# 制約
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhìyuē
    (Zhuyin): ㄓˋ ㄩㄝ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zai$^3$ joek$^3$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): chè-iok / chè-iak
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zi$^3$ iag$^4$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhìyuē
*** Zhuyin: ㄓˋ ㄩㄝ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhìhyue
*** Wade–Giles: chih$^4$-yüeh$^1$
*** Yale: jr̀-ywē
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyhiue
*** Palladius: чжиюэ (čžijue)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ɥɛ⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zai$^3$ joek$^3$
*** Yale: jai yeuk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzai$^3$ joek$^8$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zei$^3$ yêg$^3$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sɐi̯³³ jœːk̚³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chè-iok
*** Tâi-lô: tsè-iok
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zea'iog
*** IPA (Xiamen): /t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ iɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡se²¹⁻⁴¹ iɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Taipei): /t͡se¹¹⁻⁵³ iɔk̚³²/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡se⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iɔk̚⁵/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chè-iak
*** Tâi-lô: tsè-iak
*** Phofsit Daibuun: zea'iag
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ iak̚³²/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: zi$^3$ iag$^4$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsì iak
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ iak̚²/

### Verb

制約
* (transitive) to restrict; to limit; to inhibit

#### Synonyms

* 主宰 (zhǔzǎi)
* 主張／主张 (zhǔzhāng) (archaic)
* 克制 (kèzhì)
* 克治 (kèzhì) (literary)
* 制禦／制御 (zhìyù) (literary)
* 君 (jūn) (literary)
* 執掌／执掌 (zhízhǎng)
* 壓制／压制 (yāzhì)
* 壓抑／压抑 (yāyì)
* 局 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
* 局限 (júxiàn)
* 左右 (zuǒyòu)
* 把
* 抑制 (yìzhì)
* 把持 (bǎchí)
* 把控 (bǎkòng)
* 把攬／把揽 (bǎlǎn)
* 抵制 (dǐzhì)
* 拘束 (jūshù)
* 按 (àn)
* 按捺 (ànnà) (usually in the negative)
* 控 (literary, or in compounds)
* 控制 (kòngzhì)
* 掌控 (zhǎngkòng)
* 掌握 (zhǎngwò)
* 提控 (tíkòng) (literary)
* 撥弄／拨弄 (bōnòng)
* 撙節／撙节 (zǔnjié)
* 操控 (cāokòng)
* 操縱／操纵 (cāozòng)
* 擺佈／摆布 (bǎibù)
* 擺治／摆治 (bǎizhì) (regional)
* 支配 (zhīpèi)
* 收斂／收敛 (shōuliǎn)
* 束 (literary, or in compounds)
* 束縛／束缚 (shùfù)
* 柄 (literary, or in compounds)
* 框 (kuàng)
* 禁錮／禁锢 (jìngù) (figurative)
* 積壓／积压 (jīyā) (figurative)
* 節制／节制 (jiézhì)
* 節撙／节撙 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
* 管制 (guǎnzhì)
* 管束 (guǎnshù)
* 約束／约束 (yuēshù)
* 統御／统御 (tǒngyù) (literary)
* 統治／统治 (tǒngzhì)
* 羈束／羁束 (jīshù) (literary)
* 裁 (cái) (literary, or in compounds)
* 遏抑 (èyì) (literary)
* 鎮／镇 (zhèn)
* 限 (xiàn)
* 限乏 (Xiamen Hokkien)
* 限制 (xiànzhì)
* 駕／驾 (jià)
* 駕馭／驾驭 (jiàyù) (figurative)

#### Derived terms

* 制約刺激／制约刺激
* 制約反射／制约反射 (zhìyuē fǎnshè)
* 制約反應／制约反应
* 古典制約／古典制约 (gǔdiǎn zhìyuē)
* 操作制約／操作制约

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 制 | 約 |
| せい Grade: 5 | やく Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) せーやく [sèéyákú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [se̞ːja̠kɯ̟]

### Noun

制(せい)約(やく) • (seiyaku)
* restriction, limitation

### Verb

制(せい)約(やく)する • (seiyaku suru) transitive suru (stem 制(せい)約(やく)し (seiyaku shi), past 制(せい)約(やく)した (seiyaku shita))
* restrict, limit
    自(じ)由(ゆう)を制(せい)約(やく)する
       jiyū o seiyaku suru
       to restrict freedom

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 制約し | せいやくし | seiyaku shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 制約し | せいやくし | seiyaku shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 制約する | せいやくする | seiyaku suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 制約する | せいやくする | seiyaku suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 制約すれ | せいやくすれ | seiyaku sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 制約せよ¹ 制約しろ² | せいやくせよ¹ せいやくしろ² | seiyaku seyo¹ seiyaku shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 制約される | せいやくされる | seiyaku sareru |
| Causative | 制約させる 制約さす | せいやくさせる せいやくさす | seiyaku saseru seiyaku sasu |
| Potential | 制約できる | せいやくできる | seiyaku dekiru |
| Volitional | 制約しよう | せいやくしよう | seiyaku shiyō |
| Negative | 制約しない | せいやくしない | seiyaku shinai |
| Negative continuative | 制約せず | せいやくせず | seiyaku sezu |
| Formal | 制約します | せいやくします | seiyaku shimasu |
| Perfective | 制約した | せいやくした | seiyaku shita |
| Conjunctive | 制約して | せいやくして | seiyaku shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 制約すれば | せいやくすれば | seiyaku sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN