# 弩

| 弩 | U+5F29, &#24361; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F29 |
| ← 弨 [U+5F28] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 弪 → [U+5F2A] |

## Translingual
### Han character

弩 (Kangxi radical 57, 弓+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 女水弓 (VEN), four-corner 4720$_7$, composition ⿱奴弓)

#### Derived characters

* 𱓕, 𢮫, 𱣳, 𬊨, 𫯅, 𫛇

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 358, character 3
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9760
* Dae Jaweon: page 674, character 17
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 994, character 5
* Unihan data for U+5F29

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 拿 | *rnaː |
| 拏 | *rnaː |
| 詉 | *rnaː |
| 蒘 | *rnaː, *na |
| 笯 | *rnaː, *naː, *naːs |
| 挐 | *rnaː, *na |
| 絮 | *rnaːs, *nas, *snas, *nas |
| 呶 | *rnaːw |
| 怓 | *rnaːw |
| 帑 | *n̥ʰaːŋʔ, *naː |
| 奴 | *naː |
| 砮 | *naː, *naːʔ |
| 駑 | *naː |
| 孥 | *naː |
| 努 | *naːʔ |
| 弩 | *naːʔ |
| 怒 | *naːʔ, *naːs |
| 袽 | *na |
| 帤 | *na |
| 女 | *naʔ, *nas |
| 籹 | *naʔ |
| 恕 | *hnjas |
| 如 | *nja, *njas |
| 茹 | *nja, *njaʔ, *njas |
| 洳 | *nja, *njas |
| 鴽 | *nja |
| 蕠 | *nja |
| 汝 | *njaʔ |
| 肗 | *njaʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *naːʔ) : phonetic 奴 (OC *naː) + semantic 弓 (“bow”).

### Etymology

Compare Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s-na (“crossbow”), whence Drung tana, Naxi daqna.
Unger (1990) suggests a derivation from 努 (OC *naːʔ, “to tense; to exert”), as the crossbow shoots arrows by releasing elastic potential energy stored in its limbs. Ferlus (1999) cites Gernet's opinion that 砮 (OC *naː, *naːʔ, “stone arrow-tip”) had been semantically extended to mean the whole crossbow.
More likely, 弩 (OC *naːʔ) and Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s-na were Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman renditions of a Mainland Southeast Asian Wanderwort (Ratliff, 2010), possibly of Austroasiatic origin (Norman and Mei, 1976; Benedict, 1990; Schuessler, 2007). Compare other MSEA lexical items meaning "crossbow":
* Proto-Mon-Khmer *snaʔ, whence Vietnamese ná, Khmer ស្នា (snaa);
* Proto-Hmong-Mien *nhaᴮ, whence White Hmong hneev, Iu Mien hnaav;
* Proto-Tai *ʰnwɯəꟲ, whence Thai หน้าไม้ (nâa-máai), Lao ໜ້າໄມ້ (nā mai), Lü ᦐᦱᧉᦺᦙᧉ (ṅaa²may²).
Also compare Proto-Austronesian *panaq (“to shoot (an arrow)”) (cf. Proto-Mon-Khmer *paɲʔ) whence Malay panah, Tagalog panà, Hawaiian pana.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): nǔ (nu$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄋㄨˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): nou$^5$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ló͘ / nó͘ / lō͘ / lǒ͘
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: nǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: nǔ
*** Wade–Giles: nu$^3$
*** Yale: nǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nuu
*** Palladius: ну (nu)
*** Sinological IPA : /nu²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: nou$^5$
*** Yale: nóuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: nou$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: nou$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /nou̯¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ló͘
*** Tâi-lô: lóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lor
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔ⁵⁵⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nó͘
*** Tâi-lô: nóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: nor
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /nɔ̃⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lō͘
*** Tâi-lô: lōo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lo
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lɔ²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lǒ͘
*** Tâi-lô: lǒo
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔ²²/
* Middle Chinese: nuX
Rime :
| Character | 弩 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 泥 (8) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 奴古切 |
| Baxter | nuX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /nuo$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /nuo$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /no$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /nɔ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /no$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /nu$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /nuo$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | nǔ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | nou$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.nˤaʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*naːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 弩 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | nǔ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nu$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*C.nˁaʔ/ |
| English | crossbow |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 弩 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 9607 |
| Phonetic component | 女 |
| Rime group | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 怒 |
| Old Chinese | /*naːʔ/ |

### Definitions

弩
* crossbow

### Compounds

* 劍拔弩張／剑拔弩张 (jiànbánǔzhāng)
* 勁弩／劲弩
* 幰弩 (xiǎnnǔ)
* 弓弩 (gōngnǔ)
* 弩弓
* 弩張劍拔／弩张剑拔
* 弩手 (nǔshǒu)
* 弩末
* 弩機／弩机
* 弩砲／弩炮 (nǔpào)
* 弩箙
* 弩箭
* 弩箭離絃／弩箭离弦
* 強弓硬弩／强弓硬弩 (qiáng gōng yìng nǔ)
* 強弩／强弩
* 強弩之末／强弩之末 (qiángnǔzhīmò)
* 張眉弩眼／张眉弩眼
* 彊弩之末／强弩之末 (qiángnǔzhīmò)
* 搭弩張弓／搭弩张弓
* 璅弩
* 硬弩強弓／硬弩强弓
* 負弩／负弩
* 負弩先驅／负弩先驱
* 踏弩

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* crossbow
* one of abbreviations for loanwords whose transcription begin with the syllable ド (Do). Especially, dreadnought.
** 1916, Machida Shiro, 獨逸戰前の真相, Waseda University Press, page 129:
    獨逸に於ける最初の弩級戦艦はナッサウ、エストファーレンの二艦であるThe first dreadnought-class battleships in Germany are Nassau and Westfalen

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぬ (nu)、の (no)
* Kan-on: ど (do)
* Kun: いしゆみ (ishiyumi, 弩)、おおゆみ (ōyumi, 弩)

### Definitions

* Kanji in this term
* 弩
* おおゆみ Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 弩 – see the following entry. :
| 【大弓おおゆみ】 | [noun] a longbow, a great bow [noun] (historical) a large stonebow |
(This term, 弩, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) :

## Korean
### Hanja

弩 • (no) (hangeul 노, revised no, McCune–Reischauer no, Yale no)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

弩: Hán Nôm readings: nỏ, nỗ, ná, nõ
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.