# 憚

| 憚 | U+619A, &#24986; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-619A |
| ← 憙 [U+6199] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 憛 → [U+619B] |

## Translingual

| Japanese | 惮 |
| Simplified | 惮 |
| Traditional | 憚 |

### Han character

憚 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+12, 15 strokes, cangjie input 心口口十 (PRRJ), four-corner 9605$_6$, composition ⿰忄單)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 403, character 1
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11222
* Dae Jaweon: page 743, character 6
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2354, character 8
* Unihan data for U+619A

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 憚 :
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 嚲 | *taːlʔ |
| 癉 | *taːlʔ, *taːls, *taːn, *daːn |
| 奲 | *taːlʔ, *tʰjaːlʔ |
| 驒 | *daːl, *daːn, *teːn |
| 鼉 | *daːl |
| 磾 | *teːl |
| 鷤 | *deːl, *deːls, *daːn |
| 觶 | *tjal, *tjals |
| 單 | *taːn, *djan, *djanʔ, *djans |
| 鄲 | *taːn |
| 殫 | *taːn |
| 簞 | *taːn |
| 匰 | *taːn |
| 襌 | *taːn |
| 彈 | *daːn, *daːns |
| 貚 | *daːn, *deːn |
| 撣 | *daːn, *daːnʔ, *daːns, *djan, *taːnʔ |
| 潬 | *daːnʔ |
| 僤 | *daːnʔ, *daːns, *djan |
| 憚 | *daːns |
| 樿 | *tjanʔ |
| 燀 | *tjanʔ, *tʰjan, *tʰjanʔ |
| 戰 | *tjans |
| 闡 | *tʰjanʔ |
| 繟 | *tʰjanʔ |
| 幝 | *tʰjanʔ |
| 嘽 | *tʰaːn, *tʰjanʔ |
| 灛 | *tʰjanʔ |
| 蟬 | *djan |
| 禪 | *djan, *djans |
| 嬋 | *djan |
| 墠 | *djanʔ |
| 鱓 | *djanʔ |
| 蕇 | *teːnʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *daːns) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 單 (OC *taːn, *djan, *djanʔ, *djans).

### Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dar ~ d(u/i)r (“to shiver, to tremble”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): dàn (dan$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄢˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): daan$^6$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tōaⁿ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: dàn
*** Zhuyin: ㄉㄢˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: dàn
*** Wade–Giles: tan$^4$
*** Yale: dàn
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dann
*** Palladius: дань (danʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /tän⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: daan$^6$
*** Yale: daahn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: daan$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: dan$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /taːn²²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tōaⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: tuānn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: dvoa
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tuã²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tuã⁴¹/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tuã²²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tuã³³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tuã³³/
* Middle Chinese: danH
Rime :
| Character | 憚 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 寒 (61) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 徒案切 |
| Baxter | danH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /dɑn$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /dɑn$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /dɑn$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /dan$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /dɑn$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /dɑn$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /dʱɑn$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | dàn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | daan$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*daːns/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 憚 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 2012 |
| Phonetic component | 單 |
| Rime group | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 憚 |
| Old Chinese | /*daːns/ |

### Definitions

憚
* (literary) to fear
    From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Wǒxīn dàn shǔ, yōuxīn rú xūn. [Pinyin]
    My heart is terrified with the heat; - my sorrowing heart is as if on fire.
    From: 1926, Lu Xun, “In Memory of Miss Liu Hezhen”
    Wǒ xiànglái shì bù dàn yǐ zuì huài de èyì, lái tuīcè zhōngguórén de. [Pinyin]
    All along, I do not fear to think the worst of Chinese people.

### Compounds

* 不憚／不惮 (bùdàn)
* 不憚其煩／不惮其烦
* 不憚強禦／不惮强御
* 不憚煩／不惮烦
* 全無忌憚／全无忌惮
* 動憚／动惮
* 忌憚／忌惮 (jìdàn)
* 憚勞／惮劳
* 憚服／惮服
* 憚煩／惮烦 (dànfán)
* 憚赫／惮赫
* 毫無忌憚／毫无忌惮
* 無所忌憚／无所忌惮
* 無所顧憚／无所顾惮
* 益無忌憚／益无忌惮
* 肆無忌憚／肆无忌惮 (sìwújìdàn)
* 貧憚／贫惮 (pîn-tōaⁿ) (Min Nan)
* 過勿憚改／过勿惮改

## Japanese

| Shinjitai (extended) | 惮 |
| Kyūjitai | 憚 |

### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 惮)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: だん (dan)
* Kan-on: たん (tan)
* On: た (ta)
* Kun: はばかる (habakaru, 憚る)、はばかり (habakari, 憚り)

## Korean
### Hanja

憚 • (tan) (hangeul 탄)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

憚: Hán Nôm readings: dạn, đạn, đặn
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.