# 憚る
## Japanese
### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 憚
* はばか Hyōgai
* kun'yomi
Cognate with 阻む (habamu, “to prevent, thwart”), 蔓延る (habikoru, “to grow dense”), and possibly 幅 (haba, “width”).
Also cognate with classical adjective 憚し (habashi, “hesitant, shy”).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) はばかる [hàbákáꜜrù] (Nakadaka –)
* (Tokyo) はばかる [hàbákárú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [ha̠ba̠ka̠ɾɯ̟]

### Verb

憚(はばか)る • (habakaru) transitive or intransitive godan (stem 憚(はばか)り (habakari), past 憚(はばか)った (habakatta))
* (intransitive) to hesitate, to be afraid to do
** 2007, 新時代日漢辭典／新时代日汉辞典 (Xīn Shídài Rì-hàn Cídiǎn), 1st edition, 大新書局／大新书局 (Dàxīn Shūjú), →ISBN:
    彼(かれ)を憚(はばか)って何(なに)も言(い)わない
       Kare o habakatte nanimo iwanai
       Afraid to say anything to him
* (intransitive) to get full, grow rampant
* (intransitive) to throw one’s weight around, to make one’s presence felt
* (archaic, transitive) to beware of, be wary of
* (archaic, transitive) to abhor, detest
* (archaic, transitive) to grieve, hold a funeral service

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 憚ら | はばから | habakara |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 憚り | はばかり | habakari |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 憚る | はばかる | habakaru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 憚る | はばかる | habakaru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 憚れ | はばかれ | habakare |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 憚れ | はばかれ | habakare |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 憚られる | はばかられる | habakarareru |
| Causative | 憚らせる 憚らす | はばからせる はばからす | habakaraseru habakarasu |
| Potential | 憚れる | はばかれる | habakareru |
| Volitional | 憚ろう | はばかろう | habakarō |
| Negative | 憚らない | はばからない | habakaranai |
| Negative continuative | 憚らず | はばからず | habakarazu |
| Formal | 憚ります | はばかります | habakarimasu |
| Perfective | 憚った | はばかった | habakatta |
| Conjunctive | 憚って | はばかって | habakatte |
| Hypothetical conditional | 憚れば | はばかれば | habakareba |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 憚ら | はばから | fabakara |
| Continuative (連用形) | 憚り | はばかり | fabakari |
| Terminal (終止形) | 憚る | はばかる | fabakaru |
| Attributive (連体形) | 憚る | はばかる | fabakaru |
| Realis (已然形) | 憚れ | はばかれ | fabakare |
| Imperative (命令形) | 憚れ | はばかれ | fabakare |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 憚らず | はばからず | fabakarazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 憚れど | はばかれど | fabakaredo |
| Causal conjunction | 憚れば | はばかれば | fabakareba |
| Conditional conjunction | 憚らば | はばからば | fabakaraba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 憚りき | はばかりき | fabakariki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 憚りけり | はばかりけり | fabakarikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 憚りつ | はばかりつ | fabakaritu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 憚りぬ | はばかりぬ | fabakarinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 憚れり 憚りたり | はばかれり はばかりたり | fabakareri fabakaritari |
| Volitional | 憚らむ | はばからむ | fabakaramu |

#### Derived terms

* 憚(はばか)らはし (habakarawashi)
* 思(おぼ)し憚(はばか)る (oboshihabakaru)
* 思(おも)ひ憚(はばか)る (omoihabakaru)

#### Idioms

* 世(せ)を憚(はばか)る (se o habakaru)
* 人(ひと)前(まえ)を憚(はばか)る (hitomae o habakaru)
* 人(ひと)目(め)を憚(はばか)る (hitome o habakaru)

#### Proverbs

* 過(あやま)ちては則(すなわ)ち改(あらた)むるに憚(はばか)ること勿(なか)れ (ayamachite wa sunawachi aratamuru ni habakaru koto nakare)
* 憎(にく)まれっ子(こ)世(よ)に憚(はばか)る (nikumarekko yo ni habakaru)

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ “憚”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* 1 2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

## Old Japanese
### Etymology

From a pab- stem cognate with modern Japanese 阻む (habamu, “to prevent, thwart”).

### Verb

憚る (pabakaru) (kana はばか​る)
* (intransitive) to hesitate, to be afraid to do
** c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4372:, text here
    ...阿良志乎母多志夜波婆可流不破乃世伎久江弖和波由久......arasi wo mo tasi pabakaru Pupa-no$_2$-seki$_1$ kuyete wa pa yuku...Will a wild man hesitate to stand? Across the barrier of Fuwa I go.
* (transitive) to beware of, be wary of
** 720, Nihon Shoki, Emperor Nintoku, fortieth year of reign [c. 353 CE], second month:; Maeda-bon glosses
    然重$_二$皇后之言$_一$、亦敦$_二$友于之義$_一$而忍$_レ$之勿$_レ$罪But [the Emperor] was wary of the Empress’s words; out of respect for the rules of brotherhood, he was patient and did not punish [his son].

#### Derived terms

* 行き憚る (yuki$_1$pabakaru)

#### Descendants

* Japanese: 憚る (habakaru)