# 愚民
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yúmín
    (Zhuyin): ㄩˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jyu$^4$ man$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): gû-bîn
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yúmín
*** Zhuyin: ㄩˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yúmín
*** Wade–Giles: yü$^2$-min$^2$
*** Yale: yú-mín
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yumin
*** Palladius: юйминь (jujminʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /y³⁵ min³⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$愚民 漁民／渔民
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyu$^4$ man$^4$
*** Yale: yùh màhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jy$^4$ man$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yu$^4$ men$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyː²¹ mɐn²¹/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$愚民 漁民／渔民
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gû-bîn
*** Tâi-lô: gû-bîn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: gu'biin
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ɡu²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡu²⁴⁻²² bin²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡu¹³⁻²² bin¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ɡu²⁴⁻¹¹ bin²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡu²³⁻³³ bin²³/
* Middle Chinese: ngju mjin
Rime :
| Character | 愚 | 民 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 虞 (24) | 眞 (43) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 虞俱切 | 彌鄰切 |
| Baxter | ngju | mjin |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋɨo/ | /miɪn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋio/ | /min/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋio/ | /mjen/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋuə̆/ | /min/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋio/ | /miĕn/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋĭu/ | /mĭĕn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ŋi̯u/ | /mi̯ĕn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yú | mín |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyu$^4$ | man$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋo min/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 民 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | mín |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ mjin › |
| Old Chinese | /*mi[ŋ]/ |
| English | people |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 愚 | 民 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 15919 | 9130 |
| Phonetic component | 禺 | 民 |
| Rime group | 侯 | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | | 民 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋo/ | /*min/ |

### Noun

愚民
* ignorant people; the ignorant masses
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Jiǎ lìng yúmín qǔ cháng líng yī póu tǔ, bìxià héyǐ jiā qí fǎ hū? [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: 1628 CE, Ling Mengchu, Slapping the Table in Amazement I
    Nàxiē yúmín, yīgègè xìn le. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

### Verb

愚民
* to keep the people ignorant; to stultify the masses; to engage in obscurantism
    From: 清．劉大櫆《焚書辨》
    Rán qí suǒyǐ ruò cǐ zhě, jiāng yǐ yúmín, ér gù bù yù yǐ zì yú yě. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Derived terms

* 愚民政策 (yúmín zhèngcè)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 愚(ぐ)民(みん) (gumin)
* → Korean: 우민(愚民) (umin)

### References

* “Entry #163285”, in 重編國語辭典修訂本 [Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary] (in Chinese), National Academy for Educational Research (Taiwan), 2021.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 愚 | 民 |
| ぐ Grade: S | みん Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ぐみん [gùmíń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɡɯ̟mʲĩɴ]

### Noun

愚(ぐ)民(みん) • (gumin)
* ignorant commoners

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 愚 | 民 |

### Noun

愚民 • (umin) (hangeul 우민)
* hanja form of 우민 (“ignorant people; the ignorant masses”)