# 中古
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): zhōnggǔ
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): zung$^1$ gu$^2$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tiong-kó͘
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: zhōnggǔ
*** Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jhonggǔ
*** Wade–Giles: chung$^1$-ku$^3$
*** Yale: jūng-gǔ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jongguu
*** Palladius: чжунгу (čžungu)
*** Sinological IPA : /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$中古 鐘鼓／钟鼓
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: zung$^1$ gu$^2$
*** Yale: jūng gú
*** Cantonese Pinyin: dzung$^1$ gu$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: zung$^1$ gu$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kuː³⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiong-kó͘
*** Tâi-lô: tiong-kóo
*** Phofsit Daibuun: diongkor
*** IPA (Xiamen): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ³³ kɔ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔ⁵³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹/
* Middle Chinese: trjuwng kuX
Rime :
| Character | 中 | 古 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 知 (9) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (2) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | I |
| Fanqie | 陟弓切 | 公戸切 |
| Baxter | trjuwng | kuX |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ʈɨuŋ/ | /kuo$^X$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ʈiuŋ/ | /kuo$^X$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ȶiuŋ/ | /ko$^X$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /ʈuwŋ/ | /kɔ$^X$/ |
| Li Rong | /ȶiuŋ/ | /ko$^X$/ |
| Wang Li | /ȶĭuŋ/ | /ku$^X$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ȶi̯uŋ/ | /kuo$^X$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | zhōng | gǔ |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | zung$^1$ | gu$^2$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*truŋ kˤaʔ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tuŋ kaːʔ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 中 | 古 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | zhōng | gǔ |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ trjuwng › | ‹ ku$^X$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*truŋ/ | /*kˁaʔ/ |
| English | center | ancient |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 中 | 古 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 17407 | 4219 |
| Phonetic component | 中 | 古 |
| Rime group | 終 | 魚 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 中 | 古 |
| Old Chinese | /*tuŋ/ | /*kaːʔ/ |

### Etymology 1
#### Adjective

中古
* middle(-aged) (as in Middle English, Middle Chinese, etc.)

##### Descendants

* → Mongolian: дундад эртний (dundad ertnii) (calque)

#### Noun

中古
* middle antiquity (from 3rd to 9th century)

##### Derived terms

* 中古時代／中古时代 (zhōnggǔ shídài)
* 中古法語／中古法语 (zhōnggǔ fǎyǔ)
* 中古漢語／中古汉语 (zhōnggǔ hànyǔ)
* 中古英語／中古英语 (Zhōnggǔ Yīngyǔ)
* 中古荷蘭語／中古荷兰语 (Zhōnggǔ Hélányǔ)
* 中古蒙古語／中古蒙古语 (zhōnggǔ měnggǔyǔ)
* 中古高地德語／中古高地德语 (zhōnggǔ gāodìdéyǔ)

#### Proper noun

中古
* the Middle Ages

### Etymology 2

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 中(ちゅう)古(こ) (chūko, “secondhand”).

#### Adjective

中古
* (Taiwan) used; second hand

##### Synonyms

* (used, second hand):
** 第二手 (dì'èrshǒu)
** 二手 (èrshǒu)

##### Derived terms

* 中古車／中古车 (zhōnggǔchē)

### Etymology 3
#### Adjective

中古
* Sino-Cuban

#### Proper noun

中古
* China and Cuba

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 中 | 古 |
| ちゅう Grade: 1 | こ Grade: 2 |
| on'yomi | kan'on |

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ちゅうこ [chùúkó] (Heiban – [0]) secondhand
* (Tokyo) ちゅうこ [chúꜜùkò] (Atamadaka –) medieval times; Early Middle Japanese
* IPA: [t͡ɕɨːko̞]

#### Noun

中(ちゅう)古(こ) • (chūko)
* a secondhand or used item
    Synonyms: セコハン (sekohan), セコンドハンド (sekondo-hando), セカンドハンド (sekando-hando)
* medieval times (in Japanese history, including the Heian period)
    Coordinate terms: 上古 (jōko), 近古 (kinko)
* Short for 中古日本語 (Chūko Nihongo): Heian period Japanese; Early Middle Japanese

##### Derived terms

* 中(ちゅう)古(こ)語(ご) (chūkogo)
* 中(ちゅう)古(こ)車(しゃ) (chūkosha)
* 中(ちゅう)古(こ)書(しょ)店(てん) (chūko shoten)
* 中(ちゅう)古(こ)品(ひん) (chūkohin)
* 中(ちゅう)古(こ)文(ぶん) (chūkobun)
* 中(ちゅう)古(こ)文(ぶん)学(がく) (chūko bungaku)

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 中 | 古 |
| ちゅう Grade: 1 | ふる > ぶる Grade: 2 |
| jūbakoyomi ||

#### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) ちゅうぶる [chùúbúrú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [t͡ɕɨːbɯ̟ɾɯ̟]

#### Noun

中(ちゅう)古(ぶる) • (chūburu)
* (slang) a secondhand or used item

### References

* 1 2 3 Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* 1 2 3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 中 | 古 |

### Noun

中古 • (junggo) (hangeul 중고)
* hanja form of 중고 (“secondhand”)

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 中 | 古 |

### Adjective

中古
* chữ Hán form of trung cổ (“medieval”).