# ⲧⲣⲟϣ
## Coptic
### Alternative forms

* ⲑⲣⲟϣ (throš), ⲧⲟⲣϣ$^†$ (torš$^†$) — Bohairic
* ⲧⲁⲣϣ$^†$ (tarš$^†$) — Fayyumic
* ⲧⲱⲣϣ (tōrš) — Sahidic, Akhmimic

### Verb

ⲧⲣⲟϣ • (troš)
* (Sahidic, intransitive) to be red

#### Conjugation

| infinitive | affirmative | ⲧⲣⲟϣ troš | imperative | affirmative | ⲧⲣⲟϣ troš |
| infinitive | negative | ⲧⲙ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ tm̄troš | imperative | negative | ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ m̄pr̄troš |
| | | | singular | singular | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | nominal |
| | | | 1st person | 2nd person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | nominal |
| | | | 1st person | masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | nominal |
| durative sentence ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲟⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟϥ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲥ | ⲁⲛⲟⲛ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲱⲧⲛ̄ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ | - |
| present | basic | basic | ϯⲧⲣⲟϣ titroš | ⲕⲧⲣⲟϣ ktroš | ⲧⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ tetroš | ϥⲧⲣⲟϣ ftroš | ⲥⲧⲣⲟϣ stroš | ⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ tn̄troš | ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ tetn̄troš | ⲥⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ setroš | ⲧⲣⲟϣ troš |
| present | circumstantial, focalising | circumstantial, focalising | ⲉⲓ̈ⲧⲣⲟϣ eïtroš | ⲉⲕⲧⲣⲟϣ ektroš | ⲉⲣⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ eretroš | ⲉϥⲧⲣⲟϣ eftroš | ⲉⲥⲧⲣⲟϣ estroš | ⲉⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ entroš | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ etetn̄troš | ⲉⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ eutroš | ⲉⲣⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ ere- troš |
| present | relative | relative | ⲉϯⲧⲣⲟϣ etitroš | ⲉⲧⲕ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ etk̄troš | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ etetroš, eteretroš | ⲉⲧϥ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ etf̄troš | ⲉⲧⲥ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ ets̄troš | ⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ etn̄troš | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ etetn̄troš | ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ etoutroš | ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ etere- troš |
| present | preterite | preterite | ⲛⲉⲓ̈ⲧⲣⲟϣ neïtroš | ⲛⲉⲕⲧⲣⲟϣ nektroš | ⲛⲉⲣⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ neretroš | ⲛⲉϥⲧⲣⲟϣ neftroš | ⲛⲉⲥⲧⲣⲟϣ nestroš | ⲛⲉⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ nentroš | ⲛⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ netetn̄troš | ⲛⲉⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ neutroš | ⲛⲉⲣⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ nere- troš |
| future | basic | basic | ϯⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ tinatroš | ⲕⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ knatroš | ⲧⲉⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ tenatroš | ϥⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ fnatroš | ⲥⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ snatroš | ⲧⲛ̄ⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ tn̄natroš | ⲧⲉⲧⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ tetnatroš | ⲥⲉⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ senatroš | ⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ natroš |
| future | circumstantial, focalising | circumstantial, focalising | ⲉⲓ̈ⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ eïnatroš | ⲉⲕⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ eknatroš | ⲉⲣⲉⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ erenatroš | ⲉϥⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ efnatroš | ⲉⲥⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ esnatroš | ⲉⲛⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ ennatroš | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ etetnatroš | ⲉⲩⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ eunatroš | ⲉⲣⲉ- ⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ ere- natroš |
| future | relative | relative | ⲉϯⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ etinatroš | ⲉⲧⲕ̄ⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ etk̄natroš | ⲉⲧⲉⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ etenatroš, eterenatroš | ⲉⲧϥ̄ⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ etf̄natroš | ⲉⲧⲥ̄ⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ ets̄natroš | ⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ etn̄natroš | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ etetnatroš | ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ etounatroš | ⲉⲧⲉⲣⲉ- ⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ etere- natroš |
| future | preterite | preterite | ⲛⲉⲓ̈ⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ neïnatroš | ⲛⲉⲕⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ neknatroš | ⲛⲉⲣⲉⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ nerenatroš | ⲛⲉϥⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ nefnatroš | ⲛⲉⲥⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ nesnatroš | ⲛⲉⲛⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ nennatroš | ⲛⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ netetnatroš | ⲛⲉⲩⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ neunatroš | ⲛⲉⲣⲉ- ⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ nere- natroš |
| negated with | negated with | negated with | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an | (ⲛ̄-) … ⲁⲛ (n̄-) … an |
| non-durative sentence ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲟⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟϥ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲥ | ⲁⲛⲟⲛ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲱⲧⲛ̄ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ | - |
| past | basic | affirmative | ⲁⲓ̈ⲧⲣⲟϣ aïtroš | ⲁⲕⲧⲣⲟϣ aktroš | ⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲁⲣⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲁⲣⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ atroš, artroš, aretroš | ⲁϥⲧⲣⲟϣ aftroš | ⲁⲥⲧⲣⲟϣ astroš | ⲁⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ antroš | ⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ atetn̄troš | ⲁⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ autroš | ⲁ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ a- troš |
| past | basic | negative | ⲙ̄ⲡⲓⲧⲣⲟϣ m̄pitroš | ⲙ̄ⲡⲕ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ m̄pk̄troš | ⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ m̄petroš, m̄pr̄troš | ⲙ̄ⲡϥ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ m̄pf̄troš | ⲙ̄ⲡⲥ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ m̄ps̄troš | ⲙ̄ⲡⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ m̄pn̄troš | ⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ m̄petn̄troš | ⲙ̄ⲡⲟⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ m̄poutroš | ⲙ̄ⲡⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ m̄pe- troš |
| past | circumstantial | affirmative | ⲉⲁⲓ̈ⲧⲣⲟϣ eaïtroš | ⲉⲁⲕⲧⲣⲟϣ eaktroš | ⲉⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲉⲁⲣⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲉⲁⲣⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ eatroš, eartroš, earetroš | ⲉⲁϥⲧⲣⲟϣ eaftroš | ⲉⲁⲥⲧⲣⲟϣ eastroš | ⲉⲁⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ eantroš | ⲉⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ eatetn̄troš | ⲉⲁⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ eautroš | ⲉⲁ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ ea- troš |
| past | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲓⲧⲣⲟϣ em̄pitroš | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲕ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ em̄pk̄troš | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ em̄petroš, em̄pr̄troš | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡϥ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ em̄pf̄troš | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲥ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ em̄ps̄troš | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ em̄pn̄troš | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ em̄petn̄troš | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲟⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ em̄poutroš | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ em̄pe- troš |
| past | relative | affirmative | ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲓ̈ⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓ̈ⲧⲣⲟϣ entaïtroš, n̄taïtroš | ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲕⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲕⲧⲣⲟϣ entaktroš, n̄taktroš | ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲣⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲣⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ entatroš, n̄tatroš, entartroš, n̄tartroš, entaretroš, n̄taretroš | ⲉⲛⲧⲁϥⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁϥⲧⲣⲟϣ entaftroš, n̄taftroš | ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲥⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲥⲧⲣⲟϣ entastroš, n̄tastroš | ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ entantroš, n̄tantroš | ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ entatetn̄troš, n̄tatetn̄troš | ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ entautroš, n̄tautroš | ⲉⲛⲧⲁ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ enta- troš, n̄ta- troš |
| past | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲓⲧⲣⲟϣ etem̄pitroš | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲕ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ etem̄pk̄troš | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ etem̄petroš, etem̄pr̄troš | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡϥ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ etem̄pf̄troš | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲥ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ etem̄ps̄troš | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ etem̄pn̄troš | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ etem̄petn̄troš | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲟⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ etem̄poutroš | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ etem̄pe- troš |
| past | preterite | affirmative | ⲛⲉⲁⲓ̈ⲧⲣⲟϣ neaïtroš | ⲛⲉⲁⲕⲧⲣⲟϣ neaktroš | ⲛⲉⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲛⲉⲁⲣⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲛⲉⲁⲣⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ neatroš, neartroš, nearetroš | ⲛⲉⲁϥⲧⲣⲟϣ neaftroš | ⲛⲉⲁⲥⲧⲣⲟϣ neastroš | ⲛⲉⲁⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ neantroš | ⲛⲉⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ neatetn̄troš | ⲛⲉⲁⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ neautroš | ⲛⲉⲁ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ nea- troš |
| past | preterite | negative | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲓⲧⲣⲟϣ nem̄pitroš | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲕ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ nem̄pk̄troš | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ nem̄petroš, nem̄pr̄troš | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡϥ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ nem̄pf̄troš | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲥ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ nem̄ps̄troš | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ nem̄pn̄troš | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ nem̄petn̄troš | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲟⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ nem̄poutroš | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ nem̄pe- troš |
