# 外媽
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): вима (vima, III-I)
* Eastern Min (BUC): ngiê-mā
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): gōa-má
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ghua$^7$ ma$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: вима (vima, III-I)
*** Sinological IPA : /vi⁴⁴ ma²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ngiê-mā
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋie²⁴²⁻⁵³ ma³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gōa-má
*** Tâi-lô: guā-má
*** Phofsit Daibuun: goaxmar
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ɡua²²⁻²¹ mã⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /ɡua⁴¹⁻²² mã⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ɡua³³⁻¹¹ mã⁵³/
*** IPA (Philippines): /ɡua⁴¹⁻²² ma⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡua³³⁻²¹ mã⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ghua$^7$ ma$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: guā má
*** Sinological IPA : /ɡua¹¹ ma⁵²/

### Noun

外媽
* (Dunmyj Dungan, Eastern Min, Southern Min) maternal grandmother (the mother of one's mother)

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 外祖母, 外王母 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 外祖母 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 姥姥 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 外婆, 阿嬤 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Ulanhot | 姥姥, 姥兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tongliao | 姥姥, 姥兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 姥姥 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 姥姥, 姥兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 姥兒, 姥姥 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 姥娘 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 外婆, 婆婆 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 姥姥 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 姥娘 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 姥, 姥母 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 姥娘 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 姥姥, 婆兒婆兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 舅廈娘 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 姥娘, 姥姥 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 外奶, 舅家奶, 舅奶, 外婆 suburbs, 外拿 Hui |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 外奶奶 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 外奶奶 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 舅奶, 舅奶奶, 外奶, 外奶奶 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 奶奶, 外奶奶, 姥姥 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Bayanhot | 外奶奶, 姥姥 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 奶奶, 外奶奶 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 外奶奶 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 外婆, 家婆, 家家 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 家家 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 婆婆, 外婆 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 婆婆, 外婆 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 婆婆 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 外婆, 婆, 阿婆 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 婆婆 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 婆婆 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 外婆奶奶 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 外奶奶 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Huanggang | 家婆 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 阿婆 face-to-face, 婆婆, 外婆 non-face-to-face |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 阿婆, 婆婆 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) | 外婆 non-face-to-face, 阿婆 face-to-face |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 姐婆 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 姐婆 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Xinjiao, Haizhu) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Longxi, Liwan) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huangpu) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Xinshi, Baiyun) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Shijing, Baiyun) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Jiangcun, Baiyun) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Longgui, Baiyun) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Renhe, Baiyun) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 遠婆 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 婆婆 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 外婆 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 祖婆 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 子婆 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 祖婆 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 祖婆 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 阿婆, 外婆, 婆, 婆婆 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 婆大 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 阿婆, 婆婆 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 外婆 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 外婆 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 外婆 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 姊婆, 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 阿婆, 婆婆, 外婆 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 阿婆, 婆婆 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 外婆 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 外嫲 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 外婆 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 外婆, 婆婆 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 阿婆 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 阿婆 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 外婆 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 外阿婆, 外婆, 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Changbu) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Mianyang) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Meilin) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Wengyuan | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 小婆 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Luhe | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) | 外媽 |
| Hakka | Changting | 婆則 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 外娭姐 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Yanqian) | 外娭姐 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 外阿婆 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 外子媽 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 婆婆 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 外婆 |
| Hakka | Ningdu | 外婆 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 外婆 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 外婆 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 外婆 |
| Hakka | Tonggu (Sandu) | 外婆 |
| Hakka | Ganzhou (Panlong) | 外婆 |
| Hakka | Dayu | 外婆 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 外阿婆, 阿婆 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 外阿婆 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 姐嬤 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 外媽 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Yangxi (Tangkou) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Yangchun (Sanjia) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Sihe) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Qianpai) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Gaozhou (Xindong) | 外婆 |
| Hakka | Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) | 外婆 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Shijiao) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Mengshan (Xihe) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Daqiao) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Singapore (Dabu) | 阿姐 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 外婆 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 外婆 |
| Huizhou | Huangshan (Tunxi) | 外婆 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 娘娘, 姥娘, 姥姥 |
| Jin | Pingyao | 婆婆 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 姥姥啊, 呀姥, 姥姥 |
| Jin | Taibus (Baochang) | 姥姥 |
| Jin | Linhe | 姥娘 |
| Jin | Jining | 姥姥 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 姥姥 |
| Jin | Baotou | 姥姥 |
| Jin | Dongsheng | 姥姥 |
| Jin | Haibowan | 姥姥, 姥娘 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 畲嫲, 嫲嫲, 外婆 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou (Dikou) | 畲嫲 |
| Northern Min | Songxi | 婆 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe | 婆奶 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe (Zhenqian) | 外婆 |
| Northern Min | Jianyang | 婆婆 |
| Northern Min | Wuyishan | 外婆 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 阿婆, 畲嫲 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 外媽 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 外媽 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 外媽 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 外媽 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 外媽 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 外婆 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 外婆 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 外婆 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 娘婆 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 外婆 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 阿媽, 俺媽, 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 媽仔, 俺媽, 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 外家媽 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 阿媽, 咉媽, 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 外媽, 阿媽 GT |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Pingxi) | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Cijin) | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Toucheng) | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Tainan (Anping) | 外媽, 俺媽 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Xiyu) | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 阿媽, 媽, 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 俺媽, 阿媽, 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 外婆 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Ho Chi Minh City (Teochew) | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 阿媽, 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 外家祖婆 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 外婆 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 媽, 阿媽, 婆, 外家媽, 外家婆, 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 阿婆 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 外頭媽 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 外頭媽 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 婆 face-to-face, 外家婆 non-face-to-face |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 阿婆, 外婆 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 外婆, 婆婆 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 外婆, 外婆爾奶, 爾奶 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 親婆, 外婆, 阿婆 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 外婆 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 舅婆 |
| Wu | Danyang | 婆婆 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 外婆 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 外婆 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 外婆娘, 外婆 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 外婆, 婆婆 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 外婆 |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | 外婆 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 外婆 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 外婆 |
| Xiang | Hengyang | 外婆 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 外婆 |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) |