# Cabañeros National Park

Cabañeros National Park is a national park in Castile-La Mancha of Spain, between the provinces of Toledo and Ciudad Real. It is a Special Protection Area for Birds (SPA). It is the finest representation of the Mediterranean forest in the Iberian Peninsula and is home to unique species such as the Iberian Imperial Eagle and the Black Vulture. The natural enclave is of great interest due to its fauna, flora, and geology, where you can find relict flora that indicates the presence of past climates in the Iberian Peninsula. Cabañeros also features sites like the Boquerón del Estena, a path that runs alongside the river of the same name and takes you on a journey through seabeds that are over 500 million years old.

## Understand
### History

The park was created in 1995. The Cabañeros National Park, with a history tied to Toledo's ownership from the 13th to the 19th century, preserved its natural environment through strict regulations. It briefly transitioned to creditor administration for debt collection from 1860 to 1885. The pivotal shift came in 1885 with the Madoz disentailment, privatizing much of the park, focusing on agriculture and hunting. In 1982, plans to convert it into a shooting range raised concerns. Fortunately, in 1988, it gained protection as a Natural Park, and on November 20, 1995, it was declared the "Cabañeros" National Park, securing its conservation status.

### Flora and fauna

The Montes de Toledo, a Mediterranean region, embody rich natural diversity with ancient holm oak and cork oak forests alongside aromatic Mediterranean scrubland, creating an authentic Iberian landscape characterized by floral, faunal, and scenic diversity. These geologically simple Paleozoic quartzitic mountain ranges, worn by erosion, exhibit an undulating east-west alignment. Originating from the Tertiary era, the rañas, composed of material from surrounding mountains, add a unique feature. Despite a general Mediterranean climate, precipitation varies from 450 mm in El Torno (SE) to 750 mm in Navas de Estena (NW). Altitude variations create two bioclimatic zones and transitional forms. Human activities have resulted in a mosaic landscape with varying impacts.
Cabañeros National Park harmoniously blends two distinct ecosystems: the expansive open plains known as the raña and the rugged mountainous terrain. This unique interplay creates a haven for diverse wildlife.
The raña, with its sparse tree cover, provides insight into the Mediterranean ecosystem. Here, deer herds roam, with spring showcasing female and fawn gatherings, while autumn's rutting season reveals intense male encounters. Groups of wild boars return at dawn, and foxes hide amidst tall grass. This environment supports steppe birds like larks, including the calandria, Montagu's harrier, and short-toed lark. The skies above are home to eagles such as the golden eagle, Spanish imperial eagle, booted eagle, and black and red kites. Dusk brings the European roller's hunt for mice.
Mountains harbor the iconic black vulture, with over 200 breeding pairs making this park one of the world's largest colonies. Medium-sized carnivores like wildcats, common genets, Egyptian mongooses, and badgers coexist and compete with the Iberian lynx. Higher elevations reveal Iberian ibex, while oak and ash forests are inhabited by elusive roe deer. Rivers host endemic fish species, and the park boasts abundant butterfly species in spring and summer. Cabañeros National Park's remarkable biodiversity beckons nature enthusiasts and wildlife observers alike.

### Climate

The region of the Cabañeros National Park is situated in the Mediterranean domain with dry summers and spring and autumn rainfall. Snowfall is occasional and usually occurs between December and April. Temperatures range from 3.9°C in December to 23.8°C in July. The average annual precipitation is 586.4 mm, with February being the wettest month at 83.4 mm. Prevailing winds are from the W and SW in autumn, while spring occasionally brings E and SE storms. The climate varies from mesomediterranean to supramediterranean as one moves from SE to NE within the park.

## Get in
### From Ciudad Real

Take road CM-412 towards Porzuna. After leaving this town, you have two options:
* Take road CM-403, leading to the Park's Administrative Centre in Pueblonuevo del Bullaque. From there, you can access the "Casa Palillos" Visitor Centre (entrance to the National Park).
* Choose the direction of road CM-4106, which passes through El Robledo, Alcoba de los Montes (entrance to the National Park) with an information point at the Ethnographic Museum, and continues to Horcajo de los Montes (entrance to the National Park), where you'll find another information point at the Ethnographic Museum.

### From Toledo

You have three options:
* Take road CM-4013 to Las Ventas with Peña Aguilera. Then, head towards Pueblonuevo del Bullaque (entrance to the National Park). At Molinillo, you can take CM-4017 to Retuerta del Bullaque (entrance to the National Park), with an information office at Zoorama.
* Drive on CM-401 towards Navahermosa. After passing this town, take the turn towards Hontanar on CM-4157, leading to Navas de Estena (entrance to the National Park). From here, you can access Retuerta del Bullaque (entrance to the National Park) via CR-701.
* Use road CM-401 towards Navahermosa, continue to Los Navalmorales, and then take CM-4155 to Los Navalucillos (entrance to the National Park), with information available in the village and at the beginning of the Chorro route, 15 kilometers away.

### From Talavera de la Reina

There are three options:
* Take N-502 to Sevilleja de la Jara. Afterward, turn towards Anchuras on CM-4106, reaching Horcajo de los Montes (entrance to the National Park) after a crossroads on BA-050.
* Follow CM-4102 to Los Navalmorales, then take CM-4155 to Los Navalucillos (entrance to the National Park), where you'll find information in the village and at the start of the Chorro route, 15 kilometers away.
* Alternatively, head on N-502 to Alcaudete de la Jara. From there, take CM-401 towards Navahermosa. Just before reaching Navahermosa, turn towards Hontanar on CM-4157, leading to Navas de Estena (entrance to the National Park), providing access to other villages and entrances to the Park.
Drive with caution; you are in a protected natural area. Animals (deer, wild boars, etc.) may cross the road at night, which can lead to accidents if you are driving at high speeds. Avoid using unpaved roads, as doing so can harm the natural environment and the way of life of the local population (livestock farmers).

## Get around
### Tourist offices

* 39.32452-4.625381 Parque Nacional de Cabañeros Visitors Centre. This is the largest visitor centre in the park, featuring multiple rooms to discover the treasures of Cabañeros National Park. The main exhibition showcases the various ecosystems of Cabañeros throughout the four seasons of the year. Additionally, it includes a farmhouse that introduces the region's culture and traditions. The centre is equipped with screening rooms, a library, a picnic area, parking facilities, and more. (updated Sep 2023)
* 39.367332-4.2532122 Tourist Office Abraham tower. This visitor centre features a small yet highly intriguing exhibition and model showcasing Cabañeros and water, providing insights into the flora and fauna associated with riverside forests. The recreational area includes picnic tables, a children's play area, parking, facilities, and a delightful botanical path with accessible boardwalks along the Bullaque riverbed, designed for individuals with reduced mobility. (updated Sep 2023)
* 39.30258-4.314533 Casa Palillos Visitors Centre. At this centre, visitors can explore a comprehensive exhibition highlighting the natural and cultural treasures of the park. The exhibition includes an audiovisual section with captivating presentations about Cabañeros and a high-quality recording revealing the life of an Iberian imperial eagle nest within the park. Moreover, the centre offers two accessible paths: one focused on botany and the other on ethnography. Visitors will also find essential amenities, parking facilities, a pleasant picnic area, and an observatory boasting excellent panoramic views of the plain. Depending on the season, you may even catch glimpses of deer and other wildlife from this vantage point. (updated Sep 2023)

## See

* 39.46044-4.409781 Museo de la Fauna de Cabañeros (Zoorama). It's a municipal museum where, in addition to obtaining information about the National Park and your visit, you can immerse yourself in a comprehensive exhibition showcasing its rich, unique, and diverse wildlife. (updated Sep 2023)

## Do

There are hiking, biking, and driving routes in the area. Inquire at the tourist information offices in the area, such as [ http://www.navasdeestena.org Navas de Estena].
* 39.28478-4.3370281 Stork Observatory (Observatorio De Las Cigüeñas). Wooden observatory located at the southern boundary of the park, overlooking the plains, from which you can see a large colony of white storks on oak and holm oak trees, and depending on the season, groups of deer, cranes, vultures, etc. (updated Sep 2023)
* 39.49724-4.541422 Tabla del Acebo recreational area. This area features parking facilities and picnic tables. You can reach it from Montes de Toledo Avenue, the main road in Navas de Estena, by taking a turn 100 meters from the information point. Here, there is an accessible boardwalk for people with reduced mobility, which runs close to the Estena River's bank. (updated Sep 2023)

### Trails

Those are some of the trails recommended by the park. The location is the starting point.
* 39.3665-4.2533 Senda de la torre de Abreham. 900 m long, 45 min. Free. (updated Sep 2023)
* 39.30257-4.314564 Senda Botanica de Palillos. 600 m long, 30 min. (updated Sep 2023)
* 39.30257-4.314565 SEnda etnografica de Palillos. 800 m long, 30 min. (updated Sep 2023)
* 39.32392-4.625436 Ruta de la Plaza de los Moros. 3.5 km long, duration 1 hr 30 min. (updated Sep 2023)
* 39.32392-4.625437 Ruta de la Sierra de Castellar de los Bueyes. 5 km long, duration 2 hr 15 min. (updated Sep 2023)
* 39.49724-4.541418 Ruta del Boquerón del Estena. 6.5 km long, duration 6 hr. (updated Sep 2023)
* 39.49724-4.541419 Camino del area recreativa del Acebo y las fuentes. 7 km long, duration 3 hr. (updated Sep 2023)

## Eat

Local typical cuisine: Manchego-mountain cuisine (porridge, migas, roasted pepper salad).
Vegetarians, beware! It's very common for dishes to be meat-based. Please inform the restaurant in advance.
There are places that prepare special food for celiacs; for example, Casa Rural "Boquerón de Estena."

## Drink

Try the typical "pitarra" wines; there are also magnificent "signature" wines with international prestige.
The water from many sources has medicinal properties or is of excellent quality.
For nightlife, options are limited as these are small towns. In some places, there are pubs or bars that stay open late.
A good option is to take advantage of a rural house in the area to have a barbecue under the stars.

## Sleep

There are magnificent rural houses throughout the area.
A camping site will soon open in Navas de Estena.
There are hotels and guesthouses in some villages.

## Go next

Most of the services, like food, drink, and lodging, are outside the park. The nearest villages in this area are:
* 39.671389-4.64251 Los Navalucillos
* 39.326438-4.6500992 Horcajo de los Montes
* 39.495278-4.5208333 Navas de Estena
* 39.461389-4.4097224 Retuerta del Bullaque
* 39.260833-4.4766675 Alcoba de los Montes
* 39.615-4.56 Hontanar
* Explore Toledo, the city of three cultures.
* Visit the Archaeological Park of Alarcos-Calatrava in Ciudad Real.
* Windmills in La Mancha (Consuegra).
* Madrid approximately 160 km away.
* Campo de Criptana - La Mancha.