# crom
## Catalan
### Etymology

Borrowed from Ancient Greek χρῶμα (khrôma, “color”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrew- (“to grind, rub”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈkɾom]
* Audio (Valencia):(file)

### Noun

crom m (uncountable)
* chromium

### Further reading

* “crom” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

## Irish
### Etymology

From Middle Irish cromm, from Old Irish cromb (“bent, stooped”), from Proto-Celtic *krumbos, from Proto-Germanic *krumbaz (whence German krumm and Dutch krom). The verb is from Old Irish crommaid (“to bend down, stoop”), from the adjective.

### Pronunciation

* (Munster) IPA: /kɾˠɑumˠ/, /kɾˠʊmˠ/
* (Connacht) IPA: /kɾˠuːmˠ/, /kɾˠʊmˠ/
* (Mayo) IPA: /kɾˠʊmˠ/
* (Ulster) IPA: /kɾˠʌmˠ/

### Adjective

crom (genitive singular masculine croim, genitive singular feminine croime, plural croma, comparative croime)
* bent down, bent over, stooped, hunched

#### Declension

| | Singular | Singular | Plural (m/f) | Plural (m/f) |
| Positive | Masculine | Feminine | (strong noun) | (weak noun) |
| Nominative | crom | chrom | croma; chroma² | croma; chroma² |
| Vocative | chroim | chrom | croma | croma |
| Genitive | chroim | croime | croma | crom |
| Dative | crom; chrom¹ | chrom; chroim (archaic) | croma; chroma² | croma; chroma² |
| Comparative | níos croime | níos croime | níos croime | níos croime |
| Superlative | is croime | is croime | is croime | is croime |
¹ When the preceding noun is lenited and governed by the definite article. ² When the preceding noun ends in a slender consonant.

### Verb

crom (present analytic cromann, future analytic cromfaidh, verbal noun cromadh, past participle cromtha)
* to bend over, stoop

#### Conjugation

| | | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | relative | autonomous |
| | | first | second | third | first | second | third | relative | autonomous |
| indicative | present | cromaim | cromann tú; cromair$^†$ | cromann sé, sí | cromaimid | cromann sibh | cromann siad; cromaid$^†$ | a chromann; a chromas / a gcromann* | cromtar |
| indicative | past | chrom mé; chromas | chrom tú; chromais | chrom sé, sí | chromamar; chrom muid | chrom sibh; chromabhair | chrom siad; chromadar | a chrom / ar chrom* | cromadh |
| indicative | past habitual | chromainn / gcromainn‡‡ | chromtá / gcromtá‡‡ | chromadh sé, sí / gcromadh sé, sí‡‡ | chromaimis; chromadh muid / gcromaimis‡‡; gcromadh muid‡‡ | chromadh sibh / gcromadh sibh‡‡ | chromaidís; chromadh siad / gcromaidís‡‡; gcromadh siad‡‡ | a chromadh / a gcromadh* | chromtaí / gcromtaí‡‡ |
| future | future | cromfaidh mé; cromfad | cromfaidh tú; cromfair$^†$ | cromfaidh sé, sí | cromfaimid; cromfaidh muid | cromfaidh sibh | cromfaidh siad; cromfaid$^†$ | a chromfaidh; a chromfas / a gcromfaidh* | cromfar |
| conditional | conditional | chromfainn / gcromfainn‡‡ | chromfá / gcromfá‡‡ | chromfadh sé, sí / gcromfadh sé, sí‡‡ | chromfaimis; chromfadh muid / gcromfaimis‡‡; gcromfadh muid‡‡ | chromfadh sibh / gcromfadh sibh‡‡ | chromfaidís; chromfadh siad / gcromfaidís‡‡; gcromfadh siad‡‡ | a chromfadh / a gcromfadh* | chromfaí / gcromfaí‡‡ |
| subjunctive | present | go gcroma mé; go gcromad$^†$ | go gcroma tú; go gcromair$^†$ | go gcroma sé, sí | go gcromaimid; go gcroma muid | go gcroma sibh | go gcroma siad; go gcromaid$^†$ | — | go gcromtar |
| subjunctive | past | dá gcromainn | dá gcromtá | dá gcromadh sé, sí | dá gcromaimis; dá gcromadh muid | dá gcromadh sibh | dá gcromaidís; dá gcromadh siad | — | dá gcromtaí |
| imperative | imperative | cromaim | crom | cromadh sé, sí | cromaimis | cromaigí; cromaidh$^†$ | cromaidís | — | cromtar |
| verbal noun | verbal noun | cromadh | cromadh | cromadh | cromadh | cromadh | cromadh | cromadh | cromadh |
| past participle | past participle | cromtha | cromtha | cromtha | cromtha | cromtha | cromtha | cromtha | cromtha |
* indirect relative † archaic or dialect form ‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

### References

* ↑ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “cromm”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
* ↑ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 291, page 104

### Further reading

* Dinneen, Patrick S. (1904) “crom”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 199
* Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “crom”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
* de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “crom”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
* “crom”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2024

## Middle Dutch
### Etymology

From Old Dutch *krumb, from Proto-Germanic *krumbaz.

### Adjective

crom
* bent, not straight
* wrong (morally)

#### Alternative forms

* cromp

#### Derived terms

* crommen

#### Descendants

* Dutch: krom
* Limburgish: krómp

### Further reading

* “crombe (II)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
* Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “crom (I)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page I

## Middle English
### Noun

crom
* Alternative form of crome

## Romanian
### Etymology

Borrowed from French chrome, from Ancient Greek χρῶμα (khrôma, “color”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰreu (“to grind, rub”).

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /krom/

### Noun

crom n (uncountable)
* chromium (chemical element)

#### Declension
### References

* crom in DEX online—Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language)

## Scottish Gaelic
### Etymology

From Middle Irish cromm, from Old Irish cromb (“bent, stooped”), from Proto-Celtic *krumbos, from Proto-Germanic *krumbaz. The verb is from Old Irish crommaid (“to bend down, stoop”), from the adjective.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kʰɾɔum/

### Adjective

crom (comparative cruime)
* bent, curved, crooked, round

#### Synonyms

* (curve): lùbach

### Verb

crom (past chrom, future cromaidh, verbal noun cromadh, past participle cromte)
* bend, curve
* bow, stoop
* crouch
* nod

#### Synonyms

* (bend or bow): lùb

## Vietnamese
### Etymology

From French chrome.

### Pronunciation

* (Hà Nội) IPA: [kɹom˧˧], [kəː˨˩ ɹom˧˧] ~ [kəː˨˩ zom˧˧]
* (Huế) IPA: [kɹom˧˧], [kəː˦˩ ɹom˧˧]
* (Saigon) IPA: [kɹom˧˧], [kəː˨˩ ɹom˧˧]
* Phonetic spelling: crôm, cờ Rôm

### Noun

crom
* chromium