# 訓令
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xùnlìng
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄩㄣˋ ㄌㄧㄥˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fan$^3$ ling$^6$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hùn-lēng
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xùnlìng
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄣˋ ㄌㄧㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: syùnlìng
*** Wade–Giles: hsün$^4$-ling$^4$
*** Yale: syùn-lìng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiunnlinq
*** Palladius: сюньлин (sjunʹlin)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕyn⁵¹⁻⁵³ liŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fan$^3$ ling$^6$
*** Yale: fan lihng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fan$^3$ ling$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fen$^3$ ling$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɐn³³ lɪŋ²²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hùn-lēng
*** Tâi-lô: hùn-līng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: huonleng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hun²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hun⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɪŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hun²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hun¹¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hun²¹⁻⁴¹ liɪŋ³³/

### Noun

訓令
* order; instruction; official directive; written instructions from superiors

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 訓令(くんれい) (kunrei)
* → Korean: 훈령(訓令) (hullyeong)
* → Vietnamese: huấn lệnh (訓令)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 訓 | 令 |
| くん Grade: 4 | れい Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) くんれー [kùńréé] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kɯ̟̃n̺ɾe̞ː]

### Noun

訓(くん)令(れい) • (kunrei)
* (from a superior, to an inferior) instruction, order, command
* (government) an order from a higher government office, such as the Cabinet or a ministry, to a lower government office, which interprets ordinances or policies, or directs and supervises its duties and exercise of authority
* (military) an order with only an objective, leaving the choice of the method to the executor

#### Derived terms

* 訓令式(くんれいしき) (kunreishiki)

### Verb

訓(くん)令(れい)する • (kunrei suru) transitive suru (stem 訓(くん)令(れい)し (kunrei shi), past 訓(くん)令(れい)した (kunrei shita))
* (from a superior, to an inferior) to instruct, command
* (government) to issue a command as mentioned above
* (military) to issue a command as mentioned above

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 訓令し | くんれいし | kunrei shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 訓令し | くんれいし | kunrei shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 訓令する | くんれいする | kunrei suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 訓令する | くんれいする | kunrei suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 訓令すれ | くんれいすれ | kunrei sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 訓令せよ¹ 訓令しろ² | くんれいせよ¹ くんれいしろ² | kunrei seyo¹ kunrei shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 訓令される | くんれいされる | kunrei sareru |
| Causative | 訓令させる 訓令さす | くんれいさせる くんれいさす | kunrei saseru kunrei sasu |
| Potential | 訓令できる | くんれいできる | kunrei dekiru |
| Volitional | 訓令しよう | くんれいしよう | kunrei shiyō |
| Negative | 訓令しない | くんれいしない | kunrei shinai |
| Negative continuative | 訓令せず | くんれいせず | kunrei sezu |
| Formal | 訓令します | くんれいします | kunrei shimasu |
| Perfective | 訓令した | くんれいした | kunrei shita |
| Conjunctive | 訓令して | くんれいして | kunrei shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 訓令すれば | くんれいすれば | kunrei sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN