# 琉璃
## Chinese

* 琉璃

### Etymology

From an unidentified language in the Western Regions, perhaps a Middle Indo-Aryan language, e.g. Gandhari 𐨬𐨅𐨜𐨂𐨪𐨁𐨩 (veḍuriya), a form attested in as a component in a proper noun. Compare Pali veḷuriya (“precious stone, maybe lapis lazuli”), Sanskrit वैडूर्य (vaiḍūrya, “cat's-eye, beryl”), whence Chinese 吠瑠璃 (fèiliúlí). The Middle Chinese reflex may have been subjected to hyperthesis with the ḍ- and r- syllables exchanged, with further ḍ > l (Ji, 1998v4).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): liúlí
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄌㄧˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lau$^4$ lei$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): liù-liè
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): liû-lî
    (Teochew, Peng'im): liu$^5$ li$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: liúlí → liúli (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄌㄧˊ → ㄌㄧㄡˊ ˙ㄌㄧ (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lióuli̊
*** Wade–Giles: liu$^2$-li$^5$
*** Yale: lyóu-li
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liou.li
*** Palladius: люли (ljuli)
*** Sinological IPA : /li̯oʊ̯³⁵ li³⁵/ → /li̯oʊ̯³⁵ li³/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$流離／流离 琉璃
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lau$^4$ lei$^4$
*** Yale: làuh lèih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lau$^4$ lei$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: leo$^4$ léi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɐu̯²¹ lei̯²¹/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$流離／流离 琉璃
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: liù-liè
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃ieu⁵³⁻³³ l̃ie⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liû-lî
*** Tâi-lô: liû-lî
*** Phofsit Daibuun: liulii
*** IPA (Xiamen): /liu²⁴⁻²² li²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /liu²⁴⁻²² li²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /liu¹³⁻²² li¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /liu²⁴⁻¹¹ li²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /liu²³⁻³³ li²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: liu$^5$ li$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: liû lî
*** Sinological IPA : /liu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ li⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: ljuw lje
Rime :
| Character | 琉 | 璃 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) | 支 (11) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 力求切 | 呂支切 |
| Baxter | ljuw | lje |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɨu/ | /liᴇ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /liu/ | /liɛ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /liəu/ | /ljɛ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /luw/ | /liə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /liu/ | /lie/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭəu/ | /lǐe/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /li̯ə̯u/ | /lie̯/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | liú | lí |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lau$^4$ | lei$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ru rel/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 琉 | 璃 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| No. | 8337 | 7781 |
| Phonetic component | 流 | 离 |
| Rime group | 幽 | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 劉 | 離 |
| Old Chinese | /*ru/ | /*rel/ |
| Notes | 同瑠 | 琉璃譯vaiḍūrya漢書西域傳譯作璧流離 |

### Noun

琉璃
* (literary, originally) a kind of blue and translucent natural precious stone, probably lapis lazuli
* coloured glaze similar to this kind of stone
* (literary) Synonym of 玻璃 (“glass”)
* (literary) lamp made from glass
* (literary, figuratively) any translucent object
* (Beijing Mandarin) dragonfly

