# 芥

| 芥 | U+82A5, &#33445; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-82A5 |
| ← 芤 [U+82A4] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 芦 → [U+82A6] |

## Translingual
### Han character

芥 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+4, 8 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 7 strokes in mainland China and Japanese, cangjie input 廿人中中 (TOLL) or 難廿人中中 (XTOLL), four-corner 4422$_8$, composition ⿱艹介)

#### Derived characters

* 𠶋, 𤊍, 𰥬

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 1019, character 31
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30715
* Dae Jaweon: page 1477, character 14
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3182, character 6
* Unihan data for U+82A5

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 芥 :
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Qin slip script | Small seal script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 妎 | *ɡaːds, *ɡeːds |
| 芥 | *kreːds |
| 尬 | *kreːds |
| 界 | *kreːds |
| 介 | *kreːds |
| 疥 | *kreːds |
| 玠 | *kreːds |
| 砎 | *kreːds, *kreːd, *ɡraːd |
| 魪 | *kreːds |
| 价 | *kreːds |
| 衸 | *kreːds, *ɡreːds |
| 齘 | *ɡreːds |
| 骱 | *ɡaːd, *kreːd |
| 扴 | *kreːd |
| 圿 | *kreːd |
| 忦 | *kreːd |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kreːds) : semantic 艸 (“grass, plant”) + phonetic 介 (OC *kreːds) – a type of plant.

### Etymology

The meaning "mustard green" is attested earliest in the Book of Rites; "small grass" in Zuo zhuan (Ai 1).
Schuessler (2007) compares it to Middle Korean 갓 (kas), Proto-Southwestern Tai *ka:tᴰ (> Thai กาด (gàat), Lao ກາດ (kāt), Shan ၵၢတ်ႇ (kàat)), Proto-Vietic *kaːs (> Vietnamese cải, Muong cái, & Thavung kajh¹). However, all those foreign items might have been loaned from Late Old Chinese or Eastern Han Chinese (as proposed by Pittayaporn for *ka:tᴰ),

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): jiè, gài (jie$^4$, gai$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄝˋ, ㄍㄞˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jiai$^4$
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gaai$^3$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): gai$^1$
* Gan (Wiktionary): gai$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): kie
    (Meixian, Guangdong): giai$^4$
* Jin (Wiktionary): jie$^3$
* Northern Min (KCR): guo̿i
* Eastern Min (BUC): gái
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kòa / kè / kài
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gai$^3$ / kah$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$ka
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gai$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiè
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄝˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiè
*** Wade–Giles: chieh$^4$
*** Yale: jyè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jieh
*** Palladius: цзе (cze)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gài
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gài
*** Wade–Giles: kai$^4$
*** Yale: gài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gay
*** Palladius: гай (gaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /kaɪ̯⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: jiai$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: giai
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiɛi²¹³/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gaai$^3$
*** Yale: gaai
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gaai$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gai$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kaːi̯³³/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: gai$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kai³³/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: gai$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kai³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kie
*** Hakka Romanization System: gie
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gie$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯e⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: giai$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /kiaɪ⁵³/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: jie$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕie⁴⁵/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: guo̿i
*** Sinological IPA : /kuɛ³³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gái
*** Sinological IPA : /kɑi²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kòa / kè / kài
*** Tâi-lô: kuà / kè / kài
*** Phofsit Daibuun: koax, kex, kaix
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kua²¹/, /ke²¹/, /kai²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kua⁴¹/, /ke⁴¹/, /kai⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kua²¹/, /ke²¹/, /kai²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kua¹¹/, /ke¹¹/, /kai¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kua²¹/, /ke²¹/, /kai²¹/
* kòa, kè - vernacular;
* kài - literary.
* Middle Chinese: keajH
Rime :
| Character | 芥 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 皆 (33) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 古拜切 |
| Baxter | keajH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠɛi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚæi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kɐi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kəɨj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kɛi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kɐi$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kăi$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiè |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gaai$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤr[e][t]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kreːds/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 芥 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jiè |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kɛj$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁr[e][t]-s/ |
| English | mustard plant |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 芥 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 6522 |
| Phonetic component | 介 |
| Rime group | 祭 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 誡 |
| Old Chinese | /*kreːds/ |

### Definitions

芥
* mustard greens (Brassica juncea)
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Kuài: chūn yòng cōng, qiū yòng jiè. [Pinyin]
    Mince was made in spring, with onions; in autumn, with the mustard plant.
* (literary) small grass
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Chén wén: “Guó zhī xìng yě, shì mín rú shāng, shì qí fú yě. Qí wáng yě, yǐ mín wèi tǔjiè, shì qí huò yě.” [Pinyin]
    I have heard that States flourish when they regard their people as if apprehensive of their receiving hurt:;`——that brings prosperity. States again perish when they treat their people as earth or grass; —that brings calamity.
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    jūn zhī shì chén rú tǔjiè, zé chén shì jūn rú kòuchóu [Pinyin]
    When the prince regards his ministers as earth or as grass, they regard him as a robber and an enemy.
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Fù bēi shuǐ yú àotáng zhī shàng, zé jiè wéi zhī zhōu. [Pinyin]
    Tip water from a cup into a cavity, and a leaf of grass will float on it like were a boat.
* (literary, figurative) triviality

### Compounds

* 一芥
* 俛拾地芥／俯拾地芥
* 南芥
* 土芥
* 地芥
* 埃芥
* 塵芥／尘芥 (chénjiè)
* 塵芥蟲／尘芥虫
* 壤芥
* 大頭芥／大头芥
* 如拾地芥
* 山芥
* 引鍼拾芥／引针拾芥
* 拾地芥
* 拾芥
* 掌中芥
* 易如拾芥
* 橫芥／横芥
* 殺人如芥／杀人如芥
* 毛芥
* 毫芥
* 浮芥
* 石芥
* 視如土芥／视如土芥
* 視如草芥／视如草芥
* 視若草芥／视若草芥
* 纖芥／纤芥
* 纖芥不遺／纤芥不遗
* 纖芥無爽／纤芥无爽
* 腐芥
* 芥子 (jièzǐ)
* 芥子毒氣／芥子毒气 (jièzǐ dúqì)
* 芥子油
* 芥子須彌／芥子须弥
* 芥川賞／芥川赏
* 芥拾
* 芥拾青紫
* 芥末 (“mustard”)
* 芥視／芥视
* 芥羽
* 芥舟
* 芥菜
* 芥菜頭／芥菜头
* 芥蒂 (jièdì)
* 芥蔕／芥蒂
* 芥藍／芥蓝
* 芥藍菜／芥蓝菜
* 芥蘭／芥兰
* 芥蠆／芥虿
* 芥辣
* 芥黃／芥黄
* 荊芥／荆芥 (jīngjiè)
* 草芥 (cǎojiè)
* 草芥人命
* 蒂芥
* 蔕芥／蒂芥
* 薹芥
* 蜀芥
* 蠆芥／虿芥
* 負芥／负芥
* 遺芥／遗芥
* 針芥／针芥
* 針芥之合／针芥之合
* 針芥之契／针芥之契
* 針芥之投／针芥之投
* 針芥相投／针芥相投
* 鍼芥相投／针芥相投
* 須彌芥子／须弥芥子

### Descendants

* → Proto-Tai: *kaːtᴰ (“mustard greens”)
** Proto-Southwestern Tai: *kaːtᴰ (“mustard greens”)
*** Lao: ກາດ (kāt)
*** Shan: ၵၢတ်ႇ (kàat)
*** Thai: กาด (gàat)

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* mustard
* rubbish, trash, dust

#### Readings

* Go-on: け (ke)
* Kan-on: かい (kai)
* Kun: あくた (akuta, 芥)、からし (karashi, 芥)、ごみ (gomi, 芥)

### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 芥
* からし Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 芥 – see the following entry. :
| 【芥子からし】 | [noun] Synonym of 芥子菜 (karashina): the Indian mustard, Brassica juncea [from early 10th c.] [noun] a spice made from the kneaded seeds of the Indian mustard [from mid-8th c.] Alternative spelling 辛子 |
(This term, 芥, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 芥
* あくた Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 芥 – see the following entry. :
| 【あくた】 | [noun] [from 759] something rotten or broken: garbage, waste, dross [noun] (by extension) something worthless |
(This term, 芥, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 芥
* ごみ Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 芥 – see the following entry. :
| 【ゴミ】 | [noun] trash, rubbish, garbage Alternative spellings 塵, ごみ |
(This term, 芥, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Hanja

芥 • (gae) (hangeul 개, revised gae, McCune–Reischauer kae, Yale kay)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

芥: Hán Nôm readings: giới
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.