# 諸夏
## Chinese

* 諸夏

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Zhūxià
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨ ㄒㄧㄚˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zyu$^1$ haa$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Zhūxià
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄨ ㄒㄧㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Jhusià
*** Wade–Giles: Chu$^1$-hsia$^4$
*** Yale: Jū-syà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Jushiah
*** Palladius: Чжуся (Čžusja)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zyu$^1$ haa$^6$
*** Yale: jyū hah
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzy$^1$ haa$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ju$^1$ ha$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡syː⁵⁵ haː²²/
* Middle Chinese: tsyo haeX
Rime :
| Character | 諸 | 夏 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 章 (23) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 魚 (22) | 麻 (98) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | II |
| Fanqie | 章魚切 | 胡雅切 |
| Baxter | tsyo | haeX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ɕɨʌ/ | /ɦˠa$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /t͡ɕiɔ/ | /ɦᵚa$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ɕiɔ/ | /ɣa$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /cɨə̆/ | /ɦaɨ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ɕiɔ/ | /ɣa$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ɕĭo/ | /ɣa$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /t͡ɕi̯wo/ | /ɣa$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhū | xià |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zyu$^1$ | haa$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ta [ɢ]ˤraʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tja ɡraːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 諸 | 夏 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhū | xià |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ tsyo › | ‹ hæ$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*ta/ | /*[ɢ]ˁraʔ/ |
| English | many | great; pertaining to Chinese civilization |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 諸 | 夏 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/2 |
| No. | 17000 | 13452 |
| Phonetic component | 者 | 夏 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 諸 | 下 |
| Old Chinese | /*tja/ | /*ɡraːʔ/ |

### Proper noun

諸夏
* (archaic, historical) the diverse Xias; the peoples of the historical Chinese heartland that identify with each other
    Antonym: 夷狄 (yídí)
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Zǐyuē: “Yídí zhī yǒu jūn, bùrú zhūxià zhī wú yě.” [Pinyin]
    The Master said, "The rude tribes of the east and north have their princes, and are not like the States of our great land which are without them."
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Róngdí cháiláng, bùkě yàn yě; zhūxià qīnnì, bùkě qì yě. Yàn'ān zhèndú, bùkě huái yě. [Pinyin]
    The Rong and Di are dholes and wolves and may not be satisfied; the various grand states are close intimates and may not be abandoned. Ease and peace are banes and poisons and may not be embraced.

#### Usage notes

Chiefly used in ancient Chinese historiography as endonym, implying a common identification amid geographical, political, and other diversities. The notion is related but not identical to the idea expressed by the word "China".

#### Synonyms

* 中 (abbreviation)
* 中原 (Zhōngyuán)
* 中國／中国 (Zhōngguó)
* 中華／中华 (Zhōnghuá)
* 九州 (Jiǔzhōu) (literary)
* 唐山 (Tángshān)
* 域中 (yùzhōng) (literary, figurative)
* 天下 (tiānxià) (lofty)
* 天朝 (Tiāncháo) (historical or Internet slang)
* 契弟 (qìdì) (Internet slang, derogatory)
* 支那 (Zhīnà) (obsolete, now usually derogatory or offensive)
* 桃花石 (Táohuāshí) (obsolete)
* 猜拿 (Cāiná) (transliteration of English China)
* 神州 (Shénzhōu) (literary)
* 種花家／种花家 (Zhònghuājiā) (slang, humorous)
* 脂那 (Zhīnà) (obsolete)
* 至那 (Zhìnà) (obsolete)
* 華／华 (abbreviation)
* 華夏／华夏 (Huáxià)
* 諸夏／诸夏 (Zhūxià)
* 諸華／诸华 (Zhūhuá)
* 赤縣／赤县 (Chìxiàn) (literary)
* 赤縣神州／赤县神州 (Chìxiàn Shénzhōu) (literary)
* 震旦 (Zhèndàn) (archaic)