# 起工
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qǐgōng
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hei$^2$ gung$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hí-kûng
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khí-kang
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^5$chi-kon
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qǐgōng
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cǐgong
*** Wade–Giles: chʻi$^3$-kung$^1$
*** Yale: chǐ-gūng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiigong
*** Palladius: цигун (cigun)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hei$^2$ gung$^1$
*** Yale: héi gūng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hei$^2$ gung$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: héi$^2$ gung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /hei̯³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hí-kûng
*** Hakka Romanization System: hi$^ˋ$ gung$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: hi$^3$ gung$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /hi³¹ kuŋ²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khí-kang
*** Tâi-lô: khí-kang
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qy'kafng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kaŋ³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^5$chi-kon
*** MiniDict: chi$^去$ kon
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^2$qi-kon
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕʰi³³ koŋ⁴⁴/

### Verb

起工
* to start working; to start construction
    From: 1673, 西湖佳話
    Zì qǐgōng zhì qiáo chéng zhī rì, cháoxī bù zhì, yǐ cǐ dé chéng dà gōng. [Pinyin]
    From breaking ground until the bridge completion date, the tide will not rise, thereby allowing this great achievement to finish.

### Noun

起工
* (Southern Min) Alternative form of 紀綱／纪纲 (jìgāng)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 起 | 工 |
| き Grade: 3 | こう Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) きこー [kìkóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kʲi̥ko̞ː]

### Noun

起(き)工(こう) • (kikō)
* starting construction
    Synonym: 着工 (chakkō)
    Antonyms: 竣成 (shunsei), 竣工 (shunkō), 落成 (rakusei), 完工 (kankō)
    Hypernym: 開始 (kaishi, “beginning”)

#### Derived terms

* 起(き)工式(こうしき) (kikōshiki)

### Verb

起(き)工(こう)する • (kikō suru) suru (stem 起(き)工(こう)し (kikō shi), past 起(き)工(こう)した (kikō shita))
* to break ground, to start construction

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 起工し | きこうし | kikō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 起工し | きこうし | kikō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 起工する | きこうする | kikō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 起工する | きこうする | kikō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 起工すれ | きこうすれ | kikō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 起工せよ¹ 起工しろ² | きこうせよ¹ きこうしろ² | kikō seyo¹ kikō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 起工される | きこうされる | kikō sareru |
| Causative | 起工させる 起工さす | きこうさせる きこうさす | kikō saseru kikō sasu |
| Potential | 起工できる | きこうできる | kikō dekiru |
| Volitional | 起工しよう | きこうしよう | kikō shiyō |
| Negative | 起工しない | きこうしない | kikō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 起工せず | きこうせず | kikō sezu |
| Formal | 起工します | きこうします | kikō shimasu |
| Perfective | 起工した | きこうした | kikō shita |
| Conjunctive | 起工して | きこうして | kikō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 起工すれば | きこうすれば | kikō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN