# 貫徹
## Chinese
### Etymology

Earliest attested and used literally in in Great Tang Records of the Western Regions:
* 其夜夢見毘沙門天曰：「汝有何力敢壞伽藍？」因以長戟貫徹胸背。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]其夜梦见毗沙门天曰：「汝有何力敢坏伽蓝？」因以长戟贯彻胸背。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]From: Xuanzang, Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, 646 CE, translated based on Samuel Beal's versionQí yè mèng jiàn Píshāméntiān yuē: “Rǔ yǒu hélì gǎn huài gālán?” Yīn yǐ chángjǐ guànchè xiōngbèi. [Pinyin][I]n the night he had a dream. He saw Vaisravana Deva, who addressed him thus: "What power do you possess that you dare (to intend) to overthrow this convent?" and then hurling his lance, he transfixed him with it..

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): guànchè
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄢˋ ㄔㄜˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gun$^3$ cit$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kon-chha̍t
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): koàn-thiat
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: guànchè
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄢˋ ㄔㄜˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: guànchè
*** Wade–Giles: kuan$^4$-chʻê$^4$
*** Yale: gwàn-chè
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guanncheh
*** Palladius: гуаньчэ (guanʹčɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku̯än⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gun$^3$ cit$^3$
*** Yale: gun chit
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gun$^3$ tsit$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gun$^3$ qid$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kuːn³³ t͡sʰiːt̚³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kon-chha̍t
*** Hakka Romanization System: gon cad
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gon$^4$ cad$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /kon⁵⁵ t͡sʰat̚⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koàn-thiat
*** Tâi-lô: kuàn-thiat
*** Phofsit Daibuun: koarntiad
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kuan²¹⁻⁵³ tʰiɛt̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kuan⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰiɛt̚⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kuan²¹⁻⁵³ tʰiɛt̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kuan¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰiɛt̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kuan²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰiɛt̚³²/
* Middle Chinese: kwanH trhjet
Rime :
| Character | 貫 | 徹 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 徹 (10) |
| Final (韻) | 桓 (62) | 薛 (83) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 古玩切 | 丑列切 |
| Baxter | kwanH | trhjet |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuɑn$^H$/ | /ʈʰˠiᴇt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʷɑn$^H$/ | /ʈʰᵚiɛt̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kuɑn$^H$/ | /ȶʰiæt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kwan$^H$/ | /ʈʰiat̚/ |
| Li Rong | /kuɑn$^H$/ | /ȶʰjɛt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /kuɑn$^H$/ | /ȶʰĭɛt̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kuɑn$^H$/ | /ȶʰi̯ɛt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | guàn | che |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gun$^3$ | cit$^3$ |

### Verb

貫徹
* to implement; to carry out; to put into practice

#### Synonyms

* 來到／来到 (láidào)
* 執行／执行 (zhíxíng)
* 奉行 (fèngxíng)
* 實施／实施 (shíshī)
* 實現／实现 (shíxiàn)
* 實行／实行 (shíxíng)
* 實踐／实践 (shíjiàn)
* 履行 (lǚxíng)
* 採取／采取 (cǎiqǔ)
* 推行 (tuīxíng)
* 操作 (cāozuò)
* 啟動／启动 (qǐdòng)
* 施
* 施行 (shīxíng)
* 施設／施设 (shīshè) (literary)
* 服行 (fúxíng) (literary)
* 落地 (figurative)
* 落實／落实 (luòshí)
* 踐行／践行 (jiànxíng) (literary)

#### Related terms

* 貫通／贯通 (guàntōng)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 貫徹(かんてつ) (kantetsu)
* → Vietnamese: quán triệt (貫徹)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 貫 | 徹 |
| かん Grade: S | てつ Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かんてつ [kàńtétsú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kã̠nte̞t͡sɨ]

### Noun

貫(かん)徹(てつ) • (kantetsu)
* execute thoroughly
    初志(しょし)貫徹(かんてつ)
       shoshi kantetsu
       (please add an English translation of this example)

### Verb

貫(かん)徹(てつ)する • (kantetsu suru) suru (stem 貫(かん)徹(てつ)し (kantetsu shi), past 貫(かん)徹(てつ)した (kantetsu shita))
* to execute thoroughly

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 貫徹し | かんてつし | kantetsu shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 貫徹し | かんてつし | kantetsu shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 貫徹する | かんてつする | kantetsu suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 貫徹する | かんてつする | kantetsu suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 貫徹すれ | かんてつすれ | kantetsu sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 貫徹せよ¹ 貫徹しろ² | かんてつせよ¹ かんてつしろ² | kantetsu seyo¹ kantetsu shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 貫徹される | かんてつされる | kantetsu sareru |
| Causative | 貫徹させる 貫徹さす | かんてつさせる かんてつさす | kantetsu saseru kantetsu sasu |
| Potential | 貫徹できる | かんてつできる | kantetsu dekiru |
| Volitional | 貫徹しよう | かんてつしよう | kantetsu shiyō |
| Negative | 貫徹しない | かんてつしない | kantetsu shinai |
| Negative continuative | 貫徹せず | かんてつせず | kantetsu sezu |
| Formal | 貫徹します | かんてつします | kantetsu shimasu |
| Perfective | 貫徹した | かんてつした | kantetsu shita |
| Conjunctive | 貫徹して | かんてつして | kantetsu shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 貫徹すれば | かんてつすれば | kantetsu sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN