# 侵害
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qīnhài
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄣ ㄏㄞˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cam$^1$ hoi$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhîm-hoi
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhim-hāi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): cim$^1$ hai$^7$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qīnhài
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄣ ㄏㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cinhài
*** Wade–Giles: chʻin$^1$-hai$^4$
*** Yale: chīn-hài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chinhay
*** Palladius: циньхай (cinʹxaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ xaɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cam$^1$ hoi$^6$
*** Yale: chām hoih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsam$^1$ hoi$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cem$^1$ hoi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰɐm⁵⁵ hɔːi̯²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhîm-hoi
*** Hakka Romanization System: qim$^ˊ$ hoi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: qim$^1$ hoi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰim²⁴⁻¹¹ hoi̯⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhim-hāi
*** Tâi-lô: tshim-hāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chimhai
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² hai²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰim³³ hai⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻²² hai²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ hai³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰim⁴⁴⁻³³ hai³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: cim$^1$ hai$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshim hāi
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰim³³⁻²³ hai¹¹/

### Verb

侵害
* to infringe on; to encroach on; to violate
* (of a bacterium, pest, etc.) to invade; to attack

#### Derived terms

* 性侵害 (xìngqīnhài)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 侵害(しんがい) (shingai)
* → Korean: 침해(侵害) (chimhae)
* → Vietnamese: xâm hại (侵害)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 侵 | 害 |
| しん Grade: S | がい Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しんがい [shìńgáí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɕĩŋɡa̠i]

### Noun

侵(しん)害(がい) • (shingai)
* violation, infringement, breach
    Ａ社(Ａ しゃ)は人権(じんけん)侵害(しんがい)で告訴(こくそ)された。
       Ａ Sha wa jinken shingai de kokuso sareta.
       Company A was sued for human rights violations.

### Verb

侵(しん)害(がい)する • (shingai suru) suru (stem 侵(しん)害(がい)し (shingai shi), past 侵(しん)害(がい)した (shingai shita))
* to infringe, to breach

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 侵害し | しんがいし | shingai shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 侵害し | しんがいし | shingai shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 侵害する | しんがいする | shingai suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 侵害する | しんがいする | shingai suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 侵害すれ | しんがいすれ | shingai sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 侵害せよ¹ 侵害しろ² | しんがいせよ¹ しんがいしろ² | shingai seyo¹ shingai shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 侵害される | しんがいされる | shingai sareru |
| Causative | 侵害させる 侵害さす | しんがいさせる しんがいさす | shingai saseru shingai sasu |
| Potential | 侵害できる | しんがいできる | shingai dekiru |
| Volitional | 侵害しよう | しんがいしよう | shingai shiyō |
| Negative | 侵害しない | しんがいしない | shingai shinai |
| Negative continuative | 侵害せず | しんがいせず | shingai sezu |
| Formal | 侵害します | しんがいします | shingai shimasu |
| Perfective | 侵害した | しんがいした | shingai shita |
| Conjunctive | 侵害して | しんがいして | shingai shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 侵害すれば | しんがいすれば | shingai sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 侵 | 害 |

### Noun

侵害 • (chimhae) (hangeul 침해)
* hanja form of 침해 (“violation, infringement”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 侵 | 害 |

### Verb

侵害
* chữ Hán form of xâm hại (“to encroach upon and damage”).