# 建議
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jiànyì
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢˋ ㄧˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gin$^3$ ji$^5$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kien-ngi / kian-ngi
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kiàn-gī
    (Teochew, Peng'im): giêng$^6$ ngi$^2$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$ci-gni; $^5$ci-gni
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jiànyì
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢˋ ㄧˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jiànyì
*** Wade–Giles: chien$^4$-i$^4$
*** Yale: jyàn-yì
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiannyih
*** Palladius: цзяньи (czjanʹi)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$建議／建议 諫議／谏议
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gin$^3$ ji$^5$
*** Yale: gin yíh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gin$^3$ ji$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gin$^3$ yi$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /kiːn³³ jiː¹³/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kien-ngi
*** Hakka Romanization System: gien ngi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gian$^4$ ngi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯en⁵⁵ ŋi⁵⁵/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kian-ngi
*** Hakka Romanization System: gian ngi
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gian$^4$ ngi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ki̯an⁵⁵ ŋi⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiàn-gī
*** Tâi-lô: kiàn-gī
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kiern'gi
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡi⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡi³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡi³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: giêng$^6$ ngi$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiĕng ngí
*** Sinological IPA : /kieŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ ŋi⁵²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$ci-gni; $^5$ci-gni
*** MiniDict: ci$^平$ nyi; ci$^去$ nyi
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$ji-nyi; $^2$ji-nyi
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕi⁵⁵ n̠ʲi²¹/, /t͡ɕi³³ n̠ʲi⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: kjonH ngjeH
Rime :
| Character | 建 | 議 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 元 (65) | 支 (13) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 居万切 | 宜寄切 |
| Baxter | kjonH | ngjeH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kɨɐn$^H$/ | /ŋˠiᴇ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kiɐn$^H$/ | /ŋᵚiɛ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiɐn$^H$/ | /ŋiɛ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kɨan$^H$/ | /ŋjiə̆$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kiɐn$^H$/ | /ŋje$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭɐn$^H$/ | /ŋǐe$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kɨ̯ɐn$^H$/ | /ŋie̯$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jiàn | yì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gin$^3$ | ji$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]a[n]-s ŋ(r)aj-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kans ŋrals/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 建 | 議 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jiàn | yì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kjon$^H$ › | ‹ ngje$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k]a[n]-s/ | /*ŋ(r)aj-s/ |
| English | set up, establish | discuss |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 建 | 議 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 6220 | 13056 |
| Phonetic component | 建 | 我 |
| Rime group | 元 | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 建 | 議 |
| Old Chinese | /*kans/ | /*ŋrals/ |

### Verb

建議
* to suggest; to recommend; to propose; to advise
    建議零售價／建议零售价 ― jiànyì língshòujià ― recommended retail price
    建議速度／建议速度 ― jiànyì sùdù ― suggested speed
       Yǒurén jiànyì tā yào fēnsàn tóuzī fāngxiàng. [Pinyin]
       He was advised to diversify his investments.

#### Usage notes

Use 推薦／推荐 (tuījiàn) when recommending a specific thing or person, and 建議／建议 (jiànyì) when suggesting a course of action.

#### Synonyms

* 介紹／介绍 (jièshào)
* 保舉／保举 (bǎojǔ) (literary, to recommend somebody for a post with one's personal guarantee)
* 保薦／保荐 (bǎojiàn) (literary, to recommend someone for a promotion)
* 引薦／引荐 (yǐnjiàn)
* 引進／引进 (yǐnjìn)
* 推舉／推举 (tuījǔ)
* 推薦／推荐 (tuījiàn)
* 推選／推选 (tuīxuǎn)
* 提議／提议 (tíyì)
* 舉薦／举荐 (jǔjiàn)
* 薦舉／荐举 (jiànjǔ)

### Noun

建議
* suggestion; recommendation; proposal; advice (Classifier: 條／条; 項／项)
       Qǐng jíshí jiùyī, tīngqǔ yīshēng jiànyì. [Pinyin]
       Please seek medical attention promptly and follow the doctor's advice.
       Wǒ juéde Xiù yīng zhège jiànyì tèbié de hǎo. [Pinyin]
       I think Xiuying's suggestion is particularly good.
       Zhè ge jiànyì huì hào qù dàliàng de rénlì hé cáilì. [Pinyin]
       This proposal will consume a lot of manpower and financial resources.

#### Synonyms

* 主張／主张 (zhǔzhāng)
* 倡議／倡议 (chàngyì)
* 意下 (yìxià) (literary)
* 意思
* 想法
* 意見／意见 (yìjiàn)
* 提議／提议 (tíyì)
* 看法 (kànfǎ)
* 看點／看点 (kàndiǎn)
* 眼光 (yǎnguāng)
* 睇法 (tai$^2$ faat$^3$) (Cantonese)
* 視角／视角 (shìjiǎo)
* 見地／见地 (jiàndì)
* 見解／见解 (jiànjiě)
* 觀點／观点 (guāndiǎn)
* 角度 (jiǎodù)
* 諗法／谂法 (nam$^2$ faat$^3$) (Cantonese)
* 議／议 (yì) (literary, or in compounds)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 建(けん)議(ぎ) (kengi)
* → Korean: 건의(建議) (geonui)
* → Vietnamese: kiến nghị (建議)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 建 | 議 |
| けん Grade: 4 | ぎ Grade: 4 |
| kan'on ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) けんぎ [kéꜜǹgì] (Atamadaka –)
* (Tokyo) けんぎ [kèńgíꜜ] (Odaka – [3])
* IPA: [kẽ̞ŋʲɡʲi]

### Noun

建(けん)議(ぎ) • (kengi)
* proposition, proposal

### Verb

建(けん)議(ぎ)する • (kengi suru) suru (stem 建(けん)議(ぎ)し (kengi shi), past 建(けん)議(ぎ)した (kengi shita))
* to propose, to offer

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 建議し | けんぎし | kengi shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 建議し | けんぎし | kengi shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 建議する | けんぎする | kengi suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 建議する | けんぎする | kengi suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 建議すれ | けんぎすれ | kengi sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 建議せよ¹ 建議しろ² | けんぎせよ¹ けんぎしろ² | kengi seyo¹ kengi shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 建議される | けんぎされる | kengi sareru |
| Causative | 建議させる 建議さす | けんぎさせる けんぎさす | kengi saseru kengi sasu |
| Potential | 建議できる | けんぎできる | kengi dekiru |
| Volitional | 建議しよう | けんぎしよう | kengi shiyō |
| Negative | 建議しない | けんぎしない | kengi shinai |
| Negative continuative | 建議せず | けんぎせず | kengi sezu |
| Formal | 建議します | けんぎします | kengi shimasu |
| Perfective | 建議した | けんぎした | kengi shita |
| Conjunctive | 建議して | けんぎして | kengi shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 建議すれば | けんぎすれば | kengi sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 建 | 議 |

### Noun

建議 • (geonui) (hangeul 건의)
* hanja form of 건의 (“proposition, proposal”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 建 | 議 |

### Noun

建議
* chữ Hán form of kiến nghị (“petition”).

### Verb

建議
* chữ Hán form of kiến nghị (“to provide suggestions to the authority; to petition”).