# ضمیر
## Ottoman Turkish
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic ضَمِير (ḍamīr, “conscience; pronoun”).

### Noun

ضمیر • (zamir) (plural ضمایر (zamair))
* conscience, the ethical or moral sense of right and wrong
    Synonym: وجدان (vicdan)
* (grammar) pronoun, a type of word that refers anaphorically to a noun or noun phrase

#### Derived terms

* ضمیری (zamiri, “pronominal”)

#### Descendants

* Turkish: zamir

### Further reading

* Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “zamir2”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 5431
* Devellioğlu, Ferit (1962) “zamîr”, in Osmanlıca-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Lûgat‎‎ (in Turkish), Istanbul: Türk Dil Kurumu, page 1403
* Kélékian, Diran (1911) “ضمیر”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 786a
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Conscientia”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 250
* Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “ضمیر”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, column 3052
* Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “zamir”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
* Redhouse, James W. (1890) “ضمیر”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1214

## Persian
### Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic ضَمِير (ḍamīr).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [za.ˈmiːɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [zä.míːɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [zä.míːɾ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [zä.míːɾ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [zä.míɾ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [zæ.míːɹ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [zä.míɾ]

### Noun

| Dari | ضمیر |
| Iranian Persian | ضمیر |
| Tajik | замир |
ضمیر • (zamir) (plural ضمایر (zamâyer) or ضمیرها (zamir-hâ))
* (grammar) pronoun
* mind
* heart
* secret

#### Descendants

* → Bengali: জমীর (jomir)
* → Gujarati: ઝમીર (jhamīr), જમીર (jamīr)
* → Punjabi: ਜ਼ਮੀਰ (zamīr)

## Urdu
### Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian ضَمِیر (zamīr), from Arabic ضَمِير (ḍamīr). First attested in c. 1657 as Middle Hindi ضمیر (zamīr).

### Pronunciation

* (Standard Urdu) IPA: /zə.miːɾ/
* Rhymes: -iːɾ
* Hyphenation: ضَ‧مِیر

### Noun

ضَمِیر • (zamīr) m (Hindi spelling ज़मीर)
* conscience; mind, heart
* a kept secret
* (grammar) pronoun

#### Declension

Declension of ضمیر :
| | singular | plural |
| direct | ضَمِیر (zamīr) | ضَمِیر (zamīr) |
| oblique | ضَمِیر (zamīr) | ضَمِیروں (zamīrō̃) |
| vocative | ضَمِیر (zamīr) | ضَمِیرو (zamīrō) |

#### See also
### References

* ↑ “ضمیر”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
* ↑ Farhang-i-Asifiya

### Further reading

* “ضمیر”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.
* Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “ضمیر”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.
* Platts, John T. (1884) “ضمير”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co., page 750
* S. W. Fallon (1879) “ضمیر”, in A New Hindustani-English Dictionary, Banaras, London: Trubner and Co.
* John Shakespear (1834) “ضمیر”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, →OCLC