# 血氣方剛
## Chinese

| | | courage and uprightness | just | strong |
| trad. (血氣方剛) | trad. (血氣方剛) | 血氣 | 方 | 剛 |
| simp. (血气方刚) | simp. (血气方刚) | 血气 | 方 | 刚 |

### Etymology

From the Analects, Book 16 (《論語·季氏》):
    孔子曰：「君子有三戒：少之時，血氣未定，戒之在色；及其壯也，血氣方剛，戒之在鬭；及其老也，血氣既衰，戒之在得。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]孔子曰：「君子有三戒：少之时，血气未定，戒之在色；及其壮也，血气方刚，戒之在斗；及其老也，血气既衰，戒之在得。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's versionKǒng Zǐ yuē: “Jūnzǐ yǒu sān jiè: shào zhī shí, xuèqì wèi dìng, jiè zhī zài sè; jí qí zhuàng yě, xuèqì fāng gāng, jiè zhī zài dòu; jí qí lǎo yě, xuèqì jì shuāi, jiè zhī zài dé.” [Pinyin]Confucius said, "There are three things which the superior man guards against. In youth, when the physical powers are not yet settled, he guards against lust. When he is strong and the physical powers are full of vigor, he guards against quarrelsomeness. When he is old, and the animal powers are decayed, he guards against covetousness."

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xuèqìfānggāng, xuěqìfānggāng, xiěqìfānggāng
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄩㄝˋ ㄑㄧˋ ㄈㄤ ㄍㄤ, ㄒㄩㄝˇ ㄑㄧˋ ㄈㄤ ㄍㄤ, ㄒㄧㄝˇ ㄑㄧˋ ㄈㄤ ㄍㄤ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hyut$^3$ hei$^3$ fong$^1$ gong$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xuèqìfānggāng
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄝˋ ㄑㄧˋ ㄈㄤ ㄍㄤ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: syuècìfanggang
*** Wade–Giles: hsüeh$^4$-chʻi$^4$-fang$^1$-kang$^1$
*** Yale: sywè-chì-fāng-gāng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiuehchihfanggang
*** Palladius: сюэцифанган (sjuecifangan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕy̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, variant in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xuěqìfānggāng
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄝˇ ㄑㄧˋ ㄈㄤ ㄍㄤ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: syuěcìfanggang
*** Wade–Giles: hsüeh$^3$-chʻi$^4$-fang$^1$-kang$^1$
*** Yale: sywě-chì-fāng-gāng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sheuechihfanggang
*** Palladius: сюэцифанган (sjuecifangan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕy̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan; colloquial in Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiěqìfānggāng
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄝˇ ㄑㄧˋ ㄈㄤ ㄍㄤ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siěcìfanggang
*** Wade–Giles: hsieh$^3$-chʻi$^4$-fang$^1$-kang$^1$
*** Yale: syě-chì-fāng-gāng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shieechihfanggang
*** Palladius: сецифанган (secifangan)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hyut$^3$ hei$^3$ fong$^1$ gong$^1$
*** Yale: hyut hei fōng gōng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hyt$^8$ hei$^3$ fong$^1$ gong$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hüd$^3$ héi$^3$ fong$^1$ gong$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hyːt̚³ hei̯³³ fɔːŋ⁵⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: xwet khj+jH pjang kang
Rime :
| Character | 血 | 氣 | 方 | 剛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) | 溪 (29) | 幫 (1) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 屑 (88) | 微 (20) | 陽 (106) | 唐 (101) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | IV | III | III | I |
| Fanqie | 呼決切 | 去旣切 | 府良切 | 古郎切 |
| Baxter | xwet | khj+jH | pjang | kang |
| Reconstructions |||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hwet̚/ | /kʰɨi$^H$/ | /pʉɐŋ/ | /kɑŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /hʷet̚/ | /kʰɨi$^H$/ | /pʷiɐŋ/ | /kɑŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xuɛt̚/ | /kʰiəi$^H$/ | /piuɑŋ/ | /kɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /hwɛt̚/ | /kʰɨj$^H$/ | /puaŋ/ | /kaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /xuet̚/ | /kʰiəi$^H$/ | /piuaŋ/ | /kɑŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /xiwet̚/ | /kʰĭəi$^H$/ | /pĭwaŋ/ | /kɑŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /xiwet̚/ | /kʰe̯i$^H$/ | /piwaŋ/ | /kɑŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xue | qì | fāng | gāng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hyut$^3$ | hei$^3$ | fong$^1$ | gong$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*m̥ˤik C.qʰəp-s paŋ kˤaŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qʰʷiːɡ kʰɯds paŋ klaːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 血 | 氣 | 方 | 剛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 3/3 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xuè | qì | fāng | gāng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xwet › | ‹ khjɨj$^H$ › | ‹ pjang › | ‹ kang › |
| Old Chinese | /*m̥ˁik/ | /*C.qʰəp-s/ | /*paŋ/ | /*kˁaŋ/ |
| English | blood | cloudy vapors | just, then | strong; hard |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 血 | 氣 | 方 | 剛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 14098 | 10140 | 3023 | 3713 |
| Phonetic component | 血 | 气 | 方 | 岡 |
| Rime group | 質 | 隊 | 陽 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 血 | | 方 | 岡 |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰʷiːɡ/ | /*kʰɯds/ | /*paŋ/ | /*klaːŋ/ |
| Notes | | | 甲金文象槳即榜初文， 下初爲單筆，猶旂左初亦作單杆 | |

### Idiom

血氣方剛
* (usually of youth) hot-blooded; full of vigour; buoyant and impetuous