# 痛惜
## Chinese
### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tòngxī, tòngxí
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄥˋ ㄒㄧ, ㄊㄨㄥˋ ㄒㄧˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tung$^3$ sik$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): thòng-sioh / thòng-sek
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tong$^3$ sioh$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tòngxī
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄥˋ ㄒㄧ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tòngsi
*** Wade–Giles: tʻung$^4$-hsi$^1$
*** Yale: tùng-syī
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tonqshi
*** Palladius: тунси (tunsi)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰʊŋ⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tòngxí
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄥˋ ㄒㄧˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tòngsí
*** Wade–Giles: tʻung$^4$-hsi$^2$
*** Yale: tùng-syí
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tonqshyi
*** Palladius: тунси (tunsi)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰʊŋ⁵¹ ɕi³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tung$^3$ sik$^1$
*** Yale: tung sīk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tung$^3$ sik$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tung$^3$ xig$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰʊŋ³³ sɪk̚⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thòng-sioh
*** Tâi-lô: thòng-sioh
*** Phofsit Daibuun: torngsioiq
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ sioʔ³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sioʔ⁵/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thòng-sek
*** Tâi-lô: thòng-sik
*** Phofsit Daibuun: torngseg
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ siɪk̚³²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: tong$^3$ sioh$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thòng sioh
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰoŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sioʔ²/

#### Verb

痛惜
* to lament

##### Synonyms

* 惋惜 (wǎnxī)

### Pronunciation 2

* Cantonese (Jyutping): tung$^3$ sek$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thung-siak
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): thiàⁿ-sioh
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tung$^3$ sek$^3$
*** Yale: tung sek
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tung$^3$ sek$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tung$^3$ ség$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰʊŋ³³ sɛːk̚³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thung-siak
*** Hakka Romanization System: tung xiag$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tung$^4$ xiag$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰuŋ⁵⁵ si̯ak̚²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thiàⁿ-sioh
*** Tâi-lô: thiànn-sioh
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tviarsioiq
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰiã²¹⁻⁵³ sioʔ³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sioʔ⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiã²¹⁻⁵³ sioʔ³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰiã¹¹⁻⁵³ sioʔ³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰiã²¹⁻⁴¹ siɤʔ³²/

#### Verb

痛惜
* (Cantonese, Hakka, Southern Min) to love dearly; to cherish

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 疼$_1$, 疼愛, 疼惜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 疼$_1$ |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 疼 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 疼$_1$ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 惜 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 惜 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) | 矜 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 惜 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 惜, 痛 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 惜 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 赤 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 嬌 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 惜 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 奇異 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 痛, 種 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 痛惜 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 痛惜 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 惜 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 惜 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 赤 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 恨 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 赤 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 惜 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 恨 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 恨 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 恨 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 痛惜 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 敬 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 敬 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 惜, 沙央 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 惜 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 惜 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 惜 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 惜 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 惜 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 惜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 惜 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 惜 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 惜 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 惜 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 惜 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 惜 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 沙央 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 惜 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 疼$_2$, 疼痛, 疼惜 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 疼$_2$, 疼痛, 疼惜 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 疼$_2$, 疼痛, 疼惜 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 疼$_2$, 惜, 疼痛, 疼惜 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 疼$_2$, 惜, 沙央 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 疼$_2$, 惜, 沙央 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 疼$_2$ |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 惜 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 惜 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 惜 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 惜 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 值鈿 |

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 痛 | 惜 |
| つう Grade: 6 | せき Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) つうせき [tsùúsékí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [t͡sɨːse̞kʲi]

### Noun

痛(つう)惜(せき) • (tsūseki)
* deep regret

### Verb

痛(つう)惜(せき)する • (tsūseki suru) suru (stem 痛(つう)惜(せき)し (tsūseki shi), past 痛(つう)惜(せき)した (tsūseki shita))
* to lament

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 痛惜し | つうせきし | tsūseki shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 痛惜し | つうせきし | tsūseki shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 痛惜する | つうせきする | tsūseki suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 痛惜する | つうせきする | tsūseki suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 痛惜すれ | つうせきすれ | tsūseki sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 痛惜せよ¹ 痛惜しろ² | つうせきせよ¹ つうせきしろ² | tsūseki seyo¹ tsūseki shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 痛惜される | つうせきされる | tsūseki sareru |
| Causative | 痛惜させる 痛惜さす | つうせきさせる つうせきさす | tsūseki saseru tsūseki sasu |
| Potential | 痛惜できる | つうせきできる | tsūseki dekiru |
| Volitional | 痛惜しよう | つうせきしよう | tsūseki shiyō |
| Negative | 痛惜しない | つうせきしない | tsūseki shinai |
| Negative continuative | 痛惜せず | つうせきせず | tsūseki sezu |
| Formal | 痛惜します | つうせきします | tsūseki shimasu |
| Perfective | 痛惜した | つうせきした | tsūseki shita |
| Conjunctive | 痛惜して | つうせきして | tsūseki shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 痛惜すれば | つうせきすれば | tsūseki sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN