# 呼吸
## Chinese

* 呼吸

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): hūxī
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨ ㄒㄧ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fu$^1$ kap$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fû-khip
* Eastern Min (BUC): hù-ngék
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ho͘-khip
    (Teochew, Peng'im): u$^1$ kib$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$hu-shiq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: hūxī
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨ ㄒㄧ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: husi
*** Wade–Giles: hu$^1$-hsi$^1$
*** Yale: hū-syī
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hushi
*** Palladius: хуси (xusi)
*** Sinological IPA : /xu⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fu$^1$ kap$^1$
*** Yale: fū kāp
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fu$^1$ kap$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fu$^1$ keb$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /fuː⁵⁵ kʰɐp̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fû-khip
*** Hakka Romanization System: fu$^ˊ$ kib$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fu$^1$ kib$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /fu²⁴ kʰip̚²/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: hù-ngék
*** Sinological IPA : /hu⁵³⁻²¹ ŋɛiʔ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ho͘-khip
*** Tâi-lô: hoo-khip
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ho'qib
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hɔ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰip̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔ³³ kʰip̚⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰip̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰip̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰip̚³²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: u$^1$ kib$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: u khip
*** Sinological IPA : /u³³⁻²³ kʰip̚²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$hu-shiq
*** MiniDict: hu$^平$ shih
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$hu-xiq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /hu⁵⁵ ɕiɪʔ²¹/
* Middle Chinese: xu xip
Rime :
| Character | 呼 | 吸 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) | 緝 (142) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 荒烏切 | 許及切 |
| Baxter | xu | xip |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /huo/ | /hˠiɪp̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /huo/ | /hᵚip̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xo/ | /xiep̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /hɔ/ | /hjip̚/ |
| Li Rong | /xo/ | /xjəp̚/ |
| Wang Li | /xu/ | /xĭĕp̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /xuo/ | /xi̯əp̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | hū | xi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fu$^1$ | hap$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰˤa qʰ(r)əp/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qʰaː qʰrɯb/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 呼 | 吸 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hū | xī |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xu › | ‹ xip › |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰˁa/ | /*qʰ(r)əp/ |
| English | call out, shout | inhale |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 呼 | 吸 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 5181 | 5667 |
| Phonetic component | 乎 | 及 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 緝 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 呼 | 吸 |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰaː/ | /*qʰrɯb/ |

### Verb

呼吸
* to breathe; to exhale and inhale; (sometimes specifically) to breathe in; to inhale
    深呼吸 ― shēn hūxī ― to breathe deeply
    調整呼吸／调整呼吸 ― tiáozhěng hūxī ― to adjust one's breathing
    呼吸器官 ― hūxī qìguān ― respiratory organ
    呼吸困難／呼吸困难 ― hūxī kùnnán ― (to have) breathing difficulty
    呼吸急促 ― hūxī jícù ― to have laboured breathing
    呼吸新鮮空氣／呼吸新鲜空气 ― hūxī xīnxiān kōngqì ― to breathe in fresh air
    停止呼吸 ― tíngzhǐ hūxī ― to stop breathing
    已經沒有了呼吸／已经没有了呼吸 ― yǐjīng méiyǒu le hūxī ― to be no longer breathing

#### Synonyms

* 吸氣／吸气 (xīqì, “to inhale”)
* 呼氣／呼气 (hūqì, “to exhale”)
* 喘氣／喘气 (chuǎnqì, “to pant or, in Hokkien, to breathe”)
* 嗍氣／嗍气 (“to inhale”) (Taishanese)
* 透氣／透气 (tòuqì, “to breathe in fresh air”)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 呼吸 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 呼吸 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 呼吸 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 敨氣 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 敨氣 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 敨氣 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 敨氣 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 敨氣 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 敨氣 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 敨氣 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 敨氣 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 敨氣 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 敨氣 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 敨氣 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 取氣 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 喘氣 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 喘氣 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 喘氣 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 喘氣 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 喘氣 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 喘氣 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 喘氣 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 喘氣, 呼吸 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 敨氣 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 喘氣 |

#### Derived terms

* 上呼吸道 (shànghūxīdào)
* 下呼吸道 (xiàhūxīdào)
* 人工呼吸 (réngōng hūxī)
* 光呼吸作用
* 內呼吸／内呼吸
* 呼吸作用 (hūxī zuòyòng)
* 呼吸吐納／呼吸吐纳
* 呼吸器 (hūxīqì)
* 呼吸器官
* 呼吸困難／呼吸困难 (hūxī kùnnan)
* 呼吸孔
* 呼吸根
* 呼吸相通 (hūxīxiāngtōng)
* 呼吸窘迫 (hūxī jiǒngpò)
* 呼吸系統／呼吸系统 (hūxī xìtǒng)
* 呼吸與共／呼吸与共
* 呼吸調節中樞／呼吸调节中枢
* 呼吸道 (hūxīdào)
* 呼吸運動／呼吸运动
* 呼吸音 (hūxīyīn)
* 外呼吸
* 有氧呼吸
* 深呼吸 (shēnhūxī)
* 睡眠呼吸暫停／睡眠呼吸暂停 (shuìmián hūxī zàntíng)
* 肺呼吸
* 腹式呼吸

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 呼吸(こきゅう) (kokyū)
* → Korean: 호흡(呼吸) (hoheup)
* → Vietnamese: hô hấp (呼吸)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 呼 | 吸 |
| こ Grade: 6 | きゅう Grade: 6 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こきゅう [kòkyúú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ko̞kʲɨː]

### Noun

呼(こ)吸(きゅう) • (kokyū)
* a breath
* respiration
* knack; the trick (to something)

#### Derived terms

* 深呼吸(しんこきゅう) (shinkokyū)
* 呼吸音(こきゅうおん) (kokyūon)
* 過呼吸(かこきゅう) (kakokyū)
* 呼吸困難(こきゅうこんなん) (kokyū konnan)
* 呼吸器(こきゅうき) (kokyūki)

#### See also

* 吐(は)く (haku)
* 息(いき) (iki)

### Verb

呼(こ)吸(きゅう)する • (kokyū suru) suru (stem 呼(こ)吸(きゅう)し (kokyū shi), past 呼(こ)吸(きゅう)した (kokyū shita))
* breathe, respire

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 呼吸し | こきゅうし | kokyū shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 呼吸し | こきゅうし | kokyū shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 呼吸する | こきゅうする | kokyū suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 呼吸する | こきゅうする | kokyū suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 呼吸すれ | こきゅうすれ | kokyū sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 呼吸せよ¹ 呼吸しろ² | こきゅうせよ¹ こきゅうしろ² | kokyū seyo¹ kokyū shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 呼吸される | こきゅうされる | kokyū sareru |
| Causative | 呼吸させる 呼吸さす | こきゅうさせる こきゅうさす | kokyū saseru kokyū sasu |
| Potential | 呼吸できる | こきゅうできる | kokyū dekiru |
| Volitional | 呼吸しよう | こきゅうしよう | kokyū shiyō |
| Negative | 呼吸しない | こきゅうしない | kokyū shinai |
| Negative continuative | 呼吸せず | こきゅうせず | kokyū sezu |
| Formal | 呼吸します | こきゅうします | kokyū shimasu |
| Perfective | 呼吸した | こきゅうした | kokyū shita |
| Conjunctive | 呼吸して | こきゅうして | kokyū shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 呼吸すれば | こきゅうすれば | kokyū sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 呼 | 吸 |

### Noun

呼吸 • (hoheup) (hangeul 호흡)
* hanja form of 호흡 (“breath”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 呼 | 吸 |

### Verb

呼吸
* chữ Hán form of hô hấp (“to breathe”).