# 諷刺
## Chinese
### Etymology

Attestable from at least the Northern and Southern dynasties (420–589). In modern Chinese, popularised as reborrowed from Japanese 諷刺(ふうし) (fūshi).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fěngcì, fèngcì
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄥˇ ㄘˋ, ㄈㄥˋ ㄘˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fung$^3$ ci$^3$ / fung$^2$ ci$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hóng-chhì / hong-chhì
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hong$^3$ ceng$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fěngcì
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄥˇ ㄘˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fǒngcìh
*** Wade–Giles: fêng$^3$-tzʻŭ$^4$
*** Yale: fěng-tsz̀
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: feengtsyh
*** Palladius: фэнцы (fɛncy)
*** Sinological IPA : /fɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰz̩⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fèngcì
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄥˋ ㄘˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fòngcìh
*** Wade–Giles: fêng$^4$-tzʻŭ$^4$
*** Yale: fèng-tsz̀
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fenqtsyh
*** Palladius: фэнцы (fɛncy)
*** Sinological IPA : /fɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰz̩⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fung$^3$ ci$^3$ / fung$^2$ ci$^3$
*** Yale: fung chi / fúng chi
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fung$^3$ tsi$^3$ / fung$^2$ tsi$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fung$^3$ qi$^3$ / fung$^2$ qi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /fʊŋ³³ t͡sʰiː³³/, /fʊŋ³⁵ t͡sʰiː³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hóng-chhì
*** Tâi-lô: hóng-tshì
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hofngchix
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰi²¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰi²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰi¹¹/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hong-chhì
*** Tâi-lô: hong-tshì
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hongchix
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰi²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔŋ³³ t͡sʰi⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰi¹¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hong$^3$ ceng$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hòng tshṳ̀ng
*** Sinological IPA : /hoŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰɯŋ²¹³/
* Middle Chinese: pjuwngH tshjeH
Rime :
| Character | 諷 | 刺 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) | 清 (14) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (2) | 支 (11) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 方鳳切 | 七賜切 |
| Baxter | pjuwngH | tshjeH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pɨuŋ$^H$/ | /t͡sʰiᴇ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /piuŋ$^H$/ | /t͡sʰiɛ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /piuŋ$^H$/ | /t͡sʰjɛ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /puwŋ$^H$/ | /t͡sʰiə̆$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /piuŋ$^H$/ | /t͡sʰie$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /pĭuŋ$^H$/ | /t͡sʰǐe$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /pi̯uŋ$^H$/ | /t͡sʰie̯$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fèng | cì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fung$^3$ | ci$^3$ |

### Verb

諷刺
* (transitive) to satirise; to mock; to ridicule (using indirect language)
* (literary) to advise in a mild and indirect manner

#### Synonyms

* 作弄 (zuònòng)
* 僝僽 (chánzhòu) (literary)
* 刺 (literary, or in compounds)
* 刺溪 (chié-*kă̤) (Eastern Min)
* 創弄／创弄 (Hokkien)
* 創景／创景 (Hokkien)
* 創治／创治 (chhòng-tī) (Hokkien)
* 剾損／𠛅损 (Hokkien)
* 剾洗／𠛅洗 (khau-sé) (Hokkien)
* 剾洗／𠛅洗 (Hokkien)
* 剾褻／𠛅亵 (Hokkien)
* 𠢕滾／𠢕滚 (Hokkien)
* 取樂／取乐 (qǔlè)
* 取笑 (qǔxiào)
* 呾笑話／呾笑话 (dan$^3$ cio$^3$ uê$^7$) (Teochew)
* 呾耍笑 (Teochew)
* 嗤笑 (chīxiào)
* 嘲弄 (cháonòng)
* 嘲笑 (cháoxiào)
* 嘲訕／嘲讪 (cháoshàn)
* 嘲諷／嘲讽 (cháofěng)
* 嘲謔／嘲谑 (cháoxuè)
* 奚落 (xīluò)
* 尋開心／寻开心 (Wu)
* 巴銳／巴锐 (Hokkien)
* 恥笑／耻笑 (chǐxiào)
* 戲弄／戏弄 (xìnòng)
* 戲謔／戏谑 (xìxuè)
* 挖苦 (wākǔ)
* 捉弄 (zhuōnòng)
* 損／损 (sǔn) (colloquial)
* 撩 (Hakka)
* 撚化 (nan$^2$ faa$^3$) (Cantonese)
* 撮弄 (cuōnòng) (literary)
* 擺弄／摆弄
* 消遣 (xiāoqiǎn)
* 湊趣／凑趣 (còuqù)
* 𤊶人 (Hakka)
* 玩 (colloquial)
* 玩弄
* 笑 (xiào)
* 笑話／笑话 (xiàohuà)
* 耍 (shuǎ)
* 耍弄 (shuǎnòng)
* 耍忽 (sua$^2$ huah$^4$) (Jin)
* 落八 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 見笑／见笑 (jiànxiào)
* 訕笑／讪笑 (shànxiào)
* 詼謔／诙谑 (huīxuè)
* 說風涼話／说风凉话 (shuō fēngliánghuà)
* 調笑／调笑 (tiáoxiào)
* 諦／谛 (dai$^3$) (Cantonese)
* 謔潲／谑潲 (Hokkien)
* 謔燒／谑烧 (Hokkien)
* 講笑／讲笑 (Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien)
* 講耍笑／讲耍笑 (Hokkien)
* 譏刺／讥刺 (jīcì)
* 譏嘲／讥嘲 (jīcháo)
* 譏笑／讥笑 (jīxiào)
* 譏誚／讥诮 (jīqiào) (literary)
* 譏諷／讥讽 (jīfěng)
* 變弄／变弄 (Hokkien)
* 𧮙 (Wu)
* 起鬨／起哄 (qǐhòng)
* 輕體／轻体 (Hokkien)
* 逗 (dòu)
* 逗弄
* 鄙笑 (Hokkien)
* 酸笑 (Hokkien)
* 鈍／钝 (Wu)
* 開心／开心 (kāixīn)
* 開涮／开涮 (kāishuàn) (colloquial)
* 開玩笑／开玩笑 (kāi wánxiào)
* 鬧玩笑／闹玩笑 (nào wánxiào)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 諷 | 刺 |
| ふう Hyōgai | し Grade: S |
| goon | on'yomi |
For pronunciation and definitions of 諷刺 – see the following entry. :
| 【風刺ふうし】 | [noun] satire [noun] irony; sarcasm [verb] to satirize |
(This term, 諷刺, is an alternative spelling (dated) of the above term.) :

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 諷 | 刺 |

### Noun

諷刺 • (pungja) (hangeul 풍자)
* hanja form of 풍자 (“satire; sarcasm”)