# rupjš
## Latvian
### Alternative forms

* (dialectal form) rups

### Etymology

From an earlier adjective *rupus (yielding two parallel forms, a yo-stem form that became standard rupjš and an o-stem form that yielded the dialectal variant rups), from Proto-Indo-European *Hrewp- (“to pull, to tear, to break”) (whence also the adjective raupjš, q.v.). The semantic evolution was probably “to pluck, to tear (e.g., wool, feathers)” > (adj.) “uneven, harsh” (skin, after removing wool, feathers) > “coarse, harsh.” Cognates include Lithuanian rupùs, Serbo-Croatian rȕpa (“hole, pit”), Old Norse rjúfa (“to break, to tear”), rauf (“cracks, holes”), reyfi (“shorn wool; uneven, harsh skin”), Middle High German rubbelig (“uneven, harsh, coarse”), Latin rumpere (“to break”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [rupʲʃ]
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

### Adjective

rupjš (definite rupjais, comparative rupjāks, superlative visrupjākais, adverb rupji)
* (of mixtures, powder-like substances) coarse, rough (with elements having a relatively large cross section)
    rupja smilts, grants ― coarse sand, gravel
    rupji putraimi, milti ― coarse grits, flour
    rupjais sāls ― coarse salt
    rupjas aveņu ogas ― rough raspberries
    rupjas zvīņas ― coarse (fish) scales
    rupja maize, rupjmaize ― rye bread, brown bread (lit. coarse bread)
* (of nets, meshes) coarse (having relatively large holes)
    rupjš siets, tīkls ― coarse sieve, net
* (of files) rough (having on its surface relatively wide, deep grooves)
    rupja vīle, rupjvīle ― rough file
* (of thread, yarn, hair, fur, also cloth) coarse, thick (having a relatively large cross-section; made of thread, yarn having a relatively large cross-section)
    rupjš diegs ― coarse, thick thread
    rupja dzija ― coarse, thick yarn
    rupja vilna ― coarse wool
    rupja adata ― coarse needle
    rupjš linu audums ― scrim (lit. coarse linen) cloth
    rupjš maiss, krekls, galdauts ― coarse bag, shirt, tablecloth
    rupjas zeķes ― coarse socks
    noslaucīties rupjā dvielī ― to dry oneself with (lit. in) a coarse towel
    aļņa ķermenis klāts ar biezu, rupju apmatojumu ― an elk's body is covered with thick, coarse hair
* (of grains) coarse, rough (composed of elements having a relatively large cross-section)
    rupja maluma milti ― rough, coarse grist flour (i.e., flour which contains chaff)
* (of skin, surfaces) rough, harsh, unpolished; having bumps and dents on its surface
    rokas man rupjas no darba ― my hands are harsh from work
    rupjš, pelēks papīrs ― harsh, gray paper
    rupjais apmetums ― coarse, harsh plaster
    aligators klāts ar rupju, grumbuļainu ādu ― the alligator is covered by a harsh, rugged skin
* (of objects) rough, not refined, not well designed, not completed, of low quality
    šis rupjais dēļu šķirsts ― that rough, coarse wooden chest
    rupjais cirtums ― rough cutting, roughly cut surface
* (of sounds) coarse, hollow, low
    rupji smiekli ― coarse laughter
    rupja balss ― coarse, hollow, low voice
    rupjš, rejošs klepus ― coarse, barking cough
* (of people, their behavior) rude, offensive, tactless, tough, violent; expressing such features
    Grīslis bija rupjš, nesaticīgs vīrs ― Grīslis was a rude, irritable man
    rupjš joks ― rude joke
    rupjš izteiciens ― harsh language
    rupja mute ― harsh, rude mouth
    rupji vārdi ― harsh, rude words
    rupjš cīņas paņēmiens ― tough, violent fighting technique
    rupja, netaktiska izturēšanās ― rude, tactless behavior
* (of errors, irregularities, etc.) gross, big (which deviates strongly from the truth, from accepted norms, etc.)
    rupja kļūda ― gross, big mistake, blunder
    rupjš disciplīnas pārkāpums ― big breach of discipline
    rupjš apmelojums ― gross, shameless calumny, slander
    ticēt rupjiem meliem ― to believe gross, big lies
* (of work) harsh, tough (physical, heavy and repetitive)
    rupjais darbs ― harsh, tough work

#### Synonyms

* (of skin, surface): negluds, raupjš, ass
* (of sounds): skarbs, zems, dobjš

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “of powder, grain, cloth”): smalks
* (antonym(s) of “of skin, surfaces”): gluds, mīksts, maigs

#### Derived terms

* rupjība
* rupjmaize, rupja maize
* rupjums
* rupjvīle, rupja vīle

### References

* ↑ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “rupjš”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca‎ (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN