# 須臾
## Chinese
### Etymology
#### “48 minutes”

    Semantic loan from Sanskrit मुहूर्त (muhūrta).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xūyú
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄩ ㄩˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): seoi$^1$ jyu$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): sṳ̆-ṳ̀
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): su-jû
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xūyú
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄩ ㄩˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: syuyú
*** Wade–Giles: hsü$^1$-yü$^2$
*** Yale: syū-yú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiuyu
*** Palladius: сюйюй (sjujjuj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕy⁵⁵ y³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: seoi$^1$ jyu$^4$
*** Yale: sēui yùh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: soey$^1$ jy$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sêu$^1$ yu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɵy̯⁵⁵ jyː²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sṳ̆-ṳ̀
*** Sinological IPA : /sy⁵⁵ y⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: su-jû
*** Tâi-lô: su-jû
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sujuu
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /su⁴⁴⁻³³ zu²³/
* Middle Chinese: sju yu
Rime :
| Character | 須 | 臾 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 虞 (24) | 虞 (24) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 相俞切 | 羊朱切 |
| Baxter | sju | yu |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /sɨo/ | /jɨo/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /sio/ | /jio/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /sio/ | /io/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /suə̆/ | /juə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /sio/ | /io/ |
| Wang Li | /sĭu/ | /jĭu/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /si̯u/ | /i̯u/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xū | yú |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | seoi$^1$ | jyu$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[s]o [ɢ](r)o/
    (Zhengzhang): /*so lo/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 須 | 臾 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xū | yú |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ sju › | ‹ yu › |
| Old Chinese | /*[s]o/ | /*[ɢ](r)o/ |
| English | 斯須 a short time | pull, drag |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 須 | 臾 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| No. | 13955 | 15823 |
| Phonetic component | 須 | 臾 |
| Rime group | 侯 | 侯 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 須 | 逾 |
| Old Chinese | /*so/ | /*lo/ |

### Noun

須臾
* (literary) an instant
    From: Xunzi, c. 3rd century BCE
    Wú cháng zhōngrì ér sī yǐ, bùrú xūyú zhī suǒ xué yě. [Pinyin]
    I have once engaged in thinking for the whole day, and it could not compare with a moment of learning.
* (Buddhism, archaic) A unit of time consisting of one-thirtieth of a day (approximately 48 minutes).
    Synonym: 牟呼栗多 (móuhūlìduō)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 須(しゅ)臾(ゆ) (shuyu); 須(す)臾(ゆ) (suyu)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 須 | 臾 |
| しゅ Grade: S | ゆ Hyōgai |
| kan'on | on'yomi |
Appears to be a shift in reading from suyu below, adopting the relatively newer kan'on reading of shu for the first character.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しゅゆ [shúꜜyù] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɕɨjɯ̟]

#### Noun

須(しゅ)臾(ゆ) • (shuyu)
* a short amount of time, a moment, an instant
* (uncommon) a very small number, 10$^{-15}$

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 須 | 臾 |
| す Grade: S | ゆ Hyōgai |
| goon | on'yomi |
Probably from Middle Chinese 須臾 (MC sju yu). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.
Ultimately derived as a meaning-based translation of Sanskrit मुहूर्त (muhūrta, “a moment, instant, any short space of time”), applied to the earlier phonetically transcribed term 牟呼栗多 (MC mjuw xu lit ta).
This reading appears to be less common than shuyu above.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) すゆ [súꜜyù] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [sɨjɯ̟]

#### Noun

須(す)臾(ゆ) • (suyu)
* a short amount of time, a moment, an instant
* (uncommon) a very small number, 10$^{-15}$

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN