# 降臨
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiànglín
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄤˋ ㄌㄧㄣˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gong$^3$ lam$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kong-lìm
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kàng-lîm
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gang$^3$ lim$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$kaon-lin
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiànglín
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄤˋ ㄌㄧㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiànglín
*** Wade–Giles: chiang$^4$-lin$^2$
*** Yale: jyàng-lín
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jianqlin
*** Palladius: цзянлинь (czjanlinʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ lin³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gong$^3$ lam$^4$
*** Yale: gong làhm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gong$^3$ lam$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gong$^3$ lem$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɔːŋ³³ lɐm²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kong-lìm
*** Hakka Romanization System: gong lim$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gong$^4$ lim$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /koŋ⁵⁵ lim¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kàng-lîm
*** Tâi-lô: kàng-lîm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: karngliim
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kaŋ²¹⁻⁵³ lim²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kaŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lim²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kaŋ²¹⁻⁵³ lim¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kaŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ lim²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kaŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ lim²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gang$^3$ lim$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kàng lîm
*** Sinological IPA : /kaŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ lim⁵⁵/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$kaon-lin
*** MiniDict: kaon$^去$ lin
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$kaan-lin
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kɑ̃³³ lin⁴⁴/

### Verb

降臨
* to befall; to descend upon; to arrive; to come

#### Synonyms

* 來到／来到 (láidào)
* 來臨／来临 (láilín)
* 到來／到来 (dàolái)
* 到達／到达 (dàodá)
* 就 (jiù) (literary, or in compounds)
* 抵達／抵达 (dǐdá)
* 至 (formal, or in compounds)
* 達／达 (literary, or in compounds)

#### Derived terms

* 降臨節／降临节 (jiànglínjié)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 降臨(こうりん) (kōrin)
* → Korean: 강림(降臨) (gangnim)
* → Vietnamese: giáng lâm (降臨)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 降 | 臨 |
| こう Grade: 6 | りん Grade: 6 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ko̞ːɾʲĩɴ]

### Noun

降(こう)臨(りん) • (kōrin)
* descent of a god from heaven to earth
* (respectful) arrival

### Verb

降(こう)臨(りん)する • (kōrin suru) suru (stem 降(こう)臨(りん)し (kōrin shi), past 降(こう)臨(りん)した (kōrin shita))
* (of gods) to descend from heaven to the earth
* (respectful) to appear; to arrive

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 降臨し | こうりんし | kōrin shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 降臨し | こうりんし | kōrin shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 降臨する | こうりんする | kōrin suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 降臨する | こうりんする | kōrin suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 降臨すれ | こうりんすれ | kōrin sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 降臨せよ¹ 降臨しろ² | こうりんせよ¹ こうりんしろ² | kōrin seyo¹ kōrin shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 降臨される | こうりんされる | kōrin sareru |
| Causative | 降臨させる 降臨さす | こうりんさせる こうりんさす | kōrin saseru kōrin sasu |
| Potential | 降臨できる | こうりんできる | kōrin dekiru |
| Volitional | 降臨しよう | こうりんしよう | kōrin shiyō |
| Negative | 降臨しない | こうりんしない | kōrin shinai |
| Negative continuative | 降臨せず | こうりんせず | kōrin sezu |
| Formal | 降臨します | こうりんします | kōrin shimasu |
| Perfective | 降臨した | こうりんした | kōrin shita |
| Conjunctive | 降臨して | こうりんして | kōrin shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 降臨すれば | こうりんすれば | kōrin sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### See also

* 出席(しゅっせき) (shusseki)
* 来臨(らいりん) (rairin)
* 光臨(こうりん) (kōrin)
* 天下(あまくだ)る (amakudaru)

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 降 | 臨 |

### Noun

降臨 • (gangnim) (hangeul 강림)
* hanja form of 강림 (“descent of a god from heaven to earth”)