# ngcwaba
## Northern Ndebele
### Etymology

Probably from a Khoe language. Compare Khoekhoe ǀhowas (“grave”). However, it could come from a Tuu language. Compare Nǀuu ŋǀoβa (“bury”).

### Verb

-ngcwaba$^?$
* to bury

#### Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

## Swazi
### Etymology

Probably from a Khoe language. Compare Khoekhoe ǀhowas (“grave”). However, it could come from a Tuu language. Compare Nǀuu ŋǀoβa (“bury”).

### Verb

-ngcwába
* to bury

#### Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

## Xhosa
### Etymology

Probably from a Khoe language. Compare Khoekhoe ǀhowas (“grave”). However, it could come from a Tuu language. Compare Nǀuu ŋǀoβa (“bury”).

### Verb

-ngcwaba
* (transitive) to bury

#### Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

### References

* Louw, J.A. (2013) “The Impact of Khoesan on Southern Bantu”, in Vossen, Rainer, editor, The Khoesan Languages, Routledge, →ISBN, pages 435-444

## Zulu
### Etymology

Probably from a Khoe language. Compare Khoekhoe ǀhowas (“grave”). However, it could come from a Tuu language. Compare Nǀuu ŋǀoβa (“bury”).

### Pronunciation

IPA: /ᵑǀʱwâːɓa/

### Verb

-ngcwâba
* (transitive) to bury

#### Inflection

Tone HH :
| Infinitive | ukungcwaba |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Infinitive | ukungcwaba | ukungangcwabi |
| | Imperative | Imperative |
| | Simple | + object concord |
| Singular | ngcwaba | -ngcwabe |
| Plural | ngcwabani | -ngcwabeni |
| | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyangcwaba, ngingcwaba | engingcwabayo, engingcwaba | ngingcwaba | angingcwabi | engingangcwabi | ngingangcwabi |
| 2nd singular | uyangcwaba, ungcwaba | ongcwabayo, ongcwaba | ungcwaba | awungcwabi | ongangcwabi | ungangcwabi |
| 1st plural | siyangcwaba, singcwaba | esingcwabayo, esingcwaba | singcwaba | asingcwabi | esingangcwabi | singangcwabi |
| 2nd plural | niyangcwaba, ningcwaba | eningcwabayo, eningcwaba | ningcwaba | aningcwabi | eningangcwabi | ningangcwabi |
| Class 1 | uyangcwaba, ungcwaba | ongcwabayo, ongcwaba | engcwaba | akangcwabi | ongangcwabi | engangcwabi |
| Class 2 | bayangcwaba, bangcwaba | abangcwabayo, abangcwaba | bengcwaba | abangcwabi | abangangcwabi | bengangcwabi |
| Class 3 | uyangcwaba, ungcwaba | ongcwabayo, ongcwaba | ungcwaba | awungcwabi | ongangcwabi | ungangcwabi |
| Class 4 | iyangcwaba, ingcwaba | engcwabayo, engcwaba | ingcwaba | ayingcwabi | engangcwabi | ingangcwabi |
| Class 5 | liyangcwaba, lingcwaba | elingcwabayo, elingcwaba | lingcwaba | alingcwabi | elingangcwabi | lingangcwabi |
| Class 6 | ayangcwaba, angcwaba | angcwabayo, angcwaba | engcwaba | awangcwabi | angangcwabi | engangcwabi |
| Class 7 | siyangcwaba, singcwaba | esingcwabayo, esingcwaba | singcwaba | asingcwabi | esingangcwabi | singangcwabi |
| Class 8 | ziyangcwaba, zingcwaba | ezingcwabayo, ezingcwaba | zingcwaba | azingcwabi | ezingangcwabi | zingangcwabi |
| Class 9 | iyangcwaba, ingcwaba | engcwabayo, engcwaba | ingcwaba | ayingcwabi | engangcwabi | ingangcwabi |
| Class 10 | ziyangcwaba, zingcwaba | ezingcwabayo, ezingcwaba | zingcwaba | azingcwabi | ezingangcwabi | zingangcwabi |
| Class 11 | luyangcwaba, lungcwaba | olungcwabayo, olungcwaba | lungcwaba | alungcwabi | olungangcwabi | lungangcwabi |
| Class 14 | buyangcwaba, bungcwaba | obungcwabayo, obungcwaba | bungcwaba | abungcwabi | obungangcwabi | bungangcwabi |
| Class 15 | kuyangcwaba, kungcwaba | okungcwabayo, okungcwaba | kungcwaba | akungcwabi | okungangcwabi | kungangcwabi |
| Class 17 | kuyangcwaba, kungcwaba | okungcwabayo, okungcwaba | kungcwaba | akungcwabi | okungangcwabi | kungangcwabi |
| | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngingcwabile, ngingcwabē | engingcwabile, engingcwabē | ngingcwabile, ngingcwabē | angingcwabanga | engingangcwabanga | ngingangcwabanga |
| 2nd singular | ungcwabile, ungcwabē | ongcwabile, ongcwabē | ungcwabile, ungcwabē | awungcwabanga | ongangcwabanga | ungangcwabanga |
| 1st plural | singcwabile, singcwabē | esingcwabile, esingcwabē | singcwabile, singcwabē | asingcwabanga | esingangcwabanga | singangcwabanga |
| 2nd plural | ningcwabile, ningcwabē | eningcwabile, eningcwabē | ningcwabile, ningcwabē | aningcwabanga | eningangcwabanga | ningangcwabanga |
| Class 1 | ungcwabile, ungcwabē | ongcwabile, ongcwabē | engcwabile, engcwabē | akangcwabanga | ongangcwabanga | engangcwabanga |
| Class 2 | bangcwabile, bangcwabē | abangcwabile, abangcwabē | bengcwabile, bengcwabē | abangcwabanga | abangangcwabanga | bengangcwabanga |
| Class 3 | ungcwabile, ungcwabē | ongcwabile, ongcwabē | ungcwabile, ungcwabē | awungcwabanga | ongangcwabanga | ungangcwabanga |
| Class 4 | ingcwabile, ingcwabē | engcwabile, engcwabē | ingcwabile, ingcwabē | ayingcwabanga | engangcwabanga | ingangcwabanga |
| Class 5 | lingcwabile, lingcwabē | elingcwabile, elingcwabē | lingcwabile, lingcwabē | alingcwabanga | elingangcwabanga | lingangcwabanga |
| Class 6 | angcwabile, angcwabē | angcwabile, angcwabē | engcwabile, engcwabē | awangcwabanga | angangcwabanga | engangcwabanga |
| Class 7 | singcwabile, singcwabē | esingcwabile, esingcwabē | singcwabile, singcwabē | asingcwabanga | esingangcwabanga | singangcwabanga |
| Class 8 | zingcwabile, zingcwabē | ezingcwabile, ezingcwabē | zingcwabile, zingcwabē | azingcwabanga | ezingangcwabanga | zingangcwabanga |
| Class 9 | ingcwabile, ingcwabē | engcwabile, engcwabē | ingcwabile, ingcwabē | ayingcwabanga | engangcwabanga | ingangcwabanga |
| Class 10 | zingcwabile, zingcwabē | ezingcwabile, ezingcwabē | zingcwabile, zingcwabē | azingcwabanga | ezingangcwabanga | zingangcwabanga |
| Class 11 | lungcwabile, lungcwabē | olungcwabile, olungcwabē | lungcwabile, lungcwabē | alungcwabanga | olungangcwabanga | lungangcwabanga |
| Class 14 | bungcwabile, bungcwabē | obungcwabile, obungcwabē | bungcwabile, bungcwabē | abungcwabanga | obungangcwabanga | bungangcwabanga |
| Class 15 | kungcwabile, kungcwabē | okungcwabile, okungcwabē | kungcwabile, kungcwabē | akungcwabanga | okungangcwabanga | kungangcwabanga |
| Class 17 | kungcwabile, kungcwabē | okungcwabile, okungcwabē | kungcwabile, kungcwabē | akungcwabanga | okungangcwabanga | kungangcwabanga |
| | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngāngcwaba | engāngcwaba | ngāngcwaba | angingcwabanga | engingangcwabanga | ngingangcwabanga |
| 2nd singular | wāngcwaba | owāngcwaba | wāngcwaba | awungcwabanga | ongangcwabanga | ungangcwabanga |
| 1st plural | sāngcwaba | esāngcwaba | sāngcwaba | asingcwabanga | esingangcwabanga | singangcwabanga |
| 2nd plural | nāngcwaba | enāngcwaba | nāngcwaba | aningcwabanga | eningangcwabanga | ningangcwabanga |
| Class 1 | wāngcwaba | owāngcwaba | āngcwaba | akangcwabanga | ongangcwabanga | engangcwabanga |
| Class 2 | bāngcwaba | abāngcwaba | bāngcwaba | abangcwabanga | abangangcwabanga | bengangcwabanga |
| Class 3 | wāngcwaba | owāngcwaba | wāngcwaba | awungcwabanga | ongangcwabanga | ungangcwabanga |
| Class 4 | yāngcwaba | eyāngcwaba | yāngcwaba | ayingcwabanga | engangcwabanga | ingangcwabanga |
| Class 5 | lāngcwaba | elāngcwaba | lāngcwaba | alingcwabanga | elingangcwabanga | lingangcwabanga |
| Class 6 | āngcwaba | āngcwaba | āngcwaba | awangcwabanga | angangcwabanga | engangcwabanga |
| Class 7 | sāngcwaba | esāngcwaba | sāngcwaba | asingcwabanga | esingangcwabanga | singangcwabanga |
| Class 8 | zāngcwaba | ezāngcwaba | zāngcwaba | azingcwabanga | ezingangcwabanga | zingangcwabanga |
| Class 9 | yāngcwaba | eyāngcwaba | yāngcwaba | ayingcwabanga | engangcwabanga | ingangcwabanga |
| Class 10 | zāngcwaba | ezāngcwaba | zāngcwaba | azingcwabanga | ezingangcwabanga | zingangcwabanga |
| Class 11 | lwāngcwaba | olwāngcwaba | lwāngcwaba | alungcwabanga | olungangcwabanga | lungangcwabanga |
| Class 14 | bāngcwaba | obāngcwaba | bāngcwaba | abungcwabanga | obungangcwabanga | bungangcwabanga |
| Class 15 | kwāngcwaba | okwāngcwaba | kwāngcwaba | akungcwabanga | okungangcwabanga | kungangcwabanga |
| Class 17 | kwāngcwaba | okwāngcwaba | kwāngcwaba | akungcwabanga | okungangcwabanga | kungangcwabanga |
| | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngingangcwaba | — | ngingangcwaba | ngingengcwabe | — | ngingengcwabe |
| 2nd singular | ungangcwaba | — | ungangcwaba | ungengcwabe | — | ungengcwabe |
| 1st plural | singangcwaba | — | singangcwaba | singengcwabe | — | singengcwabe |
| 2nd plural | ningangcwaba | — | ningangcwaba | ningengcwabe | — | ningengcwabe |
| Class 1 | angangcwaba | — | engangcwaba | angengcwabe | — | engengcwabe |
| Class 2 | bangangcwaba | — | bengangcwaba | bangengcwabe | — | bengengcwabe |
| Class 3 | ungangcwaba | — | ungangcwaba | ungengcwabe | — | ungengcwabe |
| Class 4 | ingangcwaba | — | ingangcwaba | ingengcwabe | — | ingengcwabe |
| Class 5 | lingangcwaba | — | lingangcwaba | lingengcwabe | — | lingengcwabe |
| Class 6 | angangcwaba | — | engangcwaba | angengcwabe | — | engengcwabe |
| Class 7 | singangcwaba | — | singangcwaba | singengcwabe | — | singengcwabe |
| Class 8 | zingangcwaba | — | zingangcwaba | zingengcwabe | — | zingengcwabe |
| Class 9 | ingangcwaba | — | ingangcwaba | ingengcwabe | — | ingengcwabe |
| Class 10 | zingangcwaba | — | zingangcwaba | zingengcwabe | — | zingengcwabe |
| Class 11 | lungangcwaba | — | lungangcwaba | lungengcwabe | — | lungengcwabe |
| Class 14 | bungangcwaba | — | bungangcwaba | bungengcwabe | — | bungengcwabe |
| Class 15 | kungangcwaba | — | kungangcwaba | kungengcwabe | — | kungengcwabe |
| Class 17 | kungangcwaba | — | kungangcwaba | kungengcwabe | — | kungengcwabe |
| | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngizongcwaba | engizongcwaba | ngizongcwaba | angizungcwaba | engingezungcwaba | ngingezungcwaba |
| 2nd singular | uzongcwaba | ozongcwaba | uzongcwaba | awuzungcwaba | ongezungcwaba | ungezungcwaba |
| 1st plural | sizongcwaba | esizongcwaba | sizongcwaba | asizungcwaba | esingezungcwaba | singezungcwaba |
| 2nd plural | nizongcwaba | enizongcwaba | nizongcwaba | anizungcwaba | eningezungcwaba | ningezungcwaba |
| Class 1 | uzongcwaba | ozongcwaba | ezongcwaba | akazungcwaba | ongezungcwaba | engezungcwaba |
| Class 2 | bazongcwaba | abazongcwaba | bezongcwaba | abazungcwaba | abangezungcwaba | bengezungcwaba |
| Class 3 | uzongcwaba | ozongcwaba | uzongcwaba | awuzungcwaba | ongezungcwaba | ungezungcwaba |
| Class 4 | izongcwaba | ezongcwaba | izongcwaba | ayizungcwaba | engezungcwaba | ingezungcwaba |
| Class 5 | lizongcwaba | elizongcwaba | lizongcwaba | alizungcwaba | elingezungcwaba | lingezungcwaba |
| Class 6 | azongcwaba | azongcwaba | ezongcwaba | awazungcwaba | angezungcwaba | engezungcwaba |
| Class 7 | sizongcwaba | esizongcwaba | sizongcwaba | asizungcwaba | esingezungcwaba | singezungcwaba |
| Class 8 | zizongcwaba | ezizongcwaba | zizongcwaba | azizungcwaba | ezingezungcwaba | zingezungcwaba |
| Class 9 | izongcwaba | ezongcwaba | izongcwaba | ayizungcwaba | engezungcwaba | ingezungcwaba |
| Class 10 | zizongcwaba | ezizongcwaba | zizongcwaba | azizungcwaba | ezingezungcwaba | zingezungcwaba |
| Class 11 | luzongcwaba | oluzongcwaba | luzongcwaba | aluzungcwaba | olungezungcwaba | lungezungcwaba |
| Class 14 | buzongcwaba | obuzongcwaba | buzongcwaba | abuzungcwaba | obungezungcwaba | bungezungcwaba |
| Class 15 | kuzongcwaba | okuzongcwaba | kuzongcwaba | akuzungcwaba | okungezungcwaba | kungezungcwaba |
| Class 17 | kuzongcwaba | okuzongcwaba | kuzongcwaba | akuzungcwaba | okungezungcwaba | kungezungcwaba |
| | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyongcwaba | engiyongcwaba | ngiyongcwaba | angiyungcwaba | engingeyungcwaba | ngingeyungcwaba |
| 2nd singular | uyongcwaba | oyongcwaba | uyongcwaba | awuyungcwaba | ongeyungcwaba | ungeyungcwaba |
| 1st plural | siyongcwaba | esiyongcwaba | siyongcwaba | asiyungcwaba | esingeyungcwaba | singeyungcwaba |
| 2nd plural | niyongcwaba | eniyongcwaba | niyongcwaba | aniyungcwaba | eningeyungcwaba | ningeyungcwaba |
| Class 1 | uyongcwaba | oyongcwaba | eyongcwaba | akayungcwaba | ongeyungcwaba | engeyungcwaba |
| Class 2 | bayongcwaba | abayongcwaba | beyongcwaba | abayungcwaba | abangeyungcwaba | bengeyungcwaba |
| Class 3 | uyongcwaba | oyongcwaba | uyongcwaba | awuyungcwaba | ongeyungcwaba | ungeyungcwaba |
| Class 4 | iyongcwaba | eyongcwaba | iyongcwaba | ayiyungcwaba | engeyungcwaba | ingeyungcwaba |
| Class 5 | liyongcwaba | eliyongcwaba | liyongcwaba | aliyungcwaba | elingeyungcwaba | lingeyungcwaba |
| Class 6 | ayongcwaba | ayongcwaba | eyongcwaba | awayungcwaba | angeyungcwaba | engeyungcwaba |
| Class 7 | siyongcwaba | esiyongcwaba | siyongcwaba | asiyungcwaba | esingeyungcwaba | singeyungcwaba |
| Class 8 | ziyongcwaba | eziyongcwaba | ziyongcwaba | aziyungcwaba | ezingeyungcwaba | zingeyungcwaba |
| Class 9 | iyongcwaba | eyongcwaba | iyongcwaba | ayiyungcwaba | engeyungcwaba | ingeyungcwaba |
| Class 10 | ziyongcwaba | eziyongcwaba | ziyongcwaba | aziyungcwaba | ezingeyungcwaba | zingeyungcwaba |
| Class 11 | luyongcwaba | oluyongcwaba | luyongcwaba | aluyungcwaba | olungeyungcwaba | lungeyungcwaba |
| Class 14 | buyongcwaba | obuyongcwaba | buyongcwaba | abuyungcwaba | obungeyungcwaba | bungeyungcwaba |
| Class 15 | kuyongcwaba | okuyongcwaba | kuyongcwaba | akuyungcwaba | okungeyungcwaba | kungeyungcwaba |
| Class 17 | kuyongcwaba | okuyongcwaba | kuyongcwaba | akuyungcwaba | okungeyungcwaba | kungeyungcwaba |
| | Present subjunctive | Present subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngingcwabe | ngingangcwabi |
| 2nd singular | ungcwabe | ungangcwabi |
| 1st plural | singcwabe | singangcwabi |
| 2nd plural | ningcwabe | ningangcwabi |
| Class 1 | angcwabe | angangcwabi |
| Class 2 | bangcwabe | bangangcwabi |
| Class 3 | ungcwabe | ungangcwabi |
| Class 4 | ingcwabe | ingangcwabi |
| Class 5 | lingcwabe | lingangcwabi |
| Class 6 | angcwabe | angangcwabi |
| Class 7 | singcwabe | singangcwabi |
| Class 8 | zingcwabe | zingangcwabi |
| Class 9 | ingcwabe | ingangcwabi |
| Class 10 | zingcwabe | zingangcwabi |
| Class 11 | lungcwabe | lungangcwabi |
| Class 14 | bungcwabe | bungangcwabi |
| Class 15 | kungcwabe | kungangcwabi |
| Class 17 | kungcwabe | kungangcwabi |
| | Past subjunctive | Past subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngangcwaba | ngangangcwaba, angangcwaba, angangangcwaba |
| 2nd singular | wangcwaba | wangangcwaba, awangcwaba, awangangcwaba |
| 1st plural | sangcwaba | sangangcwaba, asangcwaba, asangangcwaba |
| 2nd plural | nangcwaba | nangangcwaba, anangcwaba, anangangcwaba |
| Class 1 | wangcwaba | wangangcwaba, akangcwaba, akangangcwaba |
| Class 2 | bangcwaba | bangangcwaba, abangcwaba, abangangcwaba |
| Class 3 | wangcwaba | wangangcwaba, awangcwaba, awangangcwaba |
| Class 4 | yangcwaba | yangangcwaba, ayangcwaba, ayangangcwaba |
| Class 5 | langcwaba | langangcwaba, alangcwaba, alangangcwaba |
| Class 6 | angcwaba | angangcwaba, awangcwaba, awangangcwaba |
| Class 7 | sangcwaba | sangangcwaba, asangcwaba, asangangcwaba |
| Class 8 | zangcwaba | zangangcwaba, azangcwaba, azangangcwaba |
| Class 9 | yangcwaba | yangangcwaba, ayangcwaba, ayangangcwaba |
| Class 10 | zangcwaba | zangangcwaba, azangcwaba, azangangcwaba |
| Class 11 | lwangcwaba | lwangangcwaba, alwangcwaba, alwangangcwaba |
| Class 14 | bangcwaba | bangangcwaba, abangcwaba, abangangcwaba |
| Class 15 | kwangcwaba | kwangangcwaba, akwangcwaba, akwangangcwaba |
| Class 17 | kwangcwaba | kwangangcwaba, akwangcwaba, akwangangcwaba |

#### Derived terms

* umngcwabo

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “ngcwaɓa”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “ngcwaɓa (6-3.9)”
* Louw, J.A. (2013) “The Impact of Khoesan on Southern Bantu”, in Vossen, Rainer, editor, The Khoesan Languages, Routledge, →ISBN, pages 435-444