# 元年
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yuánnián
    (Zhuyin): ㄩㄢˊ ㄋㄧㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jyun$^4$ nin$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): goân-nî
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yuánnián
*** Zhuyin: ㄩㄢˊ ㄋㄧㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yuánnián
*** Wade–Giles: yüan$^2$-nien$^2$
*** Yale: ywán-nyán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yuannian
*** Palladius: юаньнянь (juanʹnjanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ɥɛn³⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jyun$^4$ nin$^4$
*** Yale: yùhn nìhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jyn$^4$ nin$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yun$^4$ nin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jyːn²¹ niːn²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: goân-nî
*** Tâi-lô: guân-nî
*** Phofsit Daibuun: goannii
*** IPA (Xiamen): /ɡuan²⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡuan²⁴⁻²² nĩ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡuan¹³⁻²² nĩ¹³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /ɡuan²⁴⁻¹¹ nĩ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡuan²³⁻³³ nĩ²³/
* Middle Chinese: ngjwon nen
Rime :
| Character | 元 | 年 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) | 泥 (8) |
| Final (韻) | 元 (66) | 先 (85) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | III | IV |
| Fanqie | 愚袁切 | 奴顚切 |
| Baxter | ngjwon | nen |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ŋʉɐn/ | /nen/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ŋʷiɐn/ | /nen/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ŋiuɐn/ | /nɛn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ŋuan/ | /nɛn/ |
| Li Rong | /ŋiuɐn/ | /nen/ |
| Wang Li | /ŋĭwɐn/ | /nien/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ŋi̯wɐn/ | /nien/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yuán | nián |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jyun$^4$ | nin$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ]o[r] C.nˤi[ŋ]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋon niːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 元 | 年 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yuán | nián |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ ngjwon › | ‹ nen › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ŋ]o[r]/ (< nasal + uvular) | /*C.nˁi[ŋ]/ |
| English | head; first | harvest; year |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 元 | 年 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 16145 | 9482 |
| Phonetic component | 元 | 秊 |
| Rime group | 元 | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision | 3 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 元 | |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋon/ | /*niːŋ/ |
| Notes | | 同秊 |

### Noun

元年
* (historical) first year of an imperial reign
* (calendar) first year (of any period)

#### Synonyms

* (first year of an imperial reign): (literary) 始年 (shǐnián)
* (first year of any period): (literary) 始年 (shǐnián)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 元 | 年 |
| がん Grade: 2 | ねん Grade: 1 |
| kan'yōon | goon |

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) がんねん [gáꜜǹnèǹ] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [ɡã̠nːẽ̞ɴ]

### Noun

元(がん)年(ねん) • (gannen)
* (monarchy) the first year of a calendar era, especially an East Asian imperial reign
    紀(き)元(げん)元(がん)年(ねん)
       Kigen gannen
       1 CE
    洪(こう)武(ぶ)元(がん)年(ねん)
       Kōbu gannen
       Hongwu 1 (1368)
    平(へい)成(せい)元(がん)年(ねん)
       Heisei gannen
       Heisei 1 (1989)
    令(れい)和(わ)元(がん)年(ねん)
       Reiwa gannen
       Reiwa 1 (2019)
    光(こう)武(ぶ)元(がん)年(ねん)
       Kōbu gannen
       Gwangmu 1 (1897)
    嘉(か)隆(りゅう)元(がん)年(ねん)
       Karyū gannen
       Gia Long 1 (1802)

#### Usage notes

The first year of an imperial era is strictly 元年, not *一年. Later years are simply 二年 (“2”), 三年 (“3”), etc.

### References

* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN