# Lake Victoria

Lake Victoria is a lake in East Africa.
With an area of ​​68,870 km², Lake Victoria is the largest inland lake in Africa and the second largest freshwater lake in the world.
Lake Victoria impresses with its fascinating nature, its rich wildlife, its cultural diversity, its historical significance and its wide range of leisure activities such as boat trips, fishing and island exploration. However, swimming in the lake is life-threatening. There are parasites and crocodiles.

## Towns

Lake Victoria is bordered by the states of Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania.

### Uganda

* 0.31361132.5811111 Kampala. The capital of Uganda is located near the lake and is a central access point. The city offers cultural attractions such as the Kasubi Tombs, interesting museums, a lively atmosphere and a vibrant nightlife. From here, visitors can take boat trips to the lake.
* 0.0532.462 Entebbe. former capital of Uganda with 70,000 inhabitants. A city on the north shore, known for its international airport, its botanical garden, the Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary and the relaxing beaches on the lake. Here is also the Uganda Wildlife Education Centre, which offers an insight into the wildlife of the region.
* 0.43530433.2055573 Jinja. With 76,000 inhabitants, it is the largest city in Uganda on Lake Victoria. Famous as the source of the Nile, located just east of the lake and the starting point for boat tours, whitewater rafting and spectacular waterfalls.

### Kenya

* -0.134.754 Kisumu. With 323,000 inhabitants, it is located on the northeast shore of the lake. One of the largest cities on the lake, with a port and cultural attractions such as the Kisumu Museum.
* -0.4392934.210435 Mbita. A gateway to the islands in the Kenyan part of Lake Victoria.
* -0.51666734.456 Homa Bay. A small but important centre on the southern shore of the Kenyan section.

### Tanzania

* -2.51666732.97 Mwanza. With its 1.1 million inhabitants, it is the largest port city on the lake and is located on its southern shore.

## Islands
### Kenya

* -0.434.1666671 Rusinga Island. Historically significant, known for prehistoric finds and natural attractions.
* -0.46666734.0166672 Mfangano Island. Home of the Abasuba culture with ancient rock paintings and a relaxed atmosphere.
* -0.4757634.088663 Takawiri Island. Famous for its white sandy beaches and clear water, an insider tip for peace and relaxation.

### Uganda

* -0.43333332.254 Ssese Islands. A group of about 84 islands known for their sandy beaches, tropical vegetation and tranquility. The most popular island is Bugala, with hotels and activities such as hiking, fishing and bird watching.
* -0.132.655 Ngamba-Island. Home to a chimpanzee conservation project where visitors can experience the primates up close.
* 0.21666733.26676 Buvuma-Islands. Less developed, ideal for adventure and peace away from the crowds.
* -0.438332.49727 Bukasa-Island. One of the larger islands, popular with nature lovers and for cultural encounters.

### Tanzania

* -2.33333331.8666678 Rubondo Island. An island with a national park with untouched nature, chimpanzees, elephants and bird species. Perfect for safaris on water and land.
* -2.032533.00759 Ukerewe Island. The largest island in Lake Victoria, known for its friendly local population, rural way of life.
* -2.54436432.88972210 Saanane Island. This small island, which is designated as a national park, is located near Mwanza and is easily accessible. On scenic hiking trails you can see zebras, baboons and exotic birds. Ideal for day trips and nature experiences near Mwanza.

## National parks
### Kenya

* -0.61666734.31666711 Ruma National Park. A picturesque park with grass savannahs and rolling hills, home to the rare sable antelope and a variety of other wildlife.
* -0.12534.74444412 Kisumu Impala Sanctuary. Small sanctuary for impalas, giraffes and other wildlife, ideal for short visits and walks along the lake.

### Uganda

* 0.0833332.3333313 Mabamba Swamp. A huge wetland area with diverse birdlife and beautiful waterways where you can canoe through the marshes, watch birds and take photographs.

### Tanzania

* -2.331.83333314 Rubondo Island National Park. The unique island park with chimpanzees, elephants, giraffes and a variety of bird species is ideal for hiking, bird watching and canoeing. It is one of the quietest national parks in Tanzania, ideal for seclusion and enjoying nature.

## Understand
### History

Lake Victoria was rediscovered for the Western world on August 3, 1858 by the British explorer John Hanning Speke and named after the then British Queen Victoria. Henry Morton Stanley traveled around it between March and May 1875 on the ship Lady Alice and circumnavigated it once.

