# 憾

| 憾 | U+61BE, &#25022; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-61BE |
| ← 憽 [U+61BD] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 憿 → [U+61BF] |

## Translingual
### Han character

憾 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+13, 16 strokes, cangjie input 心戈口心 (PIRP), four-corner 9303$_5$, composition ⿰忄感)

#### Derived characters

* 𡄏, 𥩇

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 405, character 4
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11312
* Dae Jaweon: page 745, character 15
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2360, character 12
* Unihan data for U+61BE

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 感 | *kɯːmʔ |
| 鱤 | *kɯːmʔ |
| 顑 | *kʰɯːmʔ, *ŋɡrɯːms |
| 轗 | *kʰɯːmʔ, *kʰɯːms |
| 撼 | *ɡɯːmʔ |
| 憾 | *ɡɯːms |
| 喊 | *qʰaːmʔ, *qʰrɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ |
| 緘 | *krɯːm |
| 瑊 | *krɯːm, *kjum |
| 黬 | *krɯːm, *ŋɡrɯːm |
| 減 | *krɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ |
| 羬 | *ŋɡrɯːm, *ɡram |
| 麙 | *ŋɡrɯːm |
| 咸 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 鹹 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 醎 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 諴 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 椷 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 輱 | *ɡrɯːm |
| 鍼 | *ɡam, *ɡram, *kjɯm |
| 箴 | *kjɯm |
| 葴 | *kjɯm |
| 鱵 | *kjum |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡɯːms) : semantic 忄 + phonetic 感 (OC *kɯːmʔ).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): hàn (han$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄏㄢˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): han$^4$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ham$^6$
* Eastern Min (BUC): hâng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hām
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ham$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: hàn
*** Wade–Giles: han$^4$
*** Yale: hàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hann
*** Palladius: хань (xanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xän⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: han$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xan
*** Sinological IPA : /xan²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ham$^6$
*** Yale: hahm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ham$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hem$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɐm²²/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hâng
*** Sinological IPA : /hɑŋ²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hām
*** Tâi-lô: hām
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ham
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ham²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ham⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ham²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ham³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ham³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ham$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hăm
*** Sinological IPA : /ham³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: homH
Rime :
| Character | 憾 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 覃 (159) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 胡紺切 |
| Baxter | homH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦʌm$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦəm$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣɒm$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦəm$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣᴀm$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣɒm$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ɣăm$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ham$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-kˤ[ə]mʔ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡɯːms/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 憾 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hom$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*N-kˁ[ə]mʔ-s/ |
| English | dissatisfied |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 憾 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 13504 |
| Phonetic component | 咸 |
| Rime group | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 憾 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡɯːms/ |

### Definitions

憾
* to hate; to resent
* to regret
    憾事 ― hànshì ― regrettable matter
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Shì shǐ mín yǎng shēng sàng sǐ wú hàn yě. [Pinyin]
    [T]his enables the people to nourish their living and mourn for their dead, without any feeling against any.

### Compounds

* 宿憾
* 憾事 (hànshì)
* 憾恨
* 抱憾 (bàohàn)
* 抱憾終生／抱憾终生 (bàohànzhōngshēng)
* 欿憾
* 無憾／无憾 (wúhàn)
* 終身遺憾／终身遗憾
* 缺憾 (quēhàn)
* 遺憾／遗憾 (yíhàn)
* 遺珠之憾／遗珠之憾
* 釋憾／释憾 (shìhàn)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* remorse

#### Readings

* Go-on: ごん (gon)
* Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
* Kun: うらむ (uramu, 憾む)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 憾
* かん Grade: S
* kan'on
From Middle Chinese 憾 (MC homH).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kã̠ɴ]

### Affix

憾(かん) • (kan)
* remorse; regret

## Korean
### Hanja

憾 (eum 감 (gam))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

憾: Hán Nôm readings: hám, hóm, gớm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.