# 始祖
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): shǐzǔ
    (Zhuyin): ㄕˇ ㄗㄨˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ci$^2$ zou$^2$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sṳ́-chú / chhṳ́-chú
* Eastern Min (BUC): sṳ̄-cū
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): sí-chó͘
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: shǐzǔ [Phonetic: shízǔ]
*** Zhuyin: ㄕˇ ㄗㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: shǐhzǔ
*** Wade–Giles: shih$^3$-tsu$^3$
*** Yale: shř-dzǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyytzuu
*** Palladius: шицзу (šiczu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡su²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ci$^2$ zou$^2$
*** Yale: chí jóu
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tsi$^2$ dzou$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: qi$^2$ zou$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʰiː³⁵ t͡sou̯³⁵/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ́-chú / chhṳ́-chú
*** Hakka Romanization System: sii$^ˋ$ zu$^ˋ$ / cii$^ˋ$ zu$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: si$^3$ zu$^3$ / ci$^3$ zu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /sɨ³¹ t͡su³¹/, /t͡sʰɨ³¹ t͡su³¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ́-chú
*** Hakka Romanization System: sii$^ˋ$ zu$^ˋ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: si$^3$ zu$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /sɨ³¹ t͡su³¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: sṳ̄-cū
*** Sinological IPA : /sy³³⁻³⁵ $^{(t͡s-)}$ʒu³³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sí-chó͘
*** Tâi-lô: sí-tsóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: syzor
*** IPA (Xiamen): /si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sɔ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sɔ⁴¹/
* Middle Chinese: syiX tsuX
Rime :
| Character | 始 | 祖 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 書 (26) | 精 (13) |
| Final (韻) | 之 (19) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 詩止切 | 則古切 |
| Baxter | syiX | tsuX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɕɨ$^X$/ | /t͡suo$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɕɨ$^X$/ | /t͡suo$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɕie$^X$/ | /t͡so$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɕɨ$^X$/ | /t͡sɔ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ɕiə$^X$/ | /t͡so$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ɕĭə$^X$/ | /t͡su$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ɕi$^X$/ | /t͡suo$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | shǐ | zǔ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | si$^2$ | zou$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*l̥əʔ [ts]ˤaʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*hljɯʔ ʔsaːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 始 | 祖 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | shǐ | zǔ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ syi$^X$ › | ‹ tsu$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*l̥əʔ/ | /*[ts]ˁaʔ/ |
| English | begin | ancestor |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 始 | 祖 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 12291 | 10398 |
| Phonetic component | 台 | 且 |
| Rime group | 之 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 始 | 祖 |
| Old Chinese | /*hljɯʔ/ | /*ʔsaːʔ/ |

### Noun

始祖
* (literally) earliest ancestor; primogenitor; progenitor
* (figuratively) originator; initiator; creator; founder

#### Synonyms

* (earliest ancestor): 鼻祖 (bízǔ), (literary) 先祖 (xiānzǔ)
* (originator): 鼻祖 (bízǔ)

#### Derived terms

* 始祖鳥／始祖鸟 (shǐzǔniǎo)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 始祖(しそ) (shiso)
* → Korean: 시조(始祖) (sijo)
* → Vietnamese: thuỷ tổ (始祖)

### Adjective

始祖
* (attributive) primitive; archaeo-

#### Synonyms

* (literary) 草昧 (cǎomèi)
* 原始 (yuánshǐ)

#### Antonyms

* 開化／开化 (kāihuà)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 始 | 祖 |
| し Grade: 3 | そ Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 始祖 (kyūjitai)

### Noun

始(し)祖(そ) • (shiso)
* founder