# 傾く
## Japanese
### Etymology 1

* Kanji in this term
* 傾
* かたむ(く) Grade: S
* kun'yomi
/katabuku/ → /katamuku/
Shift from katabuku (see Etymology 2), the medial /-b-/ loses plosive and becomes a nasal /-m-/.

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かたむく [kàtámúꜜkù] (Nakadaka – [3])
* IPA: [ka̠ta̠mɯ̟kɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「傾く」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 傾く | かたむく | [kàtámúꜜkù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 傾け | かたむけ | [kàtámúꜜkè] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 傾かれる | かたむかれる | [kàtámúkáréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 傾かせる | かたむかせる | [kàtámúkáséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 傾ける | かたむける | [kàtámúkéꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 傾こう | かたむこー | [kàtámúkóꜜò] |
| Negative | 傾かない | かたむかない | [kàtámúkáꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 傾かなかった | かたむかなかった | [kàtámúkáꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 傾きます | かたむきます | [kàtámúkímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 傾いた | かたむいた | [kàtámúꜜìtà] |
| Conjunctive | 傾いて | かたむいて | [kàtámúꜜìtè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 傾けば | かたむけば | [kàtámúꜜkèbà] |

#### Verb

傾(かたむ)く • (katamuku) intransitive godan (stem 傾(かたむ)き (katamuki), past 傾(かたむ)いた (katamuita))
Japanese verb pair :
| active | 傾(かたむ)ける |
| mediopassive | 傾(かたむ)く |
* to tilt, lean, incline
    Synonyms: 傾ぐ (katagu); 偏る, 片寄る (katayoru)
* to favor
* to wane
* to lose force, power, or momentum (Can we verify this sense?)
* to set in the west, setting of the sun or moon
    太陽(たいよう)が傾(かたむ)く
       taiyō ga katamuku
       the sun sets

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 傾か | かたむか | katamuka |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 傾き | かたむき | katamuki |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 傾く | かたむく | katamuku |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 傾く | かたむく | katamuku |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 傾け | かたむけ | katamuke |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 傾け | かたむけ | katamuke |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 傾かれる | かたむかれる | katamukareru |
| Causative | 傾かせる 傾かす | かたむかせる かたむかす | katamukaseru katamukasu |
| Potential | 傾ける | かたむける | katamukeru |
| Volitional | 傾こう | かたむこう | katamukō |
| Negative | 傾かない | かたむかない | katamukanai |
| Negative continuative | 傾かず | かたむかず | katamukazu |
| Formal | 傾きます | かたむきます | katamukimasu |
| Perfective | 傾いた | かたむいた | katamuita |
| Conjunctive | 傾いて | かたむいて | katamuite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 傾けば | かたむけば | katamukeba |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 傾か | かたむか | katamuka |
| Continuative (連用形) | 傾き | かたむき | katamuki |
| Terminal (終止形) | 傾く | かたむく | katamuku |
| Attributive (連体形) | 傾く | かたむく | katamuku |
| Realis (已然形) | 傾け | かたむけ | katamuke |
| Imperative (命令形) | 傾け | かたむけ | katamuke |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 傾かず | かたむかず | katamukazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 傾けど | かたむけど | katamukedo |
| Causal conjunction | 傾けば | かたむけば | katamukeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 傾かば | かたむかば | katamukaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 傾きき | かたむきき | katamukiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 傾きけり | かたむきけり | katamukikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 傾きつ | かたむきつ | katamukitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 傾きぬ | かたむきぬ | katamukinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 傾けり 傾きたり | かたむけり かたむきたり | katamukeri katamukitari |
| Volitional | 傾かむ | かたむかむ | katamukamu |

##### Derived terms

* 傾(かたむ)き (katamuki)
* 傾(かたむ)ける (katamukeru)
* 傾(かたむき)山(やま) (Katamuki-yama)

##### Idioms

* 気持(きも)ちが傾(かたむ)く (kimochi ga katamuku)

##### Proverbs

* 哲婦(てっぷ)城(しろ)を傾(かたむ)く (teppu shiro o katamuku)
* 一行(いっこう)失(しっ)すれば百行(はっこう)ともに傾(かたむ)く (ikkō shissureba hakkō tomo ni katamuku)

### Etymology 2

* Kanji in this term
* 傾
* かたぶ(く) Grade: S
* kun'yomi
From Old Japanese.
* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “片 (kata) + 吹く (fuku)?”

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かたぶく [kàtábúꜜkù] (Nakadaka – [3])
* IPA: [ka̠ta̠bɯ̟kɯ̟]

#### Verb

傾(かたぶ)く • (katabuku) intransitive godan (stem 傾(かたぶ)き (katabuki), past 傾(かたぶ)いた (katabuita))
* (archaic) to tilt, lean
    日(ひ)の道(みち)や　葵(あふひ)傾(かたぶ)く　五(さ)月(つき)雨(あめ)
       hi no michi ya, aoi katabuku, satsuki-ame
       The sun's way: hollyhocks turn toward it through all the rain of May.
    Synonym: 傾ぐ (katagu)
* (archaic) to think something strange or odd
* (archaic) to set in the west, said of the sun or moon
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 17, poem 3955:, text here
    奴婆多麻乃(ぬばたまの)欲波布氣奴良之(よはふけぬらし)多末久之氣(たまくしげ)敷多我美夜麻尓(ふたがみやまに)月(つき)加多夫伎奴(かたぶきぬ) [Man'yōgana]
    ぬばたまの夜(よ)は更(ふ)けぬらし玉(たま)櫛(くし)笥(げ)二上山(ふたがみやま)に月(つき)かたぶきぬ [Modern spelling]
** 1086, Goshūi Wakashū (book 12, poem 680; also Hyakunin Isshu, poem 59)
    やすらはで寝(ね)なましものをさ夜(よ)更(ふ)けてかたぶくまでの月(つき)を見(み)しかな
       yasura wa de ne na mashi mono o sayo fukete katabuku made no tsuki o mishi kana
       I should not have waited. It would have been better to have slept and dreamed, than to have watched night pass, and this slow moon sink.
* (archaic) to lose force, power, or momentum (Can we verify this sense?)
** 711–712, Kojiki, poem 106:
    意富美夜能(おほみやの)袁登都波多傳(をとつはたで)須美(すみ)加多夫祁理(かたぶけり) [Man'yōgana]
    大宮(おほみや)の彼(をと)つ端(はた)手(で)隅(すみ)傾(かたぶ)けり [Modern spelling]
* to favor
* to blame; to criticize (US)/criticise (UK) (Can we verify this sense?)
    Synonym: 非難する (hinan suru)

##### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 傾か | かたぶか | katabuka |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 傾き | かたぶき | katabuki |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 傾く | かたぶく | katabuku |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 傾く | かたぶく | katabuku |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 傾け | かたぶけ | katabuke |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 傾け | かたぶけ | katabuke |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 傾かれる | かたぶかれる | katabukareru |
| Causative | 傾かせる 傾かす | かたぶかせる かたぶかす | katabukaseru katabukasu |
| Potential | 傾ける | かたぶける | katabukeru |
| Volitional | 傾こう | かたぶこう | katabukō |
| Negative | 傾かない | かたぶかない | katabukanai |
| Negative continuative | 傾かず | かたぶかず | katabukazu |
| Formal | 傾きます | かたぶきます | katabukimasu |
| Perfective | 傾いた | かたぶいた | katabuita |
| Conjunctive | 傾いて | かたぶいて | katabuite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 傾けば | かたぶけば | katabukeba |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 傾か | かたぶか | katabuka |
| Continuative (連用形) | 傾き | かたぶき | katabuki |
| Terminal (終止形) | 傾く | かたぶく | katabuku |
| Attributive (連体形) | 傾く | かたぶく | katabuku |
| Realis (已然形) | 傾け | かたぶけ | katabuke |
| Imperative (命令形) | 傾け | かたぶけ | katabuke |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 傾かず | かたぶかず | katabukazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 傾けど | かたぶけど | katabukedo |
| Causal conjunction | 傾けば | かたぶけば | katabukeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 傾かば | かたぶかば | katabukaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 傾きき | かたぶきき | katabukiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 傾きけり | かたぶきけり | katabukikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 傾きつ | かたぶきつ | katabukitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 傾きぬ | かたぶきぬ | katabukinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 傾けり 傾きたり | かたぶけり かたぶきたり | katabukeri katabukitari |
| Volitional | 傾かむ | かたぶかむ | katabukamu |

##### Derived terms

* 傾(かたぶ)き (katabuki)
* 傾(かたむ)く (katamuku)
* 傾(かたぶ)ける (katabukeru)

### Etymology 3

* Kanji in this term
* 傾
* かぶ(く) Grade: S
* irregular
From 頭 (kabu, “head”) + く (-ku, verbal suffix).
The kanji is jukujikun (熟字訓), likely from the tilt sense. (Can this etymology be sourced?)

#### Verb

傾(かぶ)く • (kabuku) intransitive godan (stem 傾(かぶ)き (kabuki), past 傾(かぶ)いた (kabuita))
* (archaic) to tilt one's head
* (archaic) to dress or act in a strange or eccentric way to attract one's attention
* (archaic) to perform kabuki

##### Conjugation

Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 傾か | かぶか | kabuka |
| Continuative (連用形) | 傾き | かぶき | kabuki |
| Terminal (終止形) | 傾く | かぶく | kabuku |
| Attributive (連体形) | 傾く | かぶく | kabuku |
| Realis (已然形) | 傾け | かぶけ | kabuke |
| Imperative (命令形) | 傾け | かぶけ | kabuke |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 傾かず | かぶかず | kabukazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 傾けど | かぶけど | kabukedo |
| Causal conjunction | 傾けば | かぶけば | kabukeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 傾かば | かぶかば | kabukaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 傾きき | かぶきき | kabukiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 傾きけり | かぶきけり | kabukikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 傾きつ | かぶきつ | kabukitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 傾きぬ | かぶきぬ | kabukinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 傾けり 傾きたり | かぶけり かぶきたり | kabukeri kabukitari |
| Volitional | 傾かむ | かぶかむ | kabukamu |

##### Derived terms

* 歌舞伎(かぶき) (kabuki, “kabuki”)

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Harold Gould Henderson (2012) Intro to Haiku: An Anthology of Poems and Poets from Basho to Shiki, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, →ISBN
* ↑ Alexander Vovin (2015) Man’yōshū (Book 17): A New English Translation Containing the Original Text, Kana Transliteration, Romanization, Glossing and Commentary, BRILL, →ISBN, page 88
* ↑ Kenneth Rexroth (1964) One Hundred Poems from the Japanese, illustrated edition, New Directions Publishing, →ISBN, page 9
* ↑ Edwin A. Cranston (1998) The Gem-Glistening Cup (Volume 1 of A Waka Anthology), illustrated, reprint edition, Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 64