# 束縛
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shùfù, shùfú
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄨˋ ㄈㄨˋ, ㄕㄨˋ ㄈㄨˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): cuk$^1$ bok$^3$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): sok-po̍k / sok-pa̍k
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese, Mainland)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shùfù
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄨˋ ㄈㄨˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shùfù
*** Wade–Giles: shu$^4$-fu$^4$
*** Yale: shù-fù
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shuhfuh
*** Palladius: шуфу (šufu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂu⁵¹⁻⁵³ fu⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shùfú
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄨˋ ㄈㄨˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shùfú
*** Wade–Giles: shu$^4$-fu$^2$
*** Yale: shù-fú
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shuhfwu
*** Palladius: шуфу (šufu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂu⁵¹ fu³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: cuk$^1$ bok$^3$
*** Yale: chūk bok
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsuk$^7$ bok$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: cug$^1$ bog$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰʊk̚⁵ pɔːk̚³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sok-po̍k
*** Tâi-lô: sok-po̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sokpok
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /sɔk̚³²⁻⁵ pɔk̚¹²¹/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ pɔk̚²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ pɔk̚⁴/
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sok-pa̍k
*** Tâi-lô: sok-pa̍k
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sokpak
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ pak̚⁴/
* Middle Chinese: syowk baH|bjak
Rime :
| Character | 束 | 縛 | 縛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 書 (26) | 並 (3) | 並 (3) |
| Final (韻) | 燭 (8) | 戈 (95) | 藥 (108) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Departing (H) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | I | III |
| Fanqie | 書玉切 | 符臥切 | 符钁切 |
| Baxter | syowk | baH | bjak |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɕɨok̚/ | /buɑ$^H$/ | /bʉɐk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɕiok̚/ | /buɑ$^H$/ | /bʷiɐk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɕiok̚/ | /buɑ$^H$/ | /biuɑk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɕuawk̚/ | /bwa$^H$/ | /buak̚/ |
| Li Rong | /ɕiok̚/ | /buɑ$^H$/ | /biuak̚/ |
| Wang Li | /ɕĭwok̚/ | /buɑ$^H$/ | /bĭak̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ɕi̯wok̚/ | /bʱuɑ$^H$/ | /bʱiwak̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shu | bò | fó |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | suk$^1$ | bo$^6$ | fok$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-tʰok bak/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hljoɡ baːɡs|baɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 束 | 縛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shù | fù |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ syowk › | ‹ bjak › |
| Old Chinese | /*s-tʰok/ | /*bak/ |
| English | bind; bundle | bind (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 束 | 縛 | 縛 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 11893 | 3409 | 3493 |
| Phonetic component | 束 | 甫 | 甫 |
| Rime group | 屋 | 暮 | 鐸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 束 | 縛 | 縛 |
| Old Chinese | /*hljoɡ/ | /*baːɡs/ | /*baɡ/ |

### Verb

束縛 (transitive)
* (literary, literal) to bind; to tie up
* (figurative) to restrict; to constrain
    束縛思想／束缚思想 ― shùfù sīxiǎng ― to restrict thoughts
    解除束縛／解除束缚 ― jiěchú shùfù ― to lift constraints

#### Synonyms

* (to bind) 綁縛／绑缚 (bǎngfù), 捆綁 (kǔnbǎng)
* (to restrict)
* 主宰 (zhǔzǎi)
* 主張／主张 (zhǔzhāng) (archaic)
* 克制 (kèzhì)
* 克治 (kèzhì) (literary)
* 制禦／制御 (zhìyù) (literary)
* 制約／制约 (zhìyuē)
* 君 (jūn) (literary)
* 執掌／执掌 (zhízhǎng)
* 壓制／压制 (yāzhì)
* 壓抑／压抑 (yāyì)
* 局 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 局限 (júxiàn)
* 左右 (zuǒyòu)
* 把
* 抑制 (yìzhì)
* 把持 (bǎchí)
* 把控 (bǎkòng)
* 把攬／把揽 (bǎlǎn)
* 抵制 (dǐzhì)
* 拘束 (jūshù)
* 按 (àn)
* 按捺 (ànnà) (usually in the negative)
* 控 (literary, or in compounds)
* 控制 (kòngzhì)
* 掌控 (zhǎngkòng)
* 掌握 (zhǎngwò)
* 提控 (tíkòng) (literary)
* 撥弄／拨弄 (bōnòng)
* 撙節／撙节 (zǔnjié)
* 操控 (cāokòng)
* 操縱／操纵 (cāozòng)
* 擺佈／摆布 (bǎibù)
* 擺治／摆治 (bǎizhì) (regional)
* 支配 (zhīpèi)
* 收斂／收敛 (shōuliǎn)
* 束 (literary, or in compounds)
* 柄 (literary, or in compounds)
* 框 (kuàng)
* 禁錮／禁锢 (jìngù) (figurative)
* 積壓／积压 (jīyā) (figurative)
* 節制／节制 (jiézhì)
* 節撙／节撙 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
* 管制 (guǎnzhì)
* 管束 (guǎnshù)
* 約束／约束 (yuēshù)
* 統御／统御 (tǒngyù) (literary)
* 統治／统治 (tǒngzhì)
* 羈束／羁束 (jīshù) (literary)
* 裁 (cái) (literary, or in compounds)
* 遏抑 (èyì) (literary)
* 鎮／镇 (zhèn)
* 限 (xiàn)
* 限乏 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 限制 (xiànzhì)
* 駕／驾 (jià)
* 駕馭／驾驭 (jiàyù) (figurative)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 束 | 縛 |
| そく Grade: 4 | ばく Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) そくばく [sòkúbákú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [so̞kɯ̟ba̠kɯ̟]

### Noun

束(そく)縛(ばく) • (sokubaku)
* restraint, shackles

### Verb

束(そく)縛(ばく)する • (sokubaku suru) suru (stem 束(そく)縛(ばく)し (sokubaku shi), past 束(そく)縛(ばく)した (sokubaku shita))
* restrain, shackle

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 束縛し | そくばくし | sokubaku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 束縛し | そくばくし | sokubaku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 束縛する | そくばくする | sokubaku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 束縛する | そくばくする | sokubaku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 束縛すれ | そくばくすれ | sokubaku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 束縛せよ¹ 束縛しろ² | そくばくせよ¹ そくばくしろ² | sokubaku seyo¹ sokubaku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 束縛される | そくばくされる | sokubaku sareru |
| Causative | 束縛させる 束縛さす | そくばくさせる そくばくさす | sokubaku saseru sokubaku sasu |
| Potential | 束縛できる | そくばくできる | sokubaku dekiru |
| Volitional | 束縛しよう | そくばくしよう | sokubaku shiyō |
| Negative | 束縛しない | そくばくしない | sokubaku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 束縛せず | そくばくせず | sokubaku sezu |
| Formal | 束縛します | そくばくします | sokubaku shimasu |
| Perfective | 束縛した | そくばくした | sokubaku shita |
| Conjunctive | 束縛して | そくばくして | sokubaku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 束縛すれば | そくばくすれば | sokubaku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 束 | 縛 |

### Noun

束縛 • (sokbak) (hangeul 속박)
* hanja form of 속박 (“restraining”)