# 根源
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): gēnyuán
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄣ ㄩㄢˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gan$^1$ jyun$^4$
* Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kîn-ngièn / kîn-ngiàn
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kun-goân / kin-goân
    (Teochew, Peng'im): geng$^1$ nguang$^5$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: gēnyuán
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄣ ㄩㄢˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: genyuán
*** Wade–Giles: kên$^1$-yüan$^2$
*** Yale: gēn-ywán
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: genyuan
*** Palladius: гэньюань (gɛnʹjuanʹ)
*** Sinological IPA : /kən⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gan$^1$ jyun$^4$
*** Yale: gān yùhn
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gan$^1$ jyn$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gen$^1$ yun$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɐn⁵⁵ jyːn²¹/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kîn-ngièn
*** Hakka Romanization System: gin$^ˊ$ ngien$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gin$^1$ ngian$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kin²⁴ ŋi̯en¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kîn-ngiàn
*** Hakka Romanization System: gin$^ˊ$ ngian$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: gin$^1$ ngian$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kin²⁴ ŋi̯an¹¹/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kun-goân
*** Tâi-lô: kun-guân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kun'goaan
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kun⁴⁴⁻²² ɡuan²⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kun⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡuan²⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kun³³ ɡuan²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kin-goân
*** Tâi-lô: kin-guân
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kin'goaan
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kin⁴⁴⁻²² ɡuan¹³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kin⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡuan²³/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: geng$^1$ nguang$^5$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kṳng nguâng
*** Sinological IPA : /kɯŋ³³⁻²³ ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/

### Noun

根源
* root; cause; source; origin
    找到事情的根源 ― zhǎo dào shìqíng de gēnyuán ― to get to the root of the matter
    From: Wei Shou, Book of Wei, 551 – 554 CE
    Zhào yuē: “Cǐ nǎi xuézhě zhī gēnyuán, bùxiǔ zhī yǒng gé, chuífàn jiānglái, xiànzhāng zhī běn, biànkě yī yī gōngbiǎo.” [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

#### Synonyms

* 來源／来源 (láiyuán)
* 出處／出处 (chūchù)
* 基本 (jīběn)
* 大本 (dàběn) (literary)
* 本源 (běnyuán)
* 根 (gēn)
* 根本 (gēnběn)
* 根頭／根头 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 泉源 (quányuán)
* 淵源／渊源 (yuānyuán)
* 源 (yuán) (literary, or in compounds)
* 源泉 (yuánquán) (figurative)
* 源頭／源头 (yuántóu) (figurative)
* 濫觴／滥觞 (lànshāng) (literary)
* 由來／由来 (yóulái)
* 起源 (qǐyuán)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 根源(こんげん) (kongen)
* → Korean: 근원(根源) (geunwon)
* → Vietnamese: căn nguyên (根源)
Others:
* → Vietnamese: cội nguồn (calque)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 根 | 源 |
| こん Grade: 3 | げん Grade: 6 |
| on'yomi ||
* Alternative spellings
* 根元 根原

### Etymology

From Middle Chinese 根源 (MC kon ngjwon).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) こんげん [kòńgéꜜǹ] (Nakadaka – [3])
* (Tokyo) こんげん [kòńgéń] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [kõ̞ŋɡẽ̞ɴ]

### Noun

根(こん)源(げん) • (kongen)
* root, cause, source, origin
    Synonyms: 大本, 根本
    悪(あく)の根源(こんげん)は格(かく)差(さ)にある。
       Aku no kongen wa kakusa ni aru.
       The source of evil is in disparity.

#### Derived terms

* 根源的(こんげんてき) (kongenteki)

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 根 | 源 |

### Noun

根源 • (geunwon) (hangeul 근원)
* hanja form of 근원 (“root, cause, source, origin”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 根 | 源 |

### Noun

根源
* chữ Hán form of căn nguyên (“origin; source; initial cause”).