# 洛陽
## Chinese

* 洛陽市 (Written Standard Chinese)
* 洛陽 (Cantonese)
* 洛陽 (Classical)
* Lŏk-iòng (Eastern Min)
* Lo̍k-iông-chhī (Southern Min)
* Luoyang (English)

### Etymology

Yang (north) of the Luo River; based on Yin and yang toponymy in which north is associated with yang. Luoyang is situated to the north of the Luo River.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): Luòyáng
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄛˋ ㄧㄤˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): lok$^3$ joeng$^4$ / lok$^6$ joeng$^4$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): Lo̍k-yòng
    (Meixian, Guangdong): log$^6$ yong$^2$
* Eastern Min (BUC): Lŏk-iòng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): Lo̍k-iông / Lo̍k-iâng / Lo̍h-iûⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): log$^8$ iang$^5$
* Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): $^8$loq-yan
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: Luòyáng
*** Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄛˋ ㄧㄤˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: Luòyáng
*** Wade–Giles: Lo$^4$-yang$^2$
*** Yale: Lwò-yáng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Luohyang
*** Palladius: Лоян (Lojan)
*** Sinological IPA : /lu̯ɔ⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: lok$^3$ joeng$^4$ / lok$^6$ joeng$^4$
*** Yale: lok yèuhng / lohk yèuhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: lok$^8$ joeng$^4$ / lok$^9$ joeng$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: log$^3$ yêng$^4$ / log$^6$ yêng$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /lɔːk̚³ jœːŋ²¹/, /lɔːk̚² jœːŋ²¹/
* Hakka
** (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Lo̍k-yòng
*** Hakka Romanization System: log iong$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: log$^6$ yong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /lok̚⁵ i̯oŋ¹¹/
** (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Lo̍k-yòng
*** Hakka Romanization System: log (r)iong$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: log$^6$ yong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /lok̚⁵ (j)i̯oŋ¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: log$^6$ yong$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /lɔk̚⁵ iɔŋ¹¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: Lŏk-iòng
*** Sinological IPA : /l̃ouʔ⁵⁻³³ yoŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lo̍k-iông
*** Tâi-lô: Lo̍k-iông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: log'ioong
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔk̚²⁴⁻² iɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lo̍k-iâng
*** Tâi-lô: Lo̍k-iâng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: log'iaang
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lo̍h-iûⁿ
*** Tâi-lô: Lo̍h-iûnn
*** Phofsit Daibuun: loiq'viuu
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /lo(ʔ)²⁴⁻² iũ²⁴/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /lo(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/
* Lo̍k-iông/Lo̍k-iâng - place name in Henan;
* Lo̍h-iûⁿ - place name in Fujian.
* Middle Chinese: lak yang
Rime :
| Character | 洛 | 陽 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 鐸 (103) | 陽 (105) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 盧各切 | 與章切 |
| Baxter | lak | yang |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /lɑk̚/ | /jɨɐŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /lɑk̚/ | /jiɐŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /lɑk̚/ | /iɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /lak̚/ | /jɨaŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /lɑk̚/ | /iaŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /lɑk̚/ | /jĭaŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /lɑk̚/ | /i̯aŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | luò | yáng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | lok$^6$ | joeng$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·raːɡ laŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 陽 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | yáng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ yang › |
| Old Chinese | /*laŋ/ |
| English | bright |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 洛 | 陽 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 3866 | 14590 |
| Phonetic component | 各 | 昜 |
| Rime group | 鐸 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 落 | 陽 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡ·raːɡ/ | /*laŋ/ |

### Proper noun

洛陽
* (～市) Luoyang (a prefecture-level city in Henan, China)
* (～鎮) Luoyang (name of various towns in China)
** (～鎮) Luoyang (a town in the district of Zengdu, in the prefecture-level city of Suizhou, Hubei, China)
** (～鎮) Luoyang (a town in Hui'an County, in the prefecture-level city of Quanzhou, Fujian, China)
* (～江) Luoyang (a river in the prefecture-level city of Quanzhou, Fujian, China)

#### Derived terms

* 洛陽伽藍記／洛阳伽蓝记
* 洛陽才子／洛阳才子
* 洛陽橋／洛阳桥
* 洛陽紙貴／洛阳纸贵 (luòyángzhǐguì)
* 洛陽花／洛阳花
* 洛陽鏟／洛阳铲

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 洛陽(らくよう) (Rakuyō)
* → Korean: 낙양(洛陽) (Nagyang)
* → Vietnamese: Lạc Dương (洛陽)
Others:
* → English: Luoyang
* → Thai: ลั่วหยาง, ลกเอี๋ยง

### References

* ↑ Luoyang, in Encyclopædia Britannica: "it was named Luoyang because it was north (yang) of the Luo River,"

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 洛 | 陽 |
| らく Jinmeiyō | よう Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi ||

### Proper noun

洛(らく)陽(よう) • (Rakuyō)
* Luoyang (a prefecture-level city in Henan, China)
* As a poetic name for Kyoto, Japan, as an allusion to the virtues of Luoyang

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 洛 | 陽 |

### Proper noun

洛陽 • (Nagyang) (hangeul 낙양)
* hanja form of 낙양 (“Luoyang”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 洛 | 陽 |

### Proper noun

洛陽
* chữ Hán form of Lạc Dương (“Luoyang”).