# 洞葛
## Chinese
### Etymology

From Malay tongkat.

### Pronunciation

* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): tōng-kat / tōng-kak
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dong$^6$ gag$^4$
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Kinmen, Singapore, Penang)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tōng-kat
*** Tâi-lô: tōng-kat
*** Phofsit Daibuun: doxngkad
*** IPA (Xiamen, Singapore): /tɔŋ²²⁻²¹ kat̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /tɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² kat̚⁵/
*** IPA (Kinmen): /tɔŋ²²⁻¹² kat̚³²/
*** IPA (Penang): /tɔŋ²¹ kat̚³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tōng-kak
*** Tâi-lô: tōng-kak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: doxngkag
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tɔŋ²²⁻²¹ kak̚³²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: dong$^6$ gag$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tŏng kak
*** Sinological IPA : /toŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ kak̚²/

### Noun

洞葛
* (Hokkien, Teochew) (Western-style) cane; walking stick

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 拐杖, 拐棍, 手杖, 文明棍 dated |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 拐棍兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 拐杖 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 拐棍兒, 拐杖, 手杖, 文明棍兒 dated |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 拐杖 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 拐棍, 拄棒, 手杖, 文明棍兒 dated |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 拐, 拐棍兒, 手杖 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 拐棍兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 拐拐, 文明棍兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 拐拐兒, 拐棍兒, 文明棍兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 拐棍, 文明棍 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 拐棍兒, 拐杖, 文明棍兒, 斯提克 dated |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 拐棍, 文明棍 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 拐棍, 文明棍子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 拐棍兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 拐棍兒, 拐棍, 手棍兒, 文明棍兒, 文明棍 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 拐棍, 文明棍子 dated, 文明棍 dated |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 拐棍, 拐杖, 杵手棍, 自由棍, 文明棍 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 拐棍, 司啲棍 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 拐棍, 拐杖, 文明棍 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 拐棍 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 拐棍 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 拐杖, 拐, 士的 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 拐杖, 士的 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 士的 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 拐杖, 士的 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 拐杖, 士的 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 拐棍, 文明棍 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 老人棒, 文明棍 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 拄手棍, 自由棍子 dated, 西洋棍 dated |
| Hakka | Meixian | 杖仔, 手杖, 短㓤仔 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 戳拐 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 拐棍, 拐棍兒, 文明棍 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 拐棍, 文明棍兒 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 杖仔, 文明杖 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 具具, 杖杖, 老具, 具杖, 老杖 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 拐仔, 手拐, 洞葛 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 拐仔, 手拐, 洞葛 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 洞葛 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 拐仔, 手拐, 洞葛 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 拐仔 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 拐仔 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 拐仔 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 拐仔 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 拐仔 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 拐仔 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 拐仔 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 拐仔 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 洞葛, 拐仔 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 拐仔 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 洞葛 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 洞葛 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 洞葛 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 洞葛 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 洞葛 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 杖 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 手棍, 士的 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 拐棍, 拐棒, 士的棍 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 拐杖, 司的克, 撐壓棒, 撐行棒 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 老鰥棒, 司的克 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 拐杖, 拄拐, 司的克 |
| Wu | Danyang | 拐棒 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 拐杖兒, 司的克 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 按杖棒, 按拄杖, 司的克 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 棒拄, 司的克 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 拐兒, 妒拐兒, 司的克 |
| Wu | Jinhua (Tangxi) | 棍杖 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 拐棍, 戳手棍, 自由棍, 文明棍 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 戳手棍, 文明棍, 欑路棍 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 戳手棍, 杖 |