### Landscape

The inland lake is located in the East African plateau at an altitude of 1133m. It is 337km long and 250km wide. Its average depth is 40m, its maximum depth is 85m.
The lake's surface area is shared by the states of Tanzania (49% of the lake's surface area), Uganda (45%) and Kenya (6%). Its coastline is 3450km long, of which 50.7% is in Tanzania, 33.3% in Uganda and 16.0% in Kenya.
Lake Victoria has a catchment area of ​​around 193,000 km². Its tributaries are the Sio, Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, North and South Awach, Sondu, Gucha-Migori, Mara, Grumeti, Mbalageti, Mori, Mugango, Suguti, Bunda, Ukereweder, Simiyu, Magogo-Moame, Nyashishi, Isanga, Biharamulo, Kibale, Katonga and Kagera-Nile.
The only outflow is the Victoria Nile in the north, so Lake Victoria is hydrologically classified as the source of the Nile.

### Flora and fauna

Lake Victoria is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna, shaped by its tropical conditions and its location in East Africa. The vegetation on the shores of the lake consists of dense papyrus stands, reeds and other aquatic plants, which provide important habitat for numerous animal species. Mangroves and various grass species grow in the wetlands.
The lake's fauna is particularly rich and includes numerous species of fish, including the famous cichlids, known for their amazing biodiversity. However, this diversity has been severely affected by the introduction of the Nile perch, which has decimated native fish populations. In addition to fish, Lake Victoria provides a habitat for numerous amphibians, reptiles such as crocodiles and water snakes, and various bird species such as herons, pelicans and kingfishers.
Mammals such as hippos and the occasional elephant can also be found around the lake. The lake depends on a complex ecosystem that includes not only the animals and plants in the water, but also the surrounding forests, savannas and swamps. Unfortunately, the lake's flora and fauna are threatened by environmental problems such as pollution, overfishing and invasive species.
Lake Victoria is severely affected by invasive species such as the Nile perch, which has decimated many native fish species through predation, as well as water hyacinth and Nile lettuce, which form dense carpets of plants and block light and oxygen access for other organisms. Introduced tilapia species and invasive bivalve molluscs such as the zebra mussel also compete with native species for resources, causing significant ecosystem disruption, a decline in biodiversity and negative impacts on fisheries and water quality.
Following the introduction of the Nile perch to the lake and the decline of many native fish species, particularly tilapia, the composition of the fish population has changed. While the Nile perch originally dominated the fishery, overfishing of this species and ecosystem adaptation has resulted in smaller, faster-reproducing fish such as dagaa (Rastrineobola argentea), a small species of sardine, making up a larger proportion of the fishery.
These small fish are now not only caught for local consumption, but also processed into fishmeal and used as livestock feed. They are more affordable than larger, expensive fish species such as Nile perch (which is mostly exported), so they have become an important source of food for the local population.

### Climate

The climate of Lake Victoria is tropical and is strongly influenced by its proximity to the equator and the lake's large body of water. Temperatures are pleasant all year round, with daytime highs between 25 and 30 degrees Celsius and nighttime lows of around 17 to 20 degrees. The lake's altitude of about 1,100 meters above sea level makes the climate somewhat more temperate than in lower tropical regions, such as Mombasa.
There are two main rainy seasons, which vary depending on the region: from March to May and from October to December. These rainy seasons bring frequent, but usually short and intense rain showers. The months of June to September and January to February are drier periods, although the lake and surrounding wetlands continue to maintain high humidity.
The lake's proximity also influences the region through local weather phenomena, including sudden storms that can occur on the water. Overall, the climate provides lush vegetation and stable agriculture in the area, but also makes insect protection measures necessary due to the high humidity.
Best time to visit: Generally, the dry seasons are the most pleasant periods to explore the region. June to September: During these months, the weather is dry, with little rain and pleasant temperatures. It is ideal for boat tours, wildlife viewing and visiting national parks. The lower humidity makes the conditions pleasant for outdoor activities. December to February: This is a shorter dry season that also offers good conditions for travel. Bird watching and other nature activities in particular benefit from the clearer days.
The rainy seasons (March to May and October to November) are less ideal, as there are frequent and heavy showers that can affect outdoor activities. Nevertheless, they offer lush, green scenery and a lower density of tourists, which is appealing to some travelers. During the rainy season, there are often more difficult road conditions and possible restrictions on boat trips.

## Get in

The international journey takes place via the harbour cities of Entebbe/Jinja (Uganda), Kisumu (Kenya) and Mwanza (Tanzania) on Lake Victoria.

## Get around

Around 40 ferries operate daily between Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya, some of which also transport cars. Depending on the weather, the access roads to the harbour towns are dirt or gravel roads that can only be used by four-wheel drive vehicles. The frequency of the ferries varies depending on the season, day of the week and weather conditions. There are regular connections for local traffic as well as tourist ferries for excursions to the islands.
Kenya:
* Kisumu - Rusinga Island and Mfangano Island: Ferries to the islands of Rusinga and Mfangano. The journey takes about 1 to 2 hours, depending on weather conditions and destination island.
* Kisumu - Usoma: There are also connections from Kisumu to Usoma Peninsula, a small harbour on the western side of Lake Victoria.
Uganda:
* Entebbe - Ssese Islands: There are daily services connecting the islands to Entebbe and the journey takes about 1 to 2 hours, depending on the island. In addition to Bugala Island, smaller islands such as Buvuma and Bukasa can also be reached by ferry. There are several ferry companies that serve this route, including the Uganda Railways Corporation and private operators. Ferries run several times a day and offer regular connections to the islands. There are smaller ferries travelling to the Ssese Islands from other ports on the lake (e.g. Nakiwogo or Masese), but Entebbe remains the main starting point for the majority of traffic to the islands.
* Entebbe - Nakiwogo (Kampala): This ferry service between Entebbe and Nakiwogo near Kampala mainly serves local traffic and is a short way to cross the lake.
Tanzania:
* Mwanza - Rubondo Island: The journey takes about 2 to 3 hours depending on weather conditions and is operated regularly, especially for tourists wishing to visit the national park.
* Mwanza - Saanane Island: This connection is ideal for day trips to the island's national park.
* Mwanza - Bukoba: Ferry services between Mwanza and Bukoba connect the two Tanzanian cities and offer the opportunity to explore the western shore of Lake Victoria.
Cross-border ferries: There are several ferry connections between the countries on Lake Victoria that enable the movement of passengers and goods between the neighbouring countries of Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. These ferries are an important part of the transport network in the region and connect both larger cities and islands. Here are the most important ferry connections between the countries on Lake Victoria:
* Uganda - Kenya: Kisumu - Kampalla (Port Bell): The ferry connection between Kisumu in Kenya and Port Bell in Uganda is one of the most important international routes across Lake Victoria. This crossing usually takes around 6 to 8 hours. The ferry runs several times a week and connects the two cities directly. This route is particularly important for trade between the two countries and for tourist traffic, as Kisumu is an important hub in Kenya and Port Bell is a historic harbour in Uganda.
* Kenya - Tanzania: Mwanza - Kisumu: This crossing takes about 4 to 5 hours, depending on weather conditions and the type of boat. The ferries run regularly, although the frequency of journeys varies depending on the season and demand. This route is less frequented than the one between Uganda and Kenya, but it provides an important transport link between Mwanza and Kisumu, both for local transport and for tourist traffic.
* Tanzania - Uganda: Mwanza - Entebbe: The crossing takes about 4 to 6 hours depending on weather conditions and the chosen mode of transport and they operate several times a week, especially during peak tourist periods. This connection is particularly popular with tourists who want to cross Lake Victoria and enjoy a scenic journey.

## See

In addition to the harbour towns, the 90 islands, some of which are uninhabited, and the fishing are also worth seeing. Further away from the lake are the safari areas of Tanzania Serengeti National Park and Kenya Maasai Mara National Reserve.

## Do

* Boat tours: ‘’Boat tours to the source of the White Nile‘’ (Jinja, Uganda) are particularly popular, where you can enjoy a relaxing cruise through lush nature and visit the point where the Nile flows out of Lake Victoria. ‘’Sunset boat tours‘’ around towns such as Entebbe (Uganda), Mwanza (Tanzania) and Kisumu (Kenya) offer great views of the lake and a moody atmosphere with the bright colours of the sky, often combined with food, drinks or live music on board. ‘’Cultural boat tours‘’ to traditional fishing villages on islands such as Rusinga (Kenya) or along the lakeshore offer the opportunity to get to know the life of the local communities and participate in cultural activities such as traditional dances, local food and insights into fishing. ‘’Kayak and canoe tours‘’ offer a more active and personalised experience of Lake Victoria. Especially popular in Jinja (Uganda) and near the islands where you can discover small islands and hidden bays where wildlife lives nearby.
* Fishing: Fishing trips are available in various parts of the lake, especially in Mwanza (Tanzania) and Jinja (Uganda). Lake Victoria is known for its Nile perch, which is a challenge for anglers. The tours often include learning local fishing techniques and a picnic by the water.
* Game viewing: The best animal sightings are in the national parks.

## Eat

The cuisine around Lake Victoria is diverse and characterised by the cultural influences of the neighbouring countries of Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya. Fresh fish from the lake, seasonal ingredients and traditional cooking methods take centre stage.
Fish dishes:
* Nile perch: One of Lake Victoria's most famous fish, prized for its firm, mild flesh. Preparation: Grilled, deep-fried, in curries or as an ingredient in soups.
* Tilapia: ◦ Most common fish species in Lake Victoria. Often grilled whole, seasoned and served with side dishes such as ugali or matoke (plantains).
* Mukene (sardines): Small fish that are eaten dried, smoked or deep-fried. They are an important source of protein and are often served as a snack or in stews.
Typical side dishes:
* Ugali (posho): A solid maize porridge that serves as a staple food throughout the region. It is combined with fish, meat or vegetables.
* Matoke (plantains): Steamed or boiled plantains served either as porridge or in stews.
* Chapati: Flatbread that is often served as a side dish with savoury dishes in Kenya and Uganda.
* Rice and beans: Often simple but flavoursome and cooked with coconut milk or tomatoes.
Stews and sauces:
* Fish curry: Prepared with coconut milk, tomatoes and regional spices such as turmeric or coriander.
* Peanut soup (groundnut stew): A rich soup made from ground peanuts, often combined with fish, meat or vegetables.
* Greens (Sukuma Wiki): Vegetables such as spinach or cabbage sautéed with onions and tomatoes. A simple but very popular side dish.
Snacks and street food:
* Samosas: Stuffed dumplings with meat, vegetables or fish that are deep-fried and sold as a snack.
* Rolex (Uganda): A street food favourite: chapati rolled up with eggs, tomatoes and onions.
* Mandazi: Sweet fried dough balls that are often served for breakfast or as a snack.
Drinks:
* Chai (tea): Spiced black tea with milk and sugar, popular throughout the region.
* Waragi (Uganda): A local gin, often made from bananas or millet.
* Traditional beer: Locally brewed beer made from millet or maize is available in Tanzania and Uganda.
* Fruit juices: Fresh juices made from mango, pineapple, passion fruit and other tropical fruits are widely available.

## Stay safe

The region around Lake Victoria is generally safe for tourists if you take a few precautions. With good travel preparation, common sense and following local advice, nothing stands in the way of a safe stay.

### General security situation in the countries:

Uganda: Well developed for tourism and comparatively safe. Be careful in border regions, especially in the north of the country (not on Lake Victoria), where unrest or attacks are occasionally reported.
Tanzania: Also safe, especially the tourist areas such as Mwanza and Rubondo Island. Pickpocketing or fraud can occur in larger cities.
Kenya: In the area around Lake Victoria, especially around Kisumu, most areas are quiet. Political tensions or protests can occasionally occur, especially during election times.

### Health safety:

Malaria: Lake Victoria is a malaria risk area. Prophylaxis, mosquito nets and insect repellent are strongly recommended.
Schistosomiasis (bilharzia): Swimming in Lake Victoria may carry the risk of contracting schistosomiasis, a disease caused by parasites. Swimming is only advised in safe, recommended locations.
Drinking water: Do not drink lake water or tap water. Use bottled or boiled water.
Crime:
Theft: Opportunistic theft, especially in cities such as Kisumu, Mwanza or Entebbe, can occur. Valuables should not be displayed openly.
Fraud: Beware of money changers and supposed "helpers". Nothing is free in Africa. Every service must be paid for.
Transport: Ensure that the means of transport are legal and safe, as unlicensed boats or buses can be unsafe.

### Safety on the water:

Boat tours: Only boats with experienced, registered operators should be used and care should be taken to ensure that life jackets are on board.
Weather conditions: Lake Victoria can experience sudden storms. One should follow the recommendations of local guides.
Swimming: Aside from health risks, strong currents and crocodiles can be dangerous in some areas. Swimming is only allowed in designated areas.

### Animal encounters:

Crocodiles and hippos: Both animals can be dangerous near the shore and on the lake. One should always follow the instructions of guides or locals.
Mosquitoes and other insects: One should wear long clothing and use insect repellent, especially in the evening hours.

### Cultural sensitivity:

One should respect local customs and avoid taking photographs without permission, especially in fishing villages.