyō | こく Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 稟吿 (kyūjitai)
/pinkoku/ → /finkoku/ → /hinkoku/
From Middle Chinese compound 稟告／禀告 (pim$^X$ kowk, literally “report, petition + inform”). Compare modern Min Nan reading pín-kò or Mandarin bǐnggào.
The goon reading, so likely the original borrowing.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ひんこく [hìńkókú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [çĩŋko̞kɯ̟]

#### Noun

稟(ひん)告(こく) • (hinkoku)
* (rare, possibly obsolete) reporting (especially to a superior)
* (rare, possibly obsolete) a report (especially to a superior)

##### Synonyms

* 上申(じょうしん) (jōshin)
* 報告(ほうこく) (hōkoku) (lacks the “to a superior” sense)

#### Verb

稟(ひん)告(こく)する • (hinkoku suru) suru (stem 稟(ひん)告(こく)し (hinkoku shi), past 稟(ひん)告(こく)した (hinkoku shita))
* (rare, possibly obsolete) to report, to make a report (especially to a superior)

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 稟告し | ひんこくし | hinkoku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 稟告し | ひんこくし | hinkoku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 稟告する | ひんこくする | hinkoku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 稟告する | ひんこくする | hinkoku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 稟告すれ | ひんこくすれ | hinkoku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 稟告せよ¹ 稟告しろ² | ひんこくせよ¹ ひんこくしろ² | hinkoku seyo¹ hinkoku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 稟告される | ひんこくされる | hinkoku sareru |
| Causative | 稟告させる 稟告さす | ひんこくさせる ひんこくさす | hinkoku saseru hinkoku sasu |
| Potential | 稟告できる | ひんこくできる | hinkoku dekiru |
| Volitional | 稟告しよう | ひんこくしよう | hinkoku shiyō |
| Negative | 稟告しない | ひんこくしない | hinkoku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 稟告せず | ひんこくせず | hinkoku sezu |
| Formal | 稟告します | ひんこくします | hinkoku shimasu |
| Perfective | 稟告した | ひんこくした | hinkoku shita |
| Conjunctive | 稟告して | ひんこくして | hinkoku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 稟告すれば | ひんこくすれば | hinkoku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

##### Synonyms

* 上申(じょうしん) (jōshin)
* 報告(ほうこく) (hōkoku) (lacks the “to a superior” sense)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 稟 | 告 |
| りん Jinmeiyō | こく Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 稟吿 (kyūjitai)
Appears to be a shift in pronunciation within Japanese, likely influenced by the alternative Middle Chinese reading lim$^X$ for the 稟／禀 character. The rin reading in Japanese is sometimes treated as kan'yōon.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) りんこく [rìńkókú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɾʲĩŋko̞kɯ̟]

#### Noun

稟(りん)告(こく) • (rinkoku)
* a proposal, proposing
* notification, notifying, informing, telling
* a declaration, declaring

##### Synonyms

* (proposal): 申(もう)し出(で) (mōshide), 提案(ていあん) (teian)
* (notification): 通知(つうち) (tsūchi), 告知(こくち) (kokuchi)
* (declaration): 申(もう)し告(つ)げる (mōshitsugeru), 申告(しんこく) (shinkoku)

#### Verb

稟(りん)告(こく)する • (rinkoku suru) suru (stem 稟(りん)告(こく)し (rinkoku shi), past 稟(りん)告(こく)した (rinkoku shita))
* to propose, to make a proposal
* to notify, to inform, to tell
* to declare, to make a declaration

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 稟告し | りんこくし | rinkoku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 稟告し | りんこくし | rinkoku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 稟告する | りんこくする | rinkoku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 稟告する | りんこくする | rinkoku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 稟告すれ | りんこくすれ | rinkoku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 稟告せよ¹ 稟告しろ² | りんこくせよ¹ りんこくしろ² | rinkoku seyo¹ rinkoku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 稟告される | りんこくされる | rinkoku sareru |
| Causative | 稟告させる 稟告さす | りんこくさせる りんこくさす | rinkoku saseru rinkoku sasu |
| Potential | 稟告できる | りんこくできる | rinkoku dekiru |
| Volitional | 稟告しよう | りんこくしよう | rinkoku shiyō |
| Negative | 稟告しない | りんこくしない | rinkoku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 稟告せず | りんこくせず | rinkoku sezu |
| Formal | 稟告します | りんこくします | rinkoku shimasu |
| Perfective | 稟告した | りんこくした | rinkoku shita |
| Conjunctive | 稟告して | りんこくして | rinkoku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 稟告すれば | りんこくすれば | rinkoku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

##### Synonyms

* (propose): 申(もう)し出(で)る (mōshideru), 提案(ていあん) (teian)
* (inform): 申(もう)し上(あ)げる (mōshiageru)
* (notify): 通知(つうち) (tsūchi), 告知(こくち) (kokuchi)
* (declare): 申(もう)し告(つ)げる (mōshitsugeru), 申告(しんこく) (shinkoku)

### References

* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 稟 | 告 |

### Noun

稟告 • (pumgo) (hangeul 품고)
* hanja form of 품고 (“notice; notification; report (to one's superior)”)