# 窾

| 窾 | U+7ABE, &#31422; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7ABE |
| ← 窽 [U+7ABD] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 窿 → [U+7ABF] |

## Translingual
### Han character

窾 (Kangxi radical 116, 穴+12, 17 strokes, cangjie input 十金土火人 (JCGFO), four-corner 3098$_2$, composition ⿱穴款)
* hole
* hollow
* empty

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 868, character 25
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25655
* Dae Jaweon: page 1297, character 32
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2741, character 18
* Unihan data for U+7ABE

## Chinese
### Etymology

| | Old Chinese |
| 款 | *kʰloːnʔ |
| 欵 | *kʰloːnʔ |
| 歀 | *kʰloːnʔ |
| 窾 | *kʰloːnʔ |
According to STEDT & Schuessler (2007), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kwar (“hole, orifice; innards”).
* Inside Chinese, cognate with 貫 (OC *koːns) "to go through, to pierce";
* Outside Chinese, cognate with Central Bai [script needed] (khuɑ̱̃²¹, “cave, hole”), Mizo khuar ~ khur (“hole”), Burmese ဂူ (gu, “cave”) (however, see there for alternative etymologies), etc.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kuǎn, cuàn (kuan$^3$, cuan$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄢˇ, ㄘㄨㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): fo$^1$ / fun$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kuǎn
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄢˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kuǎn
*** Wade–Giles: kʻuan$^3$
*** Yale: kwǎn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: koan
*** Palladius: куань (kuanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰu̯än²¹⁴/
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: cuàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄘㄨㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cuàn
*** Wade–Giles: tsʻuan$^4$
*** Yale: tswàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsuann
*** Palladius: цуань (cuanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰu̯än⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: fo$^1$ / fun$^2$
*** Yale: fō / fún
*** Cantonese Pinyin: fo$^1$ / fun$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: fo$^1$ / fun$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /fɔː⁵⁵/, /fuːn³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: khwanX
Rime :
| Character | 窾 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 桓 (62) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 苦管切 |
| Baxter | khwanX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰuɑn$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰʷɑn$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰuɑn$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰwan$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰuɑn$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰuɑn$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kʰuɑn$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kuǎn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | fun$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʰloːnʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 窾 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 7511 |
| Phonetic component | 款 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 款 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʰloːnʔ/ |

### Definitions

窾
* (archaic) hole; crack
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Yīhū tiānlǐ, pī dàxì, dǎo dàkǔan, yīn qí gù rán. [Pinyin]
    Observing the natural lines, my knife slips through the great crevices and slides through the great cavities, taking advantage of the facilities thus presented.
* (archaic) hollow; empty
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Qí shí zhòng qí shēng zhě wèizhī duān, shí bùzhòng qí shēng zhě wèizhī kǔan. Kuǎn yán bùtīng, jiān nǎi bùshēng, xián bùxiào zìfēn, báihēi nǎi xíng. [Pinyin]
    Among all of them, one calls those whose substance matches their outward expressions 'the upright ones', and those who fail at this, 'the hollow ones'. When we refuse to heed the words of the hollow, vices will therefore wither, and the good will distinguish themselves from the dishonourable, and all the contrasting and contradicting elements will proceed to show up as they truly are.

#### Compounds

* 動中窾要／动中窾要
* 批郤導窾／批郤导窾
* 窾木
* 窾要
* 窾言

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): かん (kan)、こう (kō)、か (ka)、く (ku)、さん (san)
* Kun: むなしい (munashī, 窾しい)

## Korean
### Hanja

窾 • (gwan) (hangeul 관, revised gwan, McCune–Reischauer kwan, Yale kwan)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.