# 浪人
## Chinese
### Etymology

Attested earliest in Qimin Yaoshu (Essential Techniques for the Welfare of the People) :
    From: 544 CE, Jia Sixie, Qimin Yaoshu
    Zhāiguā fǎ: zài bùdào shàng, yǐn shǒu ér qǔ; wù tīng làngrén tà guāmàn, jí fānfù zhī. [Pinyin]
    How to pluck melons: on the footpath, reach out one's hands and take them; do not allow drifters to trample the melon-vines and toss and turn them [melons].

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): làngrén
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄤˋ ㄖㄣˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): long$^6$ jan$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: làngrén
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄤˋ ㄖㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: làngrén
*** Wade–Giles: lang$^4$-jên$^2$
*** Yale: làng-rén
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lanqren
*** Palladius: ланжэнь (lanžɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /lɑŋ⁵¹ ʐən³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: long$^6$ jan$^4$
*** Yale: lohng yàhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: long$^6$ jan$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: long$^6$ yen$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɔːŋ²² jɐn²¹/

### Noun

浪人
* hobo; vagabond
* ruffian
* Japanese ronin
* (colloquial) lewd person; lecher

#### Synonyms

* (lecher):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 登徒子 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 色鬼, 色狼, 好色之徒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 色迷, 色毛, 色迷鬼兒, 迷瞪鬼兒, 色坯子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 色鬼, 色狼 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 羊扒子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 色狼 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 色迷 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 鹹濕佬, 鹹濕鬼, 鹹蟲, 雞蟲, 麻甩佬, 色狼, 生雞 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 鹹濕佬, 鹹濕仔, 鹹濕鬼, 狗公, 鹹蟲, 淫蟲, 色狼 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 鹹濕佬 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 鹹濕佬, 毛騷佬, 鹹蟲, 生雞精, 麻甩佬 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 鹹濕公, 扒灰佬 |
| Cantonese | Ipoh (Guangfu) | 鹹濕鬼 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 鹹濕佬 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 沙鬼, 沙骨頭, 色鬼, 鹹濕鬼 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 鹹濕佬, 豺牯, 豺牯佬, 豺鬼, 生雞頭 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 豬哥 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Gongguan; N. Sixian) | 豬哥 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zhuolan; N. Sixian) | 豬哥 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 豬哥 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) | 豬哥 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) | 豬哥仔 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 豬哥, 豬哥仙, 痴哥牯, 騷牯 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping) | 豬哥 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 豬哥 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 豬哥 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 豬哥, 痴哥, 五枝鬚, 痟狗, 臭臊神, 豬哥神 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 豬哥, 五枝鬚, 臭臊神, 豬哥神 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 豬哥, 五枝鬚, 痟狗, 臭臊神, 豬哥神 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 不死鬼, 豬哥, 痴哥 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 豬哥, 痴哥, 痟狗 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 痴哥伯, 豬哥 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 豬哥 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 痴哥伯, 痴哥鬼 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 痴哥伯, 痴哥鬼 |
| Southern Min | Nan'ao (Houzhai) | 痴哥伯, 痴哥鬼 |
| Southern Min | Nan'ao (Yun'ao) | 痴哥伯, 痴哥鬼 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 痴哥鱉 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 豬哥, 豬哥伯, 利痴哥 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 痴哥伯 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 白鼻 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 鹹濕公, 鹹濕佬 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 騷卵 |

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 浪 | 人 |
| ろう Grade: S | にん Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese compound 浪人 (lang nyin, literally “wasteful or reckless person”). Compare modern Mandarin reading làngrén.
Originally referred to someone who had no fixed residence. Used in the context of the Ritsuryō legal system of Nara and Heian period Japan to refer to someone who had intentionally left their registered residence in order to avoid tax liabilities and corvee labor requirements. Later in the Muromachi period, came to refer to samurai who had left or lost their lords. This meaning was extended in more recent times to refer to potentially anyone who was not employed, and then again to refer to high-school graduates who have failed the annual university entrance exams and are studying for the next year's exams.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ろーにん [ròóníń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɾo̞ːɲ̟ĩɴ]

### Noun

浪(ろう)人(にん) • (rōnin)
* a masterless samurai
* a vagrant, a vagabond, a wanderer
** 1177–1188: Iroha Jiruishō:
    浪（ラウ）人
* someone in exile
** 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho, page 541:
    Rǒnin. ラゥニン (牢人) 追放された人.
    More specifically spelled 牢人.
* a prisoner
    More specifically spelled 牢人.
* someone who has been laid off or fired, an unemployed person
** 1682: 好色一代男 (page 70)
    罷出たるは此あたり八百八祢宜の子共、諸方の浪人友噪ぎにして、かざえ扇は、何しのぶぞかし。
** 1686: 好色一代女 (page 363)
    「こなたは御牢人衆なるが、御奉公済ざるうちは、折ふし気慰に御入あるべし。」
** 1686: 好色一代女 (page 437)
    「京の石垣くづれなりと、さる御牢人衆の娘御なりと、新町で天神して居た女郎の果なりと、おまえへさまも見しらしやつて御ざんす事も」と
* a student who failed the annual university entrance exams and is waiting to take them again: 浪人生 (​rōninsei)

#### Synonyms

* (wanderer): 流浪人(るろうにん) (rurōnin), 流浪者(るろうしゃ) (rurōsha)
* (unemployed person): 失業者(しつぎょうしゃ) (shitsugyōsha)
* (exile, prisoner): 牢者(ろうしゃ) (rōsha)

#### Derived terms

* 浪人生(ろうにんせい) (rōninsei): a student who failed the annual university entrance exams and is waiting to take them again

### Verb

浪(ろう)人(にん)する • (rōnin suru) suru (stem 浪(ろう)人(にん)し (rōnin shi), past 浪(ろう)人(にん)した (rōnin shita))
* to become unemployed, to lose one's job
* (archaic) to lose one's master
* to study for the following year's annual university entrance exams after failing

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 浪人し | ろうにんし | rōnin shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 浪人し | ろうにんし | rōnin shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 浪人する | ろうにんする | rōnin suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 浪人する | ろうにんする | rōnin suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 浪人すれ | ろうにんすれ | rōnin sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 浪人せよ¹ 浪人しろ² | ろうにんせよ¹ ろうにんしろ² | rōnin seyo¹ rōnin shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 浪人される | ろうにんされる | rōnin sareru |
| Causative | 浪人させる 浪人さす | ろうにんさせる ろうにんさす | rōnin saseru rōnin sasu |
| Potential | 浪人できる | ろうにんできる | rōnin dekiru |
| Volitional | 浪人しよう | ろうにんしよう | rōnin shiyō |
| Negative | 浪人しない | ろうにんしない | rōnin shinai |
| Negative continuative | 浪人せず | ろうにんせず | rōnin sezu |
| Formal | 浪人します | ろうにんします | rōnin shimasu |
| Perfective | 浪人した | ろうにんした | rōnin shita |
| Conjunctive | 浪人して | ろうにんして | rōnin shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 浪人すれば | ろうにんすれば | rōnin sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

#### Synonyms

* (become unemployed): 失業(しつぎょう) (shitsugyō)

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Tadakane, Tachibana with Masamune Atsuo (ed.) (c. 1177-1188) Iroha Jiruishō (in Japanese), Kazama Shobō, published 1971
* ↑ Doi, Tadao (1603–1604) Hōyaku Nippo Jisho (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1980, →ISBN.
* 1 2 3 Ihara, Saikaku with Isoji Asō, Gen Itasaka, Seiji Tsutsumi, Kōshin Noma (1957) [1686] Saikaku shū, jō, volume 47, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten Publishing, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 浪 | 人 |

### Noun

浪人 • (nang'in) (hangeul 낭인)
* hanja form of 낭인 (“vagabond; ronin”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 浪 | 人 |

### Noun

浪人
* chữ Hán form of lãng nhân (“ronin”).