# 生理
## Chinese

* 生理 (Written Standard Chinese)
* seng-lí (Southern Min)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shēnglǐ
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄥ ㄌㄧˇ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): sang$^1$ lei$^5$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): sang$^1$ lei$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sên-lî
    (Hailu, HRS): sen$^ˋ$ li$^ˋ$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): xiên$^1$ li$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): sĕng-lī
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): seng-lí / sng-lí / sin-lí
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sêng$^1$ li$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shēnglǐ
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄥ ㄌㄧˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shenglǐ
*** Wade–Giles: shêng$^1$-li$^3$
*** Yale: shēng-lǐ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shenglii
*** Palladius: шэнли (šɛnli)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$牲禮／牲礼 生理
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sang$^1$ lei$^5$
*** Yale: sāng léih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sang$^1$ lei$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: seng$^1$ léi$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐŋ⁵⁵ lei̯¹³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: sang$^1$ lei$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /saŋ³³ lei²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sên-lî
*** Hakka Romanization System: sen$^ˊ$ li$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: sen$^1$ li$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /sen²⁴⁻¹¹ li²⁴/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: sen$^ˋ$ li$^ˋ$
*** Sinological IPA: /sen⁵³ li⁵³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: xiên$^1$ li$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /siɛn⁴⁴ li⁴⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sĕng-lī
*** Sinological IPA : /sɛiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ $^{(l-)}$nˡi³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: seng-lí
*** Tâi-lô: sing-lí
*** Phofsit Daibuun: senglie
*** IPA (Philippines): /siɪŋ³³ li⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sng-lí
*** Tâi-lô: sng-lí
*** Phofsit Daibuun: snglie
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /sŋ̍³³ li⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Longyan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sin-lí
*** Tâi-lô: sin-lí
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sinlie
*** IPA (Longyan): /sin³³⁴ li²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: sêng$^1$ li$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: seng lí
*** Sinological IPA : /seŋ³³⁻²³ li⁵²/
* Middle Chinese: sraeng|sraengH liX
Rime :
| Character | 生 | 生 | 理 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 生 (21) | 生 (21) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 庚 (109) | 庚 (109) | 之 (19) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | II | III |
| Fanqie | 所庚切 | 所敬切 | 良士切 |
| Baxter | sraeng | sraengH | liX |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʃˠæŋ/ | /ʃˠæŋ$^H$/ | /lɨ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʃᵚaŋ/ | /ʃᵚaŋ$^H$/ | /lɨ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʃaŋ/ | /ʃaŋ$^H$/ | /lie$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʂaɨjŋ/ | /ʂaɨjŋ$^H$/ | /lɨ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʃɐŋ/ | /ʃɐŋ$^H$/ | /liə$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ʃɐŋ/ | /ʃɐŋ$^H$/ | /lĭə$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ʂɐŋ/ | /ʂɐŋ$^H$/ | /li$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shēng | shèng | lǐ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sang$^1$ | sang$^3$ | lei$^5$ |

### Noun

生理
* physiology; normal functioning of living organisms and their parts
    生理需要 ― shēnglǐ xūyào ― biological need
* (literary) ways to maintain good health
* (literary) science of growth and propagation (of plants)
* (literary) rules of conduct
* (literary) hope of surviving
* (literary) life; living; livelihood
* (literary) work; job; profession
* (literary or Hakka, Eastern Min, Hokkien, Teochew) business; trade; buying and selling
       Goán a-kū kah a-kīm teh chò seng-lí. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
       Our uncle and aunt are doing business.
* (literary) property; wealth

#### Synonyms

* (business):
* 交易 (jiāoyì)
* 商務／商务 (shāngwù)
* 商業／商业 (shāngyè)
* 業務／业务 (yèwù)
* 生意
* 買賣／买卖 (mǎimài)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 生意, 買賣 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 買賣 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 生意 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 買賣 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 生意 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 生意 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 買兒賣兒, 買賣, 生意 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 買賣, 生意 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 買賣, 生意 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 買賣, 生意 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 買賣, 生意 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 生意, 買賣 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 生意, 買賣 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 生意, 買賣 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 買賣, 生意 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 買賣, 生意 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 生意, 買賣 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 生意買賣, 生意, 買賣 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 生意, 買賣 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 生意 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 生意 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 生意, 買賣 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 生意 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 生意 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 生意 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 生意 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 生意 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 生意 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 生意 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 生意 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 生意 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 生意 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 生意 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 生意 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 生意 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 生理 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 生理 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 生理 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Changbu) | 生理 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Mianyang) | 生理 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 生理 |
| Hakka | Luhe | 生理 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 生意 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 生理 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 生理 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 生理 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 生理 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 生理 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 生理 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 生意 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 生意, 買賣 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 生意, 買賣 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 生意 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 生意, 生理 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 生理 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 生理 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 生理 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 生理 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 生理 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Changtai) | 生理 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 生理 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 生理 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 生理, 買賣 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 生理, 買賣 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 生理, 買賣 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 生理, 買賣 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 生理, 買賣 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 生理, 買賣 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 生理, 買賣 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 生理, 買賣 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 生理, 買賣 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 生理, 買賣 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 生理 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 生理 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 生理 |
| Southern Min | Longyan | 生理 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 生理 |
| Southern Min | Raoping | 生理 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 生理 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 生理 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 生理 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 生理 |
| Southern Min | Phnom Penh (Teochew) | 生理 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 生理 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 商意 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 生意 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 生意 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 生意 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 生意, 買賣 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 生意, 買賣 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 生意 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 生意 |
| Wu | Danyang | 生意 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 生意 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 生意 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 生意 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 生意 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 生意 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 生意, 買賣 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 生意 |

#### Derived terms

* 了錢生理無人做，刣頭生理有人做／了钱生理无人做，刣头生理有人做
* 做生理
* 各安生理
* 生意佬
* 生理人
* 生理光學／生理光学
* 生理學／生理学 (shēnglǐxué)
* 生理年齡／生理年龄 (shēnglǐ niánlíng)
* 生理性別／生理性别 (shēnglǐ xìngbié)
* 生理時鐘／生理时钟
* 生理期 (shēnglǐqī)
* 生理節律／生理节律 (shēnglǐ jiélǜ)
* 生理聲學／生理声学
* 生理腳／生理脚
* 生理鹽水／生理盐水 (shēnglǐ yánshuǐ)
* 電生理學／电生理学 (diànshēnglǐxué)

### References

* “Entry #1953”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 生 | 理 |
| せい Grade: 1 | り Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) せーり [séꜜèrì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [se̞ːɾʲi]

### Noun

生(せい)理(り) • (seiri)
* Short for 生理学 (seirigaku, “physiology”).
* menstruation; period
    Synonym: 月経 (gekkei)
    前(まえ)の生(せい)理(り)はいつでしたか
       Mae no seiri wa itsu deshita ka
       When was your last period?

#### Derived terms

* 生理痛(せいりつう) (seiritsū)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 生 | 理 |

### Noun

生理 • (saengni) (hangeul 생리)
* hanja form of 생리 (“physiology”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 生 | 理 |

### Noun

生理
* chữ Hán form of sinh lí (“physiology”).