# 咋

| 咋 | U+548B, &#21643; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-548B |
| ← 咊 [U+548A] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 和 → [U+548C] |

## Translingual
### Han character

咋 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 口人尸 (ROS) or 口竹尸 (RHS), four-corner 6801$_1$, composition ⿰口乍)

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 184, character 16
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3488
* Dae Jaweon: page 404, character 1
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 601, character 9
* Unihan data for U+548B

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 作 | *ʔsaːɡs, *ʔsaːɡs, *ʔsaːɡ |
| 鲊 | *ʔsraːʔ |
| 痄 | *ʔsraːʔ |
| 厏 | *ʔsraːʔ, *zraːʔ |
| 詐 | *ʔsraːɡs |
| 咋 | *ʔsraːɡs, *zraːɡ, *ʔsreːɡ |
| 笮 | *ʔsraːɡs, *zaːɡ, *ʔsraːɡ |
| 榨 | *ʔsraːɡs |
| 炸 | *ʔr'aːɡs, *zreːb |
| 乍 | *zraːɡs |
| 拃 | *ʔsraːnʔ |
| 酢 | *sʰaːɡs, *zaːɡ |
| 祚 | *zaːɡs |
| 胙 | *zaːɡs |
| 阼 | *zaːɡs |
| 飵 | *zaːɡs, *zaːɡ |
| 秨 | *zaːɡs, *zaːɡ |
| 迮 | *ʔsaːɡ, *ʔsraːɡ |
| 柞 | *ʔsaːɡ, *zaːɡ |
| 昨 | *zaːɡ |
| 怍 | *zaːɡ |
| 砟 | *zaːɡ |
| 莋 | *zaːɡ |
| 岝 | *zaːɡ, *zraːɡ |
| 鈼 | *zaːɡ |
| 筰 | *zaːɡ |
| 葃 | *zaːɡ, *zreːɡ, *zaɡ |
| 舴 | *ʔr'aːɡ, *ʔsraːɡ |
| 窄 | *ʔsraːɡ |
| 蚱 | *ʔsraːɡ |
| 齚 | *zraːɡ |
| 泎 | *zraːɡ |

### Etymology 1

* This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Fusion of 怎麼／怎么 (zěnme)?”

#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): zǎ (za$^3$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄗㄚˇ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): za$^2$
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): за (za, II)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zaa$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zǎ
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄚˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zǎ
*** Wade–Giles: tsa$^3$
*** Yale: dzǎ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzaa
*** Palladius: цза (cza)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sä²¹⁴/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: za$^2$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: za
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sa²¹/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: за (za, II)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sa⁵¹/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zaa$^2$
*** Yale: já
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzaa$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: za$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡saː³⁵/

#### Definitions

咋
* (colloquial, dialectal) how; why

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 何, 如何 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 怎麼 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 怎麼 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 怎麼 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 怎麼 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 怎麼 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 咋, 咋樣兒 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 咋, 咋的個, 咋麼, 咋麼個 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 咋, 咋個, 啷個 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 啷個 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 麼, 麼樣, 哪樣 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 井幹 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 怎樣, 怎 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 點, 點樣 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 幾何 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 點 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 點 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 啷, 啷樣 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 仰般, 仰仔 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Meilin) | 仰般 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 仰來 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 仰般, 仰仔 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 仰仔 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 仰般 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 仰脣, 仰 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 仰般, 仰般形 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 仰子 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 采翹 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 咋, 咋底 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 怎怎, 怎, 怎其 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 安難, 怎生 |
| Eastern Min | Singapore (Fuqing) | 安難 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 按怎, 怎影 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 按怎 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 按怎 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 按怎 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 障仔, 按怎, 怎 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 在生, 乜生, 做呢, 做物 |
| Southern Min | Raoping | 做呢 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 做呢 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 做呢 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 做呢 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 做呢, 做物 |
| Southern Min | Batam (Teochew) | 做呢物, 做物 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 怎作, 作乜 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 咋作 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 怎作 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 哪能 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 捺亨 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 咋, 咋貌, 咋貌介 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 訾那, 訾那能 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 何什, 何裡 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 麼家 |

### Etymology 2
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zé (ze$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄗㄜˊ
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zé
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄜˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zé
*** Wade–Giles: tsê$^2$
*** Yale: dzé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzer
*** Palladius: цзэ (czɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɤ³⁵/
* Middle Chinese: tsreak
Rime :
| Character | 咋 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 莊 (18) |
| Final (韻) | 麥 (119) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 側革切 |
| Baxter | tsreak |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ʃˠɛk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈ͡ʂᵚæk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ʃɐk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈ͡ʂəɨjk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ʃɛk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ʃæk̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ʈ͡ʂæk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhe |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zak$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsreːɡ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 咋 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| No. | 16687 |
| Phonetic component | 乍 |
| Rime group | 錫 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 責 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔsreːɡ/ |
| Notes | 見周禮鄭注 |

#### Definitions

咋
* (obsolete) to be loud; to shout; to cry
    From: p. 73 BCE, Huan Kuan (桓寬) (editor). Discourses on Salt and Iron (《鹽鐵論》)
    Gài Yuèrén měi luóbàng ér jiǎn tàiláo, bǐfū lè zéjiè ér guài “Sháo” “Huò”. [Pinyin]
    (One is reminded that) the Yue, being fond of snails and clams, deem the prime beef from sacrificial cattle inferior, and that the uncultivated barbarians, loving to howl and sigh loudly, take a dim view of the elegance in the Shao and Huo.

### Etymology 3
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zé (ze$^2$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄗㄜˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zaak$^6$ / zaak$^3$ / zaa$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zé
*** Zhuyin: ㄗㄜˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: zé
*** Wade–Giles: tsê$^2$
*** Yale: dzé
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzer
*** Palladius: цзэ (czɛ)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɤ³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zaak$^6$ / zaak$^3$ / zaa$^3$
*** Yale: jaahk / jaak / ja
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzaak$^9$ / dzaak$^8$ / dzaa$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zag$^6$ / zag$^3$ / za$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡saːk̚²/, /t͡saːk̚³/, /t͡saː³³/
* Middle Chinese: dzraek
Rime :
| Character | 咋 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 崇 (20) |
| Final (韻) | 陌 (113) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 鋤陌切 |
| Baxter | dzraek |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /d͡ʒˠæk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɖ͡ʐᵚak̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /d͡ʒak̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ɖ͡ʐaɨjk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /d͡ʒɐk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /d͡ʒɐk̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ɖ͡ʐʱɐk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhé |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zak$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*zraːɡ/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 咋 |
| Reading # | 2/3 |
| No. | 16684 |
| Phonetic component | 乍 |
| Rime group | 鐸 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 齚 |
| Old Chinese | /*zraːɡ/ |

#### Definitions

咋
* (obsolete) to bite
    From: c. 2nd century BCE, Dongfang Shuo (東方朔), Replies to a Guest's Objections (《答客難》). English text based on the free-verse translation by Dominik Declercq.
    Yóu shì guān zhī, pì yóu jīngqú zhī xí gǒu, gūtún zhī zé hǔ, zhì zé mí ěr, hé gōng zhī yǒu? [Pinyin]
    Looking at it from this point of view, I should compare you to A shrew attacking a dog, A lone piglet snapping at a tiger, Striking, only to be crushed themselves: What merit is to be gained from that?
    咋舌 ― zéshé ― to be speechless
* Used in 㕭咋.

#### Compounds

* 㕭咋
* 咋舌 (zéshé)

### Etymology 4
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhà (zha$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄚˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zaa$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhà
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhà
*** Wade–Giles: cha$^4$
*** Yale: jà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jah
*** Palladius: чжа (čža)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂä⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zaa$^3$
*** Yale: ja
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzaa$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: za$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡saː³³/
* Middle Chinese: tsraeH
Rime :
| Character | 咋 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 莊 (18) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (98) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 側駕切 |
| Baxter | tsraeH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ʃˠa$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈ͡ʂᵚa$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ʃa$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈ͡ʂaɨ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ʃa$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ʃa$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ʈ͡ʂa$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhà |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zaa$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsraːɡs/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 咋 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| No. | 16646 |
| Phonetic component | 乍 |
| Rime group | 暮 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 詐 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔsraːɡs/ |

#### Definitions

咋
* (obsolete) Alternative form of 炸 (“to burst; to explode; to infuriate”)

### Etymology 5
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhà (zha$^4$)
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄚˋ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zaa$^6$ / zaa$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhà
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄚˋ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhà
*** Wade–Giles: cha$^4$
*** Yale: jà
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jah
*** Palladius: чжа (čža)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂä⁵¹/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zaa$^6$ / zaa$^3$
*** Yale: jah / ja
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzaa$^6$ / dzaa$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: za$^6$ / za$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡saː²²/, /t͡saː³³/
* Middle Chinese: tsraeH
Rime :
| Character | 咋 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 莊 (18) |
| Final (韻) | 麻 (98) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 側駕切 |
| Baxter | tsraeH |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /t͡ʃˠa$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈ͡ʂᵚa$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /t͡ʃa$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈ͡ʂaɨ$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /t͡ʃa$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /t͡ʃa$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ʈ͡ʂa$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhà |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zaa$^3$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsraːɡs/
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 咋 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| No. | 16646 |
| Phonetic component | 乍 |
| Rime group | 暮 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 詐 |
| Old Chinese | /*ʔsraːɡs/ |

#### Definitions

咋
* (obsolete) Alternative form of 乍 (zhà, “suddenly; in an outburst”)
    From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
    Huánzǐ zhà wèi Lín Chǔ yuē: “Ér xiān jiē Jìshì zhī liáng yě, ěr yǐ shì jì zhī?” [Pinyin]
    Lord Huan (of Ji), in a sudden, burst out to Lin Chu: "Your forebears have always served the Ji loyally. Is this how you carry on their tradition?"

### Etymology 6
#### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): zhā (zha$^1$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄓㄚ
    (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): za$^1$
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zaa$^1$ / zaa$^3$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhā
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄚ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jha
*** Wade–Giles: cha$^1$
*** Yale: jā
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ja
*** Palladius: чжа (čža)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂä⁵⁵/
** (Chengdu)
*** Sichuanese Pinyin: za$^1$
*** Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: za
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sa⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zaa$^1$ / zaa$^3$
*** Yale: jā / ja
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzaa$^1$ / dzaa$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: za$^1$ / za$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡saː⁵⁵/, /t͡saː³³/

#### Definitions

咋
* Only used in 咋呼 (zhāhu).

### Etymology 7

From z- (“only; just; simply”) + 呀 (aa$^3$). Compare 啫 (ze$^1$), 咋 (zaa$^4$), 之嘛 (zi$^1$ maa$^3$).

#### Pronunciation

* Cantonese (Jyutping): zaa$^3$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zaa$^3$
*** Yale: ja
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzaa$^3$
*** Guangdong Romanization: za$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡saː³³/

#### Definitions

咋
* (Cantonese, at the end of a phrase) only; just; simply
       zung$^6$ jau$^5$ saam$^1$ go$^3$ zaa$^3$. [Jyutping]
       There are only three left.

##### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 而已, 云爾 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 而已, 罷了 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 罷了 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 而已 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 罷了 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 而已 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 罷了 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 啫, 咋, 之嘛 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 啫, 咋, 之嘛 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 啫, 之嘛 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 之嘛, 咋 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 之嘛, 逸, 咿 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 之嘛, 咋 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 啫, 之嘛 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 定定 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 定定 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 定定, 定 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 忒等 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 定定 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 定 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 爾爾, 爾 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 爾爾, 爾 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 爾爾, 爾 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 爾爾 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 爾 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 爾, 爾爾 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 定 |

### Etymology 8

From z- (“only; just; simply”) + confirmation-seeking 呀 (aa$^4$). Compare 喇 (laa$^4$), 㗎 (gaa$^4$).

#### Pronunciation

* Cantonese (Jyutping): zaa$^4$
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zaa$^4$
*** Yale: jàh
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzaa$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: za$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡saː²¹/

#### Definitions

咋
* Sentence-final particle used to seek confirmation, expressing surprise and suspicion on a delimitation: only so few/little?
       zung$^6$ jau$^5$ saam$^1$ go$^3$ zaa$^4$? [Jyutping]
       Are there only three left?

### Compounds

* 咋唶
* 嘵咋／哓咋

### References

* Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00560
* “咋”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Hyōgai kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: しゃ (sha)、しゃく (shaku)
* Kan-on: さ (sa)、さく (saku)
* Kun: かむ (kamu, 咋む)、くう (kuu, 咋う)、くらう (kurau, 咋らう)

#### Compounds

* 大(おお)山(やま)咋(くいの)神(かみ) (Ōyamakui no Kami)
* 羽(は)咋(くい) (Hakui)
* 真魚(まな)咋(ぐい) (managui)

## Korean
### Hanja

咋 • (sa) (hangeul 사)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

咋: Hán Nôm readings: chạ, chá, chách, cha
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### References

* Nom Foundation