# 故障
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gùzhàng
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˋ ㄓㄤˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gu$^3$ zoeng$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ku-chong
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kò͘-chiong / kò͘-chiòng / kò͘-chiàng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gu$^3$ ziang$^3$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$ku-tsaon$_5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gùzhàng → gùzhang (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˋ ㄓㄤˋ → ㄍㄨˋ ˙ㄓㄤ (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gùjhång
*** Wade–Giles: ku$^4$-chang$^5$
*** Yale: gù-jang
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guh.janq
*** Palladius: гучжан (gučžan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵¹/ → /ku⁵¹ ɖ͡ʐ̥ɑŋ¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gu$^3$ zoeng$^3$
*** Yale: gu jeung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gu$^3$ dzoeng$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gu$^3$ zêng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kuː³³ t͡sœːŋ³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ku-chong
*** Hakka Romanization System: gu zong
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gu$^4$ zong$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ku⁵⁵ t͡soŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kò͘-chiong
*** Tâi-lô: kòo-tsiong
*** Phofsit Daibuun: korciofng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kò͘-chiòng
*** Tâi-lô: kòo-tsiòng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: korcioxng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siɔŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kɔ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɔŋ²¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siɔŋ²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɔŋ¹¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kò͘-chiàng
*** Tâi-lô: kòo-tsiàng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: korciaxng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siaŋ²¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gu$^3$ ziang$^3$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kù tsiàng
*** Sinological IPA : /ku²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡siaŋ²¹³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$ku-tsaon$_5$
*** MiniDict: ku$^去$ tsaon$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$ku-tsaan$_2$
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ku³³ t͡sɑ̃⁴⁴/

### Noun

故障
* breakdown; malfunction; fault; failure (of a mechanical or electronic device)
    出故障 ― chū gùzhàng ― to breakdown
    技術故障／技术故障 ― jìshù gùzhàng ― technical fault
    引擎故障 ― yǐnqíng gùzhàng ― engine failure
       Wǒ de chē chū gùzhàng le. [Pinyin]
       My car has broken down.
* (figurative) obstacle; hitch
* (computing) bug

#### Synonyms

* (obstacle):
* 壁壘／壁垒 (bìlěi) (figurative)
* 壁障 (bìzhàng) (literal, figurative)
* 妨礙／妨碍 (fáng'ài)
* 攔路虎／拦路虎 (lánlùhǔ) (figurative)
* 絆腳石／绊脚石 (bànjiǎoshí) (figurative)
* 蔽障 (bìzhàng) (literal, figurative)
* 釘子／钉子 (dīngzi) (figurative)
* 關卡／关卡 (guānqiǎ) (figurative)
* 障礙／障碍 (zhàng'ài)
* 障礙物／障碍物 (zhàng'àiwù) (literal, figurative)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 故(こ)障(しょう) (koshō)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 故 | 障 |
| こ Grade: 5 | しょう Grade: 6 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こしょー [kòshóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ko̞ɕo̞ː]

### Noun

故(こ)障(しょう) • (koshō)
* break, break down, have a fault, go out of order

### Verb

故(こ)障(しょう)する • (koshō suru) intransitive suru (stem 故(こ)障(しょう)し (koshō shi), past 故(こ)障(しょう)した (koshō shita))
* break, break down, have a fault

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 故障し | こしょうし | koshō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 故障し | こしょうし | koshō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 故障する | こしょうする | koshō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 故障する | こしょうする | koshō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 故障すれ | こしょうすれ | koshō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 故障せよ¹ 故障しろ² | こしょうせよ¹ こしょうしろ² | koshō seyo¹ koshō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 故障される | こしょうされる | koshō sareru |
| Causative | 故障させる 故障さす | こしょうさせる こしょうさす | koshō saseru koshō sasu |
| Potential | 故障できる | こしょうできる | koshō dekiru |
| Volitional | 故障しよう | こしょうしよう | koshō shiyō |
| Negative | 故障しない | こしょうしない | koshō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 故障せず | こしょうせず | koshō sezu |
| Formal | 故障します | こしょうします | koshō shimasu |
| Perfective | 故障した | こしょうした | koshō shita |
| Conjunctive | 故障して | こしょうして | koshō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 故障すれば | こしょうすれば | koshō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 故 | 障 |

### Noun

故障 • (gojang) (hangeul 고장)
* hanja form of 고장 (“mechanical breakdown”)