# 斂

| 斂 | U+6582, &#25986; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6582 |
| ← 斁 [U+6581] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 斃 → [U+6583] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 斂 |
| Shinjitai (extended) | 㪘 |
| Simplified | 敛 |

### Han character

斂 (Kangxi radical 66, 攴+13, 17 strokes, cangjie input 人人人大 (OOOK), four-corner 8884$_0$, composition ⿰僉攵)

#### Derived characters

* 瀲(𭲠/潋), 𫾛, 𣟺, 𤒦(𬋃), 𢋻, 蘞(蔹), 籢, 𢅸, 𭟠, 𤒥

#### Related characters

* 歛 (Variant traditional form of 斂)
* 㪘 (Japanese extended shinjitai)
* 敛 (Simplified Chinese)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 476, character 2
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13407
* Dae Jaweon: page 830, character 33
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1478, character 7
* Unihan data for U+6582

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 斂 :
| Warring States | Warring States | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 厱 | *raːm, *kʰreːm, *kʰlam |
| 歛 | *qʰlaːm |
| 臉 | *ɡ·reːmʔ, *skʰlam, *kramʔ |
| 醶 | *ɡr·reːmʔ, *skʰraːmʔ |
| 鹼 | *kreːmʔ, *skʰlam |
| 薟 | *ɡ·ram, *ɡ·ramʔ, *qʰram |
| 匳 | *ɡ·ram |
| 獫 | *ɡ·ram, *ɡ·ramʔ, *ɡ·rams, *qʰramʔ |
| 蘞 | *ɡ·ram, *ɡ·ramʔ, *qʰlam |
| 籢 | *ɡ·ram |
| 斂 | *ɡ·ramʔ, *ɡ·rams |
| 瀲 | *ɡ·ramʔ, *ɡ·rams |
| 撿 | *ɡ·ramʔ, *kramʔ |
| 羷 | *ɡ·ramʔ |
| 殮 | *ɡ·rams |
| 簽 | *skʰlam |
| 僉 | *skʰlam |
| 憸 | *skʰlam, *skʰlamʔ, *sqʰlam, *qʰramʔ |
| 譣 | *skʰlam, *qʰramʔ |
| 檢 | *kramʔ |
| 瞼 | *kramʔ |
| 儉 | *ɡramʔ |
| 顩 | *ŋramʔ, *rlɯmʔ, *kʰrɯmʔ |
| 嬐 | *ŋramʔ |
| 嶮 | *ŋramʔ, *hŋramʔ |
| 噞 | *ŋramʔ, *ŋrams |
| 驗 | *ŋrams |
| 險 | *qʰramʔ |
| 劒 | *kams |
| 劍 | *kams |
| 𩏩 | *qʰam |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·ramʔ, *ɡ·rams) : phonetic 僉 (OC *skʰlam) + semantic 攴.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): liǎn, liàn
       (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄢˇ, ㄌㄧㄢˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nian$^4$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): lim$^5$ / lim$^6$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): liam$^4$
* Gan (Wiktionary): lien$^5$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): liam
* Jin (Wiktionary): lie$^2$
* Northern Min (KCR): līng
* Eastern Min (BUC): liēng / liêng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): liám
    (Teochew, Peng'im): niam$^2$ / liêm$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$li
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): lienn$^4$ / lienn$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: liǎn
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄢˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: liǎn
*** Wade–Giles: lien$^3$
*** Yale: lyǎn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lean
*** Palladius: лянь (ljanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /li̯ɛn²¹⁴/
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan; variant in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: liàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: liàn
*** Wade–Giles: lien$^4$
*** Yale: lyàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liann
*** Palladius: лянь (ljanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /li̯ɛn⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: nian$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lian
*** Sinological IPA : /niɛn²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lim$^5$ / lim$^6$
*** Yale: líhm / lihm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lim$^5$ / lim$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lim$^5$ / lim$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /liːm¹³/, /liːm²²/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: liam$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /liam²¹/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: lien$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /liɛn¹¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: liam
*** Hakka Romanization System: liam
*** Hagfa Pinyim: liam$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /li̯am⁵⁵/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: lie$^2$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /lie⁵³/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: līng
*** Sinological IPA : /liŋ⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: liēng / liêng
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃ieŋ³³/, /l̃iɛŋ²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liám
*** Tâi-lô: liám
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liarm
*** IPA (Xiamen): /liam⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /liam⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /liam⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /liam⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /liam⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: niam$^2$ / liêm$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: niám / liém
*** Sinological IPA : /niam⁵²/, /liem⁵²/
* niam2 - Shantou;
* liêm2 - Chaozhou.
* Middle Chinese: ljemX, ljemH
Rime :
| Character | 斂 | 斂 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 鹽 (153) | 鹽 (153) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 良冉切 | 力驗切 |
| Baxter | ljemX | ljemH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /liᴇm$^X$/ | /liᴇm$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /liɛm$^X$/ | /liɛm$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ljæm$^X$/ | /ljæm$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /liam$^X$/ | /liam$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /liɛm$^X$/ | /liɛm$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭɛm$^X$/ | /lĭɛm$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /li̯ɛm$^X$/ | /li̯ɛm$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | liǎn | liàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lim$^5$ | lim$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r][a]mʔ/, /*[r][a]m-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·ramʔ/, /*ɡ·rams/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 斂 | 斂 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | liǎn | liàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ljem$^X$ › | ‹ ljem$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[r][a]mʔ/ | /*[r][a]m-s/ |
| English | gather | dress a corpse |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 斂 | 斂 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 10190 | 10197 |
| Phonetic component | 僉 | 僉 |
| Rime group | 談 | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 斂 | 殮 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡ·ramʔ/ | /*ɡ·rams/ |

### Definitions

斂
* to draw back; to fold back
* to collect
* 35th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "gathering" (𝌨)

#### Compounds

* 五斂子／五敛子 (wǔliǎnzǐ)
* 內斂／内敛 (nèiliǎn)
* 大斂／大敛 (dàliàn)
* 小斂／小敛
* 屏氣斂息／屏气敛息
* 征斂
* 急征重斂
* 把斂／把敛
* 收斂／收敛 (shōuliǎn)
* 收斂劑／收敛剂
* 整衣斂容／整衣敛容
* 斂兵／敛兵
* 斂容／敛容 (liǎnróng)
* 斂影逃形／敛影逃形
* 斂怨／敛怨
* 斂怨求媚／敛怨求媚
* 斂戢／敛戢
* 斂手／敛手 (liànshǒu)
* 斂手待斃／敛手待毙
* 斂步／敛步
* 斂笑而泣／敛笑而泣
* 斂縮／敛缩
* 斂聲屏氣／敛声屏气
* 斂著／敛著
* 斂藏／敛藏
* 斂衣／敛衣
* 斂衽／敛衽
* 斂衽正容／敛衽正容
* 斂財／敛财 (liǎncái)
* 斂足／敛足
* 斂跡／敛迹 (liǎnjì)
* 斂躬／敛躬
* 斂避／敛避
* 斂錢／敛钱
* 斂飭／敛饬
* 斂首低眉／敛首低眉
* 斂黛／敛黛
* 暴斂／暴敛 (bàoliǎn)
* 暴斂橫徵／暴敛横征
* 橫征暴斂／横征暴敛
* 橫科暴斂／横科暴敛
* 橫賦暴斂／横赋暴敛
* 珍藏密斂／珍藏密敛
* 省刑薄斂／省刑薄敛
* 科斂／科敛
* 繁刑重斂／繁刑重敛
* 聚斂／聚敛 (jùliǎn)
* 藏鋒斂鍔／藏锋敛锷
* 裒斂／裒敛
* 賦斂／赋敛 (fùliǎn)
* 賤斂貴出／贱敛贵出
* 賤斂貴發／贱敛贵发
* 銷聲斂跡／销声敛迹
* 鋒芒內斂／锋芒内敛
* 頭會箕斂／头会箕敛 (tóuhuìjīliǎn)
* 鳩斂／鸠敛

### References

* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01741
* “斂”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
* 普通話异讀詞审音表初稿(第三編) (Third List of Pronunciation Standards for Words with Multiple Readings in Putonghua, Draft, in Chinese), 文字改革 (Script Reform), Issue 85, December 1962, page 4
* 普通话异读词审音表 (in Chinese), 1987, page 28

## Japanese

| Shinjitai (extended) | 㪘 |
| Kyūjitai | 斂 |

### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 㪘)
* tighten, stiffen

#### Readings

* Go-on: れん (ren)
* Kan-on: れん (ren)
* Kun: おさめる (osameru, 斂める)

#### Compounds

* 斂葬(れんそう) (rensō, “interment, burial”)

## Korean
### Hanja

斂 • (ryeom>yeom) (hangeul 렴>염, revised ryeom>yeom, McCune–Reischauer ryŏm>yŏm, Yale lyem>yem)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

斂: Hán Nôm readings: kiếm, liễm, liệm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nôm Foundation