# ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ
## Coptic
### Alternative forms

* ⲟⲩⲁϩⲙⲉϥ (ouahmef) — Sahidic
* ⲟⲩⲁϩϥ (ouahf) — Bohairic

### Etymology

Ultimately of onomatopoeic origin. Compare English woof, Arabic وَحْوَح (waḥwaḥ, “barking dog”).

### Verb

ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ • (ouahbeh)
* (Sahidic, Bohairic) to bark, growl

#### Conjugation

| infinitive | affirmative | ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ouahbeh | imperative | affirmative | ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ouahbeh |
| infinitive | negative | ϣⲧⲉⲙⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ štemouahbeh | imperative | negative | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲣⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀perouahbeh |
| | | | singular | singular | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | nominal |
| | | | 1st person | 2nd person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | nominal |
| | | | 1st person | masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | nominal |
| durative sentence ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲟⲕ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲕ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟϥ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲥ | ⲁⲛⲟⲛ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲱⲧⲉⲛ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲱⲟⲩ | - |
| present | basic | basic | ϯⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ tiouahbeh | ⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ kouahbeh | ⲧⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ teouahbeh | ϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ fouahbeh | ⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ souahbeh | ⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ tenouahbeh | ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ tetenouahbeh | ⲥⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ seouahbeh | ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ouahbeh |
| present | circumstantial | circumstantial | ⲉⲓⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ eiouahbeh | ⲉⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ekouahbeh | ⲉⲣⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ereouahbeh | ⲉϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ efouahbeh | ⲉⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ esouahbeh | ⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ enouahbeh | ⲉⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ eretenouahbeh | ⲉⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ euouahbeh | ⲉⲣⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ere- ouahbeh |
| present | relative | relative | ⲉϯⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etiouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲉⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etekouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ eteouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲉϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etefouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲉⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etesouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etenouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etetenouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etououahbeh | ⲉⲧⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ete- ouahbeh |
| present | preterite | preterite | ⲛⲁⲓⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ naiouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nakouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲣⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nareouahbeh | ⲛⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nafouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nasouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nanouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ naretenouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nauouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲣⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nare- ouahbeh |
| present | focalising | focalising | ⲁⲓⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ aiouahbeh | ⲁⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ akouahbeh | ⲁⲣⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ areouahbeh | ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ afouahbeh | ⲁⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ asouahbeh | ⲁⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ anouahbeh | ⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ aretenouahbeh | ⲁⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ auouahbeh | ⲁⲣⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ are- ouahbeh |
| future | basic | basic | ϯⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ tinaouahbeh | ⲭⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ khnaouahbeh | ⲧⲉⲣⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ teraouahbeh | ϥⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ fnaouahbeh | ⲥⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ snaouahbeh | ⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ tennaouahbeh | ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ tetennaouahbeh | ⲥⲉⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ senaouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ naouahbeh |
| future | circumstantial | circumstantial | ⲉⲓⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ einaouahbeh | ⲉⲭⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ekhnaouahbeh | ⲉⲣⲉⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ erenaouahbeh | ⲉϥⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ efnaouahbeh | ⲉⲥⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ esnaouahbeh | ⲉⲛⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ennaouahbeh | ⲉⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ eretennaouahbeh | ⲉⲩⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ eunaouahbeh | ⲉⲣⲉ- ⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ere- naouahbeh |
| future | relative | relative | ⲉϯⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etinaouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲉⲭⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etekhnaouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲉⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etenaouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲉϥⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etefnaouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲉⲥⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etesnaouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etennaouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etetennaouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etounaouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲉ- ⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ete- naouahbeh |
| future | preterite | preterite | ⲛⲁⲓⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nainaouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲭⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nakhnaouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲣⲉⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ narenaouahbeh | ⲛⲁϥⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nafnaouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲥⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nasnaouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲛⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nannaouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ naretennaouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲩⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ naunaouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲣⲉ- ⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nare- naouahbeh |
| future | focalising | focalising | ⲁⲓⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ainaouahbeh | ⲁⲭⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ akhnaouahbeh | ⲁⲣⲉⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ arenaouahbeh | ⲁϥⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ afnaouahbeh | ⲁⲥⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ asnaouahbeh | ⲁⲛⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ annaouahbeh | ⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ aretennaouahbeh | ⲁⲩⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ aunaouahbeh | ⲁⲣⲉ- ⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ are- naouahbeh |
| negated with | negated with | negated with | (ⲛ̀-) … ⲁⲛ (ǹ-) … an | (ⲛ̀-) … ⲁⲛ (ǹ-) … an | (ⲛ̀-) … ⲁⲛ (ǹ-) … an | (ⲛ̀-) … ⲁⲛ (ǹ-) … an | (ⲛ̀-) … ⲁⲛ (ǹ-) … an | (ⲛ̀-) … ⲁⲛ (ǹ-) … an | (ⲛ̀-) … ⲁⲛ (ǹ-) … an | (ⲛ̀-) … ⲁⲛ (ǹ-) … an | (ⲛ̀-) … ⲁⲛ (ǹ-) … an |
| non-durative sentence ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲟⲕ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲕ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟϥ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲥ | ⲁⲛⲟⲛ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲱⲧⲉⲛ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲱⲟⲩ | - |
| past | basic | affirmative | ⲁⲓⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ aiouahbeh | ⲁⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ akouahbeh | ⲁⲣⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ areouahbeh | ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ afouahbeh | ⲁⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ asouahbeh | ⲁⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ anouahbeh | ⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ atetenouahbeh | ⲁⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ auouahbeh | ⲁ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ a- ouahbeh |
| past | basic | negative | ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀piouahbeh | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀pekouahbeh | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀peouahbeh | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀pefouahbeh | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀pesouahbeh | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀penouahbeh | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀petenouahbeh | ⲙ̀ⲡⲟⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀pououahbeh | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀pe- ouahbeh |
| past | circumstantial | affirmative | ⲉⲁⲓⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ eaiouahbeh | ⲉⲁⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ eakouahbeh | ⲉⲁⲣⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ eareouahbeh | ⲉⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ eafouahbeh | ⲉⲁⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ easouahbeh | ⲉⲁⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ eanouahbeh | ⲉⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ eatetenouahbeh | ⲉⲁⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ eauouahbeh | ⲉⲁ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ea- ouahbeh |
| past | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀piouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀pekouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀peouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀pefouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀pesouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀penouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀petenouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲟⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀pououahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀pe- ouahbeh |
| past | relative | affirmative | ⲉⲧⲁⲓⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etaiouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲁⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etakouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲁⲣⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etareouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etafouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲁⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etasouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etanouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etaretenouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etauouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲁ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ eta- ouahbeh |
| past | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etm̀piouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etm̀pekouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etm̀peouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲉϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etm̀pefouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etm̀pesouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etm̀penouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etm̀petenouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲟⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etm̀pououahbeh | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etm̀pe- ouahbeh |
| past | preterite | affirmative | ⲛⲉⲁⲓⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ neaiouahbeh | ⲛⲉⲁⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ neakouahbeh | ⲛⲉⲁⲣⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ neareouahbeh | ⲛⲉⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ neafouahbeh | ⲛⲉⲁⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ neasouahbeh | ⲛⲉⲁⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ neanouahbeh | ⲛⲉⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ neatetenouahbeh | ⲛⲉⲁⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ neauouahbeh | ⲛⲉⲁ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nea- ouahbeh |
| past | preterite | negative | ⲛⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nem̀piouahbeh | ⲛⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nem̀pekouahbeh | ⲛⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nem̀peouahbeh | ⲛⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nem̀pefouahbeh | ⲛⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nem̀pesouahbeh | ⲛⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nem̀penouahbeh | ⲛⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nem̀petenouahbeh | ⲛⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲟⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nem̀pououahbeh | ⲛⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nem̀pe- ouahbeh |
| past | focalising, precursive | affirmative | ⲉⲧⲁⲓⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etaiouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲁⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etakouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲁⲣⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etareouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etafouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲁⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etasouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etanouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etaretenouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲁⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etauouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲁ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ eta- ouahbeh |
