# 莞爾
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wǎn'ěr
    (Zhuyin): ㄨㄢˇ ㄦˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): wun$^5$ ji$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wǎn'ěr [Phonetic: wáněr]
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄢˇ ㄦˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wǎn-ěr
*** Wade–Giles: wan$^3$-êrh$^3$
*** Yale: wǎn-ěr
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: woaneel
*** Palladius: ваньэр (vanʹer)
*** Sinological IPA : /wän²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: wun$^5$ ji$^5$
*** Yale: wúhn yíh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: wun$^5$ ji$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: wun$^5$ yi$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /wuːn¹³ jiː¹³/
* Middle Chinese: hwaenX nyeX
Rime :
| Character | 莞 | 爾 |
| Reading # | 3/3 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 刪 (70) | 支 (11) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | II | III |
| Fanqie | 戸板切 | 兒氏切 |
| Baxter | hwaenX | nyeX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦˠuan$^X$/ | /ȵiᴇ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦʷᵚan$^X$/ | /ȵiɛ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣuɐn$^X$/ | /ȵʑjɛ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦwaɨn$^X$/ | /ȵiə̆$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣuan$^X$/ | /ȵie$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣwan$^X$/ | /ȵʑǐe$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ɣwan$^X$/ | /ȵʑie̯$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | huàn | ěr |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | waan$^6$ | ji$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɦŋroːnʔ njelʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 爾 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | ěr |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nye$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*n[ə][r]ʔ/ |
| English | (adv. suffix) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 莞 | 爾 |
| Reading # | 3/3 | 1/1 |
| No. | 16140 | 2817 |
| Phonetic component | 元 | 爾 |
| Rime group | 元 | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 睆 | 爾 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɦŋroːnʔ/ | /*njelʔ/ |
| Notes | | 說文尒聲，甲金文象檷初文， 取林義光說 |

### Adjective

莞爾
* (literary) smiling
    莞爾一笑／莞尔一笑 ― wǎn'ěryīxiào ― give a soft smile

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 莞(かん)爾(じ) (kanji)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 莞 | 爾 |
| かん Jinmeiyō | じ Jinmeiyō |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) かんじ [káꜜǹjì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [kã̠ɲ̟d͡ʑi]

### Adjective

莞(かん)爾(じ) • (kanji) $^†$-tari (adnominal 莞(かん)爾(じ)とした (kanji to shita) or 莞(かん)爾(じ)たる (kanji taru), adverbial 莞(かん)爾(じ)と (kanji to) or 莞(かん)爾(じ)として (kanji to shite))
* smiling
    Synonyms: にっこり (nikkori), 微笑み (hohoemi)
    莞(かん)爾(じ)として笑(わら)う
       kanji to shite warau
       to smile cheerfully, to beam with a smile

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 莞爾たら | かんじたら | kanzitara |
| Continuative (連用形) | 莞爾と$^{[1]}$ 莞爾たり$^{[2]}$ | かんじと かんじたり | kanzito kanzitari |
| Terminal (終止形) | 莞爾たり | かんじたり | kanzitari |
| Attributive (連体形) | 莞爾たる | かんじたる | kanzitaru |
| Realis (已然形) | 莞爾たれ | かんじたれ | kanzitare |
| Imperative (命令形) | 莞爾たれ | かんじたれ | kanzitare |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 莞爾たらず | かんじたらず | kanzitarazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 莞爾たれど | かんじたれど | kanzitaredo |
| Causal conjunction | 莞爾たれば | かんじたれば | kanzitareba |
| Conditional conjunction | 莞爾たらば | かんじたらば | kanzitaraba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 莞爾たりき | かんじたりき | kanzitariki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 莞爾たりけり | かんじたりけり | kanzitarikeri |
| Adverbial | 莞爾と | かんじと | kanzito |
| $^{[1]}$Without auxiliary verb. $^{[2]}$With auxiliary verb. ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN