# 別離
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): biélí
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄧㄝˊ ㄌㄧˊ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): bit$^6$ lei$^4$
* Eastern Min (BUC): biĕk-liê
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pia̍t-lī / pia̍t-lî
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: biélí
*** Zhuyin: ㄅㄧㄝˊ ㄌㄧˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: biélí
*** Wade–Giles: pieh$^2$-li$^2$
*** Yale: byé-lí
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: byeli
*** Palladius: бели (beli)
*** Sinological IPA : /pi̯ɛ³⁵ li³⁵/
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: bit$^6$ lei$^4$
*** Yale: biht lèih
*** Cantonese Pinyin: bit$^9$ lei$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: bid$^6$ léi$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /piːt̚² lei̯²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: biĕk-liê
*** Sinological IPA : /pieʔ⁵⁻²¹ l̃iɛ²⁴²/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pia̍t-lī
*** Tâi-lô: pia̍t-lī
*** Phofsit Daibuun: piadli
*** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /piɛt̚⁴⁻³² li³³/
** (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pia̍t-lî
*** Tâi-lô: pia̍t-lî
*** Phofsit Daibuun: piadlii
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /piɛt̚⁴⁻³² li²³/
*** IPA (Taipei): /piɛt̚⁴⁻³² li²⁴/
* Middle Chinese: bjet|pjet lje|ljeH
Rime :
| Character | 別 | 別 | 離 | 離 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/3 | 2/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 並 (3) | 幫 (1) | 來 (37) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 薛 (83) | 薛 (83) | 支 (11) | 支 (11) |
| Tone (調) | Checked (Ø) | Checked (Ø) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III | III | III |
| Fanqie | 皮列切 | 方别切 | 呂支切 | 力智切 |
| Baxter | bjet | pjet | lje | ljeH |
| Reconstructions |||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /bˠiᴇt̚/ | /pˠiᴇt̚/ | /liᴇ/ | /liᴇ$^H$/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /bᵚiɛt̚/ | /pᵚiɛt̚/ | /liɛ/ | /liɛ$^H$/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /biæt̚/ | /piæt̚/ | /ljɛ/ | /ljɛ$^H$/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /biat̚/ | /piat̚/ | /liə̆/ | /liə̆$^H$/ |
| Li Rong | /bjɛt̚/ | /pjɛt̚/ | /lie/ | /lie$^H$/ |
| Wang Li | /bĭɛt̚/ | /pĭɛt̚/ | /lǐe/ | /lǐe$^H$/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /bʱi̯ɛt̚/ | /pi̯ɛt̚/ | /lie̯/ | /lie̯$^H$/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | bié | bie | lí | lì |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | bit$^6$ | bit$^3$ | lei$^4$ | lei$^6$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-pret|pret [r]aj|raj-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*pred|bred rel|rels/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 別 | 別 | 離 | 離 | 離 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/3 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | bié | bié | lí | lí | lì |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ bjet › | ‹ pjet › | ‹ lje › | ‹ lje › | ‹ lje$^H$ › |
| Old Chinese | /*N-pret/ | /*pret/ | /*[r]aj/ | /*[r]aj/ | /*raj-s/ |
| English | be separated (intr.) | separate (tr.) | meet with, encounter | depart from | reject |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. ||||||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 別 | 別 | 離 | 離 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 2/3 | 3/3 |
| No. | 820 | 821 | 7780 | 7794 |
| Phonetic component | 别 | 别 | 离 | 离 |
| Rime group | 月 | 月 | 歌 | 歌 |
| Rime subdivision | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 䇷 | 别 | 離 | 詈 |
| Old Chinese | /*pred/ | /*bred/ | /*rel/ | /*rels/ |
| Notes | | | 甲文象隹入網羅， 離反爲省文 | |

### Verb

別離
* (literary) to part; to separate

#### Synonyms

* 分別／分别 (fēnbié)
* 分離／分离 (fēnlí)
* 離別／离别 (líbié)

#### Descendants

* → Japanese: 別(べつ)離(り) (betsuri)
* → Korean: 별리(別離) (byeolli)
* → Vietnamese: biệt li (別離)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 別 | 離 |
| べつ Grade: 4 | り Grade: S |
| on'yomi ||

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) べつり [béꜜtsùrì] (Atamadaka –)
* IPA: [be̞t͡sɨɾʲi]

### Noun

別(べつ)離(り) • (betsuri)
* parting; separation

### Verb

別(べつ)離(り)する • (betsuri suru) suru (stem 別(べつ)離(り)し (betsuri shi), past 別(べつ)離(り)した (betsuri shita))
* to separate

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 別離し | べつりし | betsuri shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 別離し | べつりし | betsuri shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 別離する | べつりする | betsuri suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 別離する | べつりする | betsuri suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 別離すれ | べつりすれ | betsuri sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 別離せよ¹ 別離しろ² | べつりせよ¹ べつりしろ² | betsuri seyo¹ betsuri shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 別離される | べつりされる | betsuri sareru |
| Causative | 別離させる 別離さす | べつりさせる べつりさす | betsuri saseru betsuri sasu |
| Potential | 別離できる | べつりできる | betsuri dekiru |
| Volitional | 別離しよう | べつりしよう | betsuri shiyō |
| Negative | 別離しない | べつりしない | betsuri shinai |
| Negative continuative | 別離せず | べつりせず | betsuri sezu |
| Formal | 別離します | べつりします | betsuri shimasu |
| Perfective | 別離した | べつりした | betsuri shita |
| Conjunctive | 別離して | べつりして | betsuri shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 別離すれば | べつりすれば | betsuri sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### References

* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term :
| 別 | 離 |

### Verb

別離
* chữ Hán form of biệt li (“to part; to separate”).