# bés
## French
### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)

### Noun

bés m
* plural of bé

## Old Irish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /bʲeːs/

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *banssus, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ-. According to another theory, the word might derive from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeydʰ- instead, making it cognate with Albanian besë as an Albanian/Celtic isogloss.

#### Noun

bés m (genitive béso)
* custom
** c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 4$^d$15
    In Belzefuth: is béss didu ind lïacc benir il-béim friss, et intí do·thuit foir ɔ·boing a chnámi, intí fora tuit-som immurgu at·bail-side.The Beelzebub: it is the custom, then, of the stone that many blows are hit against it, and he who falls upon it breaks his bones; however, he whom it falls on perishes
* manner (customary method of acting; habit)
** c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 9$^a$14
    Bed adthramli .i. gaibid comarbus for n-athar et intamlid a béssu.Be pl fatherlike, i.e. take your father’s heritage and imitate his manners
For more quotations using this term, see Citations:bés.

##### Declension

Masculine u-stem :
| | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| Nominative | bés | bés$^L$ | bésae$^H$, bésse |
| Vocative | bés | bés$^L$ | bésu, béssu |
| Accusative | bés$^N$ | bés$^L$ | bésu, béssu |
| Genitive | béso$^H$, béesso$^H$ | béso$^L$, béesso$^L$ | bésae$^N$ |
| Dative | bés$^L$ | bésaib, béssaib | bésaib, béssaib |
| Initial mutations of a following adjective: $^H$ = triggers aspiration $^L$ = triggers lenition $^N$ = triggers nasalization ||||

##### Alternative forms

* béss, bǽs

##### Descendants

* Irish: béas
* Scottish Gaelic: beus

### Etymology 2
#### Adverb

bés (precedes the verb, which is in the subjunctive)
* perhaps
** c. 850, Carlsruhe Glosses on St Augustine’s Soliloquia, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. 2, pp. 1–9, Acr. 14$^a$2
    Bés as·bera-su as n‑ai⟨n⟩m dosom animus ci at·bela.Maybe you would say that animus is its name though it may die.

##### Derived terms

* bésu, béso (combined with the present subjunctive of the copula)

### Further reading

* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 bés ‘custom’”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 bés ‘perhaps’”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

### References

* ↑ Trumper, John. "Some Celto‑Albanian isoglosses and their implications." Structuring Variation in Romance Linguistics and Beyond. In honour of Leonardo M. Savoia (2018).

## Wolof
### Etymology

Cognate with Laalaa bées.

### Noun

bés (definite form bés bi)
* day