# 渤海
## Chinese

* 渤海 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 渤海 (Cantonese)
* 渤海 (Classical)
* Buŏk-hāi (Eastern Min)
* Pu̍t-hái (Southern Min)
* 渤海 (Wu)

### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Description of the origins of the term”)

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Bó Hǎi
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄛˊ ㄏㄞˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): but$^6$ hoi$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Bó Hǎi
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄛˊ ㄏㄞˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Bó Hǎi
*** Wade–Giles: Po$^2$ Hai$^3$
*** Yale: Bwó Hǎi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Bor Hae
*** Palladius: Бо Хай (Bo Xaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /pu̯ɔ³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: but$^6$ hoi$^2$
*** Yale: buht hói
*** Cantonese Pinyin: but$^9$ hoi$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bud$^6$ hoi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /puːt̚² hɔːi̯³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: bwot xojX
Rime :
| Character | 渤 | 海 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 沒 (56) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 蒲没切 | 呼改切 |
| Baxter | bwot | xojX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /buət̚/ | /hʌi$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /buot̚/ | /həi$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /buət̚/ | /xɒi$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /bwət̚/ | /həj$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /buət̚/ | /xᴀi$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /buət̚/ | /xɒi$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /bʱuət̚/ | /xɑ̆i$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bó | hǎi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | but$^6$ | hoi$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*bɯːd hmlɯːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 海 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | hǎi |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xoj$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*m̥ˁəʔ/ (dialect *m̥ˁ- > x-) |
| English | sea |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 渤 | 海 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 986 | 9283 |
| Phonetic component | 孛 | 母 |
| Rime group | 物 | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 勃 | 海 |
| Old Chinese | /*bɯːd/ | /*hmlɯːʔ/ |

### Proper noun

渤海
* Bohai Sea
* (～郡) (historical) Bohai Commandery
* (～國) (historical) Balhae (multi-ethnic kingdom in Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula)

#### Synonyms

* (Bohai Sea):
** 北海 (Běihǎi)
** 渤澥

#### Derived terms

* 渤海海峽／渤海海峡 (Bóhǎi Hǎixiá)
* 渤海灣／渤海湾 (Bóhǎiwān)
* 環渤海／环渤海 (huánbóhǎi)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 渤海(ぼっかい) (Bokkai)
* → Korean: 발해(渤海) (Balhae)
* → Vietnamese: Bột Hải (渤海)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 渤 | 海 |
| ぼつ > ぼっ Hyōgai | かい Grade: 2 |
| kan'yōon | on'yomi |
* Alternative spellings
* 渤海 (kyūjitai) 勃海

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [bo̞k̚ka̠i]

### Proper noun

渤(ぼっ)海(かい) • (Bokkai)
* a 7-10th century kingdom located around northern China and Korean; Balhae
* the Bohai Sea

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 渤 | 海 |

### Proper noun

渤海 • (Balhae) (hangeul 발해)
* hanja form of 발해 (“Balhae”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 渤 | 海 |

### Proper noun

渤海
* chữ Hán form of Bột Hải (“the Bohai Sea”).
* chữ Hán form of Bột Hải (“a 7-10th century kingdom located around northern China and Korean; Balhae”).