# VKS
## English
### Proper noun

VKS
* Initialism of Vocabulary Knowledge Scale.
** 1996 October, Marjorie Bingham Wesche, T. Sima Paribakht, “Assessing Second Language Vocabulary Knowledge: Depth Versus Breadth”, in The Canadian Modern Language Review, volume 53, number 1, →DOI, abstract:This article surveys existing second language (L2) vocabulary measures of both kinds and describes in detail a recently developed instrument designed to assess levels of familiarity with given words, the Vocabulary Knowledge Scale (VKS) (Paribakht & Wesche, 1993a, 1993b).
* (grammatically plural) Initialism of Vozdušno-Kosmičeskije Sily (“[Russian] Aerospace Forces”).
** 2021, Samuel Charap, Dara Massicot, Miranda Priebe, Alyssa Demus, Clint Reach, Mark Stalczynski, Eugeniu Han, Lynn E. Davis, Russian Grand Strategy: Rhetoric and Reality, Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, →ISBN, chapter six: “Strategy Element: Focus on Non-Contact Warfare”, § 3: ‘Posture Revisions Initially Consistent with Stated Strategy Until 2014’, no pagination:In 2015, Russia combined its air, air-defense, and space forces into the VKS, consistent with strategic writings that argue that the air and space domains have merged over time into a single aerospace domain. As noted later in this section, in this time period, the VKS, more than the other services, received new platforms that were consistent with the stated strategy.

#### Translations
### Noun

VKS (plural VKS or VKSs)
* (plural: VKS) Initialism of volcanogenic karst system(s).
** 2017, Marcus Gary, “Sistema Zacatón: Volcanically Controlled Hypogenic Karst, Tamaulipas, Mexico” (chapter 52), in Alexander Klimchouk, Arthur N. Palmer, Jo De Waele, Augusto S. Auler, Philippe Audra, editors, Hypogene Karst Regions and Caves of the World (Cave and Karst Systems of the World), Cham: Springer, →ISBN, →ISSN, →LCCN, § 7: Volcanogenic Karst, page 52 (chapter pagination) and 777 (continuous pagination):The two deepest explored phreatic caves in the world, Pozzo del Merro, Italy, and El Zacatón, Mexico (Gary et al. 2003; Knab 2009) are both hypothesized to have developed in hypogene settings, specifically in the subset defined as a volcanogenic karst system (VKS) (Gary and Sharp 2006, 2009). [¶] Volcanogenic karst systems (VKS) are formed when a groundwater system in soluble rock interacts with volcanic activity in the subsurface.
* (plural: VKSs) Initialism of virtual knowledge space.
** 2019, Meliha Handzic, Charles van den Heuvel, “Humanists’ Virtual Knowledge Space: Model and Usage”, in Meliha Handzic, Daniela Carlucci, editors, Knowledge Management, Arts, and Humanities: Interdisciplinary Approaches and the Benefits of Collaboration (Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning; 7), Cham: Springer, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, →LCCN, § 5: Conclusions, page 143:With respect to future work, the chapter identifies a number of major challenges for the designers and adopters of VKSs. They include different needs across disciplines, difficulty in systems use, privacy concerns and the need for advocacy. These findings can serve as an incentive for improving VKSs, as well as for the future research in their adoption and use.
* Initialism of variable kinetic system.
** 2022, Michael Crowley, Malcolm R. Dando, Toxin and Bioregulator Weapons: Preventing the Misuse of the Chemical and Life Sciences (Global Issues), Essex/Cham: gLAWcal – Global Law Initiatives for Sustainable Development & Palgrave Macmillan, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, chapter 8: “The US Case Study”, page 173:The VKS can be used with either a magazine holding 10–15 projectiles or a hopper holding 180 projectiles. It has a maximum range of 150 feet and can fire 20 plus projectiles per second. The VKS can fire a variety of Pepperball projectiles, including Live X rounds holding 2.5g of 5% PAVA powder—the “most potent and powerful concentration”—equivalent to the agent contained in 10 regular Pepperball PAVA rounds. Given the maximum range, rate of fire and PAVA amounts/concentrations of projectiles, soldiers employing the VKS are capable of rapidly blanketing wide areas with irritant, effecting significant numbers of people, which in certain proposed missions would be of potential concern.

## Finnish
### Noun

VKS
* Initialism of varuskuntasairaala.
* Initialism of valtakunnansyyttäjänvirasto.

### Proper noun

VKS
* Initialism of Vaasan keskussairaala (“Vaasa Central Hospital”, literally “Vassa’s central hospital”).