# 丘陵
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qiūlíng
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄡ ㄌㄧㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jau$^1$ ling$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khiu-lêng
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qiūlíng
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄡ ㄌㄧㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cioulíng
*** Wade–Giles: chʻiu$^1$-ling$^2$
*** Yale: chyōu-líng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiouling
*** Palladius: цюлин (cjulin)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ liŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jau$^1$ ling$^4$
*** Yale: yāu lìhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jau$^1$ ling$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yeo$^1$ ling$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐu̯⁵⁵ lɪŋ²¹/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$丘陵 幽靈／幽灵
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiu-lêng
*** Tâi-lô: khiu-lîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qiuleeng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiu³³ liɪŋ²⁴/
* Middle Chinese: khjuw ling
Rime :
| Character | 丘 | 陵 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) | 蒸 (133) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 去鳩切 | 力膺切 |
| Baxter | khjuw | ling |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰɨu/ | /lɨŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰiu/ | /lɨŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰiəu/ | /lieŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰuw/ | /liŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰiu/ | /liəŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰĭəu/ | /lĭəŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kʰi̯ə̯u/ | /li̯əŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qiū | líng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hau$^1$ | ling$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ʷʰə [r]əŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰʷɯ rɯŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 丘 | 陵 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qiū | líng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khjuw › | ‹ ling › |
| Old Chinese | /*[k]ʷʰə/ | /*[r]əŋ/ |
| English | hill, mound | mound, hill |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 丘 | 陵 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 10523 | 8246 |
| Phonetic component | 丘 | 夌 |
| Rime group | 之 | 蒸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 丘 | 陵 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰʷɯ/ | /*rɯŋ/ |

### Noun

丘陵
* continuous stretch of hills
    丘陵起伏 ― qiūlíng qǐfú ― a chain of undulating hills
    丘陵地帶／丘陵地带 ― qiūlíng dìdài ― hilly land

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 丘陵(きゅうりょう) (kyūryō)
* → Korean: 구릉(丘陵) (gureung)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 丘 | 陵 |
| きゅう Grade: S | りょう Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) きゅうりょー [kyùúryóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kʲɨːɾʲo̞ː]

### Noun

丘(きゅう)陵(りょう) • (kyūryō)
* hill

#### Synonyms

* 丘(おか) (oka)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 丘 | 陵 |

### Noun

丘陵 • (gureung) (hangeul 구릉)
* hanja form of 구릉 (“hill”)