# 佛體
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fútǐ
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄨˊ ㄊㄧˇ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fútǐ
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄨˊ ㄊㄧˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fútǐ
*** Wade–Giles: fu$^2$-tʻi$^3$
*** Yale: fú-tǐ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fwutii
*** Palladius: фути (futi)
*** Sinological IPA : /fu³⁵ tʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Middle Chinese: bjut thejX
Rime :
| Character | 佛 | 體 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) | 透 (6) |
| Final (韻) | 物 (60) | 齊 (39) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | IV |
| Fanqie | 符弗切 | 他禮切 |
| Baxter | bjut | thejX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /bɨut̚/ | /tʰei$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /biut̚/ | /tʰei$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /biuət̚/ | /tʰɛi$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /but̚/ | /tʰɛj$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /biuət̚/ | /tʰei$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /bĭuət̚/ | /tʰiei$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /bʱi̯uət̚/ | /tʰiei$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fú | tǐ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fat$^6$ | tai$^2$ |

### Noun

佛體
* (Buddhism) the body of the Buddha or of a Buddha statue
    Synonym: 佛身

## Old Korean
### Alternative forms

* 佛知 (*PWUti?) (together with the genitive or nominative marker -i)
* 佛止 (see below)

### Etymology

From Proto-Koreanic *Pwutukye. See there for more.

### Proper noun

佛體 (*PWUthye)
* Buddha
** c. 965, 均如 (Gyunyeo), “普皆廻向歌 (Bogaehoehyang-ga)”, in 均如傳 (Gyunyeo-jeon) [Works of Gyunyeo]:佛體叱海等成留焉日尸*PWUthye-s PAtol Il-wo-n NAlhthe day when the ocean of the Buddha was accomplished
** c. 1170, Interpretive gugyeol glosses to the Avatamsaka Sutra, vol. 35, pages 07:18—19:現在幾佛$^{體/止}$[有]*HYEN.CAI-akuy-n MYEs mas PWUthye kye-si-haThere being several Buddhas as of present(N.B. Gugyeol glyphs are given in non-abbreviated forms. Bracketed terms were ignored when read.)
** c. 1200, Interpretive gugyeol glosses to the Avatamsaka Sutra, vol. 14, page 04.23:佛$^知$善根長*PWUti SYEN.KUN-ur TYANG-ho-no-syeMay you lengthen the Buddha's roots of goodness(N.B. Gugyeol glyphs are given in non-abbreviated forms.)

#### Reconstruction notes

The abbreviated phonogram used to write the second syllable of this word in Old Korean glosses to the Buddhist canon, which was apparently not used in any other word, has been interpreted as an abbreviation of both 體／体 and 止 (zhǐ). The form 佛體 is attested in non-abbreviated form in the hyangga poems of the tenth-century monk Gyunyeo (given below), while the form 佛止 has not been independently attested.
The reconstructed Proto-Korean ancestor of this word is *Pwutukye, *Pwutokye, and the attested fifteenth-century Middle Korean form of this word is 부텨 (Pwùthyè). Meanwhile, the Old Chinese, Middle Chinese, and Middle Sino-Korean values of the attested phonograms are as follows:
| Character | OC | MC | MSK |
| 體／体 | */r̥ˤijʔ/ | /tʰ(j)ei$^X$/ | 톄〯 (thyěy) |
| 止 (zhǐ) | */təʔ/ | /t͡ɕɨ$^X$/ | 지〯 (cǐ) |
| 知 | */tre/ | /ʈiᴇ/ | 디 (tì) |
The conventional reconstruction is simply as *PWUthye, after the Middle Korean form, but the Old Korean phonogramic evidence remains unclear as to the precise shape of the second syllable.
Given the nature of the environments in which 佛知 appears, it is possible that it actually represented a different word for the Buddha, theoretically perhaps */put/.

#### Descendants

* Middle Korean: 부텨 (Pwùthyè)
** Korean: 부처 (Bucheo)
* ⇒ Middle Korean: 부톄〯 (Pwùthyěy)
** Gyeongsang Korean: 부체 (Buche)
** Pyongan Korean: 부테 (Bute)
** Jeju: 푼체 (Punche)

### References

* 남풍현 (Nam Pung-hyeon) (2008) “釋(석)讀(독)口(구)訣(결)에 쓰인 支의 形(형)態(태)와 機(기)能(능)에 대하여 [On the forms and functions of the character 支 in interpretive gugyeol]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 20, pages 93—121
* 박지용 外 (Park Ji-yong et al.) (2012) 향가 해독 자료집 [hyangga haedok jaryojip, A Sourcebook of Hyangga Interpretations], Seoul National University, page 200
* 황선엽 (Hwang Seon-yeop), 이전경 (Yi Jeon-gyeong), 하귀녀 (Ha Gwi-nyeo), 이용 (Yi Yong), 박진호 (Park Jin-ho), 김성주 (Kim Seong-ju), 장경준 (Jang Gyeong-jun), 서민욱 (Seo Min-uk), 이지영 (Yi Ji-yeong), 서형국 (Seo Hyeong-guk). (2009) 석독구결사전/釋讀口訣辭典 [Dictionary of interpretive gugyeol], Bakmunsa, →ISBN