# 化身
## Chinese

* 化身

### Etymology

Calque of Sanskrit निर्माणकाय (nirmāṇakāya, “body of transformations”). The Tibetan equivalent is སྤྲུལ་སྐུ (sprul sku).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): huàshēn
    (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄕㄣ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): faa$^3$ san$^1$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fa-sṳ̂n
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hòa-sin
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: huàshēn
*** Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄕㄣ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: huàshen
*** Wade–Giles: hua$^4$-shên$^1$
*** Yale: hwà-shēn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huahshen
*** Palladius: хуашэнь (xuašɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /xu̯ä⁵¹ ʂən⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: faa$^3$ san$^1$
*** Yale: fa sān
*** Cantonese Pinyin: faa$^3$ san$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fa$^3$ sen$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /faː³³ sɐn⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fa-sṳ̂n
*** Hakka Romanization System: fa siin$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: fa$^4$ sin$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /fa⁵⁵ sɨn²⁴/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hòa-sin
*** Tâi-lô: huà-sin
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hoarsyn
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hua²¹⁻⁵³ sin⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sin³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hua²¹⁻⁵³ sin⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /hua¹¹⁻⁵³ sin⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hua²¹⁻⁴¹ sin⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: xwaeH syin
Rime :
| Character | 化 | 身 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) | 書 (26) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (99) | 眞 (43) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | II | III |
| Fanqie | 呼霸切 | 失人切 |
| Baxter | xwaeH | syin |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hˠua$^H$/ | /ɕiɪn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /hʷᵚa$^H$/ | /ɕin/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xua$^H$/ | /ɕjen/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /hwaɨ$^H$/ | /ɕin/ |
| Li Rong | /xua$^H$/ | /ɕiĕn/ |
| Wang Li | /xwa$^H$/ | /ɕĭĕn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /xwa$^H$/ | /ɕi̯ĕn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | huà | shēn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | faa$^3$ | san$^1$ |

### Noun

化身
* (Buddhism) avatar; reincarnation
* (figuratively) living embodiment; reincarnation; personification
       Tā shì yī ge xiànshí shēnghuó zhōng yǒngqì de huàshēn. [Pinyin]
       He's the living embodiment of bravery.

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 化(け)身(しん) (keshin)
* → Korean: 화신(化身) (hwasin)
* → Vietnamese: hoá thân (化身)

### Verb

化身
* to transform into (a living embodiment of)
* (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to cremate

#### Synonyms

* (to cremate): 火化 (huǒhuà)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 化 | 身 |
| け Grade: 3 | しん Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 化身 (MC xwaeH syin, “transformation + body”), itself a translation of Sanskrit निर्माणकाय (nirmāṇakāya, “body of transformations”).
Very rarely encountered with the reading kashin, using the kan'on reading of ka for the 化 character instead of the usual goon reading of ke. Most resources do not include the kashin reading.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) けしん [kèshíń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ke̞ɕĩɴ]
   * Very rarely encountered with the reading kashin, which might be considered as proscribed by some.

### Noun

化(け)身(しん) • (keshin)
* (Buddhism) one of the three trikāya: a physical incarnation of someone, such as Gautama Buddha
* (Buddhism, Shinto) a physical manifestation of a Buddha, bodhisattva, kami, or other divine or mystical being
* (figuratively) an embodiment or incarnation of something
** Masami Kurumada, “戦(たたか)え！女神(アテナ)のもとでの巻(まき) [Fight! Under Athena]”, in Saint(セイント)星(セイ)矢(ヤ) [Saint Seiya], volume 2 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN, page 30:
    木(き)戸(ど)沙(さ)織(おり)が女神(アテナ)の化(け)身(しん)⁉
       Kido Saori ga Atena no keshin⁉
       Saori Kido is an incarnation of Athena⁉
* (drama) a ghastly apparition in kabuki or other drama

### Verb

化(け)身(しん)する • (keshin suru) suru (stem 化(け)身(しん)し (keshin shi), past 化(け)身(しん)した (keshin shita))
* to be incarnated, to be embodied

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 化身し | けしんし | keshin shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 化身し | けしんし | keshin shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 化身する | けしんする | keshin suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 化身する | けしんする | keshin suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 化身すれ | けしんすれ | keshin sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 化身せよ¹ 化身しろ² | けしんせよ¹ けしんしろ² | keshin seyo¹ keshin shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 化身される | けしんされる | keshin sareru |
| Causative | 化身させる 化身さす | けしんさせる けしんさす | keshin saseru keshin sasu |
| Potential | 化身できる | けしんできる | keshin dekiru |
| Volitional | 化身しよう | けしんしよう | keshin shiyō |
| Negative | 化身しない | けしんしない | keshin shinai |
| Negative continuative | 化身せず | けしんせず | keshin sezu |
| Formal | 化身します | けしんします | keshin shimasu |
| Perfective | 化身した | けしんした | keshin shita |
| Conjunctive | 化身して | けしんして | keshin shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 化身すれば | けしんすれば | keshin sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* 1 2 “化身”, in 日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ (Nippon Dai Hyakka Zensho: Nipponica, “Encyclopedia Nipponica”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 1984
* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 1 2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ WWWJDIC, relevant entry here

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 化 | 身 |

### Noun

化身 • (hwasin) (hangeul 화신)
* hanja form of 화신 (“avatar, incarnation, reincarnation”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 化 | 身 |

### Noun

化身
* chữ Hán form of hoá thân (“embodiment”).