# 避難
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): bìnàn
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄧˋ ㄋㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bei$^6$ naan$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): phit-nan
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): pī-lān / phiah-lān
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bi$^7$ nang$^7$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: bìnàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄧˋ ㄋㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: bìnàn
*** Wade–Giles: pi$^4$-nan$^4$
*** Yale: bì-nàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bihnann
*** Palladius: бинань (binanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /pi⁵¹⁻⁵³ nän⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bei$^6$ naan$^6$
*** Yale: beih naahn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bei$^6$ naan$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: béi$^6$ nan$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /pei̯²² naːn²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phit-nan
*** Hakka Romanization System: pid$^ˋ$ nan
*** Hagfa Pinyim: pid$^5$ nan$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /pʰit̚² nan⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pī-lān
*** Tâi-lô: pī-lān
*** Phofsit Daibuun: pixlan
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /pi²²⁻²¹ lan²²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pi³³⁻²¹ lan³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /pi⁴¹⁻²² lan⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /pi³³⁻¹¹ lan³³/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phiah-lān
*** Tâi-lô: phiah-lān
*** Phofsit Daibuun: phiahlan
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /pʰia(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ lan³³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /pʰia(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ lan³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: bi$^7$ nang$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: pī nāng
*** Sinological IPA : /pi¹¹ naŋ¹¹/

### Verb

避⫽難 (verb-object)
* (intransitive) to take refuge; to seek asylum; to take sanctuary
    應急避難場所／应急避难场所 ― yìngjí bìnàn chǎngsuǒ ― emergency shelter

#### Synonyms

* 亡命 (wángmìng)
* 出亡 (chūwáng) (literary)
* 出奔 (chūbēn)
* 散亡 (sànwáng)
* 流亡 (liúwáng)
* 竄／窜 (cuàn) (literary, or in compounds)
* 走反 (Hokkien, from war)
* 逃亡 (táowáng)
* 逃荒 (táohuāng) (from famine)
* 逃難／逃难 (táonàn) (from a disaster)
* 逋逃 (būtáo) (literary)

#### Derived terms

* 政治避難／政治避难 (zhèngzhì bìnàn)
* 逃災避難／逃灾避难
* 避難所／避难所 (bìnànsuǒ)
* 避難者／避难者 (bìnànzhě)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 避 | 難 |
| ひ Grade: S | なん Grade: 6 |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 避難 (kyūjitai)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ひなん [híꜜnàǹ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [çinã̠ɴ]

### Noun

避(ひ)難(なん) • (hinan)
* evacuation

### Verb

避(ひ)難(なん)する • (hinan suru) intransitive suru (stem 避(ひ)難(なん)し (hinan shi), past 避(ひ)難(なん)した (hinan shita))
* evacuate
    地(ち)上(じょう)からより高(たか)い場(ば)所(しょ)へ避(ひ)難(なん)する
       chijō kara yori takai basho e hinan suru
       evacuate to a location above ground level

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 避難し | ひなんし | hinan shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 避難し | ひなんし | hinan shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 避難する | ひなんする | hinan suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 避難する | ひなんする | hinan suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 避難すれ | ひなんすれ | hinan sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 避難せよ¹ 避難しろ² | ひなんせよ¹ ひなんしろ² | hinan seyo¹ hinan shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 避難される | ひなんされる | hinan sareru |
| Causative | 避難させる 避難さす | ひなんさせる ひなんさす | hinan saseru hinan sasu |
| Potential | 避難できる | ひなんできる | hinan dekiru |
| Volitional | 避難しよう | ひなんしよう | hinan shiyō |
| Negative | 避難しない | ひなんしない | hinan shinai |
| Negative continuative | 避難せず | ひなんせず | hinan sezu |
| Formal | 避難します | ひなんします | hinan shimasu |
| Perfective | 避難した | ひなんした | hinan shita |
| Conjunctive | 避難して | ひなんして | hinan shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 避難すれば | ひなんすれば | hinan sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### Derived terms

* 避(ひ)難(なん)命(めい)令(れい) (hinanmeirei, “evacuation order”)

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 避 | 難 |

### Noun

避難 • (pinan) (hangeul 피난)
* hanja form of 피난 (“refuge; shelter”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 避 | 難 |

### Verb

避難
* chữ Hán form of tị nạn (“to flee from danger; to seek refuge”).