# 起毛
## Chinese
### Etymology 1
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): qǐmáo
    (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧˇ ㄇㄠˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hei$^2$ mou$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khí-mn̂g
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qǐmáo
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄧˇ ㄇㄠˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cǐmáo
*** Wade–Giles: chʻi$^3$-mao$^2$
*** Yale: chǐ-máu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiimau
*** Palladius: цимао (cimao)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ mɑʊ̯³⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$起毛 起錨／起锚
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hei$^2$ mou$^4$
*** Yale: héi mòuh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hei$^2$ mou$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: héi$^2$ mou$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /hei̯³⁵ mou̯²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Tainan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khí-mn̂g
*** Tâi-lô: khí-mn̂g
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qymngg
*** IPA (Tainan): /kʰi⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mŋ̍²⁴/

#### Verb

起毛
* (of woollen cloth) to pill; fluff
* (dialectal Mandarin) to feel nervous; to be scared; to be flustered; to be disconcerted
    From: 1935, 老舍 (Lao She), 《二馬》
    Tāmen yī máng, gébì nà jiā gǔwánpù de zhǎngguì de yǒudiǎn qǐmáo. [Pinyin]
    Every time they get busy, the shopkeeper of that antique shop next door gets a little flustered.
    From: 2004, 殷健灵, 《游不走的鱼》, page 61
    Xiànzài, tā jiù yào zǒu le, jiù zài zǒu de yīkè, Mǐzǐ xīnlǐ què yǒudiǎn qǐmáo, yīnwèi cǐkè de xīnqíng yǔ tā yuánxiān xiǎngxiàng de yǒu yīdiǎn bùtóng, tā yuán yǐwèi chōngjǐng le sān nián de liúlàng shēngyá yīrì màibù biàn jiāng rú “zhuàngshì yī qù bù fùfǎn” bān de kāngkǎi, kě zhēnde jiāng mèngxiǎng duìhuàn chéng xiànshí de zuìhòu guāntóu, què fāxiàn zìjǐ réng zài zuò zhǒngzhǒng zhèngzhá. [Pinyin]
    Now, she was about to leave. Right at the moment when she was leaving, Mizi got a little flustered in her heart because how she felt at this moment was different from how she originally imagined it. She had thought that once she stepped into the vagrant life she had been longing for for three years, she would have a big heart as "a warrior that goes without returning", but at the last critical point before her dream is exchanged for reality, she realized that she was still dealing with all sorts of struggles.
    From: 2011, 赵子俊, 感动外商的打工仔, in 《生活品味的哲理美文》 (edited by 竭宝峰)
    Guò le xiē rìzi, nà jǐge shòu guò gāoděng jiàoyù de niánqīngrén zhīdào le Qiáng de dǐxì, xīnlǐ jiù qǐmáo shuō, jiù píng wǒmen de xuélì, zěn néng wō zài tā shǒuxià? [Pinyin]
    After a few days, those few youngsters who had received higher education learned of Qiang's background, so they felt disconcerted and said, "On the basis of our educational background, how could we stay under him?"
* (Yangzhou Mandarin) to lose one's temper

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 發脾氣, 發橫, 發火, 發作, 鬧脾氣, 使性子, 耍脾氣 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 犯葛 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 發毛殃, 跳老虎神, 耍驢, 耍磨磨丟, 耍狗駝子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 發脾氣 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 犯肝氣, 放肝氣, 犯勁, 犯態度, 犯性 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 發火, 發脾氣, 發火兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 發氣, 發火兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 毷, 氉, 躁 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 發脾氣, 耍脾氣, 使性子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 耍脾氣 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 發火, 冒火, 發氣, 發毛 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 發脾氣, 發火 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 發火, 發毛 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 鬼火綠 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 發脾氣, 發氣 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 來火, 惱火 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 動火, 起毛 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 動火, 發毛, 發絿, 發躁 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 使脾氣, 發脾氣, 使頸, 發狼戾 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 發脾氣, 發老脾, 發脾四, 發爛渣, 發狼戾 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 火屎, 使頸 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 發脾氣, 發朱砂 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 發火 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 發火, 發作, 發狠, 發性 |
| Hakka | Xingning | 發性 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 發態度 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 發性 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 發切 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 發豬癲 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 發性 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 發氣, 發性 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 發脾氣 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 發性子 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 發火, 發作 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 發火, 發作 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 發火, 發作 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 發火, 發作 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 發火, 發作 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 發火, 發作 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 發火 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 發毛 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 發毛, 毛 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 起花光 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 使性, 使癖, 使性地, 使體, 使乃, 使橫, 使色水, 發性, 發性地, 發臉, 發癀, 癀發, 起猌神, 起性, 起性地, 起否面, 起雄, 張 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 使性地 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 使性, 使性地, 侍體, 使橫, 發性地, 發臉, 癀發, 訛神, 起性, 起性地, 起雄, 張 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 使性, 使癖, 使性地, 使體, 發火癀, 發性, 發性地, 癀發, 起猌神, 起性, 起性地, 張 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 使性地 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 發脾氣 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 使性地 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 起性地 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 發脾氣 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 發性地 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 使性地 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 發性地 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 起性地 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 發脾氣 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 起性地, 發性地, 燒熱 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 浮性 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 發火 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 發火, 發性, 發惱, 氣火, 火性著, 性著, 火著 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 發嬲, 火起 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 光火, 發脾氣, 發毛, 發格, 發火, 發飆 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 光火 |
| Wu | Danyang | 發態度, 發火, 發脾氣 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 發火 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 光火 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 發脾氣 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 發火, 火 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 發氣, 發脾氣, 發火, 發老毛 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 發脾氣, 發火 |

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Japanese 気持(きも)ち (kimochi).

#### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khí-mo͘
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khí-mo͘
*** Tâi-lô: khí-moo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qymof
*** IPA (Taipei): /kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mɔ̃⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ mɔ̃⁴⁴/

#### Noun

起毛
* (Taiwanese Hokkien) emotion; mood

##### Synonyms

* 起毛摺／起毛折 (khi-mó͘-chih)

##### Derived terms

* 起毛婸／起毛𰋸 (khí-mo͘ giang)
* 起毛䆀 (khí-mo͘ bái)

### References

* “Entry #6713”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.
* “Entry #31066”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 起 | 毛 |
| き Grade: 3 | もう Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) きもー [kìmóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kʲimo̞ː]

### Noun

起(き)毛(もう) • (kimō)
* (textiles) raising (of fiber)

### Verb

起(き)毛(もう)する • (kimō suru) suru (stem 起(き)毛(もう)し (kimō shi), past 起(き)毛(もう)した (kimō shita))
* (textiles, of fiber) to raise

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 起毛し | きもうし | kimō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 起毛し | きもうし | kimō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 起毛する | きもうする | kimō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 起毛する | きもうする | kimō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 起毛すれ | きもうすれ | kimō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 起毛せよ¹ 起毛しろ² | きもうせよ¹ きもうしろ² | kimō seyo¹ kimō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 起毛される | きもうされる | kimō sareru |
| Causative | 起毛させる 起毛さす | きもうさせる きもうさす | kimō saseru kimō sasu |
| Potential | 起毛できる | きもうできる | kimō dekiru |
| Volitional | 起毛しよう | きもうしよう | kimō shiyō |
| Negative | 起毛しない | きもうしない | kimō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 起毛せず | きもうせず | kimō sezu |
| Formal | 起毛します | きもうします | kimō shimasu |
| Perfective | 起毛した | きもうした | kimō shita |
| Conjunctive | 起毛して | きもうして | kimō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 起毛すれば | きもうすれば | kimō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN