# कष्ट
## Hindi
### Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कष्ट (kaṣṭa).

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /kəʂʈ/, [kɐʂʈ], /kəʃʈ/, [kɐʃʈ]

### Noun

कष्ट • (kaṣṭ) m (Urdu spelling کشٹ)
* trouble
    मैं आपको कष्ट नहीं देना चाहता था।ma͠i āpko kaṣṭ nahī̃ denā cāhtā thā.I did not want to give you any trouble.
    मैं बहुत आर्थिक कष्ट में हूँ।ma͠i bahut ārthik kaṣṭ mẽ hū̃.I am in great financial trouble.
* suffering, agony
    Synonym: दुःख (duḥkh)
    स्वर्ग में तुम्हारे पाप के लिए कष्ट उठाना पड़ेगा।svarg mẽ tumhāre pāp ke lie kaṣṭ uṭhānā paṛegā.You will have to suffer for your sin in Heaven.

#### Synonyms

* तकलीफ़ (taklīf)

### Further reading

* Bahri, Hardev (1989) “कष्ट”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.
* Platts, John T. (1884) “कष्ट”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

## Marathi
### Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit कष्ट (kaṣṭa).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kəʂ.ʈə/

### Noun

कष्ट • (kaṣṭa) n
* hard work
    Synonym: मेहनत (mehnat)

#### Derived terms

* कष्टकरी (kaṣṭakrī, “hardworking”)
* कष्टाळू (kaṣṭāḷū, “hardworking”)

### References

* Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983) “कष्ट”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies

## Sanskrit
### Alternative scripts

* কষ্ট (Assamese script)
* ᬓᬱ᭄ᬝ (Balinese script)
* কষ্ট (Bengali script)
* 𑰎𑰬𑰿𑰘 (Bhaiksuki script)
* 𑀓𑀱𑁆𑀝 (Brahmi script)
* ကၑ္ဋ (Burmese script)
* કષ્ટ (Gujarati script)
* ਕਸ਼੍ਟ (Gurmukhi script)
* 𑌕𑌷𑍍𑌟 (Grantha script)
* ꦏꦰ꧀ꦛ (Javanese script)
* 𑂍𑂭𑂹𑂗 (Kaithi script)
* ಕಷ್ಟ (Kannada script)
* កឞ្ដ (Khmer script)
* ກຩ຺ຏ (Lao script)
* കഷ്ട (Malayalam script)
* ᡬᠠᢢᢞᠠ (Manchu script)
* 𑘎𑘬𑘿𑘘 (Modi script)
* ᢉᠠᢔᢌᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
* 𑦮𑧌𑧠𑦸 (Nandinagari script)
* 𑐎𑐲𑑂𑐚 (Newa script)
* କଷ୍ଟ (Odia script)
* ꢒꢰ꣄ꢜ (Saurashtra script)
* 𑆑𑆰𑇀𑆛 (Sharada script)
* 𑖎𑖬𑖿𑖘 (Siddham script)
* කෂ‍්ට (Sinhalese script)
* 𑩜𑪀 𑪙𑩦 (Soyombo script)
* 𑚊𑚶𑚔 (Takri script)
* கஷ்ட (Tamil script)
* కష్ట (Telugu script)
* กษฺฏ (Thai script)
* ཀ་ཥྚ (Tibetan script)
* 𑒏𑒭𑓂𑒙 (Tirhuta script)
* 𑨋𑨯𑩇𑨔 (Zanabazar Square script)

### Etymology

Traditionally derived from the root कष् (kaṣ, “to injure, destroy”) +‎ -त (-ta). Other theories connecting the word to Ancient Greek κᾰκός (kakós, “bad, wretched”) are formally unsatisfying.

### Pronunciation

* (Vedic) IPA: /kɐʂ.ʈɐ́/
* (Classical Sanskrit) IPA: /ˈkɐʂ.ʈɐ/

### Noun

कष्ट • (kaṣṭa) stem, m
* evil, difficulty, trouble, misery, suffering, hardship
    भवतः किं कष्टं अस्तिbhavataḥ kiṃ kaṣṭaṃ astiTell me, what is your trouble?
* sin, wickedness
* difficulty, effort
    एतद् कष्टं नetad kaṣṭaṃ nathis is not difficult; there is no difficulty in this
* sorrowful, miserable

#### Declension
### Adjective

कष्ट • (kaṣṭá)
* bad, evil, ill, wrong
    रामहस्तमनुप्राप्य कष्टात् कष्टतरं गताrāmahastamanuprāpya kaṣṭāt kaṣṭataraṃ gatāgone from bad to worse; reduced to a wretched condition.
* painful, grievous
* difficult
* hard to subdue (as an enemy)
* mischievous, hurtful, injurious
* boding evil

#### Descendants

* Prakrit:
** Punjabi: ਕਠੋਰ (kaṭhor, “stern, vigorous, harsh, cruel”), ਕਠਨਾਈ (kaṭhanāī, “difficulty”)
* → Bengali: কষ্ট (kośṭo) (learned)
* → Hindi: कष्ट (kaṣṭ) (learned)
* → Kannada: ಕಷ್ಟ (kaṣṭa) (learned)
* → Punjabi: ਕਸ਼ਟ (kaśaṭ) (learned)
* → Tamil: கஷ்டம் (kaṣṭam) (learned)
* → Telugu: కష్టము (kaṣṭamu) (learned)

#### References

* Monier Williams (1899) “कष्ट”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, pages 265/3, 266/1.
* Apte, Vaman Shivram (1890) “कष्ट”, in The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary, Poona: Prasad Prakashan
* Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1893) “कष्ट”, in A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout, London: Oxford University Press
* Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 78-9