# 敬畏
## Chinese

* 敬畏

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jìngwèi
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥˋ ㄨㄟˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ging$^3$ wai$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kin-vi
* Eastern Min (BUC): géng-ói
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kèng-ùi / kèng-ùiⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gêng$^3$ uin$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jìngwèi
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥˋ ㄨㄟˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jìngwèi
*** Wade–Giles: ching$^4$-wei$^4$
*** Yale: jìng-wèi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jinqwey
*** Palladius: цзинвэй (czinvɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ weɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ging$^3$ wai$^3$
*** Yale: ging wai
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ging$^3$ wai$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ging$^3$ wei$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɪŋ³³ wɐi̯³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kin-vi
*** Hakka Romanization System: gin vi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gin$^4$ vi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /kin⁵⁵ vi⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: géng-ói
*** Sinological IPA : /kiŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ $^{(Ø-)}$ŋui²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kèng-ùi
*** Tâi-lô: kìng-uì
*** Phofsit Daibuun: keang'uix
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ ui²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ ui¹¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ui⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kiɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ ui²¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kèng-ùiⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: kìng-uìnn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: keang'vuix
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ uĩ²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gêng$^3$ uin$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kèng ùiⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /keŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ũĩ²¹³/
* Middle Chinese: kjaengH 'jw+jH
Rime :
| Character | 敬 | 畏 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 影 (34) |
| Final (韻) | 庚 (111) | 微 (21) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 居慶切 | 於胃切 |
| Baxter | kjaengH | 'jw+jH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠiæŋ$^H$/ | /ʔʉi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚiaŋ$^H$/ | /ʔʷɨi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiaŋ$^H$/ | /ʔiuəi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kiajŋ$^H$/ | /ʔuj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kiɐŋ$^H$/ | /ʔiuəi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭɐŋ$^H$/ | /ĭwəi$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ki̯ɐŋ$^H$/ | /ʔwe̯i$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jìng | wèi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ging$^3$ | wai$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kreŋ(ʔ)-s ʔuj-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kreŋs quls/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 敬 | 畏 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jìng | wèi |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kjæng$^H$ › | ‹ ʔjwɨj$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kreŋ(ʔ)-s/ | /*ʔuj-s/ |
| English | respectful | fear (v.); threaten |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 敬 | 畏 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 6885 | 12939 |
| Phonetic component | 敬 | 畏 |
| Rime group | 耕 | 微 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 敬 | 尉 |
| Old Chinese | /*kreŋs/ | /*quls/ |

### Verb

敬畏
* to revere; to hold in awe; to fear

#### Synonyms

* 寅畏 (yínwèi) (literary)
* 尊存 (Hokkien)
* 尊崇 (zūnchóng)
* 尊敬 (zūnjìng)
* 尊重 (zūnzhòng)
* 尚
* 崇尚 (chóngshàng)
* 崇拜 (chóngbài)
* 崇敬 (chóngjìng)
* 推崇 (tuīchóng)
* 敦尚 (dūnshàng) (literary)
* 敬 (jìng)
* 敬愛／敬爱 (jìng'ài)
* 敬服 (jìngfú)
* 敬重 (jìngzhòng)
* 畏服 (wèifú) (literary)
* 誠忠／诚忠 (chéngzhōng) (literary)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 敬 | 畏 |
| けい Grade: 6 | い Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) けーい [kéꜜèì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ke̞iː]

### Noun

敬(けい)畏(い) • (keii)
* reverence, holding in awe, fear

### Verb

敬(けい)畏(い)する • (keii suru) suru (stem 敬(けい)畏(い)し (keii shi), past 敬(けい)畏(い)した (keii shita))
* revere, hold in awe, fear

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 敬畏し | けいいし | keii shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 敬畏し | けいいし | keii shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 敬畏する | けいいする | keii suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 敬畏する | けいいする | keii suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 敬畏すれ | けいいすれ | keii sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 敬畏せよ¹ 敬畏しろ² | けいいせよ¹ けいいしろ² | keii seyo¹ keii shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 敬畏される | けいいされる | keii sareru |
| Causative | 敬畏させる 敬畏さす | けいいさせる けいいさす | keii saseru keii sasu |
| Potential | 敬畏できる | けいいできる | keii dekiru |
| Volitional | 敬畏しよう | けいいしよう | keii shiyō |
| Negative | 敬畏しない | けいいしない | keii shinai |
| Negative continuative | 敬畏せず | けいいせず | keii sezu |
| Formal | 敬畏します | けいいします | keii shimasu |
| Perfective | 敬畏した | けいいした | keii shita |
| Conjunctive | 敬畏して | けいいして | keii shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 敬畏すれば | けいいすれば | keii sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 敬 | 畏 |

### Noun

敬畏 • (gyeong'oe) (hangeul 경외)
* hanja form of 경외 (“reverence, holding in awe, fear”)