# 加減
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiājiǎn
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄚ ㄐㄧㄢˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gaa$^1$ gaam$^2$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kâ-kám
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ke-kiám / kee-kiám
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiājiǎn
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄚ ㄐㄧㄢˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiajiǎn
*** Wade–Giles: chia$^1$-chien$^3$
*** Yale: jyā-jyǎn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiajean
*** Palladius: цзяцзянь (czjaczjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gaa$^1$ gaam$^2$
*** Yale: gā gáam
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gaa$^1$ gaam$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ga$^1$ gam$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaː⁵⁵ kaːm³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kâ-kám
*** Hakka Romanization System: ga$^ˊ$ gam$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ga$^1$ gam$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ka²⁴ kam³¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Kinmen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ke-kiám
*** Tâi-lô: ke-kiám
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ke'kiarm
*** IPA (Xiamen, Kinmen): /ke⁴⁴⁻²² kiam⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ke³³ kiam⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ke⁴⁴⁻³³ kiam⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ke⁴⁴⁻³³ kiam⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Penang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kee-kiám
*** Tâi-lô: kee-kiám
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² kiam⁵³/
*** IPA (Penang): /kɛ³³⁻²¹ kiam⁴⁴⁵/
* Middle Chinese: kae keamX
Rime :
| Character | 加 | 減 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (98) | 咸 (151) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | II |
| Fanqie | 古牙切 | 古斬切 |
| Baxter | kae | keamX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠa/ | /kˠɛm$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚa/ | /kᵚæm$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ka/ | /kɐm$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kaɨ/ | /kəɨm$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ka/ | /kɐm$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ka/ | /kɐm$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ka/ | /kăm$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiā | jiǎn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gaa$^1$ | gaam$^2$ |

### Verb

加減
* (literal) to increase or decrease; to add or subtract
    From: 648 CE, Fang Xuanling (lead editor), Book of Jin
    “Xíngmíng” suǒyǐ jīnglüè zuìfǎ zhī qīngzhòng, zhèng jiājiǎn zhī děngchā. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (figurative) to adjust

#### Derived terms

* 加減乘除／加减乘除 (jiājiǎn chéngchú)

### Adverb

加減
* (Hakka, Hokkien) somewhat; to some extent; more or less
* (Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) casually; carelessly

#### Derived terms

* 加减好

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 加(か)減(げん) (kagen)
* → Korean: 가감(加減) (gagam)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 加 | 減 |
| か Grade: 4 | げん Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かげん [kàgéń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠ɡẽ̞ɴ]

### Noun

加(か)減(げん) • (kagen)
* addition and subtraction
* adjustment, moderation
* degree, amount (of seasoning, heating, etc.)
    さじ加減(かげん)を知(し)らない。
       Saji kagen o shiranai.
       They do not know the right number of spoonfuls.
* physical condition, how one is feeling

#### Derived terms

* (addition and subtraction): 加減乗除(かげんじょうじょ) (kagenjōjo)
* いい加(か)減(げん) (iikagen)

### Suffix

加(か)減(げん) • (-kagen)
* the degree of
* to that degree
* just right
    入(はい)り加減(かげん)の湯(ゆ)
       hairi kagen no yu
       bathwater that's just right to enter

### Verb

加(か)減(げん)する • (kagen suru) transitive suru (stem 加(か)減(げん)し (kagen shi), past 加(か)減(げん)した (kagen shita))
* adjust, make an allowance

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 加減し | かげんし | kagen shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 加減し | かげんし | kagen shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 加減する | かげんする | kagen suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 加減する | かげんする | kagen suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 加減すれ | かげんすれ | kagen sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 加減せよ¹ 加減しろ² | かげんせよ¹ かげんしろ² | kagen seyo¹ kagen shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 加減される | かげんされる | kagen sareru |
| Causative | 加減させる 加減さす | かげんさせる かげんさす | kagen saseru kagen sasu |
| Potential | 加減できる | かげんできる | kagen dekiru |
| Volitional | 加減しよう | かげんしよう | kagen shiyō |
| Negative | 加減しない | かげんしない | kagen shinai |
| Negative continuative | 加減せず | かげんせず | kagen sezu |
| Formal | 加減します | かげんします | kagen shimasu |
| Perfective | 加減した | かげんした | kagen shita |
| Conjunctive | 加減して | かげんして | kagen shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 加減すれば | かげんすれば | kagen sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
* ↑ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN