# 防止
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fángzhǐ
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄤˊ ㄓˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fong$^4$ zi$^2$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fòng-chṳ́
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hông-chí
    (Teochew, Peng'im): huang$^5$ zi$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fángzhǐ
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄤˊ ㄓˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fángjhǐh
*** Wade–Giles: fang$^2$-chih$^3$
*** Yale: fáng-jř
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: farngjyy
*** Palladius: фанчжи (fančži)
*** Sinological IPA : /fɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fong$^4$ zi$^2$
*** Yale: fòhng jí
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fong$^4$ dzi$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fong$^4$ ji$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɔːŋ²¹ t͡siː³⁵/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$房子 防止
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fòng-chṳ́
*** Hakka Romanization System: fong$^ˇ$ zii$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fong$^2$ zi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /foŋ¹¹ t͡sɨ³¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hông-chí
*** Tâi-lô: hông-tsí
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hongcie
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡si⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡si⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡si⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡si⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡si⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: huang$^5$ zi$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huâng tsí
*** Sinological IPA : /huaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡si⁵²/

### Verb

防止
* (transitive) to prevent
    防止污染 ― fángzhǐ wūrǎn ― to prevent pollution
    防止意外 ― fángzhǐ yìwài ― to prevent accidents

#### Synonyms

* 免除 (miǎnchú)
* 嚴防／严防 (yánfáng)
* 戒備／戒备 (jièbèi)
* 提防
* 謹防／谨防 (jǐnfáng)
* 避 (bì) (literary, or in compounds)
* 避免 (bìmiǎn)
* 防 (fáng)
* 防備／防备 (fángbèi)
* 防範／防范 (fángfàn)
* 阻止 (zǔzhǐ)
* 預備／预备 (yùbèi) (literary)
* 預防／预防 (yùfáng)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 防 | 止 |
| ぼう Grade: 5 | し Grade: 2 |
| goon | on'yomi |

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ぼーし [bòóshí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [bo̞ːɕi]

### Noun

防(ぼう)止(し) • (bōshi)
* prevention
    Synonym: 抑止 (yokushi)

### Verb

防(ぼう)止(し)する • (bōshi suru) transitive suru (stem 防(ぼう)止(し)し (bōshi shi), past 防(ぼう)止(し)した (bōshi shita))
* to prevent
    Synonym: 防ぐ (fusegu)

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 防止し | ぼうしし | bōshi shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 防止し | ぼうしし | bōshi shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 防止する | ぼうしする | bōshi suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 防止する | ぼうしする | bōshi suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 防止すれ | ぼうしすれ | bōshi sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 防止せよ¹ 防止しろ² | ぼうしせよ¹ ぼうししろ² | bōshi seyo¹ bōshi shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 防止される | ぼうしされる | bōshi sareru |
| Causative | 防止させる 防止さす | ぼうしさせる ぼうしさす | bōshi saseru bōshi sasu |
| Potential | 防止できる | ぼうしできる | bōshi dekiru |
| Volitional | 防止しよう | ぼうししよう | bōshi shiyō |
| Negative | 防止しない | ぼうししない | bōshi shinai |
| Negative continuative | 防止せず | ぼうしせず | bōshi sezu |
| Formal | 防止します | ぼうしします | bōshi shimasu |
| Perfective | 防止した | ぼうしした | bōshi shita |
| Conjunctive | 防止して | ぼうしして | bōshi shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 防止すれば | ぼうしすれば | bōshi sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 防 | 止 |

### Noun

防止 • (bangji) (hangeul 방지)
* hanja form of 방지 (“prevention”)