OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# lifestring
## English
### Etymology

From life +‎ string.

### Noun

lifestring (plural lifestrings)
* (archaic) A nerve, or string, supposed to be essential to life.
** 1599, Samuel Daniel, Musophilus:these Lines are the Veins, the Arteries, And undecaying Life-strings of those Hearts

### References

“lifestring”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.

### Anagrams

* filterings
# gladiatrix
## English
### Etymology

From Latin gladiātrīx (“gladiator (female)”).

### Pronunciation

* Audio (US):(file)

### Noun

gladiatrix (plural gladiatrixes or gladiatrices)
* (rare) gladiator (female)
** 1976, Elise Boulding, The underside of history: a view of women through time:While most gladiatrices fought privately, enough fought publicly so that finally combats were "forbidden in which women fought in companies with each other, or women with dwarfs" (de Beaumont, 1929: 54).

#### Synonyms

* gladiatress (very rare)

#### Translations
## Latin
### Etymology

From gladiātor +‎ -trīx.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ɡla.diˈaː.triːks/, [ɡɫ̪äd̪iˈäːt̪riːks̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ɡla.diˈa.triks/, [ɡläd̪iˈäːt̪riks]

### Noun

gladiātrīx f (genitive gladiātrīcis, masculine gladiātor); third declension
* female equivalent of gladiātor: gladiatress, gladiatrix
** 1642, P. Andreæ Pinti Ramirez, Vlysiponensis, è Societate Iesu, Canticum Canticorum Salomonis, Dramatico tenore, Litterali allegoria, tropologicis notis explicatum. Opus noua tantum explicatione contentum; vbi ad eorum, quæ afferuntur, caussas, aut rectâ duceris, aut coniecturâ induceris. Tomus vnus, Indicibus necessarijs clarus, nunc primùm editus‎, Lugdunum, page 348, left column:[...] gladiatricis ferrum recipere iubebatur. [...](please add an English translation of this quotation)

#### Declension

Third-declension noun.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | gladiātrīx | gladiātrīcēs |
| Genitive | gladiātrīcis | gladiātrīcum |
| Dative | gladiātrīcī | gladiātrīcibus |
| Accusative | gladiātrīcem | gladiātrīcēs |
| Ablative | gladiātrīce | gladiātrīcibus |
| Vocative | gladiātrīx | gladiātrīcēs |

#### Descendants

* English: gladiatrix (cf. gladiatress)
* French: gladiatrice (cf. gladiateure, from gladiateur)
* Italian: gladiatrice
# gladiature
## English
### Etymology

From Latin gladiatura.

### Noun

gladiature (plural gladiatures)
* swordplay; gladiatorial contest
** 1654, Edmund Gayton, Pleasant Notes upon Don Quixote:Nay in their amphitheatricall gladiatures, the lives of captives lay at the mercy of the Vulgar

### References

“gladiature”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.

### Anagrams

* lead guitar
# Қатшыбек
## Kazakh

Alternative scripts :
| Arabic | قاتشىبەك |
| Cyrillic | Қатшыбек |
| Latin | Qatşybek |
| Yañalif | Qatcьʙek |

### Proper noun

Қатшыбек • (Qatşybek)
* a male given name
# giovaneggereste
## Italian
### Verb

giovaneggereste
* second-person plural conditional of giovaneggiare
# réverbérait
## French
### Verb

réverbérait
* third-person singular imperfect indicative of réverbérer
# 包袱皮兒
## Chinese

| | | cloth wrapper; bundle wrapped in cloth | |
| trad. (包袱皮兒) | trad. (包袱皮兒) | 包袱 | 皮兒 |
| simp. (包袱皮儿) | simp. (包袱皮儿) | 包袱 | 皮儿 |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bāofupír
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄠ ˙ㄈㄨ ㄆㄧˊㄦ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): baau$^1$ fuk$^6$ pei$^4$ ji$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bāofupír
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄠ ˙ㄈㄨ ㄆㄧˊㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: baofůpír
*** Wade–Giles: pao$^1$-fu$^5$-pʻi$^2$-ʼrh
*** Yale: bāu-fu-pír
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bau.fupyel
*** Palladius: баофупир (baofupir)
*** Sinological IPA : /pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ fu² pʰiə̯ɻ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: baau$^1$ fuk$^6$ pei$^4$ ji$^4$
*** Yale: bāau fuhk pèih yìh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: baau$^1$ fuk$^9$ pei$^4$ ji$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bao$^1$ fug$^6$ péi$^4$ yi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /paːu̯⁵⁵ fʊk̚² pʰei̯²¹ jiː²¹/

### Noun

包袱皮兒
* cloth wrapper

#### Synonyms

* 包袱 (bāofu)
# 包袱皮儿
## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 包袱皮儿 – see 包袱皮兒 (“cloth wrapper”). (This term is the simplified form of 包袱皮兒).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
# Қалқаман
## Kazakh

Alternative scripts :
| Arabic | قالقامان |
| Cyrillic | Қалқаман |
| Latin | Qalqaman |

### Proper noun

Қалқаман • (Qalqaman)
* a male given name
# Қанағат
## Kazakh

Alternative scripts :
| Arabic | قاناعات |
| Cyrillic | Қанағат |
| Latin | Qanağat |
| Yañalif | Qanaƣat |

### Etymology

From Arabic قَنَاعَة (qanāʕa).

### Proper noun

Қанағат • (Qanağat)
* a female given name from Arabic
# sablés
## French
### Adjective

sablés m pl
* masculine plural of sablé
# лағу
## Kazakh

Alternative scripts :
| Arabic | لاعۋ |
| Cyrillic | лағу |
| Latin | lağu |
| Yañalif | laƣu |

### Etymology

From Arabic لَغْو (laḡw).

### Verb

лағу • (lağu)
* to roam, ramble
# 黑燈
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): he$^6$ den$^1$
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: he$^6$ den$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /xɤ̞²⁴ tən³³/

### Verb

黑燈
* (Xiang) to turn off a light (used for electric light)

#### Synonyms

* 熄燈／熄灯 (xīdēng)
* (Xiang) 關亮／关亮, 黑亮
# îngâmfare
## Romanian
### Etymology

From îngâmfa.

### Noun

îngâmfare f (plural îngâmfări)
* vanity (excessive pride)
# giordani
## Italian
### Adjective

giordani
* masculine plural of giordano

### Noun

giordani m
* plural of giordano

### Anagrams

* dirigano, giardino, giardoni, girodina, gordiani, rodigina
# цӏцӏер
## Andi
### Etymology

Akin to Avar цӏар (cʼar).

### Noun

цӏцӏер (ccʼer)
* name
# sketching out
## English
### Verb

sketching out
* present participle of sketch out
# сириек
## Russian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [sʲɪˈrʲi(j)ɪk]

### Noun

сири́ек • (siríjek) f anim pl
* genitive/accusative plural of сири́йка (siríjka)
# testiculus
## Latin
### Etymology

Diminutive of testis (“testicle”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /tesˈti.ku.lus/, [t̪ɛs̠ˈt̪ɪkʊɫ̪ʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /tesˈti.ku.lus/, [t̪esˈt̪iːkulus]

### Noun

testiculus m (genitive testiculī); second declension
* (anatomy) a testicle
* (figuratively) manliness

#### Declension

Second-declension noun.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | testiculus | testiculī |
| Genitive | testiculī | testiculōrum |
| Dative | testiculō | testiculīs |
| Accusative | testiculum | testiculōs |
| Ablative | testiculō | testiculīs |
| Vocative | testicule | testiculī |

#### Related terms

* testis
* testiculātus

#### Descendants

* → English: testicle
* → Catalan: testicle
* → French: testicule
* → Italian: testicolo
* → Portuguese: testículo
* → Romanian: testicul
* → Spanish: testículo

### References

* “testiculus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “testiculus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* testiculus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
# testiere
## English
### Etymology

From Middle English tester, from Old French testier(e), whence also French têtière (older testière).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tɛstˈjɛɹ/, /tɛs.tiˈɛɹ/

### Noun

testiere (plural testieres)
* (historical) Complete armour for a horse's head.

#### Alternative forms

* tester

### References

* “testiere”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.

### Anagrams

* streetie

## Italian
### Noun

testiere f
* plural of testiera

### Anagrams

* setterei, testerei
# testier
## English
### Adjective

testier
* comparative form of testy: more testy

### Anagrams

* Trieste, restite, ti-trees
# кубков
## Russian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkupkəf]

### Noun

ку́бков • (kúbkov) m inan pl
* genitive plural of ку́бок (kúbok)
# olddansk
## Danish
### Etymology

From old- (“old”) +‎ dansk (“Danish”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɔldanˀsk/, [ˈʌlˌd̥ænˀsɡ̊]

### Adjective

olddansk (plural and definite singular attributive olddanske)
* Old Danish (relating to the Old Danish language)

### Noun

olddansk c (unflected)
* Old Danish language (the variant of Old Norse found in Denmark and Southern Sweden until the 11th century)

#### Synonyms

* runedansk

#### Coordinate terms

* gammeldansk (“Middle (Medieval) Danish”)
* nydansk (“Modern Danish”)

### References

* “olddansk” in Den Danske Ordbog
# ternaríais
## Spanish
### Verb

ternaríais
* second-person plural conditional of ternar
# ternaríamos
## Spanish
### Verb

ternaríamos
* first-person plural conditional of ternar
# сказуемен
## Bulgarian
### Etymology

From сказу́емо (skazúemo) +‎ -ен (-en).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [skɐˈzuɛmɛn]
* Syllabification: ска‧зу‧е‧мен
* Hyphenation: ска‧зу‧емен

### Adjective

сказу́емен • (skazúemen)
* (grammar, relational) predicate (of or relating to the predicate of a sentence)

#### Related terms

* сказу́емо (skazúemo)

### References

* “сказуемен”, in Infolex Bulgarian Dictionary (in Bulgarian), Institute for Bulgarian Language, 2014
* “сказуемен”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010
# сказочников
## Russian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈskazət͡ɕnʲɪkəf]

### Noun

ска́зочников • (skázočnikov) m anim pl
* genitive/accusative plural of ска́зочник (skázočnik)
# hypopeptics
## English
### Noun

hypopeptics
* plural of hypopeptic
# hypoperfusion
## English
### Etymology

From hypo- +‎ perfusion.

### Noun

hypoperfusion (countable and uncountable, plural hypoperfusions)
* Decreased perfusion, especially of blood through an organ

#### Antonyms

* hyperperfusion

#### Coordinate terms

* ischemia

#### Related terms

* hypoperfusive
# крыўдзіць
## Belarusian
### Alternative forms

* kryŭdzić — Łacinka (Belarusian Latin alphabet)

### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krivьditi. By surface analysis, кры́ўда (krýŭda) +‎ -іць (-icʹ). Compare Czech křivdit, Polish krzywdzić, Ukrainian кри́вдити (krývdyty).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkrɨu̯d͡zʲit͡sʲ]
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

кры́ўдзіць • (krýŭdzicʹ) impf (perfective пакры́ўдзіць)
* to offend, to wrong, to hurt
    Дрэ́нны ён хло́пец: наво́шта было́ так кры́ўдзіць ма́тку, каза́ць ёй такі́я дзёрзкія сло́вы?Drénny jon xlópjec: navóšta byló tak krýŭdzicʹ mátku, kazácʹ joj takíja dzjórzkija slóvy?He is a bad guy: why did he offend his mother so much, say such bold words to her?
    І калі́ здзе́куецца на́да мно́ю хто́сьці — Над Ба́цькаўшчынай здзе́куецца ён маёй, Калі́ ж над ёй — мяне́ тым кры́ўдзіць найцяжэ́й.I kalí zdzjékujecca náda mnóju xtósʹci — Nad Bácʹkaŭščynaj zdzjékujecca jon majój, Kalí ž nad joj — mjanjé tym krýŭdzicʹ najcjažéj.And when someone makes fun of me, he makes fun of my Motherland, and when he makes fun of her, he hurts me the most.

#### Derived terms

* кры́ўдзіцца (krýŭdzicca, “to take offense”)
* пакры́ўдзіць (pakrýŭdzicʹ), пакры́ўдзіцца (pakrýŭdzicca)
* скры́ўдзіць (skrýŭdzicʹ)
* укры́ўдзіць (ukrýŭdzicʹ)

### References

* “крыўдзіць” in Belarusian–Russian dictionaries and Belarusian dictionaries at slounik.org
* “крыўдзіць”, in Skarnik's Belarusian dictionary (in Belarusian), based on Kandrat Krapiva's Explanatory Dictionary of the Belarusian Language (1977-1984)
# крышу
## Russian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkrɨʂʊ]

### Noun

кры́шу • (krýšu) f inan
* accusative singular of кры́ша (krýša)
# högstadier
## Swedish
### Noun

högstadier
* indefinite plural of högstadium
# klitzekleinsten
## German
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

klitzekleinsten
* superlative degree of klitzeklein

### Adjective

klitzekleinsten
* inflection of klitzeklein:
** strong genitive masculine/neuter singular superlative degree
** weak/mixed genitive/dative all-gender singular superlative degree
** strong/weak/mixed accusative masculine singular superlative degree
** strong dative plural superlative degree
** weak/mixed all-case plural superlative degree
# gladd
## Swedish
### Participle

gladd
* past participle of glädja
# rüffelten
## German
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Verb

rüffelten
* inflection of rüffeln:
** first/third-person plural preterite
** first/third-person plural subjunctive II
# γενοκτονία
## Greek
### Etymology

γένος (génos, “genus, race, family”) +‎ -κτονία (-ktonía).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ʝenoktoˈnia/
* Hyphenation: γε‧νο‧κτο‧νί‧α

### Noun

γενοκτονία • (genoktonía) f (plural γενοκτονίες)
* genocide

#### Declension

| | singular | plural |
| nominative | γενοκτονία • | γενοκτονίες • |
| genitive | γενοκτονίας • | γενοκτονιών • |
| accusative | γενοκτονία • | γενοκτονίες • |
| vocative | γενοκτονία • | γενοκτονίες • |

#### See also

* εξολόθρευση f (exolóthrefsi, “extermination”)
* ολοκαύτωμα n (olokáftoma, “holocaust”)
# δαιμόνι'
## Ancient Greek
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /dai̯.mó.ni/ → /ðɛˈmo.ni/ → /ðeˈmo.ni/
* (5th BCE Attic) IPA: /dai̯.mó.ni/
* (1st CE Egyptian) IPA: /dɛˈmo.ni/
* (4th CE Koine) IPA: /ðɛˈmo.ni/
* (10th CE Byzantine) IPA: /ðeˈmo.ni/
* (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA: /ðeˈmo.ni/

### Adjective

δαιμόνῐ’ • (daimóni’)
* Apocopic form of δαιμόνιε (daimónie)
# licitarlo
## Spanish
### Verb

licitarlo
* infinitive of licitar combined with lo
# glanced away
## English
### Verb

glanced away
* simple past and past participle of glance away
# rēdākam
## Latvian
### Adjective

rēdākam
* (dialectal) dative singular masculine of rēdāks
# ligne directrice
## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /liɲ di.ʁɛk.tʁis/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

ligne directrice f (plural lignes directrices)
* (geometry) directrix
    Synonym: directrice
* (figuratively) guiding line, guideline

#### See also

* directive
* ligne de conduite
* fil rouge
# ligne droite
## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /liɲ dʁwat/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

ligne droite f (plural lignes droites)
* (geometry) straight line
    Synonym: droite

#### Derived terms

* dernière ligne droite

#### Related terms

* en droite ligne
# ligne de partage des eaux
## French
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /liɲ də paʁ.taʒ de.z‿o/

### Noun

ligne de partage des eaux f (plural lignes de partage des eaux)
* watershed (boundary between adjacent catchment basins)

#### See also

* bassin versant
# ligne latérale
## French
### Noun

ligne latérale f (plural lignes latérales)
* lateral line
# 前方
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qiánfāng
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄈㄤ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cin$^4$ fong$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhièn-fông
    (Meixian, Guangdong): qiên$^2$ fong$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chiân-hong / chûiⁿ-hong / chêng-hong
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zoin$^5$ huang$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiánfāng
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄈㄤ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ciánfang
*** Wade–Giles: chʻien$^2$-fang$^1$
*** Yale: chyán-fāng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyanfang
*** Palladius: цяньфан (cjanʹfan)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cin$^4$ fong$^1$
*** Yale: chìhn fōng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsin$^4$ fong$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: qin$^4$ fong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiːn²¹ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhièn-fông
*** Hakka Romanization System: qien$^ˇ$ fong$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: qian$^2$ fong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰi̯en¹¹ foŋ²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: qiên$^2$ fong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰiɛn¹¹ fɔŋ⁴⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiân-hong
*** Tâi-lô: tsiân-hong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: cienhofng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siɛn²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siɛn²³⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡siɛn¹³⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡siɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡siɛn²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chûiⁿ-hong
*** Tâi-lô: tsuînn-hong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zvui'hofng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡suĩ²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ³³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chêng-hong
*** Tâi-lô: tsîng-hong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zenghofng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡siɪŋ¹³⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: zoin$^5$ huang$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsôiⁿ huang
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sõĩ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ huaŋ³³/

### Noun

前方
* front; ahead
    前方橋低。／前方桥低。 ― Qiánfāng qiáo dī. ― Low bridge ahead.
    前方擁堵。／前方拥堵。 ― Qiánfāng yōngdǔ. ― Congestion ahead.
    前方路面不平。 ― Qiánfāng lùmiàn bùpíng. ― Rough road ahead.
       Qiánfāng shīgōng qǐng ràoxíng. [Pinyin]
       Construction ahead, please make a detour. [sign]
* (military) frontline

#### Synonyms

* (front):
* 前邊／前边
* 前面 (qiánmiàn)
* 前頭／前头 (qiántou)
* 頭裡／头里 (tóuli) (colloquial)
* 頭陣／头阵 (Hokkien)
* (frontline): 前線／前线 (qiánxiàn)

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “front”): 後方／后方 (hòufāng)
* (antonym(s) of “frontline”): 後方／后方 (hòufāng)

#### Derived terms

* 前方高能 (qiánfānggāonéng)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 前 | 方 |
| ぜん Grade: 2 | ほう > ぽう Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ぜんぽー [zèńpóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [d͡zẽ̞mpo̞ː]

### Noun

前(ぜん)方(ぽう) • (zenpō)
* the front, the area before one

#### Antonyms

* 後方(こうほう) (kōhō)

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 前 | 方 |

### Noun

前方 • (jeonbang) (hangeul 전방)
* hanja form of 전방 (“front side; (military) frontline”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 前 | 方 |

### Noun

前方
* chữ Hán form of tiền phương (“frontline”).
# 前无古人
## Chinese

* For pronunciation and definitions of 前无古人 – see 前無古人 (“unprecedented; unique”). (This term is the simplified form of 前無古人).
* Notes:Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
# ҡалыу
## Bashkir
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *kiāl- (“stay behind, remain”).

### Verb

ҡалыу • (qalıw)
* to remain in a particular place, stay; stay behind
    Минең күңелем тыуған Уралымда ҡалды: муйыл сәскә атҡан туғайҙарҙы төшөмдә күреп йыш ҡына уянам.Mineñ küñelem tıwğan Uralımda qaldı: muyıl səskə atqan tuğayźarźı töşömdə kürep yış qına uyanam.My soul has remained in my native Urals: I often wake up dreaming of river meadows with bird cherries abloom.
* to remain, be still available
    Иҫтәлеккә тик өсмөйөш һалдат хаттары ғына ҡалды.İśtəlekkə tik ösmöyöş haldat xattarı ğına qaldı.Only the soldier's triangle letters (=wartime blue-envelope mail) have remained as a keepsake.
    Мәргәндең һаҙағында ике бөртөк кенə уҡ ҡалған ти.Mərgəndeñ haźağında ike börtök kenə uq qalğan ti.In the sharp-shooter's quiver, there remained only two arrows.
    Йоҡа ҡар ҡатламында тибенеп, йәйҙән ҡалған үләнде ашап ҡыш сыға башҡорт аты.Yoqa qar qatlamında tibenep, yəyźən qalğan ülənde aşap qış sığa başqort atı.The Bashkir horse overwinters by eating the grass remaining from the summer, breaking the thin snow layer with its hooves.
    Англияның климат үҙгәреү мәсьәләләре менән шөғөлләнеүсе ғалим-экологтары, ахырызаманға тиклем 40 йылдан да кәмерәк ваҡыт ҡалды, тип иҫбатлай.Angliyanıñ klimat üźgərew məsʹələləre menən şöğöllənewse ğalim-ekologtarı, axırızamanğa tiklem 40 yıldan da kəmerək vaqıt qaldı, tip iśbatlay.England's environmentalists who study the problems of climate change claim that a period less than 40 years is remaining till the end of the world.
* to remain (in a certain state), continue unchanged
    Быныһы минең өсөн мәңгелек сер булып ҡалды.Bınıhı mineñ ösön məñgelek ser bulıp qaldı.This remained an eternal mystery to me.
* to fall behind e.g. a group; miss e.g. a train
* to remain existent, persist, continue, linger
* (takes ablative or abessive case) lose a faculty/natural ability, be deprived of
    Бындай хәлде күреп, әсәйем өнһөҙ ҡалды.Bınday xəlde kürep, əsəyem önhöź qaldı.When seeing this situation, my mother became speechless.
    Ҡәйнәһенә инсульт булып, аяҡтан ҡалған.Qəynəhenə insulʹt bulıp, ayaqtan qalğan.(His/her) mother-in-law had a stroke and lost the ability to walk.

#### Synonyms

* (lose a natural ability) яҙыу (yaźıw)

### References

* ↑ Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*Kiāl-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎, Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
# 切らす
## Japanese

* Kanji in this term
* 切
* き Grade: 2
* kun'yomi

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) きらす [kìráꜜsù] (Nakadaka – [2])
* IPA: [kʲiɾa̠sɨ]

### Verb

切(き)らす • (kirasu) godan (stem 切(き)らし (kirashi), past 切(き)らした (kirashita))
* to make sth. run out

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 切らさ | きらさ | kirasa |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 切らし | きらし | kirashi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 切らす | きらす | kirasu |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 切らす | きらす | kirasu |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 切らせ | きらせ | kirase |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 切らせ | きらせ | kirase |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 切らされる | きらされる | kirasareru |
| Causative | 切らさせる 切らさす | きらさせる きらさす | kirasaseru kirasasu |
| Potential | 切らせる | きらせる | kiraseru |
| Volitional | 切らそう | きらそう | kirasō |
| Negative | 切らさない | きらさない | kirasanai |
| Negative continuative | 切らさず | きらさず | kirasazu |
| Formal | 切らします | きらします | kirashimasu |
| Perfective | 切らした | きらした | kirashita |
| Conjunctive | 切らして | きらして | kirashite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 切らせば | きらせば | kiraseba |

#### Derived terms

* 息(いき)を切(き)らす (iki o kirasu, “to be out of breath”)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
# 切ない
## Japanese

* Kanji in this term
* 切
* せつ Grade: 2
* on'yomi

### Etymology

From 切 (“urgent, pressing, close”) +‎ ない (“adjectivizing suffix”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) せつない [sètsúnáꜜì] (Nakadaka – [3])
* IPA: [se̞t͡sɨna̠i]
* Tokyo pitch accent of inflected forms of 「切ない」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Continuative (連用形) | 切なく | せつなく せつなく | [sètsúꜜnàkù] [sètsúnáꜜkù] |
| Terminal (終止形) | 切ない | せつない | [sètsúnáꜜì] |
| Attributive (連体形) | 切ない | せつない | [sètsúnáꜜì] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 切なくない | せつなくない せつなくない | [sètsúꜜnàkùnàì] [sètsúnáꜜkùnàì] |
| Informal past | 切なかった | せつなかった せつなかった | [sètsúꜜnàkàttà] [sètsúnáꜜkàttà] |
| Informal negative past | 切なくなかった | せつなくなかった せつなくなかった | [sètsúꜜnàkùnàkàttà] [sètsúnáꜜkùnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 切ないです | せつないです | [sètsúnáꜜìdèsù] |
| Conjunctive | 切なくて | せつなくて せつなくて | [sètsúꜜnàkùtè] [sètsúnáꜜkùtè] |
| Conditional | 切なければ | せつなければ せつなければ | [sètsúꜜnàkèrèbà] [sètsúnáꜜkèrèbà] |

### Adjective

切(せつ)ない • (setsunai) -i (adverbial 切(せつ)なく (setsunaku))
* poignantly sad; filling one with great sadness
    切(せつ)ない歌(うた)を歌(うた)う
       setsunai uta o utau
       to sing a sad song
    切(せつ)ない気持(きも)ち
       setsunai kimochi
       unbearably sad feelings
* suffocating; oppressive
    スモッグが増(ふ)えているから、あちらの天気(てんき)は切(せつ)ないでしょな。
       Sumoggu ga fueteiru kara, achira no tenki wa setsunai desho na.
       The weather over there is harsh because of the high smog, yeah.

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 切なかろ | せつなかろ | setsunakaro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 切なく | せつなく | setsunaku |
| Terminal (終止形) | 切ない | せつない | setsunai |
| Attributive (連体形) | 切ない | せつない | setsunai |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 切なけれ | せつなけれ | setsunakere |
| Imperative (命令形) | 切なかれ | せつなかれ | setsunakare |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 切なくない | せつなくない | setsunaku nai |
| Informal past | 切なかった | せつなかった | setsunakatta |
| Informal negative past | 切なくなかった | せつなくなかった | setsunaku nakatta |
| Formal | 切ないです | せつないです | setsunai desu |
| Formal negative | 切なくないです | せつなくないです | setsunaku nai desu |
| Formal past | 切なかったです | せつなかったです | setsunakatta desu |
| Formal negative past | 切なくなかったです | せつなくなかったです | setsunaku nakatta desu |
| Conjunctive | 切なくて | せつなくて | setsunakute |
| Conditional | 切なければ | せつなければ | setsunakereba |
| Provisional | 切なかったら | せつなかったら | setsunakattara |
| Volitional | 切なかろう | せつなかろう | setsunakarō |
| Adverbial | 切なく | せつなく | setsunaku |
| Degree | 切なさ | せつなさ | setsunasa |

#### See also

* 悲(かな)しい (kanashii)

### References

* ↑ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN