# ὑπάρχω
## Ancient Greek
### Etymology

From ῠ̔πο- (hupo-, “under”) +‎ ᾰ̓́ρχω (árkhō, “to begin”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /hy.pár.kʰɔː/ → /yˈpar.xo/ → /iˈpar.xo/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /hy.pár.kʰɔː/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /(h)yˈpar.kʰo/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /yˈpar.xo/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /yˈpar.xo/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /iˈpar.xo/

### Verb

ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχω • (hupárkhō)
* to begin, make a beginning, take initiative, be first
** (transitive) to make a beginning of, begin
*** (with genitive)
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.5
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.1
**** 408 BCE, Euripides, The Phoenician Women 1581
**** 425 BCE, Euripides, Andromache 74
**** 440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, Collected Works 18.34
**** 175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 1.20
**** 175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 4.34
*** (with accusative)
**** 343 BCE, Demosthenes, On the False Embassy 280
**** 342 BCE – 290 BCE, Menander, Unknown Work 236
**** 389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Collected Works 42.23
**** 445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, Defence against a Charge of Taking Bribes 25
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.93
** (intransitive) be the beginner, be first, do without provocation
*** 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 24.286
*** 408 BCE, Euripides, The Phoenician Women 1223
*** 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Collected Works 356A
*** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Timocrates 18
*** 445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, 169 44
*** 380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 456E
*** 342 BCE – 290 BCE, Menander, The Woman From Olynthos 2
*** 360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 41C
*** 175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 12.41
*** to do something first
**** (with participle)
***** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.8B:οὐ πρότερον παύσομαι πρὶν ἢ ἕλω τε καὶ πυρώσω τὰς Ἀθήνας, οἵ γε ἐμὲ καὶ πατέρα τὸν ἐμὸν ὑπῆρξαν ἄδικα ποιεῦντες.ou próteron paúsomai prìn ḕ hélō te kaì purṓsō tàs Athḗnas, hoí ge emè kaì patéra tòn emòn hupêrxan ádika poieûntes.I will never stop until I have taken and burnt Athens, because they have wronged me and my father unprovoked.
***** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.133
***** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 2.3.23
***** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 5.5.9
**** (Koine, middle voice, with infinitive)
***** 175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 14.11
** (passive voice)
*** 389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Collected Works 31.31
*** 349 BCE, Demosthenes, First Olynthiac 10
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.11
*** 425 BCE, Aristophanes, Lysistrata 1159
*** 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Collected Works 136.13
*** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 8.14.4
* (only in active)
** to begin to be, to come into being, arise, spring up
*** 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 1068
*** 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 704
*** to be in existence, to be there, to be ready
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.144
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.15
**** 446 BCE – 411 BCE, Eupolis, The Golden Race 3
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Agesilaus 8.1
**** 349 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Olynthiac 15
**** 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Collected Works 136.22
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.9
**** 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 961
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.5.5
**** 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Collected Works 8A
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.92
**** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Lacritus 12
**** 330 BCE, Demosthenes, On the Crown 295
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 6.4.4
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.124
*** to really exist
**** 350 BCE, Aristotle, On the Heavens 2.14.17
**** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Metaphysics 8.2.3
**** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, On Generation and Corruption 1.2.10
*** to be
**** 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1656
**** 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 932
**** 424 BCE, Euripides, Hecuba 1229
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.4
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Oeconomicus 21.11
**** 362 BCE – 262 BCE, Philemon, Unknown Work 15
**** 349 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Olynthiac 19
**** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 919
*** (with a participle)
**** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.192
**** 361 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Midias 38
**** 349 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Olynthiac 7
*** to be the descendant of
**** 60 BCE – 7 BCE, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 2.65
** to be laid down, to be taken for granted
*** 385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 198D
*** 360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 30C
*** 360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 29A
*** 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 458A
** to belong to, fall to, accrue
*** 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.109
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.64
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.86
*** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.45
*** 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Philebus 58C
*** (of persons) to be devoted
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.1.4
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 7.5.5
**** 343 BCE, Demosthenes, On the False Embassy 54
*** (in the logic of Aristotle, denotes the subsistence of qualities in a subject, whether propria or accidentia)
**** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Metaphysics 4.30.1
**** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Prior Analytics 1.2.1
**** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Prior Analytics 1.1.3
**** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, On Interpretation 3.2
**** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, On Interpretation 2.3
**** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Topics 2.1.3
** (in neuter plural participle, τὰ ὑπάρχοντα)
*** existing circumstances, present advantages
**** 349 BCE, Demosthenes, Second Olynthiac 2
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.18
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.31
**** 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 6.4.9
**** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Politics 4.1.4
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.76
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.1
*** what belongs to one, one's possessions
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.70
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.144
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.141
**** 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Collected Works 38E
**** 70 CE – 110 CE, The Gospel of Matthew 24:47
** (impersonal, with infinitive and accusative) the fact is that
*** 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 1340
*** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 3.7.12
*** 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 2.1.38
*** it is allowed, it is possible
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.63
**** 440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, Collected Works 22.13
**** 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 81A
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.82
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.109
*** (in neuter participle) since it is allowed you to
**** 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.124, (compare Plato, Symposium 217A)
* to be ὕπαρχος (húparkhos, “lieutenant”)
** 155 CE – 235 CE, Cassius Dio, Collected Works 36.19
** 155 CE – 235 CE, Cassius Dio, Collected Works 71.34

#### Descendants

* Greek: υπάρχω (ypárcho)

### References

* “ὑπάρχω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “ὑπάρχω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “ὑπάρχω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
* ὑπάρχω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
* ὑπάρχω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
* “ὑπάρχω”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
* G5225 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible