# تمر
## Arabic
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tamr/, [tæmʌr]
* Audio (United States):(file)

### Etymology 1

As a widely cultivated plant, the native distribution of the date-palm even in earlier antiquity is questionable. Particular terms relating to date culture, like شِيص (šīṣ, “unfecundated dates”), قَسْب (qasb, “dried dates”), and كَافُور (kāfūr, “bract of the inflorescence of the date palm”) can be borrowed. Assuming that ثَمَر (ṯamar, “fruits”), and Old South Arabian 𐩻𐩣𐩧 (ṯmr /⁠ṯamar⁠/, “fruits”), is the same word generalized from an original meaning “dates”, the present word تَمْر (tamr) and Old South Arabian 𐩩𐩣𐩧 (tmr /⁠tamr⁠/, “dates”) are declared, together with Hebrew תָּמָר (tāmār), reborrowed from Aramaic תמרא / ܬܡܪܐ (tamrē, “dates”), in which language only Proto-Semitic *ṯ /θ/ becomes t /t/, and the vowel a is reduced to ə and then ∅ in such position.

#### Noun

تَمْر • (tamr) m (collective, singulative تَمْرَة f (tamra), plural تُمُور (tumūr))
* date (fruit)

##### Derived terms

* تَمَر هِنْدِيّ (tamar hindiyy, “tamarind”, literally “Indian date”)

##### Descendants

* → Amharic: ተምር (tämər)
* → Argobba: ትምር (təmər)
* → Ge'ez: ተምር (tämr)
* → Gurage: ተምሪ (tämər)
* → Malay: tamar
* → Mehri: تومر (tōmər)
* → Portuguese: tâmara
* → Somali: timir
* → Soqotri: timreh
* → Tigre: ተመር (tämär)
* → Tigrinya: ተምሪ (tämri)

#### References

* Barton, George Aaron (1902) A sketch of Semitic origins, social and religious‎, New York and London: The Macmillan Company, page 76
* Fischer, Theobald (1881) Die Dattelpalme. Ihre geographische Verbreitung und culturhistorische Bedeutung‎ (in German), Gotha: Justus Perthes Verlag
* Guidi, Ignazio (1879) Della sede primitiva dei popoli semitici (in Italian), Rome: Tipi del Salviucci, pages 21–22
* Kogan, Leonid (2011) “Proto-Semitic Lexicon”, in Weninger, Stefan, editor, The Semitic Languages. An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft – Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science; 36), Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 204
* Leslau, Wolf (1991) “tamr ተምር”, in Comparative Dictionary of Geʿez (Classical Ethiopic), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 576
* Löw, Immanuel (1924) Die Flora der Juden‎ (in German), volume 2, Wien und Leipzig: R. Löwit, page 316
* Löw, Immanuel (1924) Die Flora der Juden‎ (in German), volume 2, Wien und Leipzig: R. Löwit, page 528
* Nöldeke, Theodor (1875) Mandäische Grammatik‎ (in German), Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, page 107

### Etymology 2
#### Verb

تمر (form I)
* تَمُرُّ (tamurru) /ta.mur.ru/: inflection of مَرَّ (marra):
** second-person masculine singular non-past active indicative
** third-person feminine singular non-past active indicative
* تَمُرَّ (tamurra) /ta.mur.ra/: inflection of مَرَّ (marra):
** second-person masculine singular non-past active subjunctive/jussive
** third-person feminine singular non-past active subjunctive/jussive
* تَمُرِّ (tamurri) /ta.mur.ri/: inflection of مَرَّ (marra):
** second-person masculine singular non-past active jussive
** third-person feminine singular non-past active jussive
* تَمَرُّ (tamarru) /ta.mar.ru/: inflection of مَرَّ (marra):
** second-person masculine singular non-past active indicative
** third-person feminine singular non-past active indicative
* تَمَرَّ (tamarra) /ta.mar.ra/: inflection of مَرَّ (marra):
** second-person masculine singular non-past active subjunctive/jussive
** third-person feminine singular non-past active subjunctive/jussive
* تَمَرِّ (tamarri) /ta.mar.ri/: inflection of مَرَّ (marra):
** second-person masculine singular non-past active jussive
** third-person feminine singular non-past active jussive

## Malay
### Noun

تمر (plural تمر-تمر or تمر۲, informal 1st possessive تمرکو, 2nd possessive تمرمو, 3rd possessive تمرڽ)
* Jawi spelling of tamar‎

## Persian
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Turkic. Compare Azerbaijani dəmir, Crimean Tatar temir, Tatar timer, Turkish demir.

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ta.muɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰä.mʊɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰä.mʊɾ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [t̪ʰä.mʊɾ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [t̪ʰä.muɾ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰæ.moɹ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰä.muɾ]

#### Noun

تمر • (tamor)
* iron
    Synonym: آهن (âhan)

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic تَمْر (tamr).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [tamɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰämɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰämɾ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [t̪ʰämɾ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [t̪ʰämɾ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰæmɹ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰämɾ]

#### Noun

تمر • (tamr)
* date; dried date
    Synonym: خرما (xormâ)
* tamarind

### Etymology 3

Cognate with Sanskrit तिमिर (timira, “dark, gloomy; darkness”).

#### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ti.miɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰɪ.mɪɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰɪ.mɪɾ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [t̪ʰɪ.mɪɾ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [t̪ʰi.miɾ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰe.meɹ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [t̪ʰi.miɾ]

#### Noun

تمر • (temer)
* darkness

## South Levantine Arabic
### Etymology

From Arabic تَمْر (tamr).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /tamr/, [ˈta.m(ɪ)r]
* Audio (Bethlehem):(file)

### Noun

تمر • (tamr) m (collective, singulative تمرة f (tamra))
* (uncountable) dried dates

#### Derived terms

* تمر هندي (tamr hindi, “tamarind”)

#### Related terms

* بلح (balaḥ, “fresh dates”)
* عجوة (ʕajwe, “pressed dates”)