# hlafuna
## Northern Ndebele
### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-cákuna, a variant of Proto-Bantu *-tákuna.

### Verb

-hláfúna
* to chew

#### Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

## Sotho
### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-cákuna, a variant of Proto-Bantu *-tákuna.

### Verb

hlafuna
* to chew

## Xhosa
### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-cákuna, a variant of Proto-Bantu *-tákuna.

### Verb

-hláfúna
* to chew

#### Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

## Zulu
### Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-cákuna, a variant of Proto-Bantu *-tákuna.

### Pronunciation

IPA: /ɬafuːna/

### Verb

-hlafúna
* to chew

#### Inflection

Tone H :
| Infinitive | ukuhlafuna |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Infinitive | ukuhlafuna | ukungahlafuni |
| | Imperative | Imperative |
| | Simple | + object concord |
| Singular | hlafuna | -hlafune |
| Plural | hlafunani | -hlafuneni |
| | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyahlafuna, ngihlafuna | engihlafunayo, engihlafuna | ngihlafuna | angihlafuni | engingahlafuni | ngingahlafuni |
| 2nd singular | uyahlafuna, uhlafuna | ohlafunayo, ohlafuna | uhlafuna | awuhlafuni | ongahlafuni | ungahlafuni |
| 1st plural | siyahlafuna, sihlafuna | esihlafunayo, esihlafuna | sihlafuna | asihlafuni | esingahlafuni | singahlafuni |
| 2nd plural | niyahlafuna, nihlafuna | enihlafunayo, enihlafuna | nihlafuna | anihlafuni | eningahlafuni | ningahlafuni |
| Class 1 | uyahlafuna, uhlafuna | ohlafunayo, ohlafuna | ehlafuna | akahlafuni | ongahlafuni | engahlafuni |
| Class 2 | bayahlafuna, bahlafuna | abahlafunayo, abahlafuna | behlafuna | abahlafuni | abangahlafuni | bengahlafuni |
| Class 3 | uyahlafuna, uhlafuna | ohlafunayo, ohlafuna | uhlafuna | awuhlafuni | ongahlafuni | ungahlafuni |
| Class 4 | iyahlafuna, ihlafuna | ehlafunayo, ehlafuna | ihlafuna | ayihlafuni | engahlafuni | ingahlafuni |
| Class 5 | liyahlafuna, lihlafuna | elihlafunayo, elihlafuna | lihlafuna | alihlafuni | elingahlafuni | lingahlafuni |
| Class 6 | ayahlafuna, ahlafuna | ahlafunayo, ahlafuna | ehlafuna | awahlafuni | angahlafuni | engahlafuni |
| Class 7 | siyahlafuna, sihlafuna | esihlafunayo, esihlafuna | sihlafuna | asihlafuni | esingahlafuni | singahlafuni |
| Class 8 | ziyahlafuna, zihlafuna | ezihlafunayo, ezihlafuna | zihlafuna | azihlafuni | ezingahlafuni | zingahlafuni |
| Class 9 | iyahlafuna, ihlafuna | ehlafunayo, ehlafuna | ihlafuna | ayihlafuni | engahlafuni | ingahlafuni |
| Class 10 | ziyahlafuna, zihlafuna | ezihlafunayo, ezihlafuna | zihlafuna | azihlafuni | ezingahlafuni | zingahlafuni |
| Class 11 | luyahlafuna, luhlafuna | oluhlafunayo, oluhlafuna | luhlafuna | aluhlafuni | olungahlafuni | lungahlafuni |
| Class 14 | buyahlafuna, buhlafuna | obuhlafunayo, obuhlafuna | buhlafuna | abuhlafuni | obungahlafuni | bungahlafuni |
| Class 15 | kuyahlafuna, kuhlafuna | okuhlafunayo, okuhlafuna | kuhlafuna | akuhlafuni | okungahlafuni | kungahlafuni |
