# esaba
## Zulu
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

### Verb

-esába
* (transitive) to fear, to be afraid/scared of
* (intransitive) to be afraid/scared/frightened
* (transitive) to respect, to have respect for

#### Inflection

Tone H :
| Infinitive | ukwesaba |
| | Positive | Negative |
| Infinitive | ukwesaba | ukungesabi |
| | Imperative | Imperative |
| | Simple | + object concord |
| Singular | yesaba | -esabe |
| Plural | yesabani | -esabeni |
| | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyesaba, ngesaba | engesabayo, engesaba | ngesaba | angesabi | engingesabi | ngingesabi |
| 2nd singular | uyesaba, wesaba | owesabayo, owesaba | wesaba | awesabi | ongesabi | ungesabi |
| 1st plural | siyesaba, sesaba | esesabayo, esesaba | sesaba | asesabi | esingesabi | singesabi |
| 2nd plural | niyesaba, nesaba | enesabayo, enesaba | nesaba | anesabi | eningesabi | ningesabi |
| Class 1 | uyesaba, wesaba | owesabayo, owesaba | esaba | akesabi | ongesabi | engesabi |
| Class 2 | bayesaba, besaba | abesabayo, abesaba | besaba | abesabi | abangesabi | bengesabi |
| Class 3 | uyesaba, wesaba | owesabayo, owesaba | wesaba | awesabi | ongesabi | ungesabi |
| Class 4 | iyesaba, yesaba | eyesabayo, eyesaba | yesaba | ayesabi | engesabi | ingesabi |
| Class 5 | liyesaba, lesaba | elesabayo, elesaba | lesaba | alesabi | elingesabi | lingesabi |
| Class 6 | ayesaba, esaba | esabayo, esaba | esaba | awesabi | angesabi | engesabi |
| Class 7 | siyesaba, sesaba | esesabayo, esesaba | sesaba | asesabi | esingesabi | singesabi |
| Class 8 | ziyesaba, zesaba | ezesabayo, ezesaba | zesaba | azesabi | ezingesabi | zingesabi |
| Class 9 | iyesaba, yesaba | eyesabayo, eyesaba | yesaba | ayesabi | engesabi | ingesabi |
| Class 10 | ziyesaba, zesaba | ezesabayo, ezesaba | zesaba | azesabi | ezingesabi | zingesabi |
| Class 11 | luyesaba, lwesaba | olwesabayo, olwesaba | lwesaba | alwesabi | olungesabi | lungesabi |
| Class 14 | buyesaba, besaba | obesabayo, obesaba | besaba | abesabi | obungesabi | bungesabi |
| Class 15 | kuyesaba, kwesaba | okwesabayo, okwesaba | kwesaba | akwesabi | okungesabi | kungesabi |
| Class 17 | kuyesaba, kwesaba | okwesabayo, okwesaba | kwesaba | akwesabi | okungesabi | kungesabi |
| | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past | Recent past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngesabile, ngesabē | engesabile, engesabē | ngesabile, ngesabē | angesabanga | engingesabanga | ngingesabanga |
| 2nd singular | wesabile, wesabē | owesabile, owesabē | wesabile, wesabē | awesabanga | ongesabanga | ungesabanga |
| 1st plural | sesabile, sesabē | esesabile, esesabē | sesabile, sesabē | asesabanga | esingesabanga | singesabanga |
| 2nd plural | nesabile, nesabē | enesabile, enesabē | nesabile, nesabē | anesabanga | eningesabanga | ningesabanga |
| Class 1 | wesabile, wesabē | owesabile, owesabē | esabile, esabē | akesabanga | ongesabanga | engesabanga |
| Class 2 | besabile, besabē | abesabile, abesabē | besabile, besabē | abesabanga | abangesabanga | bengesabanga |
| Class 3 | wesabile, wesabē | owesabile, owesabē | wesabile, wesabē | awesabanga | ongesabanga | ungesabanga |
| Class 4 | yesabile, yesabē | eyesabile, eyesabē | yesabile, yesabē | ayesabanga | engesabanga | ingesabanga |
| Class 5 | lesabile, lesabē | elesabile, elesabē | lesabile, lesabē | alesabanga | elingesabanga | lingesabanga |
| Class 6 | esabile, esabē | esabile, esabē | esabile, esabē | awesabanga | angesabanga | engesabanga |
| Class 7 | sesabile, sesabē | esesabile, esesabē | sesabile, sesabē | asesabanga | esingesabanga | singesabanga |
| Class 8 | zesabile, zesabē | ezesabile, ezesabē | zesabile, zesabē | azesabanga | ezingesabanga | zingesabanga |
| Class 9 | yesabile, yesabē | eyesabile, eyesabē | yesabile, yesabē | ayesabanga | engesabanga | ingesabanga |
| Class 10 | zesabile, zesabē | ezesabile, ezesabē | zesabile, zesabē | azesabanga | ezingesabanga | zingesabanga |
| Class 11 | lwesabile, lwesabē | olwesabile, olwesabē | lwesabile, lwesabē | alwesabanga | olungesabanga | lungesabanga |
| Class 14 | besabile, besabē | obesabile, obesabē | besabile, besabē | abesabanga | obungesabanga | bungesabanga |
| Class 15 | kwesabile, kwesabē | okwesabile, okwesabē | kwesabile, kwesabē | akwesabanga | okungesabanga | kungesabanga |
| Class 17 | kwesabile, kwesabē | okwesabile, okwesabē | kwesabile, kwesabē | akwesabanga | okungesabanga | kungesabanga |
| | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past | Remote past |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngēsaba | engēsaba | ngēsaba | angesabanga | engingesabanga | ngingesabanga |
| 2nd singular | wēsaba | owēsaba | wēsaba | awesabanga | ongesabanga | ungesabanga |
| 1st plural | sēsaba | esēsaba | sēsaba | asesabanga | esingesabanga | singesabanga |
| 2nd plural | nēsaba | enēsaba | nēsaba | anesabanga | eningesabanga | ningesabanga |
| Class 1 | wēsaba | owēsaba | ēsaba | akesabanga | ongesabanga | engesabanga |
| Class 2 | bēsaba | abēsaba | bēsaba | abesabanga | abangesabanga | bengesabanga |
| Class 3 | wēsaba | owēsaba | wēsaba | awesabanga | ongesabanga | ungesabanga |
| Class 4 | yēsaba | eyēsaba | yēsaba | ayesabanga | engesabanga | ingesabanga |
| Class 5 | lēsaba | elēsaba | lēsaba | alesabanga | elingesabanga | lingesabanga |
| Class 6 | ēsaba | ēsaba | ēsaba | awesabanga | angesabanga | engesabanga |
| Class 7 | sēsaba | esēsaba | sēsaba | asesabanga | esingesabanga | singesabanga |
| Class 8 | zēsaba | ezēsaba | zēsaba | azesabanga | ezingesabanga | zingesabanga |
| Class 9 | yēsaba | eyēsaba | yēsaba | ayesabanga | engesabanga | ingesabanga |
| Class 10 | zēsaba | ezēsaba | zēsaba | azesabanga | ezingesabanga | zingesabanga |
| Class 11 | lwēsaba | olwēsaba | lwēsaba | alwesabanga | olungesabanga | lungesabanga |
| Class 14 | bēsaba | obēsaba | bēsaba | abesabanga | obungesabanga | bungesabanga |
| Class 15 | kwēsaba | okwēsaba | kwēsaba | akwesabanga | okungesabanga | kungesabanga |
| Class 17 | kwēsaba | okwēsaba | kwēsaba | akwesabanga | okungesabanga | kungesabanga |
| | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential | Potential |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngingesaba | — | ngingesaba | ngingesabe | — | ngingesabe |
| 2nd singular | ungesaba | — | ungesaba | ungesabe | — | ungesabe |
| 1st plural | singesaba | — | singesaba | singesabe | — | singesabe |
| 2nd plural | ningesaba | — | ningesaba | ningesabe | — | ningesabe |
| Class 1 | angesaba | — | engesaba | angesabe | — | engesabe |
| Class 2 | bangesaba | — | bengesaba | bangesabe | — | bengesabe |
| Class 3 | ungesaba | — | ungesaba | ungesabe | — | ungesabe |
| Class 4 | ingesaba | — | ingesaba | ingesabe | — | ingesabe |
| Class 5 | lingesaba | — | lingesaba | lingesabe | — | lingesabe |
| Class 6 | angesaba | — | engesaba | angesabe | — | engesabe |
| Class 7 | singesaba | — | singesaba | singesabe | — | singesabe |
| Class 8 | zingesaba | — | zingesaba | zingesabe | — | zingesabe |
| Class 9 | ingesaba | — | ingesaba | ingesabe | — | ingesabe |
| Class 10 | zingesaba | — | zingesaba | zingesabe | — | zingesabe |
| Class 11 | lungesaba | — | lungesaba | lungesabe | — | lungesabe |
| Class 14 | bungesaba | — | bungesaba | bungesabe | — | bungesabe |
| Class 15 | kungesaba | — | kungesaba | kungesabe | — | kungesabe |
| Class 17 | kungesaba | — | kungesaba | kungesabe | — | kungesabe |
| | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future | Immediate future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngizokwesaba | engizokwesaba | ngizokwesaba | angizukwesaba | engingezukwesaba | ngingezukwesaba |
| 2nd singular | uzokwesaba | ozokwesaba | uzokwesaba | awuzukwesaba | ongezukwesaba | ungezukwesaba |
| 1st plural | sizokwesaba | esizokwesaba | sizokwesaba | asizukwesaba | esingezukwesaba | singezukwesaba |
| 2nd plural | nizokwesaba | enizokwesaba | nizokwesaba | anizukwesaba | eningezukwesaba | ningezukwesaba |
| Class 1 | uzokwesaba | ozokwesaba | ezokwesaba | akazukwesaba | ongezukwesaba | engezukwesaba |
| Class 2 | bazokwesaba | abazokwesaba | bezokwesaba | abazukwesaba | abangezukwesaba | bengezukwesaba |
| Class 3 | uzokwesaba | ozokwesaba | uzokwesaba | awuzukwesaba | ongezukwesaba | ungezukwesaba |
| Class 4 | izokwesaba | ezokwesaba | izokwesaba | ayizukwesaba | engezukwesaba | ingezukwesaba |
| Class 5 | lizokwesaba | elizokwesaba | lizokwesaba | alizukwesaba | elingezukwesaba | lingezukwesaba |
| Class 6 | azokwesaba | azokwesaba | ezokwesaba | awazukwesaba | angezukwesaba | engezukwesaba |
| Class 7 | sizokwesaba | esizokwesaba | sizokwesaba | asizukwesaba | esingezukwesaba | singezukwesaba |
| Class 8 | zizokwesaba | ezizokwesaba | zizokwesaba | azizukwesaba | ezingezukwesaba | zingezukwesaba |
| Class 9 | izokwesaba | ezokwesaba | izokwesaba | ayizukwesaba | engezukwesaba | ingezukwesaba |
| Class 10 | zizokwesaba | ezizokwesaba | zizokwesaba | azizukwesaba | ezingezukwesaba | zingezukwesaba |
| Class 11 | luzokwesaba | oluzokwesaba | luzokwesaba | aluzukwesaba | olungezukwesaba | lungezukwesaba |
| Class 14 | buzokwesaba | obuzokwesaba | buzokwesaba | abuzukwesaba | obungezukwesaba | bungezukwesaba |
| Class 15 | kuzokwesaba | okuzokwesaba | kuzokwesaba | akuzukwesaba | okungezukwesaba | kungezukwesaba |
| Class 17 | kuzokwesaba | okuzokwesaba | kuzokwesaba | akuzukwesaba | okungezukwesaba | kungezukwesaba |
| | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future | Remote future |
| | Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial |
| 1st singular | ngiyokwesaba | engiyokwesaba | ngiyokwesaba | angiyukwesaba | engingeyukwesaba | ngingeyukwesaba |
| 2nd singular | uyokwesaba | oyokwesaba | uyokwesaba | awuyukwesaba | ongeyukwesaba | ungeyukwesaba |
| 1st plural | siyokwesaba | esiyokwesaba | siyokwesaba | asiyukwesaba | esingeyukwesaba | singeyukwesaba |
| 2nd plural | niyokwesaba | eniyokwesaba | niyokwesaba | aniyukwesaba | eningeyukwesaba | ningeyukwesaba |
| Class 1 | uyokwesaba | oyokwesaba | eyokwesaba | akayukwesaba | ongeyukwesaba | engeyukwesaba |
| Class 2 | bayokwesaba | abayokwesaba | beyokwesaba | abayukwesaba | abangeyukwesaba | bengeyukwesaba |
| Class 3 | uyokwesaba | oyokwesaba | uyokwesaba | awuyukwesaba | ongeyukwesaba | ungeyukwesaba |
| Class 4 | iyokwesaba | eyokwesaba | iyokwesaba | ayiyukwesaba | engeyukwesaba | ingeyukwesaba |
| Class 5 | liyokwesaba | eliyokwesaba | liyokwesaba | aliyukwesaba | elingeyukwesaba | lingeyukwesaba |
| Class 6 | ayokwesaba | ayokwesaba | eyokwesaba | awayukwesaba | angeyukwesaba | engeyukwesaba |
| Class 7 | siyokwesaba | esiyokwesaba | siyokwesaba | asiyukwesaba | esingeyukwesaba | singeyukwesaba |
| Class 8 | ziyokwesaba | eziyokwesaba | ziyokwesaba | aziyukwesaba | ezingeyukwesaba | zingeyukwesaba |
| Class 9 | iyokwesaba | eyokwesaba | iyokwesaba | ayiyukwesaba | engeyukwesaba | ingeyukwesaba |
| Class 10 | ziyokwesaba | eziyokwesaba | ziyokwesaba | aziyukwesaba | ezingeyukwesaba | zingeyukwesaba |
| Class 11 | luyokwesaba | oluyokwesaba | luyokwesaba | aluyukwesaba | olungeyukwesaba | lungeyukwesaba |
| Class 14 | buyokwesaba | obuyokwesaba | buyokwesaba | abuyukwesaba | obungeyukwesaba | bungeyukwesaba |
| Class 15 | kuyokwesaba | okuyokwesaba | kuyokwesaba | akuyukwesaba | okungeyukwesaba | kungeyukwesaba |
| Class 17 | kuyokwesaba | okuyokwesaba | kuyokwesaba | akuyukwesaba | okungeyukwesaba | kungeyukwesaba |
| | Present subjunctive | Present subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngesabe | ngingesabi |
| 2nd singular | wesabe | ungesabi |
| 1st plural | sesabe | singesabi |
| 2nd plural | nesabe | ningesabi |
| Class 1 | esabe | angesabi |
| Class 2 | besabe | bangesabi |
| Class 3 | wesabe | ungesabi |
| Class 4 | yesabe | ingesabi |
| Class 5 | lesabe | lingesabi |
| Class 6 | esabe | angesabi |
| Class 7 | sesabe | singesabi |
| Class 8 | zesabe | zingesabi |
| Class 9 | yesabe | ingesabi |
| Class 10 | zesabe | zingesabi |
| Class 11 | lwesabe | lungesabi |
| Class 14 | besabe | bungesabi |
| Class 15 | kwesabe | kungesabi |
| Class 17 | kwesabe | kungesabi |
| | Past subjunctive | Past subjunctive |
| | Positive | Negative |
| 1st singular | ngesaba | ngangesaba, angesaba, angangesaba |
| 2nd singular | wesaba | wangesaba, awesaba, awangesaba |
| 1st plural | sesaba | sangesaba, asesaba, asangesaba |
| 2nd plural | nesaba | nangesaba, anesaba, anangesaba |
| Class 1 | wesaba | wangesaba, akesaba, akangesaba |
| Class 2 | besaba | bangesaba, abesaba, abangesaba |
| Class 3 | wesaba | wangesaba, awesaba, awangesaba |
| Class 4 | yesaba | yangesaba, ayesaba, ayangesaba |
| Class 5 | lesaba | langesaba, alesaba, alangesaba |
| Class 6 | esaba | angesaba, awesaba, awangesaba |
| Class 7 | sesaba | sangesaba, asesaba, asangesaba |
| Class 8 | zesaba | zangesaba, azesaba, azangesaba |
| Class 9 | yesaba | yangesaba, ayesaba, ayangesaba |
| Class 10 | zesaba | zangesaba, azesaba, azangesaba |
| Class 11 | lwesaba | lwangesaba, alwesaba, alwangesaba |
| Class 14 | besaba | bangesaba, abesaba, abangesaba |
| Class 15 | kwesaba | kwangesaba, akwesaba, akwangesaba |
| Class 17 | kwesaba | kwangesaba, akwesaba, akwangesaba |

#### Alternative forms

* -saba

### References

* C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “esaɓa”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “esaɓa (3.2.9)”