# 國書
## Chinese

* 國書

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): guóshū
    (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄕㄨ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gwok$^3$ syu$^1$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kok-su / kok-sir / kok-si
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: guóshū
*** Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄕㄨ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: guóshu
*** Wade–Giles: kuo$^2$-shu$^1$
*** Yale: gwó-shū
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gwoshu
*** Palladius: гошу (gošu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ku̯ɔ³⁵ ʂu⁵⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gwok$^3$ syu$^1$
*** Yale: gwok syū
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gwok$^8$ sy$^1$
*** Guangdong Romanization: guog$^3$ xu$^1$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʷɔːk̚³ syː⁵⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kok-su
*** Tâi-lô: kok-su
*** Phofsit Daibuun: koksw
*** IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ su⁴⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kok-sir
*** Tâi-lô: kok-sir
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ sɯ³³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kok-si
*** Tâi-lô: kok-si
*** Phofsit Daibuun: koksy
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ si⁴⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ si⁴⁴/
* Middle Chinese: kwok syo
Rime :
| Character | 國 | 書 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 書 (26) |
| Final (韻) | 德 (132) | 魚 (22) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Open |
| Division (等) | I | III |
| Fanqie | 古或切 | 傷魚切 |
| Baxter | kwok | syo |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kwək̚/ | /ɕɨʌ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kʷək̚/ | /ɕiɔ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kuək̚/ | /ɕiɔ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kwək̚/ | /ɕɨə̆/ |
| Li Rong | /kuək̚/ | /ɕiɔ/ |
| Wang Li | /kuək̚/ | /ɕĭo/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /kwək̚/ | /ɕi̯wo/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | guo | shū |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gwak$^1$ | syu$^1$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[C.q]ʷˤək s-ta/
    (Zhengzhang): /*kʷɯːɡ hlja/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 國 | 書 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | guó | shū |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kwok › | ‹ syo › |
| Old Chinese | /*[C.q]ʷˁək/ | /*s-ta/ |
| English | state (n.) | write |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 國 | 書 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 5547 | 17013 |
| Phonetic component | 或 | 者 |
| Rime group | 職 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 國 | 書 |
| Old Chinese | /*kʷɯːɡ/ | /*hlja/ |

### Noun

國書
* credentials
* (diplomacy) letter of credence
* documents exchanged between nations
* national script; national writing system
    From: 《西浦漫筆》 by Kim Manjung, late 1600s
    이이기불가이문자사지 고 유악인배구상수수 혹전이국서이이 I i gi bulga i munja sa ji[-ra], go[-ro] yu agin bae gu sang susu[-hamyeo], hok jeon i gukseo ii[-hanira]. [Sino-Korean]
    But due to them being unable to be transcribed in [Chinese] characters, only groups of musicians pass them down mouth-to-mouth, or some people transmit them using the Korean alphabet, and that is all.

#### Synonyms

* (national script): 國字／国字 (guózì)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 国書(こくしょ) (kokusho)
* → Korean: 국서(國書) (gukseo)
* → Vietnamese: quốc thư (國書)