| Class 17 | kuyahlafuna, kuhlafuna | okuhlafunayo, okuhlafuna | kuhlafuna | akuhlafuni | okungahlafuni | kungahlafuni |
| | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngihlafunile, ngihlafunē | engihlafunile, engihlafunē | ngihlafunile, ngihlafunē | angihlafunanga | engingahlafunanga | ngingahlafunanga |
| 2nd singular | uhlafunile, uhlafunē | ohlafunile, ohlafunē | uhlafunile, uhlafunē | awuhlafunanga | ongahlafunanga | ungahlafunanga |
| 1st plural | sihlafunile, sihlafunē | esihlafunile, esihlafunē | sihlafunile, sihlafunē | asihlafunanga | esingahlafunanga | singahlafunanga |
| 2nd plural | nihlafunile, nihlafunē | enihlafunile, enihlafunē | nihlafunile, nihlafunē | anihlafunanga | eningahlafunanga | ningahlafunanga |
| Class 1 | uhlafunile, uhlafunē | ohlafunile, ohlafunē | ehlafunile, ehlafunē | akahlafunanga | ongahlafunanga | engahlafunanga |
| Class 2 | bahlafunile, bahlafunē | abahlafunile, abahlafunē | behlafunile, behlafunē | abahlafunanga | abangahlafunanga | bengahlafunanga |
| Class 3 | uhlafunile, uhlafunē | ohlafunile, ohlafunē | uhlafunile, uhlafunē | awuhlafunanga | ongahlafunanga | ungahlafunanga |
| Class 4 | ihlafunile, ihlafunē | ehlafunile, ehlafunē | ihlafunile, ihlafunē | ayihlafunanga | engahlafunanga | ingahlafunanga |
| Class 5 | lihlafunile, lihlafunē | elihlafunile, elihlafunē | lihlafunile, lihlafunē | alihlafunanga | elingahlafunanga | lingahlafunanga |
| Class 6 | ahlafunile, ahlafunē | ahlafunile, ahlafunē | ehlafunile, ehlafunē | awahlafunanga | angahlafunanga | engahlafunanga |
| Class 7 | sihlafunile, sihlafunē | esihlafunile, esihlafunē | sihlafunile, sihlafunē | asihlafunanga | esingahlafunanga | singahlafunanga |
| Class 8 | zihlafunile, zihlafunē | ezihlafunile, ezihlafunē | zihlafunile, zihlafunē | azihlafunanga | ezingahlafunanga | zingahlafunanga |
| Class 9 | ihlafunile, ihlafunē | ehlafunile, ehlafunē | ihlafunile, ihlafunē | ayihlafunanga | engahlafunanga | ingahlafunanga |
| Class 10 | zihlafunile, zihlafunē | ezihlafunile, ezihlafunē | zihlafunile, zihlafunē | azihlafunanga | ezingahlafunanga | zingahlafunanga |
| Class 11 | luhlafunile, luhlafunē | oluhlafunile, oluhlafunē | luhlafunile, luhlafunē | aluhlafunanga | olungahlafunanga | lungahlafunanga |
| Class 14 | buhlafunile, buhlafunē | obuhlafunile, obuhlafunē | buhlafunile, buhlafunē | abuhlafunanga | obungahlafunanga | bungahlafunanga |
| Class 15 | kuhlafunile, kuhlafunē | okuhlafunile, okuhlafunē | kuhlafunile, kuhlafunē | akuhlafunanga | okungahlafunanga | kungahlafunanga |
| Class 17 | kuhlafunile, kuhlafunē | okuhlafunile, okuhlafunē | kuhlafunile, kuhlafunē | akuhlafunanga | okungahlafunanga | kungahlafunanga |
| | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngāhlafuna | engāhlafuna | ngāhlafuna | angihlafunanga | engingahlafunanga | ngingahlafunanga |
| 2nd singular | wāhlafuna | owāhlafuna | wāhlafuna | awuhlafunanga | ongahlafunanga | ungahlafunanga |
| 1st plural | sāhlafuna | esāhlafuna | sāhlafuna | asihlafunanga | esingahlafunanga | singahlafunanga |
| 2nd plural | nāhlafuna | enāhlafuna | nāhlafuna | anihlafunanga | eningahlafunanga | ningahlafunanga |
| Class 1 | wāhlafuna | owāhlafuna | āhlafuna | akahlafunanga | ongahlafunanga | engahlafunanga |
| Class 2 | bāhlafuna | abāhlafuna | bāhlafuna | abahlafunanga | abangahlafunanga | bengahlafunanga |
| Class 3 | wāhlafuna | owāhlafuna | wāhlafuna | awuhlafunanga | ongahlafunanga | ungahlafunanga |
| Class 4 | yāhlafuna | eyāhlafuna | yāhlafuna | ayihlafunanga | engahlafunanga | ingahlafunanga |
| Class 5 | lāhlafuna | elāhlafuna | lāhlafuna | alihlafunanga | elingahlafunanga | lingahlafunanga |
| Class 6 | āhlafuna | āhlafuna | āhlafuna | awahlafunanga | angahlafunanga | engahlafunanga |
| Class 7 | sāhlafuna | esāhlafuna | sāhlafuna | asihlafunanga | esingahlafunanga | singahlafunanga |
| Class 8 | zāhlafuna | ezāhlafuna | zāhlafuna | azihlafunanga | ezingahlafunanga | zingahlafunanga |
| Class 9 | yāhlafuna | eyāhlafuna | yāhlafuna | ayihlafunanga | engahlafunanga | ingahlafunanga |
| Class 10 | zāhlafuna | ezāhlafuna | zāhlafuna | azihlafunanga | ezingahlafunanga | zingahlafunanga |
| Class 11 | lwāhlafuna | olwāhlafuna | lwāhlafuna | aluhlafunanga | olungahlafunanga | lungahlafunanga |
| Class 14 | bāhlafuna | obāhlafuna | bāhlafuna | abuhlafunanga | obungahlafunanga | bungahlafunanga |
| Class 15 | kwāhlafuna | okwāhlafuna | kwāhlafuna | akuhlafunanga | okungahlafunanga | kungahlafunanga |
| Class 17 | kwāhlafuna | okwāhlafuna | kwāhlafuna | akuhlafunanga | okungahlafunanga | kungahlafunanga |
| | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngingahlafuna | — | ngingahlafuna | ngingehlafune | — | ngingehlafune |
| 2nd singular | ungahlafuna | — | ungahlafuna | ungehlafune | — | ungehlafune |
| 1st plural | singahlafuna | — | singahlafuna | singehlafune | — | singehlafune |
| 2nd plural | ningahlafuna | — | ningahlafuna | ningehlafune | — | ningehlafune |
| Class 1 | angahlafuna | — | engahlafuna | angehlafune | — | engehlafune |
| Class 2 | bangahlafuna | — | bengahlafuna | bangehlafune | — | bengehlafune |
| Class 3 | ungahlafuna | — | ungahlafuna | ungehlafune | — | ungehlafune |
| Class 4 | ingahlafuna | — | ingahlafuna | ingehlafune | — | ingehlafune |
| Class 5 | lingahlafuna | — | lingahlafuna | lingehlafune | — | lingehlafune |
| Class 6 | angahlafuna | — | engahlafuna | angehlafune | — | engehlafune |
| Class 7 | singahlafuna | — | singahlafuna | singehlafune | — | singehlafune |
| Class 8 | zingahlafuna | — | zingahlafuna | zingehlafune | — | zingehlafune |
| Class 9 | ingahlafuna | — | ingahlafuna | ingehlafune | — | ingehlafune |
| Class 10 | zingahlafuna | — | zingahlafuna | zingehlafune | — | zingehlafune |
| Class 11 | lungahlafuna | — | lungahlafuna | lungehlafune | — | lungehlafune |
| Class 14 | bungahlafuna | — | bungahlafuna | bungehlafune | — | bungehlafune |
| Class 15 | kungahlafuna | — | kungahlafuna | kungehlafune | — | kungehlafune |
| Class 17 | kungahlafuna | — | kungahlafuna | kungehlafune | — | kungehlafune |
| | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngizohlafuna | engizohlafuna | ngizohlafuna | angizuhlafuna | engingezuhlafuna | ngingezuhlafuna |
| 2nd singular | uzohlafuna | ozohlafuna | uzohlafuna | awuzuhlafuna | ongezuhlafuna | ungezuhlafuna |
| 1st plural | sizohlafuna | esizohlafuna | sizohlafuna | asizuhlafuna | esingezuhlafuna | singezuhlafuna |
| 2nd plural | nizohlafuna | enizohlafuna | nizohlafuna | anizuhlafuna | eningezuhlafuna | ningezuhlafuna |
| Class 1 | uzohlafuna | ozohlafuna | ezohlafuna | akazuhlafuna | ongezuhlafuna | engezuhlafuna |
| Class 2 | bazohlafuna | abazohlafuna | bezohlafuna | abazuhlafuna | abangezuhlafuna | bengezuhlafuna |
| Class 3 | uzohlafuna | ozohlafuna | uzohlafuna | awuzuhlafuna | ongezuhlafuna | ungezuhlafuna |
| Class 4 | izohlafuna | ezohlafuna | izohlafuna | ayizuhlafuna | engezuhlafuna | ingezuhlafuna |
| Class 5 | lizohlafuna | elizohlafuna | lizohlafuna | alizuhlafuna | elingezuhlafuna | lingezuhlafuna |
| Class 6 | azohlafuna | azohlafuna | ezohlafuna | awazuhlafuna | angezuhlafuna | engezuhlafuna |
| Class 7 | sizohlafuna | esizohlafuna | sizohlafuna | asizuhlafuna | esingezuhlafuna | singezuhlafuna |
| Class 8 | zizohlafuna | ezizohlafuna | zizohlafuna | azizuhlafuna | ezingezuhlafuna | zingezuhlafuna |
| Class 9 | izohlafuna | ezohlafuna | izohlafuna | ayizuhlafuna | engezuhlafuna | ingezuhlafuna |
| Class 10 | zizohlafuna | ezizohlafuna | zizohlafuna | azizuhlafuna | ezingezuhlafuna | zingezuhlafuna |
| Class 11 | luzohlafuna | oluzohlafuna | luzohlafuna | aluzuhlafuna | olungezuhlafuna | lungezuhlafuna |
| Class 14 | buzohlafuna | obuzohlafuna | buzohlafuna | abuzuhlafuna | obungezuhlafuna | bungezuhlafuna |
| Class 15 | kuzohlafuna | okuzohlafuna | kuzohlafuna | akuzuhlafuna | okungezuhlafuna | kungezuhlafuna |
| Class 17 | kuzohlafuna | okuzohlafuna | kuzohlafuna | akuzuhlafuna | okungezuhlafuna | kungezuhlafuna |
| | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyohlafuna | engiyohlafuna | ngiyohlafuna | angiyuhlafuna | engingeyuhlafuna | ngingeyuhlafuna |
| 2nd singular | uyohlafuna | oyohlafuna | uyohlafuna | awuyuhlafuna | ongeyuhlafuna | ungeyuhlafuna |
| 1st plural | siyohlafuna | esiyohlafuna | siyohlafuna | asiyuhlafuna | esingeyuhlafuna | singeyuhlafuna |
| 2nd plural | niyohlafuna | eniyohlafuna | niyohlafuna | aniyuhlafuna | eningeyuhlafuna | ningeyuhlafuna |
| Class 1 | uyohlafuna | oyohlafuna | eyohlafuna | akayuhlafuna | ongeyuhlafuna | engeyuhlafuna |
| Class 2 | bayohlafuna | abayohlafuna | beyohlafuna | abayuhlafuna | abangeyuhlafuna | bengeyuhlafuna |
| Class 3 | uyohlafuna | oyohlafuna | uyohlafuna | awuyuhlafuna | ongeyuhlafuna | ungeyuhlafuna |
| Class 4 | iyohlafuna | eyohlafuna | iyohlafuna | ayiyuhlafuna | engeyuhlafuna | ingeyuhlafuna |
| Class 5 | liyohlafuna | eliyohlafuna | liyohlafuna | aliyuhlafuna | elingeyuhlafuna | lingeyuhlafuna |
| Class 6 | ayohlafuna | ayohlafuna | eyohlafuna | awayuhlafuna | angeyuhlafuna | engeyuhlafuna |
| Class 7 | siyohlafuna | esiyohlafuna | siyohlafuna | asiyuhlafuna | esingeyuhlafuna | singeyuhlafuna |
| Class 8 | ziyohlafuna | eziyohlafuna | ziyohlafuna | aziyuhlafuna | ezingeyuhlafuna | zingeyuhlafuna |
| Class 9 | iyohlafuna | eyohlafuna | iyohlafuna | ayiyuhlafuna | engeyuhlafuna | ingeyuhlafuna |
| Class 10 | ziyohlafuna | eziyohlafuna | ziyohlafuna | aziyuhlafuna | ezingeyuhlafuna | zingeyuhlafuna |
| Class 11 | luyohlafuna | oluyohlafuna | luyohlafuna | aluyuhlafuna | olungeyuhlafuna | lungeyuhlafuna |
| Class 14 | buyohlafuna | obuyohlafuna | buyohlafuna | abuyuhlafuna | obungeyuhlafuna | bungeyuhlafuna |
| Class 15 | kuyohlafuna | okuyohlafuna | kuyohlafuna | akuyuhlafuna | okungeyuhlafuna | kungeyuhlafuna |
| Class 17 | kuyohlafuna | okuyohlafuna | kuyohlafuna | akuyuhlafuna | okungeyuhlafuna | kungeyuhlafuna |
| | Present subjunctive | Present subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngihlafune | ngingahlafuni |
| 2nd singular | uhlafune | ungahlafuni |
| 1st plural | sihlafune | singahlafuni |
| 2nd plural | nihlafune | ningahlafuni |
| Class 1 | ahlafune | angahlafuni |
| Class 2 | bahlafune | bangahlafuni |
| Class 3 | uhlafune | ungahlafuni |
| Class 4 | ihlafune | ingahlafuni |
| Class 5 | lihlafune | lingahlafuni |
| Class 6 | ahlafune | angahlafuni |
| Class 7 | sihlafune | singahlafuni |
| Class 8 | zihlafune | zingahlafuni |
| Class 9 | ihlafune | ingahlafuni |
| Class 10 | zihlafune | zingahlafuni |
| Class 11 | luhlafune | lungahlafuni |
| Class 14 | buhlafune | bungahlafuni |
| Class 15 | kuhlafune | kungahlafuni |
| Class 17 | kuhlafune | kungahlafuni |
| | Past subjunctive | Past subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngahlafuna | ngangahlafuna, angahlafuna, angangahlafuna |
| 2nd singular | wahlafuna | wangahlafuna, awahlafuna, awangahlafuna |
| 1st plural | sahlafuna | sangahlafuna, asahlafuna, asangahlafuna |
| 2nd plural | nahlafuna | nangahlafuna, anahlafuna, anangahlafuna |
| Class 1 | wahlafuna | wangahlafuna, akahlafuna, akangahlafuna |
| Class 2 | bahlafuna | bangahlafuna, abahlafuna, abangahlafuna |
| Class 3 | wahlafuna | wangahlafuna, awahlafuna, awangahlafuna |
| Class 4 | yahlafuna | yangahlafuna, ayahlafuna, ayangahlafuna |
| Class 5 | lahlafuna | langahlafuna, alahlafuna, alangahlafuna |
| Class 6 | ahlafuna | angahlafuna, awahlafuna, awangahlafuna |
| Class 7 | sahlafuna | sangahlafuna, asahlafuna, asangahlafuna |
| Class 8 | zahlafuna | zangahlafuna, azahlafuna, azangahlafuna |
| Class 9 | yahlafuna | yangahlafuna, ayahlafuna, ayangahlafuna |
| Class 10 | zahlafuna | zangahlafuna, azahlafuna, azangahlafuna |
| Class 11 | lwahlafuna | lwangahlafuna, alwahlafuna, alwangahlafuna |
| Class 14 | bahlafuna | bangahlafuna, abahlafuna, abangahlafuna |
| Class 15 | kwahlafuna | kwangahlafuna, akwahlafuna, akwangahlafuna |
| Class 17 | kwahlafuna | kwangahlafuna, akwahlafuna, akwangahlafuna |

#### Derived terms

* inhlafuno

### References

C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “hlafuna”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “hlafuna (3.2.9)”