| past | focalising | affirmative | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲓ̈ⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄taïtroš | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲕⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄taktroš | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄tatroš, n̄tartroš, n̄taretroš | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁϥⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄taftroš | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲥⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄tastroš | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄tantroš | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄tatetn̄troš | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄tautroš | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄ta- troš |
| expectative | basic | negative | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁϯⲧⲣⲟϣ m̄patitroš | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲕ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ m̄patk̄troš | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ m̄patetroš | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧϥ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ m̄patf̄troš | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲥ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ m̄pats̄troš | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ m̄patn̄troš | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ m̄patetn̄troš | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ m̄patoutroš | ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ m̄pate- troš |
| expectative | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁϯⲧⲣⲟϣ em̄patitroš | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲕ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ em̄patk̄troš | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ em̄patetroš | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧϥ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ em̄patf̄troš | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲥ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ em̄pats̄troš | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ em̄patn̄troš | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ em̄patetn̄troš | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ em̄patoutroš | ⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ em̄pate- troš |
| expectative | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁϯⲧⲣⲟϣ etem̄patitroš | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲕ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ etem̄patk̄troš | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ etem̄patetroš | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧϥ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ etem̄patf̄troš | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲥ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ etem̄pats̄troš | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ etem̄patn̄troš | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ etem̄patetn̄troš | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ etem̄patoutroš | ⲉⲧⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ etem̄pate- troš |
| expectative | preterite | negative | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁϯⲧⲣⲟϣ nem̄patitroš | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲕ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ nem̄patk̄troš | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ nem̄patetroš | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧϥ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ nem̄patf̄troš | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲥ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ nem̄pats̄troš | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ nem̄patn̄troš | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ nem̄patetn̄troš | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ nem̄patoutroš | ⲛⲉⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ nem̄pate- troš |
| aorist | basic | affirmative | ϣⲁⲓ̈ⲧⲣⲟϣ šaïtroš | ϣⲁⲕⲧⲣⲟϣ šaktroš | ϣⲁⲣⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ šaretroš | ϣⲁϥⲧⲣⲟϣ šaftroš | ϣⲁⲥⲧⲣⲟϣ šastroš | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ šantroš | ϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ šatetn̄troš | ϣⲁⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ šautroš | ϣⲁⲣⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ šare- troš |
| aorist | basic | negative | ⲙⲉⲓ̈ⲧⲣⲟϣ meïtroš | ⲙⲉⲕⲧⲣⲟϣ mektroš | ⲙⲉⲣⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ meretroš | ⲙⲉϥⲧⲣⲟϣ meftroš | ⲙⲉⲥⲧⲣⲟϣ mestroš | ⲙⲉⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ mentroš | ⲙⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ metetn̄troš | ⲙⲉⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ meutroš | ⲙⲉⲣⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ mere- troš |
| aorist | circumstantial | affirmative | ⲉϣⲁⲓ̈ⲧⲣⲟϣ ešaïtroš | ⲉϣⲁⲕⲧⲣⲟϣ ešaktroš | ⲉϣⲁⲣⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ ešaretroš | ⲉϣⲁϥⲧⲣⲟϣ ešaftroš | ⲉϣⲁⲥⲧⲣⲟϣ ešastroš | ⲉϣⲁⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ ešantroš | ⲉϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ ešatetn̄troš | ⲉϣⲁⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ ešautroš | ⲉϣⲁⲣⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ ešare- troš |
| aorist | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙⲉⲓ̈ⲧⲣⲟϣ emeïtroš | ⲉⲙⲉⲕⲧⲣⲟϣ emektroš | ⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ emeretroš | ⲉⲙⲉϥⲧⲣⲟϣ emeftroš | ⲉⲙⲉⲥⲧⲣⲟϣ emestroš | ⲉⲙⲉⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ ementroš | ⲉⲙⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ emetetn̄troš | ⲉⲙⲉⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ emeutroš | ⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ emere- troš |
| aorist | relative | affirmative | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲓ̈ⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲉϣⲁⲓ̈ⲧⲣⲟϣ etešaïtroš, ešaïtroš | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲕⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲉϣⲁⲕⲧⲣⲟϣ etešaktroš, ešaktroš | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲣⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲉϣⲁⲣⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ etešaretroš, ešaretroš | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁϥⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲉϣⲁϥⲧⲣⲟϣ etešaftroš, ešaftroš | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲥⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲉϣⲁⲥⲧⲣⲟϣ etešastroš, ešastroš | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲉϣⲁⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ etešantroš, ešantroš | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲉϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ etešatetn̄troš, ešatetn̄troš | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲉϣⲁⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ etešautroš, ešautroš | ⲉⲧⲉϣⲁⲣⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲉϣⲁⲣⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ etešare- troš, ešare- troš |
| aorist | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲓ̈ⲧⲣⲟϣ etemeïtroš | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲕⲧⲣⲟϣ etemektroš | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ etemeretroš | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉϥⲧⲣⲟϣ etemeftroš | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲥⲧⲣⲟϣ etemestroš | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ etementroš | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ etemetetn̄troš | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ etemeutroš | ⲉⲧⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ etemere- troš |
| aorist | preterite | affirmative | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲓ̈ⲧⲣⲟϣ nešaïtroš | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲕⲧⲣⲟϣ nešaktroš | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲣⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ nešaretroš | ⲛⲉϣⲁϥⲧⲣⲟϣ nešaftroš | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲥⲧⲣⲟϣ nešastroš | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ nešantroš | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ nešatetn̄troš | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ nešautroš | ⲛⲉϣⲁⲣⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ nešare- troš |
| aorist | preterite | negative | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲓ̈ⲧⲣⲟϣ nemeïtroš | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲕⲧⲣⲟϣ nemektroš | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ nemeretroš | ⲛⲉⲙⲉϥⲧⲣⲟϣ nemeftroš | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲥⲧⲣⲟϣ nemestroš | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ nementroš | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ nemetetn̄troš | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ nemeutroš | ⲛⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ nemere- troš |
| aorist | focalising | affirmative | ⲉⲙⲉⲓ̈ⲧⲣⲟϣ emeïtroš | ⲉⲙⲉⲕⲧⲣⲟϣ emektroš | ⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ emeretroš | ⲉⲙⲉϥⲧⲣⲟϣ emeftroš | ⲉⲙⲉⲥⲧⲣⲟϣ emestroš | ⲉⲙⲉⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ ementroš | ⲉⲙⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ emetetn̄troš | ⲉⲙⲉⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ emeutroš | ⲉⲙⲉⲣⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ emere- troš |
| optative | basic | affirmative | ⲉⲓ̈ⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ eïetroš | ⲉⲕⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ eketroš | ⲉⲣⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ eretroš | ⲉϥⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ efetroš | ⲉⲥⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ esetroš | ⲉⲛⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ enetroš | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ etetnetroš | ⲉⲩⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ euetroš | ⲉⲣⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ ere- troš |
| optative | basic | negative | ⲛ̄ⲛⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄natroš | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲕⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄nektroš | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄netroš | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉϥⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄neftroš | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲥⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄nestroš | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄nentroš | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄netn̄troš | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄neutroš | ⲛ̄ⲛⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄ne- troš |
| jussive | basic | affirmative | ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲧⲣⲟϣ maritroš | (use imperative) | (use imperative) | ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥⲧⲣⲟϣ mareftroš | ⲙⲁⲣⲉⲥⲧⲣⲟϣ marestroš | ⲙⲁⲣⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ marn̄troš | (use imperative) | ⲙⲁⲣⲟⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ maroutroš | ⲙⲁⲣⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ mare- troš |
| jussive | basic | negative | ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ m̄pr̄tratroš | (use imperative) | (use imperative) | ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲉϥⲧⲣⲟϣ m̄pr̄treftroš | ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲉⲥⲧⲣⲟϣ m̄pr̄trestroš | ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲉⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ m̄pr̄trentroš | (use imperative) | ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲉⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ m̄pr̄treutroš | ⲙ̄ⲡⲣ̄ⲧⲣⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ m̄pr̄tre- troš |
| subordinate clause ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲟⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲕ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟϥ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲥ | ⲁⲛⲟⲛ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲱⲧⲛ̄ | ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲟⲩ | - |
| conjunctive | conjunctive | conjunctive | ⲛ̄ⲧⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲧⲁⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄tatroš, tatroš | ⲛ̄ⲅⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲛ̄ⲕⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄gtroš, n̄ktroš | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄tetroš | ⲛ̄ϥⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄ftroš | ⲛ̄ⲥⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄stroš | ⲛ̄ⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄tn̄troš | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄tetn̄troš | ⲛ̄ⲥⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄setroš | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄te- troš |
| future conjunctive | future conjunctive | future conjunctive | ⲧⲁⲣⲓⲧⲣⲟϣ taritroš | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲕⲧⲣⲟϣ tarektroš | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ taretroš | ⲧⲁⲣⲉϥⲧⲣⲟϣ tareftroš | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲥⲧⲣⲟϣ tarestroš | ⲧⲁⲣⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ tarn̄troš | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ taretn̄troš | ⲧⲁⲣⲟⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ taroutroš | ⲧⲁⲣⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ tare- troš |
| precursive | precursive | precursive | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲓⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄teritroš | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉⲕⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄terektroš | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉⲣⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄teretroš, n̄terertroš | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉϥⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄tereftroš | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉⲥⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄terestroš | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄tern̄troš, n̄terentroš | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄teretn̄troš | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲟⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄teroutroš | ⲛ̄ⲧⲉⲣⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ n̄tere- troš |
| limitative | limitative | limitative | ϣⲁⲛϯⲧⲣⲟϣ šantitroš | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲕ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ šantk̄troš | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ šantetroš | ϣⲁⲛⲧϥ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ šantf̄troš | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲥ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ šants̄troš | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ šantn̄troš | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ šantetn̄troš | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲟⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ šantoutroš | ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ šante- troš |
| conditional | long | long | ⲉⲓ̈ϣⲁⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ eïšantroš | ⲉⲕϣⲁⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ ekšantroš | ⲉⲣϣⲁⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ, ⲉⲣⲉϣⲁⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ eršantroš, erešantroš | ⲉϥϣⲁⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ efšantroš | ⲉⲥϣⲁⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ esšantroš | ⲉⲛϣⲁⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ enšantroš | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ϣⲁⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ etetn̄šantroš | ⲉⲩϣⲁⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ eušantroš | ⲉⲣϣⲁⲛ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ eršan- troš |
| conditional | short | short | ⲉⲓ̈ⲧⲣⲟϣ eïtroš | ⲉⲕⲧⲣⲟϣ ektroš | ⲉⲣⲉⲧⲣⲟϣ eretroš | ⲉϥⲧⲣⲟϣ eftroš | ⲉⲥⲧⲣⲟϣ estroš | ⲉⲛⲧⲣⲟϣ entroš | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲟϣ etetn̄troš | ⲉⲩⲧⲣⲟϣ eutroš | ⲉⲣⲉ- ⲧⲣⲟϣ ere- troš |
| negated with | negated with | negated with | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- | ⲧⲙ̄- tm̄- |

#### Related terms

* ⲧⲱⲣϣ (tōrš, “be red”)
* ⲧⲣⲟϣⲣϣ (trošrš), ⲧⲣⲟϣⲣⲉϣ (trošreš, “become red; redness”)
* ⲧϣⲣⲉ (tšre, “grow red”)

### References

* TLA lemma no. C4531 (ⲧⲣⲟϣ), in: Coptic Dictionary Online, ed. by the Koptische/Coptic Electronic Language and Literature International Alliance (KELLIA),
* Marcion Coptic dictionary