# 暹羅
## Chinese

* 暹羅

### Etymology

Short for 暹羅斛／暹罗斛 (as recorded in the History of Ming), which was a combined name for two states in modern-day Thailand:
* 暹 (Xiān) is derived from 暹 (MC sjem), referring to the kingdom of Siam, likely the kingdom of Suvarnabhumi; and
* 羅斛／罗斛, the kingdom of Lavo (now called Lopburi).
The two kingdoms merged in the mid-14th century to become the Ayutthaya Kingdom, and the combined Chinese name 暹羅 remained in use to refer to subsequent Thai kingdoms.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Xiānluó
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢ ㄌㄨㄛˊ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): cim$^3$ lo$^{4-2}$ / cim$^3$ lo$^4$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): tiam$^1$ lo$^{3*}$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): Siàm-lò
    (Hailu, HRS): siam lo
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): Siam-lô / Siām-lô
    (Teochew, Peng'im): siam$^5$ lo$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Xiānluó
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢ ㄌㄨㄛˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Sianluó
*** Wade–Giles: Hsien$^1$-lo$^2$
*** Yale: Syān-lwó
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Shianluo
*** Palladius: Сяньло (Sjanʹlo)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cim$^3$ lo$^{4-2}$ / cim$^3$ lo$^4$
*** Yale: chim ló / chim lòh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsim$^3$ lo$^{4-2}$ / tsim$^3$ lo$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: qim$^3$ lo$^{4-2}$ / qim$^3$ lo$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiːm³³ lɔː²¹⁻³⁵/, /t͡sʰiːm³³ lɔː²¹/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: tiam$^1$ lo$^{3*}$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰiam³³ lᵘɔ²²⁻²²⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Siàm-lò
*** Hakka Romanization System: xiam$^ˇ$ lo$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: xiam$^2$ lo$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /si̯am¹¹ lo¹¹/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: siam lo
*** Sinological IPA: /siam⁵⁵ lo⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Siam-lô
*** Tâi-lô: Siam-lô
*** Phofsit Daibuun: siamlooi
*** IPA (Xiamen, Singapore): /siam⁴⁴⁻²² lo²⁴/
** (Hokkien: dated in Xiamen, Singapore, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Siām-lô
*** Tâi-lô: Siām-lô
*** Phofsit Daibuun: siaxmlooi
*** IPA (Xiamen, Singapore): /siam²²⁻²¹ lo²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /siam³³⁻²¹ lɤ²³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /siam³³⁻¹¹ lo²⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: siam$^5$ lo$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: siâm lô
*** Sinological IPA : /siam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lo⁵⁵/

### Proper noun

暹羅
* (historical) Siam (old name for Thailand)
    From: 1938, 毛澤東 (Mao Zedong), 《論持久戰》 (On Protracted War), 《毛澤東選集》. English translation based on the Foreign Languages Press edition
    Bìngqiě Rìběn hái xiǎng zhànlǐng Fēilǜbīn, Xiānluó, Yuènán, Mǎlái Bàndǎo hé Héshǔ Dōng Yìndù, bǎ wàiguó hé Zhōngguó qiēkāi, dúzhàn xīnán Tàipíngyáng. [Pinyin]
    Moreover, Japan wants to occupy the Philippines, Siam, Indo-China, the Malay Peninsula and the Dutch East Indies in order to cut off other countries from China and monopolize the southwestern Pacific.

#### Usage notes

Still used by some ethnic Chinese in Thailand to refer to modern-day Thailand.

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 泰國 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 泰國 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 泰國 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 泰國 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dagudi (Maliba) | 泰國 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Reshuitang (Longling) | 泰國 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Salong (Lancang) | 泰國 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mae Sai (Tengchong) | 泰國 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 泰國 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 泰國 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 泰國 |
| Cantonese | Mandalay (Taishan) | 泰國 |
| Cantonese | Bangkok (Guangfu) | 暹羅 |
| Cantonese | Betong (Rongxian) | 泰國 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 泰國 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 泰國 |
| Hakka | Bangkok (Jiexi) | 暹羅 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 泰國 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 泰國 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 泰國 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 暹地, 泰國 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 泰國 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 泰國 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 暹羅 |
| Southern Min | Chiang Mai (Teochew) | 暹羅 |
| Southern Min | Hat Yai (Teochew) | 泰國 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 泰國 |

#### Derived terms

* 暹羅人／暹罗人 (Xiānluórén)
* 暹羅灣／暹罗湾 (Xiānluówān)
* 暹羅貓／暹罗猫 (xiānluómāo)

#### Descendants

* → Korean: 섬라(暹羅) (Seomna)
* → Vietnamese: Xiêm La (暹羅)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 暹 | 羅 |
| Hyōgai | Grade: S |
| irregular ||

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɕa̠mɯ̟]

#### Proper noun

暹羅(しゃむ) or 暹羅(シャム) • (Shamu)
* Obsolete spelling of シャム (“Siam”).
** 1903, 巖谷小波, 洋行土產, volume 2, 博文館, page 271:
    此(この)間(あひだ)日(に)本(ほん)へも御(ご)來(らい)遊(いう)のあつた、暹羅(シヤム)の皇(くわう)太(たい)子(し)殿(でん)下(か)が、伯林(ベルリン)市(し)を見(み)舞(ま)はれたのは、たしか去(きよ)年(ねん)の五(ご)月(ぐわつ)頃(ごろ)であつた。
       Kono aida Nihon e mo go-raiyū no atta, Shamu no kōtaishi-denka ga, Berurin-shi o mimawareta no wa, tashika kyonen no go-gatsu-goro de atta.
       (please add an English translation of this example)
** 1916, 來馬琢道, 南國順禮記, 平和書院, page 2:
    而(しか)して、最(もつと)も尊(そん)敬(けい)すべき釋(しやく)尊(そん)の御(お)舍(しや)利(り)は、世(せ)界(かい)唯(ゆゐ)一(いつ)の佛(ぶつ)敎(けう)國(こく)たる暹羅(しやむ)國(こく)の皇(くわう)帝(てい)陛(へい)下(か)へ寄(き)贈(そう)されたのである
       shikashite, mottomo sonkei-su-beki shakuson no o-shari wa, sekai yuiitsu no bukkyō-koku-taru Shamu-koku no kōtei-heika e kisō-sareta no de aru
       (please add an English translation of this example)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 暹 | 羅 |
| しゃむ Hyōgai | ろ Grade: S |
| irregular ||
Ateji (当て字), from Chinese 暹羅／暹罗 (Xiānluó).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ɕa̠mɯ̟ɾo̞]

#### Proper noun

暹(しゃむ)羅(ろ) or 暹羅(シャムロ) • (Shamuro)
* (history) Synonym of シャム (Shamu, “Siam”)
* This entry needs quotations to illustrate usage. If you come across any interesting, durably archived quotes then please add them!

### References

* 1 2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 暹 | 羅 |

### Proper noun

暹羅
* chữ Hán form of Xiêm La (“Siam”).