# 丞相
## Chinese

* 丞相

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chéngxiàng
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄥˊ ㄒㄧㄤˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sing$^4$ soeng$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sêng-siùⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sêng$^5$ siang$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chéngxiàng
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄥˊ ㄒㄧㄤˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chéngsiàng
*** Wade–Giles: chʻêng$^2$-hsiang$^4$
*** Yale: chéng-syàng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: cherngshianq
*** Palladius: чэнсян (čɛnsjan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$丞相 成像 成象
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sing$^4$ soeng$^3$
*** Yale: sìhng seung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sing$^4$ soeng$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: xing$^4$ sêng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɪŋ²¹ sœːŋ³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sêng-siùⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: sîng-siùnn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sengsviux
*** IPA (Taipei): /siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ siũ¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /siɪŋ²³⁻³³ siũ²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: sêng$^5$ siang$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sêng siàng
*** Sinological IPA : /seŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siaŋ²¹³/
* Middle Chinese: dzying sjangH
Rime :
| Character | 丞 | 相 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 常 (25) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 蒸 (133) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 署陵切 | 息亮切 |
| Baxter | dzying | sjangH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ʑɨŋ/ | /sɨɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡ʑɨŋ/ | /siɐŋ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ʑieŋ/ | /siɑŋ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡ʑiŋ/ | /sɨaŋ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ʑiəŋ/ | /siaŋ$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ʑĭəŋ/ | /sĭaŋ$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ʑi̯əŋ/ | /si̯aŋ$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | chéng | xiàng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sing$^4$ | soeng$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-təŋ [s]aŋ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡljɯŋs slaŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 丞 | 相 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | chéng | xiàng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzying › | ‹ sjang$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*m-təŋ/ | /*[s]aŋ-s/ |
| English | assist | appearance, quality |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 丞 | 相 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 1415 | 13586 |
| Phonetic component | 丞 | 相 |
| Rime group | 蒸 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 丞 | 相 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡljɯŋs/ | /*slaŋs/ |

### Noun

丞相
* (historical) Chancellor of State
    From: Chen Shou, Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 3rd century CE
    Hàn bà sāngōng guān, zhì chéngxiàng, yùshǐdàfū. [Pinyin]
    During the Han dynasty, the offices of Three Ducal Ministers were abolished, and those of the Grand Chancellor and Imperial Censor were established.
    From: Tang dynasty, Du Fu, Fair Ladies: A Ballad (《麗人行》), translation by Stephen Owen, The Poetry of Du Fu
    Zhìshǒukěrè shì juélún, shèn mò jìnqián chéngxiàng chēn. [Pinyin]
    Heat that can burn the hands, power beyond all measure― Take care not to come close before the Minister's angry glare!

#### Synonyms

* 相府 (xiàngfǔ)
* 相 (xiàng)
* 相國／相国 (xiàngguó)
* 宰相 (zǎixiàng)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 丞相(じょうしょう) (jōshō); 丞相(しょうじょう) (shōjō)
* → Korean: 승상(丞相) (seungsang)
* → Vietnamese: thừa tướng (丞相)

#### See also

* 首相 (shǒuxiàng)
* 議長／议长 (yìzhǎng)
* 主席 (zhǔxí)
* 總理／总理 (zǒnglǐ)
* 總統／总统 (zǒngtǒng)
* 閣揆／阁揆 (gékuí)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 丞 | 相 |
| じょう Jinmeiyō | しょう Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) じょーしょー [jòóshóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [d͡ʑo̞ːɕo̞ː]

### Noun

丞(じょう)相(しょう) • (jōshō)
* (historical) prime minister (in ancient China)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 丞 | 相 |

### Noun

丞相 • (seungsang) (hangeul 승상)
* hanja form of 승상 (“prime minister”)