# triumphus
## Latin
### Etymology

From Old Latin triumpus, via Etruscan *𐌈𐌓𐌉𐌀𐌌𐌐𐌄 (*θriampe), ultimately from Ancient Greek θρίαμβος (thríambos, “thriambos, a hymn to Dionysus”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /triˈum.pʰus/, [t̪riˈʊmpʰʊs̠]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /triˈum.fus/, [t̪riˈumfus]

### Noun

triumphus m (genitive triumphī); second declension
* a hymn in honor of Bacchus (translating Greek θρίαμβος)
* (vocative, addressing Thriambus) triumpe (a ritual exclamation of the Arval Brothers)
* the Roman Triumph (a ceremonial procession in celebration of a military victory)
** 55 BCE, Cicero, In Pisonem 24:At audistis, patres conscripti, philosophi vocem: negavit se triumphi cupidum umquam fuisse.But Conscript Fathers, you heard the voice of the philosopher: he denied that he has ever had the desire for a triumph.
** c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 14.17.97:quid? non et Caesar dictator triumphi sui cena vini Falerni amphoras, Chii cados in convivia distribuit?What? Did not Caesar the dictator distribute amphoras of Falernian wine at the feast at his triumph, and jars of Chian at the banquet?
* triumph, celebration (any celebration of victory)
** c. 37 CE – 41 CE, Seneca the Elder, Controversiae 9.6:Ille Graeciae servator et vindex Persarum orientisque domitor, cui modo tam insignem triumphum Fortuna de hoste detuleratThat saviour of Greece and victor over the Persians, vanquisher of the Orient, whom Fortune had just conferred so signal a triumph over his foe

#### Declension

Second-declension noun.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | triumphus | triumphī |
| Genitive | triumphī | triumphōrum |
| Dative | triumphō | triumphīs |
| Accusative | triumphum | triumphōs |
| Ablative | triumphō | triumphīs |
| Vocative | triumphe | triumphī |

#### Descendants

* Catalan: triomf
* → Finnish: triumfi
* → Galician: trunfo, triunfo
* → German: Triumph
* Italian: trionfo
* → Old French: triomphe
** → English: triumph, oomph
** French: triomphe
*** →? English: trump
** → Middle Dutch:
*** Dutch: triomf
* Piedmontese: trionf/triunf
* Portuguese: triunfo
* Romanian: triumf, trufă (possibly)
* → Russian: триу́мф (triúmf)
* Sicilian: triunfu
* Spanish: triunfo

### References

* ↑ Walde, Alois, Hofmann, Johann Baptist (1938) “triumpe”, in Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), 3rd edition, volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, page 707

### Further reading

* “triumphus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “triumphus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* triumphus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* triumphus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to triumph over some one: triumphum agere de or ex aliquo or c. Gen. (victoriae, pugnae) to lead some one in triumph: per triumphum (in triumpho) aliquem ducere the senate decrees to Africanus the honours of a triumph: triumphum senatus Africano decernit (Fin. 4. 9. 22)
* “triumphus”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
* “triumphus”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin