# 洛

| 洛 | U+6D1B, &#27931; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6D1B |
| ← 洚 [U+6D1A] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 洜 → [U+6D1C] |
| 洛 | U+F915, &#63765; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F915 |
| ← 樂 [U+F914] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 烙 → [U+F916] |

## Translingual
### Han character

洛 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 水竹水口 (EHER), four-corner 3716$_4$, composition ⿰氵各)

#### Derived characters

* 落, 𠸪, 𰁟, 𪮔, 𪳅, 𫃶, 𪃕, 𥯛, 𮢤, 𮦣

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 620, character 15
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17383
* Dae Jaweon: page 1016, character 5
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1614, character 4
* Unihan data for U+6D1B
* Unihan data for U+F915

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 洛 :
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 髂 | *kʰraːɡs |
| 路 | *ɡ·raːɡs |
| 輅 | *ɡ·raːɡs |
| 賂 | *ɡ·raːɡs |
| 虂 | *ɡ·raːɡs |
| 露 | *ɡ·raːɡs |
| 潞 | *raːɡs |
| 鷺 | *raːɡs |
| 璐 | *raːɡs |
| 簬 | *raːɡs |
| 簵 | *ɡ·raːɡs |
| 洛 | *ɡ·raːɡ |
| 駱 | *ɡ·raːɡ |
| 絡 | *ɡ·raːɡ |
| 酪 | *ɡ·raːɡ |
| 烙 | *ɡ·raːɡ |
| 雒 | *ɡ·raːɡ |
| 珞 | *ɡ·raːɡ |
| 硌 | *ɡ·raːɡ |
| 袼 | *ɡ·raːɡ, *klaːɡ |
| 笿 | *ɡ·raːɡ |
| 鉻 | *ɡ·raːɡ, *kraːɡ |
| 鮥 | *ɡ·raːɡ |
| 鵅 | *ɡ·raːɡ, *kraːɡ |
| 挌 | *ɡ·raːɡ, *kraːɡ |
| 落 | *ɡ·raːɡ |
| 各 | *klaːɡ |
| 胳 | *klaːɡ |
| 閣 | *klaːɡ |
| 格 | *klaːɡ, *kraːɡ |
| 擱 | *klaːɡ |
| 恪 | *kʰlaːɡ |
| 愙 | *kʰaːɡ |
| 貉 | *ɡlaːɡ, *mɡraːɡ |
| 狢 | *ɡlaːɡ |
| 佫 | *ɡlaːɡ |
| 略 | *ɡ·raɡ |
| 茖 | *kraːɡ |
| 骼 | *kraːɡ |
| 觡 | *kraːɡ |
| 蛒 | *kraːɡ |
| 敋 | *kraːɡ |
| 客 | *kʰraːɡ |
| 喀 | *kʰraːɡ |
| 揢 | *kʰraːɡ |
| 額 | *ŋɡraːɡ |
| 峉 | *ŋɡraːɡ |
| 頟 | *ŋɡraːɡ |
| 詻 | *ŋɡraːɡ |
| 垎 | *ɡraːɡ |
| 楁 | *ɡraːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·raːɡ) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 各 (OC *klaːɡ).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): luò (luo$^4$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄛˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): no$^2$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lok$^3$ / lok$^6$
* Gan (Wiktionary): loh$^6$
* Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): log$^6$
* Jin (Wiktionary): luah$^4$
* Northern Min (KCR): lò̤
* Eastern Min (BUC): lŏk
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lo̍k / lo̍h
    (Teochew, Peng'im): log$^8$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^8$loq
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): lo$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: luò
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: luò
*** Wade–Giles: lo$^4$
*** Yale: lwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: luoh
*** Palladius: ло (lo)
*** Sinological IPA : /lu̯ɔ⁵¹/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: no$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lo
*** Sinological IPA : /no²¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lok$^3$ / lok$^6$
*** Yale: lok / lohk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lok$^8$ / lok$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: log$^3$ / log$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɔːk̚³/, /lɔːk̚²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: loh$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɔʔ⁵/
* Hakka
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: log$^6$
*** Sinological IPA: /lɔk̚⁵/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: luah$^4$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /luaʔ²/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lò̤
*** Sinological IPA : /lɔ⁴²/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: lŏk
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃ouʔ⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lo̍k
*** Tâi-lô: lo̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lok
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔk̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /lɔk̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /lɔk̚⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lo̍h
*** Tâi-lô: lo̍h
*** Phofsit Daibuun: loih
*** IPA (Xiamen): /loʔ⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /loʔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /loʔ¹²¹/
* lo̍k - literary;
* lo̍h - vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit洛 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /luo⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /luo⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /lɤ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /luə²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /luə⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /luo²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /luo²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /lu⁴⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /luə¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /luə¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /luɤ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /nuo²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /no³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /no²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /lo³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /loʔ⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /luɐʔ⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /luaʔ²/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /lʌʔ⁵³/ |
| Jin | Hohhot | /luaʔ⁴³/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /loʔ¹/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /loʔ³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /loʔ²/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /lo²¹³/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /lɔ²²/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /lo⁴⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /lo²⁴/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /no²⁴/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /lɔʔ⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /lok̚⁵/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /lok̚⁵⁵/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /lɔk̚³/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /lɔk̚³³/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /lɔk̚³/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /lɔk̚⁵/ /loʔ⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /louʔ⁵/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /lɔ⁴²/ |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /lok̚⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /lɔk̚⁵/ |
* Middle Chinese: lak
Rime :
| Character | 洛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 鐸 (103) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 盧各切 |
| Baxter | lak |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɑk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lɑk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /lɑk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lak̚/ |
| Li Rong | /lɑk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /lɑk̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /lɑk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | luò |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lok$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·raːɡ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 洛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 3866 |
| Phonetic component | 各 |
| Rime group | 鐸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 落 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡ·raːɡ/ |

### Definitions

洛
* (～水, ～河) Luo River, a tributary of the Yellow River.
* (～河) Luo River, a tributary of the Wei River.
* Luoyang
* a surname
* (Mainland China) Used in the phonetic transcription of /lɒ/, /lɔː/, and /loʊ/ into Chinese characters

### Compounds

* 京洛
* 伊洛
* 伍洛 (Wǔluò)
* 努庫阿洛法／努库阿洛法 (Nǔkù'āluòfǎ)
* 商洛 (Shāngluò)
* 宋洛 (Sòngluò)
* 巫山洛浦
* 愛洛娜／爱洛娜
* 捷克斯洛伐克 (Jiékèsīluòfákè)
* 摩洛哥 (Móluògē)
* 果洛 (Guǒluò)
* 東洛／东洛 (Dōngluò)
* 河圖洛書／河图洛书
* 河洛 (Héluò)
* 洛下 (Luòxià)
* 洛京
* 洛伊盆地
* 洛伯
* 洛南 (Luònán, “Luonan”)
* 洛可可 (luòkěkě)
* 洛學／洛学
* 洛寧／洛宁 (Luòníng)
* 洛巴
* 洛書／洛书
* 洛杉磯／洛杉矶 (Luòshānjī)
* 洛林 (Luòlín)
* 洛東江／洛东江 (Luòdōngjiāng)
* 洛桑 (Luòsāng)
* 洛桑公約／洛桑公约
* 洛桑會議／洛桑会议
* 洛梅
* 洛次
* 洛水 (Luò Shuǐ)
* 洛河北 (Luòhéběi)
* 洛浦 (Luòpǔ)
* 洛浦宓妃
* 洛神 (luòshén)
* 洛神葵 (luòshénkuí)
* 洛神賦／洛神赋
* 洛閩之學／洛闽之学
* 洛陽／洛阳 (Luòyáng)
* 洛陽才子／洛阳才子
* 洛陽橋／洛阳桥
* 洛陽紙貴／洛阳纸贵 (luòyángzhǐguì)
* 洛黨／洛党
* 海洛因 (hǎiluòyīn)
* 濂洛關閩／濂洛关闽
* 特洛伊城
* 瞻彼洛矣
* 西洛可風／西洛可风
* 費洛蒙／费洛蒙 (fèiluòméng)
* 麟洛 (Línluò)

### References

* “洛”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jinmeiyō kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: らく (raku)
* Kan-on: らく (raku)
* Kun: みやこ (miyako, 洛)、つらなる (tsuranaru, 洛なる)、まとう (matō)

### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 洛
* らく Jinmeiyō
* on'yomi
From Middle Chinese 洛 (MC lak), originally referring to 洛陽(らくよう) (Rakuyō, “Luoyang”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɾa̠kɯ̟]

### Affix

洛(らく) • (raku)
* (literary) capital city
    Synonym: 京 (kyō)
* (especially) Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)
    Synonym: 京 (kyō)
    上洛(じょうらく) (jōraku)

## Korean
### Hanja

洛 • (rak>nak) (hangeul 락>낙, revised rak>nak, McCune–Reischauer rak>nak, Yale lak>nak)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

洛: Hán Nôm readings: rặc, chua, lạc, lặng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.