# 築く
## Japanese
### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 築
* きず Grade: 5
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spelling
* 塑
From Old Japanese, attested in the Izumo Fudoki completed in 733.
By surface analysis, 杵 (ki, “mallet, pounder, pestle”, from which きね (kine) “pestle” is also derived) +‎ 築く (tsuku, “to build up, to pile up, to amass”, see below), for a base sense of “to make something using a pounder or mallet”, much as when building up rammed earth or stonework.
This term as 杵 (ki, “pounder”) + 築く (tsuku, “build up”) then underwent conflation with, or was reanalysed as, 城 (ki, “castle, fortress”) + 築く (tsuku, “build up”) with a basic sense of “to construct”. This latter derivation is given as the only etymology in some references. However, the “to construct” sense is attested centuries later in 1081. Moreover, the “castle, fortress” sense for the initial ki- element was pronounced in Old Japanese as /ki$_2$/, while the “pounder, mallet” sense was pronounced /ki$_1$/.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) きずく [kìzúꜜkù] (Nakadaka – [2])
* IPA: [kʲizɨkɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「築く」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 築く | きずく | [kìzúꜜkù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 築け | きずけ | [kìzúꜜkè] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 築かれる | きずかれる | [kìzúkáréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 築かせる | きずかせる | [kìzúkáséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 築ける | きずける | [kìzúkéꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 築こう | きずこー | [kìzúkóꜜò] |
| Negative | 築かない | きずかない | [kìzúkáꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 築かなかった | きずかなかった | [kìzúkáꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 築きます | きずきます | [kìzúkímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 築いた | きずいた | [kìzúꜜìtà] |
| Conjunctive | 築いて | きずいて | [kìzúꜜìtè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 築けば | きずけば | [kìzúꜜkèbà] |

#### Verb

築(きず)く • (kizuku) transitive godan (stem 築(きず)き (kizuki), past 築(きず)いた (kizuita))
* [from 733] to build up
* [from 1081] to construct (a castle, fort, etc.)

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 築か | きずか | kizuka |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 築き | きずき | kizuki |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 築く | きずく | kizuku |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 築く | きずく | kizuku |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 築け | きずけ | kizuke |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 築け | きずけ | kizuke |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 築かれる | きずかれる | kizukareru |
| Causative | 築かせる 築かす | きずかせる きずかす | kizukaseru kizukasu |
| Potential | 築ける | きずける | kizukeru |
| Volitional | 築こう | きずこう | kizukō |
| Negative | 築かない | きずかない | kizukanai |
| Negative continuative | 築かず | きずかず | kizukazu |
| Formal | 築きます | きずきます | kizukimasu |
| Perfective | 築いた | きずいた | kizuita |
| Conjunctive | 築いて | きずいて | kizuite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 築けば | きずけば | kizukeba |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 築か | きづか | kiduka |
| Continuative (連用形) | 築き | きづき | kiduki |
| Terminal (終止形) | 築く | きづく | kiduku |
| Attributive (連体形) | 築く | きづく | kiduku |
| Realis (已然形) | 築け | きづけ | kiduke |
| Imperative (命令形) | 築け | きづけ | kiduke |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 築かず | きづかず | kidukazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 築けど | きづけど | kidukedo |
| Causal conjunction | 築けば | きづけば | kidukeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 築かば | きづかば | kidukaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 築きき | きづきき | kidukiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 築きけり | きづきけり | kidukikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 築きつ | きづきつ | kidukitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 築きぬ | きづきぬ | kidukinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 築けり 築きたり | きづけり きづきたり | kidukeri kidukitari |
| Volitional | 築かむ | きづかむ | kidukamu |

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 築
* つ Grade: 5
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese. Cognate with Japanese 突く (tsuku).

#### Verb

築(つ)く • (tsuku) transitive godan (stem 築(つ)き (tsuki), past 築(つ)いた (tsuita))
* [from 712] to build up, to pile up, to amass

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 築か | つか | tsuka |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 築き | つき | tsuki |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 築く | つく | tsuku |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 築く | つく | tsuku |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 築け | つけ | tsuke |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 築け | つけ | tsuke |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 築かれる | つかれる | tsukareru |
| Causative | 築かせる 築かす | つかせる つかす | tsukaseru tsukasu |
| Potential | 築ける | つける | tsukeru |
| Volitional | 築こう | つこう | tsukō |
| Negative | 築かない | つかない | tsukanai |
| Negative continuative | 築かず | つかず | tsukazu |
| Formal | 築きます | つきます | tsukimasu |
| Perfective | 築いた | ついた | tsuita |
| Conjunctive | 築いて | ついて | tsuite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 築けば | つけば | tsukeba |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 築か | つか | tuka |
| Continuative (連用形) | 築き | つき | tuki |
| Terminal (終止形) | 築く | つく | tuku |
| Attributive (連体形) | 築く | つく | tuku |
| Realis (已然形) | 築け | つけ | tuke |
| Imperative (命令形) | 築け | つけ | tuke |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 築かず | つかず | tukazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 築けど | つけど | tukedo |
| Causal conjunction | 築けば | つけば | tukeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 築かば | つかば | tukaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 築きき | つきき | tukiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 築きけり | つきけり | tukikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 築きつ | つきつ | tukitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 築きぬ | つきぬ | tukinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 築けり 築きたり | つけり つきたり | tukeri tukitari |
| Volitional | 築かむ | つかむ | tukamu |

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 “築・塑”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ “杵”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* 1 2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ “突・衝・撞・搗・舂・築・吐”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006