# empedernir
## Portuguese
### Etymology

From *empedrenir, from em- +‎ pedra and an uncertain suffix.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.pe.deʁˈni(ʁ)/ [ẽ.pe.deɦˈni(h)], (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.pe.deʁˈni(ʁ)/ [ĩ.pe.deɦˈni(h)]
* (Brazil) IPA: (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.pe.deʁˈni(ʁ)/ [ẽ.pe.deɦˈni(h)], (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.pe.deʁˈni(ʁ)/ [ĩ.pe.deɦˈni(h)]
** (São Paulo) IPA: (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.pe.deɾˈni(ɾ)/, (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.pe.deɾˈni(ɾ)/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.pe.deʁˈni(ʁ)/ [ẽ.pe.deʁˈni(χ)], (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.pe.deʁˈni(ʁ)/ [ĩ.pe.deʁˈni(χ)]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.pe.deɻˈni(ɻ)/, (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.pe.deɻˈni(ɻ)/
* (Portugal) IPA: /ẽ.pɨ.dɨɾˈniɾ/ [ẽ.pɨ.ðɨɾˈniɾ]
* (Portugal) IPA: /ẽ.pɨ.dɨɾˈniɾ/ [ẽ.pɨ.ðɨɾˈniɾ]
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /ẽ.pɨ.dɨɾˈni.ɾi/ [ẽ.pɨ.ðɨɾˈni.ɾi]

### Verb

empedernir (first-person singular present (Portugal only; missing in Brazil) empedirno, third-person singular present empederne, first-person singular preterite empederni, past participle empedernido)
* (transitive) to make rock hard

#### Conjugation
### References

* ↑ Antenor Nascentes (1955) “empedernir”, in Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa [Portuguese language etymological dictionary] (in Portuguese), 2nd edition, volume I, Rio de Janeiro: Livraria Acadêmica, page 171, column 1

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /empedeɾˈniɾ/ [ẽm.pe.ð̞eɾˈniɾ]
* Rhymes: -iɾ
* Syllabification: em‧pe‧der‧nir

### Verb

empedernir (no stressed present indicative or subjunctive, first-person singular preterite empederní, past participle empedernido)
* to harden

#### Usage notes

* Used only with forms where the ending begins with -i.

#### Conjugation

| infinitive | infinitive | infinitive | empedernir | empedernir | empedernir | empedernir | empedernir |
| gerund | gerund | gerund | empederniendo | empederniendo | empederniendo | empederniendo | empederniendo |
| past participle | past participle | | | masculine | masculine | feminine | feminine |
| past participle | past participle | singular | singular | empedernido | empedernido | empedernida | empedernida |
| past participle | past participle | plural | plural | empedernidos | empedernidos | empedernidas | empedernidas |
| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| | | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| indicative | | yo | tú vos | él/ella/ello usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ellos/ellas ustedes |
| indicative | present | — | —$^{tú}$ empedernís$^{vos}$ | — | empedernimos | empedernís | — |
| indicative | imperfect | empedernía | empedernías | empedernía | empederníamos | empederníais | empedernían |
| indicative | preterite | empederní | empederniste | empedernió | empedernimos | empedernisteis | empedernieron |
| indicative | future | empederniré | empedernirás | empedernirá | empederniremos | empederniréis | empedernirán |
| indicative | conditional | empederniría | empedernirías | empederniría | empederniríamos | empederniríais | empedernirían |
| subjunctive | | yo | tú vos | él/ella/ello usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ellos/ellas ustedes |
| subjunctive | present | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| subjunctive | imperfect (ra) | empederniera | empedernieras | empederniera | empederniéramos | empedernierais | empedernieran |
| subjunctive | imperfect (se) | empederniese | empedernieses | empederniese | empederniésemos | empedernieseis | empederniesen |
| subjunctive | future$^1$ | empederniere | empedernieres | empederniere | empederniéremos | empederniereis | empedernieren |
| imperative | | — | tú vos | usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ustedes |
| imperative | affirmative | | —$^{tú}$ empederní$^{vos}$ | — | — | empedernid | — |
| imperative | negative | | — | — | — | — | — |
$^1$Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.

### Further reading

* “empedernir”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014