# 野馬
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yěmǎ
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄝˇ ㄇㄚˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): je$^5$ maa$^5$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yâ-mâ
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): iá-bé
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yěmǎ [Phonetic: yémǎ]
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄝˇ ㄇㄚˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yěmǎ
*** Wade–Giles: yeh$^3$-ma$^3$
*** Yale: yě-mǎ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeemaa
*** Palladius: ема (jema)
*** Sinological IPA : /jɛ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: je$^5$ maa$^5$
*** Yale: yéh máh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: je$^5$ maa$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yé$^5$ ma$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɛː¹³ maː¹³/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yâ-mâ
*** Hakka Romanization System: ia$^ˊ$ ma$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ya$^1$ ma$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯a²⁴⁻¹¹ ma²⁴/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yâ-mâ
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)ia$^ˊ$ ma$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ya$^1$ ma$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯a²⁴⁻¹¹ ma²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iá-bé
*** Tâi-lô: iá-bé
*** Phofsit Daibuun: iafbea
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ia⁵³⁻⁴⁴ be⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ia⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ be⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ia⁵³⁻⁴⁴ be⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ia⁵³⁻⁴⁴ be⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ia⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ be⁴¹/
* Middle Chinese: dzyoX maeX
Rime :
| Character | 野 | 馬 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 常 (25) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 魚 (22) | 麻 (98) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | II |
| Fanqie | 承與切 | 莫下切 |
| Baxter | dzyoX | maeX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ʑɨʌ$^X$/ | /mˠa$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡ʑiɔ$^X$/ | /mᵚa$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ʑiɔ$^X$/ | /ma$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡ʑɨə̆$^X$/ | /maɨ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʑiɔ$^X$/ | /ma$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ʑĭo$^X$/ | /ma$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ʑi̯wo$^X$/ | /ma$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shù | mǎ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | syu$^6$ | maa$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*lAʔ mˤraʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*laːʔ mraːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 野 | 馬 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yě | mǎ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ yæ$^X$ › | ‹ mæ$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*lAʔ/ | /*mˁraʔ/ |
| English | open country | horse |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 野 | 馬 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 15722 | 8715 |
| Phonetic component | 予 | 馬 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 野 | 馬 |
| Old Chinese | /*laːʔ/ | /*mraːʔ/ |

### Noun

野馬
* wild horse; untamed horse
* (archaic) water vapour, floating clouds or dust in the fields
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Xié zhī yán yuē: “Péng zhī xǐ yú nánmíng yě, shuǐ jī sānqiān lǐ, tuán fú yáo ér shàng zhě jiǔwàn lǐ, qù yǐ liùyuè xī zhě yě.” Yěmǎ yě, chén'āi yě, shēngwù zhī yǐ xī xiāng chuī yě. [Pinyin]
    We have in it these words: 'When the peng is removing to the Southern Ocean it flaps (its wings) on the water for 3000 li. Then it ascends on a whirlwind 90,000 li, and it rests only at the end of six months.' (But similar to this is the movement of the breezes which we call) the horses of the fields, of the dust (which quivers in the sunbeams), and of living things as they are blown against one another by the air.'
* Alternative name for 貉 (hé).

#### Derived terms

* 跑野馬／跑野马

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 野 | 馬 |
| や Grade: 2 | ば Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||
Kanji in this term :
| 野 | 馬 |
| の Grade: 2 | ま Grade: 2 |
| yutōyomi ||
Kanji in this term :
| 野 | 馬 |
| の Grade: 2 | うま Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi ||

### Etymology

野 (no, ya, “field”) +‎ 馬 (uma, ma, ba, “horse”)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) のうま [nóꜜùmà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [no̞ɯ̟ma̠]
* (Tokyo) のま [nóꜜmà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [no̞ma̠]
* (Tokyo) やば [yáꜜbà] (Atamadaka – [1])
* IPA: [ja̠ba̠]

### Noun

野(の)馬(うま) or 野(の)馬(ま) or 野(や)馬(ば) • (nouma or noma or yaba)
* a wild horse