# 朦朧
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): ménglóng
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄥˊ ㄌㄨㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): mung$^4$ lung$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): bông-lông
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$mon-lon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: ménglóng
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄥˊ ㄌㄨㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ménglóng
*** Wade–Giles: mêng$^2$-lung$^2$
*** Yale: méng-lúng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: menglong
*** Palladius: мэнлун (mɛnlun)
*** Sinological IPA : /mɤŋ³⁵ lʊŋ³⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$朦朧／朦胧 矇矓／蒙眬
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: mung$^4$ lung$^4$
*** Yale: mùhng lùhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: mung$^4$ lung$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: mung$^4$ lung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /mʊŋ²¹ lʊŋ²¹/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$朦朧／朦胧 矇矓／蒙眬
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bông-lông
*** Tâi-lô: bông-lông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bongloong
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² lɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bɔŋ¹³⁻²² lɔŋ¹³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$mon-lon
*** MiniDict: mon$^去$ lon
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$mon-lon
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /moŋ²² loŋ⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: muwng luwng
Rime :
| Character | 朦 | 朧 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (1) | 東 (1) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 莫紅切 | 盧紅切 |
| Baxter | muwng | luwng |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /muŋ/ | /luŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /muŋ/ | /luŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /muŋ/ | /luŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /məwŋ/ | /ləwŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /muŋ/ | /luŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /muŋ/ | /luŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /muŋ/ | /luŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | méng | lóng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | mung$^4$ | lung$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*moːŋ roːŋ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 朦 | 朧 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/2 |
| No. | 8973 | 8414 |
| Phonetic component | 冡 | 龍 |
| Rime group | 東 | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 蒙 | 籠 |
| Old Chinese | /*moːŋ/ | /*roːŋ/ |

### Adjective

朦朧
* (of moonlight) dim; hazy
* indistinct; fuzzy; blurred
* confused; muddled

#### Synonyms

* (dim): (literary) 曚曨／曚昽 (ménglóng)
* (indistinct):
* 不清 (bùqīng)
* 低迷 (dīmí)
* 依稀 (yīxī)
* 含混 (hánhùn)
* 含糊
* 微茫 (wēimáng) (formal)
* 恍惚 (huǎnghū)
* 模稜／模棱 (móléng)
* 模糊
* 淡漠 (dànmò)
* 約略／约略 (yuēlüè)
* 迷離／迷离 (mílí) (literary)
* 隱約／隐约 (yǐnyuē)
* 隱隱／隐隐 (yǐnyǐn)
* (confused): 糊塗／糊涂 (hútu), 迷糊 (míhu), 迷濛／迷蒙 (míméng), 智惛 (zhìhūn), 懵懂 (měngdǒng)

#### Derived terms

* 朦朧保舉／朦胧保举
* 朦朧恍惚／朦胧恍惚
* 朦朧朦朧／朦胧朦胧
* 醉眼朦朧／醉眼朦胧

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 朦朧(もうろう) (mōrō)
* → Korean: 몽롱(朦朧) (mongnong)
* → Vietnamese: mông lung (朦朧)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 朦 | 朧 |
| もう Hyōgai | ろう Hyōgai |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) もーろー [mòóróó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [mo̞ːɾo̞ː]

### Adjective

朦(もう)朧(ろう) • (mōrō) $^†$-tari (adnominal 朦(もう)朧(ろう)とした (mōrō to shita) or 朦(もう)朧(ろう)たる (mōrō taru), adverbial 朦(もう)朧(ろう)と (mōrō to) or 朦(もう)朧(ろう)として (mōrō to shite))
* faint, dim, obscure (not clearly visible)
* vague (not clearly expressed)
* hazy (in an impaired mental state)

#### Inflection

Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 朦朧たら | もうろうたら | mouroutara |
| Continuative (連用形) | 朦朧と$^{[1]}$ 朦朧たり$^{[2]}$ | もうろうと もうろうたり | mourouto mouroutari |
| Terminal (終止形) | 朦朧たり | もうろうたり | mouroutari |
| Attributive (連体形) | 朦朧たる | もうろうたる | mouroutaru |
| Realis (已然形) | 朦朧たれ | もうろうたれ | mouroutare |
| Imperative (命令形) | 朦朧たれ | もうろうたれ | mouroutare |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 朦朧たらず | もうろうたらず | mouroutarazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 朦朧たれど | もうろうたれど | mouroutaredo |
| Causal conjunction | 朦朧たれば | もうろうたれば | mouroutareba |
| Conditional conjunction | 朦朧たらば | もうろうたらば | mouroutaraba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 朦朧たりき | もうろうたりき | mouroutariki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 朦朧たりけり | もうろうたりけり | mouroutarikeri |
| Adverbial | 朦朧と | もうろうと | mourouto |
| $^{[1]}$Without auxiliary verb. $^{[2]}$With auxiliary verb. ||||

#### Derived terms

* 朦朧体(もうろうたい) (mōrōtai)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 朦 | 朧 |

### Root

朦朧 • (mongnong) (hangeul 몽롱)
* hanja form of 몽롱

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 朦 | 朧 |

### Adjective

朦朧
* chữ Hán form of mông lung (“vague, uncertain, confused”).