# 嘆息
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tànxī, tànxí
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄢˋ ㄒㄧ, ㄊㄢˋ ㄒㄧˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): taan$^3$ sik$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): thàn-sek / thàn-siak / thàn-sit
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tànxī
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄢˋ ㄒㄧ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tànsi
*** Wade–Giles: tʻan$^4$-hsi$^1$
*** Yale: tàn-syī
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tannshi
*** Palladius: таньси (tanʹsi)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰän⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$嘆息／叹息 嘆惜／叹惜
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tànxí
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄢˋ ㄒㄧˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tànsí
*** Wade–Giles: tʻan$^4$-hsi$^2$
*** Yale: tàn-syí
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tannshyi
*** Palladius: таньси (tanʹsi)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰän⁵¹ ɕi³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: taan$^3$ sik$^1$
*** Yale: taan sīk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: taan$^3$ sik$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tan$^3$ xig$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰaːn³³ sɪk̚⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thàn-sek
*** Tâi-lô: thàn-sik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tarnseg
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰan²¹⁻⁵³ siɪk̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰan²¹⁻⁴¹ siɪk̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰan¹¹⁻⁵³ siɪk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thàn-siak
*** Tâi-lô: thàn-siak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tarnsiag
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰan⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siak̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thàn-sit
*** Tâi-lô: thàn-sit
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tarnsid
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰan²¹⁻⁵³ sit̚³²/
* Middle Chinese: thanH sik
Rime :
| Character | 嘆 | 息 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 透 (6) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 寒 (61) | 職 (134) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 他旦切 | 相即切 |
| Baxter | thanH | sik |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tʰɑn$^H$/ | /sɨk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tʰɑn$^H$/ | /sɨk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tʰɑn$^H$/ | /siek̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tʰan$^H$/ | /sik̚/ |
| Li Rong | /tʰɑn$^H$/ | /siək̚/ |
| Wang Li | /tʰɑn$^H$/ | /sĭək̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /tʰɑn$^H$/ | /si̯ək̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tàn | xi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | taan$^3$ | sik$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*n̥ˤar-s sək/
    (Zhengzhang): /*n̥ʰaːns slɯɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 嘆 | 息 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | tàn | xī |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ than$^H$ › | ‹ sik › |
| Old Chinese | /*n̥ˁar-s/ | /*sək/ |
| English | sigh | breathe |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 嘆 | 息 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 4895 | 13332 |
| Phonetic component | 暵 | 息 |
| Rime group | 元 | 職 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 炭 | 息 |
| Old Chinese | /*n̥ʰaːns/ | /*slɯɡ/ |
| Notes | | 說文自亦聲 |

### Verb

嘆息
* to sigh (with regret); to heave a sigh

#### Synonyms

* 吐氣／吐气 (Hokkien)
* 呻氣／呻气 (san$^3$ hi$^3$) (Southern Pinghua)
* 咨嗟 (zījiē) (literary)
* 喘氣／喘气 (Hokkien, Teochew)
* 嘆／叹 (tàn) (literary, or in compounds)
* 嘆氣／叹气 (tànqì)
* 太息 (tàixī) (literary)
* 打咳聲／打咳声 (Harbin)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 嘆息(たんそく) (tansoku)
* → Korean: 탄식(歎息) (tansik)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 嘆 | 息 |
| たん Grade: S | そく Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spellings
* 嘆息 (kyūjitai) 歎息

### Noun

嘆(たん)息(そく) • (tansoku)
* a sigh

### Verb

嘆(たん)息(そく)する • (tansoku suru) intransitive suru (stem 嘆(たん)息(そく)し (tansoku shi), past 嘆(たん)息(そく)した (tansoku shita))
* to sigh

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 嘆息し | たんそくし | tansoku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 嘆息し | たんそくし | tansoku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 嘆息する | たんそくする | tansoku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 嘆息する | たんそくする | tansoku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 嘆息すれ | たんそくすれ | tansoku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 嘆息せよ¹ 嘆息しろ² | たんそくせよ¹ たんそくしろ² | tansoku seyo¹ tansoku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 嘆息される | たんそくされる | tansoku sareru |
| Causative | 嘆息させる 嘆息さす | たんそくさせる たんそくさす | tansoku saseru tansoku sasu |
| Potential | 嘆息できる | たんそくできる | tansoku dekiru |
| Volitional | 嘆息しよう | たんそくしよう | tansoku shiyō |
| Negative | 嘆息しない | たんそくしない | tansoku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 嘆息せず | たんそくせず | tansoku sezu |
| Formal | 嘆息します | たんそくします | tansoku shimasu |
| Perfective | 嘆息した | たんそくした | tansoku shita |
| Conjunctive | 嘆息して | たんそくして | tansoku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 嘆息すれば | たんそくすれば | tansoku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||