OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# halsmisdrijf
## Dutch
### Etymology

Compound of hals (“neck”) +‎ misdrijf (“crime”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈɦɑlsˌmɪs.drɛi̯f/
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: hals‧mis‧drijf

### Noun

halsmisdrijf n (plural halsmisdrijven)
* capital offence (Commonwealth), capital offense (US) (crime punishable with the death penalty)
    Synonym: halsmisdaad
# herumlaufen
## German
### Etymology

From herum- +‎ laufen.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [hɛˈʁʊmˌlaʊ̯fn̩]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: he‧r‧um‧lau‧fen

### Verb

herumlaufen (class 7 strong, third-person singular present läuft herum, past tense lief herum, past participle herumgelaufen, auxiliary sein)
* (intransitive) to wander
* (intransitive) to run around

#### Conjugation

$^1$This form and alternative in würde both found.
$^1$This form and alternative in würde both found.

#### Derived terms

* Herumlaufen

#### Related terms

* herumdrehen, herumfliegen, herumwerfen, herumwirbeln
* durchlaufen, fortlaufen
* überlaufen, verlaufen, weglaufen

### Further reading

* “herumlaufen” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
* “herumlaufen” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon
* “herumlaufen” in Duden online
* “herumlaufen” in OpenThesaurus.de
# mariscase
## Galician
### Verb

mariscase
* first/third-person singular imperfect subjunctive of mariscar

## Spanish
### Verb

mariscase
* first/third-person singular imperfect subjunctive of mariscar
# Liatroim
## Irish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈl̠ʲiət̪ˠɾˠəmʲ]

### Proper noun

Liatroim m (genitive Liatroma)
* Leitrim
# bollàvem
## Catalan
### Verb

bollàvem
* first-person plural imperfect indicative of bollar
# aventávades
## Galician
### Verb

aventávades
* (reintegrationist norm) second-person plural imperfect indicative of aventar
# Querschiesser
## German
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈkveːɐ̯ʃiːsɐ]
* Hyphenation: Quer‧schies‧ser

### Noun

Querschiesser m (strong, genitive Querschiessers, plural Querschiesser)
* Switzerland and Liechtenstein standard spelling of Querschießer.
# incalorirei
## Italian
### Verb

incalorirei
* first-person singular conditional of incalorire
# halsmandel
## Swedish
### Etymology

hals (“throat”) +‎ mandel (“tonsil”)

### Noun

halsmandel c
* (anatomy) a tonsil
    Synonym: tonsill

#### Declension
### References

* halsmandel in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* Svensk MeSH
# assoupis
## French
### Verb

assoupis
* inflection of assoupir:
** first/second-person singular present indicative
** first/second-person singular past historic
** second-person singular imperative

### Participle

assoupis m pl
* masculine plural of assoupi
# ignifugavamo
## Italian
### Verb

ignifugavamo
* first-person plural imperfect indicative of ignifugare
# Latinness
## English
### Etymology

From Latin +‎ -ness.

### Noun

Latinness (uncountable)
* The state, quality, or condition of Latin or of being Latin (all senses); Latinity.

#### Related terms

* Latinhood
# avvalliate
## Italian
### Verb

avvalliate
* second-person plural present subjunctive of avvallare
# Tagesende
## German
### Etymology

From Tag +‎ -es- +‎ Ende.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ˈtaːɡəsˌɛndə]
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

Tagesende n (mixed, genitive Tagesendes, plural Tagesenden)
* end of day
    Antonyms: Tagesanfang, Tagesmitte

#### Related terms

* Jahresende
* Monatsende
* Tageszeitung

### Further reading

* “Tagesende” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
* “Tagesende” in Duden online
# grisáreis
## Portuguese
### Verb

grisáreis
* second-person plural pluperfect indicative of grisar
# incalorirebbero
## Italian
### Verb

incalorirebbero
* third-person plural conditional of incalorire
# halsmisdaden
## Dutch
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

halsmisdaden
* plural of halsmisdaad
# assoupiront
## French
### Verb

assoupiront
* third-person plural simple future of assoupir
# citande
## Latin
### Participle

citande
* vocative masculine singular of citandus
# Liangguang
## English
### Alternative forms

* Liangkwang

### Etymology

From the pinyin romanization of Mandarin 兩廣／两广 (Liǎngguǎng, “the Two Expanses”).

### Proper noun

Liangguang
* Guangdong and Guangxi taken together
* The Qing viceroyalty which oversaw the two provinces
** 2015 December 19, Nellie Ming Lee, “Behind many great champagnes is an even greater woman”, in South China Morning Post‎, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 30 December 2015, FOOD & DRINK‎:She was one of the first to ship champagne to the East - China received 48 bottles of Veuve Clicquot in 1847, around the same time as the Treaty of Canton was signed between Sweden-Norway and Qiying, the viceroy of Liangguang.

### Anagrams

* languaging
# bombingane
## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Noun

bombingane f
* definite plural of bombing
# avstemninger
## Norwegian Bokmål
### Noun

avstemninger m or f
* indefinite plural of avstemning
# babosearlas
## Spanish
### Verb

babosearlas
* infinitive of babosear combined with las
# bùyóufēnshuō
## Mandarin
### Romanization

bùyóufēnshuō (Zhuyin ㄅㄨˋ ㄧㄡˊ ㄈㄣ ㄕㄨㄛ)
* Hanyu Pinyin reading of 不由分說／不由分说
# bêche-de-mer
## English
### Alternative forms

* bêche de mer

### Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from French bêche-de-mer.

### Noun

bêche-de-mer (plural bêches-de-mer)
* Synonym of sea cucumber.
** 2020, Sujit Sivasundaram, Waves Across the South, William Collins, published 2021, page 18:The Hunter had called in at Fiji to collect sandalwood and bêche de mer on a voyage between Calcutta and New South Wales.

## French
### Etymology

Calque of Portuguese bicho-do-mar (“sea worm”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bɛʃ.də.mɛʁ/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

bêche-de-mer f (plural bêches-de-mer)
* sea cucumber
    Synonyms: concombre de mer, holothurie

#### Descendants

* → English: bêche-de-mer
# citandae
## Latin
### Participle

citandae
* inflection of citandus:
** nominative/vocative feminine plural
** genitive/dative feminine singular
# košnuti
## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology

From kòsa.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kôsnuti/
* Hyphenation: kos‧nu‧ti

### Verb

kȍsnuti pf (Cyrillic spelling ко̏снути)
* (reflexive) to squabble, bicker

#### Conjugation
### References

* “košnuti” in Hrvatski jezični portal
# förtrotts
## Swedish
### Verb

förtrotts
* passive supine of förtro
# bombing out
## English
### Verb

bombing out
* present participle and gerund of bomb out
# avstigning
## Swedish
### Etymology

stiga av +‎ -ning. First attested in 1749.

### Noun

avstigning c
* disembarkation

#### Declension
### References

* avstigning in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
* avstigning in Svensk ordbok (SO)
* avstigning in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
# apamparemos
## Galician
### Verb

apamparemos
* first-person plural future indicative of apampar
# bùyóude
## Mandarin
### Romanization

bùyóude (Zhuyin ㄅㄨˋ ㄧㄡˊ ˙ㄉㄜ)
* Hanyu Pinyin reading of 不由得
# lepilemuri
## Italian
### Noun

lepilemuri m
* plural of lepilemure
# circundemos
## Galician
### Verb

circundemos
* inflection of circundar:
** first-person plural present subjunctive
** first-person plural imperative

## Portuguese
### Verb

circundemos
* inflection of circundar:
** first-person plural present subjunctive
** first-person plural imperative

## Spanish
### Verb

circundemos
* inflection of circundar:
** first-person plural present subjunctive
** first-person plural imperative
# košnju
## Serbo-Croatian
### Noun

košnju (Cyrillic spelling кошњу)
* accusative singular of košnja
# iphuphu
## Northern Ndebele
### Noun

iphuphu$^?$ class 5 (plural amaphuphu class 6)
* young bird

#### Inflection

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

## Phuthi
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Noun

íphuphu class 9 (plural típhuphu class 10)
* flour

#### Inflection

This entry needs an inflection-table template.
# kände på sig
## Swedish
### Verb

kände på sig
* past indicative of känna på sig
# anonymisa
## French
### Verb

anonymisa
* third-person singular past historic of anonymiser

### Anagrams

* monnayais
# bailas
## Asturian
### Verb

bailas
* second-person singular present subjunctive of bailar

## Galician
### Verb

bailas
* second-person singular present indicative of bailar

## Portuguese
### Verb

bailas
* second-person singular present indicative of bailar

## Spanish
### Verb

bailas
* second-person singular present indicative of bailar
# bathmat
## English
### Noun

bathmat (plural bathmats)
* Alternative spelling of bath mat
# lepilemure di Sahamalaza
## Italian
### Noun

lepilemure di Sahamalaza m (plural lepilemuri di Sahamalaza)
* Synonym of lepilemure rosso
# citandoti
## Italian
### Verb

citandoti
* second-person singular gerund of citarsi

### Anagrams

* cittadino
# hevði
## Faroese
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [hɛijɪ]

### Verb

hevði
* I, you, he, she, it had; singular past tense form of hava (to have)
# iphökgani
## Phuthi
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Noun

íphökgáni class 9 (plural típhökgáni class 10)
* fly

#### Inflection

This noun needs an inflection-table template.
# anticiparer
## Latin
### Verb

anticipārer
* first-person singular imperfect passive subjunctive of anticipō
# gnib
## English
### Adjective

gnib (not comparable)
* (Scotland) smart, eager
# bailase
## Galician
### Verb

bailase
* first/third-person singular imperfect subjunctive of bailar

## Spanish
### Verb

bailase
* first/third-person singular imperfect subjunctive of bailar
# bathkeepers
## English
### Noun

bathkeepers
* plural of bathkeeper
# bóias
## Portuguese
### Noun

bóias f
* plural of bóia

### Verb

bóias
* Pre-reform spelling (until 1990) of boias. Still used in countries where the agreement hasn't come into effect; may occur as a sporadic misspelling.
# mappaggi
## Italian
### Noun

mappaggi m
* plural of mappaggio
# US-DC
## Translingual
### Etymology

Binomial compound of US (“United States”) +‎ English DC (“District of Columbia”)

### Pronunciation

* English: IPA: /juː ɛs diː siː/

### Symbol

US-DC
* (international standards) ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code for the District of Columbia.
# irritats
## Catalan
### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [i.riˈtats]
* Rhymes: -ats

### Participle

irritats m pl
* masculine plural of irritat
# anticiparemur
## Latin
### Verb

anticipārēmur
* first-person plural imperfect passive subjunctive of anticipō
# bondbönorna
## Swedish
### Noun

bondbönorna
* definite plural of bondböna
# bailaríes
## Asturian
### Verb

bailaríes
* second-person singular conditional of bailar
# hai-rezoryūshon
## Japanese
### Romanization

hai-rezoryūshon
* Rōmaji transcription of ハイレゾリューション
# inacetii
## Italian
### Verb

inacetii
* first-person singular past historic of inacetire
# mappage
## French
### Etymology

From mapper +‎ -age.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ma.paʒ/
* Audio:(file)

### Noun

mappage m (plural mappages)
* (computing) mapping
** 2006, Thierry Groussard, Visual Basic 2005 (VB.NET): Développez pour le Framework .NET 2.0 avec Visual Studio 2005, Editions ENI, →ISBN, page 355:Si , pour un ou plusieurs champs , il n’y a pas de mappage disponible , alors le nom du champ dans la base est utilisé comme nom pour la DataColumn correspondante . Nous pouvons , par exemple , utiliser cette technique pour traduire les […](please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 2009, Philippe Freddi, Windows Server 2008: les services réseaux TCP/IP, Editions ENI, →ISBN, page 188:La zone du mappage réseau située en haut à droite représente graphiquement la connexion actuelle du réseau . Elle utilise le protocole LLTD ( Link Layer Topology Discovery ) pour déterminer et afficher la topologie réseau […](please add an English translation of this quotation)
** 2023 August 27 (last accessed), Free Software Foundation, “Périphériques mappés”, in Manuel de référence de GNU Guix‎, archived from the original on 28 August 2023:Le noyau Linux a une notion de mappage de périphériques : un périphérique bloc, comme une partition sur un disque dur, peut être mappé sur un autre périphérique […]The Linux kernel has a notion of device mapping: a block device, such as a hard disk partition, can be mapped into another device […]

### References

* ↑ Free Software Foundation (2023 August 27 (last accessed)) “Mapped Devices”, in GNU Guix Reference Manual‎
# asymptosy
## English
### Noun

asymptosy (uncountable)
* (rare, dated, mathematics) The quality of being asymptotic.
# allmänläkarnas
## Swedish
### Noun

allmänläkarnas
* definite genitive plural of allmänläkare
# gominer
## French
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Verb

gominer
* to apply hair gel, to style one's hair

#### Related terms

* gomina
* gominé
# kypriotiske
## Norwegian Bokmål
### Adjective

kypriotiske
* definite singular of kypriotisk
* plural of kypriotisk

## Norwegian Nynorsk
### Adjective

kypriotiske
* definite singular of kypriotisk
* plural of kypriotisk
# bailaríen
## Asturian
### Verb

bailaríen
* third-person plural conditional of bailar
# inacetirai
## Italian
### Verb

inacetirai
* second-person singular future of inacetire
# haesitaverat
## Latin
### Verb

haesitāverat
* third-person singular pluperfect active indicative of haesitō
# mappades
## Swedish
### Verb

mappades
* past passive indicative of mappa
# geduldigerem
## German
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

geduldigerem
* strong dative masculine/neuter singular comparative degree of geduldig
# alloquies
## English
### Noun

alloquies
* plural of alloquy
# Pells
## English
### Etymology

From a Pell as a pet-form of Peter + the patronymic suffix -s.

### Proper noun

Pells
* A surname transferred from the given name.

### Anagrams

* Spell, spell
# avvallare
## Italian
### Etymology

From a- +‎ valle +‎ -are.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /av.valˈla.re/
* Rhymes: -are
* Hyphenation: av‧val‧là‧re

### Verb

avvallàre (first-person singular present avvàllo, first-person singular past historic avvallài, past participle avvallàto, auxiliary (transitive) avére or (intransitive) èssere)
* (literally, transitive) to send to the valley
* (by extension, transitive) to send down
* (by extension, transitive) to sink (the terrain, a road, etc.), to cause to sink
    Synonyms: affondare, abbassare, sprofondare
* (archaic or literary, transitive) to lower (one's hood, head, etc.)
* (archaic or literary, transitive) to turn (one's eyes, etc.) towards the ground
* (archaic, figurative, transitive) to humiliate, to demean
    Synonyms: umiliare, avvilire
* (archaic, figurative, transitive) to swallow
* (literary, intransitive) to go down, to descend [auxiliary essere]

#### Conjugation

$^1$Transitive. $^2$Intransitive.

#### Derived terms

* avvallamento
* avvallarsi

### Anagrams

* avvallerà
# Píng
## Mandarin
### Romanization

Píng (ping$^2$, Zhuyin ㄆㄧㄥˊ)
* Hanyu Pinyin reading of 平
# habundaunt
## English
### Adjective

habundaunt (comparative more habundaunt, superlative most habundaunt)
* Obsolete form of abundant.
# basagliano
## Italian
### Adjective

basagliano (feminine basagliana, masculine plural basagliani, feminine plural basagliane)
* (relational) of Franco Basaglia; Basaglian
# humillarais
## Spanish
### Verb

humillarais
* second-person plural imperfect subjunctive of humillar
# gefinkelteres
## German
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

gefinkelteres
* strong/mixed nominative/accusative neuter singular comparative degree of gefinkelt
# alloquimur
## Latin
### Verb

alloquimur
* first-person plural present active indicative of alloquor
# Perekop
## English
### Proper noun

Perekop
* A village located on the Isthmus of Perekop connecting the Crimean peninsula to the Ukrainian mainland.
# bonítol
## Catalan
### Alternative forms

* bonyítol

### Etymology

Probably ultimately from Latin pēlamydulus, diminutive of pēlamys, from Ancient Greek πηλαμύς (pēlamús, “young tunny”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central) [buˈni.tul]
* IPA: (Balearic) [buˈni.tol]
* IPA: (Valencia) [boˈni.tol]

### Noun

bonítol m (plural bonítols)
* bonito (marine fish of the genus Sarda)

#### Derived terms

* bonítol llis
* bonítol oriental
* bonítol ratllat

### Further reading

* “bonítol” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “bonítol” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
# Píngjiāng
## Mandarin
### Romanization

Píngjiāng (Zhuyin ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄐㄧㄤ)
* Hanyu Pinyin reading of 平江
# haburjon
## Middle English
### Noun

haburjon
* Alternative form of hauberjoun
# basag baba
## Cebuano
### Alternative forms

* basa og baba

### Etymology

basa +‎ og +‎ baba

### Adjective

basag baba
* (idiomatic) noisy; talkative
# humillarei
## Galician
### Verb

humillarei
* first-person singular future indicative of humillar
# gefinkelteren
## German
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Adjective

gefinkelteren
* inflection of gefinkelt:
** strong genitive masculine/neuter singular comparative degree
** weak/mixed genitive/dative all-gender singular comparative degree
** strong/weak/mixed accusative masculine singular comparative degree
** strong dative plural comparative degree
** weak/mixed all-case plural comparative degree
# artificializarias
## Portuguese
### Verb

artificializarias
* second-person singular conditional of artificializar
# humildáramos
## Asturian
### Verb

humildáramos
* first-person plural pluperfect indicative of humildar
* first-person plural imperfect subjunctive of humildar
# Perella
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Italian Perella.

### Proper noun

Perella (plural Perellas)
* A surname from Italian.

#### Statistics

* According to the 2010 United States Census, Perella is the 36736th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 608 individuals. Perella is most common among White (97.53%) individuals.

### Further reading

* Hanks, Patrick, editor (2003), “Perella”, in Dictionary of American Family Names, volume 3, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN.

### Anagrams

* parelle, Repalle, Laperle

## Italian
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Proper noun

Perella m or f by sense
* a surname
# kestirme
## Turkish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /cestiɾˈme/
* Hyphenation: kes‧tir‧me

### Noun

kestirme (definite accusative kestirmeyi, plural kestirmeler)
* abbreviation
* bypass, shortcut
* nap, snooze
# habundances
## Middle English
### Noun

habundances
* plural of habundance
# bǐmùyú
## Mandarin
### Romanization

bǐmùyú (Zhuyin ㄅㄧˇ ㄇㄨˋ ㄩˊ)
* Hanyu Pinyin reading of 比目魚／比目鱼
# circunscreveras
## Portuguese
### Verb

circunscreveras
* second-person singular pluperfect indicative of circunscrever
# gebrosnod
## Old English
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /jeˈbros.nod/, [jeˈbroz.nod]

### Participle

ġebrosnod
* past participle of brosnian
# artificializará
## Portuguese
### Verb

artificializará
* third-person singular future indicative of artificializar
# humildéis
## Asturian
### Verb

humildéis
* second-person plural present subjunctive of humildar
# aviditate
## Latin
### Noun

aviditāte
* ablative singular of aviditās

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French avidité. Equivalent to avid +‎ -itate.

### Noun

aviditate f (uncountable)
* avidity
# kestikievarit
## Finnish
### Noun

kestikievarit
* nominative/accusative plural of kestikievari
# lepnāko
## Latvian
### Adjective

lepnāko
* inflection of lepnākais:
** vocative/accusative/instrumental singular masculine/feminine
** genitive plural masculine/feminine
# bau aus
## German
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Verb

bau aus
* singular imperative of ausbauen
* (colloquial) first-person singular present of ausbauen
# circunscrever
## Portuguese
### Alternative forms

* circumscrever

### Etymology

Semi-learned borrowing from Latin circumscrībere.

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /siʁ.kũs.kɾeˈve(ʁ)/ [sih.kũs.kɾeˈve(h)]
* (Brazil) IPA: /siʁ.kũs.kɾeˈve(ʁ)/ [sih.kũs.kɾeˈve(h)]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /siɾ.kũs.kɾeˈve(ɾ)/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /siʁ.kũʃ.kɾeˈve(ʁ)/ [siχ.kũʃ.kɾeˈve(χ)]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /siɻ.kũs.kɾeˈve(ɻ)/
* (Portugal) IPA: /siɾ.kũʃ.kɾɨˈveɾ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /siɾ.kũʃ.kɾɨˈveɾ/
** (Northern Portugal) IPA: /siɾ.kũʃ.kɾɨˈbeɾ/ [siɾ.kũʃ.kɾɨˈβeɾ]
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /siɾ.kũʃ.kɾɨˈve.ɾi/
* Hyphenation: cir‧cuns‧cre‧ver

### Verb

circunscrever (first-person singular present circunscrevo, first-person singular preterite circunscrevi, past participle circunscrito)
* (transitive) to circumscribe; to encircle (draw a line around; encircle)
    Synonym: circular
* (transitive) to circumscribe; to restrict (limit narrowly)
    Synonyms: delimitar, restringir
* (transitive, geometry) to circumscribe (draw a circle, sphere, or higher-dimensional ball)

#### Conjugation
### Further reading

* “circunscrever”, in iDicionário Aulete (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon Editora Digital, 2008–2024
* “circunscrever”, in Dicionário inFormal (in Portuguese), 2006–2024
* “circunscrever” in Dicionário Aberto based on Novo Diccionário da Língua Portuguesa de Cândido de Figueiredo, 1913
* “circunscrever”, in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2024
* “circunscrever”, in Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), São Paulo: Editora Melhoramentos, 2015–2024
* “circunscrever”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2024
# gebrokne
## Danish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ɡebrɔknə/, [ɡ̊eˈb̥ʁʌɡ̊nə]

### Adjective

gebrokne
* definite singular of gebrokken
* plural of gebrokken
# avorazada
## Spanish
### Adjective

avorazada f
* feminine singular of avorazado
# Qualm
## German
### Alternative forms

* Kwalm (archaic, rare)

### Etymology

16th century, from Middle Low German quallem (“vapor, steam, smoke”). Cognate with Dutch kwalm. Usually considered a derivative of quellen (“to well, swell up”).
Alternatively with the common Low and Central German development dw-, tw- → qu- (as in quer, Quark etc.) from Old Saxon dwalm (“benumbment, bemusement”), cognate of Old High German twalm, Old English dwolma. Further from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeuə- (“spray, swirl, whirl”). However, the documented meanings seem to speak against this.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kvalm/, [kʋalm], [kv̥alm]
* Audio:(file)
* Hyphenation: Qualm

### Noun

Qualm m (strong, genitive Qualmes or Qualms, no plural)
* smoke, particularly when very dense or regarded as unpleasant; fume
    Synonyms: Rauch, Schmauch
    beißender, dichter, dicker, weißer, schwarzer Qualmacrid, dense, thick, white, black smoke/fumes
    Zigarettenqualm ― cigarette smoke
** 1964, Dieter Noll, Die Abenteuer des Werner Holt: Roman einer Heimkehr (Aufbau-Verlag, Berlin 1964), page 307 (GoogleBooks; retrieved 19 July 2015)
    Fern erhob sich die Silhouette der Brikettfabrik mit ihren Schloten, und die Schornsteine spien Qualm aus, schwarzen, undurchdringlichen Rauch, der sich wie ein Vorhang vor den Horizont legte. In dieser Wand aus Wolken und Qualm und Morgendunst stand blutrot die Sonnenscheibe.Far off rose up the silhouette of the briquette factory with its smokestacks, and those chimneys disgorged thick fumes, black, dense smoke, that drew before the horizon like a curtain. In this wall of clouds and thick fumes and morning haze stood blood-redly the Sun′s disc.

#### Declension

$^1$Now rare, see notes.

#### Synonyms

* (regional) Wasen/Wrasen, Brodel, Schwalch, Schwalk, Schmok

### See also

* Dampf
* Dunst

### References

* 1 2 Friedrich Kluge, revised by Elmar Seebold: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. 24th, checked through and expanded edition. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2001, →ISBN, p. 734.
* ↑ “Qualm” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
* ↑ Eva-Maria Krech, Eberhard Stock, Ursula Hirschfeld, Lutz Christian Anders et al.: Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch: Mit Beiträgen von Walter Haas, Ingrid Hove, Peter Wiesinger. 1st edition. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2009, →ISBN, p. 853.

### Further reading

* “Qualm” in Duden online
* “Qualm” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
* “Qualm” in Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm, 16 vols., Leipzig 1854–1961.