# 呻吟
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shēnyín
    (Zhuyin): ㄕㄣ ㄧㄣˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): san$^1$ jam$^4$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): sin-gîm
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shēnyín
*** Zhuyin: ㄕㄣ ㄧㄣˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shenyín
*** Wade–Giles: shên$^1$-yin$^2$
*** Yale: shēn-yín
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shenyn
*** Palladius: шэньинь (šɛnʹinʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂən⁵⁵ in³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: san$^1$ jam$^4$
*** Yale: sān yàhm
*** Cantonese Pinyin: san$^1$ jam$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: sen$^1$ yem$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /sɐn⁵⁵ jɐm²¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sin-gîm
*** Tâi-lô: sin-gîm
*** Phofsit Daibuun: sin'giim
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /sin⁴⁴⁻²² ɡim¹³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /sin³³ ɡim²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /sin⁴⁴⁻²² ɡim²⁴/
* Middle Chinese: syin ngim
Rime :
| Character | 呻 | 吟 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 書 (26) | 疑 (31) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (43) | 侵 (140) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 失人切 | 魚金切 |
| Baxter | syin | ngim |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɕiɪn/ | /ŋˠiɪm/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɕin/ | /ŋᵚim/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɕjen/ | /ŋiem/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɕin/ | /ŋjim/ |
| Li Rong | /ɕiĕn/ | /ŋjəm/ |
| Wang Li | /ɕĭĕn/ | /ŋĭĕm/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ɕi̯ĕn/ | /ŋi̯əm/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shēn | yín |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | san$^1$ | ngam$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*l̥i[n] m-qʰ(r)[ə]m/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hlin ŋɡrɯm/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 呻 | 吟 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shēn | yín |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ syin › | ‹ ngim › |
| Old Chinese | /*l̥i[n]/ | /*m-qʰ(r)[ə]m/ |
| English | chant, drone | chant, intone |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 呻 | 吟 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 |
| No. | 11237 | 6618 |
| Phonetic component | 申 | 今 |
| Rime group | 眞 | 侵 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 申 | 吟 |
| Old Chinese | /*hlin/ | /*ŋɡrɯm/ |

### Verb

呻吟
* to moan; to groan
    發出痛苦的呻吟／发出痛苦的呻吟 ― fāchū tòngkǔ de shēnyín ― to moan in pain
* (literary) to read aloud; to chant

#### Synonyms

* (to moan): (Hokkien) 哼哼呻, 哼哼叫
* (to read aloud):
* 低吟 (dīyín)
* 吟唱 (yínchàng)
* 吟詠／吟咏 (yínyǒng)
* 吟誦／吟诵 (yínsòng)
* 哦 (é) (literary)
* 唱誦／唱诵 (chàngsòng)
* 嘆／叹 (tàn) (literary, or in compounds)
* 詠嘆／咏叹 (yǒngtàn)
* 誦讀／诵读 (sòngdú)

#### Derived terms

* 無病呻吟／无病呻吟 (wúbìngshēnyín)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 呻吟(しんぎん) (shingin)
* → Korean: 신음(呻吟) (sineum)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 呻 | 吟 |
| しん Hyōgai | ぎん Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) しんぎん [shìńgíń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ɕĩŋʲɡʲĩɴ]

### Noun

呻(しん)吟(ぎん) • (shingin)
* moaning; groaning

### Verb

呻(しん)吟(ぎん)する • (shingin suru) suru (stem 呻(しん)吟(ぎん)し (shingin shi), past 呻(しん)吟(ぎん)した (shingin shita))
* to moan; to groan

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 呻吟し | しんぎんし | shingin shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 呻吟し | しんぎんし | shingin shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 呻吟する | しんぎんする | shingin suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 呻吟する | しんぎんする | shingin suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 呻吟すれ | しんぎんすれ | shingin sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 呻吟せよ¹ 呻吟しろ² | しんぎんせよ¹ しんぎんしろ² | shingin seyo¹ shingin shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 呻吟される | しんぎんされる | shingin sareru |
| Causative | 呻吟させる 呻吟さす | しんぎんさせる しんぎんさす | shingin saseru shingin sasu |
| Potential | 呻吟できる | しんぎんできる | shingin dekiru |
| Volitional | 呻吟しよう | しんぎんしよう | shingin shiyō |
| Negative | 呻吟しない | しんぎんしない | shingin shinai |
| Negative continuative | 呻吟せず | しんぎんせず | shingin sezu |
| Formal | 呻吟します | しんぎんします | shingin shimasu |
| Perfective | 呻吟した | しんぎんした | shingin shita |
| Conjunctive | 呻吟して | しんぎんして | shingin shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 呻吟すれば | しんぎんすれば | shingin sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 呻 | 吟 |

### Noun

呻吟 • (sineum) (hangeul 신음)
* hanja form of 신음 (“moan; groan”)