# 超越
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chāoyuè
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄠ ㄩㄝˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ciu$^1$ jyut$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhêu-ye̍t / chhêu-ya̍t
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chhiau-oa̍t / thiau-oa̍t
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tiou$^3$ uêg$^8$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chāoyuè
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄠ ㄩㄝˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chaoyuè
*** Wade–Giles: chʻao$^1$-yüeh$^4$
*** Yale: chāu-ywè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chauyueh
*** Palladius: чаоюэ (čaojue)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɥɛ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ciu$^1$ jyut$^6$
*** Yale: chīu yuht
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsiu$^1$ jyt$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: qiu$^1$ yud$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiːu̯⁵⁵ jyːt̚²/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhêu-ye̍t
*** Hakka Romanization System: ceu$^ˊ$ ied
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ceu$^1$ yad$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰeu̯²⁴⁻¹¹ i̯et̚⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhêu-ya̍t
*** Hakka Romanization System: ceu$^ˊ$ (r)iad
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ceu$^1$ yad$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰeu̯²⁴⁻¹¹ (j)i̯at̚⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiau-oa̍t
*** Tâi-lô: tshiau-ua̍t
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chiau'oat
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiau⁴⁴⁻³³ uat̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰiau³³ uat̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰiau⁴⁴⁻²² uat̚⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thiau-oa̍t
*** Tâi-lô: thiau-ua̍t
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tiau'oat
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiau⁴⁴⁻²² uat̚¹²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: tiou$^3$ uêg$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thiòu ue̍k
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰiou²¹³⁻⁵⁵ uek̚⁴/
* Middle Chinese: trhjew hjwot
Rime :
| Character | 超 | 越 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 徹 (10) | 云 (35) |
| Final (韻) | 宵 (92) | 月 (68) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 敕宵切 | 王伐切 |
| Baxter | trhjew | hjwot |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʈʰˠiᴇu/ | /ɦʉɐt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈʰᵚiɛu/ | /ɦʷiɐt̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȶʰiæu/ | /ɣiuɐt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈʰiaw/ | /ɦuat̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ȶʰjɛu/ | /ɣiuɐt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ȶʰĭɛu/ | /ɣĭwɐt̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ȶʰi̯ɛu/ | /i̯wɐt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chāo | yuè |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ciu$^1$ | jyut$^6$ |

### Verb

超越
* to exceed; to surpass; to transcend; to surmount
* to overstep the bounds; to go beyond one's role
* to fly across; to jump over; to pass

#### Synonyms

* (to exceed):
* 出乎 (chūhū)
* 勝過／胜过 (shèngguò)
* 強似／强似 (qiángsì) (formal)
* 強過／强过 (Quanzhou Hokkien)
* 愈 (yù) (formal)
* 蓋／盖 (literary)
* 蓋過／盖过 (Hakka)
* 賽過／赛过 (sàiguò)
* 超 (chāo)
* 越出 (yuèchū)
* 超出 (chāochū)
* 越過／越过 (yuèguò)
* 超過／超过 (chāoguò)
* 跨越 (kuàyuè)
* 軼越／轶越 (yìyuè) (literary)
* 逾越 (yúyuè)
* 開過／开过 (kāiguò) (Beijing Mandarin)

### Adjective

超越
* (mathematics) transcendental
    超越數／超越数 ― chāoyuèshù ― transcendental number
    From: 2003, 朱尧辰 (Zhu Yaochen), 徐广善 (Xu Guangshan), 《超越数引论》 [Introduction to Transcendental Number]
    Liǎng ge yuánsù x1, x2 ∈ A zài K shàng dàishùwúguān, dāngqiějǐndāng x1 zài K shàng shì chāoyuè de, bìngqiě x2 zài K(x1)shàng yěshì chāoyuè de. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Antonyms

* 代數／代数 (dàishù)

### Derived terms

* 超越函數／超越函数 (chāoyuè hánshù)
* 超越性 (chāoyuèxìng)
* 超越數／超越数 (chāoyuèshù)
* 超越方程 (chāoyuè fāngchéng)
* 超越次數／超越次数 (chāoyuè cìshù)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 超越(ちょうえつ) (chōetsu)
* → Korean: 초월(超越) (chowol)
* → Vietnamese: siêu việt (超越)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 超 | 越 |
| ちょう Grade: S | えつ Grade: S |
| on'yomi | kan'on |

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 超越 (MC trhjew hjwot).
First cited to a text from roughly 1111.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ちょーえつ [chòóétsú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [t͡ɕo̞ːe̞t͡sɨ]

### Noun

超(ちょう)越(えつ) • (chōetsu)
* transcendence

#### Synonyms

* 卓絶(たくぜつ) (takuzetsu)
* 卓越(たくえつ) (takuetsu)

### Verb

超(ちょう)越(えつ)する • (chōetsu suru) transitive suru (stem 超(ちょう)越(えつ)し (chōetsu shi), past 超(ちょう)越(えつ)した (chōetsu shita))
* to transcend something
* to rise above something, to keep oneself aloof from something

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 超越し | ちょうえつし | chōetsu shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 超越し | ちょうえつし | chōetsu shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 超越する | ちょうえつする | chōetsu suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 超越する | ちょうえつする | chōetsu suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 超越すれ | ちょうえつすれ | chōetsu sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 超越せよ¹ 超越しろ² | ちょうえつせよ¹ ちょうえつしろ² | chōetsu seyo¹ chōetsu shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 超越される | ちょうえつされる | chōetsu sareru |
| Causative | 超越させる 超越さす | ちょうえつさせる ちょうえつさす | chōetsu saseru chōetsu sasu |
| Potential | 超越できる | ちょうえつできる | chōetsu dekiru |
| Volitional | 超越しよう | ちょうえつしよう | chōetsu shiyō |
| Negative | 超越しない | ちょうえつしない | chōetsu shinai |
| Negative continuative | 超越せず | ちょうえつせず | chōetsu sezu |
| Formal | 超越します | ちょうえつします | chōetsu shimasu |
| Perfective | 超越した | ちょうえつした | chōetsu shita |
| Conjunctive | 超越して | ちょうえつして | chōetsu shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 超越すれば | ちょうえつすれば | chōetsu sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 超 | 越 |

### Noun

超越 • (chowol) (hangeul 초월)
* hanja form of 초월 (“transcendency, transcendence”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 超 | 越 |

### Adjective

超越
* chữ Hán form of siêu việt (“transcendent”).