# -ül
## Azerbaijani
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [yl]

### Suffix

-ül
* Form of -il after the vowels Ö / Ü and a consonant other than L.
    ‎döymək (“to beat”) + ‎-ül → ‎döyülmək (“to get beaten”)
    ‎tökmək (“to pour”) + ‎-ül → ‎tökülmək (“to fall out, get spilled”)

#### Derived terms

See -il.

## Hungarian
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [yl]

### Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

#### Suffix

-ül
* (verb-forming suffix) Added to an adjective to form a middle-voice verb. It is similar to -edik.
    ‎zöld (“green”) + ‎-ül → ‎zöldül (“to become (more) green”)
    ‎szép (“beautiful”) + ‎-ül → ‎szépül (“to become (more) beautiful”)

##### Usage notes

* (verb-forming suffix) Variants:
    -ul is added to back-vowel words. The final vowel is dropped.
       ‎drága (“expensive”) + ‎-ul → ‎drágul (“to get more expensive”)
    -ül is added to front-vowel words. The final vowel is dropped.
       ‎gyenge (“weak”) + ‎-ül → ‎gyengül (“to weaken”)

##### Derived terms
### Etymology 2
#### Suffix

-ül (essive-modal case suffix)
* (essive sense) as, with the intention of (front-vowel variant of -ul)
    Synonyms: -ként, -képp/-képpen, (stating the capacity) mint
    ‎meglepetés (“surprise”) + ‎-ül → ‎meglepetésül (“as a surprise”)
    ‎vég (“end”) + ‎-ül → ‎végül (“finally, eventually”, literally “as an/the end”)
* (modal sense, adverb-forming suffix) Added to an adjective to form an adverb.
    ‎feltétlen (“unconditional, definite”) + ‎-ül → ‎feltétlenül (“unconditionally, definitely”)
    ‎török (“Turkish”) + ‎-ül → ‎törökül (“in Turkish”)

##### Usage notes

* (essive-modal case suffix) Variants:
    -ul is added to back-vowel words. Final -a changes to -á-.
    -ül is added to front-vowel words. Final -e changes to -é-.
| Case | Back vowel a, á, o, ó, u, ú | Front vowel | Front vowel |
| Case | Back vowel a, á, o, ó, u, ú | unrounded e, é, i, í | rounded ö, ő, ü, ű |
| nominative | — | — | — |
| accusative | -t | -t | -t |
| accusative | -ot / -at | -et | -öt |
| dative | -nak | -nek | -nek |
| instrumental | -val | -vel | -vel |
| causal-final | -ért | -ért | -ért |
| translative | -vá | -vé | -vé |
| terminative | -ig | -ig | -ig |
| essive-formal | -ként | -ként | -ként |
| essive-modal | -ul | -ül | -ül |
| inessive | -ban | -ben | -ben |
| superessive | -n | -n | -n |
| superessive | -on | -en | -ön |
| adessive | -nál | -nél | -nél |
| illative | -ba | -be | -be |
| sublative | -ra | -re | -re |
| allative | -hoz | -hez | -höz |
| elative | -ból | -ből | -ből |
| delative | -ról | -ről | -ről |
| ablative | -tól | -től | -től |
| Note for all endings: Stem-final -a/-e changes to -á-/-é-, respectively, except -ként.  alma — almában, but almaként  zene ― zenében, but zeneként ||||

##### Derived terms
### See also

* Category:Hungarian verbs taking -ul/-ül
* Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

## Turkish
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [yl]

### Suffix

-ül
* Form of -il after the vowels Ö / Ü and a consonant other than L.
    ‎dövmek (“to beat”) + ‎-ül → ‎dövülmek (“to get beaten”)
    ‎dökmek (“to pour”) + ‎-ül → ‎dökülmek (“to fall out, get spilled”)

#### Derived terms

See -il.

## Volapük
### Pronunciation

* IPA: [yl]

### Suffix

-ül
* offspring, young (of an animal), young organism (animal or plant) (e.g., torül = young bull, bullock; kunül = young cow, heifer; lupül = wolf cub)
* Hypocoristic or used to denote affection for the noun. (e.g., Samül = Sammy)

#### Usage notes

* In many languages, the diminutive form of a word can also be used to denote not (just) littleness but (also) affection or intimacy (for the word's referent), whereas in Volapük this secondary meaning of the diminutive is split off, since Volapük attempts, somewhat like Lojban, to avoid polysemy.

#### Derived terms
### See also

* -il (“diminutive suffix”)