# 兵革
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bīnggé
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄧㄥ ㄍㄜˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bīnggé
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄧㄥ ㄍㄜˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: binggé
*** Wade–Giles: ping$^1$-ko$^2$
*** Yale: bīng-gé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bingger
*** Palladius: бингэ (bingɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /piŋ⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: pjaeng keak
Rime :
| Character | 兵 | 革 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 幫 (1) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 庚 (111) | 麥 (119) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | II |
| Fanqie | 甫明切 | 古核切 |
| Baxter | pjaeng | keak |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /pˠiæŋ/ | /kˠɛk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /pᵚiaŋ/ | /kᵚæk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /piaŋ/ | /kɐk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /piajŋ/ | /kəɨjk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /piɐŋ/ | /kɛk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /pĭɐŋ/ | /kæk̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /pi̯ɐŋ/ | /kæk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bīng | ge |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | bing$^1$ | gak$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*praŋ kˤrək/
    (Zhengzhang): /*praŋ krɯːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 兵 | 革 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | bīng | gé |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ pjæng › | ‹ kɛk › |
| Old Chinese | /*praŋ/ | /*kˁrək/ |
| English | weapon | hide, skin |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 兵 | 革 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 865 | 3835 |
| Phonetic component | 兵 | 革 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 職 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 兵 | 隔 |
| Old Chinese | /*praŋ/ | /*krɯːɡ/ |

### Noun

兵革
* (literary) weaponry; implements of war
    From: Han Feizi, circa 2nd century BCE
    Fán bīnggé zhě, suǒyǐ bèi hài yě. [Pinyin]
    In general, weapons and armour are for providing against harm.
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Yù mín bùyǐ fēngjiāng zhī jiè, gù guó bùyǐ shānxī zhī xiǎn, wēi tiānxià bùyǐ bīnggé zhī lì. [Pinyin]
    A people is bounded in, not by the limits of dykes and borders; a State is secured, not by the strengths of mountains and rivers; the kingdom is overawed, not by the sharpness and strength of arms.
* (literary, metonymically) war; military action
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Shìshí Hàn bīng yǔ Xiàng Yǔ xiāng jù, Zhōngguó pí yú bīnggé; yǐgù Mòdú dé zìqiáng, kòngxiánzhīshì sānshí yú wàn. [Pinyin]
    At that time, Han and Xiang Yu's forces were locked against each other, and the Zhongguo was being exhausted by war. As a result, Modu was able to strengthen himself and mobilized a force of over three hundred thousand archers.
    From: Wang Chong, Lun Heng (Discussive Weighing), 80 CE, translated based on Alfred Forke's version
    Chángpíng zhī kēng, lǎoshào bìng xiàn; wànshù zhī zhōng, bìyǒu chángmìng wèi dāng sǐ zhī rén, zāo shí shuāiwēi, bīnggé bìngqǐ, bùdé zhōng qí shòu. [Pinyin]
    [A]t Changping the aged and the young were buried to the last. Among the tens of thousands, there were certainly many who had still a long life before them and ought not to have died. But they happen to live in a time of decay, when war breaks out everywhere, and cannot live their long lives to die of old age.

#### Synonyms

* (war):
* 兵戈 (bīnggē) (literary)
* 兵戎 (bīngróng) (literary)
* 兵火 (bīnghuǒ) (figurative)
* 戎機／戎机 (róngjī) (literary)
* 戰／战 (zhàn)
* 戰伐／战伐 (zhànfá) (literary)
* 戰火／战火 (zhànhuǒ) (figurative)
* 戰爭／战争 (zhànzhēng)
* 白刃 (báirèn) (literary, figurative)

#### Antonyms

* (antonym(s) of “war”):
* 和平 (hépíng)

#### Descendants

* → Korean: 병혁(兵革) (byeonghyeok)
* → Vietnamese: binh cách (兵革)