# 方面
## Chinese
### Etymology

Attestable in ancient Chinese texts; in the modern sense of "aspect", reborrowing from Japanese 方面(ほうめん) (hōmen).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fāngmiàn
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄤ ㄇㄧㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fong$^1$ min$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): fông-mien
    (Meixian, Guangdong): fong$^1$ miên$^4$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): hong-bīn / hong-biān
    (Teochew, Peng'im): huang$^1$ ming$^7$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$faon-mi
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fāngmiàn → fāngmian (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄤ ㄇㄧㄢˋ → ㄈㄤ ˙ㄇㄧㄢ (toneless final syllable variant)
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fangmiån
*** Wade–Giles: fang$^1$-mien$^5$
*** Yale: fāng-myan
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fang.miann
*** Palladius: фанмянь (fanmjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /fɑŋ⁵⁵ mi̯ɛn⁵¹/ → /fɑŋ⁵⁵ mi̯ɛn²/
** (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: fāngmiànr
*** Zhuyin: ㄈㄤ ㄇㄧㄢˋㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: fangmiànr
*** Wade–Giles: fang$^1$-mien$^4$-ʼrh
*** Yale: fāng-myànr
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fangmiall
*** Palladius: фанмяньр (fanmjanʹr)
*** Sinological IPA : /fɑŋ⁵⁵ mi̯ɑɻ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fong$^1$ min$^6$
*** Yale: fōng mihn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fong$^1$ min$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fong$^1$ min$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɔːŋ⁵⁵ miːn²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fông-mien
*** Hakka Romanization System: fong$^ˊ$ mien
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fong$^1$ mian$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /foŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ mi̯en⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: fong$^1$ miên$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /fɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ miɛn⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hong-bīn
*** Tâi-lô: hong-bīn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hongbin
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ bin³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔŋ³³ bin⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² bin²²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hong-biān
*** Tâi-lô: hong-biān
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hongbien
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ biɛn³³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔŋ³³ biɛn⁴¹/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² biɛn²²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: huang$^1$ ming$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huang mīng
*** Sinological IPA : /huaŋ³³⁻²³ miŋ¹¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$faon-mi
*** MiniDict: faon$^平$ mi
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$faan-mi
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /fɑ̃⁵⁵ mi²¹/

### Noun

方面
* aspect; side; (on the one) hand; facet; respect (Classifier: 個／个 m)
       Nín juéde wǒmen yīnggāi cóng nǎ fāngmiàn rùshǒu ne? [Pinyin]
       Where do you think we should start?
* (archaic) direction
* (archaic) one direction
* (archaic) four directions; all sides; all around
* (archaic) official post; duty

#### Usage notes

* It is acceptable to use 方面 (fāngmiàn) both with or without a classifier; both 三方面 (sān fāngmiàn) and 三個方面／三个方面 (sān ge fāngmiàn) are commonly used.
* When using the term with 這／这 (zhè) or 那 (nà), both 這（那）一方面／这（那）一方面 (zhè (nà) yī fāngmiàn) and 這（那）個方面／这（那）个方面 (zhè (nà) ge fāngmiàn) are acceptable constructions, the former being more formal than the latter.
* Unlike in Japanese, 方面 (fāngmiàn) in modern Chinese never conveys the meaning of direction; 方向 (fāngxiàng) is used instead.

#### Synonyms

* (aspect):
* 側影／侧影 (cèyǐng) (figurative)
* 側面／侧面 (cèmiàn)
* 層面／层面 (céngmiàn)
* 面向 (miànxiàng)

#### Derived terms

* 一方面 (yīfāngmiàn)
* 另一方面 (lìngyīfāngmiàn)
* 單方面／单方面 (dānfāngmiàn)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 方 | 面 |
| ほう Grade: 2 | めん Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ほーめん [hòóméꜜǹ] (Nakadaka – [3])
* IPA: [ho̞ːmẽ̞ɴ]

### Noun

方(ほう)面(めん) • (hōmen)
* direction
* area, district
* field of study, line of work

#### Synonyms

* (direction): 方向(ほうこう) (hōkō), 方針(ほうしん) (hōshin)
* (area): 地域(ちいき) (chiiki)
* (field): 分野(ぶんや) (bun'ya), 領域(りょういき) (ryōiki)

### References

* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 方 | 面 |

### Noun

方面 • (bangmyeon) (hangeul 방면)
* hanja form of 방면 (“direction; field, area”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 方 | 面 |

### Noun

方面
* chữ Hán form of phương diện (“aspect; bearing”).