# 되다
## Korean
### Etymology 1

First attested in the Hunminjeong'eum eonhae (訓民正音諺解本 / 훈민정음언해본), 1446, as Middle Korean ᄃᆞ외다〮 (Yale: tòwòytá). Also attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean ᄃᆞᄫᆡ다〮 (Yale: tòWòytá).
Cognate with Jeju 뒈다 (dweda).

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [twe̞da̠] ~ [tø̞da̠]
** Audio:(file)
* Phonetic hangul: [뒈다/되다]

#### Verb

되다 • (doeda) (infinitive 돼 or 되어, sequential 되니)
* to become
    왕이 되다 ― wang-i doeda ― to become king
    씨가 나무가 되다 ― ssi-ga namu-ga doeda ― for the seed to become a tree
* (of a time) to come, to arrive
    약속한 시간이 되었다. ― Yaksokhan sigan-i doeeotda. ― The appointed time has arrived.
* (auxiliary, after the 어/아 (-eo/-a) infinitive) to be permissible; to be OK; may
    질문 해도 돼요? ― Jilmun haedo dwaeyo? ― May [I] ask a question?
* to be... -ed; follows nouns and nominals to form passive verbs. The noun functions as the 이 (-i) / 가 (-ga)-complement of the verb. When there is no particle in between, the construction is written without spaces.
    Coordinate term: 하다 (hada, for active verbs)
    ‎과장(誇張) (gwajang, “exaggeration”) + ‎되다 (doeda) → ‎과장되다 (gwajangdoeda, “to be exaggerated”)
    ‎납치(拉致) (napchi, “kidnapping”) + ‎되다 (doeda) → ‎납치되다 (napchidoeda, “to be kidnapped”)
    언론에서 사건이 지나치게 과장이 되었습니다.Eollon-eseo sageon-i jinachige gwajang-i doeeotseumnida.The incident has been excessively exaggerated in the media.
    납치는 되었으나 살해되지는 않았습니다.Napchi-neun doeeosseuna salhae-doeji-neun anatseumnida.He has been kidnapped, but not murdered.
* Forms certain adjectives.
    ‎속(俗) (sok, “being secular; being vulgar”) + ‎되다 (doeda) → ‎속되다 (sokdoeda, “to be vulgar”)

##### Usage notes

* Both the subject and the complement of this verb take the "nominative" case markers, 이 (-i) for consonant-final nouns and 가 (-ga) for vowel-final ones.

##### Derived terms

* 못되다 (motdoeda)
* 잘되다 (jaldoeda)

### Etymology 2

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 되〯다〮 (Yale: twǒytá).
Cognate with Jeju 뒈다 (dweda).

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ˈtwe̞(ː)da̠] ~ [ˈtø̞(ː)da̠]
* Phonetic hangul: [뒈(ː)다/되(ː)다]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

#### Adjective

되다 • (doeda) (infinitive 돼 or 되어, sequential 되니) (possibly dated)
* (of paste or rice) (to be) hard, (to be) thick
    Antonym: 묽다 (mukda)
* (to be) severe

##### Derived terms

* 된맛 (doenmat)
* 된소리 (doensori)
* 된욕 (doenyok)
* 된장 (doenjang)
* 되게 (doege)
* 되우 (doe'u)
* 호되다 (hodoeda)

### Etymology 3

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 되〮다〮 (Yale: twóytá).
Cognate with Jeju 뒈다 (dweda).

#### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [ˈtwe̞(ː)da̠] ~ [ˈtø̞(ː)da̠]
* Phonetic hangul: [뒈(ː)다/되(ː)다]
** Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

#### Verb

되다 • (doeda) (infinitive 돼 or 되어, sequential 되니)
* (transitive, dated, used with 을 (-eul) and 으로 (-euro)) to measure the amount of powder, grains, liquids, etc., using measurements such as 말 (mal), 되 (doe), and 홉 (hop)
    쌀을 되로 되다 ― ssar-eul doe-ro doeda ― to grains rice in dwe