# 塹

| 塹 | U+5879, &#22649; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5879 |
| ← 塸 [U+5878] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 塺 → [U+587A] |

## Translingual
### Han character

塹 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+11, 14 strokes, cangjie input 十中土 (JLG), four-corner 5210$_4$, composition ⿱斬土)
* moat, trench, pit, cavity

#### Derived characters

* 𪬷

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 237, character 3
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5394
* Dae Jaweon: page 475, character 9
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 478, character 8
* Unihan data for U+5879

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 慚 | *zaːm |
| 慙 | *zaːm |
| 鏨 | *zaːm, *zaːmʔ, *zaːms, *zeːm, *zamʔ |
| 槧 | *zaːmʔ, *sʰam, *sʰams, *zamʔ |
| 暫 | *zaːms |
| 蹔 | *zaːms |
| 斬 | *ʔsreːmʔ |
| 獑 | *zeːm, *zaːm |
| 嶃 | *zreːmʔ, *zaːm |
| 覱 | *ʔsraːms |
| 摲 | *sʰraːms |
| 漸 | *ʔsam, *zamʔ |
| 塹 | *sʰams |
| 壍 | *sʰams |
| 嬱 | *sʰams |
| 螹 | *zam, *zamʔ |
| 蔪 | *zamʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰams) : phonetic 斬 (OC *ʔsreːmʔ) + semantic 土 (“earth”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qiàn (qian$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cim$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: ciàn
*** Wade–Giles: chʻien$^4$
*** Yale: chyàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiann
*** Palladius: цянь (cjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cim$^3$
*** Yale: chim
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsim$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: qim$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiːm³³/
* Middle Chinese: tshjemH
Rime :
| Character | 塹 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 清 (14) |
| Final (韻) | 鹽 (153) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 七豔切 |
| Baxter | tshjemH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡sʰiᴇm$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡sʰiɛm$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡sʰjæm$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /t͡sʰiam$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡sʰiɛm$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡sʰĭɛm$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /t͡sʰi̯ɛm$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qiàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | cim$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[tsʰ]am-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sʰams/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 塹 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qiàn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tshjem$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[tsʰ]am-s/ |
| English | moat; dig out |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 塹 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 16806 |
| Phonetic component | 斬 |
| Rime group | 談 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 壍 |
| Old Chinese | /*sʰams/ |
| Notes | 同壍出説文 |

### Definitions

塹
* A deep pit or trench, especially a city moat
* A natural barrier
* A rift valley

### Compounds

* 地塹／地堑
* 坑塹／坑堑
* 塹坑／堑坑
* 塹壕／堑壕 (qiànháo)
* 壕塹／壕堑
* 壘塹／垒堑
* 天塹／天堑 (tiānqiàn)
* 欲塹／欲堑
* 溝塹／沟堑
* 竹塹／竹堑 (Zhúqiàn)
* 長江天塹／长江天堑
* 馬塹／马堑 (Mǎqiàn)
* 高城深塹／高城深堑
* 高壁深塹／高壁深堑
* 高壘深塹／高垒深堑 (gāolěishēnqiàn)

### References

* "塹" at 《教育百科》, ROC Ministry of Education

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: せん (sen)
* Kan-on: せん (sen)
* Kan’yō-on: ざん (zan)
* Kun: ほり (hori)

## Korean
### Hanja

塹 • (cham) (hangeul 참, revised cham, McCune–Reischauer ch'am)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

塹: Hán Nôm readings: khiếm
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation