# кум
## Eastern Mari
### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kum/
* Rhymes: -um
* Hyphenation: кум

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Mari *kŭm, from Proto-Uralic *kolme. Cognate with Western Mari кым (kym).

#### Numeral

кум • (kum) (long form/predicative кумыт)
* three
    кум суткаkum sutkathree days

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Russian кум (kum).

#### Noun

кум • (kum)
* godfather
* father (of one's godchild)
* (figuratively) nepotism, favoritism/favouritism
    пашаште кум лийшаш огылpašašte kum ĺijšaš ogylyou shouldn't show favoritism in work

##### Declension
### References

* J. Bradley et al. (2023) “кум”, in The Mari Web Project: Mari-English Dictionary, University of Vienna

## Kyrgyz
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *kum.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: /qum/

### Noun

кум • (kum) (Arabic spelling قۇم)
* sand (finely ground rock)

#### Declension
## Macedonian
### Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kumъ.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kum]
* Rhymes: -um

### Noun

кум • (kum) m (plural кумови, feminine кума, relational adjective кумов, diminutive кумче)
* witness (at a wedding)
* godfather

#### Derived terms

* кума f (kuma)
* кумашин m (kumašin)
* кумство n (kumstvo)

## Nogai
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *kum. Cognate to Kazakh құм (qūm), Karakalpak qum, etc.

### Noun

кум • (qum)
* sand

## Northern Altai
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *kum. Cognate to Shor қум (qum), қумақ (qumaq), Khakas хум (xum), Chulym қум (qum), Western Yugur qum, Tuvan кум (kum), Tofa һум (hum), etc.

### Noun

кум • (kum)
* sand

### See also

* кубак (kubak)
* кувак (kuvak)

### References

* N. A. Baskakov, editor (1985), “кум, кубак, кувак”, in Severnyje Dialekty Altajskovo( Ojrotskovo) Jazyka- Dialekt Lebedinskix Tatar-čalkancev(kuu-kiži) [Northern Altai language-Dialect of Chelkan], Moskva: glavnaja redakcija vostočnoj literatury, →ISBN
* N. A Baskakov, editor (1972), “кубак”, in Severnyje dialekty Altajskovo (Ojrotskovo Jazyka- Dialekt kumandincev(Kumandin Kiži) [Northern Dialect of Altai -Kumandin Dialect(Kumandin kiži)], Moskva: glavnaja redakcija vostočnoja literatury, →ISBN

## Russian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kum]
* Audio:(file)

### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kumъ, back-formation from *kuma (“godmother”), from Balkan Vulgar Latin *cómmater, from Latin compater (“godfather”).

#### Noun

кум • (kum) m anim (genitive ку́ма, nominative plural кумовья́, genitive plural кумовьёв, feminine кума́)
* godfather of one's child
* father of one's godchild
* (colloquial) a friend in high places, one's benefactor
* (criminal slang) security officer, detective
* (obsolete) man, fellow (form of address to a middle-aged or elderly man)

##### Declension

$^△$Irregular.

##### Derived terms

* кумовство́ (kumovstvó)

##### Related terms

* кума́ (kumá)

##### Descendants

* → Ingrian: kooma

##### See also

* крёстная мать (krjóstnaja matʹ)
* крёстная дочь (krjóstnaja dočʹ)
* крёстный оте́ц (krjóstnyj otéc)
* крёстный сын (krjóstnyj syn)

#### Further reading

* Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “кум”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
* Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “кума”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Turkic; compare to Kazakh құм (qūm), Kyrgyz кум (kum), Uzbek qum.

#### Noun

кум • (kum) m inan (genitive ку́ма, nominative plural ку́мы, genitive plural ку́мов)
* (geomorphology) erg, sand sea (in Central Asia)

##### Declension
### Etymology 3
#### Noun

кум • (kum) f anim pl
* genitive/accusative plural of кума́ (kumá)

## Serbo-Croatian
### Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kumъ, from earlier *kъmotrъ, from Latin commater, see kmotra, kmotr in Czech.

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kûːm/

#### Noun

ку̑м m (Latin spelling kȗm)
* godfather
* witness (at wedding)

##### Declension
#### Further reading

* “кум” in Hrvatski jezični portal

### Etymology 2

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish قوم (Turkish kum (“sand”)).

#### Pronunciation

* IPA: /kûm/

#### Noun

ку̏м m (Latin spelling kȕm)
* (uncountable) sand

##### Declension
#### Further reading

* “кум” in Hrvatski jezični portal

## Southern Altai
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *Kum (“sand”). Cognate with Kazakh құм (qūm), Kyrgyz кум (kum), Crimean Tatar qum, Kumyk хум (xum), Bashkir ҡом (qom), Tatar ком (qom), Azerbaijani qum, Turkish kum, Turkmen gum, Uzbek qum, Khakas хум (xum), Shor қум, Tuvan кум (kum), Western Yugur qum, etc.

### Noun

кум • (kum)
* sand

#### Synonyms

* кумак (kumak)

### References

“кум”, in Grammatika Altajskovo Jazyka [Altaic language Grammar], Kazan: V universtiteskoj til, 1869, →ISBN

## Tuvan
### Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *Kum (“sand”).

### Noun

кум • (kum) (definite accusative кумну, plural кумнар)
* sand

## Ukrainian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [kum]
* This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

### Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *kumъ, back-formation from *kuma (“godmother”) (whence also кума́ (kumá)), from Balkan Vulgar Latin *cómmater, from Latin compater (“godfather”).

#### Noun

кум • (kum) m pers (genitive ку́ма, nominative plural ку́ми, genitive plural ку́мів, feminine кума́, relational adjective кумі́вський or ку́мів)
* godfather of one's child
* father of one's godchild
* (colloquial) man, fellow (form of address to a middle-aged or elderly man)
* (folk poetic) used as an epithet for a wolf

##### Related terms

* кумі́вство (kumívstvo)

##### See also

* хреще́на ма́ти (xreščéna máty)
* хреще́на дочка́ (xreščéna dočká)
* хреще́ний ба́тько (xreščényj bátʹko)
* хреще́ний син (xreščényj syn)

#### Further reading

* Melnychuk, O. S., editor (1989), “кум”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volume 3 (Кора – М), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 138
* Hrinchenko, Borys, editor (1907–1909), “кум”, in Словарь украинского языка [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Russian), Kyiv: Kievskaya starina
* Shyrokov, V. A., editor (2015), “кум”, in Словник української мови: у 20 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 20 vols] (in Ukrainian), volumes 6 (зга́га – ква́рта), Kyiv: Ukrainian Lingua-Information Fund, →ISBN

### Etymology 2

Onomatopoeic

#### Alternative forms

* кум-ку́м (kum-kúm)

#### Noun

кум • (kum)
* sound of a frog, ribbit

##### Derived terms

* ку́мкати (kúmkaty)

#### Further reading

* Melnychuk, O. S., editor (1989), “кум-кум”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volume 3 (Кора – М), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 140
* Hrinchenko, Borys, editor (1907–1909), “кум-кум”, in Словарь украинского языка [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Russian), Kyiv: Kievskaya starina
* Shyrokov, V. A., editor (2015), “кум2”, in Словник української мови: у 20 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 20 vols] (in Ukrainian), volumes 6 (зга́га – ква́рта), Kyiv: Ukrainian Lingua-Information Fund, →ISBN

### Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

#### Noun

кум • (kum) f pers pl
* genitive/accusative plural of кума́ (kumá)