# 桑葚
## Chinese

* 桑葚

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): sāngshèn, sāngrèn
    (Zhuyin): ㄙㄤ ㄕㄣˋ, ㄙㄤ ㄖㄣˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): song$^1$ sam$^6$
* Jin (Wiktionary): son$^1$ seng$^3$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): sng-sīm / song-sǐm
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: sāngshèn
*** Zhuyin: ㄙㄤ ㄕㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sangshèn
*** Wade–Giles: sang$^1$-shên$^4$
*** Yale: sāng-shèn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sangshenn
*** Palladius: саншэнь (sanšɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /sɑŋ⁵⁵ ʂən⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, colloquial)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: sāngrèn
*** Zhuyin: ㄙㄤ ㄖㄣˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sangrèn
*** Wade–Giles: sang$^1$-jên$^4$
*** Yale: sāng-rèn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sangrenn
*** Palladius: санжэнь (sanžɛnʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /sɑŋ⁵⁵ ʐən⁵¹/
** (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed) (桑葚兒／桑葚儿)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: sāngrènr
*** Zhuyin: ㄙㄤ ㄖㄣˋㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: sangrènr
*** Wade–Giles: sang$^1$-jên$^4$-ʼrh
*** Yale: sāng-rènr
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sangrell
*** Palladius: санжэньр (sanžɛnʹr)
*** Sinological IPA : /sɑŋ⁵⁵ ʐəɻ⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: song$^1$ sam$^6$
*** Yale: sōng sahm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: song$^1$ sam$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: song$^1$ sem$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɔːŋ⁵⁵ sɐm²²/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: son$^1$ seng$^3$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /sɒ̃¹¹ sə̃ŋ⁴⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sng-sīm
*** Tâi-lô: sng-sīm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sngsim
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /sŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² sim²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: song-sǐm
*** Tâi-lô: song-sǐm
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sɔŋ³³ sim²²/
* Middle Chinese: sang zyimX
Rime :
| Character | 桑 | 葚 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) | 船 (27) |
| Final (韻) | 唐 (101) | 侵 (139) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 息郎切 | 食荏切 |
| Baxter | sang | zyimX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /sɑŋ/ | /ʑiɪm$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /sɑŋ/ | /ʑim$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /sɑŋ/ | /ʑjem$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /saŋ/ | /ʑim$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /sɑŋ/ | /d͡ʑiəm$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /sɑŋ/ | /d͡ʑĭĕm$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /sɑŋ/ | /d͡ʑʰi̯əm$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | sāng | shèn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | song$^1$ | sam$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[s]ˤaŋ sə-d[ə]mʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sŋaːŋ ɦljumʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 桑 | 葚 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | sāng | shèn |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ sang › | ‹ zyim$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*[s]ˁaŋ/ | /*sə-d[ə]mʔ/ |
| English | mulberry tree | mulberry fruit |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 桑 | 葚 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 10980 | 11298 |
| Phonetic component | 桑 | 甚 |
| Rime group | 陽 | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 桑 | 葚 |
| Old Chinese | /*sŋaːŋ/ | /*ɦljumʔ/ |

### Noun

桑葚
* fruit of the mulberry (an herb used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat yin deficiency)
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Xūjiē jiū xī, wú shí sāngshèn. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 葚, 桑葚 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 桑葚, 桑葚子 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 桑葚兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 桑葚 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Langfang | 桑葚兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 桑葚兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 桑葚 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 桑葚兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 桑葚兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 桑葚兒, 桑粒兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 桑葚兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 桑葚 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 桑葚兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 桑葚兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 桑葚兒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 桑粒兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 桑葚兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 桑葚兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 桑葚, 葚子 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 桑葚兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 桑葚兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 桑子兒, 葚子 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 桑葚, 桑葚子, 葚子 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 桑葚兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 桑棗兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 桑葚兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 桑棗兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 桑葚兒 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 桑葚兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 桑葚兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 桑葚兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 葚子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Daming | 葚子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 桑葚子, 桑葚 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 桑葚兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 桑葚兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 桑葚兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 桑葚兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 桑葚兒, 桑棗兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 桑米兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 桑葚兒, 桑杏兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 桑子兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 桑葚 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 桑葚兒, 桑子顆顆 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 桑葚子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 桑葚子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 桑子 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) | 桑杏 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 桑葚兒, 桑杏子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Bayanhot | 桑棗 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 桑葚, 桑葚兒, 桑果子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 桑子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 桑子 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 桑子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 桑果兒, 桑果, 桑泡兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 桑葚, 桑泡兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 桑泡兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 桑泡兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 桑泡兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 桑泡兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 桑泡兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 桑棗 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 桑泡兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 桑葚, 桑樹果兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 桑棗子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 桑檬, 桑葚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 桑泡 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 蠶葉果, 蠶葉可 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 桑樹泡 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 桑葚, 馬桑, 蠶泡兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 馬桑果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 馬桑, 馬桑子 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Mengzi | 馬桑 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 桑葉果 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 桑果, 桑葚 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 桑樹泡兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 桑棗兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 桑果, 桑盆 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kokang | 桑果 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 桑葉果, 桑樹果, 桑樹果兒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 桑樹果子, 桑樹棗子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 桑棗子, 小桑棗子, 桑果子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 桑樹棗子, 桑棗子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 桑樹果兒, 桑棗兒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 桑棗兒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 桑樹果子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 桑果子 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Huanggang | 桑棗兒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 桑子 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 桑棗, 桑葚 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 桑子, 桑葚, 桑棗 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) | 桑仔 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) | 桑棗 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 桑仔 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 桑仔 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 桑葚 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 桑棗 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 桑棗 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 桑棗 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 桑棗 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 桑棗 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 桑棗 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 桑棗 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 蠶蟲子 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 桑果 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 桑果 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 桑仔 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 桑仔 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 桑仔 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 桑仔 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 桑仔 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 桑棗 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 桑棗 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 桑仔 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 桑子, 桑果 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 桑子 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 蠶子 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 蠶子 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 桑棗子 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 桑子 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 桑子 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 桑仔子 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 桑葚 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 桑仔 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 桑仔 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 桑子 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 蠶樹子 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 桑仔子 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 桑仔子, 鹽酸仔 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 桑仔子 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 桑垂 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 桑仔子, 桑子, 蠶樹子 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 桑子 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 桑仔 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Daqiao) | 桑子 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 桑樹悶, 桑悶 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 桑莓莓 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 桑葚 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 桑葚兒 |
| Jin | Datong | 桑葚兒 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 桑錢 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 桑葚 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 桑葚兒 |
| Jin | Linhe | 桑棗 |
| Jin | Jining | 桑棗 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 葚子 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 桑葚兒 |
| Jin | Handan | 桑葚兒, 桑葚子 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 葚哦 |
| Jin | Suide | 桑葚 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 桑桑仔 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 桑頭子, 桑蘿子 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 桑材, 桑莓, 桑子 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 桑材 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 桑材 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 蠶垂子, 蠶箬子 |
| Southern Min | Pinghe | 蠶仔子 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 桑材仔 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 鹽桑仔, 桑材仔, 桑材 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 桑材仔 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Pingxi) | 桑垂仔 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 鹽桑仔 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Cijin) | 桑材, 鹽桑仔 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) | 桑材, 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) | 桑材, 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Tianliao) | 鹽桑仔, 桑材, 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 娘仔樹子, 鹽桑仔 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Luodong) | 娘仔樹子 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Toucheng) | 娘仔樹子 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 桑材 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 桑材, 桑垂, 鹽桑仔 |
| Southern Min | Tainan (Anping) | 鹽桑仔 |
| Southern Min | Taitung (Green Island) | 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 桑材 |
| Southern Min | Pingtung (Liuqiu) | 桑材 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 桑材 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Pengnan) | 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Xiyu) | 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Huxi) | 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Wangan) | 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Cimei) | 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Zhongtun) | 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Houliao) | 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Tongliang) | 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Jibei) | 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 桑果 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 桑垂 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 桑垂 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 桑子 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 桑子 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 桑果 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 桑子 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 桑顛 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 桑果, 桑子 |
| Wu | Wuxi | 桑子 |
| Wu | Danyang | 桑果, 桑果果 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 桑連果兒, 桑子, 桑子兒 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 桑果, 桑果果 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 桑樹棗兒, 桑棗 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 桑烏嘟, 桑葚, 桑葚烏珠 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 桑葉它它 |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | 桑棗子 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 桑葉藨 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 桑果 |
| Xiangnan Tuhua | Jiangyong | 桑樹崽 |
| Xiangnan Tuhua | Dong'an | 桑葉崽唧 |

#### Derived terms

* 桑葚胚 (sāngshènpēi)

#### See also

* 補益藥／补益药 (bǔyìyào, “TCM: tonics”)