# 凹凸
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): āotū, āotú
    (Zhuyin): ㄠ ㄊㄨ, ㄠ ㄊㄨˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): nap$^1$ dat$^6$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$au-deq
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: āotū
*** Zhuyin: ㄠ ㄊㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: aotu
*** Wade–Giles: ao$^1$-tʻu$^1$
*** Yale: āu-tū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: autu
*** Palladius: аоту (aotu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ˀɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰu⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: āotú
*** Zhuyin: ㄠ ㄊㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: aotú
*** Wade–Giles: ao$^1$-tʻu$^2$
*** Yale: āu-tú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: autwu
*** Palladius: аоту (aotu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ˀɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰu³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: nap$^1$ dat$^6$
*** Yale: nāp daht
*** Cantonese Pinyin: nap$^7$ dat$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: neb$^1$ ded$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /nɐp̚⁵ tɐt̚²/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$au-deq
*** MiniDict: au$^平$ deh
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$au-deq
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɔ⁵⁵ dəʔ²¹/
* Middle Chinese: 'eap dwot|det
Rime :
| Character | 凹 | 凸 | 凸 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 影 (34) | 定 (7) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 洽 (152) | 沒 (56) | 屑 (87) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Checked (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | II | I | IV |
| Fanqie | 烏洽切 | 陀骨切 | 徒結切 |
| Baxter | 'eap | dwot | det |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʔˠɛp̚/ | /duət̚/ | /det̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʔᵚæp̚/ | /duot̚/ | /det̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ʔɐp̚/ | /duət̚/ | /dɛt̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʔəɨp̚/ | /dwət̚/ | /dɛt̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ʔɐp̚/ | /duət̚/ | /det̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ɐp̚/ | /duət̚/ | /diet̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ʔăp̚/ | /dʱuət̚/ | /dʱiet̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | ya | dú | dié |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | aap$^3$ | deot$^6$ | dit$^6$ |

### Adjective

凹凸
* uneven; bumpy; rugged
    From: 14th century, Poetry by Qin Jianfu
    Bùshì wǒ wú shílì shēnqū shǎn zhè yī huá, duōguǎn shì shǎo rén xíng shānlù āotū. [Pinyin]
    The reason I slipped is not because my starving body was feeble; it was due to the roughness of the mountain road since not many people had walked on this.
* (optics, mathematics) concavo-convex
       Lùnwén shì yǒuguān shíjiěxīhánshù zài jízhídiǎn fùjìn de āotūxìng de. [Pinyin]
       The journal article was about concavo-convexity of real analytic functions near extremities.

#### Derived terms

* 凹凸不平 (āotūbùpíng)
* 凹凹凸凸 (āo'āotūtū)
* 凹凸印
* 凹凸有致 (āotūyǒuzhì)
* 凹凸花
* 凹凸軋花／凹凸轧花 (āotū yàhuā)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 凹凸(おうとつ) (ōtotsu)
* → Korean: 요철(凹凸) (yocheol)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 凹 | 凸 |
| おう Grade: S | とつ Grade: S |
| kan'on ||

### Etymology

/aputotu/ → /aɸutotu/ → */awutot͡su/ → /autot͡su/ → /ɔːtot͡su/ → /oːtot͡su/
Ultimately from Middle Chinese 凹凸 (MC 'eap dwot). Appears in texts from at least the 1600s.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) おーとつ [òótótsú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [o̞ːto̞t͡sɨ]

### Noun

凹(おう)凸(とつ) • (ōtotsu)
* that which has a non-flat surface; uneven, bumpy
    路面(ろめん)凹凸(おうとつ)あり
       Romen ōtotsu ari
       Caution: rough road ahead

### References

* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

### Anagrams

* 凸凹(でこぼこ) (dekoboko)