# 開拓
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kāituò
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄞ ㄊㄨㄛˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi$^1$ tok$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khôi-thok
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khai-thok
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kāituò
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄞ ㄊㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kaituò
*** Wade–Giles: kʻai$^1$-tʻo$^4$
*** Yale: kāi-twò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kaituoh
*** Palladius: кайто (kajto)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ tʰu̯ɔ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hoi$^1$ tok$^3$
*** Yale: hōi tok
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hoi$^1$ tok$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hoi$^1$ tog$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔːi̯⁵⁵ tʰɔːk̚³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khôi-thok
*** Hakka Romanization System: koi$^ˊ$ tog$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: koi$^1$ tog$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰoi̯²⁴ tʰok̚²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khai-thok
*** Tâi-lô: khai-thok
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qai'tog
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² tʰɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰai³³ tʰɔk̚⁵/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² tʰɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰɔk̚³²/
* Middle Chinese: khoj thak
Rime :
| Character | 開 | 拓 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) | 透 (6) |
| Final (韻) | 咍 (41) | 鐸 (103) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 苦哀切 | 他各切 |
| Baxter | khoj | thak |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰʌi/ | /tʰɑk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰəi/ | /tʰɑk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰɒi/ | /tʰɑk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰəj/ | /tʰak̚/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰᴀi/ | /tʰɑk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰɒi/ | /tʰɑk̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kʰɑ̆i/ | /tʰɑk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kāi | tuo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hoi$^1$ | tok$^3$ |

### Verb

開拓
* (literal) to develop; to open up; to break ground
* (figurative) to break ground; to broaden; to exploit
    開拓市場／开拓市场 ― kāituò shìchǎng ― to exploit markets

#### Synonyms

* (to develop):
* 壯大／壮大 (zhuàngdà)
* 廣／广 (literary, or in compounds)
* 張皇／张皇 (zhānghuáng) (literary)
* 擴充／扩充 (kuòchōng)
* 擴大／扩大 (kuòdà)
* 擴展／扩展 (kuòzhǎn)
* 擴張／扩张 (kuòzhāng)
* 放

#### Derived terms

* 開拓者／开拓者 (kāituòzhě)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 開拓(かいたく) (kaitaku)
* → Korean: 개척(開拓) (gaecheok)
* → Vietnamese: khai thác (開拓)

#### See also

* 開發／开发 (kāifā)
* 開墾／开垦 (kāikěn)
* 開闢／开辟 (kāipì)

### References

* “Entry #51001”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 開 | 拓 |
| かい Grade: 3 | たく Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ka̠ita̠kɯ̟]

### Noun

開(かい)拓(たく) • (kaitaku)
* reclamation of land, cultivation of farmland, development of resources
* exploration

### Verb

開(かい)拓(たく)する • (kaitaku suru) transitive suru (stem 開(かい)拓(たく)し (kaitaku shi), past 開(かい)拓(たく)した (kaitaku shita))
* reclaim, cultivate, develop
* explore

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 開拓し | かいたくし | kaitaku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 開拓し | かいたくし | kaitaku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 開拓する | かいたくする | kaitaku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 開拓する | かいたくする | kaitaku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 開拓すれ | かいたくすれ | kaitaku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 開拓せよ¹ 開拓しろ² | かいたくせよ¹ かいたくしろ² | kaitaku seyo¹ kaitaku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 開拓される | かいたくされる | kaitaku sareru |
| Causative | 開拓させる 開拓さす | かいたくさせる かいたくさす | kaitaku saseru kaitaku sasu |
| Potential | 開拓できる | かいたくできる | kaitaku dekiru |
| Volitional | 開拓しよう | かいたくしよう | kaitaku shiyō |
| Negative | 開拓しない | かいたくしない | kaitaku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 開拓せず | かいたくせず | kaitaku sezu |
| Formal | 開拓します | かいたくします | kaitaku shimasu |
| Perfective | 開拓した | かいたくした | kaitaku shita |
| Conjunctive | 開拓して | かいたくして | kaitaku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 開拓すれば | かいたくすれば | kaitaku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 開 | 拓 |

### Noun

開拓 • (gaecheok) (hangeul 개척)
* hanja form of 개척 (“cultivation; development”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 開 | 拓 |

### Verb

開拓
* chữ Hán form of khai thác (“to exploit (resources, etc.); to make use of; to harness”).