# 人類
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): rénlèi
    (Zhuyin): ㄖㄣˊ ㄌㄟˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jan$^4$ leoi$^6$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngìn-lui
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngin$^2$ lui$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): ìng-lôi
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): jîn-lūi / lîn-lūi
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ring$^5$ lui$^7$ / nang$^5$ lui$^7$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zen-le; $^6$gnin-le
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: rénlèi
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄣˊ ㄌㄟˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: rénlèi
*** Wade–Giles: jên$^2$-lei$^4$
*** Yale: rén-lèi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: renley
*** Palladius: жэньлэй (žɛnʹlɛj)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐən³⁵ leɪ̯⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jan$^4$ leoi$^6$
*** Yale: yàhn leuih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jan$^4$ loey$^6$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yen$^4$ lêu$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐn²¹ lɵy̯²²/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngìn-lui
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngin$^ˇ$ lui
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngin$^2$ lui$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋin¹¹ lu̯i⁵⁵/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: ngin$^2$ lui$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋin¹¹ luɪ⁵³/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: ìng-lôi
*** Sinological IPA : /iŋ⁵³⁻²¹ $^{(l-)}$nˡui²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jîn-lūi
*** Tâi-lô: jîn-luī
*** Phofsit Daibuun: jinlui
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /zin²³⁻³³ lui³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zin¹³⁻²² lui²²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîn-lūi
*** Tâi-lô: lîn-luī
*** Phofsit Daibuun: linlui
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lin²⁴⁻²² lui²²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lin²⁴⁻²² lui⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /lin²⁴⁻¹¹ lui³³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: ring$^5$ lui$^7$ / nang$^5$ lui$^7$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jîng lūi / nâng lūi
*** Sinological IPA : /d͡ziŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lui¹¹/, /naŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lui¹¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$zen-le; $^6$gnin-le
*** MiniDict: zen$^去$ le; nyin$^去$ le
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$zen-le; $^3$nyin-le
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zən²² le⁴⁴/, /n̠ʲin²² le⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: nyin lwijH
Rime :
| Character | 人 | 類 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (43) | 脂 (16) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 如鄰切 | 力遂切 |
| Baxter | nyin | lwijH |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ȵiɪn/ | /liuɪ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ȵin/ | /lʷi$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȵʑjen/ | /ljuɪ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ȵin/ | /lwi$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȵiĕn/ | /lui$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȵʑĭĕn/ | /lwi$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ȵʑi̯ĕn/ | /lwi$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | rén | lèi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jan$^4$ | leoi$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ni[ŋ] [r]u[t]-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*njin ruds/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 人 | 類 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | rén | lèi |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nyin › | ‹ lwij$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*ni[ŋ]/ | /*[r]u[t]-s/ |
| English | (other) person | category |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 人 | 類 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 2/2 |
| No. | 10800 | 7772 |
| Phonetic component | 人 | 頪 |
| Rime group | 眞 | 隊 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 3 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 仁 | 類 |
| Old Chinese | /*njin/ | /*ruds/ |

### Noun

人類
* (collective) humanity; humans; humankind; the human race; hominid
    人類前途／人类前途 ― rénlèi qiántú ― the future of the human race
    人類遺址／人类遗址 ― rénlèi yízhǐ ― hominid site
       rénlèi huódòng dǎozhì de qìhòu biànhuà [Pinyin]
       human-induced climate change
       guānxì dào rénlèi de shēngsǐcúnwáng [Pinyin]
       to concern the survival of the human race
       Túshūguǎn shì rénlèi zhīshí de hǎiyáng. [Pinyin]
       Libraries contain knowledge of human experience as vast as the open sea.
       Shūjí shì rénlèi jìnbù de jiētī. [Pinyin]
       The book is the ladder of human progress.
       haau$^2$ gu$^2$ hok$^6$ hai$^6$ jat$^1$ mun$^4$ jin$^4$ gau$^3$ jan$^4$ leoi$^6$ man$^4$ faa$^3$ tung$^4$ lik$^6$ si$^2$ ge$^3$ hok$^6$ fo$^1$. [Jyutping]
       Archaeology is a science that studies human cultures and history.

#### Synonyms

* 人民 (rénmín)

#### Derived terms

* 人類世／人类世 (Rénlèishì)
* 人類免疫缺陷病毒／人类免疫缺陷病毒 (rénlèi miǎnyì quēxiàn bìngdú)
* 人類命運共同體／人类命运共同体 (rénlèi mìngyùn gòngtóngtǐ)
* 人類學／人类学 (rénlèixué)
* 人類工程學／人类工程学 (rénlèi gōngchéngxué)
* 人類性／人类性 (rénlèixìng)
* 人類條件／人类条件 (rénlèi tiáojiàn)
* 反人類／反人类
* 新人類／新人类 (xīnrénlèi)
* 新新人類／新新人类 (xīnxīnrénlèi)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 人類(じんるい) (jinrui)
* → Korean: 인류(人類) (illyu)
* → Vietnamese: nhân loại (人類)

#### See also

* 人口 (rénkǒu)
* 人們／人们 (rénmen)
* 人民 (rénmín)
* 人士 (rénshì)
* 人員／人员 (rényuán)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 人 | 類 |
| じん Grade: 1 | るい Grade: 4 |
| kan'on | on'yomi |
* Alternative spelling
* 人類 (kyūjitai)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) じんるい [jíꜜǹrùì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [d͡ʑĩn̺ɾɯ̟i]

### Noun

人(じん)類(るい) • (jinrui)
* mankind, the human race, humanity
    人類(じんるい)の起源(きげん)
       jinrui no kigen
       the origins of the human race

#### See also

* 人間(にんげん) (ningen)

### References

* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 人 | 類 |

### Noun

人類 • (illyu) (hangeul 인류)
* hanja form of 인류 (“human”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 人 | 類 |

### Noun

人類
* chữ Hán form of nhân loại (“mankind; humanity; human beings”).