# Driving in Japan

While Japan is home to some of the biggest automobile manufacturers in the world such as Toyota, Honda, and Nissan, renting cars (レンタカー) and driving in Japan are rare in or around the major cities, as public transport is generally excellent and gets you almost everywhere. In addition, the roads of major cities like Tokyo are congested and parking is expensive and difficult to find, so driving there is more of a hindrance than anything else.
However, many rural areas can really be explored with only your own transport, so driving should certainly not be dismissed out of hand, especially on the vast, sparsely populated island of Hokkaido or the trainless archipelago of Okinawa. Often the most feasible option is to take the train out to the countryside and then pick up a rental car at a station. JR's Ekiren has outlets at most larger train stations and often has discounted train & car packages.

## Understand

The first hurdle to driving in Japan is licensing. Licensing is a complicated topic and will be discussed in the paperwork section. For now, just remember that you can only drive in Japan with either a valid International Driving Permit (IDP), a Japanese translation of driving licenses from Belgium, France, Germany, Monaco, Switzerland, and Taiwan, or a Japanese driver's license.
Japanese driving habits are generally as good as anywhere else, and usually better than other Asian countries. Japanese roads are generally of good quality, with smooth bitumen surfaces. Gravel roads are very limited, usually forest roads, and unlikely to be on the itinerary of too many tourists. Roadworks are frequent, however, and can cause annoying delays. In addition, snow can often accumulate on roads in much of Hokkaido and western Honshu, making it tricky to drive even on the freeways. Certain mountain passes are shut over winter, those that do not usually require either snow chains or a combination of studless winter tires and 4-wheel drive. If you rent a car in mountainous/northern areas they will generally come with this equipment already included.

## Paperwork

If you do not have a Japanese license, you must have a valid International Driving Permit (IDP) from a 1949 Geneva Convention on Road Traffic country. The 1949 part is critical: only these "Geneva format" (ジュネーブ条約様式) IDPs are accepted in Japan, while the very similar looking 1969 "Vienna format" (ウィーン条約様式) IDPs are not valid for driving in Japan.
As a special exception, while their IDPs are not recognised in Japan, driving licenses from Belgium, France, Monaco, Switzerland, Germany, and Taiwan can be used if they have an accredited Japanese translation. The JAF's website has more information and offers translation services for some national licenses both in their branch offices all over the country and online (though you must be in Japan even for the online service). Your own country's automobile club equivalent may offer similar services outside of Japan if you need to hit the ground running.
Geneva IDPs are valid for one year after issue or until your license expires, whichever comes first. If you have an exempted license, you are also limited to one year, but only the period when you are actually present in Japan counts. If you're staying Japan longer, you'll probably want to get a Japanese license anyway.
If you are neither a Geneva IDP holder nor a specially exempted driving license holder, you cannot legally drive in Japan without obtaining a Japanese driver's license first.
Obtaining a Japanese driver's license from scratch can be very time-consuming and expensive. However, certain foreign licenses are eligible for a simplified conversion procedure called gaimen kirikae (外免切替). The details may vary by each driver's license centre, but generally, you must have a driver's license with at least 3 months of driving experience from your country and take simplified driving skill tests. In addition, driver's licenses from certain countries can even skip those simplified tests. The National Police Agency published a general information about gaimen kirikae, but you may want to check from the prefectural driver's license centre.

## Rules

Driving is on the left as normally found in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, India and Singapore, but opposite to continental Europe, the United States and Canada. Most cars are right-hand drive, though imported cars from Europe or the United States are usually left-hand drive.
Japan has no "right turn on red" (or left turn, rather) rule, but if the traffic light indicates a direction even if the light is red, you can still turn in the indicated direction. Drivers must stop completely at all at-grade railway crossings.
Using a cell phone while driving without a hands-free kit can result in fines of up to ¥50,000.
Driving drunk is not tolerated at all. While the minimum for "driving drunk" is a breath (not blood) content of 0.15 mg/L (equivalent to 0.03% BAC), "driving under the influence" has no minimum, meaning police can charge you with even a whiff of alcohol. Penalties include fines up to ¥1 million, up to 5 years in jail, and immediate suspension or revocation of your license. Refusal to take a breathalyzer test also carries fines of up to ¥500,000 and up to 3 months in jail. Passengers can also be charged (for allowing the drunk person to drive), with similarly severe fines and jail time.

### Traffic enforcement

It is common for Japanese police to set up checkpoints, or wait in junctions attempting to catch traffic offenses (35.681472139.7864721 Hakozaki Junction in Tokyo is an example of such hot-spots). Unmarked police vehicles are used often. These vehicles should have emergency lights popped out automatically when performing a traffic stop (instead of being manually placed on top of the vehicle), and the officers are uniformed. When performing checkpoints, officers may run out of the road and indicate you to stop, with little notice. Please comply with all police operations.

## Costs

Rental car companies generally offer smaller cars from ¥6,000 a day, often yellow-plate kei (軽, "light") cars with underpowered 660cc engines. While kei cars are handy for zipping around cities, easy to park and motorway legal, they can be very cramped inside and are no fun for longer journeys. A full-size sedan will cost around ¥10,000 a day. Some providers, notably Times, offer hourly rentals but the sign-up process is too much hassle for the typical one-off traveller.
Purchasing insurance from the rental car company is highly recommended as any rental car insurance from your home country (especially through most credit cards) is unlikely to be valid in Japan, check your policy before heading out.
Most rental cars have some kind of satellite navigation (カーナビ "car navi"), and you can ask the rental car company to set your destination before your first trip. Some models (specifically newer Toyotas) have an English language mode, so it doesn't hurt to ask the staff to change it before you head out. However, unless you read and type Japanese, you may need to ask for assistance to make full use of the navigation computer. Searching by phone number is often the fastest way to navigate to your destination. As of 2024, Android Auto/Apple CarPlay integration, where you can plug in your phone, remains rare in rental cars.
In addition to the usual international suspects, major Japan-only rental companies include Nippon Rent a Car, Nissan Rent a Car, Toyota Rent a Car, Times and Orix. You can compare prices most easily using Japanese aggregators, which include Jalan, Rakuten Travel and ToCoo!.

## Expressways

Expressways (高速道路 kōsoku-dōro, often abbreviated as XX道 or XX高速, where XX is a general direction or the starting and ending cities of the expressway) form the backbone of the Japanese road network, and are the fastest way to travel by car. However, the tolls are often significantly higher than the cost of a train ride, even on the bullet train. So for one or two people it's not cost-effective for direct long distance travel between cities. On the other hand, some expressways have toll-free sections, and a few of them are entirely toll-free. The Meihan Expressway from Kameyama to Nara and the Tottori Expressway from Tottori to Sayō are some examples of entirely toll-free expressways.
Rental cars are virtually always equipped with an ETC (electronic toll collection) device in the glovebox, which entitles you to use the purple ETC-only (ETC専用) lanes at toll booths and make use of a wide variety of discount programs for driving on weekends, off-peak hours, etc. However, you also need an ETC card to slot into the device: you can rent one for around ¥300 (flat fee) and settle the bill with your rental company when returning the card. Alternatively, you can still pay by yen cash or credit card at almost all toll plazas by choosing the green lanes.
In major cities such as Tokyo and Osaka, a flat rate toll is paid when entering the expressway system, while on inter-city expressways, tolls are based on distance travelled, a ticket is issued when you enter the system and the toll is calculated when you exit.
The speed limits of Japanese expressways are significantly lower than other countries, usually with 70-100km/h for most expressways. There are plans to raise the speed limit for some expressways, such as sections of Shin-Tōmei Expressway and Tōhoku Expressway.
There are also some minor toll booths known as smart interchanges that only accept ETC as the only way of payment, which are marked with purple signs.
Besides expressways, privately-built roads, often branded skyline (スカイライン) or equivalent (aqualine, beachline etc), may also be toll roads.
Inter-city expressways (usually referred to as XX線) are well-serviced with clean and convenient parking areas at regular intervals, but be wary of travelling into large cities on Sunday evenings or at the end of a holiday period, as traffic jams at these times can reach up to 50 km long.
Using local roads to travel between cities has the advantages of being toll-free and offering more opportunities for sightseeing along the way, but traffic jams and numerous traffic lights slow things down considerably. Covering 40 km in 1 hour is a good rule of thumb to follow when planning an itinerary on local roads, generally more on Hokkaido.

### Expressway passes

The various regional companies operating Japan's expressways offer all-you-can-drive expressway passes for tourists only valid for a set number of days, starting from around ¥2000/day and getting cheaper the longer the pass. If you're planning on driving long distances, these can be a good deal, but each is strictly limited in validity to one company's area and often excludes large cities.
The countrywide Japan Expressway Pass remains "suspended" as of 2024.

## Countryside driving

Outside expressways, road conditions can vary largely. Consider using proper navigation applications or maps to plan your journey.

### Highways

National highways (国道 kokudō) and prefectural highways (県道 kendō) in Japan can be quite variable in quality. Especially in the mountains, roads can be very twisty and narrow, with inadequate safety infrastructure.
On the other hand, some national highways are built and tolled as high quality expressways, such as the Ken-Ō Expressway serving as the outer ring expressway of Metro Tokyo.
Forestry roads (林道 rindō) are best avoided completely: they're often unpaved muddy trails leading nowhere and can be straight up inaccessible without 4WD.

## City driving

Navigating within cities and suburban areas can be confusing. In older areas, roads are often very narrow and there may be no sidewalks, meaning cars share the road with pedestrians and bicycles. The best car to use in Tokyo is a taxi.

### Parking

Street parking is virtually non-existent in Japanese cities and rare even in rural areas. Instead of giant parking garages, it's more common to have tiny unmanned lots of paid parking for ¥300-400/hour, typically capped at around ¥2,000 for all-day parking (最大料金 saidai-ryōkin, "maximum cost"). Spaces marked 軽 are intended for kei cars only and will not fit a regular car. Often every space is numbered and equipped with a device to physically lock in your car until you pay up, most commonly a bar that pops up under the car. Payment is often cash only. After paying, you have a couple of minutes to move out.
Validated parking is available at some car parks that are attached to major department stores in large cities, but don't count on getting more than 2–3 hours free. Suburban businesses may have a few zealously guarded parking spaces for customers only. Larger hotels in the cities and regional hotels normally offer car parking, but often at a cost, usually under ¥10,000. On the other hand, you shouldn't park spaces designed for customers if you are not going to the store. Also, do not park monthly contract spaces (月極駐車場, tsukigime chūshajō, "monthly parking lot") if you don't make a contract from the owner. Japanese parking lot owners take parking violations (無断駐車) very seriously: They will lock the car, and call the police to tow the car and ask parkers to pay the bill. In the worst situation, the parkers can face legal action.
* No parking
* No stopping
Do not park on roadsides without parking spaces, especially roadsides with no parking/no stopping signs. You may be fined up to ¥25,000.

## Signs and signals

Virtually all road signage in Japan is bilingual, as are all signs installed since 2017.
Japan has horizontal traffic lights, with any arrows appearing beneath the main lights. The red (stop) is on the right and the green (go) is on the left. There are usually only one or two traffic lights per intersection pointing the same way, which can make it hard to see when the signals change. However some prefectures, such as Toyama and Niigata, have vertical lights (this is due to the amount of snow they get).
Japan has not signed the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals, Japanese signs, therefore, follow a mixture of European and North American conventions, but most should not pose any difficulty in understanding. "Stop" is indicated by a downward-pointing red triangle, not to be confused with the similar-looking Yield sign found in North America. On the highways and around major cities English signage is very good; however, in more remote locales it may be spotty. Electronic signs are everywhere on expressways and major arterial roads and provide helpful real-time information on road conditions, unfortunately, they are displayed exclusively in Japanese. The following is a brief list of the most common messages and their translations:
* 通行止 — Road Closed
* 渋滞 — Traffic Jam (with length and/or delay indicated)
* 事故 — Accident
* 注意 — Caution
* 徐行 — Drive Slow
* チェーン規制 — Chains Required
* 别料金 — Surcharges, usually occur in transitional sections between city expressways and trunk expressways
Warning hazards for repair, breakdown and construction are always well illuminated at night and tend to also appear at least once before the main obstacle on higher speed roads such as expressways. Other road hazards to be aware of are taxis, who feel they have a god-given right to stop wherever and whenever they like, long-distance truckers (especially late at night) who may often be hepped up on pep pills and tend to ride the bumper of any slower car in front, and country farmers in their ubiquitous white mini-trucks, who never seem to go above a crawl and may pop out of rural side roads unexpectedly.
* A typical bilingual road sign
* Stop (pre-2017)
* Slow down (pre-2017)
* Center line: common in snowy areas where road markings may be obscured

## Fuel and charging

Fuel is more expensive than in the USA, but generally cheaper than in Europe. Most cars use regular (レギュラー) fuel, shown in red. Diesel (軽油 keiyu) is green, high-octane (ハイオク) is yellow or blue.
Most fuel stations are full-service. To fill up the tank with regular fuel, say "レギュラー満タン" (regulaa mantan) to the attendant.
Self-service stands (セルフ serufu), once rare, are increasingly common and some stations offer a choice between full-service and self-service. If you need to fill up the tank with regular fuel using a self-service pump, first select your payment method, then press the "満タン" button on the "レギュラー" label area and use the red dispenser to fuel your car.
Electric vehicle adoption in Japan has been slow. Charging options remain limited, and many offer only slow Japanese CHAdeMO connectors (62 kW max). If you rent a non-CHAdeMO EV, be sure to get an adapter or your charging options will be very limited.

## Speed limits

Road speed limits are marked in kilometres per hour. Compared to many other countries, speed limits in Japan are very low: 40 km/h in towns (with varying areas: some at 30, roads by schools usually at 20), 50 to 60 in the countryside (if unmarked, the limit is 60), and 100 on the expressways (some sections allow 110 or 120). There are no legal penalties for exceeding the speed limit by up to 10 km/h, and many Japanese drivers make full use of this leeway and then some. If you go with the flow you should not have any problems, as the Japanese often pay speed limits no more attention than they have to.
If you are stopped by police for speeding 10 km/h over the limit or more, there is no talking your way out, you will be ticketed ¥9,000-18,000. Speeding 30+ km/h over the limit is grounds for instant license revocation.

## Rest areas

When traveling long distances by car, Japan has motorists covered with a number of rest areas both on and off the highway.
On the expressways, drivers will find two types of rest areas:
* The most basic rest areas are called Parking Areas (パーキングエリア, abbreviated PA). Parking Areas usually contain restrooms, vending machines and WiFi hotspots, but smaller PAs may only provide nothing more than limited parking spaces, especially for those of urban expressways. Some may also include a convenience store or restaurant.
* The larger, busier rest areas are called Service Areas (サービスエリア, abbreviated SA). In addition to the basic amenities, a Service Area typically includes restaurants, convenience stores, souvenir shops, a gas station, and charging stations for electric vehicles. Some may include shower facilities or a hotel.
Parking Areas and Service Areas are spaced out on the highway at regular intervals, with Parking Areas more common than Service Areas. As an example, drivers using the Tomei Expressway between Tokyo and Nagoya will pass a SA or PA every 15-20 km, with Service Areas spread out about every 50 km.
If traveling on one of Japan's main non-toll roads, you will run into plenty of Roadside Stations, referred to as Michi no Eki (道の駅). These government-designated rest areas offer 24-hour access to parking and restrooms. During business hours, these stations may also sell local food, snacks and souvenirs and offer travel and sightseeing information. There are more than 1,200 Michi no Ekis in Japan as of 2023. They are in themselves worthy destinations and there are even bus tours mainly visiting Roadside Stations.

## Car ferries

As Japan is an island nation, there are various car ferries run across islands. The following lists some of the routes:

### Kagoshima-Okinawa

* A-Line Ferry, ☏ +81-099-226-4141 (reservation). Ferry Akebono and Ferry Naminoue runs from Kagoshima to Port of Naha, Okinawa, and stops at a series of outlying islands including Naze, Tokunoshima, Okinoerabujima, Yoronjima, Motobu. Takes about a day to arrive at Okinawa. (updated Feb 2020)
* Marix Line (マリックスライン), ☏ +81-099-225-1551 (reservation). MV Queen Coral Plus and Queen Coral Cross runs from Kagoshima to Okinawa, and stops at a series of outlying islands including Naze, Tokunoshima, Okinoerabujima, Yoronjima, Motobu. Takes about a day to arrive at Okinawa. (updated Feb 2020)

### Honshu-Hokkaido
#### Aomori-Hakodate

* Seikan Ferry, ☏ +81-017-782-3671 (Aomori), +81-0138-42-5561 (Hakodate). The company operates 4 ferry vessels, and provides 8 round-trips between the two cities. 123. (updated Oct 2021)
* Tsugaru Kaikyō Ferry, ☏ +81-017-43-4545 (Aomori), +81-0138-43-4545 (Aomori). The company operates 4 ferry vessels, and provides 8 round-trips between the two cities. A branch route from Hakodate to Ōma is also operated by the company. (updated Oct 2021)