# 慨

| 慨 | U+6168, &#24936; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6168 |
| ← 慧 [U+6167] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 慩 → [U+6169] |
| 慨 | U+FA3E, &#64062; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA3E |
| ← 悔 [U+FA3D] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 憎 → [U+FA3F] |

## Translingual
### Han character

慨 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+9 in Chinese, 心+10 in Japanese, 12 strokes in Chinese, 13 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 心日戈山 (PAIU), four-corner 9101$_4$, composition ⿰忄既)

#### Derived characters

* 𡁙

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 399, character 24
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11122
* Dae Jaweon: page 739, character 11
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2331, character 12
* Unihan data for U+6168
* Unihan data for U+FA3E

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 溉 | *kɯːds, *kɯds |
| 槩 | *kɯːds |
| 概 | *kɯːds |
| 摡 | *kɯːds, *qʰɯds |
| 慨 | *kʰɯːds |
| 嘅 | *kʰɯːds |
| 穊 | *krɯds |
| 暨 | *ɡrɯds, *kɯds, *krɯd |
| 鱀 | *ɡrɯds, *ɡɯs |
| 塈 | *ɡrɯds, *qʰɯds |
| 既 | *kɯds |
| 旡 | *kɯds |
| 蔇 | *kɯds |
| 炁 | *kʰɯds |
| 櫭 | *ɡrad |
| 曁 | *kɯd |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰɯːds) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 既 (OC *kɯds).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kǎi (kai$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄞˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): koi$^2$ / koi$^3$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khói
* Eastern Min (BUC): kái
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khài
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$khe
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kǎi
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄞˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kǎi
*** Wade–Giles: kʻai$^3$
*** Yale: kǎi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kae
*** Palladius: кай (kaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰaɪ̯²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: koi$^2$ / koi$^3$
*** Yale: kói / koi
*** Cantonese Pinyin: koi$^2$ / koi$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: koi$^2$ / koi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɔːi̯³⁵/, /kʰɔːi̯³³/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khói
*** Hakka Romanization System: koi$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: koi$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰoi̯³¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: kái
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰɑi²¹³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khài
*** Tâi-lô: khài
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qaix
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰai²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰai⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰai²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰai¹¹/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰai²¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$khe
*** MiniDict: khe$^去$
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$khe
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰe³⁴/
* Middle Chinese: khojH
Rime :
| Character | 慨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 苦蓋切 |
| Baxter | khojH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰʌi$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰəi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰɒi$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰəj$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰᴀi$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰɒi$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kʰɑ̆i$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kài |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hoi$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[kʰ]ˤə[t]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰɯːds/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 慨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | kài |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khoj$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[kʰ]ˁə[t]-s/ |
| English | disappointed |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 慨 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 5814 |
| Phonetic component | 旡 |
| Rime group | 隊 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 磕 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰɯːds/ |

### Definitions

慨
* indignant; resentful
* generous; impassioned; vehement
* with emotion
* to rue; to be sad

### Compounds

* 悲歌慷慨
* 慨允
* 慨嘆／慨叹 (kǎitàn)
* 慨恨
* 慨慨
* 感慨 (gǎnkǎi)
* 慨想
* 感慨萬千／感慨万千
* 慨慷 (kǎikāng)
* 慨憤／慨愤
* 慨歎／慨叹 (kǎitàn)
* 慨然 (kǎirán)
* 慨然允諾／慨然允诺
* 慨然應允／慨然应允
* 慨然領諾／慨然领诺
* 慷他人之慨 (kāng tārén zhī kǎi)
* 慷慨 (kāngkǎi)
* 慷慨仗義／慷慨仗义
* 慷慨悲歌
* 慷慨捐生
* 慷慨擔承／慷慨担承
* 慷慨激昂 (kāngkǎijī'áng)
* 慷慨激烈
* 慷慨解囊 (kāngkǎijiěnáng)
* 慷慨赴義／慷慨赴义
* 慷慨陳詞／慷慨陈词
* 憤慨／愤慨 (fènkǎi)
* 激昂慷慨
* 軫慨／轸慨

### References

* “慨”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese

| Shinjitai | 慨 |
| Kyūjitai | 慨 &#xFA3E; or 慨+&#xFE00; |
| Kyūjitai | 慨󠄁 慨+&#xE0101; (Adobe-Japan1) |
| Kyūjitai | 慨󠄈 慨+&#xE0108; (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) |
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |||

### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 慨)
* rue, lament, be sad
* sigh

#### Readings

* Go-on: かい (kai)
* Kan-on: かい (kai)
* Kan’yō-on: がい (gai, Jōyō)
* Kun: なげく (nageku, 慨く)

### References

* ↑ “慨”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎ (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024

## Korean
### Hanja

慨 • (gae) (hangeul 개, revised gae, McCune–Reischauer kae, Yale kay)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

慨: Hán Nôm readings: khái, khới
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.