# گوپال
## Persian
### Alternative forms

* کوپال (kupâl)

### Etymology

Akin to the synonymous Northern Kurdish gopal, kopal, Armenian կոպալ (kopal), Udi кӏовал (ḳoval), Georgian კომბალი (ḳombali), კობალი (ḳobali), კობალა (ḳobala), Laz კოპალი (ǩop̌ali), Mingrelian კოპული (ḳoṗuli), Ossetian къобала (k’obala), къобола (k’obola), Pontic Greek κοπάλι (kopáli), Turkish gobal, gopbal, koppal, kobal, kubal, kopali, Romani kopal (“mallet; washerwoman's beetle”), probably also to Jewish Babylonian Aramaic קולפא (qwlpˀ), גולפא (gwlpˀ, “thick stick, club; blow”), Mandaic [script needed] (gulpa), [script needed] (qulpa), [script needed] (qupla, “rod, club, mace”) and possibly to Ancient Greek κόλαφος (kólaphos).
The origin is uncertain. Perhaps from کوب (kôb-), the present stem of کوفتن (kôftan, “to beat, strike”), with the same suffix as in چنگال (čangâl). Others derive this group of words from Greek: compare Ancient Greek κόπανον (kópanon, “pestle”), Greek κόπανος (kópanos, “pestle; laundry dolly, washing beetle, battledore”), Pontic Greek κοπάνιν (kopánin), κοπάνι (kopáni, “pestle”). A native origin has been suggested for the Kartvelian terms: see Proto-Kartvelian *ḳaṗ-.

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [ɡoː.ˈpɑːl]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ɡoː.pʰɑ́ːl]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [ɡoː.pʰɑ́ːl]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [ɡoː.pʰɑ́ːl]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [ɡʊː.pʰɔ́ːl̥]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [ɡ̥uː.pʰɒ́ːl̥]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [ɡɵ.pʰɔ́l]

### Noun

| Dari | گوپال |
| Iranian Persian | گوپال |
| Tajik | кӯпол, гӯпол |
گوپال • (gupâl) (plural گوپال‌ها (gupâl-hâ))
* club, cudgel, mace
** 10th Century CE, Ferdowsi, Shahnameh
    سپاهی که دیدند گوپال اوی / بر و مِغفَر و شیرفش یال اویsepâhi ke didand gupâl-e 'uy / bar o meqfar o širfaš yâle 'uyThe [enemy] army then saw his [formidable] mace, / his [colossal] build, his [mighty] helmet, and his leonine mane of hair

#### Descendants

* Tajik: кӯпол (küpol), гӯпол (güpol)

### References

* ↑ Horn, Paul (1898–1901) “Neupersische Schriftsprache [New Persian written language]”, in Geiger, Wilhelm, Kuhn, Ernst, editors, Grundriß der iranischen Philologie [Outline of Iranian Philology] (in German), volume I, part II, Strassburg: K. J. Trübner, page 176
* ↑ Cabolov, R. L. (2001) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ kurdskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Kurdish Language] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Russian Academy Press Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 393, 520
* ↑ Edelʹman, D. I. (2011) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume IV, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 370
* ↑ Tietze, Andreas (1955) “Griechische Lehnwörter im anatolischen Türkisch”, in Oriens (in German), volume 8, number 2, →DOI, § 140, page 227
* ↑ Symeonidis, Charalambos (1973) “Griechische Lehnwörter im Türkischen”, in Balkan Studies‎ (in German), volume 14, § 93, pages 180–181
* ↑ Tzitzilis, Christos (1987) Griechische Lehnwörter im Türkischen (mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der anatolischen Dialekte) (Schriften der Balkan-Kommission, philologische Abteilung; 33)‎ (in German), Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, § 224, page 66

### Further reading

* “qwlp$^2$”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1913) “կոպալ”, in Hayerēn gawaṙakan baṙaran [Armenian Provincial Dictionary] (Ēminean azgagrakan žoġovacu; 9) (in Armenian), Tiflis: Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages, page 593b
* Dankoff, Robert (1995) Armenian Loanwords in Turkish (Turcologica; 21), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, § 378, page 82
* Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “گوپال”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press
* Sokoloff, Michael (2002) A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic of the Talmudic and Geonic periods, Ramat Gan: Bar Ilan University, page 991b
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “کوپال”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul, page 1058