# 痛心
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tòngxīn
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄥˋ ㄒㄧㄣ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tung$^3$ sam$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thung-sîm
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): thòng-sim
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tong$^3$ sim$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tòngxīn
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄥˋ ㄒㄧㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tòngsin
*** Wade–Giles: tʻung$^4$-hsin$^1$
*** Yale: tùng-syīn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tonqshin
*** Palladius: тунсинь (tunsinʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰʊŋ⁵¹ ɕin⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tung$^3$ sam$^1$
*** Yale: tung sām
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tung$^3$ sam$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tung$^3$ sem$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰʊŋ³³ sɐm⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thung-sîm
*** Hakka Romanization System: tung xim$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tung$^4$ xim$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰuŋ⁵⁵ sim²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thòng-sim
*** Tâi-lô: thòng-sim
*** Phofsit Daibuun: torngsym
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tʰɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ sim⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sim³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ sim⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tʰɔŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ sim⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɔŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ sim⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: tong$^3$ sim$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thòng sim
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰoŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ sim³³/
* Middle Chinese: thuwngH sim
Rime :
| Character | 痛 | 心 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 透 (6) | 心 (16) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (1) | 侵 (139) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 他貢切 | 息林切 |
| Baxter | thuwngH | sim |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tʰuŋ$^H$/ | /siɪm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tʰuŋ$^H$/ | /sim/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tʰuŋ$^H$/ | /sjem/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tʰəwŋ$^H$/ | /sim/ |
| Li Rong | /tʰuŋ$^H$/ | /siəm/ |
| Wang Li | /tʰuŋ$^H$/ | /sĭĕm/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /tʰuŋ$^H$/ | /si̯əm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tòng | xīn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | tung$^3$ | sam$^1$ |

### Adjective

痛心
* pained; distressed; grieved

#### Synonyms

* 京京 (jīngjīng) (literary)
* 傷心／伤心 (shāngxīn)
* 傷悲／伤悲 (shāngbēi) (literary)
* 傷感／伤感 (shānggǎn)
* 傷懷／伤怀 (shānghuái) (literary)
* 傷痛／伤痛 (shāngtòng)
* 傷神／伤神 (shāngshén) (literary)
* 刺心 (cìxīn)
* 哀傷／哀伤 (āishāng)
* 哀切 (āiqiè)
* 哀怨 (āiyuàn)
* 哀悽／哀凄 (āiqī)
* 哀慟／哀恸 (āitòng)
* 哀戚 (āiqī) (literary)
* 哀痛 (āitòng)
* 心酸 (xīnsuān)
* 怛傷／怛伤 (dáshāng) (literary)
* 悄然 (qiǎorán) (literary)
* 情傷／情伤 (qíngshāng) (literary)
* 悲傷／悲伤 (bēishāng)
* 悲催 (bēicuī) (neologism, jocular)
* 悲切 (bēiqiè) (literary)
* 悲哀 (bēi'āi)
* 悲悽／悲凄 (bēiqī)
* 悱惻／悱恻 (fěicè) (literary)
* 悽惶／凄惶 (qīhuáng) (literary)
* 悲愴／悲怆 (bēichuàng) (literary)
* 悽愴／凄怆 (qīchuàng) (literary)
* 悲慘／悲惨 (bēicǎn)
* 悲慟／悲恸 (bēitòng)
* 悲戚 (bēiqī)
* 悽戚／凄戚 (qīqī) (literary)
* 悲摧 (bēicuī) (literary)
* 悲楚 (bēichǔ) (literary)
* 悲涼／悲凉 (bēiliáng)
* 悲痛 (bēitòng)
* 悲苦 (bēikǔ)
* 感傷／感伤 (gǎnshāng)
* 愀愴／愀怆 (qiǎochuàng)
* 愁楚 (chóuchǔ) (literary)
* 惻然／恻然 (cèrán) (literary)
* 愴然／怆然 (chuàngrán) (literary)
* 慘／惨 (cǎn)
* 憂傷／忧伤 (yōushāng)
* 慘悽／惨凄 (cǎnqī)
* 憂愁／忧愁 (yōuchóu)
* 憂戚／忧戚 (yōuqī) (literary)
* 慘淡／惨淡 (cǎndàn)
* 憯懍／憯懔 (cǎnlǐn)
* 懤懤／㤽㤽 (chóuchóu)
* 沉痛 (chéntòng)
* 淒切／凄切 (qīqiè)
* 淒惻／凄恻 (qīcè) (literary)
* 淒慘／凄惨 (qīcǎn)
* 淒楚／凄楚 (qīchǔ)
* 淒涼／凄凉 (qīliáng)
* 淒然／凄然 (qīrán) (literary)
* 艱苦心／艰苦心 (Hokkien)
* 蒼涼／苍凉 (cāngliáng)
* 酸心 (suānxīn)
* 難受／难受 (nánshòu)
* 難過／难过 (nánguò)
* 青凊 (Hokkien)
* 黯然 (ànrán)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 痛 | 心 |
| つう Grade: 6 | しん Grade: 2 |
| goon ||

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 痛心 (thuwng$^H$ sim, literally “pained heart”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) つうしん [tsùúshíń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [t͡sɨːɕĩɴ]

### Noun

痛(つう)心(しん) • (tsūshin)
* emotional suffering, extreme worry or anxiety

### Verb

痛(つう)心(しん)する • (tsūshin suru) intransitive suru (stem 痛(つう)心(しん)し (tsūshin shi), past 痛(つう)心(しん)した (tsūshin shita))
* to suffer emotionally, to be extremely worried or anxious

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 痛心し | つうしんし | tsūshin shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 痛心し | つうしんし | tsūshin shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 痛心する | つうしんする | tsūshin suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 痛心する | つうしんする | tsūshin suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 痛心すれ | つうしんすれ | tsūshin sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 痛心せよ¹ 痛心しろ² | つうしんせよ¹ つうしんしろ² | tsūshin seyo¹ tsūshin shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 痛心される | つうしんされる | tsūshin sareru |
| Causative | 痛心させる 痛心さす | つうしんさせる つうしんさす | tsūshin saseru tsūshin sasu |
| Potential | 痛心できる | つうしんできる | tsūshin dekiru |
| Volitional | 痛心しよう | つうしんしよう | tsūshin shiyō |
| Negative | 痛心しない | つうしんしない | tsūshin shinai |
| Negative continuative | 痛心せず | つうしんせず | tsūshin sezu |
| Formal | 痛心します | つうしんします | tsūshin shimasu |
| Perfective | 痛心した | つうしんした | tsūshin shita |
| Conjunctive | 痛心して | つうしんして | tsūshin shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 痛心すれば | つうしんすれば | tsūshin sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN