# Bornholm

Bornholm is Denmark's crown jewel. The "Pearl of the Baltic" has sandy beaches on the south of the island which are renowned for their Mediterranean light and feel. Its forests impart a more rugged feel than found elsewhere in densely-populated Denmark. Though practically unknown to most English speakers, this island of light is a favourite vacation spot for Scandinavians, Germans, and Poles. Its position in the middle of the Baltic (it is closer to Sweden, Poland and Germany than to rest of Denmark) gives both a secluded, yet international feel.
Bornholm is in the Baltic Sea 37 km south of Sweden. The island is roughly 588 km² and has 158 km of coastline. Bornholm is widely known for its smoked herring, high quality arts and crafts and its beautiful nature.

## Regions

As of 2003 Bornholm's five regions assembled into one administrative and political unit called Bornholms Regionskommune. In 2007, Bornholm was joined with the Capital Region (Hovedstadenregionen), meaning that Bornholm is now administratively fused with Copenhagen.

## Cities

* 55.069714.921 Aakirkeby
* 55.276914.79942 Allinge-Sandvig — two romantic and pretty towns that have hundreds of old fashioned half-timbered houses
* 55.206714.97223 Gudhjem — famous for its gorgeous sunrises
* 55.184514.70554 Hasle
* 55.14555615.1094445 Listed
* 55.062515.1319446 Neksø (or Nexø)
* 55.114.77 Rønne — the largest city, with approximately 10,000 inhabitants.
* 55.024415.11088 Snogebæk

## Other destinations

* 55.1241714.9251 Almindingen — the third largest Danish forest
* 55.321515.18562 Ertholmene — small group of islands

## Understand
### History

Bornholm has a long history as a military and political centre in the Baltic ocean. The history goes back to the famous Vikings. Numerous findings at southern Bornholm indicate that Bornholm was a well established trading point. Poland, Sweden and Germany are all within 100 km. That made Bornholm attractive for the Danish king, the archbishop of Lund and the city of Lübeck during medieval times. Catholics who fasted were only allowed to eat fish and other similar things, so that in the 13th century herring was the main income source on Bornholm.

#### Medieval

The European plague struck Bornholm in the middle of the 14th century and halved the population. It was also during this time that Hammershus was constructed, as well as the famous 'round churches'. From 1525 to 1576 Bornholm was pawned to Lübeck in payment for debts the Danish king Frederik I incurred as a result of Lübeck's support for his rebellion against the Swedish King Christian II. The people of Bornholm were suppressed with high taxes and forced labour. They tried to break free but the revolt was quashed in the battle of Ugleenge.

#### Early modern

A battle between Denmark and Sweden in 1645 led to Swedish control over the island, but it was brief - they left again the same year. In the Roskilde Peace of 1658, Bornholm, Skåne, Halland and Blekinge were given to Sweden. Again the people were forced to pay high taxes to oppressive forces. The Danish king advised the people of Bornholm to fight back. In 1658 the Swedish commander of Bornholm was killed in Rønne, and the people of Bornholm freed themselves from years of foreign control. Bornholm was given to the Danish king as 'his island'. Jens Kofoed, Poul Anker, Peder Olsen and Villum Clausen became champions of liberty. The same four men have, in modern times, given their names to the ferries from Bornholmstrafikken.

#### World War II 1940-1946

Bornholm was Danish until World War II, when it was occupied by the Nazis along with the rest of Denmark. The island was liberated by the Soviets in 1945, but against the backdrop of the emerging Cold War, they refused to withdraw until they were given some special privileges.

#### The Cold War 1946-1989

Bornholm was NATO's fist towards the east, but a Soviet declaration after World War II stated that the placement of "foreign soldiers" (NATO) on Bornholm wasn't allowed. So, it was only Danish soldiers who were allowed duty at Bornholm. Because they were able to listen to Soviet, Polish and East German military radio transmissions from a location much further to the east than any other NATO members, enabling military movements deep within the Soviet Union to be monitored, Bornholm contributed significantly NATO intelligence was very highly valued. In 2017, Denmark's Defence Intelligence Service decided to build a listening tower near Østermarie, almost the size of the Statue of Liberty, to intercept radio communications across the Baltic Sea and in parts of Russia.

### Industry

As in other places in the world, Bornholm felt the industrial revolution during the 19th century, and in 1843 its Hasle klinker (clinker) was established. It was one of Bornhom's biggest export ventures since the Middle Ages herring boom. Bornholm is made of granite which has been quarried for centuries.
Bornholmstrafikken (formerly known as ‘Dampskibsselskabet af 1866’ or the Steamship Company of 1866) was founded in 1866 and is still the regular route to and from Bornholm.
Bornholm's main income source has, as an island, always been the sea which surrounds it, and in the 1970s & 1980s the fishermen of the island were so successful that many of them became really wealthy. This rampant overfishing resulted in a rapid decline in fish population which, by the early 1990s, put many fishermen out of work. This created flow-on effects because each fisherman created six on-shore jobs in related industries, resulting in economic decline.

### Tourism

Today Bornholm is a popular travel destination for tourists from Sweden, Norway, Germany, Poland and the rest of Denmark, who are a common sight in the summertime.

## Talk

As Bornholm has many tourists each year, most people speak English, German or Swedish, the exception being most of the older population.
Almost all tourism brochures are to be found in English, German, Polish and a Scandinavian language.

## Get in
### By plane

Bornholm Airport RNN near Rønne. In the summer season there are buses from the airport.
All international flights operate on a summer-only schedule:
* Widerøe from Oslo.
* Spies from Mallorca and Antalya.
Domestic flights:
* Danish Air Transport - from Copenhagen (up to six return trips daily)

### By car

As Bornholm is an island, you must take one of the various ferries (see below). The fare for a car is usually a lot higher than for pedestrians.

### By ferry

These ferries take cars and passengers.
International ferries:
* Bornholmslinjen Ystad – Rønne, daily year around.
* Bornholmslinjen Sassnitz – Rønne, daily during summer, few times per week otherwise.
* Bornholmexpress Allinge-Sandvig – Simrishamn only during the summer.
Domestic ferries:
* Bornholmslinjen Rønne – Køge, daily year around.

### By ferry and train

* DSB sells combined train and ferry tickets Copenhagen – Malmö Hyllie – Ystad – Rønne. This journey requires a change at Malmö Hyllie station. There is a very short walk between the train and ferry in Ystad.

## Get around

You can get to the island by ferry or airplane, but the island also provides excellent opportunities for arriving by private boat. It's easy getting around either by car, bus or bicycle.

### By taxi

You can hail a taxi on the street, or call for one to come pick you up at a specific address. A taxi can be ordered at +45 59 95 23 01.
The charge for a trip from the airport to Rønne is approximately €7, and a trip from Rønne to Nexø (longest distance) is €50.

### By bus

There are 9 bus lines connecting cities and attractions. Some stops are designed for getting off, walking a scenic route and getting on a bus at the next stop.
Outside the cities there are not many bus stops. You just ask the bus driver to stop where you want to get off. And you wave your hand to stop a bus anywhere where the road does not have solid white lines (so that the bus will not block the traffic to let you on). At night use a flashlight or a mobile phone to make your gesture visible to the driver.
The BAT 24-hour ticket at 150 kr can be a good deal if you intend to make several trips in one day and don't want to worry about the rates and zones.

### By bike

The easiest way to explore Bornholm is by bike, the longest distance on the island is 36 km. There are excellent biking facilities all over Bornholm.
It is easy to rent a bike at Bornholm and the charge varies from place to place but expect about €10 for a day and €20 for a whole week.

## See

* Svaneke is a very well preserved town on the most eastern point of the island, near Listed. Svaneke boasts the most hours of sunlight in all of Northern Europe. Known as one of the prettiest and best preserved towns on the island it is also well known for its many artists and galleries, and its lively market.
* Round churches
* The old part of Rønne
* The Bornholms Kunstmuseum near Gudhjem is the largest art collection on Bornholm. The museum is most famous for its fantastic architecture and amazing location on the seaside.
* Hammershus — A large ruin at the northernmost point of the island near Allinge-Sandvig.
* The Medieval Centre of Bornholm is a small rebuilt city from the medieval times near Gudhjem.

## Do

* Joboland is an amusement park near Listed with a small water park, animals and rides.

### Forests

* Almindingen — The third largest forest in Denmark.
* Paradisbakkerne
* Rytsker Højlyng — Home of 'Rokkestenen' a massive rock approx. 35 tonnes.
* Slotslyngen — Wild nature near Hammershus (see Allinge-Sandvig)

### Beaches

* Dueodde — The sand is ultra-fine and inviting. The water is clear and clean with lots sand bars, so there is both shallow and deep water close to the shore. The sand is white and if it were not for the pine trees in the distance, one would believe to be in the tropics. It's near Snogebæk.
* Balka — Balka is the most popular beach on Bornholm. It is several kilometres long and has very fine sand and shallow water.
* Sandvig — The best beach on Bornholm's northern coastline. Very popular with locals and with a large motorhome/caravan site for tourists right next door.
* Antoinette — A beach north of Rønne, with plenty of space to be yourself and enjoy the weather and ocean.
* Hullehavn — A small beach on the outskirts of Svaneke, it's incorporated into the cliffs and even has a divingboard. The beach has camping on one side of it and the lighthouse on the other. Hullehavn is known for how it's easy-going atmosphere. Both locals and tourists enjoy Hullehavn where people are very laid back and sociable; age and nationality means nothing. There is a there is a little bar/cafe/ice-cream kiosk with tables and chairs right on the beach. There are often concerts and at the cafe and djs and dancing.

## Eat

    See also: Nordic cuisine
* Smoked herrings are a specialty of the island. You can get them at smokehouses in seaside towns, such as Arnager, Gudhjem or Snogebæk, where they also sell other fish and seafood delicacies.
* Sol over Gudhjem — Smoked herring on rye bread with a raw egg yolk on top.
* Marinated herrings — Marinated herring served on buttered rye bread with hard-boiled egg and onions is a traditional food of Denmark and is frankly unmissable. Try the curry-marinade.
* Other seafood such as scrimps, salmon, sole and eel.
* Rye crackers made by Johannes Dam in Aakirkeby
* A variety of local cheeses.
* Smokehouses in the larger towns such as Allinge or Hasle often have high quality seafood buffets available for diners. Very popular with locals and tourists alike. Expect to pay around €20-25 per person excluding drinks. Seafood buffets can get busy during high season but should definitely be a must-try for visitors to Bornholm.

## Buy

Bornholm is famous for its many high quality crafts such as blown glass and textiles. Visit the different shops and exhibits.
* Glass art — There are many small glass workshops around Bornholm.
* Ceramics
* Granite

## Drink

* Bornholmer Bryg. Beer made by Svaneke Bryghus and available in most bars and restaurants on Bornholm.
* Bornholmer Snaps. Snaps made on Bornholm Den Bornholmske Spritfabrik ApS available at almost any Bornholm store.