# 向使
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xiàngshǐ
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄤˋ ㄕˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hoeng$^3$ si$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiàngshǐ
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄤˋ ㄕˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siàngshǐh
*** Wade–Giles: hsiang$^4$-shih$^3$
*** Yale: syàng-shř
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shianqshyy
*** Palladius: сянши (sjanši)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hoeng$^3$ si$^2$
*** Yale: heung sí
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hoeng$^3$ si$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hêng$^3$ xi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hœːŋ³³ siː³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: xjangH sriX
Rime :
| Character | 向 | 使 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) | 生 (21) |
| Final (韻) | 陽 (105) | 之 (19) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 許亮切 | 踈士切 |
| Baxter | xjangH | sriX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hɨɐŋ$^H$/ | /ʃɨ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /hiɐŋ$^H$/ | /ʃɨ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xiɑŋ$^H$/ | /ʃie$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /hɨaŋ$^H$/ | /ʂɨ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /xiaŋ$^H$/ | /ʃiə$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /xĭaŋ$^H$/ | /ʃĭə$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /xi̯aŋ$^H$/ | /ʂi$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xiàng | shǐ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hoeng$^3$ | si$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*n̥aŋ-s s-rəʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hlaŋs srɯʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 向 | 使 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xiàng | shǐ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xjang$^H$ › | ‹ sri$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*n̥aŋ-s/ | /*s-rəʔ/ |
| English | window facing North; turn towards | send; cause |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 向 | 使 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/2 |
| No. | 13660 | 11488 |
| Phonetic component | 向 | 史 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 向 | 史 |
| Old Chinese | /*hlaŋs/ | /*srɯʔ/ |

### Conjunction

向使
* (Classical) if
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Xiàngshǐ sì jūn què kè ér bù nà, shū shì ér bú yòng, shì shǐ guó wú fùlì zhī shí ér qín wú qiáng dà zhī míng yě. [Pinyin]
    If the four monarchs had rejected the guests and did not accept them, and alienated and did not appoint the virtuous and able men, this would have resulted in a lack of wealth in Qin, and Qin would have lacked the reputation of being powerful.
    From: The Book of Han, circa 1st century CE
    Xiàngshǐ tīng kè zhī yán, bù fèi niú jiǔ, zhōng wú huǒhuàn. [Pinyin]
    If you had listened to him, you would not be spending money setting up a feast with beef and wine, and there would not have been a fire.

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 若, 假, 如, 使, 令, 苟, 向, 向使, 向令, 假令, 假使, 誠, 誠使, 倘, 儻, 當使 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 若, 如, 如果, 若果, 果若, 假如, 假若, 假使, 假設, 倘若, 倘或, 倘然, 倘使, 若是, 若然, 設若, 設使, 設令, 設或, 設 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 要是, 要 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 要是, 要, 如果 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 如果 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 如果 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 要是 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 要是 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 要是, 假比 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 要是 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 要是, 要, 假使 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 要是, 倘此, 倘倘 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 如果, 若果, 若然, 假使間 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 如果, 若果, 若然, 若然之, 假使, 假使間, 假如 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 假如 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 如果, 假使 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 設若 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 如果 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 如果 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 要是, 若是 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 假使 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 係話, 若係, 如果 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 若果, 係講, 係話 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 係講, 若係, 假使 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 係講, 係準, 係準講, 準講, 準假, 係若, 若係, 假使, 假詐 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 係講, 若係, 假使 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 準講, 可比, 假使, 係講, 若係, 若係講, 準若講 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 係講, 若係, 假使 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 若係講, 假使, 若講, 係講, 若係 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 假使 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 要是 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 來是, 如果 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 來是, 如果 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 儷是, 若還 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 設使, 若是, 若, 若欲是, 假若, 假若是, 欲, 欲是, 甲若, 甲若是 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 設使, 若是, 若, 若欲是, 假若, 假若是, 欲, 欲是 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 設使, 若是, 若, 假若, 假若是, 欲, 欲是, 甲若, 甲若是 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 若是, 若準, 若, 假使, 設使 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 若是, 若準 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 若是 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 若是, 若, 假使 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 若是 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 如果 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 若, 若是 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 若是 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 要是, 如果, 假使, 倘然, 倘使, 是得 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 要, 如果 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 若是, 若 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 要是 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 要是, 要此 |