# 下士
## Chinese
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): xiàshì
       (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄕˋ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xia$^4$ si$^4$
    (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): hāsī
    (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): xiāsiī
* Cantonese (Jyutping): haa$^6$ si$^6$
* Gan (Wiktionary): ha$^5$ si$^5$
* Jin (Wiktionary): xia$^3$ si$^3$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hǎ-sǐr / hā-sū / hēe-sū
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): xia$^5$ sr$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiàshì
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄕˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siàshìh
*** Wade–Giles: hsia$^4$-shih$^4$
*** Yale: syà-shr̀
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiahshyh
*** Palladius: сяши (sjaši)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$下世 下士
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: xia$^4$ si$^4$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xias
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕia²¹³ sz̩²¹³/
** (Xi'an)
*** Guanzhong Pinyin: hāsī
*** Sinological IPA : /xa⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/
** (Nanjing)
*** Nanjing Pinyin: xiāsiī
*** Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): xia$^4$ sii$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕia⁴⁴ sz̩⁴⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: haa$^6$ si$^6$
*** Yale: hah sih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: haa$^6$ si$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ha$^6$ xi$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /haː²² siː²²/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: ha$^5$ si$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /ha¹¹ sz̩¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: xia$^3$ si$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕia⁴⁵ sz̩⁴⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hǎ-sǐr
*** Tâi-lô: hǎ-sǐr
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ha²² sɯ²²/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hā-sū
*** Tâi-lô: hā-sū
*** Phofsit Daibuun: haxsu
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ha³³⁻²¹ su³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ha²²⁻²¹ su²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ha³³⁻¹¹ su³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hēe-sū
*** Tâi-lô: hēe-sū
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɛ²²⁻²¹ su²²/
* Xiang
** (Changsha)
*** Wiktionary: xia$^5$ sr$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯a̠²¹⁻¹¹ sz̩⁴⁵/
* Middle Chinese: haeX dzriX
Rime :
| Character | 下 | 士 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) | 崇 (20) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (98) | 之 (19) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | III |
| Fanqie | 胡雅切 | 鉏里切 |
| Baxter | haeX | dzriX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦˠa$^X$/ | /d͡ʒɨ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦᵚa$^X$/ | /ɖ͡ʐɨ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣa$^X$/ | /d͡ʒie$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦaɨ$^X$/ | /ɖ͡ʐɨ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣa$^X$/ | /d͡ʒiə$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣa$^X$/ | /d͡ʒĭə$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ɣa$^X$/ | /ɖ͡ʐʱi$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xià | zhì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | haa$^6$ | zi$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ɡˤraʔ [m-s-]rəʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡraːʔ zrɯʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 下 | 士 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xià | shì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hæ$^X$ › | ‹ dzri$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡˁraʔ/ | /*[m-s-]rəʔ/ |
| English | down | officer; gentleman |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 下 | 士 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 13445 | 11511 |
| Phonetic component | 下 | 士 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 下 | 士 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡraːʔ/ | /*zrɯʔ/ |

#### Noun

下士
* corporal (U.S. and British Army, British Air Force, U.S. and British Marine Corps)
* petty officer third class (U.S. Navy)
* petty officer second class (British Navy)
* (archaic) person, especially a member of the educated social classes, who is of inferior standing, intelligence, or ethics
    From: Tao Te Ching, 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Xiàshì wén dào dàxiào zhī. Bù xiào bùzúyǐ wéi dào. [Pinyin]
    Scholars of the lowest class, when they have heard about the Dao, laugh greatly at it. If it were not thus laughed at, it would not be fit to be the Dao.

##### Derived terms

* 門下士／门下士

##### Descendants

* → Japanese: 下士(かし) (kashi)
* → Korean: 하사(下士) (hasa)
* → Vietnamese: hạ sĩ (下士)

#### Verb

下士
* (xiangqi) to move an adviser (士) back one step diagonally

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 下士 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 落士 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 落士 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 落士 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 下士, 落士 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 落士 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 下士, 落士 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 下士, 落士 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 下士, 落士 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 下士 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 下士, 落士 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 下士, 落士 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 下士, 落士 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 下士, 落士, 收士 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 下士 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 落士 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 落士 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 下士, 落士 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 下士 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 下士 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 落士 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 下士, 落士 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 撐下士, 撐下士子 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 落士 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 落士 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 落士 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 落士 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 落士 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 落士 |
| Wu | Danyang | 落士 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 落士 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 落士 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 落士 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 下士, 收士 |

##### Antonyms

* 上士 (shàngshì)

### Etymology 2

Literally, "to lower oneself to the level of the shi (low-ranking persons just above the commoners)". Typically refers to efforts of promoting or socialising with people without discrimination regarding social hierarchy.

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xiàshì
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄕˋ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xiàshì
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄕˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: siàshìh
*** Wade–Giles: hsia$^4$-shih$^4$
*** Yale: syà-shr̀
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiahshyh
*** Palladius: сяши (sjaši)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕi̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$下世 下士
* Middle Chinese: haeH dzriX
Rime :
| Character | 下 | 士 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) | 崇 (20) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (98) | 之 (19) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | II | III |
| Fanqie | 胡駕切 | 鉏里切 |
| Baxter | haeH | dzriX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɦˠa$^H$/ | /d͡ʒɨ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɦᵚa$^H$/ | /ɖ͡ʐɨ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɣa$^H$/ | /d͡ʒie$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɦaɨ$^H$/ | /ɖ͡ʐɨ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɣa$^H$/ | /d͡ʒiə$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɣa$^H$/ | /d͡ʒĭə$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ɣa$^H$/ | /ɖ͡ʐʱi$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xià | zhì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | haa$^6$ | zi$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-ɡˤraʔ-s [m-s-]rəʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡraːs zrɯʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 下 | 士 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xià | shì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ hæ$^H$ › | ‹ dzri$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*m-ɡˁraʔ-s/ | /*[m-s-]rəʔ/ |
| English | descend | officer; gentleman |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 下 | 士 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 13446 | 11511 |
| Phonetic component | 下 | 士 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 暇 | 士 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡraːs/ | /*zrɯʔ/ |

#### Verb

下士
* (literary, obsolete, of a high-ranking individual) to display humility and respect towards lower-class persons
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Gōngzǐ wéirén rén ér xiàshì, shì wú xián bùxiào jiē qiān ér lǐ jiāo zhī, bùgǎn yǐ qí fùguì jiāo shì. [Pinyin]
    The Prince is kind and treats the shi with respect. He deals with them with humility and the appropriate manners regardless of their standing or ability. He is especially careful not to behave patronizingly out of his own status and wealth.

##### Derived terms

* 屈身下士
* 折節下士／折节下士
* 招賢下士／招贤下士
* 推賢下士／推贤下士
* 求賢下士／求贤下士
* 知人下士
* 謙以下士／谦以下士
* 謙恭下士／谦恭下士
* 謙謙下士／谦谦下士
* 謙遜下士／谦逊下士

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 下 | 士 |
| か Grade: 1 | し Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ka̠ɕi]

### Noun

下(か)士(し) • (kashi)
* a person of poor upbringing and character
* a low ranking samurai
* (archaic) a non-commissioned officer
    Synonym: 下士官

#### See also

* 上(じょう)士(し) (jōshi)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 下 | 士 |

### Noun

下士
* chữ Hán form of hạ sĩ (“corporal”).