# से
## Ahirani
### Alternative forms

* शे (śe)

### Etymology

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀅𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀤𑀺 (acchadi), from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀅𑀙𑀢𑀺 (achati /⁠acchati⁠/), from Sanskrit आक्षेति (ā́kṣeti). Compare Gujarati છે (che).

### Verb

से (se)
* third-person singular present of होवानं (hovāna)

### Further reading

* डॉ॰ रमेश सीताराम सूर्यवंशी [Dr Ramesh Sitaram Suryawanshi] (1997) “से”, in आहिराणी शब्दकोश (आहिराणी - मराठी) [Ahirani Dictionary (Ahirani - Marathi)]‎ (in Marathi), पुणे [Pune]: अक्षय प्रकाशन [Akshaya Prakashan], →ISBN, page २९४, column 2; republished कन्नड तालुका, औरंगाबाद जिल्हा [Kannad Taluka, Aurangabad District]: अभ्यासिका प्रकाशन [Abhyasika Prakashan], 2013.

## Bodo (India)
### Numeral

से (se) (Latin script se)
* one

## Hindi
### Etymology

Uncertain. Several etymologies are proposed and a merger of some or all of them is likely.
* Inherited from Sanskrit समम् (samam, “together; similarly, as”), from सम (samá, “same”), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *samHás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *samHás, from Proto-Indo-European *somHós (“same”). Compare Braj सौं (sa͠u, “to, with”).
* Inherited from Sanskrit सङ्गे (saṅge), locative of सङ्ग (saṅgá, “contact; battle”). Doublet of संग (saṅg).
* Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀲𑀳𑀺𑀤 (sahida), 𑀲𑀳𑀺𑀅 (sahia), from Sanskrit सहित (sahita, “with”), from स- (sa-, “with”) +‎ हित (hita, “placed”).

### Pronunciation

* (Delhi) IPA: /seː/

### Postposition

से • (se) (Urdu spelling سے)
* indicates association or mutual dealing; comitative case: by; with; to
    वह रोज़ अपने पड़ोसी से लड़ता है।vah roz apne paṛosī se laṛtā hai.He fights with his neighbor every day.
* indicates a sense of removal or going; ablative case: from
** indicates exiting or separation
    वह घर से निकलके डाक-घर चला।vah ghar se nikalke ḍāk-ghar calā.He left from the house and went to the post office.
** indicates source, cause, reason
    यह तलवार दो सदियों पहले लोहे से बनाया गया था।yah talvār do sadiyõ pahle lohe se banāyā gayā thā.This sword was made from iron two centuries ago.
    वह परेशानी से रोने लगा।vah pareśānī se rone lagā.He started to cry from anxiety.
    मैंने अपनी माँ से पूछा। ― ma͠ine apnī mā̃ se pūchā. ― I asked my mother.
** indicates origin, beginning
    मैं चेन्नई से आया हूँ। ― ma͠i cennaī se āyā hū̃. ― I've come here from Chennai.
    यहाँ से वहाँ तक ― yahā̃ se vahā̃ tak ― from here to there
    कल से ― kal se ― since yesterday
** comparative postposition: than
    मैं उससे होशियार हूँ। ― ma͠i usse hośiyār hū̃. ― I'm smarter than him.
    केला इससे मीठा होना चाहिए।kelā isse mīṭhā honā cāhie.Bananas should be sweeter than this.
** indicates passage of time
    मम्मा देर से यहाँ बैठी हुई है।mammā der se yahā̃ baiṭhī huī hai.Mom has been sitting here for a while.
* indicates means or agency; instrumental case
    चाकू से प्याज़ काटो और फिर कटोरी में डलो।cākū se pyāz kāṭo aur phir kaṭorī mẽ ḍalo.Cut some onions using the knife and then put them in the bowl.
    इस कपड़े को पानी से धोना होगा।is kapṛe ko pānī se dhonā hogā.This cloth will have to be washed with water.
** indicates manner of doing; forms adverbs
    ध्यान से सुनो।dhyān se suno.Listen carefully.(literally, “Listen with attention.”)
    मैं बहुत मुश्किल से परीक्षा/इम्तहान पास हुआ।ma͠i bahut muśkil se parīkṣā/imtahān pās huā.I passed the exam with great difficulty.
    ग़लती से ― ġaltī se ― accidentally

#### Usage notes

* When used with pronouns, it is suffixed to the oblique-case form of pronoun:
    ‎मैं (ma͠i) + ‎से (se) → ‎मुझसे (mujhse)

#### References

* ↑ Reinöhl, Uta (2016) “The diverse origins of the Hindi simple postpositions”, in Grammaticalization and the Rise of Configurationality in Indo-Aryan, →ISBN
* ↑ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “samá1”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
* ↑ Jaroslav Strnad (2013) Morphology and Syntax of Old Hindī : Edition and Analysis of One Hundred Kabīr Vānī Poems From Rājasthān (Brill's Indological Library; 45), Leiden, →OCLC
* ↑ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “sahita”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press

#### Further reading

* McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993) “से”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
* Omkar N. Koul (2008) Modern Hindi Grammar, Dunwoody Press, →ISBN
* Platts, John T. (1884) “से”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

## Sanskrit
### Proper noun

से • (se)
* dative singular of सा (sā, “name of Lakshmi or Gauri”)