# 險

| 險 | U+96AA, &#38570; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-96AA |
| ← 隩 [U+96A9] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 隫 → [U+96AB] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 險 |
| Shinjitai | 険 |
| Simplified | 险 |

### Han character

險 (Kangxi radical 170, 阜+13, 16 strokes, cangjie input 弓中人一人 (NLOMO), four-corner 7828$_6$, composition ⿰阝僉)

#### Derived characters

* 𧂹

#### Related characters

* 険 (Japanese shinjitai)
* 险 (Simplified Chinese)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1361, character 10
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41874
* Dae Jaweon: page 1865, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4160, character 8
* Unihan data for U+96AA

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 險 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 厱 | *raːm, *kʰreːm, *kʰlam |
| 歛 | *qʰlaːm |
| 臉 | *ɡ·reːmʔ, *skʰlam, *kramʔ |
| 醶 | *ɡr·reːmʔ, *skʰraːmʔ |
| 鹼 | *kreːmʔ, *skʰlam |
| 薟 | *ɡ·ram, *ɡ·ramʔ, *qʰram |
| 匳 | *ɡ·ram |
| 獫 | *ɡ·ram, *ɡ·ramʔ, *ɡ·rams, *qʰramʔ |
| 蘞 | *ɡ·ram, *ɡ·ramʔ, *qʰlam |
| 籢 | *ɡ·ram |
| 斂 | *ɡ·ramʔ, *ɡ·rams |
| 瀲 | *ɡ·ramʔ, *ɡ·rams |
| 撿 | *ɡ·ramʔ, *kramʔ |
| 羷 | *ɡ·ramʔ |
| 殮 | *ɡ·rams |
| 簽 | *skʰlam |
| 僉 | *skʰlam |
| 憸 | *skʰlam, *skʰlamʔ, *sqʰlam, *qʰramʔ |
| 譣 | *skʰlam, *qʰramʔ |
| 檢 | *kramʔ |
| 瞼 | *kramʔ |
| 儉 | *ɡramʔ |
| 顩 | *ŋramʔ, *rlɯmʔ, *kʰrɯmʔ |
| 嬐 | *ŋramʔ |
| 嶮 | *ŋramʔ, *hŋramʔ |
| 噞 | *ŋramʔ, *ŋrams |
| 驗 | *ŋrams |
| 險 | *qʰramʔ |
| 劒 | *kams |
| 劍 | *kams |
| 𩏩 | *qʰam |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰramʔ) : semantic 阝 + phonetic 僉 (OC *skʰlam).

### Etymology

May be cognate with 巖 (OC *ŋraːm, “tall; cliff”). See 嚴 for more.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): xiǎn (xian$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xian$^3$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): щян (xi͡an, II)
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): him$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): hiam$^2$
* Gan (Wiktionary): xien$^3$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): hiám
    (Meixian, Guangdong): hiam$^3$
* Jin (Wiktionary): xie$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): hǐng / híng
* Eastern Min (BUC): hiēng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hiám / hém / hiáⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hiam$^2$ / hiang$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$shi
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): xienn$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiǎn
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siǎn
*** Wade–Giles: hsien$^3$
*** Yale: syǎn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shean
*** Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: xian$^3$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xian
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiɛn⁵³/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: щян (xi͡an, II)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiæ̃⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: him$^2$
*** Yale: hím
*** Cantonese Pinyin: him$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: him$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hiːm³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: hiam$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hiam⁵⁵/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: xien$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕiɛn²¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hiám
*** Hakka Romanization System: hiam$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hiam$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /hi̯am³¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: hiam$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /hiam³¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: xie$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕie⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hǐng / híng
*** Sinological IPA : /xiŋ²¹/, /xiŋ⁵⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hiēng
*** Sinological IPA : /hieŋ³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Yongchun, Zhangpu, Changtai, General Taiwanese, Singapore, Klang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiám
*** Tâi-lô: hiám
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hiarm
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiam⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Yongchun, Zhangpu, Changtai, Taipei, Klang): /hiam⁵³/
*** IPA (Singapore): /hiam⁴²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an): /hiam⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Hui'an)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hém
*** Tâi-lô: hém
*** Phofsit Daibuun: heam
*** IPA (Hui'an): /hem⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiáⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: hiánn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hviar
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hiã⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hiã⁵³/
* hiám/hém - literary;
* hiáⁿ - vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit險 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕian²¹⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /ɕian²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /ɕian¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /ɕiã⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /ɕiã⁵⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /ɕian⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /ɕiã⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /ɕiã⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /ɕian⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /ɕiɛ̃n⁴⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /ɕian⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /ɕiɛn⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /ɕian⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /ɕian⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /ɕiɛ̃⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /ɕien²¹²/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /ɕiĩ²⁴/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ɕie¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /ɕie̞⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /ɕie⁵³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɕi³⁵/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /ɕiɪ⁵¹/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /ɕiẽ̞⁵³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /ɕi³⁵/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /ɕie³⁵/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /ɕiɛ³¹/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ɕiẽ⁴¹/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /ɕiẽ²¹/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ɕiɛn²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /hiam³¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /hiɑm³¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /him³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /him³⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /him³⁵/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hiam⁵³/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /hieŋ³²/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /xiŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /hiam⁵³/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /hiam²¹³/ |
* Middle Chinese: xjemX
Rime :
| Character | 險 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 鹽 (154) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 虚檢切 |
| Baxter | xjemX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hˠiᴇm$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /hᵚiɛm$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xiæm$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /hjiam$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /xjɛm$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /xĭɛm$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /xi̯ɛm$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xiǎn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | him$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰr[a]mʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qʰramʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 險 | 險 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xiǎn | xiǎn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xjæm$^X$ › | ‹ xjem$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰr[a]mʔ/ | /*qʰr[a]mʔ/ |
| English | precipitous, dangerous | precipitous, dangerous |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 險 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 10221 |
| Phonetic component | 僉 |
| Rime group | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 險 |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰramʔ/ |

### Definitions

險
* (of terrain) difficult and treacherous
    險灘／险滩 ― xiǎntān ― dangerous shoal
* (now in compounds) narrow pass; treacherous place; strategic point
    天險／天险 ― tiānxiǎn ― natural terrain that is precipitous and in a strategic position
    無險可守／无险可守 ― wú xiǎn kě shǒu ― to have no tenable defence position
* (now dialectal or in compounds) danger; hazard; peril; risk
    冒險／冒险 ― màoxiǎn ― to take a risk
    脫險／脱险 ― tuōxiǎn ― to escape danger
       From: 2002, 李榮 (Li Rong), chief editor, 《現代漢語方言大詞典》 [Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects], Nanjing: Jiangsu Education Publishing House, →ISBN, page 5595
       bei$^6$ gwo$^3$ nei$^1$ coeng$^4$ him$^2$ [Jyutping]
       (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
    Gù jūnzǐ jūyì yǐ sìmìng, xiǎorén xíngxiǎn yǐ jiàoxìng. [Pinyin]
    Thus it is that the superior man is quiet and calm, waiting for the appointments of Heaven, while the mean man walks in dangerous paths, looking for lucky occurrences.
* dangerous; hazardous
    驚險／惊险 ― jīngxiǎn ― breathtaking
       From: 2002, 李榮 (Li Rong), chief editor, 《現代漢語方言大詞典》 [Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects], Nanjing: Jiangsu Education Publishing House, →ISBN, page 5595
       him$^2$ dak$^1$ zai$^6$ [Jyutping]
       too dangerous
* (now dialectal or in compounds) sinister; vicious
    陰險／阴险 ― yīnxiǎn ― treacherous; sinister
* (of bad things) almost; nearly
    險些／险些 ― xiǎnxiē ― nearly
    險遭毒手／险遭毒手 ― xiǎn zāo dúshǒu ― to be nearly murdered
* (in compounds) Short for 保險／保险 (bǎoxiǎn, “insurance”).
    壽險／寿险 ― shòuxiǎn ― life insurance

#### Synonyms

* (almost):
* 差一點／差一点
* 差啲 (caa$^1$ di$^1$) (Cantonese)
* 差小可 (Hokkien)
* 差小可仔 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 差淡薄 (Hokkien)
* 差淡薄仔 (Hokkien)
* 差無偌／差无偌 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
* 差點／差点 (chàdiǎn)
* 差點咖子／差点咖子 (ca$^1$ dienn$^3$ ga zr) (Xiang)
* 急下烏／急下乌 ($^7$ciq-shia-u) (Wu)
* 爭些／争些 (zhēngxiē) (obsolete)
* 爭啲／争啲 (zaang$^1$ di$^1$) (Cantonese)
* 爭差點兒／争差点儿 (zen$^1$ ca$^1$ dianr$^3$) (Sichuanese)
* 爭滴滴兒／争滴滴儿 (zen$^1$ di$^1$ dir$^{3-1}$) (Sichuanese)
* 爭點兒／争点儿 (zen$^1$ dianr$^3$) (Sichuanese)
* 臨臨仔／临临仔 (Hokkien)
* 險些／险些 (xiǎnxiē) (of bad things)
* 險介乎／险介乎 ($^5$shi-cia-wu) (Wu)
* 險險／险险 (Hokkien)

### Compounds

* 人壽保險／人寿保险 (rénshòu bǎoxiǎn)
* 人身保險／人身保险 (rénshēn bǎoxiǎn)
* 保險／保险 (bǎoxiǎn)
* 保險人／保险人 (bǎoxiǎnrén)
* 保險公司／保险公司 (bǎoxiǎn gōngsī)
* 保險刀片／保险刀片
* 保險利益／保险利益
* 保險單／保险单 (bǎoxiǎndān)
* 保險套／保险套 (bǎoxiǎntào)
* 保險桿／保险杆 (bǎoxiǎngǎn)
* 保險業／保险业 (bǎoxiǎnyè)
* 保險槓／保险杠 (bǎoxiǎngàng)
* 保險櫃／保险柜 (bǎoxiǎnguì)
* 保險法／保险法 (bǎoxiǎnfǎ)
* 保險燈／保险灯 (bǎoxiǎndēng)
* 保險箱／保险箱 (bǎoxiǎnxiāng)
* 保險絲／保险丝 (bǎoxiǎnsī)
* 保險給付／保险给付
* 保險費／保险费 (bǎoxiǎnfèi)
* 保險賠償／保险赔偿
* 保險金／保险金 (bǎoxiǎnjīn)
* 保險開關／保险开关
* 健康保險／健康保险 (jiànkāng bǎoxiǎn)
* 偏險／偏险
* 傷害保險／伤害保险
* 全民保險／全民保险
* 公共保險／公共保险
* 兵災保險／兵灾保险
* 兵險／兵险
* 冒險／冒险 (màoxiǎn)
* 冒險犯難／冒险犯难
* 冒險進取／冒险进取
* 凶險 (xiōngxiǎn)
* 出險／出险 (chūxiǎn)
* 勞動保險／劳动保险
* 包裹保險／包裹保险
* 化險為夷／化险为夷 (huà xiǎn wéi yí)
* 千難萬險／千难万险
* 危險／危险 (wēixiǎn)
* 危險分子／危险分子
* 危險性／危险性 (wēixiǎnxìng)
* 危險期／危险期
* 危險物／危险物
* 地窄路險／地窄路险
* 壽險／寿险 (shòuxiǎn)
* 大驚大險／大惊大险
* 太空探險／太空探险
* 天險／天险 (tiānxiǎn)
* 失業保險／失业保险
* 夷險／夷险
* 夷險一節／夷险一节
* 好險／好险 (hǎoxiǎn)
* 奸險 (jiānxiǎn)
* 定期保險／定期保险
* 履險如夷／履险如夷
* 山險／山险 (shānxiǎn)
* 平安險／平安险
* 幽險／幽险
* 弄險／弄险
* 強制保險／强制保险
* 意外險／意外险
* 憑險／凭险
* 拉保險／拉保险
* 探險／探险 (tànxiǎn)
* 探險家／探险家
* 擔險／担险
* 有驚無險／有惊无险 (yǒujīngwúxiǎn)
* 歷盡艱險／历尽艰险
* 歷險／历险 (lìxiǎn)
* 水險／水险
* 汽車保險／汽车保险
* 海上保險／海上保险
* 涉危履險／涉危履险
* 海門天險／海门天险
* 涉險／涉险
* 漁民保險／渔民保险
* 火災保險／火灾保险
* 火險／火险 (huǒxiǎn)
* 產物保險／产物保险
* 產險／产险
* 社會保險／社会保险 (shèhuì bǎoxiǎn)
* 視險如夷／视险如夷 (shìxiǎnrúyí)
* 視險若夷／视险若夷 (shìxiǎnruòyí)
* 私校保險／私校保险
* 稻作保險／稻作保险
* 竊盜險／窃盗险
* 終身保險／终身保险
* 耽險／耽险
* 脫險／脱险 (tuōxiǎn)
* 艱險／艰险 (jiānxiǎn)
* 艱難險阻／艰难险阻 (jiānnánxiǎnzǔ)
* 被保險人／被保险人 (bèibǎoxiǎnrén)
* 設險／设险
* 責任保險／责任保险 (zérèn bǎoxiǎn)
* 赴險／赴险 (fùxiǎn)
* 赴險如夷／赴险如夷
* 遇險／遇险 (yùxiǎn)
* 鋌而走險／铤而走险 (tǐng'érzǒuxiǎn)
* 阻險／阻险
* 陰險／阴险 (yīnxiǎn)
* 隘險／隘险
* 險些／险些 (xiǎnxiē)
* 險勝／险胜 (xiǎnshèng)
* 險句／险句
* 險固／险固 (xiǎngù)
* 險地／险地 (xiǎndì)
* 險塞／险塞
* 險境／险境 (xiǎnjìng)
* 險峰／险峰
* 險峻／险峻 (xiǎnjùn)
* 險巇／险巇 (xiǎnxī)
* 險工／险工
* 險惡／险恶 (xiǎn'è)
* 險戲／险戏
* 險易／险易
* 險棘／险棘
* 險滑／险滑
* 險灘／险滩 (xiǎntān)
* 險症／险症
* 險要／险要 (xiǎnyào)
* 險詐／险诈 (xiǎnzhà)
* 險詖／险诐
* 險語／险语
* 險譎／险谲
* 險象／险象 (xiǎnxiàng)
* 險象環生／险象环生 (xiǎnxiànghuánshēng)
* 險路／险路
* 險途／险途
* 險道神／险道神
* 險遭不測／险遭不测
* 險釁／险衅
* 險阻／险阻 (xiǎnzǔ)
* 險阻艱難／险阻艰难
* 險隘／险隘
* 險韻／险韵
* 風險／风险 (fēngxiǎn)
* 驚險／惊险 (jīngxiǎn)
* 驚險百出／惊险百出

### Descendants

* → Vietnamese: hiểm (險)

### References

* “險”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 険 |
| Kyūjitai | 險 |

### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 険)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): けん (ken)
* Kun: けわしい (kewashii, 險しい)

## Korean
### Hanja

險 • (heom) (hangeul 험, revised heom, McCune–Reischauer hŏm, Yale hem)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

險: Hán Việt readings: hiểm
險: Nôm readings: hiểm, hẻm, hiếm, hĩm
* chữ Hán form of hiểm (“dangerous, impassable”).
* Nôm form of hẻm (“narrow space, dead-end”).
* Nôm form of hiếm (“rare, scarce”).
* Nôm form of hĩm (“little girl (Central Vietnamese countryside)”).

### References

* 1 2 Nguyễn (2014).
* 1 2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
* 1 2 Trần (2004).
* ↑ Trần (1999).
* ↑ Nguyễn (1974).
* ↑ Thiều Chửu (1942).
* 1 2 Hồ (1976).