# 飛ぶ
## Japanese
### Etymology

* Kanji in this term
* 飛
* と Grade: 4
* kun'yomi
* Alternative spellings
* 跳ぶ 翔ぶ
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE. From Proto-Japonic *tənpu. Cognate with Okinawan 飛ぶん (tubun).

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) とぶ [tòbú] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [to̞bɯ̟]
* Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「飛ぶ」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary :
| Stem forms ||||
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 飛ぶ | とぶ | [tòbú] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 飛べ | とべ | [tòbé] |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 飛ばれる | とばれる | [tòbárérú] |
| Causative | 飛ばせる | とばせる | [tòbásérú] |
| Potential | 飛べる | とべる | [tòbérú] |
| Volitional | 飛ぼう | とぼー | [tòbóꜜò] |
| Negative | 飛ばない | とばない | [tòbánáí] |
| Negative perfective | 飛ばなかった | とばなかった | [tòbánáꜜkàttà] |
| Formal | 飛びます | とびます | [tòbímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 飛んだ | とんだ | [tòńdá] |
| Conjunctive | 飛んで | とんで | [tòńdé] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 飛べば | とべば | [tòbéꜜbà] |

### Verb

飛(と)ぶ • (tobu) intransitive godan (stem 飛(と)び (tobi), past 飛(と)んだ (tonda))
* to fly
* 跳ぶ: to jump
* to go quickly
* to splash, splatter

#### Usage notes

This spelling of tobu usually denotes flying rather than jumping, as opposed to 跳ぶ which is reserved for the latter.

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 飛ば | とば | toba |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 飛び | とび | tobi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 飛ぶ | とぶ | tobu |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 飛ぶ | とぶ | tobu |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 飛べ | とべ | tobe |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 飛べ | とべ | tobe |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 飛ばれる | とばれる | tobareru |
| Causative | 飛ばせる 飛ばす | とばせる とばす | tobaseru tobasu |
| Potential | 飛べる | とべる | toberu |
| Volitional | 飛ぼう | とぼう | tobō |
| Negative | 飛ばない | とばない | tobanai |
| Negative continuative | 飛ばず | とばず | tobazu |
| Formal | 飛びます | とびます | tobimasu |
| Perfective | 飛んだ | とんだ | tonda |
| Conjunctive | 飛んで | とんで | tonde |
| Hypothetical conditional | 飛べば | とべば | tobeba |
Stem forms :
| Irrealis (未然形) | 飛ば | とば | toba |
| Continuative (連用形) | 飛び | とび | tobi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 飛ぶ | とぶ | tobu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 飛ぶ | とぶ | tobu |
| Realis (已然形) | 飛べ | とべ | tobe |
| Imperative (命令形) | 飛べ | とべ | tobe |
| Key constructions ||||
| Negative | 飛ばず | とばず | tobazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 飛べど | とべど | tobedo |
| Causal conjunction | 飛べば | とべば | tobeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 飛ばば | とばば | tobaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 飛びき | とびき | tobiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 飛びけり | とびけり | tobikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 飛びつ | とびつ | tobitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 飛びぬ | とびぬ | tobinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 飛べり 飛びたり | とべり とびたり | toberi tobitari |
| Volitional | 飛ばむ | とばむ | tobamu |

#### Derived terms

* 飛(と)び移(うつ)る (tobiutsuru)
* 首(くび)が飛(と)ぶ (kubi ga tobu): to decapitate, to fire an employee
* はんぷくよことび (hanpuku yoko-tobi)

### References

* ↑ “飛・跳”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
* ↑ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
* ↑ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
* 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.