# 明瞭
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): míngliǎo
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄌㄧㄠˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ming$^4$ liu$^4$ / ming$^4$ liu$^5$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): mìn-liàu / mìn-liáu
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): bêng-liáu / bêng-liâu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: míngliǎo
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄌㄧㄠˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: míngliǎo
*** Wade–Giles: ming$^2$-liao$^3$
*** Yale: míng-lyǎu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mingleau
*** Palladius: минляо (minljao)
*** Sinological IPA : /miŋ³⁵ li̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ming$^4$ liu$^4$ / ming$^4$ liu$^5$
*** Yale: mìhng lìuh / mìhng líuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ming$^4$ liu$^4$ / ming$^4$ liu$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ming$^4$ liu$^4$ / ming$^4$ liu$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɪŋ²¹ liːu̯²¹/, /mɪŋ²¹ liːu̯¹³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mìn-liàu / mìn-liáu
*** Hakka Romanization System: min$^ˇ$ liau$^ˇ$ / min$^ˇ$ liau$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: min$^2$ liau$^2$ / min$^2$ liau$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /min¹¹ li̯au̯¹¹/, /min¹¹ li̯au̯³¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bêng-liáu
*** Tâi-lô: bîng-liáu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bengliao
*** IPA (Xiamen): /biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² liau⁵³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /biɪŋ¹³⁻²² liau⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² liau⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bêng-liâu
*** Tâi-lô: bîng-liâu
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bengliaau
*** IPA (Taipei): /biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ liau²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /biɪŋ²³⁻³³ liau²³/

### Adjective

明瞭
* clear; apparent

#### Synonyms

* 分明 (fēnmíng)
* 分曉／分晓 (fēnxiǎo)
* 明白
* 明確／明确 (míngquè)
* 清晰 (qīngxī)
* 清朗 (qīnglǎng)
* 清楚
* 疏朗 (shūlǎng) (literary)
* 鮮明／鲜明 (xiānmíng)

#### Derived terms

* 簡單明瞭／简单明了 (jiǎndān-míngliǎo)

### Verb

明瞭
* to clearly know or understand
    From: 1937, 毛澤東 (Mao Zedong), 《實踐論》 (On Practice), 《毛澤東選集》. English translation based on the Foreign Languages Press edition
    Wèile míngliǎo jīyú biàngé xiànshí de shíjiàn ér chǎnshēng de biànzhèng wéiwùlùn de rènshi yùndòng — rènshi de zhújiàn shēnhuà de yùndòng, xiàmiàn zài jǔchū jǐge jùtǐ de lìzi. [Pinyin]
    To make clear the dialectical-materialist movement of cognition arising on the basis of the practice which changes reality—to make clear the gradually deepening movement of cognition—a few additional concrete examples are given below.

#### Synonyms

* 了解 (liǎojiě)
* 佔有／占有 (zhànyǒu)
* 分曉／分晓 (fēnxiǎo)
* 參悟／参悟 (cānwù)
* 悟 (wù) (literary, or in compounds)
* 懂 (dǒng)
* 懂得 (dǒngde)
* 打生 (Wenzhounese)
* 把握 (bǎwò)
* 掌握 (zhǎngwò)
* 明 (ming$^4$) (Cantonese)
* 明白
* 曉得／晓得 (xiǎode)
* 會悟／会悟 (huìwù) (literary)
* 洞悉 (dòngxī)
* 清亮 (mainland China)
* 清楚
* 熟似 (Hokkien)
* 熟悉 (shúxī)
* 熟稔 (shúrěn) (literary)
* 熟識／熟识 (shúshí)
* 理會／理会 (lǐhuì)
* 理解 (lǐjiě)
* 瞭悟／了悟 (liǎowù) (literary)
* 知影 (Hokkien, Teochew)
* 知悉 (zhīxī) (literary)
* 知曉／知晓 (zhīxiǎo)
* 知識／知识 (zhīshí) (literary)
* 知道
* 覺／觉
* 覺悟／觉悟 (juéwù)
* 覺醒／觉醒 (juéxǐng)
* 認識／认识
* 諳曉／谙晓 (ānxiǎo) (literary)
* 諳達／谙达 (āndá) (literary)
* 貫通／贯通 (guàntōng)
* 通曉／通晓 (tōngxiǎo)
* 通解 (tōngjiě) (literary)
* 通達／通达 (tōngdá)
* 達／达 (literary, or in compounds)
* 醒悟 (xǐngwù)
* 開悟／开悟 (kāiwù) (literary)
* 領悟／领悟 (lǐngwù)
* 領會／领会 (lǐnghuì)
* 領略／领略 (lǐnglüè)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 明 | 瞭 |
| めい Grade: 2 | りょう Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

Middle Chinese 明瞭

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) めーりょー [mèéryóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [me̞ːɾʲo̞ː]

### Adjective

明(めい)瞭(りょう) • (meiryō) -na (adnominal 明(めい)瞭(りょう)な (meiryō na), adverbial 明(めい)瞭(りょう)に (meiryō ni))
* clear, apparent
    明瞭(めいりょう)な口調(くちょう)で答(こた)えた。
       Meiryō na kuchō de kotaeta.
       They answered in a clear and distinct manner.

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 明瞭だろ | めいりょうだろ | meiryō daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 明瞭で | めいりょうで | meiryō de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 明瞭だ | めいりょうだ | meiryō da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 明瞭な | めいりょうな | meiryō na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 明瞭なら | めいりょうなら | meiryō nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 明瞭であれ | めいりょうであれ | meiryō de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 明瞭ではない 明瞭じゃない | めいりょうではない めいりょうじゃない | meiryō de wa nai meiryō ja nai |
| Informal past | 明瞭だった | めいりょうだった | meiryō datta |
| Informal negative past | 明瞭ではなかった 明瞭じゃなかった | めいりょうではなかった めいりょうじゃなかった | meiryō de wa nakatta meiryō ja nakatta |
| Formal | 明瞭です | めいりょうです | meiryō desu |
| Formal negative | 明瞭ではありません 明瞭じゃありません | めいりょうではありません めいりょうじゃありません | meiryō de wa arimasen meiryō ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 明瞭でした | めいりょうでした | meiryō deshita |
| Formal negative past | 明瞭ではありませんでした 明瞭じゃありませんでした | めいりょうではありませんでした めいりょうじゃありませんでした | meiryō de wa arimasen deshita meiryō ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 明瞭で | めいりょうで | meiryō de |
| Conditional | 明瞭なら（ば） | めいりょうなら（ば） | meiryō nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 明瞭だったら | めいりょうだったら | meiryō dattara |
| Volitional | 明瞭だろう | めいりょうだろう | meiryō darō |
| Adverbial | 明瞭に | めいりょうに | meiryō ni |
| Degree | 明瞭さ | めいりょうさ | meiryōsa |

#### Antonyms

* 曖昧(あいまい) (aimai, “ambiguous, obscure”)

### Noun

明(めい)瞭(りょう) • (meiryō)
* clarity, apparency

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean
### Root

明瞭 • (myeongnyo) (hangeul 명료)
* hanja form of 명료