# 壟

| 壟 | U+58DF, &#22751; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58DF |
| ← 壞 [U+58DE] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 壠 → [U+58E0] |
| 壟 | U+F942, &#63810; CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F942 |
| ← 論 [U+F941] | CJK Compatibility Ideographs | 弄 → [U+F943] |

## Translingual
### Han character

壟 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+16, 19 strokes, cangjie input 卜心土 (YPG), four-corner 0110$_4$, composition ⿱龍土)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 242, character 5
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5591
* Dae Jaweon: page 482, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 500, character 4
* Unihan data for U+58DF
* Unihan data for U+F942

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 驡 | *ʔslaːŋʔ, *roŋ |
| 龐 | *broːŋ |
| 瀧 | *rroːŋ, *sroːŋ, *roːŋ |
| 籠 | *roːŋ, *roːŋʔ, *roŋ |
| 豅 | *roːŋ |
| 朧 | *roːŋ, *roŋs |
| 龓 | *roːŋ, *roːŋʔ |
| 聾 | *roːŋ |
| 礱 | *roːŋ, *roːŋs |
| 嚨 | *roːŋ |
| 蘢 | *roːŋ, *roŋ |
| 櫳 | *roːŋ |
| 襱 | *roːŋ, *roːŋʔ, *r'oŋʔ |
| 瓏 | *roːŋ |
| 曨 | *roːŋ, *roːŋʔ |
| 鸗 | *roːŋ, *roŋ |
| 蠪 | *roːŋ |
| 巃 | *roːŋʔ |
| 竉 | *roːŋʔ |
| 攏 | *roːŋʔ |
| 儱 | *roːŋʔ, *roŋs |
| 龍 | *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ |
| 躘 | *roŋ, *roŋs |
| 隴 | *roŋʔ |
| 壠 | *roŋʔ |
| 壟 | *roŋʔ |
| 寵 | *r̥ʰoŋʔ |
| 龏 | *kloŋ, *kloŋs, *qroːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *roŋʔ) : phonetic 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ) + semantic 土 (“earth”).

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): lǒng (long$^3$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄥˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lung$^5$
* Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): liung$^1$ / lung$^3$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lióng / lóng / lěng / lēng
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: lǒng
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄥˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: lǒng
*** Wade–Giles: lung$^3$
*** Yale: lǔng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: loong
*** Palladius: лун (lun)
*** Sinological IPA : /lʊŋ²¹⁴/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lung$^5$
*** Yale: lúhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lung$^5$
*** Guangdong Romanization: lung$^5$
*** Sinological IPA : /lʊŋ¹³/
* Hakka
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: liung$^1$ / lung$^3$
*** Sinological IPA: /liʊŋ⁴⁴/, /lʊŋ³¹/
* liung1 - vernacular;
* lung3 - literary.
* Middle Chinese: ljowngX
Rime :
| Character | 壟 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 鍾 (7) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 力踵切 |
| Baxter | ljowngX |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɨoŋ$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lioŋ$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /lioŋ$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /luawŋ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /lioŋ$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /lĭwoŋ$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /li̯woŋ$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | lǒng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lung$^5$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*roŋʔ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 壟 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 8444 |
| Phonetic component | 龍 |
| Rime group | 東 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 隴 |
| Old Chinese | /*roŋʔ/ |
| Notes | 壠注或體見方言 |

### Definitions

壟
* grave; mound
* raised path between fields
* ridge

### Compounds

* 丘壟／丘垄
* 入壟／入垄
* 壟作／垄作
* 壟墓／垄墓
* 壟斷／垄断 (lǒngduàn)
* 壟斷市場／垄断市场
* 壟斷獨登／垄断独登
* 壟斷資本／垄断资本
* 壟溝／垄沟 (lǒnggōu)
* 壟畝之臣／垄亩之臣
* 後壟
* 瓦壟／瓦垄 (wǎlǒng)
* 瓦壟子／瓦垄子
* 登壟／登垄
* 輟耕壟上／辍耕垄上

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* mound
* grave
* rice field dike

#### Readings

* Go-on: る (ru)
* Kan-on: りょう (ryō)
* Kan’yō-on: ろう (rō)
* Kun: うね (une, 壟)、おか (oka, 壟)、つか (tsuka, 壟)

## Korean
### Hanja

壟 • (rong) (hangeul 롱, revised rong, McCune–Reischauer rong)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

壟: Hán Nôm readings: lũng
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.