# cunula
## Northern Ndebele
### Verb

-cúnula
* to offend

#### Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

## Zulu
### Etymology

From the ideophone cunu.

### Verb

-cunula
* (transitive) to disgust, to nauseate, to sicken
* (transitive) to annoy, to harass, to irk, to pester, to upset, to vex

#### Inflection

Tone L :
| Infinitive | ukucunula |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Infinitive | ukucunula | ukungacunuli |
| | Imperative | Imperative |
| | Simple | + object concord |
| Singular | cunula | -cunule |
| Plural | cunulani | -cunuleni |
| | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyacunula, ngicunula | engicunulayo, engicunula | ngicunula | angicunuli | engingacunuli | ngingacunuli |
| 2nd singular | uyacunula, ucunula | ocunulayo, ocunula | ucunula | awucunuli | ongacunuli | ungacunuli |
| 1st plural | siyacunula, sicunula | esicunulayo, esicunula | sicunula | asicunuli | esingacunuli | singacunuli |
| 2nd plural | niyacunula, nicunula | enicunulayo, enicunula | nicunula | anicunuli | eningacunuli | ningacunuli |
| Class 1 | uyacunula, ucunula | ocunulayo, ocunula | ecunula | akacunuli | ongacunuli | engacunuli |
| Class 2 | bayacunula, bacunula | abacunulayo, abacunula | becunula | abacunuli | abangacunuli | bengacunuli |
| Class 3 | uyacunula, ucunula | ocunulayo, ocunula | ucunula | awucunuli | ongacunuli | ungacunuli |
| Class 4 | iyacunula, icunula | ecunulayo, ecunula | icunula | ayicunuli | engacunuli | ingacunuli |
| Class 5 | liyacunula, licunula | elicunulayo, elicunula | licunula | alicunuli | elingacunuli | lingacunuli |
| Class 6 | ayacunula, acunula | acunulayo, acunula | ecunula | awacunuli | angacunuli | engacunuli |
| Class 7 | siyacunula, sicunula | esicunulayo, esicunula | sicunula | asicunuli | esingacunuli | singacunuli |
| Class 8 | ziyacunula, zicunula | ezicunulayo, ezicunula | zicunula | azicunuli | ezingacunuli | zingacunuli |
| Class 9 | iyacunula, icunula | ecunulayo, ecunula | icunula | ayicunuli | engacunuli | ingacunuli |
| Class 10 | ziyacunula, zicunula | ezicunulayo, ezicunula | zicunula | azicunuli | ezingacunuli | zingacunuli |
| Class 11 | luyacunula, lucunula | olucunulayo, olucunula | lucunula | alucunuli | olungacunuli | lungacunuli |
| Class 14 | buyacunula, bucunula | obucunulayo, obucunula | bucunula | abucunuli | obungacunuli | bungacunuli |
| Class 15 | kuyacunula, kucunula | okucunulayo, okucunula | kucunula | akucunuli | okungacunuli | kungacunuli |
| Class 17 | kuyacunula, kucunula | okucunulayo, okucunula | kucunula | akucunuli | okungacunuli | kungacunuli |
| | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngicunulile, ngicunulē | engicunulile, engicunulē | ngicunulile, ngicunulē | angicunulanga | engingacunulanga | ngingacunulanga |
| 2nd singular | ucunulile, ucunulē | ocunulile, ocunulē | ucunulile, ucunulē | awucunulanga | ongacunulanga | ungacunulanga |
| 1st plural | sicunulile, sicunulē | esicunulile, esicunulē | sicunulile, sicunulē | asicunulanga | esingacunulanga | singacunulanga |
| 2nd plural | nicunulile, nicunulē | enicunulile, enicunulē | nicunulile, nicunulē | anicunulanga | eningacunulanga | ningacunulanga |
| Class 1 | ucunulile, ucunulē | ocunulile, ocunulē | ecunulile, ecunulē | akacunulanga | ongacunulanga | engacunulanga |
| Class 2 | bacunulile, bacunulē | abacunulile, abacunulē | becunulile, becunulē | abacunulanga | abangacunulanga | bengacunulanga |
| Class 3 | ucunulile, ucunulē | ocunulile, ocunulē | ucunulile, ucunulē | awucunulanga | ongacunulanga | ungacunulanga |
| Class 4 | icunulile, icunulē | ecunulile, ecunulē | icunulile, icunulē | ayicunulanga | engacunulanga | ingacunulanga |
| Class 5 | licunulile, licunulē | elicunulile, elicunulē | licunulile, licunulē | alicunulanga | elingacunulanga | lingacunulanga |
| Class 6 | acunulile, acunulē | acunulile, acunulē | ecunulile, ecunulē | awacunulanga | angacunulanga | engacunulanga |
| Class 7 | sicunulile, sicunulē | esicunulile, esicunulē | sicunulile, sicunulē | asicunulanga | esingacunulanga | singacunulanga |
| Class 8 | zicunulile, zicunulē | ezicunulile, ezicunulē | zicunulile, zicunulē | azicunulanga | ezingacunulanga | zingacunulanga |
| Class 9 | icunulile, icunulē | ecunulile, ecunulē | icunulile, icunulē | ayicunulanga | engacunulanga | ingacunulanga |
| Class 10 | zicunulile, zicunulē | ezicunulile, ezicunulē | zicunulile, zicunulē | azicunulanga | ezingacunulanga | zingacunulanga |
| Class 11 | lucunulile, lucunulē | olucunulile, olucunulē | lucunulile, lucunulē | alucunulanga | olungacunulanga | lungacunulanga |
| Class 14 | bucunulile, bucunulē | obucunulile, obucunulē | bucunulile, bucunulē | abucunulanga | obungacunulanga | bungacunulanga |
| Class 15 | kucunulile, kucunulē | okucunulile, okucunulē | kucunulile, kucunulē | akucunulanga | okungacunulanga | kungacunulanga |
| Class 17 | kucunulile, kucunulē | okucunulile, okucunulē | kucunulile, kucunulē | akucunulanga | okungacunulanga | kungacunulanga |
| | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngācunula | engācunula | ngācunula | angicunulanga | engingacunulanga | ngingacunulanga |
| 2nd singular | wācunula | owācunula | wācunula | awucunulanga | ongacunulanga | ungacunulanga |
| 1st plural | sācunula | esācunula | sācunula | asicunulanga | esingacunulanga | singacunulanga |
| 2nd plural | nācunula | enācunula | nācunula | anicunulanga | eningacunulanga | ningacunulanga |
| Class 1 | wācunula | owācunula | ācunula | akacunulanga | ongacunulanga | engacunulanga |
| Class 2 | bācunula | abācunula | bācunula | abacunulanga | abangacunulanga | bengacunulanga |
| Class 3 | wācunula | owācunula | wācunula | awucunulanga | ongacunulanga | ungacunulanga |
| Class 4 | yācunula | eyācunula | yācunula | ayicunulanga | engacunulanga | ingacunulanga |
| Class 5 | lācunula | elācunula | lācunula | alicunulanga | elingacunulanga | lingacunulanga |
| Class 6 | ācunula | ācunula | ācunula | awacunulanga | angacunulanga | engacunulanga |
| Class 7 | sācunula | esācunula | sācunula | asicunulanga | esingacunulanga | singacunulanga |
| Class 8 | zācunula | ezācunula | zācunula | azicunulanga | ezingacunulanga | zingacunulanga |
| Class 9 | yācunula | eyācunula | yācunula | ayicunulanga | engacunulanga | ingacunulanga |
| Class 10 | zācunula | ezācunula | zācunula | azicunulanga | ezingacunulanga | zingacunulanga |
| Class 11 | lwācunula | olwācunula | lwācunula | alucunulanga | olungacunulanga | lungacunulanga |
| Class 14 | bācunula | obācunula | bācunula | abucunulanga | obungacunulanga | bungacunulanga |
| Class 15 | kwācunula | okwācunula | kwācunula | akucunulanga | okungacunulanga | kungacunulanga |
| Class 17 | kwācunula | okwācunula | kwācunula | akucunulanga | okungacunulanga | kungacunulanga |
| | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngingacunula | — | ngingacunula | ngingecunule | — | ngingecunule |
| 2nd singular | ungacunula | — | ungacunula | ungecunule | — | ungecunule |
| 1st plural | singacunula | — | singacunula | singecunule | — | singecunule |
| 2nd plural | ningacunula | — | ningacunula | ningecunule | — | ningecunule |
| Class 1 | angacunula | — | engacunula | angecunule | — | engecunule |
| Class 2 | bangacunula | — | bengacunula | bangecunule | — | bengecunule |
| Class 3 | ungacunula | — | ungacunula | ungecunule | — | ungecunule |
| Class 4 | ingacunula | — | ingacunula | ingecunule | — | ingecunule |
| Class 5 | lingacunula | — | lingacunula | lingecunule | — | lingecunule |
| Class 6 | angacunula | — | engacunula | angecunule | — | engecunule |
| Class 7 | singacunula | — | singacunula | singecunule | — | singecunule |
| Class 8 | zingacunula | — | zingacunula | zingecunule | — | zingecunule |
| Class 9 | ingacunula | — | ingacunula | ingecunule | — | ingecunule |
| Class 10 | zingacunula | — | zingacunula | zingecunule | — | zingecunule |
| Class 11 | lungacunula | — | lungacunula | lungecunule | — | lungecunule |
| Class 14 | bungacunula | — | bungacunula | bungecunule | — | bungecunule |
| Class 15 | kungacunula | — | kungacunula | kungecunule | — | kungecunule |
| Class 17 | kungacunula | — | kungacunula | kungecunule | — | kungecunule |
| | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngizocunula | engizocunula | ngizocunula | angizucunula | engingezucunula | ngingezucunula |
| 2nd singular | uzocunula | ozocunula | uzocunula | awuzucunula | ongezucunula | ungezucunula |
| 1st plural | sizocunula | esizocunula | sizocunula | asizucunula | esingezucunula | singezucunula |
| 2nd plural | nizocunula | enizocunula | nizocunula | anizucunula | eningezucunula | ningezucunula |
| Class 1 | uzocunula | ozocunula | ezocunula | akazucunula | ongezucunula | engezucunula |
| Class 2 | bazocunula | abazocunula | bezocunula | abazucunula | abangezucunula | bengezucunula |
| Class 3 | uzocunula | ozocunula | uzocunula | awuzucunula | ongezucunula | ungezucunula |
| Class 4 | izocunula | ezocunula | izocunula | ayizucunula | engezucunula | ingezucunula |
| Class 5 | lizocunula | elizocunula | lizocunula | alizucunula | elingezucunula | lingezucunula |
| Class 6 | azocunula | azocunula | ezocunula | awazucunula | angezucunula | engezucunula |
| Class 7 | sizocunula | esizocunula | sizocunula | asizucunula | esingezucunula | singezucunula |
| Class 8 | zizocunula | ezizocunula | zizocunula | azizucunula | ezingezucunula | zingezucunula |
| Class 9 | izocunula | ezocunula | izocunula | ayizucunula | engezucunula | ingezucunula |
| Class 10 | zizocunula | ezizocunula | zizocunula | azizucunula | ezingezucunula | zingezucunula |
| Class 11 | luzocunula | oluzocunula | luzocunula | aluzucunula | olungezucunula | lungezucunula |
| Class 14 | buzocunula | obuzocunula | buzocunula | abuzucunula | obungezucunula | bungezucunula |
| Class 15 | kuzocunula | okuzocunula | kuzocunula | akuzucunula | okungezucunula | kungezucunula |
| Class 17 | kuzocunula | okuzocunula | kuzocunula | akuzucunula | okungezucunula | kungezucunula |
| | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyocunula | engiyocunula | ngiyocunula | angiyucunula | engingeyucunula | ngingeyucunula |
| 2nd singular | uyocunula | oyocunula | uyocunula | awuyucunula | ongeyucunula | ungeyucunula |
| 1st plural | siyocunula | esiyocunula | siyocunula | asiyucunula | esingeyucunula | singeyucunula |
| 2nd plural | niyocunula | eniyocunula | niyocunula | aniyucunula | eningeyucunula | ningeyucunula |
| Class 1 | uyocunula | oyocunula | eyocunula | akayucunula | ongeyucunula | engeyucunula |
| Class 2 | bayocunula | abayocunula | beyocunula | abayucunula | abangeyucunula | bengeyucunula |
| Class 3 | uyocunula | oyocunula | uyocunula | awuyucunula | ongeyucunula | ungeyucunula |
| Class 4 | iyocunula | eyocunula | iyocunula | ayiyucunula | engeyucunula | ingeyucunula |
| Class 5 | liyocunula | eliyocunula | liyocunula | aliyucunula | elingeyucunula | lingeyucunula |
| Class 6 | ayocunula | ayocunula | eyocunula | awayucunula | angeyucunula | engeyucunula |
| Class 7 | siyocunula | esiyocunula | siyocunula | asiyucunula | esingeyucunula | singeyucunula |
| Class 8 | ziyocunula | eziyocunula | ziyocunula | aziyucunula | ezingeyucunula | zingeyucunula |
| Class 9 | iyocunula | eyocunula | iyocunula | ayiyucunula | engeyucunula | ingeyucunula |
| Class 10 | ziyocunula | eziyocunula | ziyocunula | aziyucunula | ezingeyucunula | zingeyucunula |
| Class 11 | luyocunula | oluyocunula | luyocunula | aluyucunula | olungeyucunula | lungeyucunula |
| Class 14 | buyocunula | obuyocunula | buyocunula | abuyucunula | obungeyucunula | bungeyucunula |
| Class 15 | kuyocunula | okuyocunula | kuyocunula | akuyucunula | okungeyucunula | kungeyucunula |
| Class 17 | kuyocunula | okuyocunula | kuyocunula | akuyucunula | okungeyucunula | kungeyucunula |
| | Present subjunctive | Present subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngicunule | ngingacunuli |
| 2nd singular | ucunule | ungacunuli |
| 1st plural | sicunule | singacunuli |
| 2nd plural | nicunule | ningacunuli |
| Class 1 | acunule | angacunuli |
| Class 2 | bacunule | bangacunuli |
| Class 3 | ucunule | ungacunuli |
| Class 4 | icunule | ingacunuli |
| Class 5 | licunule | lingacunuli |
| Class 6 | acunule | angacunuli |
| Class 7 | sicunule | singacunuli |
| Class 8 | zicunule | zingacunuli |
| Class 9 | icunule | ingacunuli |
| Class 10 | zicunule | zingacunuli |
| Class 11 | lucunule | lungacunuli |
| Class 14 | bucunule | bungacunuli |
| Class 15 | kucunule | kungacunuli |
| Class 17 | kucunule | kungacunuli |
| | Past subjunctive | Past subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngacunula | ngangacunula, angacunula, angangacunula |
| 2nd singular | wacunula | wangacunula, awacunula, awangacunula |
| 1st plural | sacunula | sangacunula, asacunula, asangacunula |
| 2nd plural | nacunula | nangacunula, anacunula, anangacunula |
| Class 1 | wacunula | wangacunula, akacunula, akangacunula |
| Class 2 | bacunula | bangacunula, abacunula, abangacunula |
| Class 3 | wacunula | wangacunula, awacunula, awangacunula |
| Class 4 | yacunula | yangacunula, ayacunula, ayangacunula |
| Class 5 | lacunula | langacunula, alacunula, alangacunula |
| Class 6 | acunula | angacunula, awacunula, awangacunula |
| Class 7 | sacunula | sangacunula, asacunula, asangacunula |
| Class 8 | zacunula | zangacunula, azacunula, azangacunula |
| Class 9 | yacunula | yangacunula, ayacunula, ayangacunula |
| Class 10 | zacunula | zangacunula, azacunula, azangacunula |
| Class 11 | lwacunula | lwangacunula, alwacunula, alwangacunula |
| Class 14 | bacunula | bangacunula, abacunula, abangacunula |
| Class 15 | kwacunula | kwangacunula, akwacunula, akwangacunula |
| Class 17 | kwacunula | kwangacunula, akwacunula, akwangacunula |

#### Derived terms

* isicunulo

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “cunula”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “cunula (3.2.9)”