# 窮

| 窮 | U+7AAE, &#31406; CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7AAE |
| ← 窭 [U+7AAD] | CJK Unified Ideographs | 窯 → [U+7AAF] |

## Translingual
### Han character

窮 (Kangxi radical 116, 穴+10, 15 strokes, cangjie input 十金竹竹弓 (JCHHN), four-corner 3022$_7$, composition ⿱穴躬)

#### Derived characters

* 𡃕, 𡾈, 𤢶, 𧔚, 𧸺, 𠤊, 藭, 𣋶

#### References

* Kangxi Dictionary: page 867, character 10
* Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25593
* Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2737, character 12
* Unihan data for U+7AAE

## Chinese
### Glyph origin

| | Old Chinese |
| 躬 | *kuŋ |
| 匑 | *kuŋ, *kʰuŋ |
| 躳 | *kuŋ |
| 窮 | *ɡuŋ |
| 藭 | *ɡuŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡuŋ) : semantic 穴 (“cave; nest; confinement”) + phonetic 躬 (OC *kuŋ).

### Etymology

Possibly a vocalic variant of 邛 (OC *ɡoŋ, “distress”) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for more.

### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Standard)
       (Pinyin): qióng (qiong$^2$)
       (Zhuyin): ㄑㄩㄥˊ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): чүн (čün, I)
* Cantonese (Jyutping): kung$^4$
* Gan (Wiktionary): qiung$^2$
* Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): khiùng
    (Meixian, Guangdong): kiung$^2$
* Jin (Wiktionary): qyng$^1$
* Northern Min (KCR): gě̤ng
* Eastern Min (BUC): gṳ̀ng
* Southern Min
    (Hokkien, POJ): kiông / kêng / khêng / không
    (Teochew, Peng'im): kiong$^5$ / gêng$^5$
* Wu (Northern, Wugniu): $^6$jion / $^2$jion
* Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): jiong$^2$
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: qióng
*** Zhuyin: ㄑㄩㄥˊ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: cyóng
*** Wade–Giles: chʻiung$^2$
*** Yale: chyúng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyong
*** Palladius: цюн (cjun)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰi̯ʊŋ³⁵/
** (Dungan)
*** Cyrillic and Wiktionary: чүн (čün, I)
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰyŋ²⁴/
    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: kung$^4$
*** Yale: kùhng
*** Cantonese Pinyin: kung$^4$
*** Guangdong Romanization: kung$^4$
*** Sinological IPA : /kʰʊŋ²¹/
* Gan
** (Nanchang)
*** Wiktionary: qiung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /t͡ɕʰiuŋ²⁴/
* Hakka
** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
*** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiùng
*** Hakka Romanization System: kiung$^ˇ$
*** Hagfa Pinyim: kiung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯uŋ¹¹/
** (Meixian)
*** Guangdong: kiung$^2$
*** Sinological IPA: /kʰiʊŋ¹¹/
* Jin
** (Taiyuan)
*** Wiktionary: qyng$^1$
*** Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕʰỹŋ¹¹/
* Northern Min
** (Jian'ou)
*** Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gě̤ng
*** Sinological IPA : /kœyŋ²¹/
* Eastern Min
** (Fuzhou)
*** Bàng-uâ-cê: gṳ̀ng
*** Sinological IPA : /kyŋ⁵³/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiông
*** Tâi-lô: kiông
*** Phofsit Daibuun: kioong
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɔŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ²³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /kiɔŋ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kêng
*** Tâi-lô: kîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: keeng
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /kiɪŋ²⁴/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɪŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɪŋ²³/
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khêng
*** Tâi-lô: khîng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qeeng
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiɪŋ²³/
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiɪŋ¹³/
*** IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /kʰiɪŋ²⁴/
** (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: không
*** Tâi-lô: không
*** Phofsit Daibuun: qoong
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔŋ²⁴/
* kiông - literary;
* kêng, khêng, không - vernacular.
* Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | edit窮 |
| Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡ɕʰyŋ³⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Harbin | /t͡ɕʰyŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Tianjin | /t͡ɕʰyŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Mandarin | Jinan | /t͡ɕʰyŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Qingdao | /t͡ɕʰiŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Zhengzhou | /t͡ɕʰyuŋ⁴²/ |
| Mandarin | Xi'an | /t͡ɕʰyŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Xining | /t͡ɕʰyə̃²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Yinchuan | /t͡ɕʰyŋ⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Lanzhou | /t͡ɕʰỹn⁵³/ |
| Mandarin | Ürümqi | /t͡ɕʰyŋ⁵¹/ |
| Mandarin | Wuhan | /t͡ɕʰioŋ²¹³/ |
| Mandarin | Chengdu | /t͡ɕʰyoŋ³¹/ |
| Mandarin | Guiyang | /t͡ɕʰioŋ²¹/ |
| Mandarin | Kunming | /t͡ɕʰioŋ¹/ |
| Mandarin | Nanjing | /t͡ɕʰioŋ²⁴/ |
| Mandarin | Hefei | /t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡ɕʰyəŋ¹¹/ |
| Jin | Pingyao | /t͡ɕʰyŋ¹³/ /t͡ɕyŋ¹³/ ～人 |
| Jin | Hohhot | /t͡ɕʰỹŋ³¹/ |
| Wu | Shanghai | /d͡ʑioŋ²³/ |
| Wu | Suzhou | /d͡ʑioŋ¹³/ |
| Wu | Hangzhou | /d͡ʑioŋ²¹³/ |
| Wu | Wenzhou | /d͡ʑoŋ³¹/ |
| Hui | Shexian | /t͡ɕʰyʌ̃⁴⁴/ |
| Hui | Tunxi | /t͡ɕʰin⁴⁴/ |
| Xiang | Changsha | /t͡ɕioŋ¹³/ |
| Xiang | Xiangtan | /d͡ʑin¹²/ |
| Gan | Nanchang | /t͡ɕʰiuŋ²⁴/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kʰiuŋ¹¹/ |
| Hakka | Taoyuan | /kʰioŋ¹¹/ |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /kʰoŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Nanning | /kʰuŋ²¹/ |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | /kʰuŋ²¹/ |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kiɔŋ³⁵/ /kiŋ³⁵/ /kʰiŋ³⁵/ |
| Min | Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kyŋ⁵³/ |
| Min | Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kœyŋ²¹/ 無～ /kœyŋ³³/ ～沒 |
| Min | Shantou (Teochew) | /kʰioŋ⁵⁵/ /keŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Min | Haikou (Hainanese) | /xiɔŋ³¹/ /kiaŋ³¹/ |
* Middle Chinese: gjuwng
Rime :
| Character | 窮 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 群 (30) |
| Final (韻) | 東 (2) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 渠弓切 |
| Baxter | gjuwng |
| Reconstructions ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang | /ɡɨuŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun | /ɡiuŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen | /ɡiuŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank | /guwŋ/ |
| Li Rong | /ɡiuŋ/ |
| Wang Li | /ɡĭuŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren | /gi̯uŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex | qióng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex | kung$^4$ |
* Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ](r)uŋ/, /*m-[ɡ](r)uŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡuŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) :
| Character | 窮 | 窮 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) | qióng | qióng |
| Middle Chinese | ‹ gjuwng › | ‹ gjuwng › |
| Old Chinese | /*[ɡ](r)uŋ/ | /*m-[ɡ](r)uŋ/ |
| English | poor | exhaust |
| Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary. |||
Zhengzhang system (2003) :
| Character | 窮 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 4145 |
| Phonetic component | 躬 |
| Rime group | 終 |
| Rime subdivision | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime | 窮 |
| Old Chinese | /*ɡuŋ/ |

### Definitions

窮
* to exhaust
    窮兵黷武／穷兵黩武 ― qióngbīngdúwǔ ― to go all in with wars
    From: 8th century, Wang Zhihuan, 登鸛雀樓
    Yù qióng qiānlǐ mù, gèng shàng yī céng lóu. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
* to thoroughly investigate
    窮根究底／穷根究底 ― qiónggēnjiūdǐ ― to dig into the very roots of the matter
    From: 421, Tao Yuanming, 桃花源記 (The Peach Blossom Spring)
    Yúrén shèn yì zhī, fù qiánxíng, yù qióng qí lín. [Pinyin]
    Amazed at the sight, the fisherman pressed ahead. He wanted to make his way to the end of the forest.
* to be in the wrong and unable to argue further
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Dùn cí zhī qí suǒqióng. [Pinyin]
    When words are evasive, I know how the mind is at its wit's end.
* to be in dire straits; to suffer from lack of opportunity, support, etc.
    Antonym: 達／达
    From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
    Zǐ Lù yùn jiàn yuē: “Jūnzǐ yì yǒu qióng hū?” Zǐ yuē: “Jūnzǐ gù qióng, xiǎorén qióng sī làn yǐ.” [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
    Qióng zé dú shàn qíshēn, dá zé jiān shàn tiānxià. [Pinyin]
    When in difficulty, one preserves one's own virtue in solitude. When the opportunity arises, one shares the benefits with all.
    From: c. 578, Yu Xin (庾信), The Lament for the South (《哀江南賦》)
    Qióngzhě yù dá qíyán, láozhě xū gē qíshì. [Pinyin]
    A failed one shall speak with unfading words, The weary must sing out his toil aloud.
* poor; destitute; impoverished
    Antonym: 富 (fù)
    貧窮／贫穷 ― pínqióng ― lacking; suffering from want
    人窮志不窮／人穷志不穷 ― rén qióng zhì bù qióng ― poor in money but not in aspiration
* to be exhausted; to be used up
    無窮無盡／无穷无尽 ― wúqióngwújìn ― to be inexhaustible
    理屈詞窮／理屈词穷 ― lǐqūcíqióng ― unable to argue any further; having no more excuses
    From: Zhanguo Ce, circa 5th – 3rd centuries BCE
    Kē jì qǔ tú fèng zhī, fā tú, tú qióng ér bǐshǒu xiàn. [Pinyin]
    Jing Ke took the map scroll and presented it. He unrolled the map, and when it reached the end, the dagger appeared.
* remote; out-of-the-way
    窮鄉僻壤／穷乡僻壤 ― qióngxiāngpìrǎng ― remote and backwater place
* extremely
    窮凶極惡／穷凶极恶 ― qióngxiōngjí'è ― extremely ferocious and evil
* thoroughly
    窮究／穷究 ― qióngjiū ― to dig deep into something
    窮追猛打／穷追猛打 ― qióngzhuīměngdǎ ― hotly pursue and fiercely attack
* excessively; inappropriately attentive to details; snobbishly; frivolously
    窮講究／穷讲究 ― qióng jiǎngjiū ― to be too fine in tastes; to be a snob
* 69th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "exhaustion, tiredness" (𝍊)
* (Northern Wu) very; quite
    窮大／穷大 [Suzhounese] ― $^2$jion $^6$dou [Wugniu] ― very big
       $^1$li $^8$doq-syu$_1$ $^2$jion $^2$yon$_6$-kon$_1$ [Wugniu]
       He studies very studiously.
* name of an ancient state
    Synonym: 有窮／有穷 (Yǒuqióng)

#### Usage notes

* (very): In Suzhounese, younger speakers tend to use this in place of 蠻／蛮.

#### Synonyms

* (poor):
* 厄 (literary, or in compounds)
* 困乏 (kùnfá) (formal)
* 困窘 (kùnjiǒng)
* 困窮／困穷 (kùnqióng)
* 困苦 (kùnkǔ)
* 困難／困难
* 困頓／困顿 (kùndùn)
* 宋凶 (Hokkien)
* 散 (Hokkien)
* 散凶 (Hokkien)
* 散赤 (Hokkien)
* 清苦 (qīngkǔ) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
* 淡薄 (dànbó) (literary)
* 清貧／清贫 (qīngpín) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
* 㾪赤 (Hokkien)
* 磽／硗 (Teochew)
* 䆀康 (Hokkien)
* 空乏 (kòngfá) (literary)
* 窄
* 窘促 (jiǒngcù) (literary)
* 窘困 (jiǒngkùn)
* 窘迫 (jiǒngpò)
* 窮乏／穷乏 (qióngfá) (literary)
* 窮困／穷困 (qióngkùn)
* 窮㾪／穷㾪 (Hokkien)
* 窮苦／穷苦 (qióngkǔ)
* 窮赤／穷赤 (Hokkien)
* 艱苦／艰苦 (Hokkien)
* 苦寒 (kǔhán)
* 貧乏／贫乏 (pínfá)
* 貧困／贫困 (pínkùn)
* 貧寒／贫寒 (pínhán)
* 貧瘠／贫瘠 (pínjí) (literary)
* 貧窮／贫穷 (pínqióng)
* 貧苦／贫苦 (pínkǔ)
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 貧, 窮 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 窮, 貧窮, 窮困, 貧困, 赤貧, 貧乏, 貧苦, 貧寒, 苦寒 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 窮, 貧窮 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 窮, 貧窮, 窮苦 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 窮 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 窮 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Wanrong | 窮 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 窮 |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 窮 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 苦寒 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 窮 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 窮 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 窮 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 窮 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 窮 |
| Gan | Pingxiang | 窮 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 窮 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 窮 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 窮無 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 窮 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 宋凶, 㾪赤, 窮㾪, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 宋凶, 窮赤, 赤窮, 赤 |
| Southern Min | Hui'an | 窮赤 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 宋凶, 散, 散赤, 赤, 䆀空, 無空 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 散, 散赤, 散食, 散凶, 窮赤, 窮散, 窮苦 |
| Southern Min | Raoping | 磽 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 窮, 磽 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 窮, 磽 |
| Southern Min | Leizhou | 窮, 蒯 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 窮 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 窮 |
| Wu | Danyang | 窮 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 窮 |
| Wu | Jinhua | 倒灶 |
* (very):
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | Classical Chinese | 甚, 孔 |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 很, 非常, 十分 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 挺, 很, 倍兒, 怪 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 很, 好, 非常, 超, 蠻, 超級 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 很 |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Singapore | 很, 蠻, 非常 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Tianjin | 挺, 很, 傻, 老, 倍兒, 齁兒 |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 挺, 楞 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 很 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 很, 好 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chongqing | 很 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Wuhan | 蠻, 很 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 蠻, 稀, 很 |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Hefei | 很 |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 好, 非常之 |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 好, 非常, 非常之, 超, 勁, 十分之, 無敵 |
| Cantonese | Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 好 |
| Cantonese | Taishan | 好, 十分之 |
| Cantonese | Yangjiang | 好 |
| Cantonese | Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 好 |
| Cantonese | Singapore (Guangfu) | 好, 非常之, 非常 |
| Gan | Nanchang | 蠻 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 好, 刮, 已, 還, 異, 還 exclamation |
| Hakka | Huidong (Daling) | 好 |
| Hakka | Wuhua (Meilin) | 好 |
| Hakka | Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 頂 |
| Hakka | Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) | 好 |
| Hakka | Changting | 野 |
| Hakka | Wuping (Pingyu) | 已, 刮 |
| Hakka | Liancheng | 樣 |
| Hakka | Ninghua | 好 |
| Hakka | Ruijin | 蠻 |
| Hakka | Shicheng | 蠻 |
| Hakka | Shangyou (Shexi) | 蠻 |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 當, 已, 還 |
| Hakka | Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 蓋, 盡, 還 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 當, 盡, 已, 還 |
| Hakka | Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 當, 已, 還 |
| Hakka | Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 當, 已, 還 |
| Hakka | Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 足, 真, 實在 |
| Hakka | Hong Kong | 好 |
| Hakka | Sabah (Bao'an) | 好 |
| Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 很 |
| Hakka | Singapore (Dabu) | 好 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 很, 挺 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 盡 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 野, 真 |
| Eastern Min | Singapore (Fuqing) | 真 |
| Eastern Min | Sitiawan (Gutian) | 真 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 真, 野, 誠, 有夠, 萬代, 死人, 非常, 真正, 設汰, 一 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen (Tong'an) | 真 |
| Southern Min | Quanzhou | 真, 野, 誠, 有夠, 萬代, 死人, 設汰 |
| Southern Min | Jinjiang | 野 |
| Southern Min | Zhangzhou | 盡, 蓋, 足, 足範, 有夠, 出奇, 極死, 見死, 死了了, 死人, 設汰, 設汰仔 |
| Southern Min | Zhao'an | 很, 真, 死絕, 好, 非常 |
| Southern Min | Dongshan | 真, 非常 |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 真, 誠 |
| Southern Min | New Taipei (Sanxia) | 真, 誠 |
| Southern Min | Kaohsiung | 有夠, 足, 真, 誠, 蓋 |
| Southern Min | Yilan | 有夠, 足, 誠, 盡 |
| Southern Min | Changhua (Lukang) | 真, 誠 |
| Southern Min | Taichung | 誠, 蓋, 足 |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 有夠, 足, 真, 誠, 蓋 |
| Southern Min | Hsinchu | 真, 誠 |
| Southern Min | Kinmen | 足, 誠 |
| Southern Min | Penghu (Magong) | 真, 誠 |
| Southern Min | Penang (Hokkien) | 真, 誠, 真正 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hokkien) | 真, 死爸, 真正, 誠, 足, 有夠 |
| Southern Min | Manila (Hokkien) | 野, 真, 萬代, 真誠, 誠, 有夠 |
| Southern Min | Chaozhou | 過, 好, 非常, 死爸 |
| Southern Min | Shantou | 過, 鐵, 好, 很, 死爸, 死絕 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chenghai) | 好, 死絕 |
| Southern Min | Shantou (Chaoyang) | 好, 非常 |
| Southern Min | Jieyang | 過, 好, 死爸, 死絕 |
| Southern Min | Bangkok (Teochew) | 好 |
| Southern Min | Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 好 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Teochew) | 真, 死爸, 非常 |
| Southern Min | Wenchang | 極, 但顧, 真 |
| Southern Min | Haikou | 但顧 |
| Southern Min | Qionghai | 但顧, 真 |
| Southern Min | Singapore (Hainanese) | 但顧, 真 |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 好, 蠻 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 蠻, 老, 邪氣, 老老, 瞎, 絕, 十分, 十二萬分, 非常, 非常之, 畢, 畢畢, 來得, 來得個, 煞, 交關, 十二分 rare, 窮 dated, 野 dated, 邪 dated |
| Wu | Suzhou | 蠻, 窮 |
| Wu | Hangzhou | 蠻, 交關, 木佬佬, 冒 |
| Wu | Ningbo | 交關, 蠻, 堪, 𣍐好, 𣍐派, 甮派, 出格, 木牢牢 rare, 猛 rare |
| Wu | Zhoushan | 交關, 蠻, 猛, 堪, 出格, 木牢牢 rare |
| Wu | Wenzhou | 蠻, 蒙, 顯 |
| Xiang | Changsha | 很, 蠻 |
| Xiang | Shuangfeng | 蠻 |

### Compounds

* 一窮二白／一穷二白 (yīqióng'èrbái)
* 乞窮儉相／乞穷俭相
* 人窮志短／人穷志短 (rénqióngzhìduǎn)
* 人窮智短／人穷智短
* 偃蹇困窮／偃蹇困穷
* 僻壤窮鄉／僻壤穷乡
* 兵盡矢窮／兵尽矢穷
* 其味無窮／其味无穷
* 其樂不窮／其乐不穷
* 其樂無窮／其乐无穷 (qílèwúqióng)
* 力大無窮／力大无穷
* 力屈勢窮／力屈势穷
* 力屈計窮／力屈计穷
* 力屈道窮／力屈道穷
* 力蹙勢窮／力蹙势穷
* 勢窮力孤／势穷力孤
* 勢窮力極／势穷力极
* 勢窮力竭／势穷力竭
* 受益無窮／受益无穷
* 命薄相窮／命薄相穷
* 哭窮／哭穷 (kūqióng)
* 哭窮途／哭穷途
* 回味無窮／回味无穷 (huíwèiwúqióng)
* 困窮／困穷 (kùnqióng)
* 固窮／固穷
* 國窮民困／国穷民困
* 圖窮匕現／图穷匕现 (túqióngbǐxiàn)
* 圖窮匕見／图穷匕见 (túqióngbǐxiàn)
* 報窮制裁／报穷制裁
* 報苦窮兒／报苦穷儿
* 多言數窮／多言数穷
* 妙用無窮／妙用无穷
* 孤窮／孤穷 (gūqióng)
* 孤窮一身／孤穷一身
* 學窮／学穷
* 安富恤窮／安富恤穷
* 層出不窮／层出不穷 (céngchūbùqióng)
* 山窮水盡／山穷水尽 (shānqióngshuǐjìn)
* 後患無窮／后患无穷 (hòuhuànwúqióng)
* 應對不窮／应对不穷
* 技窮／技穷
* 振窮卹貧／振穷卹贫
* 振窮恤寡／振穷恤寡
* 探奇窮異／探奇穷异
* 探幽窮賾／探幽穷赜
* 探本窮源／探本穷源
* 日暮途窮／日暮途穷 (rìmùtúqióng)
* 有窮／有穷 (Yǒuqióng)
* 末路窮途／末路穷途
* 格物窮理／格物穷理
* 梧鼠技窮／梧鼠技穷
* 民窮兵疲／民穷兵疲
* 民窮財匱／民穷财匮
* 民窮財盡／民穷财尽 (mínqióngcáijìn)
* 水盡山窮／水尽山穷
* 水窮山盡／水穷山尽
* 永世無窮／永世无穷
* 永永無窮／永永无穷
* 深山窮谷／深山穷谷 (shēnshānqiónggǔ)
* 涸轍窮魚／涸辙穷鱼
* 涸轍窮鱗／涸辙穷鳞
* 溯源窮流／溯源穷流
* 無盡無窮／无尽无穷
* 無窮／无穷 (wúqióng)
* 無窮無盡／无穷无尽 (wúqióngwújìn)
* 無窮盡／无穷尽
* 無窮級數／无穷级数 (wúqióng jíshù)
* 犬馬齒窮／犬马齿穷
* 玄妙無窮／玄妙无穷
* 理屈事窮／理屈事穷
* 理屈詞窮／理屈词穷 (lǐqūcíqióng)
* 白首窮經／白首穷经
* 百巧千窮／百巧千穷
* 百巧成窮／百巧成穷
* 皓首窮經／皓首穷经
* 盡日窮夜／尽日穷夜
* 矢盡兵窮／矢尽兵穷
* 研窮／研穷
* 穹窮／穹穷
* 窮不失義／穷不失义
* 窮且益堅／穷且益坚
* 窮乏／穷乏 (qióngfá)
* 窮九／穷九
* 窮人／穷人 (qióngrén)
* 窮僻／穷僻
* 窮光蛋／穷光蛋 (qióngguāngdàn)
* 窮兵極武／穷兵极武
* 窮兵黷武／穷兵黩武 (qióngbīngdúwǔ)
* 窮冗／穷冗
* 窮冬／穷冬
* 窮凶惡極／穷凶恶极
* 窮凶極惡／穷凶极恶 (qióngxiōngjí'è)
* 窮凶極虐／穷凶极虐
* 窮到骨／穷到骨
* 窮則思變／穷则思变
* 窮匱／穷匮
* 窮原竟委／穷原竟委
* 窮嚼／穷嚼
* 窮困／穷困 (qióngkùn)
* 窮坑難滿／穷坑难满
* 窮大失居／穷大失居
* 窮天極地／穷天极地
* 窮奢極侈／穷奢极侈
* 窮奢極欲／穷奢极欲
* 窮妙極巧／穷妙极巧
* 窮家富路／穷家富路
* 窮寇／穷寇
* 窮寇勿追／穷寇勿追
* 窮寇莫追／穷寇莫追
* 窮富極貴／穷富极贵
* 窮小子／穷小子
* 窮山僻壤／穷山僻壤
* 窮山惡水／穷山恶水 (qióngshān'èshuǐ)
* 窮工極巧／穷工极巧
* 窮巷／穷巷
* 窮巷士／穷巷士
* 窮年／穷年
* 窮年累世／穷年累世
* 窮年累月／穷年累月
* 窮年累歲／穷年累岁
* 窮幽極微／穷幽极微
* 窮廝／穷厮
* 窮形極狀／穷形极状
* 窮形盡相／穷形尽相
* 窮心劇力／穷心剧力
* 窮忙／穷忙 (qióngmáng)
* 窮愁／穷愁
* 窮愁潦倒／穷愁潦倒
* 窮措大／穷措大
* 窮於應付／穷于应付
* 窮日／穷日
* 窮日子／穷日子
* 窮日落月／穷日落月
* 窮暴／穷暴
* 窮期／穷期
* 窮本極源／穷本极源
* 窮根／穷根
* 窮根尋葉／穷根寻叶
* 窮根究底／穷根究底 (qiónggēnjiūdǐ)
* 窮棒子／穷棒子 (qióngbàngzi)
* 窮極／穷极
* 窮極其妙／穷极其妙
* 窮極則變／穷极则变
* 窮極無聊／穷极无聊
* 窮極要妙／穷极要妙
* 窮民／穷民
* 窮氣／穷气
* 窮池之魚／穷池之鱼
* 窮治／穷治
* 窮泉／穷泉
* 窮混／穷混
* 窮源推本／穷源推本
* 窮源溯流／穷源溯流
* 窮源竟委／穷源竟委
* 窮漢／穷汉
* 窮滴滴／穷滴滴
* 窮猿失木／穷猿失木
* 窮猿奔林／穷猿奔林
* 窮猿投林／穷猿投林
* 窮理／穷理
* 窮理盡性／穷理尽性
* 窮生／穷生
* 窮當益堅／穷当益坚
* 窮瘋／穷疯
* 窮盡／穷尽 (qióngjìn)
* 窮目／穷目
* 窮相／穷相 (qióngxiàng)
* 窮神／穷神
* 窮神知化／穷神知化
* 窮神觀化／穷神观化
* 窮究／穷究
* 窮窘／穷窘
* 窮竭／穷竭 (qióngjié)
* 窮纖入微／穷纤入微
* 窮而後工／穷而后工
* 窮腮乞臉／穷腮乞脸
* 窮苦／穷苦 (qióngkǔ)
* 窮裔／穷裔
* 窮貴極富／穷贵极富
* 窮蹙／穷蹙
* 窮身潑命／穷身泼命
* 窮迫／穷迫
* 窮追／穷追
* 窮追不捨／穷追不舍 (qióngzhuībùshě)
* 窮追猛打／穷追猛打
* 窮通／穷通
* 窮途／穷途
* 窮途之哭／穷途之哭
* 窮途末路／穷途末路 (qióngtúmòlù)
* 窮途潦倒／穷途潦倒
* 窮通皆命／穷通皆命
* 窮途落魄／穷途落魄
* 窮達有命／穷达有命
* 窮鄉僻壤／穷乡僻壤 (qióngxiāngpìrǎng)
* 窮酸／穷酸 (qióngsuān)
* 窮酸餓醋／穷酸饿醋
* 窮醋大／穷醋大
* 窮開心／穷开心
* 窮閻漏屋／穷阎漏屋
* 窮靈盡妙／穷灵尽妙
* 窮竟／穷竟
* 窮骨頭／穷骨头
* 窮髮／穷发
* 窮鬼／穷鬼 (qióngguǐ)
* 窮鳥入懷／穷鸟入怀
* 窮鼠齧貓／穷鼠啮猫 (qióngshǔnièmāo)
* 筆楮難窮／笔楮难穷
* 籠中窮鳥／笼中穷鸟
* 羅掘俱窮／罗掘俱穷
* 計盡力窮／计尽力穷
* 計窮／计穷 (jìqióng)
* 計窮力屈／计穷力屈
* 計窮力極／计穷力极
* 計窮力盡／计穷力尽
* 計窮力竭／计穷力竭
* 計窮勢蹙／计穷势蹙
* 計窮慮極／计穷虑极
* 計窮智短／计穷智短
* 計窮途拙／计穷途拙
* 詞窮／词穷 (cíqióng)
* 詞窮理屈／词穷理屈 (cíqiónglǐqū)
* 詞窮理盡／词穷理尽
* 詞窮理絕／词穷理绝
* 變化無窮／变化无穷
* 貧窮／贫穷 (pínqióng)
* 貧窮文化／贫穷文化
* 賑窮濟乏／赈穷济乏
* 賤貴窮通／贱贵穷通
* 辭窮／辞穷
* 追本窮源／追本穷源
* 送窮／送穷
* 途窮日暮／途穷日暮
* 道盡途窮／道尽途穷
* 阨窮／阨穷
* 餘味無窮／余味无穷
* 黔驢技窮／黔驴技穷 (qiánlǘjìqióng)
* 黷武窮兵／黩武穷兵

### Further reading

* “窮”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

## Japanese
### Kanji

(Jōyō kanji)
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

#### Readings

* Go-on: ぐ (gu)、ぐう (gū)
* Kan-on: きゅう (kyū, Jōyō)
* Kun: きわめる (kiwameru, 窮める, Jōyō)、きわまる (kiwamaru, 窮まる, Jōyō)、きわまり (kiwamari, 窮まり)、きわみ (kiwami, 窮み)

## Korean
### Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

### Pronunciation

* (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA: [kuŋ]
* Phonetic hangul: [궁]

### Hanja

Wikisource 窮 (eumhun 다할 궁 (dahal gung))
* hanja form of 궁 (“poor, destitute, impoverished”)
窮 (eumhun 궁할 궁 (gunghal gung))
* This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

## Vietnamese
### Han character

窮: Hán Nôm readings: cùng, khùng, còng, càng

#### Readings

窮: Hán Việt readings: khùng
窮: Nôm readings: cùng, khùng, còng, càng

### Etymology 1
#### Adjective

窮 • (khùng)
* crazy

### Etymology 2
#### Noun

窮 • (càng)
* nipper, pincer

### References

* Lê Sơn Thanh, "Nom-Viet.dat", WinVNKey (details)
* Nôm Lookup Tool, Vietnamese Nom Preservation Foundation
* Phạm Đình Hổ (18 c.), Nhật dụng thường đàm