# 繁華
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fánhuá
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄢˊ ㄏㄨㄚˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): faan$^4$ waa$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fàn-fà
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hoân-hôa
    (Teochew, Peng'im): huang$^5$ hua$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fánhuá
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄢˊ ㄏㄨㄚˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fánhuá
*** Wade–Giles: fan$^2$-hua$^2$
*** Yale: fán-hwá
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: farnhwa
*** Palladius: фаньхуа (fanʹxua)
*** Sinological IPA : /fän³⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: faan$^4$ waa$^4$
*** Yale: fàahn wàh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: faan$^4$ waa$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fan$^4$ wa$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /faːn²¹ waː²¹/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fàn-fà
*** Hakka Romanization System: fan$^ˇ$ fa$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fan$^2$ fa$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /fan¹¹ fa¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoân-hôa
*** Tâi-lô: huân-huâ
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoanhoaa
*** IPA (Xiamen): /huan²⁴⁻²² hua²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /huan²⁴⁻²² hua²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /huan¹³⁻²² hua¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /huan²⁴⁻¹¹ hua²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /huan²³⁻³³ hua²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: huang$^5$ hua$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huâng huâ
*** Sinological IPA : /huaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hua⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: bjon hwae
Rime :
| Character | 繁 | 華 |
| Reading # | 1/3 | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 元 (66) | 麻 (99) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | II |
| Fanqie | 附袁切 | 戸花切 |
| Baxter | bjon | hwae |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /bʉɐn/ | /ɦˠua/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /bʷiɐn/ | /ɦʷᵚa/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /biuɐn/ | /ɣua/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /buan/ | /ɦwaɨ/ |
| Li Rong | /biuɐn/ | /ɣua/ |
| Wang Li | /bĭwɐn/ | /ɣwa/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /bʱi̯wɐn/ | /ɣwa/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | fán | huá |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | faan$^4$ | waa$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[b]ar N-qʷʰˤra/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ban ɡʷraː/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 繁 | 華 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | fán | huá |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ bjon › | ‹ hwæ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[b]ar/ | /*N-qʷʰˁra/ |
| English | abundant, numerous | flower (v.); flowery (adj.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 繁 | 華 |
| Reading # | 3/3 | 2/3 |
| No. | 2951 | 5312 |
| Phonetic component | 緐 | 華 |
| Rime group | 元 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 煩 | 華 |
| Old Chinese | /*ban/ | /*ɡʷraː/ |
| Notes | 說文作緐 | 說文於聲 |

### Adjective

繁華
* lively; bustling; busy
    繁華街市／繁华街市 ― fánhuá jiēshì ― busy street
* (literary) beautiful
* (literary) luxurious; lavish; extravagant
* (literary) wealthy and respectable (in terms of social status)

#### Synonyms

* (lively):
* 全盛 (quánshèng)
* 卬卬 (áng'áng) (literary)
* 富強／富强 (fùqiáng)
* 富昌 (fùchāng) (literary)
* 富盛 (fùshèng) (literary)
* 強盛／强盛 (qiángshèng)
* 昌 (literary, or in compounds)
* 昌明 (chāngmíng) (literary, of a government, culture, etc.)
* 旺盛 (wàngshèng)
* 昌盛 (chāngshèng)
* 昌隆 (chānglóng)
* 景氣／景气 (jǐngqì)
* 暢旺／畅旺 (chàngwàng)
* 條暢／条畅 (tiáochàng) (literary)
* 火爆 (huǒbào)
* 紅火／红火 (hónghuo) (mainland China)
* 繁榮／繁荣 (fánróng)
* 繁盛 (fánshèng)
* 繽紛／缤纷 (bīnfēn) (literary)
* 興旺／兴旺 (xīngwàng)
* 興盛／兴盛 (xīngshèng)
* 興隆／兴隆 (xīnglóng)
* 茂盛 (màoshèng)
* 蓬勃 (péngbó)
* 蕃昌 (fánchāng) (literary)
* 軫軫／轸轸 (zhěnzhěn) (literary)
* 隆昌 (lóngchāng) (literary)
* 隆盛 (lóngshèng)
* 鼎盛 (dǐngshèng)
* (beautiful):
* 俊 (jùn)
* 俊俏 (jùnqiào) (attractive and smart)
* 俊秀 (jùnxiù)
* 俊美 (jùnměi) (of a young male)
* 俏麗／俏丽 (qiàolì) (usually of a female)
* 奇麗／奇丽 (qílì) (singularly beautiful)
* 好看 (hǎokàn)
* 妖嬌／妖娇 (“iau-kiau”) (Hokkien)
* 妍美 (yánměi) (literary)
* 姣美 (jiāoměi) (formal, of a face or posture)
* 嬌豔／娇艳 (jiāoyàn) (delicate and charming)
* 嬌逸／娇逸 (jiāoyì) (literary, of a young male)
* 悅目／悦目 (yuèmù)
* 是樣／是样 (shìyàng) (colloquial)
* 標緻／标致 (biāozhì) (usually of a woman)
* 清秀 (qīngxiù)
* 漂亮
* 秀媚 (xiùmèi)
* 秀美 (xiùměi)
* 秀麗／秀丽 (xiùlì)
* 綺麗／绮丽 (qǐlì)
* 美觀／美观 (měiguān)
* 美麗／美丽 (měilì)
* 耐看 (nàikàn)
* 花花 (huāhuā) (literary)
* 豔麗／艳丽 (yànlì)
* 邊式／边式 (biānshi) (regional, of dress, physique, etc.)
* 體面／体面 (tǐmiàn)
* 鮮亮／鲜亮 (xiānliàng) (dialectal)
* 鮮麗／鲜丽 (xiānlì)
* (luxurious):
* 侈奢 (chǐshē) (formal)
* 奢侈 (shēchǐ)
* 奢華／奢华 (shēhuá)
* 奢靡
* 排場／排场
* 豪華／豪华 (háohuá)
* 鋪張／铺张 (pūzhāng)
* 鋪排／铺排 (pūpái)
* (wealthy and respectable):
* 煊赫 (xuānhè) (literary)
* 矜貴／矜贵 (jīnguì) (literary)
* 貴氣／贵气 (gei$^1$ hei$^1$) (Taishanese)
* 赫赫 (hèhè) (literary)
* 顯要／显要 (xiǎnyào)
* 顯赫／显赫 (xiǎnhè)
* 高貴／高贵 (gāoguì)

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “lively”):
* 不景 (bùjǐng) (Hong Kong)
* 不景氣／不景气 (bùjǐngqì)
* 低迷 (dīmí)
* 冷淡 (lěngdàn)
* 慘淡／惨淡 (cǎndàn)
* 清淡 (qīngdàn)
* 蕭條／萧条 (xiāotiáo)

### Noun

繁華
* (literary) glory and splendor
* (literary, figurative) youth; adolescence; youthfulness; prime of one's life

#### Synonyms

* (glory and splendor): 榮華／荣华 (rónghuá)
* (youth): 青春 (qīngchūn)

### Derived terms

* 繁華世界／繁华世界
* 繁華損枝／繁华损枝
* 繁華街／繁华街 (fánhuájiē)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 繁 | 華 |
| はん Grade: S | か Grade: S |
| kan'on ||
* Alternative spelling
* 繁華 (kyūjitai)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) はんか [háꜜǹkà] (Atamadaka –)
* (Tokyo) はんか [hàńká] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [hã̠ŋka̠]

### Adjective

繁(はん)華(か) • (hanka) -na (adnominal 繁(はん)華(か)な (hanka na), adverbial 繁(はん)華(か)に (hanka ni))
* bustling
** 1915, Shizu Shiraki, Aojiroki Yume‎:
    それは繁(はん)華(か)な電(でん)車(しゃ)通(どお)りであった。
       Sore wa hanka na densha dōri de atta.
       That was the bustling street with sidecar tracks.

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Imperfective (未然形) | 繁華だろ | はんかだろ | hanka daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 繁華で | はんかで | hanka de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 繁華だ | はんかだ | hanka da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 繁華な | はんかな | hanka na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 繁華なら | はんかなら | hanka nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 繁華であれ | はんかであれ | hanka de are |
| Key constructions ||||
| Informal negative | 繁華ではない 繁華じゃない | はんかではない はんかじゃない | hanka de wa nai hanka ja nai |
| Informal past | 繁華だった | はんかだった | hanka datta |
| Informal negative past | 繁華ではなかった 繁華じゃなかった | はんかではなかった はんかじゃなかった | hanka de wa nakatta hanka ja nakatta |
| Formal | 繁華です | はんかです | hanka desu |
| Formal negative | 繁華ではありません 繁華じゃありません | はんかではありません はんかじゃありません | hanka de wa arimasen hanka ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 繁華でした | はんかでした | hanka deshita |
| Formal negative past | 繁華ではありませんでした 繁華じゃありませんでした | はんかではありませんでした はんかじゃありませんでした | hanka de wa arimasen deshita hanka ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 繁華で | はんかで | hanka de |
| Conditional | 繁華なら（ば） | はんかなら（ば） | hanka nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 繁華だったら | はんかだったら | hanka dattara |
| Volitional | 繁華だろう | はんかだろう | hanka darō |
| Adverbial | 繁華に | はんかに | hanka ni |
| Degree | 繁華さ | はんかさ | hankasa |

#### Derived terms

* 繁(はん)華(か)街(がい) (hankagai)

### Noun

繁(はん)華(か) • (hanka)
* bustle

### References

* 1 2 Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 繁 | 華 |

### Noun

繁華 • (beonhwa) (hangeul 번화)
* hanja form of 번화 (“bustle; prosperity; liveliness”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 繁 | 華 |

### Adjective

繁華
* chữ Hán form of phồn hoa (“bustling; prosper”).