# لام
## Arabic
### Etymology 1

* Root
* ل و م (l w m)
* 4 terms

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /laː.ma/

#### Verb

لَامَ • (lāma) I (non-past يَلُومُ (yalūmu), verbal noun لَوْم (lawm) or مَلَام (malām) or مَلَامَة (malāma)) pl of لَائِم is لُوَّم or لُيَّم -->
* to blame, to censure, to rebuke, to chide, to scold, to reproach

##### Conjugation
### Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /laːm/

#### Noun

لَام • (lām) f (plural لَامَات (lāmāt))
* Name of the 23rd letter of the Arabic alphabet (ل (l)), representing the sound /l/.

##### Derived terms

* لَام التَّعْلِيل (lām at-taʕlīl)
* لَام الْعَاقِبَة (lām al-ʕāqiba), لَام الصَّيْرُورَة (lām aṣ-ṣayrūra), لَام الْمَآل (lām al-maʔāl)
* لَام مُزَحْلَقَة (lām muzaḥlaqa)
* لَام الِٱبْتِدَاء (lām al-ibtidāʔ)
* اَللَّام الْفَارِقَة (al-lām al-fāriqa)

##### Descendants

* → Azerbaijani: lam
* → Classical Persian: لَام (lām)
** Iranian Persian: لام (lâm)
** Tajik: лом (lom)
* → Uzbek: lom

## Moroccan Arabic
### Etymology

* Root
* ل و م
* 1 term
From Arabic لَامَ (lāma).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /laːm/

### Verb

لام • (lām) I (non-past يلوم (ylūm))
* to blame, to censure, to rebuke, to chide, to scold, to reproach

#### Conjugation

Conjugation of لام :
| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| | | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| past | m | لمت (lumt) | لمتي (lumti) | لام (lām) | لمنا (lumna) | لمتوا (lumtu) | لاموا (lāmu) |
| past | f | لمت (lumt) | لمتي (lumti) | لامت (lāmet) | لمنا (lumna) | لمتوا (lumtu) | لاموا (lāmu) |
| non-past | m | نلوم (nlūm) | تلوم (tlūm) | يلوم (ylūm) | نلوموا (nlūmu) | تلوموا (tlūmu) | يلوموا (ylūmu) |
| non-past | f | نلوم (nlūm) | تلومي (tlūmi) | تلوم (tlūm) | نلوموا (nlūmu) | تلوموا (tlūmu) | يلوموا (ylūmu) |
| imperative | m | | لوم (lūm) | | | لوموا (lūmu) | |
| imperative | f | | لومي (lūmi) | | | لوموا (lūmu) | |

## Persian
### Etymology 1

Borrowed from Arabic لاَم. Ultimately from Phoenician 𐤋 (l, “lamedh”).

#### Noun

لام • (lâm)
* 27th letter in the Persian alphabet (ل)

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from French lame.

#### Noun

لام • (lâm)
* microscope slide

### References

Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “لام”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press

## Punjabi
### Etymology 1

From Arabic لاَم. Ultimately from Phoenician 𐤋 (l, “lamedh”).

#### Noun

لام • (lām)
* 30th letter in the Shahmukhi alphabet (ل (l))

### Etymology 2

From French l’arme.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /lɑːm/
* Rhymes: -ɑːm

#### Noun

لام • (lām) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਲਾਮ)
* war
    Synonyms: جَن٘گ (jaṉg), یُدّھ (yuddh)
* battle
    Synonyms: لَڑائی (laṛā'ī), جَن٘گ (jaṉg)

## South Levantine Arabic

* Root
* ل و م
* 1 term

### Etymology

From Arabic لَامَ (lāma).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /laːm/, [læːm]
* Audio (al-Lidd):(file)

### Verb

لام • (lām) I (present بلوم (bilūm))
* to blame
* to scold, to reproach

#### Conjugation

Conjugation of لام (lām) :
| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| | | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| past | m | لمت (lumt) | لمت (lumt) | لام (lām) | لمنا (lumna) | لمتو (lumtu) | لامو (lāmu) |
| past | f | لمت (lumt) | لمتي (lumti) | لامت (lāmat) | لمنا (lumna) | لمتو (lumtu) | لامو (lāmu) |
| present | m | بلوم (balūm) | بتلوم (bitlūm) | بلوم (bilūm) | منلوم (minlūm) | بتلومو (bitlūmu) | بيلومو (bilūmu) |
| present | f | بلوم (balūm) | بتلومي (bitlūmi) | بتلوم (bitlūm) | منلوم (minlūm) | بتلومو (bitlūmu) | بيلومو (bilūmu) |
| subjunctive | m | الوم (alūm) | تلوم (tlūm) | يلوم (ylūm) | نلوم (nlūm) | تلومو (tlūmu) | يلومو (ylūmu) |
| subjunctive | f | الوم (alūm) | تلومي (tlūmi) | تلوم (tlūm) | نلوم (nlūm) | تلومو (tlūmu) | يلومو (ylūmu) |
| imperative | m | | لوم (lūm) | | | لومو (lūmu) | |
| imperative | f | | لومي (lūmi) | | | لومو (lūmu) | |

## Southeast Pashayi
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Noun

لام (lām)
* work

### Further reading

* Abd-El-Malek Lamuwal, Adam Baker (2013) “Southeastern Pashayi”, in Journal of the International Phonetic Association, volume 43, Cambridge: International Phonetic Association, pages 243-246