# 栝

| 栝 | U+681D, &#26653; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-681D |
| ← 栜 [U+681C] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 栞 → [U+681E] |

## Translingual
### Han character

栝 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 木竹十口 (DHJR), four-corner 4296$_4$, composition ⿰木舌)
* a builder's frame for measuring

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 522, character 19
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14706
* Dae Jaweon: page 910, character 21
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1200, character 3
* Unihan data for U+681D

## Chinese
### Etymology 1
#### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 咶 | *qʰroːds, *qʰroːds, *ɡroːd |
| 話 | *ɡroːds |
| 刮 | *kroːd |
| 鴰 | *kroːd, *koːd |
| 趏 | *kroːd, *kʰroːd |
| 舌 | *ɡroːd, *ɦbljed |
| 姡 | *ɡroːd, *ɡoːd |
| 頢 | *ɡroːd, *koːd |
| 括 | *koːd |
| 活 | *koːd, *ɡoːd |
| 适 | *koːd, *kʰoːd |
| 栝 | *koːd, *l̥ʰeːmʔ |
| 佸 | *koːd, *ɡoːd |
| 髺 | *koːd |
| 聒 | *koːd |
| 銛 | *koːd, *slem, *l̥ʰeːmʔ |
| 葀 | *koːd |
| 懖 | *koːd |
| 筈 | *koːd, *kʰoːd |
| 萿 | *koːd |
| 蛞 | *kʰoːd |
| 闊 | *kʰoːd |
| 秳 | *ɡoːd |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koːd, *l̥ʰeːmʔ) : semantic 木 (“tree; wood”) + phonetic 𠯑 (OC *ɡroːd).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kuò, guā (kuo$^4$, gua$^1$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄛˋ, ㄍㄨㄚ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): kut$^3$ / gwaa$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kuò
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kuò
*** Wade–Giles: kʻuo$^4$
*** Yale: kwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuoh
*** Palladius: ко (ko)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu̯ɔ⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: guā
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄚ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gua
*** Wade–Giles: kua$^1$
*** Yale: gwā
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gua
*** Palladius: гуа (gua)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku̯ä⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kut$^3$ / gwaa$^1$
*** Yale: kut / gwā
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kut$^8$ / gwaa$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kud$^3$ / gua$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰuːt̚³/, /kʷaː⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: kwat
Rime :
| Character | 栝 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 末 (64) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 古活切 |
| Baxter | kwat |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kuɑt̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʷɑt̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kuɑt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kwat̚/ |
| Li Rong | /kuɑt̚/ |
| Wang Li | /kuɑt̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kuɑt̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | guo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gut$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*koːd/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 栝 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 7570 |
| Phonetic component | 桰 |
| Rime group | 月 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 括 |
| Old Chinese | /*koːd/ |
| Notes | 說文作桰，羅振玉郭沫若雲氒爲矢桰初文， 金文方或増口 |

#### Definitions

栝
* Synonym of 檜／桧 (“Chinese juniper”)
* rear end of an arrow; nock
    alt. forms: 筈
* tool for straightening wood

##### Compounds

* 栝樓／栝楼 (guālóu)
* 栝矢亞／栝矢亚
* 機栝／机栝
* 檃栝
* 檼栝
* 櫽栝／𬄩栝

### Etymology 2
#### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 銛 | *koːd, *slem, *l̥ʰeːmʔ |
| 栝 | *koːd, *l̥ʰeːmʔ |
| 餂 | *l̥ʰeːmʔ |
| 恬 | *l'eːm |
| 湉 | *l'eːm |
| 甜 | *l'iːm |
| 狧 | *l̥ʰaːb |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koːd, *l̥ʰeːmʔ) : semantic 木 (“tree; wood”) + abbreviated phonetic 甜 (OC *l'iːm).

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tiǎn, tiàn (tian$^3$, tian$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄧㄢˇ, ㄊㄧㄢˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tiǎn
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄢˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tiǎn
*** Wade–Giles: tʻien$^3$
*** Yale: tyǎn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tean
*** Palladius: тянь (tjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰi̯ɛn²¹⁴/
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tiàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tiàn
*** Wade–Giles: tʻien$^4$
*** Yale: tyàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tiann
*** Palladius: тянь (tjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰi̯ɛn⁵¹/
* Middle Chinese: themX
Rime :
| Character | 栝 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 透 (6) |
| Final (韻) | 添 (157) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | IV |
| Fanqie | 他玷切 |
| Baxter | themX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tʰem$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tʰem$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tʰɛm$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tʰɛm$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /tʰem$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /tʰiem$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /tʰiem$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tiǎn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | tim$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*l̥ʰeːmʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 栝 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 12403 |
| Phonetic component | 甜 |
| Rime group | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 忝 |
| Old Chinese | /*l̥ʰeːmʔ/ |
| Notes | 說文舌聲 |

#### Definitions

栝
* (obsolete) wooden stick; poker

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* builder's frame for measuring

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): てん (ten)、かつ (katsu)、かち (kachi)
* Kun: たきぎ (takigi)

## Korean
### Hanja

栝 • (gwal) (hangeul 괄, revised gwal, McCune–Reischauer kwal, Yale kwal)
* an aged [old] pine tree
* firewood