# 妖怪
## Chinese

* 妖怪 (Written Standard Chinese)
* Yaoguai (English)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): yāoguài
       (Zhuyin): ㄧㄠ ㄍㄨㄞˋ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): ёгуэ (i͡ogue, I-III)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jiu$^2$ gwaai$^3$ / jiu$^1$ gwaai$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yêu-koai
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): iau-koài
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yāoguài → yāoguai (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄠ ㄍㄨㄞˋ → ㄧㄠ ˙ㄍㄨㄞ (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yaoguåi
*** Wade–Giles: yao$^1$-kuai$^5$
*** Yale: yāu-gwai
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iau.guay
*** Palladius: яогуай (jaoguaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ku̯aɪ̯⁵¹/ → /jɑʊ̯⁵⁵ g̊u̯aɪ̯²/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: ёгуэ (i͡ogue, I-III)
*** Sinological IPA : /iɔː²⁴ kuɛ⁴⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jiu$^2$ gwaai$^3$ / jiu$^1$ gwaai$^3$
*** Yale: yíu gwaai / yīu gwaai
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jiu$^2$ gwaai$^3$ / jiu$^1$ gwaai$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yiu$^2$ guai$^3$ / yiu$^1$ guai$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /jiːu̯³⁵ kʷaːi̯³³/, /jiːu̯⁵⁵ kʷaːi̯³³/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yêu-koai
*** Hakka Romanization System: ieu$^ˊ$ guai
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yeu$^1$ guai$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯eu̯²⁴⁻¹¹ ku̯ai̯⁵⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yêu-koai
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)ieu$^ˊ$ guai
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yeu$^1$ guai$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯eu̯²⁴⁻¹¹ ku̯ai̯⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iau-koài
*** Tâi-lô: iau-kuài
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iau'koaix
*** IPA (Xiamen): /iau⁴⁴⁻²² kuai²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /iau³³ kuai⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /iau⁴⁴⁻²² kuai²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /iau⁴⁴⁻³³ kuai¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /iau⁴⁴⁻³³ kuai²¹/

### Noun

妖怪
* (usually in Chinese mythology) supernatural being; monster; devil; goblin

#### Synonyms

* 凶煞 (xiōngshà) (literally or figuratively)
* 凶神 (xiōngshén) (literally or figuratively)
* 妖 (yāo)
* 妖孽 (yāoniè)
* 妖物 (yāowù)
* 妖精 (yāojīng)
* 妖鬼 (yāoguǐ)
* 妖魔 (yāomó)
* 孽 (niè) (literary, or in compounds)
* 怪物 (guàiwu)
* 惡魔／恶魔 (èmó) (literally or figuratively)
* 煞 (Taiwanese Hokkien)
* 煞神 (shàshén) (literary, literally or figuratively)
* 精怪 (jīngguài)
* 精靈／精灵 (jīnglíng)
* 邪魔 (xiémó)
* 魔 (mó) (literary, or in compounds)
* 魔障 (mózhàng) (Buddhism)
* 魔鬼 (móguǐ) (literally or figuratively)

#### Derived terms

* 口袋妖怪 (Kǒudài Yāoguài)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 妖怪(ようかい) (yōkai)
* → Korean: 요괴(妖怪) (yogoe)
* → Vietnamese: yêu quái (妖怪)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 妖 | 怪 |
| よう Grade: S | かい Grade: S |
| on'yomi | kan'on |
* Alternative spelling
* 祅恠

### Etymology

*/ɨeu kʷæi/ → /jeukʷai/ → /joːkai/
From Middle Chinese compound 妖怪 (MC 'jew kweajH, literally “strange, supernatural + extraordinary”).
Compare modern Mandarin 妖怪 (yāoguài).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) よーかい [yòókáí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [jo̞ːka̠i]

### Adjective

妖(よう)怪(かい) • (yōkai) -na (adnominal 妖(よう)怪(かい)な (yōkai na), adverbial 妖(よう)怪(かい)に (yōkai ni))
* (dated) creepy, spooky, ghastly, perilous
    妖怪(ようかい)な雰(ふん)囲気(いき)
       yōkai na fun'iki
       a creepy atmosphere / a spooky mood

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 妖怪だろ | ようかいだろ | yōkai daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 妖怪で | ようかいで | yōkai de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 妖怪だ | ようかいだ | yōkai da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 妖怪な | ようかいな | yōkai na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 妖怪なら | ようかいなら | yōkai nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 妖怪であれ | ようかいであれ | yōkai de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 妖怪ではない 妖怪じゃない | ようかいではない ようかいじゃない | yōkai de wa nai yōkai ja nai |
| Informal past | 妖怪だった | ようかいだった | yōkai datta |
| Informal negative past | 妖怪ではなかった 妖怪じゃなかった | ようかいではなかった ようかいじゃなかった | yōkai de wa nakatta yōkai ja nakatta |
| Formal | 妖怪です | ようかいです | yōkai desu |
| Formal negative | 妖怪ではありません 妖怪じゃありません | ようかいではありません ようかいじゃありません | yōkai de wa arimasen yōkai ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 妖怪でした | ようかいでした | yōkai deshita |
| Formal negative past | 妖怪ではありませんでした 妖怪じゃありませんでした | ようかいではありませんでした ようかいじゃありませんでした | yōkai de wa arimasen deshita yōkai ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 妖怪で | ようかいで | yōkai de |
| Conditional | 妖怪なら（ば） | ようかいなら（ば） | yōkai nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 妖怪だったら | ようかいだったら | yōkai dattara |
| Volitional | 妖怪だろう | ようかいだろう | yōkai darō |
| Adverbial | 妖怪に | ようかいに | yōkai ni |
| Degree | 妖怪さ | ようかいさ | yōkaisa |

### Noun

妖(よう)怪(かい) • (yōkai)
* yokai: supernatural being, monster, apparition, goblin

#### Usage notes

* The Japanese concept of the yōkai does not map directly to any specific English term.

#### Synonyms

* (supernatural being): 妖魔(ようま) (yōma)
* (monster): 怪物(かいぶつ) (kaibutsu), 魔物(まもの) (mamono)

#### Derived terms

* 妖怪変化(ようかいへんげ) (yōkai henge, “monstrous apparition”)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 妖 | 怪 |

### Noun

妖怪 • (yogoe) (hangeul 요괴)
* hanja form of 요괴 (“monster, goblin”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 妖 | 怪 |

### Noun

妖怪
* chữ Hán form of yêu quái (“monster”).