| expectative | basic | negative | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁϯⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀patiouahbeh | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀patekouahbeh | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀pateouahbeh | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀patefouahbeh | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀patesouahbeh | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀patenouahbeh | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀patetenouahbeh | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀patououahbeh | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀pate- ouahbeh |
| expectative | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁϯⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀patiouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀patekouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀pateouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀patefouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀patesouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀patenouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀patetenouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀patououahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀pate- ouahbeh |
| expectative | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁϯⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etm̀patiouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etm̀patekouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etm̀pateouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etm̀patefouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etm̀patesouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etm̀patenouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etm̀patetenouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etm̀patououahbeh | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etm̀pate- ouahbeh |
| expectative | preterite | negative | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁϯⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nam̀patiouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nam̀patekouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nam̀pateouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nam̀patefouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nam̀patesouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nam̀patenouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nam̀patetenouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nam̀patououahbeh | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲧⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nam̀pate- ouahbeh |
| aorist | basic | affirmative | ϣⲁⲓⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ šaiouahbeh | ϣⲁⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ šakouahbeh | ϣⲁⲣⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ šareouahbeh | ϣⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ šafouahbeh | ϣⲁⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ šasouahbeh | ϣⲁⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ šanouahbeh | ϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ šatetenouahbeh | ϣⲁⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ šauouahbeh | ϣⲁⲣⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ šare- ouahbeh |
| aorist | basic | negative | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲓⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀paiouahbeh | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀pakouahbeh | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀pareouahbeh | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀pafouahbeh | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀pasouahbeh | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀panouahbeh | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀paretenouahbeh | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀pauouahbeh | ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀pare- ouahbeh |
| aorist | circumstantial | affirmative | ⲉϣⲁⲓⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ešaiouahbeh | ⲉϣⲁⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ešakouahbeh | ⲉϣⲁⲣⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ešareouahbeh | ⲉϣⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ešafouahbeh | ⲉϣⲁⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ešasouahbeh | ⲉϣⲁⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ešanouahbeh | ⲉϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ešatetenouahbeh | ⲉϣⲁⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ešauouahbeh | ⲉϣⲁⲣⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ešare- ouahbeh |
| aorist | circumstantial | negative | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲓⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀paiouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀pakouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀pareouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀pafouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀pasouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀panouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀paretenouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀pauouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀pare- ouahbeh |
| aorist | relative | affirmative | ⲉⲧϣⲁⲓⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etšaiouahbeh | ⲉⲧϣⲁⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etšakouahbeh | ⲉⲧϣⲁⲣⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etšareouahbeh | ⲉⲧϣⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etšafouahbeh | ⲉⲧϣⲁⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etšasouahbeh | ⲉⲧϣⲁⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etšanouahbeh | ⲉⲧϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etšatetenouahbeh | ⲉⲧϣⲁⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etšauouahbeh | ⲉⲧϣⲁⲣⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etšare- ouahbeh |
| aorist | relative | negative | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲓⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etm̀paiouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etm̀pakouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etm̀pareouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etm̀pafouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etm̀pasouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etm̀panouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etm̀paretenouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etm̀pauouahbeh | ⲉⲧⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ etm̀pare- ouahbeh |
| aorist | preterite | affirmative | ⲛⲁϣⲁⲓⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ našaiouahbeh | ⲛⲁϣⲁⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ našakouahbeh | ⲛⲁϣⲁⲣⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ našareouahbeh | ⲛⲁϣⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ našafouahbeh | ⲛⲁϣⲁⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ našasouahbeh | ⲛⲁϣⲁⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ našanouahbeh | ⲛⲁϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ našatetenouahbeh | ⲛⲁϣⲁⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ našauouahbeh | ⲛⲁϣⲁⲣⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ našare- ouahbeh |
| aorist | preterite | negative | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲓⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nam̀paiouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nam̀pakouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nam̀pareouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nam̀pafouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nam̀pasouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nam̀panouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nam̀paretenouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nam̀pauouahbeh | ⲛⲁⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ nam̀pare- ouahbeh |
| aorist | focalising | affirmative | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲓⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀paiouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀pakouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀pareouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀pafouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀pasouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀panouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀paretenouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀pauouahbeh | ⲉⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲣⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ em̀pare- ouahbeh |
| optative | basic | affirmative | ⲉⲓⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ eieouahbeh | ⲉⲕⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ekeouahbeh | ⲉⲣⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ereouahbeh | ⲉϥⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ efeouahbeh | ⲉⲥⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ eseouahbeh | ⲉⲛⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ eneouahbeh | ⲉⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ereteneouahbeh | ⲉⲩⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ eueouahbeh | ⲉⲣⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ere- ouahbeh |
| optative | basic | negative | ⲛ̀ⲛⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ǹnaouahbeh | ⲛ̀ⲛⲉⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ǹnekouahbeh | ⲛ̀ⲛⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ǹneouahbeh | ⲛ̀ⲛⲉϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ǹnefouahbeh | ⲛ̀ⲛⲉⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ǹnesouahbeh | ⲛ̀ⲛⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ǹnenouahbeh | ⲛ̀ⲛⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ǹnetenouahbeh | ⲛ̀ⲛⲟⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ǹnououahbeh | ⲛ̀ⲛⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ǹne- ouahbeh |
| jussive | basic | affirmative | ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ mariouahbeh | (use imperative) | (use imperative) | ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ marefouahbeh | ⲙⲁⲣⲉⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ maresouahbeh | ⲙⲁⲣⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ marenouahbeh | (use imperative) | ⲙⲁⲣⲟⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ marououahbeh | ⲙⲁⲣⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ mare- ouahbeh |
| jussive | basic | negative | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛⲑⲣⲓⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀penthriouahbeh | (use imperative) | (use imperative) | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛⲑⲣⲉϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀penthrefouahbeh | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛⲑⲣⲉⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀penthresouahbeh | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛⲑⲣⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀penthrenouahbeh | (use imperative) | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛⲑⲣⲉⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀penthreuouahbeh | ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲛⲑⲣⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ m̀penthre- ouahbeh |
| subordinate clause ||||||||||||
| | | | ⲁⲛⲟⲕ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲕ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟϥ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲥ | ⲁⲛⲟⲛ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲱⲧⲉⲛ | ⲛ̀ⲑⲱⲟⲩ | - |
| conjunctive | conjunctive | conjunctive | ⲛ̀ⲧⲁⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ǹtaouahbeh | ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ǹtekouahbeh | ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ǹteouahbeh | ⲛ̀ⲧⲉϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ǹtefouahbeh | ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ǹtesouahbeh | ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ǹtenouahbeh | ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ǹtetenouahbeh | ⲛ̀ⲥⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ, ⲛ̀ⲧⲟⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ǹseouahbeh, ǹtououahbeh | ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ ǹte- ouahbeh |
| future conjunctive | future conjunctive | future conjunctive | ⲧⲁⲣⲓⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ tariouahbeh | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ tarekouahbeh | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ tareouahbeh | ⲧⲁⲣⲉϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ tarefouahbeh | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ taresouahbeh | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ tarenouahbeh | ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ taretenouahbeh | ⲧⲁⲣⲟⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ tarououahbeh | ⲧⲁⲣⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ tare- ouahbeh |
| limitative | limitative | limitative | ϣⲁϯⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ šatiouahbeh | ϣⲁⲧⲉⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ šatekouahbeh | ϣⲁⲧⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ šateouahbeh | ϣⲁⲧⲉϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ šatefouahbeh | ϣⲁⲧⲉⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ šatesouahbeh | ϣⲁⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ šatenouahbeh | ϣⲁⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ šatetenouahbeh | ϣⲁⲧⲟⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ šatououahbeh | ϣⲁⲧⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ šate- ouahbeh |
| conditional | long | long | ⲁⲓϣⲁⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ aišanouahbeh | ⲁⲕϣⲁⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ akšanouahbeh | ⲁⲣⲉϣⲁⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ arešanouahbeh | ⲁϥϣⲁⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ afšanouahbeh | ⲁⲥϣⲁⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ asšanouahbeh | ⲁⲛϣⲁⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ anšanouahbeh | ⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛϣⲁⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ aretenšanouahbeh | ⲁⲩϣⲁⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ aušanouahbeh | ⲁⲣⲉϣⲁⲛ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ arešan- ouahbeh |
| conditional | short | short | ⲁⲓⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ aiouahbeh | ⲁⲕⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ akouahbeh | ⲁⲣⲉⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ areouahbeh | ⲁϥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ afouahbeh | ⲁⲥⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ asouahbeh | ⲁⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ anouahbeh | ⲁⲣⲉⲧⲉⲛⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ aretenouahbeh | ⲁⲩⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ auouahbeh | ⲁⲣⲉ- ⲟⲩⲁϩⲃⲉϩ are- ouahbeh |
| negated with | negated with | negated with | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- | ϣⲧⲉⲙ- štem- |

#### Related terms

* ⲃⲉϩⲃⲉϩ (behbeh)

### References

* Crum, Walter E. (1939) A Coptic Dictionary‎, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, page 509a
* Černý, Jaroslav (1976) Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 30