# 馬路
## Chinese

* 馬路 (消歧義) (Written Standard Chinese)
* 馬路 (Cantonese)

### Etymology

First attested in the 4th century BC in Zuo Zhuan, meaning “wide road used for horses”. How this came to be used as a general term for “paved road; street” is debated. Common theories include:
* A natural semantic evolution (± modern repurposing) of the literary Chinese term.
* A phono-semantic matching of English macadam (the modern method of road construction) + 路 (“road”), originally used in Shanghainese.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): mǎlù
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄚˇ ㄌㄨˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): maa$^5$ lou$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): mâ-lu
    (Hailu, HRS): ma$^ˋ$ lu$^˖$
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ma$^1$ lu$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): mā-diô
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): bé-lō͘ / bée-lō͘
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bhê$^2$ lou$^7$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$mo-lu
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: mǎlù
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄚˇ ㄌㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: mǎlù
*** Wade–Giles: ma$^3$-lu$^4$
*** Yale: mǎ-lù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: maaluh
*** Palladius: малу (malu)
*** Sinological IPA : /mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$馬路／马路 馬陸／马陆 馬鹿／马鹿
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: maa$^5$ lou$^6$
*** Yale: máh louh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: maa$^5$ lou$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ma$^5$ lou$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /maː¹³ lou̯²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mâ-lu
*** Hakka Romanization System: ma$^ˊ$ lu
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ma$^1$ lu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ma²⁴⁻¹¹ lu⁵⁵/
** (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
*** Hakka Romanization System: ma$^ˋ$ lu$^˖$
*** Sinological IPA: /ma⁵³ lu³³/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ma$^1$ lu$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ma⁴⁴⁻³⁵ lu⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: mā-diô
*** Sinological IPA : /ma³³⁻⁵⁵ $^{(t-)}$luɔ²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Singapore)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bé-lō͘
*** Tâi-lô: bé-lōo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: beflo
*** IPA (Singapore): /be⁴²⁻²⁴ lɔ²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /be⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔ³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /be⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lɔ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /be⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔ²²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /be⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lɔ³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bée-lō͘
*** Tâi-lô: bée-lōo
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /bɛ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔ²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: bhê$^2$ lou$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: bé lōu
*** Sinological IPA : /be⁵²⁻³⁵ lou¹¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$mo-lu
*** MiniDict: mo$^去$ lu
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$mo-lu
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /mo²² lu⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: maeX luH
Rime :
| Character | 馬 | 路 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 明 (4) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (98) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | I |
| Fanqie | 莫下切 | 洛故切 |
| Baxter | maeX | luH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /mˠa$^X$/ | /luo$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /mᵚa$^X$/ | /luo$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ma$^X$/ | /lo$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /maɨ$^X$/ | /lɔ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ma$^X$/ | /lo$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ma$^X$/ | /lu$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ma$^X$/ | /luo$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | mǎ | lù |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | maa$^5$ | lou$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*mˤraʔ Cə.rˤak-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*mraːʔ ɡ·raːɡs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 馬 | 路 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | mǎ | lù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ mæ$^X$ › | ‹ lu$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*mˁraʔ/ | /*Cə.rˁak-s/ |
| English | horse | road |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 馬 | 路 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 8715 | 3856 |
| Phonetic component | 馬 | 各 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 暮 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 馬 | 路 |
| Old Chinese | /*mraːʔ/ | /*ɡ·raːɡs/ |

### Noun

馬路
* (literary, archaic) wide road used for horses and horse-drawn carriages
* (modern usage) wide and flat road for the passage of vehicles; paved road; (by extension) road; street (Classifier: 條／条 m)
    過馬路／过马路 ― guò mǎlù ― to cross the road
    馬路中央／马路中央 ― mǎlù zhōngyāng ― the middle of the road

#### Synonyms

* (Hokkien, Teochew) 馬車路／马车路
* (Hainanese) 車路／车路

#### Derived terms

* 壓馬路／压马路
* 柏油馬路／柏油马路 (bǎiyóu mǎlù)
* 走馬路仔／走马路仔
* 軋馬路／轧马路 (yà mǎlù)
* 馬路如虎口／马路如虎口 (mǎlù rú hǔkǒu)
* 馬路崖子／马路崖子
* 馬路新聞／马路新闻
* 馬路消息／马路消息
* 馬路牙子／马路牙子 (mǎlù yázi)

#### See also

* 道路 (dàolù)
* 街 (jiē)