# 掌握
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhǎngwò
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄤˇ ㄨㄛˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zoeng$^2$ ak$^1$ / zoeng$^2$ aak$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chóng-vok
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chióng-ak / chiáng-ak / chióng-ok / chiáng-ok
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zion$^2$ og$^4$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$tsan-oq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhǎngwò
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄤˇ ㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhǎngwò
*** Wade–Giles: chang$^3$-wo$^4$
*** Yale: jǎng-wò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jaangwoh
*** Palladius: чжанво (čžanvo)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ wɔ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zoeng$^2$ ak$^1$ / zoeng$^2$ aak$^1$
*** Yale: jéung āk / jéung āak
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzoeng$^2$ ak$^7$ / dzoeng$^2$ aak$^7$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zêng$^2$ eg$^1$ / zêng$^2$ ag$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sœːŋ³⁵ ɐk̚⁵/, /t͡sœːŋ³⁵ aːk̚⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chóng-vok
*** Hakka Romanization System: zong$^ˋ$ vog$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zong$^3$ vog$^5$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡soŋ³¹ vok̚²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chióng-ak
*** Tâi-lô: tsióng-ak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ciofng'ag
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ak̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /t͡siɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ak̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ak̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiáng-ak
*** Tâi-lô: tsiáng-ak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ciafng'ag
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siaŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ak̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡siaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ak̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chióng-ok
*** Tâi-lô: tsióng-ok
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ciofng'og
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɔk̚⁵/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡siɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɔk̚³²/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiáng-ok
*** Tâi-lô: tsiáng-ok
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ciafng'og
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡siaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɔk̚³²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: zion$^2$ og$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsióⁿ ok
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sĩõ⁵²⁻³⁵ ok̚²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$tsan-oq
*** MiniDict: tsan$^去$ oh
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$tsan-oq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sã³³ oʔ⁴⁴/

### Verb

掌握
* to be in control of; to take charge of; to hold
    掌握政權／掌握政权 ― zhǎngwò zhèngquán ― to hold political power
    掌握國家秘密／掌握国家秘密 ― zhǎngwò guójiā mìmì ― to hold state secrets
* to master; to grasp; to know well
    掌握適度原則／掌握适度原则 ― zhǎngwò shìdù yuánzé ― to grasp the principle of moderation
    掌握專業技能／掌握专业技能 ― zhǎngwò zhuānyè jìnéng ― to master professional skills

#### Synonyms

* (to be in control of):
* 主宰 (zhǔzǎi)
* 主張／主张 (zhǔzhāng) (archaic)
* 克制 (kèzhì)
* 克治 (kèzhì) (literary)
* 制禦／制御 (zhìyù) (literary)
* 制約／制约 (zhìyuē)
* 君 (jūn) (literary)
* 執掌／执掌 (zhízhǎng)
* 壓制／压制 (yāzhì)
* 壓抑／压抑 (yāyì)
* 局 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 局限 (júxiàn)
* 左右 (zuǒyòu)
* 把
* 抑制 (yìzhì)
* 把持 (bǎchí)
* 把控 (bǎkòng)
* 把攬／把揽 (bǎlǎn)
* 抵制 (dǐzhì)
* 拘束 (jūshù)
* 按 (àn)
* 按捺 (ànnà) (usually in the negative)
* 控 (literary, or in compounds)
* 控制 (kòngzhì)
* 掌控 (zhǎngkòng)
* 提控 (tíkòng) (literary)
* 撥弄／拨弄 (bōnòng)
* 撙節／撙节 (zǔnjié)
* 操控 (cāokòng)
* 操縱／操纵 (cāozòng)
* 擺佈／摆布 (bǎibù)
* 擺治／摆治 (bǎizhì) (regional)
* 支配 (zhīpèi)
* 收斂／收敛 (shōuliǎn)
* 束 (literary, or in compounds)
* 束縛／束缚 (shùfù)
* 柄 (literary, or in compounds)
* 框 (kuàng)
* 禁錮／禁锢 (jìngù) (figurative)
* 積壓／积压 (jīyā) (figurative)
* 節制／节制 (jiézhì)
* 節撙／节撙 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
* 管制 (guǎnzhì)
* 管束 (guǎnshù)
* 約束／约束 (yuēshù)
* 統御／统御 (tǒngyù) (literary)
* 統治／统治 (tǒngzhì)
* 羈束／羁束 (jīshù) (literary)
* 裁 (cái) (literary, or in compounds)
* 遏抑 (èyì) (literary)
* 鎮／镇 (zhèn)
* 限 (xiàn)
* 限乏 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 限制 (xiànzhì)
* 駕／驾 (jià)
* 駕馭／驾驭 (jiàyù) (figurative)
* (to know well):
* 了解 (liǎojiě)
* 佔有／占有 (zhànyǒu)
* 分曉／分晓 (fēnxiǎo)
* 參悟／参悟 (cānwù)
* 悟 (wù) (literary, or in compounds)
* 懂 (dǒng)
* 懂得 (dǒngde)
* 打生 (Wenzhounese)
* 把握 (bǎwò)
* 明 (ming$^4$) (Cantonese)
* 明白
* 明瞭／明了 (míngliǎo)
* 曉得／晓得 (xiǎode)
* 會悟／会悟 (huìwù) (literary)
* 洞悉 (dòngxī)
* 清亮 (mainland China)
* 清楚
* 熟似 (Hokkien)
* 熟悉 (shúxī)
* 熟稔 (shúrěn) (literary)
* 熟識／熟识 (shúshí)
* 理會／理会 (lǐhuì)
* 理解 (lǐjiě)
* 瞭悟／了悟 (liǎowù) (literary)
* 知影 (Hokkien, Teochew)
* 知悉 (zhīxī) (literary)
* 知曉／知晓 (zhīxiǎo)
* 知識／知识 (zhīshí) (literary)
* 知道
* 覺／觉
* 覺悟／觉悟 (juéwù)
* 覺醒／觉醒 (juéxǐng)
* 認識／认识
* 諳曉／谙晓 (ānxiǎo) (literary)
* 諳達／谙达 (āndá) (literary)
* 貫通／贯通 (guàntōng)
* 通曉／通晓 (tōngxiǎo)
* 通解 (tōngjiě) (literary)
* 通達／通达 (tōngdá)
* 達／达 (literary, or in compounds)
* 醒悟 (xǐngwù)
* 開悟／开悟 (kāiwù) (literary)
* 領悟／领悟 (lǐngwù)
* 領會／领会 (lǐnghuì)
* 領略／领略 (lǐnglüè)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 掌 | 握 |
| しょう Grade: S | あく Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Noun

掌(しょう)握(あく) • (shōaku)
* control

### Verb

掌(しょう)握(あく)する • (shōaku suru) suru (stem 掌(しょう)握(あく)し (shōaku shi), past 掌(しょう)握(あく)した (shōaku shita))
* to control

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 掌握し | しょうあくし | shōaku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 掌握し | しょうあくし | shōaku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 掌握する | しょうあくする | shōaku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 掌握する | しょうあくする | shōaku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 掌握すれ | しょうあくすれ | shōaku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 掌握せよ¹ 掌握しろ² | しょうあくせよ¹ しょうあくしろ² | shōaku seyo¹ shōaku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 掌握される | しょうあくされる | shōaku sareru |
| Causative | 掌握させる 掌握さす | しょうあくさせる しょうあくさす | shōaku saseru shōaku sasu |
| Potential | 掌握できる | しょうあくできる | shōaku dekiru |
| Volitional | 掌握しよう | しょうあくしよう | shōaku shiyō |
| Negative | 掌握しない | しょうあくしない | shōaku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 掌握せず | しょうあくせず | shōaku sezu |
| Formal | 掌握します | しょうあくします | shōaku shimasu |
| Perfective | 掌握した | しょうあくした | shōaku shita |
| Conjunctive | 掌握して | しょうあくして | shōaku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 掌握すれば | しょうあくすれば | shōaku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 掌 | 握 |

### Noun

掌握 • (jang'ak) (hangeul 장악)
* hanja form of 장악 (“domination; control”)