# atbaill
## Old Irish
### Alternative forms

* ad·baill, at·bail

### Etymology

From ess- (“out of”) +‎ Class B third-person singular neuter infixed pronoun d- (“it”) +‎ Proto-Celtic *balnīti, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH- (“throw”). Thus literally ‘throw it’, originally either a euphemism or slang.
The preterite forms in at·bath- and the verbal noun apthu are from ess- +‎ d- +‎ original preterite passive form of baïd (“to die”), from Proto-Celtic *bayeti, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeh₂- (“tread”) (via a euphemistic meaning similar to pass away).
Compare Middle Welsh aballu (“die, perish”) (from *ad-balni-), Ancient Greek βάλλω (bállō, “throw”), Old English cwelan (“die”), Old Armenian կեղեմ (kełem, “torment, torture”), Lithuanian gėlà (“pain”)), compare Old Armenian կամ (kam, “to stand”), Latvian gāja (“went”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [adˈβal͈ʲ]

### Verb

at·baill (prototonic ·epil, verbal noun epeltu or apthu)
* to perish, die
    Synonyms: ara·chrin, baïd
For quotations using this term, see Citations:atbaill.

#### Conjugation

The identification of this verb's present conjugation class is highly controversial due to simultaneously exhibiting alternation between a nasal suffixed present (seen in the -ll- ← -ln- attested only in the present stem) and non-nasal-suffix non-present stems characteristic of B IV and B V verbs in addition to the palatalization pattern of a B I verb. Virtually every author places this verb in a different conjugation class. Thurneysen classifies this as B V, McCone classifies this as B III, Le Mair classifies this as B I, and Anderson creates an entire new conjugation class reserved for this verb, ernaid, sernaid, and marnaid.
| | | 1st sg. | 2nd sg. | 3rd sg. | 1st pl. | 2nd pl. | 3rd pl. | Passive sg. | Passive pl. |
| Present indicative | Deut. | at·ball | at·baill | at·bail, at·baill, ad·baill; asind·bail (relative) | at·ballam | at·baillid | at·ballat | at·ballar | |
| Present indicative | Prot. | ·epul | ·epil | ·epil, ·apail | ·eiplem | ·eiplid | ·eiplet | ·apallar, ·epallar | |
| Imperfect indicative | Deut. | at·baillinn | at·bailletha | at·bailled | at·bailmis | at·baillethae | at·bailtis | at·baillethae | |
| Imperfect indicative | Prot. | ·eiplinn | ·eipletha | ·eipled | ·epilmis | ·eiplethae | ·eiplitis | ·eiplethae | |
| Preterite | Deut. | at·balt | at·bath | at·bath | | | at·bathatar; asind·bathatar (relative) | | at·batha (with active meaning) |
| Preterite | Prot. | | | ·apath | | | ·apathatar | | ·aptha (with active meaning) |
| Perfect | Deut. | at·rubalt | | at·rubalt | | | at·rubaltatar | | |
| Perfect | Prot. | | | ·érbailt | | | ·érbaltatar | | |
| Future | Deut. | at·bél | at·bélae | at·béla | at·bélam | at·bélaid | at·bélat | | |
| Future | Prot. | | | ·epéla | | | ·epélat | | |
| Conditional | Deut. | | | at·bélad | at·bélmis | | | | |
| Conditional | Prot. | | | | | | | | |
| Present subjunctive | Deut. | at·bel; asind·bel (relative) | | at·bela; asin·bela (relative); at·roblea (ro-form) | | | | | |
| Present subjunctive | Prot. | | | ·eplea; ·érbala (ro-form) | ·érbalam, ·ǽrbalam (ro-form) | | ·eplet; ·érbalat (ro-form) | | |
| Past subjunctive | Deut. | at·belain, at·belainn; asind·belain (relative) | | at·belad; asind·belad (relative) | at·belmais | | at·beltais | | |
| Past subjunctive | Prot. | | | ·epled, ·aipled; ·érbalad (ro-form) | | | ·epeltais, ·epíltis | | |
| Imperative | Imperative | | | | | | eiplet, aiplet | | |
| Verbal noun | Verbal noun | epeltu, apthu | | | | | | | |
| Past participle | Past participle | | | | | | | | |
| Verbal of necessity | Verbal of necessity | | | | | | | | |

#### Descendants

* Middle Irish: eplaid, ablaid

### References

* ↑ Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2017) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 552, page 357
* ↑ McCone, Kim (1997) The Early Irish Verb (Maynooth Monographs 1), 2nd edition, Maynooth: An Sagart, →ISBN, pages 30–31
* ↑ Le Mair, Esther (2011) Secondary Verbs in Old Irish: A comparative-historical study of patterns of verbal derivation in the Old Irish Glosses (Ph.D. thesis), Galway: National University of Ireland, page 281
* ↑ Anderson, Cormac (2016) Consonant colour and vocalism in the history of Irish (Ph.D. thesis), Poznań: Adam Mickiewicz University, page 277

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “at-bail(l)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language