# 天花
## Chinese
### Etymology

Originally the Chinese translation of several Sanskrit and Pali words, including Sanskrit खपुष्प (khapuṣpa, “flower in the sky”), as well as several plant names, such as Sanskrit दिव्यपुष्प (divyapuṣpa, “oleander [heaven-flower]”) / Pali devapuppha, and Sanskrit शालपुष्प (śālapuṣpa, “confederate rose [house-flower]”).
The development from “heaven-flower” (or other interpretations of the combination) to “smallpox” is unknown. It may be due to the shape resemblance of smallpox pustules to the divine flowers in Buddhism. Compare Tibetan ལྷ་འབྲུམ (lha 'brum, “smallpox [deva-pustule]”), མེ་ཏོག (me tog, “flower; (dialectal) smallpox”), and Mongolian ᠰᠠᠯᠬᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠴᠡᠭ (salkin čečeg) / салхин цэцэг (salxin ceceg, “smallpox; chickenpox [wind-flower]”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): tiānhuā
    (Zhuyin): ㄊㄧㄢ ㄏㄨㄚ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): tin$^1$ faa$^1$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): thiên-fâ
    (Meixian, Guangdong): tiên$^1$ fa$^1$
* Eastern Min (BUC): tiĕng-huă
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): thian-hoa / thian-hoe
    (Teochew, Peng'im): tiang$^1$ huê$^1$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^1$thi-ho
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tiānhuā
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄢ ㄏㄨㄚ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tianhua
*** Wade–Giles: tʻien$^1$-hua$^1$
*** Yale: tyān-hwā
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tianhua
*** Palladius: тяньхуа (tjanʹxua)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/
** (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: tiānhuār
*** Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄢ ㄏㄨㄚㄦ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: tianhuar
*** Wade–Giles: tʻien$^1$-hua$^1$-ʼrh
*** Yale: tyān-hwār
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tianhual
*** Palladius: тяньхуар (tjanʹxuar)
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: tin$^1$ faa$^1$
*** Yale: tīn fā
*** Cantonese Pinyin: tin$^1$ faa$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: tin$^1$ fa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰiːn⁵⁵ faː⁵⁵/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thiên-fâ
*** Hakka Romanization System: tien$^ˊ$ fa$^ˊ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: tian$^1$ fa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ fa²⁴/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: tiên$^1$ fa$^1$
*** Sinological IPA: /tʰiɛn⁴⁴ fa⁴⁴/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: tiĕng-huă
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰieŋ⁵⁵ $^{(h-)}$ŋua⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thian-hoa
*** Tâi-lô: thian-hua
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tienhoaf
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² hua⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiɛn³³ hua³³/
** (Hokkien: Magong, variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thian-hoe
*** Tâi-lô: thian-hue
*** Phofsit Daibuun: tienhoef
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: tiang$^1$ huê$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thiang hue
*** Sinological IPA : /tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ hue³³/
* Wu
** (Northern: Shanghai)
*** Wugniu: $^1$thi-ho
*** MiniDict: thi$^平$ ho
*** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): $^1$thi-ho
*** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tʰi⁵⁵ ho²¹/
* Middle Chinese: then xwae
Rime :
| Character | 天 | 花 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 透 (6) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 先 (85) | 麻 (99) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | IV | II |
| Fanqie | 他前切 | 呼瓜切 |
| Baxter | then | xwae |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /tʰen/ | /hˠua/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /tʰen/ | /hʷᵚa/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /tʰɛn/ | /xua/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /tʰɛn/ | /hwaɨ/ |
| Li Rong | /tʰen/ | /xua/ |
| Wang Li | /tʰien/ | /xwa/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /tʰien/ | /xwa/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | tiān | huā |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | tin$^1$ | faa$^1$ |

### Noun

天花
* (Buddhism) flower of the sky; divine flower, stated in the Lotus Sutra as of four kinds, two white and two red
* (literary, poetic) snowflake; snow
* (pathology) smallpox; variola
* Short for 天花板 (tiānhuābǎn, “ceiling”).

#### Synonyms

* (flower of the sky): 天華／天华, 空華／空华
* (snowflake): 雪花 (xuěhuā)
* (smallpox): 天然痘 (tiānrándòu); (TCM) 痘瘡／痘疮 (dòuchuāng)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 天花板 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 天花板 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 天花板 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 天棚, 仰棚 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 天花板 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 仰塵, 頂棚, 天花板 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 仰塵, 頂棚 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 仰塵, 天花板 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 天花板, 天花板兒 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 天花板 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 天花板 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 天花板 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 天花板 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 天花板, 天花 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 浪層, 天花板 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 天花板 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 天花板 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 天花板 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 天花板 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 天花板, 倒板, 天棚 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 天花板 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 仰塵, 頂棚, 天花板 cement |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 幔子, 仰塵 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 天花板 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 天花板 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 天羅板, 天篷 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 天篷 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 天篷 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 天花板, 天篷 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 天篷, 天遮 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 天篷, 天遮 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 天篷 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 天篷 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 天篷 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 天花板 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 天遮 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 天花板 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 倒吊枋 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 天花板 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 天花板 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 天面 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 天花板 |
| Wu | Danyang | 天花板 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 天花板 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 天花板 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 天花板 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 天花板 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 天花板 |

#### Derived terms

* 亂墜天花／乱坠天花
* 口墜天花／口坠天花
* 天花亂墜／天花乱坠 (tiānhuāluànzhuì)
* 天花墜地／天花坠地
* 天花板 (tiānhuābǎn)
* 天花枋
* 天花粉 (tiānhuāfěn)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 天花(てんか) (tenka)
* → Korean: 천화(天花) (cheonhwa)
* → Vietnamese: thiên hoa (天花)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 天 | 花 |
| てん Grade: 1 | か Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi ||

### Noun

天(てん)花(か) • (tenka)
* snow
* a flower that blossoms in the Buddhist heaven by their tale.
* lotus-petal-shaped confetti scattering before the mortuary tablet.