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 蜻, 蜻蜓, 蜻蛉, 虰蛵 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 蜻蜓 |
| Taxonomic name | Taxonomic name | 蜻蜓 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 螞螂, 老琉璃, 琉璃, 蜻蜓 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 蜻蜓 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Langfang | 螞螂 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 螞螂兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 蜻蜓, 螞螂 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 螞螂 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 蜻蜓 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 老褐, 老蜓 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 螞螂 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 螞螂 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 螞螂 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 螞螂兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 蜻蜓 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 蜻蜓兒, 老老擔兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 蜻蜓 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 虰虰 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Daming | 抨抨砣 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 棒槌 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 虰虰, 麥虰虰 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 螞螂 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 蜻蜓 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 光光蜓 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 老虎招招 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 春官 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 蜻蜓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 虰虰貓兒, 蜻蜓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 虰虰 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 蜻蜓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 蜻蜓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 蜻蜓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guanyang | 咩咩蛘 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Pingle | 咩咩蛘 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 塘咩, 蜻蜓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Luzhai | 蜻蜓 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianlin (Langping) | 沙蛘 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 蜻蜻, 蜻蜓 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 蜻蜻子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 䗌虰 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 蜻蜻, 蜻蜻子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Huanggang | 蜻雀兒 |
| Mandarin | Fuzhou (Qinjiang, Changle) | 螞螂 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 塘尾 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 蜻蜓, 塘尾 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) | 囊蜊 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) | 囊蜺 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 囊蜊 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 囊蜊 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 塘尾 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 塘尾 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 揚尾 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 囊泥 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 囊蜊 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 塘尾 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 塘尾 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 塘蜊 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 塘尾 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 塘尾 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 塘尾 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 蟲尾 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 塘尾 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 囊蜺 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 郎里 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 囊蜺 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 黃尾 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 黃蜺 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 禾狸 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 娘迷 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 䗧蛜 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 塘泥 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Dapeng) | 蜋蜺 |
| Cantonese | Qingyuan | 黃尾池 |
| Cantonese | Fogang | 囊泥 |
| Cantonese | Yingde (Hanguang) | 楊眉池 |
| Cantonese | Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui) | 蜻蜓 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 塘蜊 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 蜋尾 |
| Cantonese | Renhua | 羅尾仔 |
| Cantonese | Lechang | 塘尾, 後尾 |
| Cantonese | Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) | 塘尾 |
| Cantonese | Sihui | 落尼 |
| Cantonese | Guangning | 塘尼 |
| Cantonese | Deqing | 塘尼 |
| Cantonese | Huaiji | 蜋蜊 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 塘尾 |
| Cantonese | Xinxing | 塘尾 |
| Cantonese | Luoding | 塘尼 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 朋蜺 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 癩痢 |
| Cantonese | Maoming (Xinpo) | 囊呢 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 塘咩 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 塘蜺 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 塘蜺 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 蜻蜓 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 塘尾 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 塘尾 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 虰虰, 蜻蜓 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 港雞 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 揚尾 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 囊蜺仔, 囊蜺, 囊尾 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 黃咪哩 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 囊蜺 |
| Hakka | Huiyang | 黃蜺仔, 黃蜺 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 黃蜺仔 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 黃蜺 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 黃蜺 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 黃你 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 黃尾哩, 娘尾哩 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Meilin) | 囊蜺哩 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 囊蜺 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 龍蟻子 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 囊蜺 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 囊蜺 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 黃蜺 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 囊蜺 |
| Hakka | Changting | 挪尾 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 羊必子 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 揚尾子 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 蒙里 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 管胚 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 塘尾 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 囊蟻子 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 康雞 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 塘子 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 揚尾仔 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 揚尾仔 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 囊蜺仔, 揚尾仔 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 揚尾 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 囊蜺仔 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 蛘蜺 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 黃蜺 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 螗蜊 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 囊蜺 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 囊蜺 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 蜓蜓 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 兒蜻 |
| Jin | Pingyao | 水師婆 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 河蟢蟢 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 蜻蜓 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 水池牌兒 |
| Jin | Handan | 水蜓蜓 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 刊魁 |
| Northern Min | Songxi | 紅魁仔 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe | 狐狸仔 |
| Northern Min | Jianyang | 刊魁仔, 刊魁 |
| Northern Min | Wuyishan | 刊魁 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 螞蝴 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 蜻胲 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 茶茶娘 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 蜻胲 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 蜻𧉪 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 蜻𧉪 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 蜻𧉪娘 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 蜻𧉪 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 蜻𧉪 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 蜻𧉪 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 螞蝴 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 田嬰 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Heshan) | 𧌄嬰 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 田嬰 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 田嬰, 山蜊 |
| Southern Min | Anxi | 含嬰 |
| Southern Min | Yongchun | 田嬰 |
| Southern Min | Dehua | 田嬰 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 田嬰 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Longhai) | 田嬰 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Changtai) | 蜻咩 |
| Southern Min | Pinghe | 田嬰 |
| Southern Min | Zhangpu | 田嬰 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 山咩 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 田嬰, 山咩 rural |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 𧌄嬰 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 田嬰 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 田嬰 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 田嬰 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 田嬰 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 田嬰 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 田嬰 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 田嬰 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 田嬰 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 田嬰 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 田嬰 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 田嬰 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 田嬰 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 田嬰, 山蜊 |
| Southern Min | Longyan | 羅離 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping | 臭尼 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping (Yongfu) | 新嬰 |
| Southern Min | Datian | 翼嬰 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 𬠋𧌊 |
| Southern Min | Raoping | 𬠋𧌊 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 𬠋𧌊 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 𬠋𧌊 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 𬠋𧌊 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 𬠋𧌊 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 𬠋𧌊 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 𬠋𧌊 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 蛅蛉 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 雙枒, 雙夏, 雙翼 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 蜻蜓 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 雙枒, 雙翼 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 淺咪叉, 淺咪叉蝦 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 木魚 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 蜻蜓 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 新人 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 蜻蜓 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 蜻蜓 |
| Wu | Danyang | 蜻蜓, 蜻蜓蜓, 蜓 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 蜻蜓 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 蜻蜓 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 蜻蜓 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 蜻蜓 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 洋咪咪 |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | 洋眯眯 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 洋咪咪 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 洋洋蠛, 洋媽蠛 |

#### Derived terms

* 大琉璃草 (dàliúlícǎo)
* 琉璃世界
* 琉璃燈／琉璃灯 (liúlídēng)
* 琉璃瓦 (liúliwǎ)
* 琉璃磚／琉璃砖 (liúlízhuān)
* 琉璃草 (liúlícǎo)
* 琉璃頭／琉璃头
* 老琉璃 (lǎoliúli)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 琉璃(るり) (ruri)
* → Korean: 유리(琉璃) (yuri)
* → Vietnamese: lưu li (琉璃)

### References

* ↑ Baums, Stefan, Glass, Andrew (2002–) “Veḍuriyaprabha”, in A Dictionary of Gandhari‎
* ↑ 1917, Field Museum of Natural History: 1909, “The Beginnings of Porcelain in China”, Berthold Laufer and Henry Windsor Nichols, The Museum, page 138: The glassy paste for the production of ceramic glazes was called liu-li 琉璃 (in the Han Annals 流離) or p'i-liu-li, derived from Prākrit veluriya, Mahārāshṭrī verulia (Sanskrit vaiḍūrya).

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 琉 | 璃 |
| る Jinmeiyō | り Grade: S |
| goon | on'yomi |

### Etymology

The spelling is an orthographic borrowing from Chinese 琉璃 (liúlí).
For pronunciation and definitions of 琉璃 – see the following entry. :
| 【瑠璃るり】 | [noun] lapis lazuli [noun] the deep blue color of lapis lazuli: azure [noun] common name for various blue thrushes (birds) in family Muscicapidae, such as the 大瑠璃 (ōruri, “blue and white flycatcher, Cyanoptila cyanomelana”) or 小瑠璃 (koruri, “Siberian blue robin, Larvivora cyane, syn. Luscinia cyane”) [noun] (mineralogy, geology) lazurite |
(This term, 琉璃, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 琉 | 璃 |

### Noun

琉璃 • (yuri) (hangeul 유리)
* hanja form of 유리 (“glass”)