# 油然
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yóurán
    (Zhuyin): ㄧㄡˊ ㄖㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jau$^4$ jin$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yù-yèn / yù-yàn
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: yóurán
*** Zhuyin: ㄧㄡˊ ㄖㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: yóurán
*** Wade–Giles: yu$^2$-jan$^2$
*** Yale: yóu-rán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: youran
*** Palladius: южань (južanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /joʊ̯³⁵ ʐän³⁵/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$油然 猶然／犹然
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jau$^4$ jin$^4$
*** Yale: yàuh yìhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jau$^4$ jin$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yeo$^4$ yin$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐu̯²¹ jiːn²¹/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$柔然 油然 蚰蜒
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yù-yèn
*** Hakka Romanization System: iu$^ˇ$ ien$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yiu$^2$ yan$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /i̯u¹¹ i̯en¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yù-yàn
*** Hakka Romanization System: (r)iu$^ˇ$ (r)ian$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: yiu$^2$ yan$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯u¹¹ (j)i̯an¹¹/
* Middle Chinese: yuw|yuwH nyen
Rime :
| Character | 油 | 油 | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) | 以 (36) | 日 (38) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) | 尤 (136) | 仙 (77) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III | III |
| Fanqie | 以周切 | 余救切 | 如延切 |
| Baxter | yuw | yuwH | nyen |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /jɨu/ | /jɨu$^H$/ | /ȵiᴇn/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /jiu/ | /jiu$^H$/ | /ȵiɛn/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /iəu/ | /iəu$^H$/ | /ȵʑjæn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /juw/ | /juw$^H$/ | /ȵian/ |
| Li Rong | /iu/ | /iu$^H$/ | /ȵiɛn/ |
| Wang Li | /jĭəu/ | /jĭəu$^H$/ | /ȵʑĭɛn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /i̯ə̯u/ | /i̯ə̯u$^H$/ | /ȵʑi̯ɛn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | yóu | yòu | rán |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jau$^4$ | jau$^6$ | jin$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[l][u] [n]a[n]/
    (Zhengzhang): /*lɯw|lɯwɢs njen/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 油 | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yóu | rán |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ yuw › | ‹ nyen › |
| Old Chinese | /*[l][u]/ | /*[n]a[n]/ |
| English | flow(ing) | so, thus; (adv suffix) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 油 | 油 | 然 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 15525 | 15534 | 10756 |
| Phonetic component | 由 | 由 | 肰 |
| Rime group | 幽 | 奧 | 元 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 猷 | 狖 | 然 |
| Old Chinese | /*lɯw/ | /*lɯwɢs/ | /*njen/ |
| Notes | 象柚實，爲柚初文；柚爲條，由枿亦稱木生條， 同音相借 | | |

### Adjective

油然
* (literary) rising densely
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Tiān yóurán zuò yún, pèirán xiàyǔ, zé miáo bórán xìng zhī yǐ. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* (literary) welling up spontaneously
    油然而生 ― yóurán'érshēng ― to arise spontaneously
    From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
    Hūnrán ruò wáng ér cún, yóurán bù xíng ér shén. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Derived terms

* 油然而生 (yóurán'érshēng)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 油(ゆう)然(ぜん) (yūzen); 油(ゆ)然(ぜん) (yuzen)