# 誓言
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shìyán
    (Zhuyin): ㄕˋ ㄧㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): sai$^6$ jin$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sṳ-ngièn / sṳ-ngiàn
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): sē-giân / sè-giân / sī-gân
    (Teochew, Peng'im): si$^7$ ngang$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shìyán
*** Zhuyin: ㄕˋ ㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shìhyán
*** Wade–Giles: shih$^4$-yen$^2$
*** Yale: shr̀-yán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyhyan
*** Palladius: шиянь (šijanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂʐ̩⁵¹ jɛn³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: sai$^6$ jin$^4$
*** Yale: saih yìhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: sai$^6$ jin$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sei$^6$ yin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐi̯²² jiːn²¹/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ-ngièn
*** Hakka Romanization System: sii ngien$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: si$^4$ ngian$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /sɨ⁵⁵ ŋi̯en¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ-ngiàn
*** Hakka Romanization System: sii ngian$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: si$^4$ ngian$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /sɨ⁵⁵ ŋi̯an¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sē-giân
*** Tâi-lô: sē-giân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sexgieen
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /se⁴¹⁻²² ɡiɛn²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /se²²⁻²¹ ɡiɛn²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /se³³⁻²¹ ɡiɛn²³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /se³³⁻¹¹ ɡiɛn²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sè-giân
*** Tâi-lô: sè-giân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sea'gieen
*** IPA (Xiamen): /se²¹⁻⁵³ ɡiɛn²⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /se¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡiɛn²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /se²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡiɛn²³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sī-gân
*** Tâi-lô: sī-gân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sixgaan
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /si²²⁻²¹ ɡan¹³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: si$^7$ ngang$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sī ngâng
*** Sinological IPA : /si¹¹ ŋaŋ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: dzyejH ngjon
Rime :
| Character | 誓 | 言 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 常 (25) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 祭 (35) | 元 (65) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 時制切 | 語軒切 |
| Baxter | dzyejH | ngjon |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ʑiᴇi$^H$/ | /ŋɨɐn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡ʑiɛi$^H$/ | /ŋiɐn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ʑjæi$^H$/ | /ŋiɐn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡ʑiaj$^H$/ | /ŋɨan/ |
| Li Rong | /ʑiɛi$^H$/ | /ŋiɐn/ |
| Wang Li | /ʑĭɛi$^H$/ | /ŋĭɐn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ʑi̯ɛi$^H$/ | /ŋɨ̯ɐn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shì | yán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | sai$^6$ | jin$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[d][a]t-s ŋa[n]|ŋa[r]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɦljeds ŋan/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 誓 | 言 | 言 | 言 | 言 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/4 | 2/4 | 3/4 | 4/4 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shì | yán | yán | yán | yán |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ dzyej$^H$ › | ‹ ngjon › | ‹ ngjon › | ‹ ngjon › | ‹ ngjon › |
| Old Chinese | /*[d][a]t-s/ | /*ŋa[n]/ | /*ŋa[n]/ | /*ŋa[n]/ | /*ŋa[r]/ |
| English | swear | (a particle) | I, we | speak; speech | tall |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 誓 | 言 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 16934 | 14271 |
| Phonetic component | 折 | 言 |
| Rime group | 祭 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 逝 | 言 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɦljeds/ | /*ŋan/ |

### Noun

誓言
* oath; pledge; vow
    From: The Book of Documents, circa 4th – 3rd century BCE
    Ěr bù cóng shìyán, yǔ zé núlù rǔ, wǎng yǒu yōu shè. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Synonyms

* 誓詞／誓词 (shìcí)

### Verb

誓言
* (literary) to vow to; to pledge to; to make an oath to
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Yúshì Zhuānggōng qiān qí mǔ Wǔ Jiāng yú chéng Yǐng, shìyán yuē: “Bù zhì Huángquán, wú xiàngjiàn yě.” [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Synonyms

* 咒喙 (ciu̿-chṳ̿) (Northern Min)
* 咒誓 (zhòushì) (literary or Min Nan)
* 宣誓 (xuānshì)
* 發誓／发誓 (fāshì)
* 盟誓
* 矢誓 (shǐshì) (literary)
* 立誓 (lìshì)
* 罰咒／罚咒 (Wu)
* 詛喙／诅喙 (có-chói) (Eastern Min)
* 賭咒／赌咒 (dǔzhòu)
* 賭誓／赌誓 (dǔshì)
* 起誓 (qǐshì)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 誓言(せいげん) (seigen); 誓言(せいごん) (seigon)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 誓 | 言 |
| せい Grade: S | げん Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) せーげん [sèégéń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [se̞ːɡẽ̞ɴ]

#### Noun

誓(せい)言(げん) • (seigen)
* oath; pledge; vow

#### Verb

誓(せい)言(げん)する • (seigen suru) suru (stem 誓(せい)言(げん)し (seigen shi), past 誓(せい)言(げん)した (seigen shita))
* to vow to; to pledge to; to make an oath to

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 誓言し | せいげんし | seigen shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 誓言し | せいげんし | seigen shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 誓言する | せいげんする | seigen suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 誓言する | せいげんする | seigen suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 誓言すれ | せいげんすれ | seigen sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 誓言せよ¹ 誓言しろ² | せいげんせよ¹ せいげんしろ² | seigen seyo¹ seigen shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 誓言される | せいげんされる | seigen sareru |
| Causative | 誓言させる 誓言さす | せいげんさせる せいげんさす | seigen saseru seigen sasu |
| Potential | 誓言できる | せいげんできる | seigen dekiru |
| Volitional | 誓言しよう | せいげんしよう | seigen shiyō |
| Negative | 誓言しない | せいげんしない | seigen shinai |
| Negative continuative | 誓言せず | せいげんせず | seigen sezu |
| Formal | 誓言します | せいげんします | seigen shimasu |
| Perfective | 誓言した | せいげんした | seigen shita |
| Conjunctive | 誓言して | せいげんして | seigen shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 誓言すれば | せいげんすれば | seigen sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 誓 | 言 |
| せい Grade: S | ごん Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) せーごん [sèégóń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [se̞ːɡõ̞ɴ]

#### Noun

誓(せい)言(ごん) • (seigon)
* oath; pledge; vow

#### Verb

誓(せい)言(ごん)する • (seigon suru) suru (stem 誓(せい)言(ごん)し (seigon shi), past 誓(せい)言(ごん)した (seigon shita))
* to vow to; to pledge to; to make an oath to

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 誓言し | せいごんし | seigon shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 誓言し | せいごんし | seigon shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 誓言する | せいごんする | seigon suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 誓言する | せいごんする | seigon suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 誓言すれ | せいごんすれ | seigon sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 誓言せよ¹ 誓言しろ² | せいごんせよ¹ せいごんしろ² | seigon seyo¹ seigon shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 誓言される | せいごんされる | seigon sareru |
| Causative | 誓言させる 誓言さす | せいごんさせる せいごんさす | seigon saseru seigon sasu |
| Potential | 誓言できる | せいごんできる | seigon dekiru |
| Volitional | 誓言しよう | せいごんしよう | seigon shiyō |
| Negative | 誓言しない | せいごんしない | seigon shinai |
| Negative continuative | 誓言せず | せいごんせず | seigon sezu |
| Formal | 誓言します | せいごんします | seigon shimasu |
| Perfective | 誓言した | せいごんした | seigon shita |
| Conjunctive | 誓言して | せいごんして | seigon shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 誓言すれば | せいごんすれば | seigon sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### Etymology 3

Kanji in this term :
| 誓 | 言 |
| ちか Grade: S | こと > ごと Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi ||

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [t͡ɕika̠ɡo̞to̞]

#### Noun

誓(ちか)言(ごと) • (chikagoto)
* oath; pledge; vow

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN