# 外王母
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wàiwángmǔ
    (Zhuyin): ㄨㄞˋ ㄨㄤˊ ㄇㄨˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ngoi$^6$ wong$^4$ mou$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: wàiwángmǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄨㄞˋ ㄨㄤˊ ㄇㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: wàiwángmǔ
*** Wade–Giles: wai$^4$-wang$^2$-mu$^3$
*** Yale: wài-wáng-mǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: waywangmuu
*** Palladius: вайванму (vajvanmu)
*** Sinological IPA : /waɪ̯⁵¹ wɑŋ³⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ngoi$^6$ wong$^4$ mou$^5$
*** Yale: ngoih wòhng móuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ngoi$^6$ wong$^4$ mou$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ngoi$^6$ wong$^4$ mou$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ŋɔːi̯²² wɔːŋ²¹ mou̯¹³/
* Middle Chinese: ngwajH hjwang muwX
Rime :
| Character | 外 | 王 | 母 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) | 云 (35) | 明 (4) |
| Final (韻) | 泰 (26) | 陽 (106) | 侯 (137) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III | I |
| Fanqie | 五會切 | 雨方切 | 莫厚切 |
| Baxter | ngwajH | hjwang | muwX |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋuɑi$^H$/ | /ɦʉɐŋ/ | /məu$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋʷɑi$^H$/ | /ɦʷiɐŋ/ | /məu$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋuɑi$^H$/ | /ɣiuɑŋ/ | /məu$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋwaj$^H$/ | /ɦuaŋ/ | /məw$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋuɑi$^H$/ | /ɣiuaŋ/ | /mu$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋuɑi$^H$/ | /ɣĭwaŋ/ | /məu$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ŋuɑi$^H$/ | /iwaŋ/ | /mə̯u$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | wèi | wáng | mǒu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | ngoi$^6$ | wong$^4$ | mau$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ]ʷˤa[t]-s ɢʷaŋ məʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷaːds ɢʷaŋ mɯʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 外 | 王 | 母 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | wài | wáng | mǔ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ngwaj$^H$ › | ‹ hjwang › | ‹ muw$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ŋ]ʷˁa[t]-s/ | /*ɢʷaŋ/ | /*məʔ/ (? or *mˁoʔ) |
| English | outside | king | mother |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 外 | 王 | 母 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 12606 | 12742 | 9288 |
| Phonetic component | 外 | 王 | 母 |
| Rime group | 祭 | 陽 | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 外 | 王 | 母 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋʷaːds/ | /*ɢʷaŋ/ | /*mɯʔ/ |

### Noun

外王母
* maternal grandmother
    From: Erya, 5th – 2nd century BCE
    Mǔ zhī kǎo wéi wàiwángfù, mǔ zhī bǐ wéi wàiwángmǔ. [Pinyin]
    The father of one’s mother is the maternal grandfather, and the mother of one’s mother is the maternal grandmother.

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 外祖母, 外王母 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 外祖母 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 姥姥 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 外婆, 阿嬤 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Ulanhot | 姥姥, 姥兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tongliao | 姥姥, 姥兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 姥姥 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 姥姥, 姥兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 姥兒, 姥姥 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 姥娘 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 外婆, 婆婆 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 姥姥 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 姥娘 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 姥, 姥母 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 姥娘 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 姥姥, 婆兒婆兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 舅廈娘 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 姥娘, 姥姥 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 外奶, 舅家奶, 舅奶, 外婆 suburbs, 外拿 Hui |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 外奶奶 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 外奶奶 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 舅奶, 舅奶奶, 外奶, 外奶奶 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 奶奶, 外奶奶, 姥姥 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Bayanhot | 外奶奶, 姥姥 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 奶奶, 外奶奶 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 外奶奶 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 外婆, 家婆, 家家 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 家家 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 婆婆, 外婆 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 婆婆, 外婆 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 婆婆 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 外婆, 婆, 阿婆 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 婆婆 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 婆婆 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 外婆奶奶 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 外奶奶 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Huanggang | 家婆 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 阿婆 face-to-face, 婆婆, 外婆 non-face-to-face |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 阿婆, 婆婆 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) | 外婆 non-face-to-face, 阿婆 face-to-face |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 姐婆 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 姐婆 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Xinjiao, Haizhu) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Longxi, Liwan) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huangpu) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Xinshi, Baiyun) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Shijing, Baiyun) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Jiangcun, Baiyun) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Longgui, Baiyun) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Renhe, Baiyun) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 遠婆 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 婆婆 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 外婆 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 祖婆 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 子婆 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 祖婆 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 祖婆 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 阿婆, 外婆, 婆, 婆婆 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 婆大 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 阿婆, 婆婆 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 外婆 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 外婆 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 外婆 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 姊婆, 阿婆 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 阿婆, 婆婆, 外婆 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 阿婆, 婆婆 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 外婆 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 外嫲 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 外婆 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 外婆, 婆婆 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 阿婆 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 阿婆 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 外婆 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 外阿婆, 外婆, 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Changbu) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Mianyang) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Meilin) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Wengyuan | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 小婆 |
| Hakka | Liannan | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Luhe | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) | 外媽 |
| Hakka | Changting | 婆則 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 外娭姐 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Yanqian) | 外娭姐 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 外阿婆 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 外子媽 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 婆婆 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 外婆 |
| Hakka | Ningdu | 外婆 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 外婆 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 外婆 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 外婆 |
| Hakka | Tonggu (Sandu) | 外婆 |
| Hakka | Ganzhou (Panlong) | 外婆 |
| Hakka | Dayu | 外婆 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 外阿婆, 阿婆 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 外阿婆 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 姐嬤 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 外媽 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Yangxi (Tangkou) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Yangchun (Sanjia) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Sihe) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Xinyi (Qianpai) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Gaozhou (Xindong) | 外婆 |
| Hakka | Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) | 外婆 |
| Hakka | Lianjiang (Shijiao) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Mengshan (Xihe) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Luchuan | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Daqiao) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo) | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Singkawang | 姐婆 |
| Hakka | Singapore (Dabu) | 阿姐 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 外婆 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 外婆 |
| Huizhou | Huangshan (Tunxi) | 外婆 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 娘娘, 姥娘, 姥姥 |
| Jin | Pingyao | 婆婆 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 姥姥啊, 呀姥, 姥姥 |
| Jin | Taibus (Baochang) | 姥姥 |
| Jin | Linhe | 姥娘 |
| Jin | Jining | 姥姥 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 姥姥 |
| Jin | Baotou | 姥姥 |
| Jin | Dongsheng | 姥姥 |
| Jin | Haibowan | 姥姥, 姥娘 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 畲嫲, 嫲嫲, 外婆 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou (Dikou) | 畲嫲 |
| Northern Min | Songxi | 婆 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe | 婆奶 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe (Zhenqian) | 外婆 |
| Northern Min | Jianyang | 婆婆 |
| Northern Min | Wuyishan | 外婆 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 阿婆, 畲嫲 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 外媽 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 外媽 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 外媽 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 外媽 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 外媽 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 外婆 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 外婆 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 外婆 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 娘婆 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 外婆 |
| Eastern Min | Matsu | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 阿媽, 俺媽, 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 媽仔, 俺媽, 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 外家媽 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 阿媽, 咉媽, 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 外媽, 阿媽 GT |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Pingxi) | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Cijin) | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Toucheng) | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Tainan (Anping) | 外媽, 俺媽 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Xiyu) | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 阿媽, 媽, 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 俺媽, 阿媽, 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 外婆 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Ho Chi Minh City (Teochew) | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 阿媽, 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 外家祖婆 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 外婆 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 媽, 阿媽, 婆, 外家媽, 外家婆, 外媽 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 阿婆 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 外頭媽 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 外頭媽 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 婆 face-to-face, 外家婆 non-face-to-face |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 阿婆, 外婆 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 外婆, 婆婆 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 外婆, 外婆爾奶, 爾奶 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 親婆, 外婆, 阿婆 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 外婆 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 舅婆 |
| Wu | Danyang | 婆婆 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 外婆 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 外婆 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 外婆娘, 外婆 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 外婆, 婆婆 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 外婆 |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | 外婆 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 外婆 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 外婆 |
| Xiang | Hengyang | 外婆 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 外婆 |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) |