# 犧牲
## Chinese
### Etymology

"sacrifice (animal)" (pre-Qin) -> "to immolate" (c. 1840) -> "to sacrifice" (c. 1900).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xīshēng
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧ ㄕㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hei$^1$ sang$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hî-sên
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hi-sng / hi-seng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hi$^1$ sêng$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xīshēng
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧ ㄕㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sisheng
*** Wade–Giles: hsi$^1$-shêng$^1$
*** Yale: syī-shēng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shisheng
*** Palladius: сишэн (sišɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$吸聲／吸声 犧牲／牺牲
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hei$^1$ sang$^1$
*** Yale: hēi sāng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hei$^1$ sang$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: héi$^1$ seng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hei̯⁵⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hî-sên
*** Hakka Romanization System: hi$^ˊ$ sen$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hi$^1$ sen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /hi²⁴⁻¹¹ sen²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hi-sng
*** Tâi-lô: hi-sng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hisngf
*** IPA (Singapore): /hi⁴⁴⁻²² sŋ̍⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hi³³ sŋ̍³³/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hi-seng
*** Tâi-lô: hi-sing
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hisefng
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hi⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Singapore): /hi⁴⁴⁻²² seŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hi⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: hi$^1$ sêng$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hi seng
*** Sinological IPA : /hi³³⁻²³ seŋ³³/
* Middle Chinese: xje sraeng
Rime :
| Character | 犧 | 牲 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) | 生 (21) |
| Final (韻) | 支 (13) | 庚 (109) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | II |
| Fanqie | 許羈切 | 所庚切 |
| Baxter | xje | sraeng |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hˠiᴇ/ | /ʃˠæŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /hᵚiɛ/ | /ʃᵚaŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xiɛ/ | /ʃaŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /hjiə̆/ | /ʂaɨjŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /xje/ | /ʃɐŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /xǐe/ | /ʃɐŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /xie̯/ | /ʂɐŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xī | shēng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hei$^1$ | sang$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*hŋral sreŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 犧 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xī |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xje › |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋ̊(r)a[j]/ |
| English | sacrificial animal |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 犧 | 牲 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 13057 | 11313 |
| Phonetic component | 我 | 生 |
| Rime group | 歌 | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 犧 | 生 |
| Old Chinese | /*hŋral/ | /*sreŋ/ |

### Noun

犧牲
* sacrifice (animal presented to a deity, deceased ancestor, etc.)
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Xīshēng yùbó, fú gǎn jiā yě, bì yǐ xìn. [Pinyin]
    I dare not exaggerate the amount of sacrifices, jade, and silk offered to the gods; I always tell the gods the truth.

### Verb

犧牲
* to give one's life for a certain cause; to sacrifice oneself
    壯烈犧牲／壮烈牺牲 ― zhuàngliè xīshēng ― to die a hero's death
* (figuratively) to sacrifice (give away something valuable); to give up; to abandon; to discard
       “yǒuxiē rén” gēnběn méi jiù, fèisǐ tú xīshēng le zhèngyì [Pinyin]
       "Some people" are basically incurable, death penalty abolition merely sacrifices justice

#### Synonyms

* (to give one's life):
* 捐軀／捐躯 (juānqū)
* 捨身／舍身 (shěshēn)
* 獻身／献身 (xiànshēn)
* 赴死 (fùsǐ)
* 陣亡／阵亡 (zhènwáng) (to die in battle)
* (to give up):
* 丟掉／丢掉 (diūdiào)
* 丟棄／丢弃 (diūqì)
* 割 (literary, or in compounds)
* 割捨／割舍 (gēshě) (literary)
* 屏棄／屏弃 (bǐngqì)
* 廢棄／废弃 (fèiqì)
* 扔掉 (rēngdiào)
* 扔棄／扔弃 (rēngqì)
* 拋／抛 (pāo)
* 㧒捒 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 㧒捔 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 拋棄／抛弃 (pāoqì)
* 捐 (literary, or in compounds)
* 捨去／舍去 (shěqù) (literary)
* 捨棄／舍弃 (shěqì)
* 揕捒 (Hokkien)
* 揚棄／扬弃 (yángqì)
* 摒棄／摒弃 (bìngqì)
* 擯棄／摈弃 (bìnqì)
* 擯除／摈除 (bìnchú)
* 擲捒／掷捒 (Hokkien)
* 放捒 (Hokkien)
* 放棄／放弃 (fàngqì)
* 放生 (Singapore Hokkien)
* 棄絕／弃绝 (qìjué) (literary)
* 甩捒 (Hokkien)
* 甩掉 (shuǎidiào)
* 遺棄／遗弃 (yíqì)
* 離棄／离弃 (líqì)

#### Derived terms

* 工資犧牲／工资牺牲 (gōngzī xīshēng)
* 犧牲品／牺牲品 (xīshēngpǐn)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 犠(ぎ)牲(せい) (gisei)
* → Korean: 희생(犧牲) (huisaeng)
* → Vietnamese: hi sinh (犧牲)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 犧 | 牲 |
| ぎ Hyōgai | せい Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||
For pronunciation and definitions of 犧牲 – see the following entry. :
| 【犠牲ぎせい】 | [noun] sacrifice [noun] casualty, victim, especially of a disaster |
(This term, 犧牲, is the kyūjitai of the above term.) :

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 犧 | 牲 |

### Noun

犧牲 • (huisaeng) (hangeul 희생)
* hanja form of 희생 (“sacrifice”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 犧 | 牲 |

### Verb

犧牲
* chữ Hán form of hi sinh (“to sacrifice”).