# 屈服
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qūfú
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄩ ㄈㄨˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): wat$^1$ fuk$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khut-fu̍k
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khut-ho̍k
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qūfú
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄩ ㄈㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cyufú
*** Wade–Giles: chʻü$^1$-fu$^2$
*** Yale: chyū-fú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiufwu
*** Palladius: цюйфу (cjujfu)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵ fu³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wat$^1$ fuk$^6$
*** Yale: wāt fuhk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wat$^7$ fuk$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wed$^1$ fug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /wɐt̚⁵ fʊk̚²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khut-fu̍k
*** Hakka Romanization System: kud$^ˋ$ fug
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kud$^5$ fug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰut̚² fuk̚⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khut-ho̍k
*** Tâi-lô: khut-ho̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: quthok
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰut̚³²⁻⁴ hɔk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰut̚⁵⁻²⁴ hɔk̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰut̚³²⁻⁵ hɔk̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰut̚³²⁻⁴ hɔk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰut̚³²⁻⁴ hɔk̚⁴/

### Verb

屈服
* to surrender; to yield; to concede
* (engineering, materials science, of a material specimen) to yield

#### Synonyms

* (to surrender):
* 屈從／屈从 (qūcóng)
* 投降 (tóuxiáng)
* 臣服 (chénfú)
* 降服

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “to surrender”):
* 不屈 (bùqū)

#### Descendants

* → Korean: 굴복(屈服) (gulbok)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 屈 | 服 |
| くつ > くっ Grade: S | ふく > ぷく Grade: 3 |
| kan'on ||
* Alternative spelling
* 屈伏

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 屈服 (MC kjut|khjut bjuwk, literally “bend; crouch + submit; obey”). Compare modern Hakka reading khiut-fu̍k.
The modern reading kuppuku is a shift from earlier kutsubuku.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) くっぷく [kùppúkú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kɯ̟p̚pɯ̟kɯ̟]

### Noun

屈(くっ)服(ぷく) • (kuppuku)
* surrender, submission, or subjection (as to a ruler or other authority)
* prostration, kowtowing

### Verb

屈(くっ)服(ぷく)する • (kuppuku suru) suru (stem 屈(くっ)服(ぷく)し (kuppuku shi), past 屈(くっ)服(ぷく)した (kuppuku shita))
* to surrender, submit, or subject oneself (as to a ruler or other authority)
* to prostrate oneself

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 屈服し | くっぷくし | kuppuku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 屈服し | くっぷくし | kuppuku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 屈服する | くっぷくする | kuppuku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 屈服する | くっぷくする | kuppuku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 屈服すれ | くっぷくすれ | kuppuku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 屈服せよ¹ 屈服しろ² | くっぷくせよ¹ くっぷくしろ² | kuppuku seyo¹ kuppuku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 屈服される | くっぷくされる | kuppuku sareru |
| Causative | 屈服させる 屈服さす | くっぷくさせる くっぷくさす | kuppuku saseru kuppuku sasu |
| Potential | 屈服できる | くっぷくできる | kuppuku dekiru |
| Volitional | 屈服しよう | くっぷくしよう | kuppuku shiyō |
| Negative | 屈服しない | くっぷくしない | kuppuku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 屈服せず | くっぷくせず | kuppuku sezu |
| Formal | 屈服します | くっぷくします | kuppuku shimasu |
| Perfective | 屈服した | くっぷくした | kuppuku shita |
| Conjunctive | 屈服して | くっぷくして | kuppuku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 屈服すれば | くっぷくすれば | kuppuku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN