# 金石
## Chinese

* 金石

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): jīnshí
    (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄣ ㄕˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): gam$^1$ sek$^6$
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kim-chio̍h
    (Teochew, Peng'im): gim$^1$ zioh$^8$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: jīnshí
*** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣ ㄕˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: jinshíh
*** Wade–Giles: chin$^1$-shih$^2$
*** Yale: jīn-shŕ
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jinshyr
*** Palladius: цзиньши (czinʹši)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: gam$^1$ sek$^6$
*** Yale: gām sehk
*** Cantonese Pinyin: gam$^1$ sek$^9$
*** Guangdong Romanization: gem$^1$ ség$^6$
*** Sinological IPA : /kɐm⁵⁵ sɛːk̚²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kim-chio̍h
*** Tâi-lô: kim-tsio̍h
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kimcioih
*** IPA (Xiamen): /kim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sioʔ⁴/
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kim³³ t͡sioʔ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kim⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sioʔ¹²¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /kim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sioʔ⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤʔ⁴/
** (Teochew)
*** Peng'im: gim$^1$ zioh$^8$
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kim tsio̍h
*** Sinological IPA : /kim³³⁻²³ t͡sioʔ⁴/
* Middle Chinese: kim dzyek
Rime :
| Character | 金 | 石 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 常 (25) |
| Final (韻) | 侵 (140) | 昔 (123) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 居吟切 | 常隻切 |
| Baxter | kim | dzyek |
| Reconstructions |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /kˠiɪm/ | /d͡ʑiᴇk̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /kᵚim/ | /d͡ʑiɛk̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /kiem/ | /d͡ʑiæk̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /kjim/ | /d͡ʑiajk̚/ |
| Li Rong | /kjəm/ | /ʑiɛk̚/ |
| Wang Li | /kĭĕm/ | /ʑĭɛk̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /ki̯əm/ | /ʑi̯ɛk̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | jīn | shí |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | gam$^1$ | sik$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*k(r)[ə]m dAk/
    (Zhengzhang): /*krɯm djaɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 金 | 石 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | jīn | shí |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ kim › | ‹ dzyek › |
| Old Chinese | /*k(r)[ə]m/ | /*dAk/ |
| English | metal, bronze | stone |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 金 | 石 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 6679 | 11470 |
| Phonetic component | 金 | 石 |
| Rime group | 侵 | 鐸 |
| Rime subdivision | 1 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 金 | 石 |
| Old Chinese | /*krɯm/ | /*djaɡ/ |
| Notes | 說文今聲，俞敏依金文非之 | |

### Noun

金石
* metal and stone
* inscriptions on ancient bronzes and stone tablets
* (music) bells and chime stones used in ancient Chinese music
* (figurative) hardness and strength; adamant

#### Derived terms

* 心如金石
* 擲地作金石聲／掷地作金石声
* 精誠所加，金石為虧／精诚所加，金石为亏
* 精誠所至，金石為開／精诚所至，金石为开 (jīngchéngsuǒzhì, jīnshíwéikāi)
* 金石不渝
* 金石之盟
* 金石之言
* 金石交
* 金石例
* 金石城 (Jīnshíchéng)
* 金石奏
* 金石學／金石学 (jīnshíxué)
* 金石文
* 金石文字記／金石文字记
* 金石為開／金石为开
* 金石索
* 金石絲竹／金石丝竹 (jīnshísīzhú)
* 金石聲／金石声
* 金石至交
* 金石良言 (jīnshíliángyán)
* 金石萃編／金石萃编
* 金石語／金石语
* 金石錄／金石录

### Proper noun

金石
* (～鎮) Jinshi (a town in Chao'an district, Chaozhou, Guangdong, China)

## Japanese
### Etymology 1

Kanji in this term :
| 金 | 石 |
| きん Grade: 1 | せき Grade: 1 |
| kan'on ||
From Chinese 金石 (jīnshí).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kʲĩɰ̃se̞kʲi]

#### Noun

金(きん)石(せき) • (kinseki)
* [from 9th century] metal and stone, mineral
* (figurative, by extension) (something) very strong, hard
    金石(きんせき)の交(まじ)わり
       kinseki no majiwari
       a rock-solid relationship
* [from 11th century] a metal or stone vessel; (especially) a musical instrument made of gold or stone, such as a bell or qing (Chinese stone chime)
* [from 19th century] a message to posterity engraved in metal or stone; an inscription

### Etymology 2

Kanji in this term :
| 金 | 石 |
| かな Grade: 1 | いし Grade: 1 |
| kun'yomi ||
Superficially of 金(かな) (kana, “metal”) + 石(いし) (ishi, “stone”).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ka̠na̠iɕi]

#### Noun

金(かな)石(いし) • (kanaishi)
* (regional, Chiba prefecture) andesite (volcanic rock of intermediate composition)
    Synonym: (standard) 安山岩 (anzangan)
* (regional, Nagano to Kyoto prefecture) a stone, a rock
* (regional, Shizuoka prefecture) native copper, copper mineral
    Synonym: (standard) 自然銅 (shizendō)