# estonar
## Galician
### Alternative forms

* destonar

### Etymology

From es- (“ex-”) +‎ tona (“skin, peel, bark, surface”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /estoˈnaɾ/

### Verb

estonar (first-person singular present estono, first-person singular preterite estonei, past participle estonado)
* (transitive) to shell, hull, peel
    Synonyms: bullar, descascar, deluvar
* (transitive) to skim milk or broth
    Synonym: desnatar
* (transitive) to debark
    Synonyms: descascar, pelar
* (transitive or pronominal) to skin
* (transitive) to remove the superficial layer of a litter for accessing the manure under it

#### Conjugation

$^1$Less recommended.

#### Related terms

* tona

### References

* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “estonar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* “estonar”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2024
* Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “estonar”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
* “estonar” in Dicionário Estraviz de galego (2014).
* Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “estonar”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

## Occitan
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Pronunciation

* Audio:(file)
* Rhymes: -a

### Verb

estonar
* (transitive, intransitive) to amaze, surprise

#### Conjugation

| | | simple | simple | simple | compound | compound | compound |
| infinitive | infinitive | estonar | estonar | estonar | aver estonat | aver estonat | aver estonat |
| gerund | gerund | estonant | estonant | estonant | use gerund of aver + past participle | use gerund of aver + past participle | use gerund of aver + past participle |
| past participle | past participle | estonat | estonat | estonat | — | — | — |
| person | person | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| person | person | first | second | third | first | second | third |
| indicative | | ieu | tu | el | nosautres | vosautres | eles |
| indicative | present | estoni | estonas | estona | estonam | estonatz | estonan |
| indicative | imperfect | estonavi | estonavas | estonava | estonàvem | estonàvetz | estonavan |
| indicative | preterite | estonèri | estonères | estonèt | estonèrem | estonèretz | estonèron |
| indicative | future | estonarai | estonaràs | estonarà | estonarem | estonaretz | estonaràn |
| indicative | conditional | estonariái | estonariás | estonariá | estonariam | estonariatz | estonarián |
| indicative | conditional 2nd form$^1$ | estonèra | estonèras | estonèra | estoneram | estoneratz | estonèran |
| compound tenses | present perfect | use the present tense of aver + past participle | use the present tense of aver + past participle | use the present tense of aver + past participle | use the present tense of aver + past participle | use the present tense of aver + past participle | use the present tense of aver + past participle |
| compound tenses | pluperfect | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle |
| compound tenses | past anterior | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle |
| compound tenses | future perfect | use the future tense of aver + past participle | use the future tense of aver + past participle | use the future tense of aver + past participle | use the future tense of aver + past participle | use the future tense of aver + past participle | use the future tense of aver + past participle |
| compound tenses | conditional perfect | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle |
| subjunctive | | que ieu | que tu | que el | que nosautres | que vosautres | que eles |
| subjunctive | present | estone | estones | estone | estonem | estonetz | estonen |
| subjunctive | imperfect | estonèssi | estonèsses | estonèsse | estonèssem | estonèssetz | estonèsson |
| compound tenses | past | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle |
| compound tenses | pluperfect | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle |
| imperative | imperative | — | tu | — | nosautres | vosautres | — |
| imperative | imperative | | estona | | estonem | estonatz | $^1$Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects |
| | | simple | simple | simple | compound | compound | compound |
| infinitive | infinitive | estonar | estonar | estonar | aver estonat | aver estonat | aver estonat |
| gerund | gerund | estonant | estonant | estonant | use gerund of aver + past participle | use gerund of aver + past participle | use gerund of aver + past participle |
| past participle | past participle | estonat | estonat | estonat | — | — | — |
| person | person | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| person | person | first | second | third | first | second | third |
| indicative | | ieu | tu | el | nosautres | vosautres | eles |
| indicative | present | estone | estones | estona | estonam | estonatz | estonon |
| indicative | imperfect | estonave | estonaves | estonava | estonaviam | estonaviatz | estonavon |
| indicative | preterite | estonere | estoneres | estonet | estonem | estonetz | estoneron |
| indicative | future | estonarai | estonaràs | estonará | estonarem | estonaretz | estonarán |
| indicative | conditional | estonariá | estonariás | estonariá | estonariam | estonariatz | estonarián |
| indicative | conditional 2nd form$^1$ | estonèra | estonèras | estonèra | estoneram | estoneratz | estonèran |
| compound tenses | present perfect | use the present tense of aver + past participle | use the present tense of aver + past participle | use the present tense of aver + past participle | use the present tense of aver + past participle | use the present tense of aver + past participle | use the present tense of aver + past participle |
| compound tenses | pluperfect | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle |
| compound tenses | past anterior | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle |
| compound tenses | future perfect | use the future tense of aver + past participle | use the future tense of aver + past participle | use the future tense of aver + past participle | use the future tense of aver + past participle | use the future tense of aver + past participle | use the future tense of aver + past participle |
| compound tenses | conditional perfect | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle |
| subjunctive | | que ieu | que tu | que el | que nosautres | que vosautres | que eles |
| subjunctive | present | estone | estones | estone | estonassiam | estonassiatz | estonon |
| subjunctive | imperfect | estonesse | estonesses | estonesse | estonessiam | estonessiatz | estonesson |
| compound tenses | past | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle |
| compound tenses | pluperfect | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle |
| imperative | imperative | — | tu | — | nosautres | vosautres | — |
| imperative | imperative | | estona | | estonassiam | estonatz | $^1$Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects |
| | | simple | simple | simple | compound | compound | compound |
| infinitive | infinitive | estonar | estonar | estonar | aver estonat | aver estonat | aver estonat |
| gerund | gerund | estonant | estonant | estonant | use gerund of aver + past participle | use gerund of aver + past participle | use gerund of aver + past participle |
| past participle | past participle | estonat | estonat | estonat | — | — | — |
| person | person | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| person | person | first | second | third | first | second | third |
| indicative | | ieu | tu | el | nosautres | vosautres | eles |
| indicative | present | estoni | estonas | estona | estonam | estonatz | estonan |
| indicative | imperfect | estonavi | estonavas | estonava | estonàvam | estonàvatz | estonavan |
| indicative | preterite | estonèi | estonès | estonè | estonèm | estonètz | estonèn |
| indicative | future | estonarèi | estonaràs | estonarà | estonaram | estonaratz | estonaràn |
| indicative | conditional | estonarí | estonarés | estonaré | estonarem | estonaretz | estonarén |
| indicative | conditional 2nd form$^1$ | estonèra | estonèras | estonèra | estoneram | estoneratz | estonèran |
| compound tenses | present perfect | use the present tense of aver + past participle | use the present tense of aver + past participle | use the present tense of aver + past participle | use the present tense of aver + past participle | use the present tense of aver + past participle | use the present tense of aver + past participle |
| compound tenses | pluperfect | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle |
| compound tenses | past anterior | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle |
| compound tenses | future perfect | use the future tense of aver + past participle | use the future tense of aver + past participle | use the future tense of aver + past participle | use the future tense of aver + past participle | use the future tense of aver + past participle | use the future tense of aver + past participle |
| compound tenses | conditional perfect | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle |
| subjunctive | | que ieu | que tu | que el | que nosautres | que vosautres | que eles |
| subjunctive | present | estoni | estones | estone | estonem | estonetz | estonen |
| subjunctive | imperfect | estonèssi | estonèsses | estonèsse | estonèssem | estonèssetz | estonèssen |
| compound tenses | past | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle |
| compound tenses | pluperfect | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle |
| imperative | imperative | — | tu | — | nosautres | vosautres | — |
| imperative | imperative | | estona | | estonem | estonatz | $^1$Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects |
| | | simple | simple | simple | compound | compound | compound |
| infinitive | infinitive | estonar | estonar | estonar | aver estonat | aver estonat | aver estonat |
| gerund | gerund | estonant | estonant | estonant | use gerund of aver + past participle | use gerund of aver + past participle | use gerund of aver + past participle |
| past participle | past participle | estonat | estonat | estonat | — | — | — |
| person | person | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| person | person | first | second | third | first | second | third |
| indicative | | ieu | tu | el | nosautres | vosautres | eles |
| indicative | present | estone | estonas | estona | estonam | estonatz | estonan |
| indicative | imperfect | estonava | estonavas | estonava | estonàvam | estonàvatz | estonavan |
| indicative | preterite | estonei | estoneras | estonet | estonèram | estonèratz | estoneran |
| indicative | future | estonarai | estonaràs | estonará | estonarem | estonaretz | estonarán |
| indicative | conditional | estonariá | estonariàs | estonariá | estonariam | estonariatz | estonarián |
| indicative | conditional 2nd form$^1$ | estonèra | estonèras | estonèra | estoneram | estoneratz | estonèran |
| compound tenses | present perfect | use the present tense of aver + past participle | use the present tense of aver + past participle | use the present tense of aver + past participle | use the present tense of aver + past participle | use the present tense of aver + past participle | use the present tense of aver + past participle |
| compound tenses | pluperfect | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle |
| compound tenses | past anterior | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle |
| compound tenses | future perfect | use the future tense of aver + past participle | use the future tense of aver + past participle | use the future tense of aver + past participle | use the future tense of aver + past participle | use the future tense of aver + past participle | use the future tense of aver + past participle |
| compound tenses | conditional perfect | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle |
| subjunctive | | que ieu | que tu | que el | que nosautres | que vosautres | que eles |
| subjunctive | present | estone | estones | estone | estonem | estonetz | estonen |
| subjunctive | imperfect | estonèsse | estonèsses | estonèsse | estonèssem | estonèssetz | estonèssen |
| compound tenses | past | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle |
| compound tenses | pluperfect | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle |
| imperative | imperative | — | tu | — | nosautres | vosautres | — |
| imperative | imperative | | estona | | estonem | estonatz | $^1$Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects |
| | | simple | simple | simple | compound | compound | compound |
| infinitive | infinitive | estonar | estonar | estonar | aver estonat | aver estonat | aver estonat |
| gerund | gerund | estonant | estonant | estonant | use gerund of aver + past participle | use gerund of aver + past participle | use gerund of aver + past participle |
| past participle | past participle | estonat | estonat | estonat | — | — | — |
| person | person | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural |
| person | person | first | second | third | first | second | third |
| indicative | | ieu | tu | el | nosautres | vosautres | eles |
| indicative | present | estone | estones | estona | estonam | estonatz | estonan |
| indicative | imperfect | estonavi | estonavas | estonava | estonàvem | estonàvetz | estonavan |
| indicative | preterite | estonère | estonères | estonèt | estoneriam | estoneriatz | estonèron |
| indicative | future | estonarai | estonaràs | estonarà | estonarem | estonaretz | estonaràn |
| indicative | conditional | estonariáu | estonariás | estonariá | estonariam | estonariatz | estonarián |
| indicative | conditional 2nd form$^1$ | estonèra | estonèras | estonèra | estoneram | estoneratz | estonèran |
| compound tenses | present perfect | use the present tense of aver + past participle | use the present tense of aver + past participle | use the present tense of aver + past participle | use the present tense of aver + past participle | use the present tense of aver + past participle | use the present tense of aver + past participle |
| compound tenses | pluperfect | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle |
| compound tenses | past anterior | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle |
| compound tenses | future perfect | use the future tense of aver + past participle | use the future tense of aver + past participle | use the future tense of aver + past participle | use the future tense of aver + past participle | use the future tense of aver + past participle | use the future tense of aver + past participle |
| compound tenses | conditional perfect | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle |
| subjunctive | | que ieu | que tu | que el | que nosautres | que vosautres | que eles |
| subjunctive | present | estone | estones | estone | estonem | estonetz | estonan |
| subjunctive | imperfect | estonèsse | estonèsses | estonèsse | estonessiam | estonessiatz | estonèsson |
| compound tenses | past | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle |
| compound tenses | pluperfect | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle |
| imperative | imperative | — | tu | — | nosautres | vosautres | — |
| imperative | imperative | | estona | | estonem | estonatz | $^1$Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects |

### Further reading

* Diccionari General de la Lenga Occitana, L’Academia occitana – Consistòri del Gai Saber, 2008-2024, page 295.