# 牝馬
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): pìnmǎ
    (Zhuyin): ㄆㄧㄣˋ ㄇㄚˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): pan$^5$ maa$^5$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pīn-má
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: pìnmǎ
*** Zhuyin: ㄆㄧㄣˋ ㄇㄚˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: pìnmǎ
*** Wade–Giles: pʻin$^4$-ma$^3$
*** Yale: pìn-mǎ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: pinnmaa
*** Palladius: пиньма (pinʹma)
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰin⁵¹ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: pan$^5$ maa$^5$
*** Yale: páhn máh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: pan$^5$ maa$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: pen$^5$ ma$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /pʰɐn¹³ maː¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pīn-má
*** Tâi-lô: pīn-má
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pixnmar
*** IPA (Xiamen): /pin²²⁻²¹ mã⁵³/

### Noun

牝馬
* (literary) mare; female horse

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 牝馬, 騇 rare |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 母馬, 騍馬, 雌馬 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 母馬, 騍馬 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 母馬 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 騍馬 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 母馬 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 母馬, 騍馬 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 騍馬 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 母馬, 騍馬 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 騍馬 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 騍馬 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 騍馬 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 騍馬 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 騍馬 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 騍馬 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 母馬 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 騍馬 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 母馬 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 母馬, 騍馬 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 騍馬 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 騍馬 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 母馬, 騍馬 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 騍馬 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 母馬, 騍馬 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 母馬 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 母馬, 騍馬 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 騍馬 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 騍馬 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 水馬 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 騍馬 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 騍馬, 馬母子 has just given birth to a foal |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 騍馬 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 騍馬 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 母馬, 騇馬 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 母馬 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 騍馬 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 母馬 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 騍馬 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 騍馬 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 騍馬 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 騍馬 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 母馬 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 騍馬 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 騍馬 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 騍馬 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 騍馬 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 騍馬 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 騍馬 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 母馬 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 母馬 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 母馬 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 母馬 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 母馬 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 母馬 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 母馬 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 母馬, 騍馬 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 母馬 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 母馬, 騍馬, 全馬 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 母馬 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 騍馬 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 母馬, 騍馬 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 母馬, 騍馬 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 草馬 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 母馬 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 母馬 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 馬娘 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 母馬 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 母馬 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 母馬, 騍馬 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 母馬 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 母馬 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 母馬 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 母馬 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 母馬 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 母馬 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 母馬 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 馬乸 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 馬乸 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) | 馬乸 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 馬乸 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 馬乸 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 馬乸 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 馬乸 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 馬乸 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 馬乸 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 馬乸 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 馬乸 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 馬乸 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 馬乸 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 馬乸 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 馬乸 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 馬乸 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 馬乸 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 馬乸 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 馬乸 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 馬乸 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 馬乸 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 馬乸 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 馬乸 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 馬乸 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 馬乸 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 馬乸 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 母馬 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 馬嫲 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 馬牸 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 馬嫲 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 馬嫲 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 馬嫲 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 馬嫲 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 馬婆 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 騍馬, 母馬 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 騍馬 |
| Jin | Datong | 騍馬 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 母馬, 騍馬 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 母馬, 騍馬 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 騍馬 |
| Jin | Linhe | 騍馬 |
| Jin | Jining | 騍馬 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 騍馬 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 母馬 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 騍馬 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 騍馬 |
| Jin | Handan | 母馬, 草馬 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 母馬 |
| Jin | Suide | 騍馬 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 馬嫲 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 馬母 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 馬母 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 馬母 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 馬母 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 馬母 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 馬母 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 馬母 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 馬母 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 馬母 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 雌馬 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Songjiang) | 雌馬 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 雌馬 |
| Wu | Danyang | 母馬 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 騍馬 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 草馬, 馬娘 has given birth |
| Xiang | Changsha | 馬婆子, 馬婆 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 馬婆子 |

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 牝(ひん)馬(ば) (hinba)
* → Korean: 빈마(牝馬) (binma)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 牝 | 馬 |
| ひん Hyōgai | ば Grade: 2 |
| kan'on ||
From Middle Chinese 牝馬 (MC bjijX maeX). The 漢音 (kan'on), so a later borrowing.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ひんば [híꜜǹbà] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [çĩmba̠]

#### Noun

牝(ひん)馬(ば) • (hinba)
* mare (female horse)

##### Usage notes

* Now the most common term for mare in Japanese.

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 牝 | 馬 |
| め Hyōgai | うま Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 雌馬
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) めうま [méꜜùmà] (Atamadaka –)
* (Tokyo) めうま [mèúmá] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [me̞ɯ̟ma̠]

#### Noun

牝(め)馬(うま) • (meuma)
* mare (female horse)

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 牝 | 馬 |
| め Hyōgai | ま Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi ||
Attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō of 934 CE.

#### Noun

牝(め)馬(ま) • (mema)
* mare (female horse)

### See also

* 牡馬(ぼば) (boba, “male horse”)
* 騸馬(せんば) (senba, “gelding”)

### References

* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 “牝馬”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006