# 赤根
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): chhiah-kun
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Tong'an)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiah-kun
*** Tâi-lô: tshiah-kun
*** Phofsit Daibuun: chiahkwn
*** IPA (Tong'an): /t͡sʰia(ʔ)³²⁻⁴ kun⁴⁴/

### Noun

赤根
* (Tong'an Hokkien) spinach

#### Synonyms

| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 菠薐 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 菠菜 |
| Taxonomic name | Taxonomic name | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Langfang | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chengde | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Chifeng | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Hulunbuir (Hailar) | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Heihe | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Qiqihar | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Harbin | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jiamusi | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Baicheng | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Changchun | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Tonghua | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Shenyang | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Jinzhou | 菠菜 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 菠菜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 菠菜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tangshan | 菠菜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Cangzhou | 菠菜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Baoding | 青菜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Shijiazhuang | 菠菜, 青菜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Lijin | 菠菜 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 菠菜 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dalian | 菠菜 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Dandong | 菠菜 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai | 菠菜, 紅根兒菠菜 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 菠菜 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Qingdao | 菠菜 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Zhucheng | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Lingbao | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Jining | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Daming | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Linfen | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Shangqiu | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Yuanyang | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Zhengzhou | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xinyang | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baihe | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Baoji | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Tianshui | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xining | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Fuyang | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) | 菠菜 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) | 菠菜 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 菠菜 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Lanzhou | 菠菜, 綠菠菜 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Dunhuang | 菠菜 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Hami | 菠菜 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Ürümqi | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Nanchong | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dazhou | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanyuan | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xichang | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zigong | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 菠菜, 紅嘴綠鸚哥 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Yichang | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Xiangyang | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Tianmen | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guiyang | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zunyi | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Bijie | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liping | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Zhaotong | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dali | 菠羅菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Kunming | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Guilin | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Liuzhou | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Jishou | 菠菜, 甜菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Changde | 菠菜 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Hanzhong | 菠菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 菠菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 菠菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianyungang | 菠菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Lianshui | 菠菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nantong | 菠菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Anqing | 菠菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Wuhu | 菠菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 菠菜 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hong'an | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 角菜 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 角菜 |
| Cantonese | Macau | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Panyu) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Conghua) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Foshan | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Shunde) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Sanshui) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Zhuhai (Doumen) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Baisha) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Kaiping (Chikan) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Enping (Niujiang) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Heshan (Yayao) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Dongguan | 菠薐菜, 菠薐 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Shenzhen (Dapeng) | 角菜 |
| Cantonese | Qingyuan | 菠菜, 角菜 |
| Cantonese | Fogang | 角菜 |
| Cantonese | Yingde (Hanguang) | 角菜 |
| Cantonese | Yangshan | 角菜 |
| Cantonese | Lianshan (Butian) | 角菜 |
| Cantonese | Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui) | 菠菜, 菠薐 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Renhua | 角菜 |
| Cantonese | Lechang | 角菜, 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Sihui | 角菜, 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Guangning | 角菜 |
| Cantonese | Deqing | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Huaiji | 角菜 |
| Cantonese | Fengkai (Nanfeng) | 菠薐 |
| Cantonese | Yunfu | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Xinxing | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Luoding | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Yunan (Pingtai) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 菠薐菜 |
| Cantonese | Xinyi | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Gaozhou | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Lianjiang | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Nanning | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Nanning (Tanka) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Wuzhou | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Yulin | 菠薐 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Lianzhou) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Hepu (Shatian) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Guiping | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Guiping (Mule) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Pingnan | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Guigang (Gangcheng) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Guigang (Pingdong) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Beihai | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Nankang) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Yingpan) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Ipoh (Guangfu) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 菠菜 |
| Cantonese | Móng Cái | 玻璃菜 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 菠菜, 紅嘴綠鸚哥 |
| Gan | Lichuan | 菠菜 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 角菜, 角菜仔, 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Dabu (Xihe) | 角菜仔 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 菠菜, 角菜 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Shuikou Bendihua) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Huizhou (Hengli Bendihua) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Huidong (Pingshan Bendihua) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Dongguan (Qingxi) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Longmen (Pingling Bendihua) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Longmen (Luxi Bendihua) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Boluo (Bendihua) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Wuguishan) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Shuizhai) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Huacheng) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Changbu) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Mianyang) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Heyuan (Bendihua) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Zijin (Guzhu Bendihua) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Longchuan (Tuocheng Bendihua) | 菠菜, 角菜 |
| Hakka | Longchuan (Sidu Bendihua) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Heping (Linzhai Bendihua) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Lianping (Zhongxin Bendihua) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Lianping (Longjie Bendihua) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Nanxiong (Zhuji) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Xinfeng (Matou Bendihua) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Xinfeng (Daxi Bendihua) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Jiexi | 菠薐菜 |
| Hakka | Raoping (Xinfeng) | 菠薐菜 |
| Hakka | Changting | 菠薐菜 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Yongding) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Xiayang, Yongding) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Gaobei, Yongding) | 角子菜 |
| Hakka | Longyan (Hukeng, Yongding) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Wuping | 菠薐菜 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Zhongshan) | 角子菜 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 菠薐菜 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Peitian) | 菠薐菜 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Juxi) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Zhongbao) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Liancheng (Laiyuan) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Yudu | 菠菜, 菠薐 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 菠薐 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zaoqiao; N. Sixian) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Touwu; N. Sixian) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Nanzhuang; N. Sixian) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Shitan; N. Sixian) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Sanwan; N. Sixian) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Toufen; N. Sixian) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Gongguan; N. Sixian) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zhuolan; N. Sixian) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 角菜仔 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) | 角仔菜 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) | 角仔菜 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 角子菜 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Fumian (Xisha, Xinqiao) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Daqiao) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Luchuan (Sihe, Hengshan) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Bobai (Cuntou, Xintian) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Beiliu (Mumian, Xilang) | 角菜 |
| Hakka | Xingye (Gaofeng) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Rongxian (Xiandi) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Longchuan) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Kuala Lumpur (Dabu) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Senai (Huiyang) | 菠菜 |
| Hakka | Bangkok (Meixian) | 菠薐, 角菜 |
| Hakka | Bangkok (Fengshun) | 菠薐菜 |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 菠菜 |
| Huizhou | Shexian | 菠菜 |
| Huizhou | Huangshan (Tunxi) | 甜菜, 菠菜 |
| Huizhou | Xiuning | 菠菜, 甜菜 |
| Huizhou | Yixian | 菠龍 |
| Huizhou | Qimen | 菠菜 |
| Huizhou | Wuyuan | 菠菜 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 菠菜, 青菜 |
| Jin | Pingyao | 青菜 |
| Jin | Yangyuan | 菠菜 |
| Jin | Datong | 菠菜 |
| Jin | Xinzhou | 青菜 |
| Jin | Lüliang (Lishi) | 菠菜, 青菜 |
| Jin | Changzhi | 菠菜 |
| Jin | Linhe | 菠菜 |
| Jin | Jining | 菠菜 |
| Jin | Hohhot | 菠菜 |
| Jin | Erenhot | 菠菜 |
| Jin | Pingshan | 菠菜, 青菜 |
| Jin | Zhangjiakou | 菠菜 |
| Jin | Handan | 菠菜, 青菜 |
| Jin | Linzhou | 青菜 |
| Jin | Suide | 菠菜 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 菠薐 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou (Dikou) | 菠薐菜 |
| Northern Min | Zhenghe (Zhenqian) | 菠薐 |
| Northern Min | Jianyang | 菠薐 |
| Northern Min | Wuyishan | 菠薐 |
| Northern Min | Pucheng (Shibei) | 菠薐 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 菠薐菜, 菠薐 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou (Changle) | 菠薐菜 |
| Eastern Min | Fuqing | 菠薐菜 |
| Eastern Min | Yongtai | 紅根菜 |
| Eastern Min | Gutian | 紅根菜 |
| Eastern Min | Fu'an | 紅頭菜 |
| Eastern Min | Ningde | 紅根菜 |
| Eastern Min | Shouning | 紅根菜 |
| Eastern Min | Zhouning | 紅頭菜 |
| Eastern Min | Fuding | 紅根菜 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 菠薐菜, 赤根菜 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 赤根 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 菠倫菜 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 菠薐菜 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou (Changtai) | 菠薐仔 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 菠薐菜 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 菠薐仔, 菠薐仔菜 |
| Southern Min | Taipei (Wanhua) | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Tamsui) | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 菠薐仔 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Pingxi) | 菠薐仔 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 菠薐仔 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Cijin) | 菠薐仔 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) | 菠薐仔 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) | 菠薐仔菜 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung (Tianliao) | 菠薐仔 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 菠薐仔 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Luodong) | 菠薐仔 |
| Southern Min | Yilan (Toucheng) | 菠薐仔 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 菠薐仔, 菠薐仔菜 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 菠薐仔 |
| Southern Min | Taichung (Wuqi) | 菠薐仔菜 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 菠薐仔, 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Tainan (Anping) | 菠薐仔 |
| Southern Min | Taitung | 菠薐仔 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 菠薐菜, 菠薐仔 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 菠薐菜 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Xiyu) | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 菠薐, bayam菜 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 菠薐菜, 菠薐仔, 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 菠倫菜 |
| Southern Min | Longyan | 角仔菜 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping | 角仔菜 |
| Southern Min | Zhangping (Yongfu) | 角仔菜 |
| Southern Min | Datian | 紅根菜 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Shangdu) | 菠菜 |
| Southern Min | Pingnan (Sijie) | 菠菜 |
| Southern Min | Pingle (Zhoutang) | 菠菜 |
| Southern Min | Lechang (Tatou) | 角菜 |
| Southern Min | Yingde (Yuzui) | 菠薐菜 |
| Southern Min | Yunan (Liantan) | 菠菜 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Raoping | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 菠菜 |
| Southern Min | Nan'ao (Houzhai) | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Nan'ao (Yun'ao) | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Haifeng | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 菠薐 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 菠菜 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 菠菜 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 菠菜 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 菠菜 |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 綿菜, 菠菜 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) | 綿菜 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) | 綿菜 |
| Puxian Min | Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) | 綿菜 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou | 綿菜 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Fengting) | 綿菜 |
| Puxian Min | Xianyou (Youyang) | 綿菜 |
| Central Min | Yong'an | 菠薐菜 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Sanyuan) | 紅頭菜 |
| Central Min | Sanming (Shaxian) | 紅頭菜 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 菠菜 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 菠菜 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 菠菜 |
| Northern Pinghua | Guilin (Dahe) | 菠菜 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 菠菜 |
| Wu | Shanghai (Chongming) | 菠菜 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 菠菜 |
| Wu | Danyang | 菠菜 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 菠菜 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 菠薐, 菠菜 |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 菠薐菜, 菠薐 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 菠薐菜 |
| Wu | Jinhua (Tangxi) | 菠薐菜 |
| Wu | Yongkang | 菠薐菜 |
| Wu | Pujiang | 菠薐菜 |
| Wu | Dongyang | 菠薐菜 |
| Wu | Pan'an | 菠薐菜 |
| Wu | Wuyi | 菠薐菜 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 菠菜, 扯根菜 |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | 菠菜, 甜頭菜 |
| Xiang | Loudi | 菠菜, 扯根菜 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 扯根菜 |
| Xiang | Quanzhou | 菠菜 |

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 赤 | 根 |
| あか Grade: 1 | ね Grade: 3 |
| kun'yomi ||

### Proper noun

赤(あか)根(ね) • (Akane)
* a surname