# 耕耘
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gēngyún
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄥ ㄩㄣˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gaang$^1$ wan$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kâng-yùn
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): keng-ûn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gên$^1$ ung$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gēngyún
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄥ ㄩㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gengyún
*** Wade–Giles: kêng$^1$-yün$^2$
*** Yale: gēng-yún
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gengyun
*** Palladius: гэнъюнь (gɛnʺjunʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kɤŋ⁵⁵ yn³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gaang$^1$ wan$^4$
*** Yale: gāang wàhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gaang$^1$ wan$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gang$^1$ wen$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaːŋ⁵⁵ wɐn²¹/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kâng-yùn
*** Hakka Romanization System: gang$^ˊ$ iun$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gang$^1$ yun$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kaŋ²⁴ i̯un¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kâng-yùn
*** Hakka Romanization System: gang$^ˊ$ (r)iun$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gang$^1$ yun$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kaŋ²⁴ (j)i̯un¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: keng-ûn
*** Tâi-lô: king-ûn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: keng'uun
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² un²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɪŋ³³ un²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² un¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ un²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ un²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gên$^1$ ung$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: keⁿ ûng
*** Sinological IPA : /kẽ³³⁻²³ uŋ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: keang hjun
Rime :
| Character | 耕 | 耘 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 云 (35) |
| Final (韻) | 耕 (117) | 文 (59) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | II | III |
| Fanqie | 古莖切 | 王分切 |
| Baxter | keang | hjun |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠɛŋ/ | /ɦɨun/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚæŋ/ | /ɦiun/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɐŋ/ | /ɣiuən/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kəɨjŋ/ | /ɦun/ |
| Li Rong | /kɛŋ/ | /ɣiuən/ |
| Wang Li | /kæŋ/ | /ɣĭuən/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kæŋ/ | /i̯uən/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gēng | yún |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gang$^1$ | wan$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kreːŋ ɢun/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 耕 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gēng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kɛng › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁ<r>eŋ/ |
| English | plow (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 耕 | 耘 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 6850 | 16360 |
| Phonetic component | 井 | 云 |
| Rime group | 耕 | 文 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 耕 | 雲 |
| Old Chinese | /*kreːŋ/ | /*ɢun/ |
| Notes | | 説文從員 |

### Verb

耕耘
* (literally) to plow and weed; to do farm work; to cultivate
* (figuratively) to work or study diligently

#### Derived terms

* 一分耕耘，一分收穫／一分耕耘，一分收获 (yī fēn gēngyún, yī fēn shōuhuò)
* 耕耘機／耕耘机 (gēngyúnjī)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 耕 | 耘 |
| こう Grade: 5 | うん Hyōgai |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 耕耘 (MC keang hjun).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こーうん [kòóúń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ko̞ːɯ̟̃ɴ]

### Noun

耕(こう)耘(うん) • (kōun)
* plowing and weeding

### Verb

耕(こう)耘(うん)する • (kōun suru) suru (stem 耕(こう)耘(うん)し (kōun shi), past 耕(こう)耘(うん)した (kōun shita))
* to plow and weed

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 耕耘し | こううんし | kōun shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 耕耘し | こううんし | kōun shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 耕耘する | こううんする | kōun suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 耕耘する | こううんする | kōun suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 耕耘すれ | こううんすれ | kōun sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 耕耘せよ¹ 耕耘しろ² | こううんせよ¹ こううんしろ² | kōun seyo¹ kōun shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 耕耘される | こううんされる | kōun sareru |
| Causative | 耕耘させる 耕耘さす | こううんさせる こううんさす | kōun saseru kōun sasu |
| Potential | 耕耘できる | こううんできる | kōun dekiru |
| Volitional | 耕耘しよう | こううんしよう | kōun shiyō |
| Negative | 耕耘しない | こううんしない | kōun shinai |
| Negative continuative | 耕耘せず | こううんせず | kōun sezu |
| Formal | 耕耘します | こううんします | kōun shimasu |
| Perfective | 耕耘した | こううんした | kōun shita |
| Conjunctive | 耕耘して | こううんして | kōun shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 耕耘すれば | こううんすれば | kōun sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN