# 許諾
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xǔnuò
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄩˇ ㄋㄨㄛˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): heoi$^2$ nok$^6$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hí-lo̍k / hír-lio̍k / hú-lo̍k / hú-lio̍k / hí-jio̍k
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: xǔnuò
*** Zhuyin: ㄒㄩˇ ㄋㄨㄛˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: syǔnuò
*** Wade–Giles: hsü$^3$-no$^4$
*** Yale: syǔ-nwò
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sheunuoh
*** Palladius: сюйно (sjujno)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɕy²¹⁴⁻²¹ nu̯ɔ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: heoi$^2$ nok$^6$
*** Yale: héui nohk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hoey$^2$ nok$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hêu$^2$ nog$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɵy̯³⁵ nɔːk̚²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hí-lo̍k
*** Tâi-lô: hí-lo̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hylok
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /hi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hír-lio̍k
*** Tâi-lô: hír-lio̍k
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /hɯ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɔk̚²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hú-lo̍k
*** Tâi-lô: hú-lo̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hwlok
*** IPA (Taipei): /hu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hú-lio̍k
*** Tâi-lô: hú-lio̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hwliok
*** IPA (Xiamen): /hu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔk̚⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hí-jio̍k
*** Tâi-lô: hí-jio̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: hyjiok
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /hi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ d͡ziɔk̚¹²¹/
* Middle Chinese: xjoX nak
Rime :
| Character | 許 | 諾 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 曉 (32) | 泥 (8) |
| Final (韻) | 魚 (22) | 鐸 (103) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 虚吕切 | 奴各切 |
| Baxter | xjoX | nak |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /hɨʌ$^X$/ | /nɑk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /hiɔ$^X$/ | /nɑk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /xiɔ$^X$/ | /nɑk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /hɨə̆$^X$/ | /nak̚/ |
| Li Rong | /xiɔ$^X$/ | /nɑk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /xĭo$^X$/ | /nɑk̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /xi̯wo$^X$/ | /nɑk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | xǔ | nuò |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | heoi$^2$ | nok$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰ(r)aʔ nˤak/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hŋaʔ naːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 許 | 諾 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | xǔ | nuò |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ xjo$^X$ › | ‹ nak › |
| Old Chinese | /*qʰ(r)aʔ/ | /*nˁak/ |
| English | place (n.); allow | agree, say yes |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 許 | 諾 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 13180 | 10934 |
| Phonetic component | 午 | 若 |
| Rime group | 魚 | 鐸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | | 諾 |
| Old Chinese | /*hŋaʔ/ | /*naːɡ/ |

### Verb

許諾
* to promise; to make a promise

#### Synonyms

* 允諾／允诺 (yǔnnuò)
* 應／应 (yìng)
* 應承／应承 (yìngchéng)
* 應許／应许 (yīngxǔ)
* 應諾／应诺 (yìngnuò) (literary)
* 承允 (chéngyǔn)
* 承應／承应 (chéngyìng)
* 承當／承当 (chéngdāng) (regional)
* 承諾／承诺 (chéngnuò)
* 接應／接应 (zie$^6$ in$^4$) (Xiang)
* 然諾／然诺 (ránnuò)
* 答應／答应 (dāyìng)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 許諾(きょだく) (kyodaku)
* → Korean: 허락(許諾) (heorak)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 許 | 諾 |
| きょ Grade: 5 | だく Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) きょだく [kyòdákú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kʲo̞da̠kɯ̟]

### Noun

許(きょ)諾(だく) • (kyodaku)
* consent; permission
    許(きょ)諾(だく)を求(もと)める、許(きょ)諾(だく)を得(え)る
       kyodaku o motomeru, kyodaku o eru
       to ask for permission; to get permission
    利(り)用(よう)許(きょ)諾(だく)契(けい)約(やく)
       riyōkyodakukeiyaku
       end user license agreement

### Verb

許(きょ)諾(だく)する • (kyodaku suru) suru (stem 許(きょ)諾(だく)し (kyodaku shi), past 許(きょ)諾(だく)した (kyodaku shita))
* to consent; to permit

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 許諾し | きょだくし | kyodaku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 許諾し | きょだくし | kyodaku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 許諾する | きょだくする | kyodaku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 許諾する | きょだくする | kyodaku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 許諾すれ | きょだくすれ | kyodaku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 許諾せよ¹ 許諾しろ² | きょだくせよ¹ きょだくしろ² | kyodaku seyo¹ kyodaku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 許諾される | きょだくされる | kyodaku sareru |
| Causative | 許諾させる 許諾さす | きょだくさせる きょだくさす | kyodaku saseru kyodaku sasu |
| Potential | 許諾できる | きょだくできる | kyodaku dekiru |
| Volitional | 許諾しよう | きょだくしよう | kyodaku shiyō |
| Negative | 許諾しない | きょだくしない | kyodaku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 許諾せず | きょだくせず | kyodaku sezu |
| Formal | 許諾します | きょだくします | kyodaku shimasu |
| Perfective | 許諾した | きょだくした | kyodaku shita |
| Conjunctive | 許諾して | きょだくして | kyodaku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 許諾すれば | きょだくすれば | kyodaku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

#### Synonyms

* 許(きょ)可(か) (kyoka)

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN