# 人事
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): rénshì
    (Zhuyin): ㄖㄣˊ ㄕˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): jan$^4$ si$^6$ / jan$^4$ si$^{6-2}$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ngìn-sṳ
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): jîn-sū / lîn-sū / lîn-sīr
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^6$zen-zy
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: rénshì
*** Zhuyin: ㄖㄣˊ ㄕˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: rénshìh
*** Wade–Giles: jên$^2$-shih$^4$
*** Yale: rén-shr̀
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: renshyh
*** Palladius: жэньши (žɛnʹši)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʐən³⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$人世 人事 人勢／人势 人士 人市 人氏
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: jan$^4$ si$^6$ / jan$^4$ si$^{6-2}$
*** Yale: yàhn sih / yàhn sí
*** Cantonese Pinyin: jan$^4$ si$^6$ / jan$^4$ si$^{6-2}$
*** Guangdong Romanization: yen$^4$ xi$^6$ / yen$^4$ xi$^{6-2}$
*** Sinological IPA : /jɐn²¹ siː²²/, /jɐn²¹ siː²²⁻³⁵/
*** Homophones: $^{edit}$人事 人士 人氏
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngìn-sṳ
*** Hakka Romanization System: ngin$^ˇ$ sii
*** Hagfa Pinyim: ngin$^2$ si$^4$
*** Sinological IPA: /ŋin¹¹ sɨ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jîn-sū
*** Tâi-lô: jîn-sū
*** Phofsit Daibuun: jinsu
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /zin²³⁻³³ su³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zin¹³⁻²² su²²/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîn-sū
*** Tâi-lô: lîn-sū
*** Phofsit Daibuun: linsu
*** IPA (Taipei): /lin²⁴⁻¹¹ su³³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lin²⁴⁻²² su²²/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîn-sīr
*** Tâi-lô: lîn-sīr
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lin²⁴⁻²² sɯ⁴¹/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^6$zen-zy
*** MiniDict: zen$^去$ zy
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^3$zen-zr
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zən²² zz̩⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: nyin tsriH|dzriH
Rime :
| Character | 人 | 事 | 事 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 日 (38) | 莊 (18) | 崇 (20) |
| Final (韻) | 眞 (43) | 之 (19) | 之 (19) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III | III |
| Fanqie | 如鄰切 | 側吏切 | 鉏吏切 |
| Baxter | nyin | tsriH | dzriH |
| Reconstructions ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ȵiɪn/ | /t͡ʃɨ$^H$/ | /d͡ʒɨ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ȵin/ | /ʈ͡ʂɨ$^H$/ | /ɖ͡ʐɨ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȵʑjen/ | /t͡ʃie$^H$/ | /d͡ʒie$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ȵin/ | /ʈ͡ʂɨ$^H$/ | /ɖ͡ʐɨ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȵiĕn/ | /t͡ʃiə$^H$/ | /d͡ʒiə$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȵʑĭĕn/ | /t͡ʃĭə$^H$/ | /d͡ʒĭə$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ȵʑi̯ĕn/ | /ʈ͡ʂi$^H$/ | /ɖ͡ʐʱi$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | rén | zhì | zhì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | jan$^4$ | zi$^3$ | zi$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ni[ŋ] [m-s-]rəʔ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*njin ʔsrɯs|zrɯs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 人 | 事 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | rén | shì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nyin › | ‹ dzri$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*ni[ŋ]/ | /*[m-s-]rəʔ-s/ |
| English | (other) person | serve; service, affair |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 人 | 事 | 事 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 10800 | 11485 | 11486 |
| Phonetic component | 人 | 史 | 史 |
| Rime group | 眞 | 之 | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 仁 | 胾 | 事 |
| Old Chinese | /*njin/ | /*ʔsrɯs/ | /*zrɯs/ |
| Notes | | 見漢書又作剚倳 | 史吏轉註字 |

### Noun

人事
* men's behaviours; the reach of one's ability; what is humanly possible
    盡人事而聽天命／尽人事而听天命 ― jìn rénshì ér tīng tiānmìng ― to do one's best and leave the rest to fate
    我已盡人事。／我已尽人事。 ― Wǒ yǐ jìn rénshì. ― I've done what is humanly possible.
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Mèngzǐ yuē: “Fùsuì, zǐdì duō lài; xiōngsuì, zǐdì duō bào, fēi tiān zhī jiàng cái ěr shū yě, qí suǒ yǐ xiànnì qí xīn zhě rán yě. Jīn fú móumài, bōzhǒng ér yōu zhī, qí dì tóng, shù zhī shí yòu tóng, bó rán ér shēng, zhì yú rì zhì zhī shí, jiē shú yǐ. Suī yǒu bù tóng, zé dì yǒu féiqiāo, yǔlù zhī yǎng, rénshì zhī bù qí yě. Gù fán tóng lèi zhě, jǔ xiāngsì yě, hé dú zhì yú rén ér yí zhī? Shèngrén yǔ wǒ tónglèi zhě.” [Pinyin]
    Mencius said, "In good years the children of the people are most of them good, while in bad years the most of them abandon themselves to evil. It is not owing to any difference of their natural powers conferred by Heaven that they are thus different. The abandonment is owing to the circumstances through which they allow their minds to be ensnared and drowned in evil. There now is barley. Let it be sown and covered up; the ground being the same, and the time of sowing likewise the same, it grows rapidly up, and, when the full time is come, it is all found to be ripe. Although there may be inequalities of produce, that is owing to the difference of the soil, as rich or poor, to the unequal nourishment afforded by the rains and dews, and to the different ways in which man has performed his business in reference to it. Thus all things which are the same in kind are like to one another; why should we doubt in regard to man, as if he were a solitary exception to this? The sage and we are the same in kind."
* human affairs; ways of the world; facts of life
       Háizi tài xiǎo, hái bù dǒng rénshì. [Pinyin]
       The child is too young to know the ways of the world.
    From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
    Qián shì zhī bù wàng, hòu shì zhī shī. Shì yǐ jūnzǐ wèi guó, guān zhī shànggǔ, yàn zhī dāngshì, cān yǐ rénshì, chá shèngshuāi zhī lǐ, shěn quánshì zhī yí, qù jiù yǒu xù, biànhuà yìngshí, gù kuàngrìchángjiǔ, ér shèjì ān yǐ. [Pinyin]
    Do not forget the experiences and lessons learned from the past for they shall serve as a reference for future undertakings. A ruler will study history and verify the lessons in human affairs within a contemporary context to understand the rise and decline of a nation. They will also contemplate the balance of power and its corresponding scenarios, orderly weighing which ones to reject and which ones to adopt. Based on these considerations they will develop appropriate policies that over time will bring lasting peace to the nation.
* consciousness of the (outside) world
       Tā hūnmí guòqù, rénshì bùzhī. [Pinyin]
       He fainted and lost consciousness.
* personnel matters; human resources
    人事調動／人事调动 ― rénshì diàodòng ― transfer of personnel
       Dǒngshìjú zài guòqù jǐnián chūxiàn duōcì de rénshì biàndòng. [Pinyin]
       The board of directors has undergone several personnel changes in the past few years.
* social activity; social intercourse
       Bù wù xuéyè, jìng yú rénshì. [Pinyin]
       [He] focuses on the social intercourses and not his study.
       Jìnliàng chǔlǐ hǎo rénshì guānxì. [Pinyin]
       To handle interpersonal relationships to the best of one's ability
    From: 朱自清 (Zhu Ziqing), 《蒙自雜記》
    Wǒ zài Méngzì zhù guò wǔ ge yuè, wǒ de jiā yě zài nàlǐ zhù guò liǎng ge yuè. Wǒ xiànzài chángcháng xiǎngqǐ zhè ge dìfang, tèbié shì zài rénshì fánmáng de shíhou. Méngzì xiǎo de hǎo, rén shǎo de hǎo. [Pinyin]
    I lived in Mengzi for five months, and my family two months. I often think of the place now, especially when my social life is busy. Mengzi is good because it's small and sparsely populated.
* (dialectal) gift; present
    From: Wu Cheng'en, Journey to the West, 16th century CE
    Shèngsēng dōngtǔ dàocǐ, yǒuxiē shènme rénshì sòng wǒmen? Kuài ná chūlái, hǎo chuánjīng yǔ nǐ qù. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* man-caused turmoil; unrest
* sexual awareness; sexual passion
       Niánjì jiàn zhǎng, yǐ xiǎo rénshì. [Pinyin]
       [He] gradually gains sexual awareness as his age grows.
* (～勢) A combination 三中 in the Lingqijing.

#### Derived terms

* 不省人事 (bùxǐngrénshì)
* 不知人事
* 人事不省
* 人事不知
* 人事代謝／人事代谢
* 人事全非
* 人事莫定
* 人事關係／人事关系 (rénshì guānxì)
* 天道人事
* 漸通人事／渐通人事
* 盡人事／尽人事 (jìnrénshì)
* 盡人事，聽天命／尽人事，听天命 (jìn rénshì, tīng tiānmìng)
* 菲人事
* 買人事／买人事

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 人事(じんじ) (jinji)
* → Korean: 인사(人事) (insa)
* → Vietnamese: nhân sự (人事)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 人 | 事 |
| じん Grade: 1 | じ Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) じんじ [jíꜜǹjì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [d͡ʑĩɲ̟d͡ʑi]

#### Noun

人(じん)事(じ) • (jinji)
* human affairs
* personnel affairs/matters
* human resources, HR

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 人 | 事 |
| ひと Grade: 1 | こと > ごと Grade: 3 |
| kun'yomi ||

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ひとごと [hìtógótó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [çito̞ɡo̞to̞]

#### Noun

人(ひと)事(ごと) • (hitogoto)
* Alternative form of 他人事: other people's affairs; somebody else's problem

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 人 | 事 |

### Noun

人事 • (insa) (hangeul 인사)
* hanja form of 인사 (“greeting; personnel matters[affairs], human resources affairs”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 人 | 事 |

### Noun

人事
* chữ Hán form of nhân sự (“human resources”).