# 瑪瑙
## Chinese

* 瑪瑙

### Etymology

From earlier 馬腦 (mǎnǎo, “horse's brain”), as a (probably mistranslated) calque of Sanskrit अश्मगर्भ (aśmagarbha, “gemstone”, literally “stone + [womb, fetus, or kernel]”) from translated Buddhist texts. Could be a mistranslation, since “horse” in Sanskrit is अश्व (aśva).
Compare Tibetan རྟ་ཀླད (rta klad, “agate”, literally “horse + brain”), said to be a Chinese calque, which is later semantically regularised into རྡོ་ཀླད (rdo klad, “agate”, literally “stone + brain”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): mǎnǎo
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄚˇ ㄋㄠˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): maa$^5$ nou$^5$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): mâ-nó
* Eastern Min (BUC): mā-nō̤
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): má-ló / má-nó͘ / bé-ló / bée-ló
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ma$^2$ nao$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$mo-nau
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: mǎnǎo [Phonetic: mánǎo]
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄚˇ ㄋㄠˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: mǎnǎo
*** Wade–Giles: ma$^3$-nao$^3$
*** Yale: mǎ-nǎu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: maanao
*** Palladius: манао (manao)
*** Sinological IPA : /mä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ nɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: maa$^5$ nou$^5$
*** Yale: máh nóuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: maa$^5$ nou$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ma$^5$ nou$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /maː¹³ nou̯¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mâ-nó
*** Hakka Romanization System: ma$^ˊ$ no$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ma$^1$ no$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /ma²⁴ no³¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: mā-nō̤
*** Sinological IPA : /ma³³⁻³⁵ nˡo³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: má-ló
*** Tâi-lô: má-ló
*** Phofsit Daibuun: mafloir
*** IPA (Xiamen): /mã⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lo⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: má-nó͘
*** Tâi-lô: má-nóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: mafnor
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /mã⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ nɔ̃⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bé-ló
*** Tâi-lô: bé-ló
*** Phofsit Daibuun: befloir
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /be⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lo⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /be⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lo⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /be⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lɤ⁴¹/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bée-ló
*** Tâi-lô: bée-ló
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bɛ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lo⁵³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ma$^2$ nao$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: má náu
*** Sinological IPA : /ma⁵²⁻³⁵ nau⁵²⁻²¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$mo-nau
*** MiniDict: mo$^去$ nau
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$mo-nau
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /mo²² nɔ⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: maeX nawX
Rime :
| Character | 瑪 | 瑙 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) | 泥 (8) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (98) | 豪 (89) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | I |
| Fanqie | 莫下切 | 奴晧切 |
| Baxter | maeX | nawX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /mˠa$^X$/ | /nɑu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /mᵚa$^X$/ | /nɑu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ma$^X$/ | /nɑu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /maɨ$^X$/ | /naw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ma$^X$/ | /nɑu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ma$^X$/ | /nɑu$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ma$^X$/ | /nɑu$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | mǎ | nǎo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | maa$^5$ | nou$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*mraːʔ nuːʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 瑪 | 瑙 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 8720 | 9372 |
| Phonetic component | 馬 | 匘 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 幽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 馬 | 堖 |
| Old Chinese | /*mraːʔ/ | /*nuːʔ/ |
| Notes | 古作馬 | 同碯見漢王粲賦 |

### Noun

瑪瑙
* (mineralogy) agate

#### Derived terms

* 瑪瑙紋／玛瑙纹
* 瑪瑙螺／玛瑙螺 (mǎnǎo luó)
* 紅瑪瑙／红玛瑙 (hóngmǎnǎo)
* 縞瑪瑙／缟玛瑙 (gǎomǎnǎo)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 瑪(め)瑙(のう) (menō)
* → Korean: 마노(瑪瑙) (mano)
* → Vietnamese: mã não (瑪瑙)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 瑪 | 瑙 |
| め Hyōgai | のう Hyōgai |
| goon ||
* Alternative spelling
* 馬瑙 (rare)

### Etymology

/menau/ → /menɔː/ → /menoː/
First attested in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE).
From Middle Chinese 瑪瑙 (MC maeX nawX).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) めのー [méꜜnòò] (Atamadaka – [1])
* (Tokyo) めのー [mènóó] (Heiban – [0])
* (Tokyo) めのー [mènóꜜò] (Nakadaka –)
* IPA: [me̞no̞ː]

### Noun

瑪(め)瑙(のう) or 瑪瑙(メノウ) • (menō)
* (mineralogy) an agate

#### Derived terms

* 苔(こけ)瑪(め)瑙(のう) (koke menō, “moss agate”)
* 縞(しま)瑪(め)瑙(のう) (shima-menō, “onyx, sardonyx”)

### Proper noun

瑪(め)瑙(のう) • (Menō)
* a female given name

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 瑪 | 瑙 |

### Noun

瑪瑙 • (mano) (hangeul 마노)
* hanja form of 마노 (“agate”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 瑪 | 瑙 |

### Noun

瑪瑙
* chữ Hán form of mã não (“agate”).