# 慷慨
## Chinese
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kāngkǎi
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄤ ㄎㄞˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hong$^2$ koi$^3$ / kong$^2$ koi$^3$ / hong$^1$ koi$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khóng-khói / không-khói
* Eastern Min (BUC): kōng-kái
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khóng-khài
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$khaon-khe
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kāngkǎi
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄤ ㄎㄞˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kangkǎi
*** Wade–Giles: kʻang$^1$-kʻai$^3$
*** Yale: kāng-kǎi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kangkae
*** Palladius: канкай (kankaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɑŋ⁵⁵ kʰaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hong$^2$ koi$^3$ / kong$^2$ koi$^3$ / hong$^1$ koi$^3$
*** Yale: hóng koi / kóng koi / hōng koi
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hong$^2$ koi$^3$ / kong$^2$ koi$^3$ / hong$^1$ koi$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hong$^2$ koi$^3$ / kong$^2$ koi$^3$ / hong$^1$ koi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔːŋ³⁵ kʰɔːi̯³³/, /kʰɔːŋ³⁵ kʰɔːi̯³³/, /hɔːŋ⁵⁵ kʰɔːi̯³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khóng-khói / không-khói
*** Hakka Romanization System: kong$^ˋ$ koi$^ˋ$ / kong$^ˊ$ koi$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kong$^3$ koi$^3$ / kong$^1$ koi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰoŋ³¹ kʰoi̯³¹/, /kʰoŋ²⁴ kʰoi̯³¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: kōng-kái
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰouŋ³³⁻⁵⁵ $^{(kʰ-)}$ŋɑi²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khóng-khài
*** Tâi-lô: khóng-khài
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qofngqaix
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰai²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰai⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰai²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰai¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰai²¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$khaon-khe
*** MiniDict: khaon$^平$ khe
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$khaan-khe
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰɑ̃⁵⁵ kʰe²¹/
* Middle Chinese: khangX khojH
Rime :
| Character | 慷 | 慨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 唐 (101) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 苦朗切 | 苦蓋切 |
| Baxter | khangX | khojH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰɑŋ$^X$/ | /kʰʌi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰɑŋ$^X$/ | /kʰəi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰɑŋ$^X$/ | /kʰɒi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰaŋ$^X$/ | /kʰəj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰɑŋ$^X$/ | /kʰᴀi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰɑŋ$^X$/ | /kʰɒi$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kʰɑŋ$^X$/ | /kʰɑ̆i$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kǎng | kài |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hong$^2$ | hoi$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰlaːŋʔ kʰɯːds/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 慨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | kài |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khoj$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[kʰ]ˁə[t]-s/ |
| English | disappointed |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 慷 | 慨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 3987 | 5814 |
| Phonetic component | 庚 | 旡 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 隊 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 慷 | 磕 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰlaːŋʔ/ | /*kʰɯːds/ |

### Adjective

慷慨
* impassioned; vehement; fervent
       Zìgǔ Yànzhào duō kāngkǎi bēigē zhī shì. [Pinyin]
       (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* forthright; expansive; frank and straightforward
* generous; beneficent

#### Synonyms

* (impassioned):
* 激切 (jīqiè) (literary)
* 激昂 (jī'áng)
* 激烈 (jīliè)
* (forthright):
* 奔放 (bēnfàng)
* 曠達／旷达 (kuàngdá) (formal)
* 粗獷／粗犷
* 豪宕 (háodàng) (literary)
* 豪放 (háofàng)
* 豪爽 (háoshuǎng)
* 豪邁／豪迈 (háomài)
* (generous): 大方 (dàfāng); (Hokkien) 大派, 冇手, 看手, 闊手／阔手, 血漢／血汉; (Wu) 四海

#### Derived terms

* 悲歌慷慨
* 慷他人之慨 (kāng tārén zhī kǎi)
* 慷慨仗義／慷慨仗义
* 慷慨就義／慷慨就义 (kāngkǎijiùyì)
* 慷慨悲歌
* 慷慨捐生
* 慷慨擔承／慷慨担承
* 慷慨淋漓
* 慷慨激揚／慷慨激扬
* 慷慨激昂 (kāngkǎijī'áng)
* 慷慨激烈
* 慷慨解囊 (kāngkǎijiěnáng)
* 慷慨赴義／慷慨赴义
* 慷慨輸將／慷慨输将
* 慷慨陳詞／慷慨陈词
* 激昂慷慨

### Verb

慷慨
* (Classical) to sigh (with regret); to lament; to exclaim

#### Synonyms

* 嗟嘆／嗟叹 (jiētàn) (literary)
* 嘆惜／叹惜 (tànxī)
* 慨嘆／慨叹 (kǎitàn)
* 感嘆／感叹 (gǎntàn)
* 興嘆／兴叹 (xīngtàn)
* 道嘆／道叹 (Hakka)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 慷慨(こうがい) (kōgai)
* → Korean: 강개(慷慨) (ganggae)
* → Vietnamese: khảng khái (慷慨)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 慷 | 慨 |

### Adjective

慷慨
* chữ Hán form of khảng khái, khẳng khái (“chivalrous”).