# 愷

| 愷 | U+6137, &#24887; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6137 |
| ← 愶 [U+6136] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 愸 → [U+6138] |

## Translingual
### Han character

愷 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 心山一廿 (PUMT), four-corner 9201$_8$, composition ⿰忄豈)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 396, character 38
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11015
* Dae Jaweon: page 735, character 28
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2337, character 2
* Unihan data for U+6137

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 愷 :
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
| | Old Chinese |
| 獃 | *tŋɯː, *ŋɯː |
| 剴 | *kŋɯːl, *ŋɯːl |
| 凱 | *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ |
| 愷 | *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ |
| 塏 | *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ |
| 鎧 | *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls |
| 颽 | *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ |
| 暟 | *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ |
| 闓 | *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls |
| 豈 | *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ |
| 隑 | *ɡɯːls, *ŋɯːl |
| 皚 | *ŋɯːl |
| 嵦 | *ŋɡɯːl |
| 敳 | *ŋɯːl |
| 磑 | *ŋɯːl, *ŋuːl, *ŋuːls |
| 螘 | *ŋralʔ, *ŋɯlʔ |
| 覬 | *krɯls |
| 溰 | *ŋɯl |
| 顗 | *ŋɯlʔ |
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 豈 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ, “drum”). Likely related to 凱／豈 (“music of triumph”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): kǎi (kai$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄎㄞˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: kǎi
*** Zhuyin: ㄎㄞˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: kǎi
*** Wade–Giles: kʻai$^3$
*** Yale: kǎi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kae
*** Palladius: кай (kaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰaɪ̯²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: hoi$^2$
*** Yale: hói
*** Cantonese Pinyin: hoi$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: hoi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /hɔːi̯³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: khojX
Rime :
| Character | 愷 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 溪 (29) |
| Final (韻) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 苦亥切 |
| Baxter | khojX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kʰʌi$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʰəi$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kʰɒi$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kʰəj$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /kʰᴀi$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /kʰɒi$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kʰɑ̆i$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | kǎi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | hoi$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.qʰˤəjʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 愷 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | kǎi |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ khoj$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*C.qʰˁəjʔ/ |
| English | triumphal music; happy |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 愷 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 10103 |
| Phonetic component | 豈 |
| Rime group | 微 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 愷 |
| Old Chinese | /*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ/ |

### Definitions

愷
* (literary) peaceful; harmonious; joyful
* (literary) Alternative form of 凱／凯 (kǎi, “triumphant music”)

#### Compounds

* 八愷／八恺
* 愷悌／恺悌 (kǎitì)
* 愷悌君子／恺悌君子
* 愷樂／恺乐
* 愷歌／恺歌 (kǎigē)
* 敏練慈愷／敏练慈恺
* 爽愷／爽恺

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* enjoy
* be contented
* joyful

#### Readings

* On (unclassified): がい (gai)、かい (kai)
* Kun: たのしむ (tanoshimu, 愷しむ)、やわらぐ (yawaragu, 愷らぐ)
* Nanori: やす (yasu)

## Korean
### Hanja

愷 (eum 개 (gae))
* peaceful
* enjoy
* ease up

## Vietnamese
### Han character

愷: Hán Nôm readings: khải
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation