# gcaba
## Zulu
### Verb

-gcâba
* (transitive) to incise

#### Inflection

Tone HH :
| Infinitive | ukugcaba |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Infinitive | ukugcaba | ukungagcabi |
| | Imperative | Imperative |
| | Simple | + object concord |
| Singular | gcaba | -gcabe |
| Plural | gcabani | -gcabeni |
| | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyagcaba, ngigcaba | engigcabayo, engigcaba | ngigcaba | angigcabi | engingagcabi | ngingagcabi |
| 2nd singular | uyagcaba, ugcaba | ogcabayo, ogcaba | ugcaba | awugcabi | ongagcabi | ungagcabi |
| 1st plural | siyagcaba, sigcaba | esigcabayo, esigcaba | sigcaba | asigcabi | esingagcabi | singagcabi |
| 2nd plural | niyagcaba, nigcaba | enigcabayo, enigcaba | nigcaba | anigcabi | eningagcabi | ningagcabi |
| Class 1 | uyagcaba, ugcaba | ogcabayo, ogcaba | egcaba | akagcabi | ongagcabi | engagcabi |
| Class 2 | bayagcaba, bagcaba | abagcabayo, abagcaba | begcaba | abagcabi | abangagcabi | bengagcabi |
| Class 3 | uyagcaba, ugcaba | ogcabayo, ogcaba | ugcaba | awugcabi | ongagcabi | ungagcabi |
| Class 4 | iyagcaba, igcaba | egcabayo, egcaba | igcaba | ayigcabi | engagcabi | ingagcabi |
| Class 5 | liyagcaba, ligcaba | eligcabayo, eligcaba | ligcaba | aligcabi | elingagcabi | lingagcabi |
| Class 6 | ayagcaba, agcaba | agcabayo, agcaba | egcaba | awagcabi | angagcabi | engagcabi |
| Class 7 | siyagcaba, sigcaba | esigcabayo, esigcaba | sigcaba | asigcabi | esingagcabi | singagcabi |
| Class 8 | ziyagcaba, zigcaba | ezigcabayo, ezigcaba | zigcaba | azigcabi | ezingagcabi | zingagcabi |
| Class 9 | iyagcaba, igcaba | egcabayo, egcaba | igcaba | ayigcabi | engagcabi | ingagcabi |
| Class 10 | ziyagcaba, zigcaba | ezigcabayo, ezigcaba | zigcaba | azigcabi | ezingagcabi | zingagcabi |
| Class 11 | luyagcaba, lugcaba | olugcabayo, olugcaba | lugcaba | alugcabi | olungagcabi | lungagcabi |
| Class 14 | buyagcaba, bugcaba | obugcabayo, obugcaba | bugcaba | abugcabi | obungagcabi | bungagcabi |
| Class 15 | kuyagcaba, kugcaba | okugcabayo, okugcaba | kugcaba | akugcabi | okungagcabi | kungagcabi |
| Class 17 | kuyagcaba, kugcaba | okugcabayo, okugcaba | kugcaba | akugcabi | okungagcabi | kungagcabi |
| | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngigcabile, ngigcabē | engigcabile, engigcabē | ngigcabile, ngigcabē | angigcabanga | engingagcabanga | ngingagcabanga |
| 2nd singular | ugcabile, ugcabē | ogcabile, ogcabē | ugcabile, ugcabē | awugcabanga | ongagcabanga | ungagcabanga |
| 1st plural | sigcabile, sigcabē | esigcabile, esigcabē | sigcabile, sigcabē | asigcabanga | esingagcabanga | singagcabanga |
| 2nd plural | nigcabile, nigcabē | enigcabile, enigcabē | nigcabile, nigcabē | anigcabanga | eningagcabanga | ningagcabanga |
| Class 1 | ugcabile, ugcabē | ogcabile, ogcabē | egcabile, egcabē | akagcabanga | ongagcabanga | engagcabanga |
| Class 2 | bagcabile, bagcabē | abagcabile, abagcabē | begcabile, begcabē | abagcabanga | abangagcabanga | bengagcabanga |
| Class 3 | ugcabile, ugcabē | ogcabile, ogcabē | ugcabile, ugcabē | awugcabanga | ongagcabanga | ungagcabanga |
| Class 4 | igcabile, igcabē | egcabile, egcabē | igcabile, igcabē | ayigcabanga | engagcabanga | ingagcabanga |
| Class 5 | ligcabile, ligcabē | eligcabile, eligcabē | ligcabile, ligcabē | aligcabanga | elingagcabanga | lingagcabanga |
| Class 6 | agcabile, agcabē | agcabile, agcabē | egcabile, egcabē | awagcabanga | angagcabanga | engagcabanga |
| Class 7 | sigcabile, sigcabē | esigcabile, esigcabē | sigcabile, sigcabē | asigcabanga | esingagcabanga | singagcabanga |
| Class 8 | zigcabile, zigcabē | ezigcabile, ezigcabē | zigcabile, zigcabē | azigcabanga | ezingagcabanga | zingagcabanga |
| Class 9 | igcabile, igcabē | egcabile, egcabē | igcabile, igcabē | ayigcabanga | engagcabanga | ingagcabanga |
| Class 10 | zigcabile, zigcabē | ezigcabile, ezigcabē | zigcabile, zigcabē | azigcabanga | ezingagcabanga | zingagcabanga |
| Class 11 | lugcabile, lugcabē | olugcabile, olugcabē | lugcabile, lugcabē | alugcabanga | olungagcabanga | lungagcabanga |
| Class 14 | bugcabile, bugcabē | obugcabile, obugcabē | bugcabile, bugcabē | abugcabanga | obungagcabanga | bungagcabanga |
| Class 15 | kugcabile, kugcabē | okugcabile, okugcabē | kugcabile, kugcabē | akugcabanga | okungagcabanga | kungagcabanga |
| Class 17 | kugcabile, kugcabē | okugcabile, okugcabē | kugcabile, kugcabē | akugcabanga | okungagcabanga | kungagcabanga |
| | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngāgcaba | engāgcaba | ngāgcaba | angigcabanga | engingagcabanga | ngingagcabanga |
| 2nd singular | wāgcaba | owāgcaba | wāgcaba | awugcabanga | ongagcabanga | ungagcabanga |
| 1st plural | sāgcaba | esāgcaba | sāgcaba | asigcabanga | esingagcabanga | singagcabanga |
| 2nd plural | nāgcaba | enāgcaba | nāgcaba | anigcabanga | eningagcabanga | ningagcabanga |
| Class 1 | wāgcaba | owāgcaba | āgcaba | akagcabanga | ongagcabanga | engagcabanga |
| Class 2 | bāgcaba | abāgcaba | bāgcaba | abagcabanga | abangagcabanga | bengagcabanga |
| Class 3 | wāgcaba | owāgcaba | wāgcaba | awugcabanga | ongagcabanga | ungagcabanga |
| Class 4 | yāgcaba | eyāgcaba | yāgcaba | ayigcabanga | engagcabanga | ingagcabanga |
| Class 5 | lāgcaba | elāgcaba | lāgcaba | aligcabanga | elingagcabanga | lingagcabanga |
| Class 6 | āgcaba | āgcaba | āgcaba | awagcabanga | angagcabanga | engagcabanga |
| Class 7 | sāgcaba | esāgcaba | sāgcaba | asigcabanga | esingagcabanga | singagcabanga |
| Class 8 | zāgcaba | ezāgcaba | zāgcaba | azigcabanga | ezingagcabanga | zingagcabanga |
| Class 9 | yāgcaba | eyāgcaba | yāgcaba | ayigcabanga | engagcabanga | ingagcabanga |
| Class 10 | zāgcaba | ezāgcaba | zāgcaba | azigcabanga | ezingagcabanga | zingagcabanga |
| Class 11 | lwāgcaba | olwāgcaba | lwāgcaba | alugcabanga | olungagcabanga | lungagcabanga |
| Class 14 | bāgcaba | obāgcaba | bāgcaba | abugcabanga | obungagcabanga | bungagcabanga |
| Class 15 | kwāgcaba | okwāgcaba | kwāgcaba | akugcabanga | okungagcabanga | kungagcabanga |
| Class 17 | kwāgcaba | okwāgcaba | kwāgcaba | akugcabanga | okungagcabanga | kungagcabanga |
| | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngingagcaba | — | ngingagcaba | ngingegcabe | — | ngingegcabe |
| 2nd singular | ungagcaba | — | ungagcaba | ungegcabe | — | ungegcabe |
| 1st plural | singagcaba | — | singagcaba | singegcabe | — | singegcabe |
| 2nd plural | ningagcaba | — | ningagcaba | ningegcabe | — | ningegcabe |
| Class 1 | angagcaba | — | engagcaba | angegcabe | — | engegcabe |
| Class 2 | bangagcaba | — | bengagcaba | bangegcabe | — | bengegcabe |
| Class 3 | ungagcaba | — | ungagcaba | ungegcabe | — | ungegcabe |
| Class 4 | ingagcaba | — | ingagcaba | ingegcabe | — | ingegcabe |
| Class 5 | lingagcaba | — | lingagcaba | lingegcabe | — | lingegcabe |
| Class 6 | angagcaba | — | engagcaba | angegcabe | — | engegcabe |
| Class 7 | singagcaba | — | singagcaba | singegcabe | — | singegcabe |
| Class 8 | zingagcaba | — | zingagcaba | zingegcabe | — | zingegcabe |
| Class 9 | ingagcaba | — | ingagcaba | ingegcabe | — | ingegcabe |
| Class 10 | zingagcaba | — | zingagcaba | zingegcabe | — | zingegcabe |
| Class 11 | lungagcaba | — | lungagcaba | lungegcabe | — | lungegcabe |
| Class 14 | bungagcaba | — | bungagcaba | bungegcabe | — | bungegcabe |
| Class 15 | kungagcaba | — | kungagcaba | kungegcabe | — | kungegcabe |
| Class 17 | kungagcaba | — | kungagcaba | kungegcabe | — | kungegcabe |
| | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngizogcaba | engizogcaba | ngizogcaba | angizugcaba | engingezugcaba | ngingezugcaba |
| 2nd singular | uzogcaba | ozogcaba | uzogcaba | awuzugcaba | ongezugcaba | ungezugcaba |
| 1st plural | sizogcaba | esizogcaba | sizogcaba | asizugcaba | esingezugcaba | singezugcaba |
| 2nd plural | nizogcaba | enizogcaba | nizogcaba | anizugcaba | eningezugcaba | ningezugcaba |
| Class 1 | uzogcaba | ozogcaba | ezogcaba | akazugcaba | ongezugcaba | engezugcaba |
| Class 2 | bazogcaba | abazogcaba | bezogcaba | abazugcaba | abangezugcaba | bengezugcaba |
| Class 3 | uzogcaba | ozogcaba | uzogcaba | awuzugcaba | ongezugcaba | ungezugcaba |
| Class 4 | izogcaba | ezogcaba | izogcaba | ayizugcaba | engezugcaba | ingezugcaba |
| Class 5 | lizogcaba | elizogcaba | lizogcaba | alizugcaba | elingezugcaba | lingezugcaba |
| Class 6 | azogcaba | azogcaba | ezogcaba | awazugcaba | angezugcaba | engezugcaba |
| Class 7 | sizogcaba | esizogcaba | sizogcaba | asizugcaba | esingezugcaba | singezugcaba |
| Class 8 | zizogcaba | ezizogcaba | zizogcaba | azizugcaba | ezingezugcaba | zingezugcaba |
| Class 9 | izogcaba | ezogcaba | izogcaba | ayizugcaba | engezugcaba | ingezugcaba |
| Class 10 | zizogcaba | ezizogcaba | zizogcaba | azizugcaba | ezingezugcaba | zingezugcaba |
| Class 11 | luzogcaba | oluzogcaba | luzogcaba | aluzugcaba | olungezugcaba | lungezugcaba |
| Class 14 | buzogcaba | obuzogcaba | buzogcaba | abuzugcaba | obungezugcaba | bungezugcaba |
| Class 15 | kuzogcaba | okuzogcaba | kuzogcaba | akuzugcaba | okungezugcaba | kungezugcaba |
| Class 17 | kuzogcaba | okuzogcaba | kuzogcaba | akuzugcaba | okungezugcaba | kungezugcaba |
| | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyogcaba | engiyogcaba | ngiyogcaba | angiyugcaba | engingeyugcaba | ngingeyugcaba |
| 2nd singular | uyogcaba | oyogcaba | uyogcaba | awuyugcaba | ongeyugcaba | ungeyugcaba |
| 1st plural | siyogcaba | esiyogcaba | siyogcaba | asiyugcaba | esingeyugcaba | singeyugcaba |
| 2nd plural | niyogcaba | eniyogcaba | niyogcaba | aniyugcaba | eningeyugcaba | ningeyugcaba |
| Class 1 | uyogcaba | oyogcaba | eyogcaba | akayugcaba | ongeyugcaba | engeyugcaba |
| Class 2 | bayogcaba | abayogcaba | beyogcaba | abayugcaba | abangeyugcaba | bengeyugcaba |
| Class 3 | uyogcaba | oyogcaba | uyogcaba | awuyugcaba | ongeyugcaba | ungeyugcaba |
| Class 4 | iyogcaba | eyogcaba | iyogcaba | ayiyugcaba | engeyugcaba | ingeyugcaba |
| Class 5 | liyogcaba | eliyogcaba | liyogcaba | aliyugcaba | elingeyugcaba | lingeyugcaba |
| Class 6 | ayogcaba | ayogcaba | eyogcaba | awayugcaba | angeyugcaba | engeyugcaba |
| Class 7 | siyogcaba | esiyogcaba | siyogcaba | asiyugcaba | esingeyugcaba | singeyugcaba |
| Class 8 | ziyogcaba | eziyogcaba | ziyogcaba | aziyugcaba | ezingeyugcaba | zingeyugcaba |
| Class 9 | iyogcaba | eyogcaba | iyogcaba | ayiyugcaba | engeyugcaba | ingeyugcaba |
| Class 10 | ziyogcaba | eziyogcaba | ziyogcaba | aziyugcaba | ezingeyugcaba | zingeyugcaba |
| Class 11 | luyogcaba | oluyogcaba | luyogcaba | aluyugcaba | olungeyugcaba | lungeyugcaba |
| Class 14 | buyogcaba | obuyogcaba | buyogcaba | abuyugcaba | obungeyugcaba | bungeyugcaba |
| Class 15 | kuyogcaba | okuyogcaba | kuyogcaba | akuyugcaba | okungeyugcaba | kungeyugcaba |
| Class 17 | kuyogcaba | okuyogcaba | kuyogcaba | akuyugcaba | okungeyugcaba | kungeyugcaba |
| | Present subjunctive | Present subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngigcabe | ngingagcabi |
| 2nd singular | ugcabe | ungagcabi |
| 1st plural | sigcabe | singagcabi |
| 2nd plural | nigcabe | ningagcabi |
| Class 1 | agcabe | angagcabi |
| Class 2 | bagcabe | bangagcabi |
| Class 3 | ugcabe | ungagcabi |
| Class 4 | igcabe | ingagcabi |
| Class 5 | ligcabe | lingagcabi |
| Class 6 | agcabe | angagcabi |
| Class 7 | sigcabe | singagcabi |
| Class 8 | zigcabe | zingagcabi |
| Class 9 | igcabe | ingagcabi |
| Class 10 | zigcabe | zingagcabi |
| Class 11 | lugcabe | lungagcabi |
| Class 14 | bugcabe | bungagcabi |
| Class 15 | kugcabe | kungagcabi |
| Class 17 | kugcabe | kungagcabi |
| | Past subjunctive | Past subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngagcaba | ngangagcaba, angagcaba, angangagcaba |
| 2nd singular | wagcaba | wangagcaba, awagcaba, awangagcaba |
| 1st plural | sagcaba | sangagcaba, asagcaba, asangagcaba |
| 2nd plural | nagcaba | nangagcaba, anagcaba, anangagcaba |
| Class 1 | wagcaba | wangagcaba, akagcaba, akangagcaba |
| Class 2 | bagcaba | bangagcaba, abagcaba, abangagcaba |
| Class 3 | wagcaba | wangagcaba, awagcaba, awangagcaba |
| Class 4 | yagcaba | yangagcaba, ayagcaba, ayangagcaba |
| Class 5 | lagcaba | langagcaba, alagcaba, alangagcaba |
| Class 6 | agcaba | angagcaba, awagcaba, awangagcaba |
| Class 7 | sagcaba | sangagcaba, asagcaba, asangagcaba |
| Class 8 | zagcaba | zangagcaba, azagcaba, azangagcaba |
| Class 9 | yagcaba | yangagcaba, ayagcaba, ayangagcaba |
| Class 10 | zagcaba | zangagcaba, azagcaba, azangagcaba |
| Class 11 | lwagcaba | lwangagcaba, alwagcaba, alwangagcaba |
| Class 14 | bagcaba | bangagcaba, abagcaba, abangagcaba |
| Class 15 | kwagcaba | kwangagcaba, akwagcaba, akwangagcaba |
| Class 17 | kwagcaba | kwangagcaba, akwagcaba, akwangagcaba |