# 謹慎
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jǐnshèn
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄣˇ ㄕㄣˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gan$^2$ san$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kín-sīn
    (Teochew, Peng'im): geng$^2$ sim$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jǐnshèn
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣˇ ㄕㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jǐnshèn
*** Wade–Giles: chin$^3$-shên$^4$
*** Yale: jǐn-shèn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiinshenn
*** Palladius: цзиньшэнь (czinʹšɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂən⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gan$^2$ san$^6$
*** Yale: gán sahn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gan$^2$ san$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gen$^2$ sen$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɐn³⁵ sɐn²²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kín-sīn
*** Tâi-lô: kín-sīn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kynsin
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kin⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kin⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sin⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kin⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kin⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sin³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kin⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sin³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: geng$^2$ sim$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kṳ́ng sím
*** Sinological IPA : /kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ sim⁵²⁻²¹/
* Middle Chinese: kj+nX dzyinH
Rime :
| Character | 謹 | 慎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 常 (25) |
| Final (韻) | 欣 (57) | 真 (43) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 居隱切 | 時刃切 |
| Baxter | kj+nX | dzyinH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɨn$^X$/ | /d͡ʑiɪn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kɨn$^X$/ | /d͡ʑin$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiən$^X$/ | /d͡ʑjen$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɨn$^X$/ | /d͡ʑin$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kiən$^X$/ | /ʑiĕn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭən$^X$/ | /ʑĭĕn$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ki̯ən$^X$/ | /ʑi̯ĕn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jǐn | shèn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gan$^2$ | san$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kə[r]ʔ [d]i[n]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kɯnʔ djins/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 謹 | 慎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jǐn | shèn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kj+n$^X$ › | ‹ dzyin$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*kə[r]ʔ/ | /*[d]i[n]-s/ |
| English | attentive, careful | careful |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 謹 | 慎 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 6744 | 17082 |
| Phonetic component | 堇 | 眞 |
| Rime group | 文 | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 謹 | 愼 |
| Old Chinese | /*kɯnʔ/ | /*djins/ |

### Adjective

謹慎
* cautious; careful; prudent; circumspect; wary
    From: Commentary of Guliang, circa 206 BCE– 9 CE
    Fù jiè zhī yuē: “Jǐnshèn cóng ěr jiù zhī yán.” Mǔ jiè zhī yuē: “Jǐnshèn cóng ěr gū zhī yán.” Zhūmǔ bān shēn zhī yuē: “Jǐnshèn cóng ěr fùmǔ zhī yán.” [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Synonyms

* 不苟 (bùgǒu) (formal)
* 仔細／仔细 (zǐxì)
* 嚴／严 (yán)
* 嚴肅／严肃 (yánsù)
* 嚴謹／严谨 (yánjǐn)
* 墘角 (gièng-gáe̤k) (Eastern Min)
* 密切 (mìqiè)
* 審慎／审慎 (shěnshèn) (formal)
* 小心 (xiǎoxīn)
* 慎密 (shènmì)
* 慎重 (shènzhòng)
* 慘淡／惨淡 (cǎndàn)
* 板正 (bǎnzhèng)
* 正經／正经
* 當心／当心 (dāngxīn)
* 精心 (jīngxīn)
* 精細／精细 (jīngxì)
* 細心／细心 (xìxīn)
* 細膩／细腻 (xìnì) (Min)
* 認真／认真 (rènzhēn)
* 謹嚴／谨严 (jǐnyán)
* 較真／较真 (jiàozhēn) (colloquial)
* 過細／过细 (guòxì)
* 鞠躬 (jūgōng) (literary)

#### Antonyms

* 隨便／随便 (suíbiàn)

#### Derived terms

* 小心謹慎／小心谨慎 (xiǎoxīnjǐnshèn)
* 謙虛謹慎／谦虚谨慎 (qiānxūjǐnshèn)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 謹慎(きんしん) (kinshin)
* → Vietnamese: cẩn thận (謹慎)

#### See also

* 恭敬 (gōngjìng)
* 恭謹／恭谨 (gōngjǐn)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 謹 | 慎 |
| きん Grade: S | しん Grade: S |
| kan'on ||
* Alternative spelling
* 謹愼 (kyūjitai)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) きんしん [kìńshíń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kʲĩɰ̃ɕĩɴ]

### Noun

謹(きん)慎(しん) • (kinshin)
* self restraint
    謹(きん)慎(しん)処(しょ)分(ぶん)を食(く)らう
       kinshin shobun o kurau
       to get suspended (from work or school)
* moderating one's behaviour
* penitence
* discipline

#### Derived terms

* 不(ふ)謹(きん)慎(しん) (fukinshin)

### Adjective

謹(きん)慎(しん) • (kinshin) -na (adnominal 謹(きん)慎(しん)な (kinshin na), adverbial 謹(きん)慎(しん)に (kinshin ni))
* prudent; disciplined

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 謹慎だろ | きんしんだろ | kinshin daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 謹慎で | きんしんで | kinshin de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 謹慎だ | きんしんだ | kinshin da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 謹慎な | きんしんな | kinshin na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 謹慎なら | きんしんなら | kinshin nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 謹慎であれ | きんしんであれ | kinshin de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 謹慎ではない 謹慎じゃない | きんしんではない きんしんじゃない | kinshin de wa nai kinshin ja nai |
| Informal past | 謹慎だった | きんしんだった | kinshin datta |
| Informal negative past | 謹慎ではなかった 謹慎じゃなかった | きんしんではなかった きんしんじゃなかった | kinshin de wa nakatta kinshin ja nakatta |
| Formal | 謹慎です | きんしんです | kinshin desu |
| Formal negative | 謹慎ではありません 謹慎じゃありません | きんしんではありません きんしんじゃありません | kinshin de wa arimasen kinshin ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 謹慎でした | きんしんでした | kinshin deshita |
| Formal negative past | 謹慎ではありませんでした 謹慎じゃありませんでした | きんしんではありませんでした きんしんじゃありませんでした | kinshin de wa arimasen deshita kinshin ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 謹慎で | きんしんで | kinshin de |
| Conditional | 謹慎なら（ば） | きんしんなら（ば） | kinshin nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 謹慎だったら | きんしんだったら | kinshin dattara |
| Volitional | 謹慎だろう | きんしんだろう | kinshin darō |
| Adverbial | 謹慎に | きんしんに | kinshin ni |
| Degree | 謹慎さ | きんしんさ | kinshinsa |

### Verb

謹(きん)慎(しん)する • (kinshin suru) intransitive suru (stem 謹(きん)慎(しん)し (kinshin shi), past 謹(きん)慎(しん)した (kinshin shita))
* to behave; to be on one's best behavior
* to have self restraint
* to be penitent

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 謹慎し | きんしんし | kinshin shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 謹慎し | きんしんし | kinshin shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 謹慎する | きんしんする | kinshin suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 謹慎する | きんしんする | kinshin suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 謹慎すれ | きんしんすれ | kinshin sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 謹慎せよ¹ 謹慎しろ² | きんしんせよ¹ きんしんしろ² | kinshin seyo¹ kinshin shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 謹慎される | きんしんされる | kinshin sareru |
| Causative | 謹慎させる 謹慎さす | きんしんさせる きんしんさす | kinshin saseru kinshin sasu |
| Potential | 謹慎できる | きんしんできる | kinshin dekiru |
| Volitional | 謹慎しよう | きんしんしよう | kinshin shiyō |
| Negative | 謹慎しない | きんしんしない | kinshin shinai |
| Negative continuative | 謹慎せず | きんしんせず | kinshin sezu |
| Formal | 謹慎します | きんしんします | kinshin shimasu |
| Perfective | 謹慎した | きんしんした | kinshin shita |
| Conjunctive | 謹慎して | きんしんして | kinshin shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 謹慎すれば | きんしんすれば | kinshin sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 謹 | 慎 |

### Adjective

謹慎
* chữ Hán form of cẩn thận (“careful; cautious”).