# violo
## Catalan
### Verb

violo
* first-person singular present indicative of violar

## Esperanto
### Etymology

Borrowed from Italian viola, English violet, French violette and Polish fiołek.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [viˈolo]
* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -olo
* Hyphenation: vi‧o‧lo

### Noun

violo (accusative singular violon, plural violoj, accusative plural violojn)
* violet (flower)
* (rare) violet (color)
    Synonym: violkoloro
** 1921, Johannes Dietterle, editor, La Vendreda Klubo: 11 Diversaj Originalaj Artikoloj Verkitaj de la “Vendredoklubanoj” en Leipzig [The Friday Club: 11 Diverse Original Articles Written by the “Friday Club Members” in Leipzig], Leipzig: Ferdinand Hirt & Sohn, page 77:Kiel la cirklo de l’ puraj koloroj estas ordigota? Ĉu ekzemple la interspaco inter sulfuro kaj oranĝo estas pli aŭ malpli granda ol la interspaco inter violo kaj cejano?How is the circle of pure colors to be ordered? For example, is the gap between sulfur and orange larger or smaller than the gap between violet and cyan?
** 1948, Montagu C[hristie] Butler, Step by Step in Esperanto: A Simple Textbook for English-Speaking Students, with Graduated Reading-Matter and Numerous Exercises for Class Teaching or for Home Study, The Esperanto Publishing Company Ltd., page 54:La ses koloroj de la ĉielarko (rainbow) estas: violo, bluo, verdo, flavo, oranĝo, kaj ruĝo.The six colors of the rainbow are: violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red.
** 1958, Paul Neergaard, editor, Sciencaj Studoj: Bazitaj sur Originalaj Esploroj kaj Observoj: Eldonita Okaze de la 50-Jara Jubileo de Internacia Scienca Asocio Esperantista [Scientific Studies: Based on Original Research and Observations: Published on the Occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the International Scientific Esperanto Association], Kopenhago [Copenhagen]: Internacia Scienca Asocio Esperantista [International Scientific Esperanto Association], →OCLC, page 168:Tre maldense okupitaj estas la regionoj de violo kaj purpuro. Ŝajne ekzistas grandaj diferencoj en la kolorbezonoj.The regions of violet and purple are very sparsely occupied. Seemingly there exist big differences in the color needs.

## Italian
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /viˈɔ.lo/
* Rhymes: -ɔlo
* Hyphenation: vi‧ò‧lo

#### Noun

violo m (plural violi) (regional, Tuscan)
* violet (plant)
    Synonym: (normal register) viola
* carnation
    Synonym: (normal register) garofano

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /viˈɔ.lo/
* Rhymes: -ɔlo
* Hyphenation: vi‧ò‧lo

#### Noun

violo m (plural violi) (regional, Venice)
* path
    Synonym: (normal register) viottolo

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈvi.o.lo/
* Rhymes: -iolo
* Hyphenation: vì‧o‧lo

#### Verb

violo
* first-person singular present indicative of violare

### References

* ↑ violo in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)
* ↑ violo in Dizionario Italiano Olivetti, Olivetti Media Communication
* ↑ violo in Dizionario Italiano Olivetti, Olivetti Media Communication

### Anagrams

* olivo, ovoli

## Latin
### Etymology

Traditionally derived from vīs (“strength”), as if from some diminutive *viola. De Vaan prefers to derive the word instead from a deverbal adjective, which he reconstructs as Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁-elos. Either way, from Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁- (“to chase, strive after”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /ˈu̯i.o.loː/, [ˈu̯iɔɫ̪oː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /ˈvi.o.lo/, [ˈviːolo]

### Verb

violō (present infinitive violāre, perfect active violāvī, supine violātum); first conjugation
* to treat with violence; to maltreat
* to violate, defile, profane, rape
    Synonyms: rumpō, irrumpō, frangō, īnfringō
** 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 6.167:post illud nec avēs cūnās violāsse ferunturNor after that were they suffering the birds to have violated cradles (A goddess intervenes after a baby is attacked by striges and her divine prayers impart lasting protection.)

#### Conjugation

$^1$At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). $^2$Archaic. $^3$At least one rare poetic syncopated perfect form is attested.

#### Derived terms

* violātor
* violentus

#### Descendants

* Catalan: violar
* → English: violate
* French: violer
* Galician: violar
* Italian: violare
* Piedmontese: violé
* Portuguese: violar
* Romanian: viola
* Sicilian: viulari
* Spanish: violar

### References

* “violo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “violo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* violo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to break one's word: fidem laedere, violare, frangere to break one's oath: iusiurandum violare to profane sacred rites: sacra polluere et violare to break a truce: indutias violare to violate the law of nations: ius gentium violare to violate a treaty, terms of alliance: foedus frangere, rumpere, violare
* ↑ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 680

## Portuguese
### Verb

violo
* first-person singular present indicative of violar

## Spanish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /ˈbjolo/ [ˈbjo.lo]
* Rhymes: -olo
* Syllabification: vio‧lo

### Verb

violo
* first-person singular present indicative of violar