# 窿

| 窿 | U+7ABF, &#31423; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7ABF |
| ← 窾 [U+7ABE] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 竀 → [U+7AC0] |

## Translingual
### Han character

窿 (Kangxi radical 116, 穴+12, 17 strokes, cangjie input 十金弓中一 (JCNLM), four-corner 3021$_4$, composition ⿱穴隆)
* mineshaft
* cavity, hole

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 868, character 30
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25660
* Dae Jaweon: page 1297, character 37
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2741, character 14
* Unihan data for U+7ABF

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 贛 | *kluːmʔ, *kluːms, *kromʔ, *kloːms |
| 灨 | *kluːmʔ, *kluːms |
| 竷 | *kʰluːms |
| 戇 | *kr'oːms, *qʰloːms |
| 洚 | *kruːŋs, *ɡruːŋ, *ɡloːŋ, *ɡluːŋ |
| 降 | *kruːŋs, *ɡruːŋ |
| 絳 | *kruːŋs |
| 栙 | *ɡruːŋ |
| 夅 | *ɡruːŋ |
| 跭 | *ɡruːŋ |
| 隆 | *ɡ·ruːŋ |
| 癃 | *ɡ·ruːŋ |
| 窿 | *ɡ·ruːŋ |
| 霳 | *ɡ·ruːŋ |

### Etymology

STEDT derives it from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kru:ŋ (“cage”). For more see 籠 (OC *roːŋ, *roːŋʔ, *roŋ).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lóng (long$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄥˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lung$^4$ / lung$^{4-1}$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): lùng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): long
    (Teochew, Peng'im): long$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lóng
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lóng
*** Wade–Giles: lung$^2$
*** Yale: lúng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: long
*** Palladius: лун (lun)
*** Sinological IPA : /lʊŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lung$^4$ / lung$^{4-1}$
*** Yale: lùhng / lūng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lung$^4$ / lung$^{4-1}$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lung$^4$ / lung$^{4-1}$
*** Sinological IPA : /lʊŋ²¹/, /lʊŋ²¹⁻⁵⁵/
* lung4 - literary;
* lung4-1 - vernacular.
* Middle Chinese: ljuwng
Rime :
| Character | 窿 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (2) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 力中切 |
| Baxter | ljuwng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɨuŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /liuŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /liuŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /luwŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /liuŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭuŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /li̯uŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lóng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lung$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·ruːŋ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 窿 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 6288 |
| Phonetic component | 夅 |
| Rime group | 終 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 隆 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡ·ruːŋ/ |

### Definitions

窿
* Used in 窟窿 (kūlong).
* (Cantonese) hole (Classifier: 個／个 c)
    alt. forms: 竉／𰩅 (lǒng)
    掘窿 [Cantonese] ― gwat$^6$ lung$^{4-1}$ [Jyutping] ― to dig a hole

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 孔, 洞, 穴 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 孔, 洞, 孔洞, 空洞, 空穴, 窿 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 窟窿 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 洞 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 窟窿 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 窟窿 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 窟窿 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 窟窿子, 窟窿 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 窟窿, 洞洞, 洞 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 窟窿, 窟眼, 洞洞, 洞 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 窿 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 窟窿 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 洞, 窟窿 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 窟窿, 洞 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 窿, 咕窿 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 窿, 咕窿 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 孔 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 窿 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 窿 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 窿 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 洞 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 窿仔, 窿空仔 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 空 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 空 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 空 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 空 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 空 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 空 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 窟窿, 窟子 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 川 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 空空 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 空, 空口 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 空 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 空口 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Changtai) | 空 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 空 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 空 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 空 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 空 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 空 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 空, 洞 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 空 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 空 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 空 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 窿 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 洞 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 洞, 窟, 窟窿 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 窟窿 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 洞, 洞子 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 眼貢, 洞 |

### Compounds

* 填窟窿
* 塞竇窿／塞窦窿
* 大耳窿 (dà'ěrlóng)
* 屎窟窿
* 山窿
* 打窿機／打窿机
* 拉窟窿
* 捅窟窿
* 捐窿捐罅
* 搵窿捐／揾窿捐
* 擘大口得個窿／擘大口得个窿
* 樹窿／树窿
* 疏窿
* 穹窿 (qiónglóng)
* 穿窿
* 窟窿 (kūlong)
* 窟窿眼兒／窟窿眼儿
* 窿窿罅罅
* 窿路
* 耳仔窿
* 耳窿
* 肚臍窿／肚脐窿
* 背脊開窿／背脊开窿
* 通窿
* 釘窿機／钉窿机
* 鎖匙窿／锁匙窿
* 鼻哥窿
* 鼻窿

### References

* “窿”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): りゅう (ryū)、りゅ (ryu)
* Kun: ゆみなり (yuminari)

## Korean
### Hanja

窿 • (ryung>yung) (hangeul 륭>융, revised ryung>yung, McCune–Reischauer ryung>yung, Yale lyung>yung)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

窿 (lung, lọn)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.