# 堝

| 堝 | U+581D, &#22557; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-581D |
| ← 堜 [U+581C] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 堞 → [U+581E] |

## Translingual
### Han character

堝 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 土月月口 (GBBR), four-corner 4712$_7$, composition ⿰土咼)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 233, character 8
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5247
* Dae Jaweon: page 470, character 26
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 454, character 1
* Unihan data for U+581D

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 碢 | *l'oːl |
| 腡 | *ɡ·roːl, *kʷroːl |
| 過 | *kloːl, *kloːls |
| 渦 | *kloːl, *qloːl |
| 鍋 | *kloːl |
| 楇 | *kloːl, *ɡloːls |
| 瘑 | *kloːl |
| 緺 | *koːl, *kroːl, *kʷroːl |
| 堝 | *kloːl |
| 濄 | *kloːl, *qloːl |
| 鐹 | *kloːlʔ, *kloːls |
| 薖 | *kʰloːl |
| 簻 | *kʰloːl, *kr'oːl |
| 禍 | *ɡloːlʔ |
| 窩 | *qloːl |
| 萵 | *qloːl |
| 檛 | *kr'oːl |
| 膼 | *kr'oːl |
| 蝸 | *kroːl, *kʷroːl |
| 媧 | *kroːl, *kʷroːl |
| 騧 | *kroːl, *kʷroːl |
| 冎 | *kroːlʔ |
| 剮 | *kroːlʔ |
| 諣 | *qʰroːls, *qʰʷroːls |
| 歄 | *kʷroːl |
| 咼 | *kʰʷroːl |
| 喎 | *kʰʷroːl |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kloːl) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 咼 (OC *kʰʷroːl).

### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): guō (guo$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄛ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: guō
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄛ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: guo
*** Wade–Giles: kuo$^1$
*** Yale: gwō
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guo
*** Palladius: го (go)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku̯ɔ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: kwa
Rime :
| Character | 堝 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 戈 (95) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 古禾切 |
| Baxter | kwa |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuɑ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kuɑ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kuɑ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kwa/ |
| Li Rong | /kuɑ/ |
| Wang Li | /kuɑ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kuɑ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | guō |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gwo$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kloːl/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 堝 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 4368 |
| Phonetic component | 冎 |
| Rime group | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 戈 |
| Old Chinese | /*kloːl/ |

#### Definitions

堝
* crucible

##### Compounds

* 坩堝／坩埚 (gānguō)

### Pronunciation 2

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wō, guō (wo$^1$, guo$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄨㄛ, ㄍㄨㄛ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wō
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄛ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wo
*** Wade–Giles: wo$^1$
*** Yale: wō
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: uo
*** Palladius: во (vo)
*** Sinological IPA : /wɔ⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: guō
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄛ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: guo
*** Wade–Giles: kuo$^1$
*** Yale: gwō
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guo
*** Palladius: го (go)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku̯ɔ⁵⁵/

#### Definitions

堝
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

##### Compounds

* 一堝／一埚
* 哪堝兒／哪埚儿
* 這堝兒／这埚儿
* 那堝兒／那埚儿

### References

* “堝”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: か (ka)
* Kan-on: か (ka)
* Kun: るつぼ (rutsubo)

## Korean
### Hanja

堝 • (gwa) (hangeul 과, revised gwa, McCune–Reischauer kwa)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

堝: Hán Nôm readings: qua
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation