# 過程
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): guòchéng
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄛˋ ㄔㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gwo$^3$ cing$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ko-chhàng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kòe-têng / kèr-thêng / kè-têng / kè-thêng / kòe-thêng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): guê$^3$ tian$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: guòchéng
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄛˋ ㄔㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: guòchéng
*** Wade–Giles: kuo$^4$-chʻêng$^2$
*** Yale: gwò-chéng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guohcherng
*** Palladius: гочэн (gočɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku̯ɔ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gwo$^3$ cing$^4$
*** Yale: gwo chìhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gwo$^3$ tsing$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: guo$^3$ qing$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʷɔː³³ t͡sʰɪŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ko-chhàng
*** Hakka Romanization System: go cang$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: go$^4$ cang$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /ko⁵⁵ t͡sʰaŋ¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kòe-têng
*** Tâi-lô: kuè-tîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: koea'deeng
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kue²¹⁻⁴¹ tiɪŋ²³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kèr-thêng
*** Tâi-lô: kèr-thîng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kə⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰiɪŋ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kè-têng
*** Tâi-lô: kè-tîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kea'deeng
*** IPA (Taipei): /ke¹¹⁻⁵³ tiɪŋ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kè-thêng
*** Tâi-lô: kè-thîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kea'teeng
*** IPA (Taipei): /ke¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰiɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ke²¹⁻⁵³ tʰiɪŋ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kòe-thêng
*** Tâi-lô: kuè-thîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: koea'teeng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kue²¹⁻⁵³ tʰiɪŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kue²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰiɪŋ²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: guê$^3$ tian$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kuè thiâⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /kue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tʰĩã⁵⁵/

### Noun

過程
* process; course
    認識過程／认识过程 ― rènshi guòchéng ― cognitive process
    一個漫長的過程／一个漫长的过程 ― yīge màncháng de guòchéng ― a long process
    全過程人民民主／全过程人民民主 ― quán guòchéng rénmín mínzhǔ ― whole-process people's democracy
       Tā zài zhège guòchéng zhōng qǐ shénme zuòyòng? [Pinyin]
       What role does it play in this process?
       Zài shūxuè guòchéng zhōng yīng mìqiè zhùyì shūxuè de bùliáng fǎnyìng fāshēng bìng yīnggāi jíshí hélǐ de chǔlǐ. [Pinyin]
       During blood transfusions we should pay close attention to potential adverse reactions and deal with them in a timely and reasonable manner.
* (Mainland China, computing) procedure

#### Synonyms

* 歷程／历程 (lìchéng)
* 流程 (liúchéng)
* 行程 (xíngchéng)
* 進程／进程 (jìnchéng)

#### Derived terms

* 映射過程／映射过程
* 生產過程／生产过程
* 認識過程／认识过程
* 轉變過程／转变过程
* 隨機過程／随机过程 (suíjī guòchéng)
* 馬爾可夫過程／马尔可夫过程

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 過 | 程 |
| か Grade: 5 | てい Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かてー [kàtéé] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ka̠te̞ː]
* Homophones: 家庭, 仮定, 課程

### Noun

過(か)程(てい) • (katei)
* process
** 2011, Barack Obama, 中東と北アフリカに関するバラク・オバマの演説, translation of "Remarks by the President on the Middle East and North Africa":
    その過(か)程(てい)では、悪(わる)い時期(じき)も良(よ)い時期(じき)もあろう。
       Sono katei de wa, warui jiki mo yoi jiki mo arō.
       Along the way, there will be good days and there will be bad days.

#### Synonyms

* プロセス (purosesu)
* 経緯(いきさつ) (ikisatsu)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 過 | 程 |

### Noun

過程 • (gwajeong) (hangeul 과정)
* hanja form of 과정 (“process”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 過 | 程 |

### Noun

過程
* chữ Hán form of quá trình (“process”).