# 鰯

| 鰯 | U+9C2F, &#39983; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9C2F |
| ← 鰮 [U+9C2E] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 鰰 → [U+9C30] |

## Translingual
### Han character

鰯 (Kangxi radical 195, 魚+10, 21 strokes, cangjie input 弓火弓一一 (NFNMM), composition ⿰魚弱)
* sardine

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: not present, would follow page 1476, character 25
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 46413
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4708, character 9
* Unihan data for U+9C2F

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 鰯 (iwashi, “sardine”). A Japanese kokuji coined phono-semanically (弱し yowashi) in the Nara period.

### Etymology

Spelling pronunciation, as 弱 (ruò)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): ruò (ruo$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄖㄨㄛˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): joek$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: ruò
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ruò
*** Wade–Giles: jo$^4$
*** Yale: rwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ruoh
*** Palladius: жо (žo)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: joek$^6$
*** Yale: yeuhk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: joek$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yêg$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /jœːk̚²/

### Definitions

鰯
* pilchard (esp. Japanese pilchard, Sardinops melanostictus), sardine.

#### References

* (Cantonese) Jyutping Database (iso10646hk.net) - Cantonese Pronunciation List (Part 3), page 247

## Japanese
### Glyph origin

A 国字 (kokuji, “Japanese-coined character”).

### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* sardine

#### Readings

* Kun: いわし (iwashi, 鰯)

#### Alternative forms

* 鰮, 鰛

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 鰯
* いわし Jinmeiyō
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 鰮 鰛
From Old Japanese. Attested in a mokkan dated around 756.
Seemingly connected to 弱し (yowashi, “weak”, modern 弱い (yowai)), from the way that the fish quickly dies. However, the pitch accents mismatch; the Heian period accent for iwashi is <HHH>, contradicting to the accent of yowashi, which has <LLF> in the Heian period.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) いわし [ìwáshí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [iβ̞a̠ɕi]

### Noun

鰯(いわし) or 鰯(イワシ) • (iwashi)
* [from 756] a pilchard (especially a Japanese pilchard) (Sardinops melanostictus)
** 938, Minamoto no Shitagō, Wamyō Ruijushō, volume 8:鰯 楊氏漢語抄云鰯〈伊和之 今案本文未詳〉Pilchard: [Part of the] Willow Family. 鰯 is [also] in the Kangoshō. ([read] iwasi; currently, records of its origin are unknown)
* [unknown] Japanese sardine
* [from 1747] an uncut sword
* [from c. 1310] on the night of the Setsubun, a pilchard is placed at the entrance along with a 柊 (hīragi, “Osmanthus heterophyllus”) to ward off evil spirits
* [from 1892] (slang, used by criminals) a prison guard

#### Usage notes

* As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as イワシ.

#### Derived terms

* 鰯(イワシ)鯨(クジラ) (iwashikujira)
* 鰯(いわし)雲(ぐも) (iwashigumo)

#### Descendants

* Russian: иваси́ f (ivasí)

### References

* 1 2 3 4 5 “いわし 【鰯・鰮】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
* ↑ “よわ・い 【弱】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Hanja

鰯 • (yak) (hangeul 약, revised yak, McCune–Reischauer yak, Yale yak)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Northern Amami Ōshima
### Etymology

Possibly borrowed from Japanese 鰯 (iwashi).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ʔiwaɕi]

### Noun

鰯(イワシ) (iwasi)
* a pilchard (especially a Japanese pilchard) (Sardinops melanostictus)

### References

* Osada, Suma, Suyama, Nahoko (1977) 奄美方言分類辞典上巻 [Dictionary of Amami Dialect on Semantic Principles: Volume 1], Tokyo: Kasama Shoin, page 857
* Osada, Suma, Suyama, Nahoko, Fujii, Misako (1980) 奄美方言分類辞典下巻 [Dictionary of Amami Dialect on Semantic Principles: Volume 2], Tokyo: Kasama Shoin, page 655

## Old Japanese
### Etymology

Seemingly connected to 弱し (yo$_1$wasi, “weak”), from the way that the fish quickly dies. However, the pitch accents mismatch; the Heian period accent for iwashi is <HHH>, contradicting to the accent of yowashi, which has <LLF> in the Heian period.

### Noun

鰯 (iwasi) (kana いわし)
* a pilchard (especially a Japanese pilchard (Sardinops melanostictus))
** Mokkan #2283 from Heijo Palace; text here
    青郷御贄伊和志腊五升AWOSATO$_1$ NO$_2$ MI$_1$-NIPE$_2$ NO$_2$ iwasi NO$_2$ KI$_1$TAPI$_1$ PA ITU-MASUThe dried meat of a pilchard offered from Awosato [weighs] five masu.

### References

* 1 2 “いわし 【鰯・鰮】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
* ↑ “よわ・い 【弱】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here