# Kyushu

Kyūshū (Japanese: 九州) is the southernmost of the four main islands of Japan. The climate is slightly warmer and more tropical than Honshu, and the southern and eastern coasts are regularly battered by typhoons each year. The terrain is generally mountainous with very fertile valleys much like the rest of Japan, except for the wide plain area at the top of the island - the location of the largest cities of Fukuoka and Kitakyushu.

## Understand
### Tourist information site

Visit Kyushu is the official multilingual guide site for the whole area.

## Prefectures

Kyushu literally means "Nine Provinces", but there are only seven left these days:
* Fukuoka home of the cities of Fukuoka and Kitakyushu
* Saga small and rustic, famous for pottery and pre-historic village ruins
* Nagasaki best known for the eponymous city of Nagasaki, a hilly city known as the only "foreigners port" during Japan's isolationist period and target of the second atomic bombing attack during World War II
* Oita rural area well known for abundant onsen hot springs, especially Beppu
* Kumamoto center of the island, it is the location of the Aso caldera, largest in the world and the beautiful Amakusa chain of islands
* Miyazaki the surfers' destination of Japan with big beaches and big waves, plus the stunning Takachiho Gorge with its Shinto shrines
* Kagoshima dominated by the Sakurajima volcano, hot enough to grow sugarcane - get buried on hot-sand beaches, or visit the two famous islands of Yakushima and Tanegashima
The islands of Okinawa, leading southwest of Japan to Taiwan, are sometimes considered a part of Kyushu, and in fact the northernmost islands in the chain are administered by Kagoshima prefecture.

## Cities

* 33.284611131.4912781 Beppu — one of the most famous hot spring towns in Japan: there are more here than anywhere else in the nation
* 33.59130.4016672 Fukuoka — the largest city and main transport hub. Lots of shopping, museums, unique architecture, and one of the three big sumo tournaments
* 31.252778130.6330563 Ibusuki — The island's famous "sand bath" hot spring town
* 31.596806130.5571394 Kagoshima — southern city in the shadow of the Sakurajima volcano
* 33.450083129.968255 Karatsu — a coastal castle town known for its squid market
* 33.883417130.8751946 Kitakyushu — Kyushu's main port town has a castle, a preserved historical port, and a space theme park
* 32.803130.7078617 Kumamoto — castle town and hub to central Kyushu
* 31.907722131.4201948 Miyazaki — beach resort area in southern Kyushu. Surfing, golf, and Aoshima
* 32.749528129.8796399 Nagasaki — Japan's first port open to the West, home to the oldest continuous Chinatown, and the site of an atomic bombing at the end of World War II

## Other destinations

* 32.458667130.1931 Amakusa — three islands where many "Hidden Christians" practiced when Christianity was illegal, also known for dolphin watching
* 27.8333331292 Amami Islands — subtropical archipelago halfway to Okinawa
* 32.885131.1041673 Mount Aso — an active volcano
* 31.916667130.8666674 Kirishima — a mountainous national park chock full of volcanic craters and hot springs
* 31.4645131.2283895 Kushima — a rural town known for its wild horses, the Misaki horse, and great surfing
* 32.711667131.307756 Takachiho — a scenic gorge with deep ties to Shintoism
* 30.573889130.9811117 Tanegashima — island home of Japan's space program
* 34.416667129.3333338 Tsushima — an island that used to be its own province known for its unique endangered cat species
* 30.358611130.5286119 Yakushima — subtropical island famous for its giant cedars

## Talk

Kyushu is home to dialects of Japanese that are almost incomprehensible to speakers of standard Japanese, so much so that it was used during World War II to prevent interception of Japanese communications by the Allies. Even native speakers of Japanese from Honshu often have problems understanding the conversations of locals. However, most people are able to speak standard Japanese, and especially in the cities, younger people may also have a decent command of English.

## Get in
### By car

The Kanmon Bridge (関門橋) at Chūgoku Expressway and the Kanmon Roadway Tunnel (関門国道トンネル) at National Route 2 between Shimonoseki and Kitakyushu make traveling from Honshu by car possible. You will pay ¥370 for the Kanmon Bridge or ¥160 for the Kanmon Roadway Tunnel.

### By plane

Fukuoka (FUK) is Japan's busiest international hub after the trio of Tokyo, Chubu and Kansai and has excellent connections throughout Asia and Japan. All the other prefectural capitals also offer limited service within Japan and to a few major Asian cities -- typically Seoul, Shanghai, and Taipei.

### By train

The San'yō Shinkansen (山陽新幹線) line runs from Osaka to Fukuoka and many trains continue along the Kyushu Shinkansen line to Kagoshima. All Shinkansen trains stop at Kokura Station in Kitakyushu and Hakata Station in Fukuoka; a trip by train all the way from Tokyo takes about 5 hours by Nozomi and costs ¥23,150. There are no Hikari trains that go the full distance from Tokyo to Hakata, so with the JR Pass, you'll need to change trains. You can also go from Osaka to Hakata using the JR West San'yo Pass.
The Kyushu Shinkansen (九州新幹線) crosses the west side of the island to Kagoshima in the south. Many trains to Kagoshima start in Osaka, and the full course takes about 3.75 hours by Mizuho and ¥22,210. The JR pass is not accepted on Mizuho trains, but they are accepted on Sakura trains which make the journey in 4 hours. A journey from Tokyo (with a change in Osaka) takes a little over 6.5 hours and costs about ¥30,500, add an hour with the JR Pass for a Hikari to Sakura connection in Shin-Osaka or Okayama.
The Hakata to Kagoshima run takes about 1.5 hours. There are also good Limited Express trains servicing most anywhere on the island, so you can take a train from Hakata to just about anywhere else of interest on the island in about an hour and a half. The exception is Miyazaki which is about four hours from Hakata.

### By bus

Willer Express is a company which provides daily nighttime bus services from Nagoya, Tokyo, and Osaka to Kyushu. They offer online booking services in Japanese, English and Korean.

### By boat

Fukuoka is also the gateway to South Korea via Busan by ferry, and a few ferry companies (including JR) operate the route.
As for internal routes, travellers from Okinawa can also consider ferries if time isn't a major issue: overall, it takes 25 hours to get to Kagoshima. As of 2024, A-Line Ferry, aka Maru-A (マルエー), and Marix Line operate the route. If you are in Shikoku, ferries can make you arrive at cities of Eastern Kyushu from Shikoku. See Shikoku Routes for details.

## Get around
### By train

The train is the transport mode of choice in Kyushu. The Kyushu Shinkansen zips across from Fukuoka (Hakata) via Kumamoto to Kagoshima in 1 hr 20 min, and there is a fairly rapid express network covering most of the island. Some scenic local lines are attractions in their own right, such as the JR Hisatsu Line (肥薩線), which runs from Kumamoto via Yatsushiro to Hayato (near Kagoshima) and is considered one of the most scenic in Japan. These lines often feature services aimed at tourists and sightseers, such as the steam-powered SL Hitoyoshi, which runs on weekends from Kumamoto to Hitoyoshi.
The Kyushu Rail Pass, available only to visitors on tourist visas, offers unlimited travel on JR Kyushu's lines, including the Kyushu Shinkansen but not the San'yo Shinkansen to Hakata. The limited express trains throughout Kyushu are fairly reasonably priced, so the 3-day pass is probably not going to save money unless you're using the Shinkansen or spending a lot of time on the train.
The prices of the pass are as follows:
* Northern Kyushu Area — 3-day pass ¥7,200, 5-day pass ¥9,260
* All Kyushu Area — 3-day pass ¥14,400, 5-day pass ¥17,490

### By bus

Buses serve those parts of Kyushu outside the railway network, but schedules tend to be very limited. There is also a highway bus system paralleling the train network, for which reservations can be done on a portal website. They also offer SUNQ 3-4 day unlimited travel passes: 4-day All Kyushu Pass ¥14,000; 3-day All Kyushu Pass ¥11,000; 3-day Northern Kyushu Pass ¥9,000 and 3-day Southern Kyushu Pass ¥8,000.

### By car

    See also: Driving in Japan
Renting a car in Kyushu is an interesting choice - While driving in large cities like Fukuoka or Kumamoto can be a pain because of traffic jams, getting into suburb tourist sites by cars, such as Takachiho or Mount Aso, is easier than taking a train or a bus. If suburbs destinations are included in your trip, or even, if you are going to travel around the island, renting a car is worthwhile; But if destinations are only around a large city, driving may not be the best option. If both suburbs and large cities are included in your trip, you can rent and return a car in large cities and travel to suburbs by car.
Kyushu's good expressway network covered major cities throughout the island. If you plan to use it, consider buying the Kyushu Expressway Pass (KEP), which is available for foreigners who rent cars. It can save a significant toll. City expressways are not included in the KEP, though.
Winter tyres and snow chains are not mandatory in Kyushu like Hokkaido in general, but they may be used in the mountains when travelling in winter, or when the area is covered by a blizzard. Car rental companies don't essentially provide winter tyres or snow chains even in winter, since snow isn't everywhere in Kyushu. Consult the companies if you are unsure.

## See
### Castles

Kyushu doesn't have any original castles, but there are still some noteworthy reconstructions and interesting ruins to explore. Kumamoto Castle (Kumamoto) was often considered to be the best reconstructed castle in the nation, because they not only rebuilt the castle keep, they also rebuilt most of the other structures in the castle grounds. The castle keep and many other structures were severely damaged in the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake. It has been closed since that time and works to rebuild and restore the castle are ongoing. It is projected that the keep will be completed as early as 2019 while the full restoration of all buildings and walls is not expected to be completed until the 2030s.
Saga Castle in Saga features one of the best palace reconstructions in the nation. They had to obtain special permission in order to build the palace at full scale in its authentic form due to size restrictions on wooden buildings.
* Karatsu Castle, Karatsu
* Hizen Nagoya Castle, Karatsu
* Nakatsu Castle, Nakatsu
* Usuki Castle, Usuki
* Oka Castle, Takeda
* Obi Castle Ruins, Nichinan
* Hirado Castle, Hirado
* Shimabara Castle, Shimabara
* Hara Castle, Minamishimabara
* Kokura Castle, Kitakyushu
* Fukuoka Castle, Fukuoka

### Gardens

* Senganen Garden, Kagoshima
* Suizenji Garden, Kumamoto
* Mifuneyama Rakuen Garden, Takeo
* Kuju Flower Park, Kuju

### Temples and Shrines

* Dazaifu Tenmangu, Dazaifu
* Yutoku Inari Shrine, Kashima
* Usa Shrine, Usa
* Futagoji Temple, Kunisaki
* Nanzoin Temple, Sasaguri
* Kirishima Shrine, Kirishima
* Udo Shrine, Nichinan
* Aoshima Shrine, Miyazaki
* Amano Iwato Shrine, Takachiho
* Aso Shrine, Aso
* Confucian Temple, Nagasaki
* Sofukuji Temple, Nagasaki

### World Heritage Sites

    See also: UNESCO World Heritage List#Japan
* Yakushima, an island with a scenic primeval forest used to design the scenes in the movie Princess Mononoke
* Munakata Shrine, Munakata
* Hidden Christian Sites in Nagasaki, Hirado, Sasebo, Minamishimabara, Amakusa, and the Goto Islands
* Amami Oshima
* Sites of Japan's Meiji Industrial Revolution

## Eat

You'll eat well in Kyushu. Fukuoka, in particular, has a reputation as a foodie paradise and a particularly lively street food scene, since it's the last major city in Japan that still has yatai, outdoor stalls, set up along the riverside.
Some famous (or infamous) Kyushu eats include:
* Tonkotsu (pork bone) ramen noodles in Fukuoka, widely considered the ramen capital of the world.
* Mentaiko spicy cod roe, also a Fukuoka speciality. Only mildly spicy, and often served up in spaghetti sauce!
* Raw chicken sashimi in Kagoshima. Tastes like, well, raw chicken.
* Nagasaki chanpon, a hearty noodle soup topped with pork, seafood and thick noodles.
* Chicken nanban, literally "Southern Barbarian chicken" — invented in Miyazaki, this is deep-fried chicken doused in a sweet sauce of Portuguese origin (hence the name) and served with raw cabbage and tartar sauce.
* Tonkotsu ramen
* Mentaiko spicy cod roe
* Nagasaki chanpon
* Chicken nanban

## Drink

Kyushu is the home of shōchū (焼酎), the fiery Japanese distilled liquor, and it's still the drink of choice in these parts: if you order "sake", you'll get shōchū, not rice wine (nihonshu). It's typically around 25%, but some varieties can be much stronger. It can be distilled from nearly anything including rice, barley, brown sugar and buckwheat. Kurokirishima (黒霧島) from Miyazaki has a distinctive black and gold label and is Japan's best selling shochu.
Another Kyushu speciality is sweet potato shōchū (芋焼酎 imojōchū), particularly that from the ancient province of Satsuma (modern-day Kagoshima). Imojōchū has a strong smell that many people find off-putting, but like many acquired tastes, it has plenty of devoted fans too.

## Stay safe

Kyushu is highly volcanic even by Japanese standards, with constantly-puffing Sakurajima just across from Kagoshima earning the hotly contested title of Japan's most active volcano and Mount Aso not far behind.

## Go next

The Chugoku region offers many great experiences for travellers, such as:
* Hiroshima, the first city to experience an atomic bombing
* Okayama, home to one of Japan's Three Famous Gardens
* Izumo, with the second holiest Shinto Shrine in Japan
* Tottori, with Japan's only sand dunes.