# 故鄉
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gùxiāng
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˋ ㄒㄧㄤ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gu$^3$ hoeng$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ku-hiông
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kò͘-hiong / kò͘-hiang
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gu$^7$ hiên$^1$ / gu$^7$ hion$^1$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^5$ku-shian$_1$ / $^5$kou-shian$_1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gùxiāng
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˋ ㄒㄧㄤ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gùsiang
*** Wade–Giles: ku$^4$-hsiang$^1$
*** Yale: gù-syāng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guhshiang
*** Palladius: гусян (gusjan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku⁵¹ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gu$^3$ hoeng$^1$
*** Yale: gu hēung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gu$^3$ hoeng$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gu$^3$ hêng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kuː³³ hœːŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ku-hiông
*** Hakka Romanization System: gu hiong$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gu$^4$ hiong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /ku⁵⁵ hi̯oŋ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kò͘-hiong
*** Tâi-lô: kòo-hiong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: korhiofng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kɔ²¹⁻⁵³ hiɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hiɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ hiɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ hiɔŋ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kò͘-hiang
*** Tâi-lô: kòo-hiang
*** Phofsit Daibuun: korhiafng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ²¹⁻⁵³ hiaŋ⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gu$^7$ hiên$^1$ / gu$^7$ hion$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kū hieⁿ / kū hioⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /ku¹¹ hĩẽ³³/, /ku¹¹ hĩõ³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$ku-shian$_1$
*** MiniDict: ku$^去$ shian$^平$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$ku-xian$_1$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ku³³ ɕiã⁴⁴/
** (Northern: Suzhou)
*** Wugniu: $^5$kou-shian$_1$
*** MiniDict: kou$^去$ shian$^平$
*** Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /kəu⁵² ɕiã³³/
* Middle Chinese: kuH xjang
Rime :
| Character | 故 | 鄉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 古暮切 | 許良切 |
| Baxter | kuH | xjang |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuo$^H$/ | /hɨɐŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kuo$^H$/ | /hiɐŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ko$^H$/ | /xiɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɔ$^H$/ | /hɨaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ko$^H$/ | /xiaŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ku$^H$/ | /xĭaŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kuo$^H$/ | /xi̯aŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gù | xiāng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gu$^3$ | hoeng$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤaʔ-s qʰaŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kaːs qʰaŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 故 | 鄉 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gù | xiāng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ku$^H$ › | ‹ xjang › |
| Old Chinese | /*kˁaʔ-s/ | /*qʰaŋ/ |
| English | old (not new) | village; district |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 故 | 鄉 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 4228 | 13596 |
| Phonetic component | 古 | 鄉 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 顧 | 香 |
| Old Chinese | /*kaːs/ | /*qʰaŋ/ |
| Notes | | 甲金文象兩人對食， 爲饗初文 |

### Noun

故鄉
* native land; hometown; birthplace
    當作第二故鄉／当作第二故乡 ― dàngzuò dì'èr gùxiāng ― to treat (a place) as one's second hometown

#### Synonyms

* 土 (literary, or in compounds)
* 家鄉／家乡 (jiāxiāng)
* 故國／故国 (gùguó) (literary)
* 故園／故园 (gùyuán) (literary)
* 故土 (gùtǔ)
* 故里 (gùlǐ)
* 老家 (lǎojiā)
* 老屋 (Hakka)
* 鄉下／乡下
* 鄉土／乡土 (xiāngtǔ)
* 鄉梓／乡梓 (xiāngzǐ) (literary)
* 鄉關／乡关 (xiāngguān) (literary)
* 鄉黨／乡党 (xiāngdǎng) (Classical)

#### Derived terms

* 富貴不歸故鄉，如衣繡夜行／富贵不归故乡，如衣绣夜行
* 并州故鄉
* 月是故鄉明／月是故乡明 (yuè shì gùxiāng míng)
* 衣錦故鄉／衣锦故乡
* 親不親，故鄉人，美不美，鄉中水／亲不亲，故乡人，美不美，乡中水

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 故(こ)郷(きょう) (kokyō)
* → Korean: 고향(故鄕) (gohyang)
* → Vietnamese: cố hương (故鄉)