# 奈何
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): nàihé
    (Zhuyin): ㄋㄞˋ ㄏㄜˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): noi$^6$ ho$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): nai-hò
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): nāi-hô͘ / nāi-hô / tā-ôa / ta-ôa / tāi-ôa
    (Teochew, Peng'im): nai$^6$ ho$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: nàihé
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄞˋ ㄏㄜˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: nàihé
*** Wade–Giles: nai$^4$-ho$^2$
*** Yale: nài-hé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nayher
*** Palladius: найхэ (najxɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /naɪ̯⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$奈何 奈河
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: noi$^6$ ho$^4$
*** Yale: noih hòh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: noi$^6$ ho$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: noi$^6$ ho$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /nɔːi̯²² hɔː²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nai-hò
*** Hakka Romanization System: nai ho$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: nai$^4$ ho$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /nai̯⁵⁵ ho¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nāi-hô͘
*** Tâi-lô: nāi-hôo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: naixhoo
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /nãi⁴¹⁻²² hɔ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nāi-hô
*** Tâi-lô: nāi-hô
*** Phofsit Daibuun: naixhooi
*** IPA (Taipei): /nãi³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /nãi³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /nãi²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /nãi²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, variant in Taiwan, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tā-ôa
*** Tâi-lô: tā-uâ
*** Phofsit Daibuun: daxoaa
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ta²²⁻²¹ ua²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ta⁴¹⁻²² ua²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ta³³⁻²¹ ua²³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ta³³⁻¹¹ ua²⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ta-ôa
*** Tâi-lô: ta-uâ
*** Phofsit Daibuun: da'oaa
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ta⁴⁴⁻³³ ua²³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ta⁴⁴⁻³³ ua²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tāi-ôa
*** Tâi-lô: tāi-uâ
*** Phofsit Daibuun: daixoaa
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tai²²⁻²¹ ua¹³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: nai$^6$ ho$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: năi hó
*** Sinological IPA : /nai³⁵⁻¹¹ ho⁵²/
* Middle Chinese: najH|naH ha
Rime :
| Character | 奈 | 奈 | 何 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 泥 (8) | 泥 (8) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 泰 (25) | 歌 (94) | 歌 (94) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I | I |
| Fanqie | 奴帶切 | 奴箇切 | 胡歌切 |
| Baxter | najH | naH | ha |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /nɑi$^H$/ | /nɑ$^H$/ | /ɦɑ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /nɑi$^H$/ | /nɑ$^H$/ | /ɦɑ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /nɑi$^H$/ | /nɑ$^H$/ | /ɣɑ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /naj$^H$/ | /na$^H$/ | /ɦa/ |
| Li Rong | /nɑi$^H$/ | /nɑ$^H$/ | /ɣɑ/ |
| Wang Li | /nɑi$^H$/ | /nɑ$^H$/ | /ɣɑ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /nɑi$^H$/ | /nɑ$^H$/ | /ɣɑ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | nài | nuò | hé |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | naai$^6$ | no$^6$ | ho$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*nˤa[t]-s [ɡ]ˤaj/
    (Zhengzhang): /*naːls|naːds ɡaːl/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 奈 | 何 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | nài | hé |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ naj$^H$ › | ‹ ha › |
| Old Chinese | /*nˁa[t]-s/ | /*[ɡ]ˁaj/ |
| English | cope with | what |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 奈 | 奈 | 何 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/2 |
| No. | 9349 | 9350 | 7458 |
| Phonetic component | 奈 | 奈 | 可 |
| Rime group | 歌 | 祭 | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 奈 | 柰 | 何 |
| Old Chinese | /*naːls/ | /*naːds/ | /*ɡaːl/ |

### Adverb

奈何
* (literary) how; what
    From: Commentary of Gongyang, c. 206 BCE– 9 CE
    Qí zì wáng nàihé? [Pinyin]
    How did it die on its own?
* (literary) what is to be done; what can be done
* (literary) to no avail

### Verb

奈⫽何 (verb-object)
* (literary) to do something to somebody
* to deal with; to cope with

### Noun

奈何
* (literary) way out

#### Derived terms

* 不奈何
* 奈何橋／奈何桥 (nàihéqiáo)
* 如之奈何 (rú zhī nàihé)
* 末奈何
* 民不畏死，奈何以死懼之／民不畏死，奈何以死惧之
* 沒做奈何處／没做奈何处
* 沒及奈何／没及奈何
* 沒奈何／没奈何 (mònàihé)
* 沒極奈何／没极奈何
* 沒計奈何／没计奈何
* 無可奈何／无可奈何 (wúkěnàihé)
* 無如奈何／无如奈何
* 無計奈何／无计奈何
* 綿綿不絕，縵縵奈何／绵绵不绝，缦缦奈何
* 莫可奈何

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 奈 | 何 |
| いかん ||
| Grade: 4 | Grade: 2 |
| jukujikun ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 奈何 – see the following entry. :
| 【如何いかん】 | [noun] the whatevers, the whys and wherefores; however [it may be] [adverb] howsoever, however [it may be] Alternative spelling 奈 |
(This term, 奈何, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :