# ひかえる
## Japanese

* Alternative spellings
* 控える 扣える

### Etymology

From Old Japanese 控ふ (hikapu), in the 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern.
Also conjugated as 控ゆ (hikayu), following 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”), since the Muromachi period. Derived as a compound of the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) of 引く (hiku, “to pull”) + ふ (-fu, repetitious suffix), with the 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern. Compare 抑える (osaeru, “to hold back”), from 押す (osu, “to push”), and 伝える (tsutaeru, “to communicate”), from earlier 伝つ (tutu, “to communicate”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ひかえる [hìkáéꜜrù] (Nakadaka –)
* (Tokyo) ひかえる [hìkáꜜèrù] (Nakadaka – [2])
* IPA: [çi̥ka̠e̞ɾɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「控える」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 控える | ひかえる | [hìkáéꜜrù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 控えろ | ひかえろ | [hìkáéꜜrò] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 控えられる | ひかえられる | [hìkáéráréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 控えさせる | ひかえさせる | [hìkáésáséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 控えられる | ひかえられる | [hìkáéráréꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 控えよう | ひかえよー | [hìkáéyóꜜò] |
| Negative | 控えない | ひかえない | [hìkáéꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 控えなかった | ひかえなかった | [hìkáéꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 控えます | ひかえます | [hìkáémáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 控えた | ひかえた | [hìkáꜜètà] |
| Conjunctive | 控えて | ひかえて | [hìkáꜜètè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 控えれば | ひかえれば | [hìkáéꜜrèbà] |

### Verb

ひかえる • (hikaeru) transitive or intransitive ichidan (stem ひかえ (hikae), past ひかえた (hikaeta))
* (intransitive) wait nearby
* (intransitive) be nearby, be at hand
* (transitive) deal with, face, contend with
    出(しゅっ)産(さん)をひかえた婦(ふ)人(じん)
       shussan o hikaeta fujin
       women facing childbirth
* (transitive) refrain, restrain (oneself or oneself’s actions)
    Synonym: 遠慮する (enryo suru)
    手(て)拍(びょう)子(し)は控(ひか)えてください
       tebyōshi wa hikaete kudasai
       please do not clap to the beat
* (transitive) cut back
* (transitive) jot down
    Synonym: メモする (memo suru)

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | ひかえ | hikae |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | ひかえ | hikae |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | ひかえる | hikaeru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | ひかえる | hikaeru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | ひかえれ | hikaere |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | ひかえよ¹ ひかえろ² | hikaeyo¹ hikaero² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | ひかえられる | hikaerareru |
| Causative | ひかえさせる ひかえさす | hikaesaseru hikaesasu |
| Potential | ひかえられる ひかえれる³ | hikaerareru hikaereru³ |
| Volitional | ひかえよう | hikaeyō |
| Negative | ひかえない ひかえぬ ひかえん | hikaenai hikaenu hikaen |
| Negative continuative | ひかえず | hikaezu |
| Formal | ひかえます | hikaemasu |
| Perfective | ひかえた | hikaeta |
| Conjunctive | ひかえて | hikaete |
| Hypothetical conditional | ひかえれば | hikaereba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential ||||

#### Derived terms

* 控(ひか)え室(しつ) (hikaeshitsu, “waiting room”)

### References

* ↑ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
* ↑ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* ↑ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN