# 農耕
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): nónggēng
    (Zhuyin): ㄋㄨㄥˊ ㄍㄥ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): nung$^4$ gaang$^1$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): lông-keng
    (Teochew, Peng'im): long$^5$ gên$^1$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: nónggēng
*** Zhuyin: ㄋㄨㄥˊ ㄍㄥ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: nónggeng
*** Wade–Giles: nung$^2$-kêng$^1$
*** Yale: núng-gēng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nonggeng
*** Palladius: нунгэн (nungɛn)
*** Sinological IPA : /nʊŋ³⁵ kɤŋ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: nung$^4$ gaang$^1$
*** Yale: nùhng gāang
*** Cantonese Pinyin: nung$^4$ gaang$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: nung$^4$ gang$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /nʊŋ²¹ kaːŋ⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lông-keng
*** Tâi-lô: lông-king
*** Phofsit Daibuun: longkefng
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kiɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kiɪŋ³³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /lɔŋ¹³⁻²² kiɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Taipei): /lɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɔŋ²³⁻³³ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: long$^5$ gên$^1$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lông keⁿ
*** Sinological IPA : /loŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kẽ³³/
* Middle Chinese: nowng keang
Rime :
| Character | 農 | 耕 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 泥 (8) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 冬 (5) | 耕 (117) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | II |
| Fanqie | 奴冬切 | 古莖切 |
| Baxter | nowng | keang |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /nuoŋ/ | /kˠɛŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /nuoŋ/ | /kᵚæŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /noŋ/ | /kɐŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /nawŋ/ | /kəɨjŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /noŋ/ | /kɛŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /nuoŋ/ | /kæŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /nuoŋ/ | /kæŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | nóng | gēng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | nung$^4$ | gang$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*nˤ[o]ŋ kˤ<r>eŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*nuːŋ kreːŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 農 | 耕 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | nóng | gēng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ nowng › | ‹ kɛng › |
| Old Chinese | /*nˁ[o]ŋ/ | /*kˁ<r>eŋ/ |
| English | agriculture; to farm | plow (v.) |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 農 | 耕 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 9571 | 6850 |
| Phonetic component | 農 | 井 |
| Rime group | 終 | 耕 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 農 | 耕 |
| Old Chinese | /*nuːŋ/ | /*kreːŋ/ |
| Notes | 金文從田不從囟 | |

### Verb

農耕
* to farm; to plow; to till

#### Synonyms

* 作 (Hokkien, Teochew)
* 犁 (lí)
* 穓 (yì) (literary)
* 耕 (gēng)
* 耕作 (gēngzuò)
* 耕地 (gēngdì)

### Noun

農耕
* (formal) farming; agriculture

#### Synonyms

* 本業／本业 (běnyè) (archaic)
* 農作／农作 (nóngzuò)
* 農業／农业 (nóngyè)

### Descendants

* → Japanese: 農耕(のうこう) (nōkō)
* → Korean: 농경(農耕) (nonggyeong)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 農 | 耕 |
| のう Grade: 3 | こう Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) のーこー [nòókóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [no̞ːko̞ː]

### Noun

農(のう)耕(こう) • (nōkō)
* agriculture

#### Synonyms

* 農業

#### Derived terms

* 農耕民族 - agricultural people

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 農 | 耕 |

### Noun

農耕 • (nonggyeong) (hangeul 농경)
* hanja form of 농경 (“agriculture”)