# 怍

| 怍 | U+600D, &#24589; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-600D |
| ← 怌 [U+600C] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 怎 → [U+600E] |

## Translingual
### Han character

怍 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 心人尸 (POS), four-corner 9801$_1$, composition ⿰忄乍)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 379, character 16
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10430
* Dae Jaweon: page 707, character 24
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2286, character 6
* Unihan data for U+600D

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

* Historical forms of the character 怍
* Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
* Small seal script
| | Old Chinese |
| 作 | *ʔsaːɡs, *ʔsaːɡs, *ʔsaːɡ |
| 鲊 | *ʔsraːʔ |
| 痄 | *ʔsraːʔ |
| 厏 | *ʔsraːʔ, *zraːʔ |
| 詐 | *ʔsraːɡs |
| 咋 | *ʔsraːɡs, *zraːɡ, *ʔsreːɡ |
| 笮 | *ʔsraːɡs, *zaːɡ, *ʔsraːɡ |
| 榨 | *ʔsraːɡs |
| 炸 | *ʔr'aːɡs, *zreːb |
| 乍 | *zraːɡs |
| 拃 | *ʔsraːnʔ |
| 酢 | *sʰaːɡs, *zaːɡ |
| 祚 | *zaːɡs |
| 胙 | *zaːɡs |
| 阼 | *zaːɡs |
| 飵 | *zaːɡs, *zaːɡ |
| 秨 | *zaːɡs, *zaːɡ |
| 迮 | *ʔsaːɡ, *ʔsraːɡ |
| 柞 | *ʔsaːɡ, *zaːɡ |
| 昨 | *zaːɡ |
| 怍 | *zaːɡ |
| 砟 | *zaːɡ |
| 莋 | *zaːɡ |
| 岝 | *zaːɡ, *zraːɡ |
| 鈼 | *zaːɡ |
| 筰 | *zaːɡ |
| 葃 | *zaːɡ, *zreːɡ, *zaɡ |
| 舴 | *ʔr'aːɡ, *ʔsraːɡ |
| 窄 | *ʔsraːɡ |
| 蚱 | *ʔsraːɡ |
| 齚 | *zraːɡ |
| 泎 | *zraːɡ |

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zuò (zuo$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄗㄨㄛˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zok$^6$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zuò
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zuò
*** Wade–Giles: tso$^4$
*** Yale: dzwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzuoh
*** Palladius: цзо (czo)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zok$^6$
*** Yale: johk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzok$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zog$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɔːk̚²/
* Middle Chinese: dzak
Rime :
| Character | 怍 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 從 (15) |
| Final (韻) | 鐸 (103) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 在各切 |
| Baxter | dzak |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡zɑk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /d͡zɑk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡zɑk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /d͡zak̚/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡zɑk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡zɑk̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /d͡zʱɑk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zuó |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zok$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*zaːɡ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 怍 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 16665 |
| Phonetic component | 乍 |
| Rime group | 鐸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 昨 |
| Old Chinese | /*zaːɡ/ |

### Definitions

怍
* (literary) ashamed, abashed
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Jūnzǐ yǒu sān lè, ér wàng tiānxià bù yǔ cún yān. Fùmǔ jù cún, xiōngdì wúgù, yī lè yě. Yǎng bù kuì yú tiān, fǔ bù zuò yú rén, èr lè yě. Dé tiānxià yīngcái ér jiàoyù zhī, sān lè yě. Jūnzǐ yǒu sān lè, ér wàng tiānxià bù yǔ cún yān. [Pinyin]
    The virtuous person has three pleasures, and to rule over the empire is not one of them. That one's parents should both be alive and that one's brothers should be safe and sound: that is the first pleasure. To look up and not feel guilty towards heaven, to look down and not feel ashamed before people: that is the second pleasure. To find the talented people of the empire and to teach and nourish them: that is the third pleasure. The virtuous person has three pleasures, and to rule over the empire is not one of them.

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): さく (saku)、ざく (zaku)、さ (sa)、じゃ (ja)
* Kun: はじる (hajiru)

## Korean
### Hanja

怍 • (jak) (hangeul 작, revised jak, McCune–Reischauer chak, Yale cak)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

怍: Hán Nôm readings: tạc
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.