# 憔悴
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qiáocuì
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄠˊ ㄘㄨㄟˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ciu$^4$ seoi$^5$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chiâu-chhùi / chiâu-chūi / chhiâu-chhùi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ziou$^1$ zui$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiáocuì
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄠˊ ㄘㄨㄟˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ciáocuèi
*** Wade–Giles: chʻiao$^2$-tsʻui$^4$
*** Yale: chyáu-tswèi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyautsuey
*** Palladius: цяоцуй (cjaocuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ t͡sʰu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ciu$^4$ seoi$^5$
*** Yale: chìuh séuih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsiu$^4$ soey$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: qiu$^4$ sêu$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ sɵy̯¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiâu-chhùi
*** Tâi-lô: tsiâu-tshuì
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ciauzhuix
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siau²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰui⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡siau²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰui²¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiâu-chūi
*** Tâi-lô: tsiâu-tsuī
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ciauzui
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siau²³⁻³³ t͡sui³³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡siau²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sui³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡siau¹³⁻²² t͡sui²²/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiâu-chhùi
*** Tâi-lô: tshiâu-tshuì
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chiauzhuix
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiau²³⁻³³ t͡sʰui²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰiau²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰui¹¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ziou$^1$ zui$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsiou tsŭi
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡siou³³⁻²³ t͡sui³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: dzjew dzwijH
Rime :
| Character | 憔 | 悴 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 從 (15) | 從 (15) |
| Final (韻) | 宵 (91) | 脂 (16) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 昨焦切 | 秦醉切 |
| Baxter | dzjew | dzwijH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ziᴇu/ | /d͡ziuɪ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡ziɛu/ | /d͡zʷi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡zjæu/ | /d͡zjuɪ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡ziaw/ | /d͡zwi$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡ziɛu/ | /d͡zui$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡zĭɛu/ | /d͡zwi$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /d͡zʱi̯ɛu/ | /d͡zʱwi$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qiáo | zuì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ciu$^4$ | zeoi$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*zew zuds/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 憔 | 悴 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 6356 | 17947 |
| Phonetic component | 焦 | 卒 |
| Rime group | 宵 | 隊 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 樵 | 萃 |
| Old Chinese | /*zew/ | /*zuds/ |

### Adjective

憔悴
* (of person) wan and sallow; thin and pallid; haggard; emaciated
    From: 11th century, Liu Yong, Lyrics to the Melody of Butterflies Chasing Flowers (蝶戀花)
    Yīdài jiàn kuān zhōng bù huǐ, wèi yī xiāo dé rén qiáocuì. [Pinyin]
    Becoming loose are my clothes yet I regret not, For I languish and suffer for her willingly.
** 2018, 陳百潭 (lyrics and music), “醉萬年”‎performed by 陳百潭:
       sī ūi-tio̍h hit tōaⁿ khui-hoe bô kiat-kó ê loân-bāng teh sit-lo̍h chhiâu-chhùi [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       It's because of that dream of love where flowers bloomed but fruits were not borne, that I'm being depressed and haggard
* (of plants) withered; wilted
* (literary, of person) weary; enervated

#### Synonyms

* (wan and sallow): 㾪妍
* (withered): (literary) 枯索 (kūsuǒ), 枯萎 (kūwěi)

### Verb

憔悴
* (literary) to suffer; to experience hardship; to languish; to be worried
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Mín zhī qiáocuì yú nüèzhèng, wèi yǒu shèn yú cǐshí zhě yě. [Pinyin]
    Never was there a time when the sufferings of the people from tyrannical government were more intense than the present.

### Derived terms

* 形容憔悴
* 買憔悴／买憔悴

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 憔 | 悴 |
| しょう Hyōgai | すい Hyōgai |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

Derived from Middle Chinese 憔悴 (MC dzjew dzwijH).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しょーすい [shòósúí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɕo̞ːsɨi]

### Noun

憔(しょう)悴(すい) • (shōsui)
* weary; enervated

### Verb

憔(しょう)悴(すい)する • (shōsui suru) suru (stem 憔(しょう)悴(すい)し (shōsui shi), past 憔(しょう)悴(すい)した (shōsui shita))
* to be weary; to be enervated

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 憔悴し | しょうすいし | shōsui shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 憔悴し | しょうすいし | shōsui shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 憔悴する | しょうすいする | shōsui suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 憔悴する | しょうすいする | shōsui suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 憔悴すれ | しょうすいすれ | shōsui sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 憔悴せよ¹ 憔悴しろ² | しょうすいせよ¹ しょうすいしろ² | shōsui seyo¹ shōsui shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 憔悴される | しょうすいされる | shōsui sareru |
| Causative | 憔悴させる 憔悴さす | しょうすいさせる しょうすいさす | shōsui saseru shōsui sasu |
| Potential | 憔悴できる | しょうすいできる | shōsui dekiru |
| Volitional | 憔悴しよう | しょうすいしよう | shōsui shiyō |
| Negative | 憔悴しない | しょうすいしない | shōsui shinai |
| Negative continuative | 憔悴せず | しょうすいせず | shōsui sezu |
| Formal | 憔悴します | しょうすいします | shōsui shimasu |
| Perfective | 憔悴した | しょうすいした | shōsui shita |
| Conjunctive | 憔悴して | しょうすいして | shōsui shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 憔悴すれば | しょうすいすれば | shōsui sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN