# ö-
## Ye'kwana
### Etymology 1
#### Alternative forms

* öy-, o-, oy-, a-, ay-, ödh-, odh-, adh- (allomorphs)

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ə-]

#### Prefix

ö-
* Marks a noun as having a second-person possessor.
* Marks a postposition as having a second-person object.
* Marks a transitive verb as having a second-person patient/object when the agent/subject is of third person with verb forms that take series I markers.
* Marks a transitive verb as having a second-person patient/object when the agent/subject is unspecified with verb forms that take series II markers.
* Marks an intransitive verb with patient-like argument as having a second-person argument/subject with verb forms that take series I markers and on all intransitive verbs with verb forms that take series II markers.
* Marks a verb form derived with n- and -dü or -'jüdü as having a second-person agent/subject.

##### Usage notes

The form taken by this prefix depends on the first syllable of the stem it attaches to:
* ö- if the first syllable begins with a consonant and its vowel is i, ö, or ü.
* öy- if the first syllable begins with a vowel i, ö, or ü. (No possessible nouns fall into this category; those that would have ö ablaut to e.)
* o- if the first syllable begins with a consonant and its vowel is o or u.
* oy- if the first syllable begins with a vowel o or u.
* a- if the first syllable begins with a consonant and its vowel is a or e.
* ay- if the first syllable begins with a vowel a or e.
In the Cunucunuma River dialect, the above forms with -y- have -dh- or -d- instead.

##### Inflection

| | pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | postposition object | postposition object | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument | series I verb argument |
| | pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | noun possessor/ series II verb argument | postposition object | postposition object | transitive patient | intransitive patient-like | intransitive patient-like | intransitive agent-like | transitive agent |
| first person | ewü | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-$^1$ | w-, wi- | w-, wi- | w-, wi- |
| first person dual inclusive | küwü | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kii-, ki-$^1$ |
| second person | amödö | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | m-, mi- | m-, mi- |
| first person dual exclusive | nña | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | chö- | ∅- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- |
| third person | tüwü | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-$^1$ | chö- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- | n-, ni- |
| distant past third person | tüwü | — | — | — | — | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- |
| coreferential/reflexive | — | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | — | — | — | — | — |
| reciprocal | — | — | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- | öö- |
| With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable. |||||||||||
| | series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient |
| first person > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
| first person dual exclusive > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
| second person > first person | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
| second person > first person dual exclusive | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
| third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person | see person X in the chart above |

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ə-]

#### Prefix

ö-
* allomorph of öt- (detransitivizing prefix).

### References

* Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “ö-”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎, Lyon, pages 169–171, 188–189
* Hall, Katherine Lee (1988) The morphosyntax of discourse in De'kwana Carib, volumes I and II, Saint Louis, Missouri: PhD Thesis, Washington University, pages 284–287