# 孤獨
## Chinese
### Pronunciation 1

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gūdú
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨ ㄉㄨˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gu$^1$ duk$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kû-thu̍k
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ko͘-to̍k
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gou$^1$ dog$^8$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gūdú
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨ ㄉㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gudú
*** Wade–Giles: ku$^1$-tu$^2$
*** Yale: gū-dú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gudwu
*** Palladius: гуду (gudu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku⁵⁵ tu³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gu$^1$ duk$^6$
*** Yale: gū duhk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gu$^1$ duk$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gu$^1$ dug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /kuː⁵⁵ tʊk̚²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kû-thu̍k
*** Hakka Romanization System: gu$^ˊ$ tug
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gu$^1$ tug$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /ku²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuk̚⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko͘-to̍k
*** Tâi-lô: koo-to̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ko'dok
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ³³ tɔk̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tɔk̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɔk̚⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gou$^1$ dog$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kou to̍k
*** Sinological IPA : /kou³³⁻²³ tok̚⁴/
* Middle Chinese: ku duwk
Rime :
| Character | 孤 | 獨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) | 屋 (3) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 古胡切 | 徒谷切 |
| Baxter | ku | duwk |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuo/ | /duk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kuo/ | /duk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ko/ | /duk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɔ/ | /dəwk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ko/ | /duk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ku/ | /duk̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kuo/ | /dʱuk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | gū | dú |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gu$^1$ | duk$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʷˤa [d]ˤok/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʷaː doːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 孤 | 獨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | gū | dú |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ku › | ‹ duwk › |
| Old Chinese | /*kʷˁa/ | /*[d]ˁok/ |
| English | orphan | alone; only |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 孤 | 獨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 4347 | 11818 |
| Phonetic component | 瓜 | 蜀 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 屋 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 孤 | 獨 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʷaː/ | /*doːɡ/ |

#### Adjective

孤獨
* lonely; lonesome; solitary; desolate
    孤獨終老／孤独终老 ― gūdú zhōnglǎo ― to die alone; to die a lonely death
       xīndǐ de gūdú hé tànxī [Pinyin]
       endless sighs from lonely souls
* isolated and helpless

##### Synonyms

* (lonely):
* 俗 (Hokkien)
* 孤單／孤单 (gūdān)
* 孤孑 (gūjié) (literary)
* 孤寂 (gūjì)
* 寂寞 (jìmò)
* 寂寥 (jìliáo)
* 挑另 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 索寞 (suǒmò) (literary or Eastern Min)
* 落寞 (luòmò)

#### Noun

孤獨
* (Classical) people living in isolation without support (literally, orphans and childless old people)
    From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Guānguǎ gūdú fèijí zhě jiē yǒusuǒ yǎng. [Pinyin]
    (They showed kindness and compassion to) widows, orphans, childless men, and those who were disabled by disease, so that they were all sufficiently maintained.

##### Related terms

* 單獨／单独 (dāndú)

#### Derived terms

* 孤獨感／孤独感 (gūdúgǎn)
* 孤獨症／孤独症 (gūdúzhèng)
* 註孤生／注孤生 (zhùgūshēng)
* 鰥寡孤獨／鳏寡孤独 (guānguǎgūdú)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 孤(こ)独(どく) (kodoku)
* → Korean: 고독(孤獨) (godok)
* → Vietnamese: cô độc (孤獨)

### Pronunciation 2

* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): ko͘-ta̍k
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gou$^1$ dag$^8$
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko͘-ta̍k
*** Tâi-lô: koo-ta̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ko'dak
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ³³ tak̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² tak̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ tak̚⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gou$^1$ dag$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kou ta̍k
*** Sinological IPA : /kou³³⁻²³ tak̚⁴/

#### Adjective

孤獨
* (Southern Min) unsociable

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 孤 | 獨 |
| こ Grade: S | どく Hyōgai |
| kan'on | goon |
For pronunciation and definitions of 孤獨 – see the following entry. :
| 【孤独こどく】 | [adjective] lonely [noun] loneliness [noun] solitude |
(This term, 孤獨, is the kyūjitai of the above term.) :

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 孤 | 獨 |

### Noun

孤獨 • (godok) (hangeul 고독)
* hanja form of 고독 (“loneliness”)
* hanja form of 고독 (“A childless old person.”)