# polir
## Catalan
### Etymology

From Latin polīre.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic) [puˈli]
* IPA: (Valencia) [poˈliɾ]

### Verb

polir (first-person singular present poleixo, first-person singular preterite polí, past participle polit)
* to shine; to make a surface very smooth or shiny by rubbing, cleaning, or grinding (often polish up)
* to refine; remove imperfections

#### Conjugation

| infinitive | infinitive | infinitive | polir | polir | polir | polir | polir |
| gerund | gerund | gerund | polint | polint | polint | polint | polint |
| past participle | past participle | | | masculine | masculine | feminine | feminine |
| past participle | past participle | singular | singular | polit | polit | polida | polida |
| past participle | past participle | plural | plural | polits | polits | polides | polides |
| person | person | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| person | person | first | second | third | first | second | third |
| indicative | | jo | tu | ell/ella vostè | nosaltres nós | vosaltres vós | ells/elles vostès |
| indicative | present | poleixo | poleixes | poleix | polim | poliu | poleixen |
| indicative | imperfect | polia | polies | polia | políem | políeu | polien |
| indicative | future | poliré | poliràs | polirà | polirem | polireu | poliran |
| indicative | preterite | polí | polires | polí | polírem | políreu | poliren |
| indicative | conditional | poliria | poliries | poliria | poliríem | poliríeu | polirien |
| subjunctive | | jo | tu | ell/ella vostè | nosaltres nós | vosaltres vós | ells/elles vostès |
| subjunctive | present | poleixi | poleixis | poleixi | polim | poliu | poleixin |
| subjunctive | imperfect | polís | polissis | polís | políssim | políssiu | polissin |
| imperative | | — | tu | vostè | nosaltres | vosaltres vós | vostès |
| imperative | affirmative | — | poleix | poleixi | polim | poliu | poleixin |
| imperative | negative (no) | — | no poleixis | no poleixi | no polim | no poliu | no poleixin |

#### Derived terms

* màquina de polir
* poliment
* polit

### Further reading

* “polir” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
* “polir”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
* “polir” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
* “polir” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

## French
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin polīre (“to polish”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /pɔ.liʁ/
* Audio:(file)

### Verb

polir
* to shine; to make a surface very smooth or shiny by rubbing, cleaning, or grinding (often polish up)
* to refine; remove imperfections

#### Conjugation

This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, like finir, choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in -ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix -iss-.

#### Related terms

* poli
* polissage

#### Descendants

* → German: polieren

### Further reading

* “polir”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

## Portuguese
### Etymology

From Latin polīre (“to polish”).

### Pronunciation

* (Brazil) IPA: /poˈli(ʁ)/ [poˈli(h)]
* (Brazil) IPA: /poˈli(ʁ)/ [poˈli(h)]
** (São Paulo) IPA: /poˈli(ɾ)/
** (Rio de Janeiro) IPA: /poˈli(ʁ)/ [poˈli(χ)]
** (Southern Brazil) IPA: /poˈli(ɻ)/
* (Portugal) IPA: /puˈliɾ/
* (Portugal) IPA: /puˈliɾ/
** (Southern Portugal) IPA: /puˈli.ɾi/
* (Caipira) IPA: /po.ˈli(ɹ)/
* (Northeastern) IPA: /pɔ.ˈli(h)/, /pu.ˈli(h)/
* Hyphenation: po‧lir

### Verb

polir (first-person singular present pulo, third-person singular present pule, first-person singular preterite poli, past participle polido)
* to polish; to shine; to make a surface very smooth or shiny by rubbing, cleaning, or grinding (often polish up)
* to refine; remove imperfections

#### Conjugation
### Further reading

* “polir”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2024

## Spanish
### Verb

polir (first-person singular present polo, first-person singular preterite polí, past participle polido)
* Obsolete form of pulir.

#### Conjugation

| infinitive | infinitive | infinitive | polir | polir | polir | polir | polir |
| gerund | gerund | gerund | poliendo | poliendo | poliendo | poliendo | poliendo |
| past participle | past participle | | | masculine | masculine | feminine | feminine |
| past participle | past participle | singular | singular | polido | polido | polida | polida |
| past participle | past participle | plural | plural | polidos | polidos | polidas | polidas |
| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| | | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
| indicative | | yo | tú vos | él/ella/ello usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ellos/ellas ustedes |
| indicative | present | polo | poles$^{tú}$ polís$^{vos}$ | pole | polimos | polís | polen |
| indicative | imperfect | polía | polías | polía | políamos | políais | polían |
| indicative | preterite | polí | poliste | polió | polimos | polisteis | polieron |
| indicative | future | poliré | polirás | polirá | poliremos | poliréis | polirán |
| indicative | conditional | poliría | polirías | poliría | poliríamos | poliríais | polirían |
| subjunctive | | yo | tú vos | él/ella/ello usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ellos/ellas ustedes |
| subjunctive | present | pola | polas$^{tú}$ polás$^{vos2}$ | pola | polamos | poláis | polan |
| subjunctive | imperfect (ra) | poliera | polieras | poliera | poliéramos | polierais | polieran |
| subjunctive | imperfect (se) | poliese | polieses | poliese | poliésemos | polieseis | poliesen |
| subjunctive | future$^1$ | poliere | polieres | poliere | poliéremos | poliereis | polieren |
| imperative | | — | tú vos | usted | nosotros nosotras | vosotros vosotras | ustedes |
| imperative | affirmative | | pole$^{tú}$ polí$^{vos}$ | pola | polamos | polid | polan |
| imperative | negative | | no polas | no pola | no polamos | no poláis | no polan |
$^1$Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language. $^2$Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

### Further reading

* “polir”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014