# 濫觴
## Chinese
### Etymology

From the concept that the water source is so gentle at the source of a river, that a beverage vessel — 觴／觞 (shāng, “a kind of alcohol drinkware”) — can be steadily floated, as if in a banquet with "floating cups" (cf. 流觴曲水). For example, in the Xunzi it was said that
    昔者江出於岷山；其始出也，其源可以濫觴；及其至江之津也，不放舟，不避風，則不可涉也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]昔者江出于岷山；其始出也，其源可以滥觞；及其至江之津也，不放舟，不避风，则不可涉也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]From: Xunzi, c. 3rd century BCEXīzhě Jiāng chū yú Mínshān; qí shǐ chū yě, qí yuán kěyǐ lànshāng; jí qí zhì Jiāng zhī jīn yě, bù fàngzhōu, bù bìfēng, zé bùkě shè yě. [Pinyin]Consider the Jiang that flows out of the Min Mountains — at its source it used to be able so gentle that one may float a drinking vessels with it. Now at downstream wharfs, only with a boat may one attempt crossing it, and only if the wind permits.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lànshāng
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄢˋ ㄕㄤ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): laam$^5$ soeng$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lànshāng
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄢˋ ㄕㄤ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lànshang
*** Wade–Giles: lan$^4$-shang$^1$
*** Yale: làn-shāng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lannshang
*** Palladius: ланьшан (lanʹšan)
*** Sinological IPA : /län⁵¹ ʂɑŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: laam$^5$ soeng$^1$
*** Yale: láahm sēung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: laam$^5$ soeng$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lam$^5$ sêng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /laːm¹³ sœːŋ⁵⁵/
* Middle Chinese: lamH syang
Rime :
| Character | 濫 | 觴 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 書 (26) |
| Final (韻) | 談 (143) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 盧𣊟切 | 式羊切 |
| Baxter | lamH | syang |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɑm$^H$/ | /ɕɨɐŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lɑm$^H$/ | /ɕiɐŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /lɑm$^H$/ | /ɕiɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lam$^H$/ | /ɕɨaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /lɑm$^H$/ | /ɕiaŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /lɑm$^H$/ | /ɕĭaŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /lɑm$^H$/ | /ɕi̯aŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | làn | shāng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | laam$^6$ | soeng$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·raːms hljaŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 觴 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shāng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ syang › |
| Old Chinese | /*l̥aŋ/ |
| English | goblet |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 濫 | 觴 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 6094 | 14583 |
| Phonetic component | 監 | 昜 |
| Rime group | 談 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | | 商 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡ·raːms/ | /*hljaŋ/ |

### Verb

濫觴
* (literary) to originate
* (literary) to spread to and affect; to spread and influence; to involve
* (literary) to spread unchecked; to run rampant

#### Synonyms

* (to originate):
* 來源／来源 (láiyuán)
* 來自／来自 (láizì)
* 出乎 (chūhū)
* 出於／出于 (chūyú)
* 出自 (chūzì)
* 嚟自 (lei$^4$ zi$^6$) (Cantonese)
* 導源／导源 (dǎoyuán)
* 張本／张本 (zhāngběn) (literary)
* 源於／源于 (yuányú)
* 源自 (yuánzì)
* 發源／发源 (fāyuán) (figurative)
* 發脈／发脉 (fa$^6$ me$^6$) (Xiang)
* 起源 (qǐyuán)
* (to spread and affect): 波及 (bōjí), 影響／影响 (yǐngxiǎng), 作用 (zuòyòng)
* (to spread unchecked): 泛濫／泛滥 (fànlàn)

### Noun

濫觴
* (literary) source; origin

#### Synonyms

* 來源／来源 (láiyuán)
* 出處／出处 (chūchù)
* 基本 (jīběn)
* 大本 (dàběn) (literary)
* 本源 (běnyuán)
* 根 (gēn)
* 根本 (gēnběn)
* 根源 (gēnyuán)
* 根頭／根头 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 泉源 (quányuán)
* 淵源／渊源 (yuānyuán)
* 源 (yuán) (literary, or in compounds)
* 源泉 (yuánquán) (figurative)
* 源頭／源头 (yuántóu) (figurative)
* 由來／由来 (yóulái)
* 起源 (qǐyuán)