# 涅

| 涅 | U+6D85, &#28037; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6D85 |
| ← 涄 [U+6D84] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 涆 → [U+6D86] |
| 涅 | U+2F905, &#194821; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F905 |
| ← 浸 [U+2F904] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement | 𣴞 → [U+2F906] |

## Translingual
### Han character

涅 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 水日土 (EAG), four-corner 3611$_4$, composition ⿰氵圼)
* blacken
* black mud, slime
* to tattoo

#### Derived characters

* 篞, 𦶄, 𡮛, 𢟗, 𦄇, 𣻾

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 626, character 3
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17521
* Dae Jaweon: page 1027, character 12
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1623, character 2
* Unihan data for U+6D85
* Unihan data for U+2F905

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 涅 | *niːɡ |
| 捏 | *niːɡ |
| 篞 | *niːɡ |
| 衵 | *niɡ, *njiɡ |
| 日 | *njiɡ |
| 馹 | *njiɡ |
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *niːɡ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + semantic 土 (“soil”) + phonetic 日 (OC *njiɡ).

### Etymology
#### "black mud"

    From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-nyak (“filth(y); excrement”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan སྙིགས་པ (snyigs pa, “impure sediment”), Burmese ညစ် (nyac, “dirty; filthy”).
* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Related to 泥 (OC *niːl, *niːls)? Schuessler (2007) suggests no, STEDT suggests yes.”

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): niè (nie$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄋㄧㄝˋ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): не (ni͡ə, I)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): nip$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): liap
    (Teochew, Peng'im): niab$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^8$gniq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: niè
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄝˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: niè
*** Wade–Giles: nieh$^4$
*** Yale: nyè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nieh
*** Palladius: не (ne)
*** Sinological IPA : /ni̯ɛ⁵¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: не (ni͡ə, I)
*** Sinological IPA : /niə²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: nip$^6$
*** Yale: nihp
*** Cantonese Pinyin: nip$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: nib$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /niːp̚²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liap
*** Tâi-lô: liap
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liab
*** IPA (Xiamen): /liap̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /liap̚⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /liap̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /liap̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /liap̚³²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: niab$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: niap
*** Sinological IPA : /niap̚²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^8$gniq
*** MiniDict: nyih$^入$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^5$nyiq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /n̠ʲiɪʔ¹²/
* Middle Chinese: net
Rime :
| Character | 涅 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 泥 (8) |
| Final (韻) | 屑 (87) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 奴結切 |
| Baxter | net |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /net̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /net̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /nɛt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /nɛt̚/ |
| Li Rong | /net̚/ |
| Wang Li | /niet̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /niet̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | niè |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | nit$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*niːɡ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 涅 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 10841 |
| Phonetic component | 日 |
| Rime group | 質 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 涅 |
| Old Chinese | /*niːɡ/ |

### Definitions

涅
* black mud
* melanterite
* black
* to dye black; to blacken
       From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
       Bù yuē bái hū, niè ér bù zī. [Pinyin]
       Is it not said, that, if a thing be really white, it may be steeped in a dark fluid without being made black?

#### Compounds

* 密涅瓦 (Mìnièwǎ)
* 涅伏 (nièfú)
* 涅字
* 涅槃 (nièpán)
* 涅槃經／涅槃经
* 涅槃罪度
* 涅白
* 涅而不緇／涅而不缁 (niè'érbùzī)
* 涅面
* 涅齒／涅齿

### References

* “涅”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), B02111

## Japanese
### Alternative forms

* Kanji in this term
* 涅
* くり Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
* 皂

### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* black soil

#### Readings

* Go-on: ねち (nechi)
* Kan-on: でつ (detsu)、ねつ (netsu)
* Kan’yō-on: ね (ne)
* Kun: くり (kuri, 涅)、そめる (someru, 涅める)

#### Compounds

* 涅歯(でっし) (desshi), 涅歯(ねっし) (nesshi, “black dye for teeth”)
* 涅槃(ねはん) (nehan, “nirvana”)
* 規尼涅(キニーネ) (kinīne, “quinine”)

### Etymology

First attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE).
Cognate with 黒 (kuro, “black”), likely from a kur- stem.

### Noun

涅(くり) • (kuri)
* black soil (used for dyes)
* Short for 涅色 (kuriiro): a brownish-black color

#### Derived terms

* 涅色(くりいろ) (kuriiro, “brownish-black”)
* 厨(くりや) (kuriya, “kitchen”)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

涅 (eumhun 개흙 녈 (gaeheuk nyeol), word-initial (South Korea) 개흙 열 (gaeheuk yeol))
* hanja form of 녈 (“black soil”)

#### Compounds

* 열반 (涅槃, yeolban, “nirvana”)

## Vietnamese
### Han character

涅: Hán Nôm readings: nết, nạt, nét, nhít, nít, niết, nớt, nức, nát
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation