# 南海
## Chinese

* 南海 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 南海 (Cantonese)
* 南海 (Classical)
* 南海 (Gan)
* Nàm-hói (Hakka)
* Nàng-hāi (Eastern Min)
* Lâm-hái (Southern Min)
* 南海 (Wu)

### Etymology
#### "Nanhai, Guangdong, China; Nanhai Commandery"

    Officially, with the creation of the Nanhai Commandery in southern China in 214 BCE as attested in the Records of the Grand Historian.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Nánhǎi
    (Zhuyin): ㄋㄢˊ ㄏㄞˇ
* Cantonese
    (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): naam$^4$ hoi$^2$
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): nam$^3$ hoi$^2$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): Lâm-hái
    (Teochew, Peng'im): nam$^5$ hai$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Nánhǎi
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄢˊ ㄏㄞˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Nánhǎi
*** Wade–Giles: Nan$^2$-hai$^3$
*** Yale: Nán-hǎi
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Nanhae
*** Palladius: Наньхай (Nanʹxaj)
*** Sinological IPA : /nän³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: naam$^4$ hoi$^2$
*** Yale: nàahm hói
*** Cantonese Pinyin: naam$^4$ hoi$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: nam$^4$ hoi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /naːm²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/
** (Taishanese, Taicheng)
*** Wiktionary: nam$^3$ hoi$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /ⁿdam²² hᵘɔi⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lâm-hái
*** Tâi-lô: Lâm-hái
*** Phofsit Daibuun: lamhae
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lam²⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lam²⁴⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /lam¹³⁻²² hai⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /lam²⁴⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /lam²³⁻³³ hai⁴¹/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: nam$^5$ hai$^2$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: nâm hái
*** Sinological IPA : /nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hai⁵²/
* Middle Chinese: nom xojX
Rime :
| Character | 南 | 海 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 泥 (8) | 曉 (32) |
| Final (韻) | 覃 (159) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 那含切 | 呼改切 |
| Baxter | nom | xojX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /nʌm/ | /hʌi$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /nəm/ | /həi$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /nɒm/ | /xɒi$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /nəm/ | /həj$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /nᴀm/ | /xᴀi$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /nɒm/ | /xɒi$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /năm/ | /xɑ̆i$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | nán | hǎi |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | naam$^4$ | hoi$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*nˤ[ə]m m̥ˤəʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*nuːm hmlɯːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 南 | 海 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | nán | hǎi |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nom › | ‹ xoj$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*nˁ[ə]m/ | /*m̥ˁəʔ/ (dialect *m̥ˁ- > x-) |
| English | south | sea |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 南 | 海 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 9355 | 9283 |
| Phonetic component | 南 | 母 |
| Rime group | 侵 | 之 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 南 | 海 |
| Old Chinese | /*nuːm/ | /*hmlɯːʔ/ |

### Proper noun

南海
* South China Sea
* Nanhai (a lake in Zhongnanhai, Xicheng district, Beijing, China)
* (～區, formerly ～縣) Nanhai (a district of Foshan, Guangdong, China; former county of Guangdong, China)
* (～鎮) Nanhai (a town in Songzi, Jingzhou, Hubei, China)
* (～鄉) Nanhai (a township in Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)
* (historical) (～郡) Nanhai, a commandery of imperial China
* (literary, figurative) the extreme south
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translation from Zuozhuan: Commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals" (2017), by Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li and David Schaberg
    Jūn chù běihǎi, guǎrén chù nánhǎi, wéi shì fēng mǎ niú bù xiàngjí yě. [Pinyin]
    "Your ruler dwells near the northern sea, while I, the unworthy one, dwell near the southern sea. Even when our horses and cattle are in heat, they cannot come close to one another.
* (historical) Mount Putuo (an island and mountain in Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China)
    From: 18th century, 彭端淑, 為學一首示子姪
    Shǔ zhī bǐ yǒu èr sēng: qí yī pín, qí yī fù. Pín zhě yǔ yú fù zhě yuē: “Wú yù zhī Nánhǎi, hérú?” [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Synonyms

* (South China Sea): 南中國海／南中国海 (Nán Zhōngguó Hǎi)
* (Mount Putuo): 普陀山 (Pǔtuó Shān)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 南 | 海 |
| なん Grade: 2 | かい Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spelling
* 南海 (kyūjitai)

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) なんかい [nàńkáí] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [nã̠ŋka̠i]

### Noun

南(なん)海(かい) • (nankai)
* a southern sea
* (specifically) South China Sea
    Synonym: 南シナ海
* Short for 南海道(なんかいどう) (nankaidō)

### References

* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN