# Sahel

* WARNING: Most of the Sahel remains unsafe for travel because of civil wars, insurgencies, and terrorism; especially in Sudan, Chad, Niger, and Mali. See the respective warnings in each of these countries' articles.
* (Information last updated 07 Jan 2025)
The Sahel is a region of Africa at the southern edge of the Sahara Desert.

## Countries

* Chad Well off-the-beaten-path for all but the hardiest of travellers; very unstable in the north
* Mali A country with a remarkable history and heritage; home to the ancient trade capitals and seats of learning of Djenné and Timbuktu
* Mauritania Quite possibly the safest and most modern country in the region; visitor interest here is primarily centred on the Saharan dune regions.
* Niger Similar to neighbouring Mali and perhaps the most popular Sahelian country with travellers
* Sudan One of the largest countries in Africa and home to the world's oldest continuous major civilisations; it has been highly prone to conflict

## Cities

There is a very small population in this region of Africa. Cities are rare and far between but here are the main ones.
* 16.9722227.9908331 Agadez — historically a very important stage on the trans-Saharan caravan routes in northern Niger
* 12.645833-7.9922222 Bamako — capital of Mali
* 15.6030832.526543 Khartoum — capital of Sudan and by far the largest city in the region
* 14.4873-4.18964 Mopti — one of the main ports in Mali and a good gateway for many impressive attractions such as Djenné, Timbuktu, and Dogon Country.
* 12.1115.055 N'Djamena — capital of Chad
* 13.5152.11756 Niamey — capital of Niger and perhaps the most accessible Sahelian city for the traveler
* 18.08581-15.97857 Nouakchott — capital of Mauritania
* 19.61583337.2163898 Port Sudan — large Red Sea port city
* 16.773333-2.9994449 Timbuktu — a city of great historical importance particularly for education and the spread of Islam.

## Other destinations

* 13.78412.95151 Balleyara Market — two hours from Niamey in Niger, one of West Africa's largest animal markets, plus a colorful array of other traditional market and artisanal goods (Sundays)
* 14.35-3.61672 Dogon Country — a trek through this landscape of scattered cliff-side villages in is not to be missed by any Mali visitor
* 13.9-4.553 Djenne — once a religious and commercial center to rival Timbuktu, this small town of multi-storey mud buildings in Mali is quite a sight
* 122.54 W National Park — a large trans-border national park, most accessible from Niamey in Niger
* 13.09926314.5046355 Lake Chad

## Understand

The Sahel runs 3,862 km from the Atlantic Ocean coast of Mauritania in the west to the Red Sea coast of Sudan in the east. The ecoregion definition takes in part of other countries but for the purposes of this travel guide, it includes all of Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger and Sudan. The region consists of semi-arid grasslands, savannas, steppes, and thorn shrublands lying between the Central African wooded savanna to the south, and the Sahara to the north.
The topography of the Sahel is mainly flat, and the region mostly lies between 200 and 400 m elevation.

### History

Over the history of Africa the region has been home to some of the most advanced kingdoms benefiting from trade across the desert. Collectively these states are known as the Sahelian kingdoms which were a series of empires, based in the Sahel, which had many similarities. The wealth of the states came from controlling the Trans-Saharan trade routes across the desert. Their power came from having large pack animals like camels and horses that were fast enough to keep a large empire under central control and were also useful in battle. The first large Sahelian kingdoms emerged after 750, and supported several large trading cities in the Niger Bend region, including Timbuktu, Gao, and Djenné.
During the 19th century, the French colonized the Western and Central Sahel while the Muhammed Ali of Egypt invaded the Eastern Sahel (Sudan) in 1820. Eventually the British became the de facto occupiers of Sudan. Every Sahelian country achieved independence from their respective European colonial power over the 1950s and 1960s.
Unfortunately, due to the region's constant instability and coups in the 21st-century, the region has colloquially earned the nickname of "coup belt". Travel to this region is one of the most off-the-beaten-path destinations in the world, as more extremist groups centre themselves in the Sahel.

### Climate

Annual rainfall varies from around 100-200 mm in the north of the Sahel to around 700-900 mm in the south.

### Read

Overland travel in the region is covered extensively in the book Sahara (ISBN 0297843036) by Michael Palin, detailing a journey they did for a BBC programme back in 2001.

## Eat

    See also: North African cuisine