# Qiqihaer
## English
### Etymology

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of 齊齊哈爾／齐齐哈尔 (Qíqíhā'ěr), without syllable-dividing mark (隔音符號／隔音符号 (géyīn fúhào)).

### Proper noun

Qiqihaer
* Alternative form of Qiqiha'er (Qiqihar)
** 1979, Frederic M. Kaplan, Julian M. Sobin, Stephen Andors, Encyclopedia of China Today‎, Eurasia Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 22:Farther west, the city of Qiqihaer—one of the oldest Chinese settlements in Manchuria—produces locomotives and rolling stock, heavy machine tools, mining and metallurgical equipment, and some steel.
** 1988, Emily Honig, Gail Hershatter, “Divorce”, in Personal Voices: Chinese Women in the 1980's‎, Stanford, Cali.: Stanford University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 219:The case of a woman named Qu Hua from Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang, illustrates this possibility. She married a worker named Xu Baocheng in 1980, and they got along very well until she gave birth to a girl. Then Xu immediately began to beat Qu, and forced her and the baby to live in a small shack.
** 2013, Robert W. Cox, “The Emergence of China”, in Universal Foreigner: The Individual and the World‎, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 284:From Daqing we took the train to the far north of China at Qiqihaer, described to me as a relatively small Chinese city of about six million people!
** 2016 March 30, Mimi Lau, “The school of hard rocks: how protests by China’s miners shine a light on an industry in decline”, in South China Morning Post‎:Thousands of workers from the Tonghua Iron and Steel Group in Jilin province, Qiqihaer in Heilongjiang, Kaiping in Heibei, and Pingxiang in Jiangxi, demonstrated over unpaid wages, in protests that took place between the end of February and the middle of March
** 2021, Yijia Yanga, Ge Song, “Human disturbance changes based on spatiotemporal heterogeneity of regional ecological vulnerability: A case study of Qiqihaer city, northwestern Songnen Plain, China”, in Journal of Cleaner Production‎, volume 291, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC:In this study, a framework that combines ecological sensitivity and ecological risk as the end point of EV assessment was established, and was used to investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics and major environmental issues of EV in Qiqihaer City, northwest of the Songnen Plain
** For more quotations using this term, see Citations:Qiqihaer.

#### Usage notes

Qiqihaer can be considered a misspelling of Qiqiha'er. In theory, a syllable-dividing mark (隔音符號／隔音符号 (géyīn fúhào)) should be added before a non-initial syllable beginning with a, o, or e. Hence, Qiqihaer is not allowed since a word made up of qi, qi, ha and er would be spelled as Qiqiha'er (cf. Qiqiha'er). In practice, syllable-dividing marks are often added or omitted at will.

### References

* ↑ Shabad, Theodore (1972) “Index”, in China's Changing Map‎, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 345, 366:Chinese place names are listed in three common spelling styles: […] (1) the Post Office system, […] (2) the Wade-Giles system, […] shown after the main entry […] (3) the Chinese Communists' own Pinyin romanization system, which also appears in parentheses […] Tsitsihar (Ch'i-ch'i-ha-erh, Qiqihaer)

### Further reading

* Qiqiha'er, Qiqihaer, Chichihaerh at the Google Books Ngram Viewer.
* “Qiqihaer” in TheFreeDictionary.com, Huntingdon Valley, Pa.: Farlex, Inc., 2003–2024.