# 常在
## Chinese
### Etymology
#### "(Hokkien) often"

    The first character has an irregular pronunciation in this word. The Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary (1932) considers it to be borrowed from Mandarin. Along with John Macgowan's "English and Chinese Dictionary of the Amoy Dialect" (1883), they both interpret chhiâng-chāi as "constantly present", but modern dictionaries, such as 《台灣話大詞典》, assign siông-chāi to that sense.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): chángzài
    (Zhuyin): ㄔㄤˊ ㄗㄞˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): soeng$^4$ zoi$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sòng-chhai
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): siông-chāi / chhiâng-chāi / chhêng-chāi
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: chángzài
*** Zhuyin: ㄔㄤˊ ㄗㄞˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: chángzài
*** Wade–Giles: chʻang$^2$-tsai$^4$
*** Yale: cháng-dzài
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: charngtzay
*** Palladius: чанцзай (čanczaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ t͡saɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: soeng$^4$ zoi$^6$
*** Yale: sèuhng joih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: soeng$^4$ dzoi$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sêng$^4$ zoi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /sœːŋ²¹ t͡sɔːi̯²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sòng-chhai
*** Hakka Romanization System: song$^ˇ$ cai
*** Hagfa Pinyim: song$^2$ cai$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /soŋ¹¹ t͡sʰai̯⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siông-chāi
*** Tâi-lô: siông-tsāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: siongzai
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /siɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sai³³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sai³³/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiâng-chāi
*** Tâi-lô: tshiâng-tsāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chiangzai
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰiaŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sai³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiaŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sai³³/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhêng-chāi
*** Tâi-lô: tshîng-tsāi
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zhengzai
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sai³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sai³³/
* chhiâng-chāi — "often", obsolete for "to exist always";
* chhêng-chāi — variant for "often".

### Verb

常在
* to exist always; to be constantly present

### Noun

常在
* (historical) first-class female attendant during the Qing dynasty

### Adverb

常在
* (Zhangping and Taiwanese Hokkien) often; frequently; usually

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 經常, 時常, 常常, 時時, 往往, 每每 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 常 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 常常 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 時不見兒, 時不當, 時不當兒, 時不常, 時不常兒, 時不時 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 常常 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 常常, 常, 時常 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 常常, 常, 時常 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 時常, 常常, 隨時, 時不時 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 帶常, 時常 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 常 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 常 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 時時, 時常, 長時, 周時, 遇時, 時不時 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 成日, 經常, 時時, 好多時, 好多時候, 周時, 周不時 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) | 經常 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 周時 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 千常, 時常 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 輒常, 長時, 時常, 時不時 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 輒輒, 輒常, 長透, 常常, 時常, 不時, 時時, 長間, 經常 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 輒輒, 輒常, 長透, 登常, 常常, 時常, 不時, 時時, 長間, 經常 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 輒輒, 輒常, 長透, 常常, 時常, 不時, 時時, 長間, 經常 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 輒輒, 長在, 輒常, 常常, 時常, 不時, 時時, 經常 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 輒輒, 常勻, 輒常, 長透, 常常, 時常, 不時, 時時, 長間, 經常 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 輒輒, 不時, 輒, 恬恬, 長透, 時時 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 長日 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 三不時, 時不時 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 常常, 時常, 時不時 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 稠稠, 稠, 盡稠 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 定定, 長長, 四常, 時常, 常常, 不時, 不期時 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 定定, 長長, 四常, 時常, 常常, 不時 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 定定, 時常, 常常, 不時, 不期時 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 定定, 時常, 常常, 不時, 捷捷, 沓沓, 常在, 往往 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 定定, 常常, 四常, 不時 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 長時, 惦惦 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 經常, 時常, 時時, 惦惦 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 惦惦 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 長世, 長常 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 常樁, 常常, 經常 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 千常 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 時常, 常時, 常樁 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 老老, 老長 rare, 長常 rare, 長時 rare |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 清清, 常期 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 練常, 打常, 扯常, 扯常子, 時不時 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 練常, 常常 |

#### Derived terms

* 不常在

### References

* 小川尚義 (OGAWA Naoyoshi), editor (1931–1932), “常在”, in 臺日大辭典 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary]‎ (overall work in Hokkien and Japanese), Taihoku: Government-General of Taiwan, →OCLC
* Macgowan, John (1883) “Present”, in English and Chinese Dictionary of the Amoy Dialect, Amoy & London: A. A. Marcal and Trubner & Co. 57 Ludgate Hill, page 397
* 《台灣話大詞典》　(Tâi-ôan-ōe tōa-sû-tián), Taipei, 2002 →ISBN