# UNESCO World Heritage List (India)

World Heritage Sites are important places of cultural, historical, scientific or other significance designated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
There are 43 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India. These include 35 cultural sites, 7 natural sites and 1 mixed-criteria site. India has the sixth largest number of sites in the world.

## Cultural sites

* The Mountain Railways of India — are narrow-gauge lines that run through picturesque mountains.
** 27.04588.2672221 Darjeeling Himalayan Railway (Toy Train) — Siliguri–Darjeeling, West Bengal
** 11.34431776.7919442 Nilgiri Mountain Railway — Mettupalayam–Ooty, Tamil Nadu
** 31.10460577.1734243 Kalka–Shimla Railway — Kalka, Haryana–Shimla, Himachal Pradesh

### Eastern India

* 23.6887.684 Santiniketan — Santiniketan was founded as an ashram by Debendranath Tagore in the second half of the 19th century and then developed into a university town of Visva-Bharati University. It is connected to the life and philosophy of Debendranath's son Rabindranath Tagore, the leading figure of the Bengali Renaissance.
* 19.88744486.0945965 Sun Temple, Konark — It was built to honour the sun god Surya. The entire temple is shaped in the form of a chariot pulled by seven horses in order to carry the sun god across the heavens. Though partially in ruins, it has extensive stone carvings (many erotic in nature) on the walls.

### The Plains

* 27.17958378.0212976 Agra Fort — Similar to the Red Fort in Delhi, a well preserved palace and defensive complex constructed mostly in red sandstone. Emperor Akbar built this fort (same time as Humayun's Tomb in Delhi). Emperor Shah Jahan made later additions to it.
* 25.13679785.4438287 Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at Nalanda, Bihar — A former Buddhist university begun circa 450 CE. It was the longest operating university in Indian history. Buddha and Mahavira visited here. It had thousands of students and faculty. It was destroyed by Turkish invaders; students and teachers were massacred and its large library was destroyed. All that remains are extensive ruins.
* 30.7612276.800548 The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier — A definitive contribution to the Modern Movement in architecture. UNESCO lists many sites including the planned Indian city of Chandigarh for which Le Corbusier did much of the design.
* 23.4794177.7396169 Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi — Believed to be the oldest stone structure in India. Vidisha (city in Madhya Pradesh) was the ancient capital city of the Malwa. Many Buddhist monuments were later built around this ancient city. The historical Sanchi stupas are very well preserved.
* 22.48333373.53333310 Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park — Most of monuments are at the base and surrounding area of the Pavagadh hill.
* 27.0945377.6679311 Fatehpur Sikri (City of Victory) — A virtual ghost city near Agra. Built by the Emperor Akbar, it was the capital of the Mughal Empire and later abandoned because local water supplies were lacking and near the tumultuous Rajasthan. It includes one of the largest mosques (Jama Masjid) in India. There are well preserved palaces and courtyards.
* 28.5930277.2488412 Humayun's Tomb, Delhi — It has beautiful gardens in the Persian Char Bagh style. The site was constructed in the Indo-Islamic style known as Mughal. Within the site complex is the tomb of Iza Khan though the main attraction is the Tomb of Humayun. The South Gate and the Barber's Tomb are also of interest and is in here.
* 24.8579.9313 Khajuraho Group of Monuments — It is a group of Hindu and Jain temples in Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh. The temples are noted for their architectural/artistic style and erotic sculptures.
* 24.69600484.99135814 Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya — It is believed that Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment in this large complex. A path to see the statue of Buddha is to "walk (follow) in the steps" of the Buddha. Buddha after attaining enlightenment, spent weeks in the Mahabodhi temple (several traditional places) contemplating the nature of his discoveries.
* 28.6552377.2409715 Red Fort Complex —. The Red Fort is a red sandstone fort (and ruling palace) built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan of Taj Mahal fame. Many historical objects and marble inlays have disappeared and quite a few buildings can not be visited due to disrepair. However, the site is impressive with lush green gardens that are well kept year round.
* 22.93722277.612516 Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka — Early traces of human life on the Indian subcontinent have been discovered here. Rock paintings can be seen that are similar to those that have been found in Australia and France.
* 28.5249677.1858217 Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi — These structures in Delhi date from the Slave Dynasty. The Qutb Minar is one of the tallest minars in India. It has been well-preserved with its intricate carvings. It was constructed of red sandstone and marble. Earthquake damage to the top of the Qutb Manar has been renovated and its base reinforced.
* 27.17578.04194418 Taj Mahal at Agra — It is a white marble mausoleum ordered by emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his favourite wife (Mumtaz Mahal). Taj Mahal means Crown Palace. It is a fairly well kept tomb and an outstanding example of Indian Muslim architecture. Current work is being considered to combat damage caused by pollution.

### Southern India

* The Great Living Chola Temples — consists of three Hindu temples built in the 11th and 12th centuries under the Chola dynasty. They represent some of the best examples of Dravidian architecture of the Chola period.
** 10.7828279.1319419 Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur. This temple is dedicated to Shiva. Its pillared cloister contains many lignams and the sanctum sanctorum has a large Shiva lingam and stone Nandi.
** 10.9484179.35670820 Airavatesvara Temple in Darasuram. It has some excellent stone carvings (as well as inscriptions). The Airavatesvara temple was dedicated to Lord Shiva (known as Airavateshvara). Lord Shiva was worshipped here by Airavata (Indra's white elephant). Legend has it that Airavata (suffering a curse from Sage Durvasa) had its colours restored by bathing in the temple's sacred waters.
** 11.20524479.45278221 Brihadisvara Temple in Gangaikonda Cholapuram. It is dedicated to the Lord Shiva and its location was used to be a medieval Chola capital. This multi-storied temple was once surrounded by a huge fort wall.
* 15.3350176.4600222 Group of Monuments at Hampi — of significant historic and architectural interest. The area abounds with large stones used to make statues of Jaina deities. Numerous temples and other sites can be found in and around Hampi. Further excavations are under way.
* 12.616780.191723 Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram — a monument complex near Chennai. The area dates back to the Tamil Pallava dynasty. Mostly carved out of granite, they are among the oldest examples of Dravidian (South Indian) art/architecture.
* 15.9469275.8229624 Group of Monuments at Pattadakal — an historic centre of Chalukya art and architecture. This has major temples and numerous shrines (many of which are inscribed in Kannada).
* 18.259579.943225 Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana — an ancient Hindu temple built during the 1200s Kakatiya dynasty & featuring ornate carvings & shrines. The main structure is in a reddish sandstone, but the columns round the outside have large brackets of black basalt which is rich in iron, magnesium and silica. These are carved as mythical animals or female dancers or musicians, and are "the masterpieces of Kakatiya art, notable for their delicate carving, sensuous postures and elongated bodies and heads".
* The 13.21245375.99407226 Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas — It consists of two clusters of monuments (in Belur and Halebidu), and the Keshava temple in Somanathapura, dating to the time of the Hoysala Empire, between the 11th and 14th centuries. Hoysala architecture combined the elements of the Dravidian architecture with influences from northern India.

### Western India

* 20.55237775.70043627 Ajanta Caves — depict the stories of Buddhism from circa 200 BCE to 650 CE. These caves were discovered by some British Officers during a tiger hunt. These caves were built by Buddhist monks using simple tools. Buddhist monks often taught and performed rituals in the Chaityas and Viharas (ancient seats of learning). There are detailed/beautiful sculptures and paintings depicting stories from Jataka tales.
* 18.939872.835528 Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus), also known as Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (CSMT) — Ieflects the architectural influence of Victorian Italianate Gothic Revival architecture and traditional Mughal architectural style in Mumbai.
* 15.5023873.91174629 Churches and Convents in Goa —. Old Goa, the former capital of colonial Goa, is full of history and the location of numerous well maintained scenic churches and convents. These are preserved and maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India.
* 23.886670.212830 Dholavira: a Harappan City — an archaeological site at with the ruins of an ancient Indus Valley Civilisation (Harappan) city; it is one of the five largest Harappan sites.
* 18.95833372.93055631 Elephanta Caves — are two groups of sculpted caves (Hindu and Buddhist). Within the caves there are numerous carved panels and shrines. The original stone-cut elephant statue; for which Elephanta Island was named, resides at Jijamata Udyaan in Mumbai.
* 20.02638975.17916732 Ellora Caves — are an impressive complex of rock shrines that represent the three faiths of Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism and were created during the 5th-13th centuries CE. The caves are northwest of central Aurangabad, a few km from Khuldabad.
* The Hill Forts of Rajasthan —
** 24.886374.64733 Chittor Fort in Chittorgarh has massive stone gates with notched parapets and arched reinforced doors (to defend against elephants and cannon). Within the fort a circular road gives access to the gates and numerous monuments (ruined palaces and numerous temples).
** 25.147573.583134 Kumbhalgarh Fort, Kumbhalgarh is protected by seven towering gates and within is the Badal Mahal palace. It also had long meandering walls for defence. There are many tales and interesting stories affiliated with this site.
** 26.02055676.45416735 Ranthambore Fort. It lies within the Ranthambore National Park, near the town of Sawai Madhopur. Initially called "Ranath Bhawar Garh" (a place of Rajput warriors). The history of Sawai Madhopur centers around the famous Ranthambore Fort.
** 24.62876.18336 Gagron Fort is an example of a hill and water fort. Kali Sindh & Ahu Rivers border the fort on three sides. Gagron Fort (also known as Galkangiri) was built by King Bijaldev (Parmara Empire).
** 26.985975.850737 Amber Fort in Jaipur is a massive fort-palace complex built in a Hindu-Muslim style dating back to Raja Man Singh and once the royal palace of the Kachwahas. Within the fort is the Sheesh Mahal (with thousands of mirror tiles on the walls and ceilings).
** 26.912770.912638 Jaisalmer Fort in Jaisalmer, also known as the “Sonar Quila” or "Sonal Kella" or "Sonar Kila". It displays the subtle hues of the setting sun and desert. It is a 'working fort' as its citizens reside and work within its walls. There are numerous vantage points within the fort that enable great views across the city and desert.
* 23.0296672.570839 Historic City of Ahmedabad — The modern Ahmedabad was a walled city in the past along the banks of the Sabarmati River. The city presents a rich and diverse cultural and architectural style. It also houses the former home of Mahatma Gandhi, the Sabarmati Ashram.
* 26.901675.790540 Jaipur City — It is a magnificent city filled with historical wonders and beauty in the North-western part of India. During the rule of Sawai Ram Singh I, the city was painted pink to welcome HRH Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (who later became King Edward VII, Emperor of India), in 1876. Many of the avenues still remain painted in pink, giving Jaipur a distinctive appearance and the epithet Pink city.
* 26.92476275.8245641 The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur — but one of five astronomical observatories build by Maharaja Jai Singh in northern India. This historical observatory has geometric devices (or yantras in Hindi) for measuring time, eclipse prediction, tracking the orbits of stars eyc.. Explanations are posted for these devices and hired guides may provide further explanations.
* 23.8588972.1018842 Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat — It is a step well in Patan, Gujarat. It is famous for its ornate carvings and many sculptures in its galleries. Built as an inverted temple and representing a religious regard for water. Stepwells were built basically for the storage of water in India.
* 19.031872.848743 Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai — It represents an urban project through various buildings (cinemas, residential buildings and balconies) of the late 19th century. Mainly these are found near the Oval Maidan area of Mumbai, they represent the Victorian Neo-Gothic style of architecture and Art Deco (sometimes known as Indo-Deco).

## Natural and mixed sites

* 31.73333377.551 Great Himalayan National Park (natural) — borders the Palearctic and the Indomalayan bioregions. The different altitudes provide for subtropical forests to alpine and glacial flora. Different species of goat, bear, leopard and pheasants can also be found here.
* 26.666793.352 Kaziranga National Park (natural) — It is home to the Indian single-horned rhinos (rhinoceros unicornis). Kaziranga also hosts a variety of other mammal species.
* 27.1844177.512783 Keoladeo Bird Sanctuary (natural) — It provides habitat for thousands of birds during the winter season. The sanctuary hosts rare Siberian Cranes, ruddy shelducks, northern shovelers, northern pintails, tufted ducks, shovelers and other indigionous and migratory waterfowl.
* 27.6488.251 Khangchendzonga National Park (mixed) — It is named after Kangchenjunga, the highest peak of India. It is known for its numerous glaciers (Zemu glacier for example). Snow leopards, musk deer and Himalayan taar have been spotted here.
* 26.7190.934 Manas National Park (natural) — It is a habitat for many unique and endangered wildlife species such as the golden langur, pygmy hog and hispid hare. The Asian elephant, water buffalo, black panther, sloth bear and sambar deer can also be found here as well as endangered residential and migratory birds.
* 30.733379.63335 Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Park (natural) — Nanda Devi contains wildlife such as snow leopards, bears, tahrs, deer and monkeys in addition to splendid flowers. The Valley of Flowers is famous for its beautiful alpine flowers. This valley is an Indian national park with beautiful waterfalls, landscapes, meadows of flowers and surrounding forests.
* 21.7588.756 Sundarbans National Park (natural) — The littoral mangrove forest in the southern part of West Bengal.
* 10.16972277.0611117 Western Ghats (natural), also known as Sahyadri — It is in Western and Southern India following the west coast of the Indian peninsula. UNESCO considers this mountain range as a major area of world biological diversity.

## See also

* UNESCO World Heritage List