# cleven
## Middle Dutch
### Etymology

From Old Dutch clivon, from Proto-Germanic *klibāną, from Proto-Indo-European *gleybʰ- (“to stick”). Weak forms are probably influenced by Etymology 2.

### Verb

clēven
* to stick, to adhere

#### Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

#### Descendants

* Dutch: kleven
* Limburgish: kleive

### Further reading

* “cleven (II)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
* Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “cleven (I)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page I

## Middle English
### Etymology 1

From Old English clēofan, from Proto-West Germanic *kleuban, from Proto-Germanic *kleubaną.

#### Alternative forms

* clyvyn, cleoven, cleeve, cleev, cleve

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈkleːvən/

#### Verb

cleven
* To cleave; to split or slice through:
** To slice at; to make a slashing blow.
** To make a crack, cut or slice in something.
** To chop off (separate or sunder).
* To break into small pieces; to shatter.
* To open up; to split apart.
* To ruin or finish (cause something's destruction) .
* To stab someone mortally (by striking at their heart)

##### Conjugation

| infinitive | (to) cleven, cleve | (to) cleven, cleve |
| | present tense | past tense |
| 1st-person singular | cleve | clef, claf, clefte, cleved |
| 2nd-person singular | clevest | clove, clef, claf, cleftest, clevedest |
| 3rd-person singular | cleveth | clef, claf, clefte, cleved |
| subjunctive singular | cleve | clove$^1$, clefte$^1$, cleved$^1$ |
| imperative singular | cleve | — |
| plural$^2$ | cleven, cleve | cloven, clove, cleften, clefte, cleveden, clevede |
| imperative plural | cleveth, cleve | — |
| participles | clevynge, clevende | cloven, clove, cleft, cleved, ycloven, yclove |
$^1$Replaced by the indicative in later Middle English. $^2$Sometimes used as a formal 2nd-person singular.

##### Related terms

* clevere
* clevynge
* clove
* cloven

##### Descendants

* English: cleave
* Scots: cleave

##### References

* “clẹ̄ven, v.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-06-8.

### Etymology 2

Originally two distinct verbs:
* Old English cleofian, clifian, from Proto-West Germanic *klibēn, from Proto-Germanic *klibāną.
* Old English clīfan, from Proto-West Germanic *klīban, from Proto-Germanic *klībaną.

#### Alternative forms

* cliven, clefian, clyven, cleeven, clevyn, clevyen, cleovien, cleve, clyve, cliviȝe

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈklɛːvən/, /ˈklæːvən/, /ˈkleːvən/, /ˈklɛvən/, /ˈklivən/

#### Verb

cleven
* To stick or adhere (often with on or to):
** To have cohesion or unity; to adhere together.
** To cling (hold onto something)
*** 1395, Wycliffe Bible, Ruth 1:14:Therfor, whanne the vois was reisid, eft thei bigunnen to wepe. Orpha kisside the modir of hir hosebonde, and turnede ayen, and Ruth cleuyde to the modir of hir hosebonde. Afterwards, when the voice was raised, they began to weep again. Orpah kissed the mother of her husband, and turned around, and Ruth cleaved to the mother of her husband.(please add an English translation of this quotation)
* To be adhesive or sticky; to cause to adhere.
* To be an inherent or inseparable part; to be intrinsic.
* To withstand or stay put; to weather time.
* To believe in a creed or belief.
* To trust or follow someone.
* (rare) To stay balanced or coherent.
* (rare) To convince; to spread one's beliefs.
* (rare) To acquire (belongings)

##### Usage notes

Strong forms of this verb are mostly limited to Northern Middle English.

##### Conjugation

| infinitive | (to) cleven, cleve | (to) cleven, cleve |
| | present tense | past tense |
| 1st-person singular | cleve | cleved, clof |
| 2nd-person singular | clevest | clevedest, clove, clive, clof |
| 3rd-person singular | cleveth | cleved, clof |
| subjunctive singular | cleve | cleved$^1$, clove$^1$, clive$^1$ |
| imperative singular | cleve | — |
| plural$^2$ | cleven, cleve | cleveden, clevede, cloven, clove, cliven, clive |
| imperative plural | cleveth, cleve | — |
| participles | clevynge, clevende | cleved, cliven, clive, ycleved, ycliven |
$^1$Replaced by the indicative in later Middle English. $^2$Sometimes used as a formal 2nd-person singular.

##### Related terms

* clevynge

##### Descendants

* English: cleave
* Scots: cleave, cleif

##### References

* “clēven, v.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-06-8.