# 新羅
## Chinese

* 新羅

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Xīnluó
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄣ ㄌㄨㄛˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): san$^1$ lo$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Sin-lô
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Xīnluó
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄣ ㄌㄨㄛˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Sinluó
*** Wade–Giles: Hsin$^1$-lo$^2$
*** Yale: Syīn-lwó
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Shinluo
*** Palladius: Синьло (Sinʹlo)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕin⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: san$^1$ lo$^4$
*** Yale: sān lòh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: san$^1$ lo$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sen$^1$ lo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐn⁵⁵ lɔː²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Longyan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Sin-lô
*** Tâi-lô: Sin-lô
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sinlooi
*** IPA (Longyan): /sin³³⁴ lo¹¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /sin⁴⁴⁻²² lo²⁴/
* Middle Chinese: sin la
Rime :
| Character | 新 | 羅 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (43) | 歌 (94) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 息鄰切 | 魯何切 |
| Baxter | sin | la |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /siɪn/ | /lɑ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /sin/ | /lɑ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /sjen/ | /lɑ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /sin/ | /la/ |
| Li Rong | /siĕn/ | /lɑ/ |
| Wang Li | /sĭĕn/ | /lɑ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /si̯ĕn/ | /lɑ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xīn | luó |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | san$^1$ | lo$^4$ |

### Etymology 1

First attested in the Records of the Three Kingdoms (c. 290 CE) as 斯盧／斯卢 (OC *se b·raː, MC siᴇ luo) as in 斯盧國 (“Saro state”), one of the 12 statelets belonging to the Jinhan confederacy. Other old variations include 新盧／新卢 (OC *siŋ b·raː, MC siɪn luo) and 斯羅／斯罗 (OC *se raːl, MC siᴇ lɑ).
In Old Korean documents, those country names were equated with the name of the capital, 徐羅伐 (Syerapel, “Seorabeol”, modern Gyeongju), a compound of 徐羅 (syera) + 伐 (pel, “village”). Other variants include 徐那伐 (syenapel), 徐耶伐 (syeyapel) and 徐伐 (syepel), whence 서울 (seoul, “capital city”).
徐 (sye), the first syllable of 徐羅 is considered to mean “gold” because of 금성 (金城, geumseong, “gold castle/city/fort”), the sinicized name of the capital city (cf. 쇠 (soe), “iron, metal”). The second syllable 羅 (ra) is according to one theory a connective particle, but another theory posits that it means “land”.

#### Proper noun

新羅
* Silla (one of the ancient Three Kingdoms of Korea)

##### Coordinate terms

* 百濟／百济 (Bǎijì)
* 高句麗／高句丽 (Gāogōulí)

### Etymology 2
#### Proper noun

新羅
* (～區) Xinluo (a district of Longyan, Fujian, China)

### References

* ↑ e.g. Samguk yusa (三國遺事), c.1280s: "國號徐羅伐。又徐伐《今俗訓京字云徐伐以此故也》或云斯羅。又斯盧。"
* ↑ Suematsu, Yasukazu (1965) 青丘史草《第1》‎, page 59
* ↑ Saitō, Tadashi (2013) 消された日本建国の謎‎, →ISBN
* ↑ Kanazawa, Shōzaburō (1929) 日鮮同祖論‎

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 新 | 羅 |
| しらぎ ||
| Grade: 2 | Grade: S |
| irregular ||
⟨siraki$_2$⟩ → */sirakɨ/ → /ɕiraɡi/
Shift from Old Japanese 新羅 (Siraki$_2$).

