# -ие
## Bulgarian
### Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *-ьje.

### Suffix

-ие • (-ie) n
* Deverbal, forming action or result nouns: -tion, -ance, -ing
    вям (vjam, “to be aware”) (archaic, obsolete) → ведие (vedie, “knowledge”) (obsolete) → езиковедие (ezikovedie, “linguistics”)
    въстана (vǎstana, “to revel”) → въстание (vǎstanie, “uprising”)
    нарека (nareka, “to call”) → наречие (narečie, “adverb”)
    примиря се (primirja se, “to put up with”) → примирие (primirie, “truce”)
    участвам (učastvam, “to participate”) → участие (učastie, “participation”)
    допирам (dopiram, “to touch, to contact”) → допирие (dopirie, “contact, incidence”) (dialectal)

#### Derived terms

* -тие (-tie)
* -ние (-nie)
* -ствие (-stvie)

### Suffix

-ие • (-ie) n
* Denominal, forming abstract nouns or nouns expressing capacity, state: -th, -ness, -ing
    From adjectives:
       здрав (zdrav, “healthy”) → здраве (zdrave, “health”)
       висок (visok, “high”) → височие (visočie, “highness”)
       велик (velik, “great”) → величие (veličie, “greatness”)
       цял (cjal, “whole”) + мъдър (mǎdǎr, “wise”) → целомъдрие (celomǎdrie, “chastity”)
    From action, result nouns:
       услов (uslov, “term, claim”) (obsolete) → условие (uslovie, “condition”)
       зло (zlo, “evil”) + воня (vonja, “odor, stink”) → зловоние (zlovonie, “stench”)
       бог (bog, “god”) + хула (hula, “insult”) → богохулие (bogohulie, “blasphemy”)
       човек (čovek, “human”) + любов (ljubov, “love”) → човеколюбие (čovekoljubie, “philanthropy”)
    From quality, property nouns:
       с- (s-) + част (čast, “part”) → щастие (štastie, “fortune”)
       добро (dobro, “good”) + душа (duša, “soul”) → добродушие (dobrodušie, “fortune”)
       благо (blago, “virtue”) + прилика (prilika, “similarity”) → благоприличие (blagopriličie, “decency”)
       лихо (liho, “excess”) + мисъл (misǎl, “thought”) → лихомислие (lihomislie, “fault thinking”) (obsolete)
    From adverbs:
       налице (nalice, “in presence”) → наличие (naličie, “presence, availability”)
       насила (nasila, “forcefully”) → насилие (nasilie, “violence”)
* Denominal, forming nouns expressing relationship, way, outcome: -th, -ness, -ing
    From base words:
       уста (usta, “mouth”) → устие (ustie, “estuary”)
       стъбло (stǎblo, “stem”) → стъблие (stǎblie, “stemming, branching”) (dialectal)
    Prefixed with из- (iz-, “out of”):
       из- (iz-) + дело (delo, “deed”) → изделие (izdelie, “product”)
       из- (iz-) + чедо (čedo, “child”) → изчадие (izčadie, “abomination”) (originally meaning “spawn”)
    Prefixed with за- (za-, “trans-, for”):
       за- (za-) + гора (gora, “forest”) → загорие (zagorie, “transylvan area”)
       за- (za-) + глава (glava, “head”) → заглавие (zaglavie, “chapter, header”)
    Prefixed with до- (do-, “to, near”):
       до- (do-) + вяра (vjara, “faint”) → доверие (doverie, “trust, confidence”)
       до- (do-) + год (god, “year”) (dated) → догодие (dogodie, “remainder of the year”) (dialectal)
    Prefixed with с- (s-), съ- (sǎ-, “with”):
       съ- (sǎ-) + звук (zvuk, “sound”) → съзвучие (sǎzvučie, “consonance”)
       с- (s-) + полука (poluka, “reached target, goal”) (dialectal) → сполучие (spolučie, “prosperity”)
    Prefixed with о- (o-)/об- (ob-, “about, around”):
       о- (o-) + гърло (gǎrlo, “neck”) → огърлие (ogǎrlie, “necklace”)
       об- (ob-) + ход (hod, “walk”) → обходие (obhodie, “side way”) (obsolete)
    Prefixed with на- (na-, “on, ad-”), над- (nad-, “above, over”):
       на- (na-) + вечер (večer, “eve”) → навечерие (navečerie, “evening”)
       над- (nad-) + вес (ves, “hanging, curtain”) → надвесие (nadvesie, “arch, dome”) (obsolete)
    Prefixed with под- (pod-, “under”):
       под- (pod-) + земя (zemja, “earth”) → подземие (podzemie, “dungeon”)
       под- (pod-) + нога (noga, “foot”) → подножие (podnožie, “foothold”)
    Prefixed with по- (po-, “by, of”):
       по- (po-) + доба (doba, “proper time, place”) → подобие (podobie, “resemblance”)
       по- (po-) + кор (kor, “reproach, reprimand”) (archaic) → покорие (pokorie, “submissiveness”) (obsolete)
    Prefixed with по- (po-, “at”):
       по- (po-) + река (reka, “river”) → поречие (porečie, “riverside area”)
       по- (po-) + море (more, “river”) → поморие (pomorie, “seaside area”)
    Prefixed with край- (kraj-, “nearby”)
       край- (kraj-) + бряг (brjag, “forest”) → крайбрежие (krajbrežie, “coastal area”)
       край- (kraj-) + лес (les, “wood”) → крайлесие (krajlesie, “woodside area”)
    Prefixed with при- (pri-, “at”), пре- (pre-, “per”), про- (pro-, “for”):
       при- (pri-) + глас (glas, “voice”) → пригласие (priglasie, “ovation, supporting chatter”) (obsolete)
       пре- (pre-) + межда (mežda, “boundary, medium”) → премеждие (premeždie, “obstacle, misadventure”)
* Forms instrumental nouns (usually tools and weapons) expressing purpose, functionality:
    From verbal stems:
       копая (kopaja, “to ditch”) → копие (kopie, “spear”)
    From instrumental nouns:
       пособ (posob, “mean”) → пособие (posobie, “resource for self-education”)
    Prefixes with об-/о-:
       о- (o-) + *rǫdъ (“prickly, thorny, shaggy”) → оръдие (orǎdie, “cannon, instrument”)
       о- (o-) + *rǫgъ (“offense, assault”) → оръжие (orǎžie, “weaponry”)

#### Usage notes

Often, -ие (-ie) is used in combination with the prefix без- (bez-, “without”) to form abstract concepts expressing lack, non-presence, or shortage:
    From action nouns:
       власт (vlast, “authority, rule”) → безвластие (bezvlastie, “anarchy”)
       смърт (smǎrt, “death”) → безсмъртие (bezsmǎrtie, “immortality”)
       дело (delo, “deed, case”) → безделие (bezdelie, “idleness”)
       мълва (mǎlva, “rumour”) → безмълвие (bezmǎlvie, “muteness”)
    From spatial/temporal concepts:
       ред (red, “order, array”) → безредие (bezredie, “disarray”)
       хармония (harmonija, “harmony”) → безхармоние (bezharmonie, “disharmony”)
       време (vreme, “time”) → безвремие (bezvremie, “timelessness”)
       срок (srok, “term, deadline”) → безсрочие (bezsročie, “without deadline”)
    From gauge/measurement nouns:
       разлика (razlika, “difference”) → безразличие (bezrazličie, “indifference”)
       тегло (teglo, “weight”) → безтегловие (bezteglovie, “weightlessness”)
    From task/capacity nouns:
       грижа (griža, “concern”) → безгрижие (bezgrižie, “carelessness”)
       сила (sila, “force”) → безсилие (bezsilie, “impotence, helplessness”)
    From substance/phenomenon nouns:
       вода (voda, “water”) → безводие (bezvodie, “aridity”)
       вятър (vjatǎr, “death”) → безветрие (bezvetrie, “windlessness”)
    From abstract nouns:
       право (pravo, “right”) → безправие (bezpravie, “lawlessness”)
       дар (dar, “gift, talent”) → бездарие (bezdarie, “lack of talent”)
    From objectifying concepts:
       образ (obraz, “image, form”) → безобразие (bezobrazie, “disgrace”)
       предмет (predmet, “subject, topic”) → безпредметие (bezpredmetie, “lack of topic/reason”)
    From perception nouns:
       срам (sram, “shame”) → безсрамие (bezsramie, “shamelessness”)
       страх (strah, “fear”) → безстрашие (bezstrašie, “fearlessness”)
       чувство (čuvstvo, “feeling”) → безчувствие (bezčuvstvie, “numbness”)
       вкус (vkus, “taste”) → безвкусие (bezvkusie, “tastelessness”)
    From perceptive nouns:
       око (oko, “eye”) → безочие (bezočie, “impudence”)
       ум (um, “mind”) → безумие (bezumie, “madness, folly”)
       душа (duša, “soul”) → бездушие (bezdušie, “soullessness”)
       сърце (sǎrce, “heart”) → безсърдечие (bezsǎrdečie, “heartlessness”)

#### Alternative forms

* -е (-e), -ье (-je) — reduced

#### Related terms

* -ия (-ija)
* -ей (-ej)

### Suffix

-ие • (-ie) n
* Forms collective plurals:
    Of creatures:
       люд (ljud, “person, folk”) (dated, obsolete) → люде (ljude, “people”)
       нав (nav, “undead”) (obsolete) → наве (nave, “dead spirits”) (obsolete)
    Of natural elements:
       камък (kamǎk, “stone”) → камъне (kamǎne, “rocks”) (poetic)
       дърво (dǎrvo, “tree”) → дърве (dǎrve, “trees, wood”) (poetic)
* Forms collective nouns expressing aggregation or clustering:
    From a plain word:
       грозд (grozd, “grape”) → грозде (grozde, “grape”) (collective)
       цвят (cvjat, “blossom”) → цвете (cvete, “flower”)
    Prefixed with съ-:
       съ- (sǎ-) + звезда (zvezda, “star”) → съзвездие (sǎzvezdie, “constellation”)
       съ- (sǎ-) + цвят (cvjat, “blossom”) → съцветие (sǎcvetie, “inflorescence”)
    Prefixes with об-/о-:
       об- (ob-) + *vilo (“winding”) → обилие (obilie, “abundance”) (literally: “enveloping → endlessness”)
       о- (o-) + коло (kolo, “wheel”) (obsolete) → околие (okolie, “surroundings”) (literally: “that is encircled”)
    Prefixed with a numeric term:
       дву- (dvu-, “bi-”) + лице (lice, “face”) → двуличие (dvuličie, “hypocrisy”) (literally: “two-facedness”)
       сто- (sto-, “centi-”) + лято (ljato, “summer”) → столетие (stoletie, “century”) (literally: “100 summers”)
* Forms collective nouns expressing extension, span:

#### Alternative forms

* -е (-e), -ье (-je) — reduced

#### Derived terms
## Russian
### Alternative forms

* -ье (-ʹje)

### Etymology

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic -иѥ (-ije), from Proto-Slavic *-ьje. Doublet of -ье (-ʹje) and -ьё (-ʹjó), the inherited forms.

### Pronunciation

* IPA: [ʲɪje]

### Suffix

-ие • (-ije)
* Abstract noun suffix; forms part of larger suffixes such as -е́ние (-énije), -а́ние (-ánije), -тие (-tije), and exists on its own especially as a suffix added to compound words.
    ‎много- (mnogo-, “many”) + ‎о́браз (óbraz, “image”) + ‎-ие (-ije) → ‎многообра́зие (mnogoobrázije, “variety, diversity”)
    ‎ма́ло- (málo-, “little”) + ‎дух (dux, “courage”) + ‎-ие (-ije) → ‎малоду́шие (malodúšije, “cowardice”)
    ‎пло́ско- (plósko-, “flat”) + ‎стопа́ (stopá, “foot”) + ‎-ие (-ije) → ‎плоскосто́пие (ploskostópije, “flatfoot (medical condition)”)
    ‎само- (samo-, “self”) + ‎люби́ть (ljubítʹ, “to love”) + ‎-ие (-ije) → ‎самолю́бие (samoljúbije, “self-esteem, self-respect”)
    ‎со- (so-, “con-”) + ‎звезда́ (zvezdá, “star”) + ‎-ие (-ije) → ‎созве́здие (sozvézdije, “constellation”)

#### Usage notes

* The stress is drawn onto the preceding syllable (as in многообра́зие (mnogoobrázije) vs. о́браз (óbraz)).
* A velar may turn into a palatal as a result of the Slavic first palatalization (as in малоду́шие (malodúšije)).