# 冥想
## Chinese
### Pronunciation

* Mandarin
    (Pinyin): míngxiǎng
    (Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄒㄧㄤˇ
* Cantonese (Jyutping): ming$^5$ soeng$^2$ / ming$^4$ soeng$^2$
* Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): bêng-sióng / bêng-siáng
* Mandarin
** (Standard Chinese)
*** Hanyu Pinyin: míngxiǎng
*** Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄒㄧㄤˇ
*** Tongyong Pinyin: míngsiǎng
*** Wade–Giles: ming$^2$-hsiang$^3$
*** Yale: míng-syǎng
*** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mingsheang
*** Palladius: минсян (minsjan)
*** Sinological IPA : /miŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
*** Homophones: [Show/Hide]$^{edit}$冥想 鳴響／鸣响
* Cantonese
** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
*** Jyutping: ming$^5$ soeng$^2$ / ming$^4$ soeng$^2$
*** Yale: míhng séung / mìhng séung
*** Cantonese Pinyin: ming$^5$ soeng$^2$ / ming$^4$ soeng$^2$
*** Guangdong Romanization: ming$^5$ sêng$^2$ / ming$^4$ sêng$^2$
*** Sinological IPA : /mɪŋ¹³ sœːŋ³⁵/, /mɪŋ²¹ sœːŋ³⁵/
* Southern Min
** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bêng-sióng
*** Tâi-lô: bîng-sióng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bengsiorng
*** IPA (Quanzhou): /biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² siɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
*** IPA (Kaohsiung): /biɪŋ²³⁻³³ siɔŋ⁴¹/
*** IPA (Taipei): /biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ siɔŋ⁵³/
*** IPA (Xiamen): /biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² siɔŋ⁵³/
** (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
*** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bêng-siáng
*** Tâi-lô: bîng-siáng
*** Phofsit Daibuun: bengsiarng
*** IPA (Zhangzhou): /biɪŋ¹³⁻²² siaŋ⁵³/

### Verb

冥想
* to be lost in thought; to be in deep thought; to be in a reverie
    合目冥想 ― hémù míngxiǎng ― to close one's eyes and daydream
    沉入了冥想 ― chén rù le míngxiǎng ― to be engrossed in a fantasy, in one's imagination
* to meditate

#### Synonyms

* (to be lost in thought):
* 冥思 (míngsī)
* 品味 (pǐnwèi)
* 尋味／寻味 (xúnwèi)
* 尋思／寻思
* 念 (niàn)
* 思 (literary, or in compounds)
* 思想 (sīxiǎng)
* 思慮／思虑 (sīlǜ)
* 思索 (sīsuǒ)
* 思維／思维 (sīwéi)
* 思考 (sīkǎo)
* 思裁 (si$^1$ cai$^2$) (Sichuanese)
* 思量 (sīliáng)
* 慎思 (shènsī)
* 掂掇 (diānduo) (colloquial)
* 推敲 (tuīqiāo)
* 掂量 (diānliáng)
* 揣摩 (chuǎimó)
* 斟酌 (zhēnzhuó) (figuratively)
* 沉思 (chénsī)
* 深思 (shēnsī)
* 照顧／照顾 (zhàogù)
* 玩味 (wánwèi)
* 玩弄 (Classical Chinese)
* 琢磨 (zuómo)
* 算計／算计 (suànjì)
* 考慮／考虑 (kǎolǜ)
* 苦思 (kǔsī)
* 著想／着想 (zhuóxiǎng)
* 計算／计算 (jìsuàn)
* 計較／计较
* 設想／设想 (shèxiǎng)
* 顧全／顾全 (gùquán)
* 顧及／顾及 (gùjí)

## Japanese

Kanji in this term :
| 冥 | 想 |
| めい Grade: S | そう Grade: 3 |
| kan'on | goon |
* Alternative spelling
* 瞑想

### Etymology

Coined in the Meiji period.

### Pronunciation

* (Tokyo) めーそー [mèésóó] (Heiban – [0])
* IPA: [me̞ːso̞ː]

### Noun

冥(めい)想(そう) • (meisō)
* meditation, contemplation (thinking)

### Verb

冥(めい)想(そう)する • (meisō suru) transitive or intransitive suru (stem 冥(めい)想(そう)し (meisō shi), past 冥(めい)想(そう)した (meisō shita))
* to meditate, to contemplate (ruminate)

#### Conjugation

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") :
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 冥想し | めいそうし | meisō shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 冥想し | めいそうし | meisō shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 冥想する | めいそうする | meisō suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 冥想する | めいそうする | meisō suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 冥想すれ | めいそうすれ | meisō sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 冥想せよ¹ 冥想しろ² | めいそうせよ¹ めいそうしろ² | meisō seyo¹ meisō shiro² |
| Key constructions ||||
| Passive | 冥想される | めいそうされる | meisō sareru |
| Causative | 冥想させる 冥想さす | めいそうさせる めいそうさす | meisō saseru meisō sasu |
| Potential | 冥想できる | めいそうできる | meisō dekiru |
| Volitional | 冥想しよう | めいそうしよう | meisō shiyō |
| Negative | 冥想しない | めいそうしない | meisō shinai |
| Negative continuative | 冥想せず | めいそうせず | meisō sezu |
| Formal | 冥想します | めいそうします | meisō shimasu |
| Perfective | 冥想した | めいそうした | meisō shita |
| Conjunctive | 冥想して | めいそうして | meisō shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 冥想すれば | めいそうすれば | meisō sureba |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ||||

### See also

* マインドフルネス (maindofurunesu)

### References

* 1 2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

## Korean

Hanja in this term :
| 冥 | 想 |

### Noun

冥想 • (myeongsang) (hangeul 명상)
* hanja form of 명상 (“meditation”)