# 菁華
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jīnghuá
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zing$^1$ waa$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chîn-fà
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): cheng-hôa / cheng-hoa
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jīnghuá
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jinghuá
*** Wade–Giles: ching$^1$-hua$^2$
*** Yale: jīng-hwá
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jinghwa
*** Palladius: цзинхуа (czinxua)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$京華／京华 精華／精华
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zing$^1$ waa$^4$
*** Yale: jīng wàh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzing$^1$ waa$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: jing$^1$ wa$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chîn-fà
*** Hakka Romanization System: jin$^ˊ$ fa$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: jin$^1$ fa$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sin²⁴ fa¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cheng-hôa
*** Tâi-lô: tsing-huâ
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zenghoaa
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siɪŋ³³ hua²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cheng-hoa
*** Tâi-lô: tsing-hua
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zenghoaf
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: tsjeng hwae
Rime :
| Character | 菁 | 華 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 精 (13) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 清 (121) | 麻 (99) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | II |
| Fanqie | 子盈切 | 戸花切 |
| Baxter | tsjeng | hwae |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡siᴇŋ/ | /ɦˠua/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡siɛŋ/ | /ɦʷᵚa/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡siæŋ/ | /ɣua/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡siajŋ/ | /ɦwaɨ/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡siɛŋ/ | /ɣua/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sĭɛŋ/ | /ɣwa/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /t͡si̯ɛŋ/ | /ɣwa/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jīng | huá |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zing$^1$ | waa$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsleŋ ɡʷraː/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 華 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | huá |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hwæ › |
| Old Chinese | /*N-qʷʰˁra/ |
| English | flower (v.); flowery (adj.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 菁 | 華 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/3 |
| No. | 11328 | 5312 |
| Phonetic component | 生 | 華 |
| Rime group | 耕 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 精 | 華 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔsleŋ/ | /*ɡʷraː/ |
| Notes | | 說文於聲 |

### Noun

菁華
* essence; quintessence; marrow; pith; essential parts
       Tīchú zāopò, xīqǔ jīnghuá. [Pinyin]
       Remove the dregs and extract the essence.
       Qǐng nín jiāng yánjiū chéngguǒ de jīnghuá yǔ dàjiā fēnxiǎng. [Pinyin]
       Please share with everyone the essential parts of your research findings.
* (literary) brilliance; splendor; radiance; glory

#### Synonyms

* (essence):
* 精粹 (jīngcuì)
* 精髓 (jīngsuǐ)
* 菁英 (jīngyīng)
* (brilliance):
* 光耀 (guāngyào)
* 光華／光华 (guānghuá)
* 光輝／光辉 (guānghuī)

#### Derived terms

* 天地菁華／天地菁华

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 精(せい)華(か) (seika)
* → Korean: 정화(菁華) (jeonghwa)
* → Vietnamese: tinh hoa (菁華)