# 製造
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhìzào
    (Zhuyin): ㄓˋ ㄗㄠˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zai$^3$ zou$^6$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chṳ-chho
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chè-chō / chè-chǒ / chì-chō
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhìzào
*** Zhuyin: ㄓˋ ㄗㄠˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhìhzào
*** Wade–Giles: chih$^4$-tsao$^4$
*** Yale: jr̀-dzàu
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyhtzaw
*** Palladius: чжицзао (čžiczao)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zai$^3$ zou$^6$
*** Yale: jai jouh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzai$^3$ dzou$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zei$^3$ zou$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɐi̯³³ t͡sou̯²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chṳ-chho
*** Hakka Romanization System: zii co
*** Hagfa Pinyim: zi$^4$ co$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /t͡sɨ⁵⁵ t͡sʰo⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chè-chō
*** Tâi-lô: tsè-tsō
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zeazoi
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡se¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡so³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡se²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sɤ³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ t͡so²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chè-chǒ
*** Tâi-lô: tsè-tsǒ
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡so²²/
*** IPA (Jinjiang, Philippines): /t͡se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡so³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Yilan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chì-chō
*** Tâi-lô: tsì-tsō
*** Phofsit Daibuun: ciezoi
*** IPA (Yilan): /t͡si²¹⁻⁵³ t͡so³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡si²¹⁻⁵³ t͡so²²/

### Verb

製造
* to manufacture; to make; to fabricate
    製造計算機／制造计算机 ― zhìzào jìsuànjī ― to make computers
    製造藥品／制造药品 ― zhìzào yàopǐn ― to make pharmaceuticals
    製造飛機／制造飞机 ― zhìzào fēijī ― to manufacture airplanes
    智能製造／智能制造 ― zhìnéng zhìzào ― intelligent manufacturing
       Zhōngguó shuǐmì gécāng fúchuán zhìzào jìyì [Pinyin]
       the watertight-bulkhead technology of Chinese junks
* to fabricate (a lie); to spread (a rumour); to create (fear, noise, etc.)
    製造恐慌／制造恐慌 ― zhìzào kǒnghuāng ― to create fear
       Fángkè rúguǒ zhìzào zàoyīn ér yǐngxiǎng ānníng, zěnmebàn? [Pinyin]
       What do you do if tenants create noise and affect the (area’s) tranquility?

#### Synonyms

* (to manufacture): 造作 (zàozuò), 製作／制作 (zhìzuò)
* (to create): 創造／创造 (chuàngzào), 營造／营造 (yíngzào)

#### Derived terms

* 智造 (zhìzào)
* 製造商／制造商 (zhìzàoshāng)
* 製造廠／制造厂 (zhìzàochǎng)
* 製造業／制造业 (zhìzàoyè)
* 製造術／制造术 (zhìzàoshù)

#### Related terms

* 超產／超产 (chāochǎn)
* 生產／生产 (shēngchǎn)
* 投產／投产 (tóuchǎn)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 製 | 造 |
| せい Grade: 5 | ぞう Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) せーぞー [sèézóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [se̞ːzo̞ː]

### Noun

製(せい)造(ぞう) • (seizō)
* manufacturing

### Verb

製(せい)造(ぞう)する • (seizō suru) suru (stem 製(せい)造(ぞう)し (seizō shi), past 製(せい)造(ぞう)した (seizō shita))
* manufacture

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 製造し | せいぞうし | seizō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 製造し | せいぞうし | seizō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 製造する | せいぞうする | seizō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 製造する | せいぞうする | seizō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 製造すれ | せいぞうすれ | seizō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 製造せよ¹ 製造しろ² | せいぞうせよ¹ せいぞうしろ² | seizō seyo¹ seizō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 製造される | せいぞうされる | seizō sareru |
| Causative | 製造させる 製造さす | せいぞうさせる せいぞうさす | seizō saseru seizō sasu |
| Potential | 製造できる | せいぞうできる | seizō dekiru |
| Volitional | 製造しよう | せいぞうしよう | seizō shiyō |
| Negative | 製造しない | せいぞうしない | seizō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 製造せず | せいぞうせず | seizō sezu |
| Formal | 製造します | せいぞうします | seizō shimasu |
| Perfective | 製造した | せいぞうした | seizō shita |
| Conjunctive | 製造して | せいぞうして | seizō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 製造すれば | せいぞうすれば | seizō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 製 | 造 |

### Noun

製造 • (jejo) (hangeul 제조)
* hanja form of 제조 (“manufacture”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 製 | 造 |

### Verb

製造
* chữ Hán form of chế tạo (“to manufacture”).