# 鼓動
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gǔdòng
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˇ ㄉㄨㄥˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gu$^2$ dung$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kó͘-tōng / kó͘-tǒng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gou$^2$ dong$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gǔdòng
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˇ ㄉㄨㄥˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: gǔdòng
*** Wade–Giles: ku$^3$-tung$^4$
*** Yale: gǔ-dùng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guudonq
*** Palladius: гудун (gudun)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gu$^2$ dung$^6$
*** Yale: gú duhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gu$^2$ dung$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gu$^2$ dung$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /kuː³⁵ tʊŋ²²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kó͘-tōng
*** Tâi-lô: kóo-tōng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kofdong
*** IPA (Taipei): /kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ²²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɔŋ³³/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kó͘-tǒng
*** Tâi-lô: kóo-tǒng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔŋ²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gou$^2$ dong$^6$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kóu tŏng
*** Sinological IPA : /kou⁵²⁻³⁵ toŋ³⁵/

### Verb

鼓動
* to inspire; to urge
* to instigate; to incite
* to fan; to flap

#### Synonyms

* (to inspire):
* 勉勵／勉励 (miǎnlì)
* 勸／劝 (quàn)
* 勗勉／勖勉 (xùmiǎn) (literary)
* 激勵／激励 (jīlì)
* 砥礪／砥砺 (dǐlì)
* 鼓勵／鼓励 (gǔlì)
* 鼓舞 (gǔwǔ)
* (to instigate):
* 主使 (zhǔshǐ)
* 使使 (Hokkien)
* 使唆 (Hokkien)
* 助長／助长 (zhùzhǎng)
* 勾引 (gōuyǐn)
* 反間／反间 (fǎnjiàn)
* 唆使 (suōshǐ)
* 唆擺／唆摆 (so$^1$ baai$^2$) (Cantonese)
* 嗾使 (sǒushǐ)
* 引誘／引诱 (yǐnyòu)
* 引逗 (yǐndòu)
* 慫恿／怂恿 (sǒngyǒng)
* 扇動／扇动 (shāndòng)
* 拖逗 (tuōdòu) (literary)
* 指使 (zhǐshǐ)
* 挑動／挑动 (tiǎodòng)
* 挑唆 (tiǎosuō)
* 挑撥／挑拨 (tiǎobō)
* 挑起 (tiǎoqǐ)
* 挑釁／挑衅 (tiǎoxìn)
* 搬弄 (bānnòng)
* 撥弄／拨弄 (bōnòng)
* 撮弄 (cuōnòng) (literary)
* 攏慫／拢怂 (Hokkien)
* 攛掇／撺掇 (cuānduo) (colloquial)
* 教唆 (jiàosuō)
* 煽動／煽动 (shāndòng)
* 煽惑 (shānhuò)
* 簸弄 (bǒnòng)
* 縱臾／纵臾 (zǒngyǒng) (obsolete)
* 縱踴／纵踊 (obsolete)
* 誘使／诱使 (yòushǐ)
* 離間／离间 (líjiàn)
* 鼓惑 (gǔhuò)
* (to fan): 扇動／扇动 (shāndòng)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 鼓 | 動 |
| こ Grade: S | どう Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こどー [kòdóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ko̞do̞ː]

### Noun

鼓(こ)動(どう) • (kodō)
* beating, pounding

### Verb

鼓(こ)動(どう)する • (kodō suru) suru (stem 鼓(こ)動(どう)し (kodō shi), past 鼓(こ)動(どう)した (kodō shita))
* beat, pound
** 1905–06, Natsume Sōseki, I Am a Cat (text here)
    心(しん)臓(ぞう)はたしかに平(へい)時(じ)よりも烈(はげ)しく鼓(こ)動(どう)しておった。
       Shinzō wa tashika ni heiji yori mo hageshiku kodō shite otta.
       My heart was beating much harder than normal.

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 鼓動し | こどうし | kodō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 鼓動し | こどうし | kodō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 鼓動する | こどうする | kodō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 鼓動する | こどうする | kodō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 鼓動すれ | こどうすれ | kodō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 鼓動せよ¹ 鼓動しろ² | こどうせよ¹ こどうしろ² | kodō seyo¹ kodō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 鼓動される | こどうされる | kodō sareru |
| Causative | 鼓動させる 鼓動さす | こどうさせる こどうさす | kodō saseru kodō sasu |
| Potential | 鼓動できる | こどうできる | kodō dekiru |
| Volitional | 鼓動しよう | こどうしよう | kodō shiyō |
| Negative | 鼓動しない | こどうしない | kodō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 鼓動せず | こどうせず | kodō sezu |
| Formal | 鼓動します | こどうします | kodō shimasu |
| Perfective | 鼓動した | こどうした | kodō shita |
| Conjunctive | 鼓動して | こどうして | kodō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 鼓動すれば | こどうすれば | kodō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 鼓 | 動 |

### Noun

鼓動 • (godong) (hangeul 고동)
* hanja form of 고동 (“pounding of the heart”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 鼓 | 動 |

### Verb

鼓動
* chữ Hán form of cổ động (“to cheer in competition”).