# caligo
## English
### Etymology

Borrowed from Latin cālīgō (“darkness”). Doublet of garua.

### Noun

caligo (uncountable)
* (medicine, obsolete) dimness or obscurity of sight, caused by a speck on the cornea
* A butterfly of the genus Caligo.

### See also

* Caligus
Part or all of this entry has been imported from the 1913 edition of Webster’s Dictionary, which is now free of copyright and hence in the public domain. The imported definitions may be significantly out of date, and any more recent senses may be completely missing. (See the entry for “caligo”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.)

### Anagrams

* glacio-

## Latin
### Etymology

Formation from an earlier adjective is possible, similarly to several similar nouns in -īgō, examples at rōbīgō, with the verb deriving from the noun, as cālīgō (noun) +‎ -ō. A possible reading in Pacuvius suggests earlier verb semantics as “I make dark”, consistent with this construction. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kel- (“dark spot”), suggested to be connected to columba (“dove, pigeon”), Sanskrit कलङ्क (kalaṅka, “dark blemish”), Serbo-Croatian kâl / ка̑л ("mud, dirt"). Various further Indo-European cognates have been suggested, such as Ancient Greek κελαινός (kelainós, “dark, black”), Ancient Greek κηλίς (kēlís, “spot, stain”) and the rare adjective Latin cā̆lidus (“having a white spot on the forehead”).

### Pronunciation

* (Classical Latin) IPA: /kaːˈliː.ɡoː/, [käːˈlʲiːɡoː]
* (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: /kaˈli.ɡo/, [käˈliːɡo]

### Noun

cālīgō f (genitive cālīginis); third declension
* fog, mist, vapor
* darkness, gloom
* (figuratively) inability to perceive mentally

#### Declension

Third-declension noun.
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | cālīgō | cālīginēs |
| Genitive | cālīginis | cālīginum |
| Dative | cālīginī | cālīginibus |
| Accusative | cālīginem | cālīginēs |
| Ablative | cālīgine | cālīginibus |
| Vocative | cālīgō | cālīginēs |

#### Synonyms

* (fog, mist): nebula

#### Descendants

* Asturian: calina
* Catalan: calitja
* Galician: calixen
* Italian: caligine
* Portuguese: caligem, caruja, garoa, garua
* Sicilian: calìnija
* Spanish: calígine, calina, calima, garúa
* Translingual: Caligo
* Venetian: calìgo

### Verb

cālīgō (present infinitive cālīgāre, perfect active cālīgāvī, supine cālīgātum); first conjugation
* to (emit) steam
* to be dark or gloomy
* to grope about; have poor eyesight

#### Derived terms

* cālīgātiō

### References

* “caligo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* “caligo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
* caligo in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
* caligo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
* Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co. to obscure the mental vision: mentis quasi luminibus officere (vid. sect. XIII. 6) or animo caliginem offundere
* ↑ Roberts, Edward A. (2014) A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Spanish Language with Families of Words based on Indo-European Roots, Xlibris Corporation, →ISBN
* ↑ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “547-548”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 547-548
* ↑ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “kalyo”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 186