# چغندر
## Persian
### Alternative forms

* چقندر (čoqondar, čoqondor), چکندر (čukundar, čukundur), چگندر (čugundar, čugundur), چندر (čundar, čundur)

### Etymology

Bailey derives from Proto-Iranian *čak- (“be pointed, horned”) (compare Khotanese [script needed] (cakurīka-, “wood sorrel”), Persian چکش (čakoš, “hammer”)), from Proto-Indo-European *kek-, *kenk-, *keg-, *keng- (“be pointed; hook, peg”), on which see Pokorny.
An improbable origin from Old Armenian ճակնդեղ (čakndeł) has also been suggested.
Cognate with Kurdish çewender, چەوەندەر (çewender), Gurani چۆنڎەری (čōnḓarī), Talysh чәғынде (“beet”); çəğınde, Northern Kurdish çarkindêle (“beet; carrot”) and the Iranian borrowings: Old Armenian ճակնդեղ (čakndeł, “beet”), Old Georgian ჭაკუნტელი (č̣aḳunṭeli), Chinese 莙薘／莙荙 (jūndá, “chard”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Persian) IPA: [t͡ʃu.ɣun.ˈduɾ], [t͡ʃu.ɣun.ˈdaɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [t͡ʃʰʊ.ɣʊn̪.d̪ʊ́ɾ], [t͡ʃʰʊ.ɣʊn̪.d̪ǽɾ]
* (Dari, formal) IPA: [t͡ʃʰʊ.ɣʊn̪.d̪ʊ́ɾ], [t͡ʃʰʊ.ɣʊn̪.d̪ǽɾ]
** (Kabuli) IPA: [t͡ʃʰʊ.ɣʊn̪.d̪ʊ́ɾ], [t͡ʃʰʊ.ɣʊn̪.d̪ǽɾ]
** (Hazaragi) IPA: [t͡ʃʰu.ɣun̪.d̪úɾ], [t͡ʃʰu.ɣun̪.d̪ǽɾ]
* (Iran, formal) IPA: [t͡ʃʰo.ɢon̪.d̪ǽɹ], [t͡ʃʰo.ɢon̪.d̪úːɹ]
* (Tajik, formal) IPA: [t͡ʃʰu.ʁun̪.d̪úɾ], [t͡ʃʰu.ʁun̪.d̪ǽɾ]

### Noun

چغندر • (classical čuğundar, čuğundur, iranian čoğondar, čoğondur)
* beet

#### Descendants

* → Pashto: چغندر (čuğundar)
* → Azerbaijani: çuğundur
* → Gujarati: ચુકનદાર (cukandār)
* → Ottoman Turkish: چوكندر (çükündür, çökündür, çügündür, çükündur, çükundur)
** Turkish: çükündür, çökündür
** → Bulgarian: чукунду́р (čukundúr)
** → Ladino: chukundur
** → Middle Armenian: չքնտուր (čʻkʻntur)
** → Serbo-Croatian: (Syrmia, obsolete)
    Cyrillic script: чуку̀ндрук
    Latin script: čukùndruk
* → Bashkir: сөгөлдөр (sögöldör)
* → Chuvash: чĕкĕнтĕр (čĕkĕntĕr)
* → Turkmen: şugundyr
* → Tatar: чөгендер (çögender)
* → Karachay-Balkar: чюгюндюр (çügündür)
* → Hindi: चुक़न्दर (cuqandar), चुकंदर (cukandar)
* → Urdu: چقندر (cuqandar)
* → Lezgi: чугъундур (čuġundur)

### References

* ↑ Bailey, H. W. (1979) Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 97
* ↑ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 537–538

### Further reading

* Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1977) “ճակն”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume III, Yerevan: University Press, pages 176–177
* Cabolov, R. L. (2001) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ kurdskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Kurdish Language] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Russian Academy Press Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 225, 230
* Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “چغندر”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press
* Doerfer, Gerhard (1967) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 20)‎ (in German), volume III, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, pages 75, 76
* Hübschmann, Heinrich (1897) Armenische Grammatik. 1. Theil: Armenische Etymologie (in German), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, page 186
* Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “چغندر”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul