# 虐殺
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): nüèshā
    (Zhuyin): ㄋㄩㄝˋ ㄕㄚ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): joek$^6$ saat$^3$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lio̍k-sat / gia̍k-sat
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^8$gniaq-saq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: nüèshā
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄩㄝˋ ㄕㄚ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: nyuèsha
*** Wade–Giles: nüeh$^4$-sha$^1$
*** Yale: nywè-shā
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: niuehsha
*** Palladius: нюэша (njueša)
*** Sinological IPA : /ny̯ɛ⁵¹ ʂä⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: joek$^6$ saat$^3$
*** Yale: yeuhk saat
*** Cantonese Pinyin: joek$^9$ saat$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yêg$^6$ sad$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /jœːk̚² saːt̚³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lio̍k-sat
*** Tâi-lô: lio̍k-sat
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liogsad
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /liɔk̚²⁴⁻² sat̚⁵/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /liɔk̚⁴⁻³² sat̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gia̍k-sat
*** Tâi-lô: gia̍k-sat
*** Phofsit Daibuun: giagsad
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡiak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ sat̚³²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^8$gniaq-saq
*** MiniDict: nyah$^入$ sah
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^5$nyiaq-saq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /n̠ʲiaʔ¹¹ saʔ²³/

### Verb

虐殺
* to brutally murder
    From: 1926, Lu Xun, “In Memory of Miss Liu Hezhen”
    Érqiě yòu zhèngmíng zhe zhè bùdàn shì shāhài, jiǎnzhí shì nüèshā, yīnwèi shēntǐ shàng háiyǒu gùnbàng de shānghén. [Pinyin]
    And these also proved that she was not merely murdered, but brutally murdered, for their bodies bore the marks of clubs also.
* to cause someone's death by maltreatment; to torture to death

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 虐殺(ぎゃくさつ) (gyakusatsu)
* → Korean: 학살(虐殺) (haksal)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 虐 | 殺 |
| ぎゃく Grade: S | さつ Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi | kan'on |
* Alternative spelling
* 虐殺 (kyūjitai)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ぎゃくさつ [gyàkúsátsú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɡʲa̠kɯ̟sa̠t͡sɨ]

### Noun

虐(ぎゃく)殺(さつ) • (gyakusatsu)
* massacre, slaughter
    クメール・ルージュは自(じ)国民(こくみん)に対(　たい)して虐(ぎゃく)殺(さつ)を行(おこな)った。
       Kumēru Rūju wa ji-kokumin ni taishite gyakusatsu o okonatta.
       The Khmer Rouge perpetrated massacres against their own citizens.

#### Derived terms

* 大量虐殺(たいりょうぎゃくさつ) (tairyō gyakusatsu)

### Verb

虐(ぎゃく)殺(さつ)する • (gyakusatsu suru) transitive suru (stem 虐(ぎゃく)殺(さつ)し (gyakusatsu shi), past 虐(ぎゃく)殺(さつ)した (gyakusatsu shita))
* to massacre

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 虐殺し | ぎゃくさつし | gyakusatsu shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 虐殺し | ぎゃくさつし | gyakusatsu shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 虐殺する | ぎゃくさつする | gyakusatsu suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 虐殺する | ぎゃくさつする | gyakusatsu suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 虐殺すれ | ぎゃくさつすれ | gyakusatsu sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 虐殺せよ¹ 虐殺しろ² | ぎゃくさつせよ¹ ぎゃくさつしろ² | gyakusatsu seyo¹ gyakusatsu shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 虐殺される | ぎゃくさつされる | gyakusatsu sareru |
| Causative | 虐殺させる 虐殺さす | ぎゃくさつさせる ぎゃくさつさす | gyakusatsu saseru gyakusatsu sasu |
| Potential | 虐殺できる | ぎゃくさつできる | gyakusatsu dekiru |
| Volitional | 虐殺しよう | ぎゃくさつしよう | gyakusatsu shiyō |
| Negative | 虐殺しない | ぎゃくさつしない | gyakusatsu shinai |
| Negative continuative | 虐殺せず | ぎゃくさつせず | gyakusatsu sezu |
| Formal | 虐殺します | ぎゃくさつします | gyakusatsu shimasu |
| Perfective | 虐殺した | ぎゃくさつした | gyakusatsu shita |
| Conjunctive | 虐殺して | ぎゃくさつして | gyakusatsu shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 虐殺すれば | ぎゃくさつすれば | gyakusatsu sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 虐 | 殺 |

### Noun

虐殺 • (haksal) (hangeul 학살)
* hanja form of 학살 (“massacre; slaughter”)