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しらぎ [shíꜜràgì] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɕiɾa̠ɡʲi]

#### Proper noun

新羅(しらぎ) • (Shiragi)
* Silla (ancient Korean kingdom)

##### Coordinate terms

* 百済(くだら) (Kudara)
* 高麗(こま) (Koma)

##### Derived terms

* 新羅(しらぎ)楽(がく) (Shiragi-gaku)
* 新羅(しらぎ)琴(ごと) (Shiragi-goto, “Silla koto”)
* 新羅(しらぎ)船(ぶね) (Shiragi-bune)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 新 | 羅 |
| しん Grade: 2 | ら Grade: S |
| goon ||
From the Middle Chinese-derived reading of the kanji characters.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しんら [shíꜜǹrà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ɕĩn̺ɾa̠]

#### Proper noun

新(しん)羅(ら) • (Shinra)
* Silla (ancient Korean kingdom)

##### Coordinate terms

* 百(ひゃく)済(さい) (Hyakusai)
* 高(こう)麗(らい) (Kōrai), 高(こう)句(く)麗(り) (Kōkuri)

##### Derived terms

* 新(しん)羅(ら)三(さぶ)郎(ろう) (Shinra Saburō)

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ “しらぎ 【新羅】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
* ↑ “しんら 【新羅】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 新 | 羅 |

### Proper noun

新羅 • (Silla) (hangeul 신라)
* hanja form of 신라 (“Silla”)

## Old Japanese
### Etymology

Shiratori (1896) derived this word from Old Korean 徐羅城 (*Syera-KUY), reconstructed from 徐羅 (syera) as in 徐羅伐 (Syerapel, “Seorabeol”, its capital city, present day Gyeongju) or 斯羅 (MC sje la), an older name of Silla; and Old Japanese 城 (ki$_2$, “fortress, castle”) considered as borrowed from Baekje 己 (kuy), from Goguryeo 忽 (kol(o)) and older form 溝婁／沟娄 (kwurwu, OC *koː ɡ·roː/ɡ·ro, MC kəu lɨo|ləu), equated with Old Korean 伐 (pel, “village”).
Aisin-Gioro (2009) proposed that there are also similar exonyms for Korea, made from the same configuration, Old Turkic 𐰲𐰇𐰞𐰍𐰞 (čölgl, “Silla”), Jurchen solgor (“Goryeo”, whence cognate with Manchu ᠰᠣᠯᡥᠣ (solho), “Korea”), and borrowed as Mongolian Солго (Solgo, “Korea”) and Middle Mongol 莎郎合思 (Solangqas, “Goryeo”, whence cognate with Mongolian Солонгос (Solongos), “Korea”), as being related to *Syera-kuy, and Khitan 𘬥𘲀𘭲𘮒 (*ś ul ó úr, “Silla, Goryeo”) as a descendant of 徐羅伐 (Syera-pel).

### Proper noun

新羅 (Siraki₂) (kana しらき)
* Silla (ancient Korean kingdom)
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 15, poem 3696:新羅奇敞可伊敞爾可加反流由吉能之麻由加牟多登伎毛於毛比可禰都母Siraki₂-pe₁ ka ipe₁ ni ka kape₁ru Yuki₁-no₂-sima yukamu tado₂ki₁ mo omopi₁kanetu moReturning to my house in Silla, I still have no clue about whether I should depart from the island of Yuki.

#### Coordinate terms

* 高句麗 (Ko$_2$ma, “Goguryeo”)
* 百濟 (Kudara, “Baekje”)

#### Descendants

* Japanese: 新羅 (Shiragi)

### References

* ↑ according to 白鳥庫吉全集〈第3巻〉朝鮮史研究‎, 1970, first published in Shiratori, Kurakichi (1896) “朝鮮古代王號考”, in 史學雜誌, volume 7, 史學會 (The Historical Society of Japan)
* ↑ Mabuchi, Kazuhito (1978) “『三国史記』記載の百済地名より見た古代百済語の考察 (On the Ancient Language of Kudara as Reflected in Kudara Place Names in the Sangokushiki)”, in 文藝言語研究. 言語篇 3‎, archived from the original on 17 April 2019, page 79
* ↑ Aisin-Gioro, Ulhicun (2009) 愛新覚羅烏拉熙春女真契丹学研究‎, →ISBN, page 47
* ↑ Aisin-Gioro, Ulhicun (2011) 韓半島から眺めた契丹・女真‎, 京都大学学術出版会 (Kyoto University Press), →ISBN, archived from the original on 19 August 2019

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 新 | 羅 |

### Proper noun

新羅
* chữ Hán form of Tân La (“Silla”).