# 既

| 既 | U+65E2, &#26082; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-65E2 |
| ← 旡 [U+65E1] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 旣 → [U+65E3] |
| 既 | U+FA42, &#64066; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA42 |
| ← 敏 [U+FA41] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 暑 → [U+FA43] |

## Translingual

| Traditional | 既 |
| Simplified | 既 |
| Japanese | 既 |
| Korean | 旣 |

### Han character

既 (Kangxi radical 71, 无+5, 9 strokes in Chinese, 10 strokes in Japanese and Korean, cangjie input 日戈一女山 (AIMVU), four-corner 7171$_4$, composition ⿰⿲𠄌𫜹丶旡)

#### Derived characters

* 𠌰, 𡏲, 𡠣, 慨, 摡, 溉, 𤡚, 𭡰, 概, 穊, 𧜳, 𦔙, 𧑂, 𩞊, 𪖺, 𭥊, 蔇, 𩯂, 𠣹, 厩, 𡳅
* 𰅓, 塈, 𢟪, 㮣, 𣯦, 𰟅, 䐴, 䀈, 䇒, 暨, 䊠, 𰭯, 𬚢, 𦟡, 𧐆, 𧫜, 𩞚, 鱀(𬶨), 𪄵, 𨙐

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 485, character 31
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13721
* Dae Jaweon: page 848, character 3
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1148, character 1
* Unihan data for U+65E2
* Unihan data for U+FA42

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 既 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script |
| | Old Chinese |
| 溉 | *kɯːds, *kɯds |
| 槩 | *kɯːds |
| 概 | *kɯːds |
| 摡 | *kɯːds, *qʰɯds |
| 慨 | *kʰɯːds |
| 嘅 | *kʰɯːds |
| 穊 | *krɯds |
| 暨 | *ɡrɯds, *kɯds, *krɯd |
| 鱀 | *ɡrɯds, *ɡɯs |
| 塈 | *ɡrɯds, *qʰɯds |
| 既 | *kɯds |
| 旡 | *kɯds |
| 蔇 | *kɯds |
| 炁 | *kʰɯds |
| 櫭 | *ɡrad |
| 曁 | *kɯd |
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 皀 (“bowl of rice”) + 旡 (“kneeling figure”) – person kneeling at bowl of rice – sitting down to eat (rice already finished cooking), turning away (already finished eating) or abstaining from eating or consuming.
Note the stroke order in the right component 旡, which may not be clear in the compressed form of this character: the left vertical and second horizontal are one stroke with a corner, while the upper right vertical continues in a diagonal stroke to lower left.

### Etymology

Maybe Sino-Tibetan (Schuessler, 2007). Exopassive (perfective) of 訖／讫 (qì, “to finish”); possibly cognate to 暨 (jì, “to reach”), yet see there.
Löffler (1966) compares this to Mru ki (“complete”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jì (ji$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gei$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ki
* Eastern Min (BUC): gé
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kì
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$ci; $^5$ci
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jì
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jì
*** Wade–Giles: chi$^4$
*** Yale: jì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jih
*** Palladius: цзи (czi)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gei$^3$
*** Yale: gei
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gei$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: géi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kei̯³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ki
*** Hakka Romanization System: gi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki⁵⁵/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gé
*** Sinological IPA : /kɛi²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kì
*** Tâi-lô: kì
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kix
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ki²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ki⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ki²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ki¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ki²¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$ci; $^5$ci
*** MiniDict: ci$^平$; ci$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$ji; $^2$ji
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕi⁵³/, /t͡ɕi³⁴/
* Middle Chinese: kj+jH
Rime :
| Character | 既 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 微 (20) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 居豙切 |
| Baxter | kj+jH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɨi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɨi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiəi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɨj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kiəi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭəi$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ke̯i$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gei$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ə[t]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kɯds/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 既 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kjɨj$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k]ə[t]-s/ |
| English | complete (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 既 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 5821 |
| Phonetic component | 旡 |
| Rime group | 隊 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 旣 |
| Old Chinese | /*kɯds/ |

### Definitions

既
* already
    既往不咎 ― jìwǎngbùjiù ― to let bygones be bygones
    From: The Book of Documents, circa 4th – 3rd century BCE
    Kèmíng jùndé, yǐ qīn jiǔzú, jiǔzú jì mù, píngzhāng bǎixìng. [Pinyin]
    [A]nd thence proceeded to the love of (all in) the nine classes of his kindred, who (thus) became harmonious. He (also) regulated and polished the people (of his domain).
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Xiàngrú jì guī, Zhào wáng yǐwéi xián dàfū, shǐ bù rǔ yú zhūhóu, bài Xiàngrú wéi shàngdàfū. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (obsolete) to have a total solar eclipse or lunar eclipse
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Qiū qīyuè rénchén shuò, rì yǒu shí zhī, jì. [Pinyin]
    In autumn, in the seventh month, on [the day] Renchen, the first day of the moon, the sun was totally eclipsed.
* (literary) to be finished; to end
* (obsolete) all
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Bǐ zhòng wǒ guǎ, jí qí wèi jì jì yě, qǐng jī zhī. [Pinyin]
    They are many, and we are few. Pray let us attack them, before they have all crossed over.
* since; as; now that
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Shǐ tóng hū wǒ yǔ ruò zhě zhèng zhī, jì tóng hū wǒ yǔ ruò yǐ, wū néng zhèng zhī! [Pinyin]
    If I employ one who agrees with me, how can he, agreeing with me, do so correctly?
    From: c. 659 CE, Li Yanshou, History of the Northern Dynasties
    Mùgǔlǘ jì zhuàng, miǎn nú wéi jìzú. [Pinyin]
    Mugulü, because of his strength / his maturity (at 30-year-old), was emancipated from slavery and became a mounted warrior.
    From: 新標點和合本 (Chinese Union Version with New Punctuation), 創世記 (Genesis) 3:14
    Yēhéhuá Shén duì shé shuō: “Nǐ jì zuò le zhè shì, jiù bì shòu zhòuzǔ, bǐ yīqiè de shēngchù yěshòu gèngshèn! Nǐ bì yòng dùzi xíngzǒu, zhōngshēn chī tǔ.” [Pinyin]
    And the LORD God said unto the serpent, Because thou hast done this, thou art cursed above all cattle, and above every beast of the field; upon thy belly shalt thou go, and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life
* both . . . (and...); as well as
    既聰明又漂亮／既聪明又漂亮 ― jì cōngmíng yòu piàoliàng ― smart and pretty

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 已, 業, 業已, 既 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 已經, 已, 業經, 業已, 已然 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 已經, 已竟, 已就 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 已經 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 已經 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 已經 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 已經 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 可價 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 已經 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 已經 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 已經 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 已經 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 已經 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 已經, 經已 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 已經, 經已 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 經已 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 應 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 已經 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 已經 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 既經 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 既經 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 既經, 已經 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 既經 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 既經 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 既經 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 已經 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 已經 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 已經 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 已經 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 已經 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 已經 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 已經 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 已經 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 已經 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 已經 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 已經 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 已經 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 已經 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 已經 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 已經 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 已經 |
| Southern Min | Pontianak (Teochew) | 已經 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 已經 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 已經 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 已經 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 現是, 已經 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 已經, 既已經 |

### Compounds

* 一如既往 (yīrújìwǎng)
* 一言既出
* 不咎既往 (bùjiùjìwǎng)
* 不溯既往
* 不追既往
* 亥既珠
* 拜既
* 既不沙
* 既不索
* 既乃
* 既以 (jìyǐ)
* 既位
* 既來之，則安之／既来之，则安之
* 既判力
* 既夕
* 既夕禮／既夕礼
* 既定 (jìdìng)
* 既已
* 既廩／既廪
* 既往 (jìwǎng)
* 既往不咎 (jìwǎngbùjiù)
* 既後／既后
* 既得利益 (jìdé lìyì)
* 既得權／既得权
* 既成 (jìchéng)
* 既成事實／既成事实 (jìchéng shìshí)
* 既旬
* 既是 (jìshì)
* 既月
* 既有 (jìyǒu)
* 既朔
* 既望 (jìwàng)
* 既死霸 (jìsǐpò)
* 既死魄
* 既濟／既济 (jìjì)
* 既濟公／既济公
* 既灌
* 既然 (jìrán)
* 既爾／既尔
* 既生霸 (jìshēngpò)
* 既生魄
* 既視感／既视感 (jìshìgǎn)
* 既立
* 既笄
* 既終／既终
* 既而 (jì'ér)
* 既遂犯
* 既醉
* 既齔／既龀
* 時既／时既
* 東曦既駕／东曦既驾
* 無既／无既
* 皆既
* 終既／终既
* 罔既
* 羽翼既成
* 肆既
* 蝕既／蚀既
* 雍既
* 靡既
* 食既

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 既 |
| Kyūjitai | 既 &#xFA42; or 既+&#xFE00; |
| Kyūjitai | 既󠄀 既+&#xE0100; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 既󠄄 既+&#xE0104; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 既)
* previously
* already
* long ago

#### Readings

* Go-on: け (ke)
* Kan-on: き (ki, Jōyō)
* Kun: すでに (sudeni, 既に, Jōyō)、つきる (tsukiru, 既きる)、つくす (tsukusu, 既くす)
* Nanori: つき (tsuki)

### References

* ↑ “既”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024

## Korean
### Hanja

既 • (gi) (hangeul 기, revised gi, McCune–Reischauer ki, Yale ki)
* Alternative form of 旣

## Vietnamese
### Han character

既: Hán Nôm readings: dĩ, kí, ký
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.