# Balkans

The Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe is located between the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea. The region has a mixed scenery with many tall mountain ranges, as well as deep forests, plains and rivers. The Balkans have many historical ruins, including those of some of the oldest cities in Europe. It is also home to some of the few Muslim-majority countries in generally Christian-majority Europe.

## Countries

* Albania A beautiful and diverse country with impressive castles, long coastlines and a unique culture and history, with many Muslims and Christians living side by side.
* Bosnia and Herzegovina Somewhat off the beaten track, it offers an interesting mix of cultures in a beautiful natural landscape.
* Bulgaria A melting pot of East and West, with beautiful beaches and green mountains.
* Croatia Croatia has renowned natural beauty, long coastlines, party islands, lots of sun hours and its Venetian history make it one of the Mediterranean's top travel destinations.
* Kosovo A mainly Albanian area of historical significance to Serbians and not recognized as independent by Serbia, it is one of the more adventurous places in the region; the traveller looking for something different won't be disappointed.
* Moldova A pastoral and multi-ethnic country, only considered Balkan due to its cultural ties with Romania.
* Montenegro The Bay of Kotor, the Budva Riviera, winter sports and natural scenery, Montenegro is one of the most traveller-friendly countries in the region.
* North Macedonia Known for its traditional villages and churches, North Macedonia also has some of the best wildlife.
* Romania While it's not entirely Balkan (the regions of Transylvania, Banat, Crișana, and Maramureș lie in Central Europe), Romania offers a wonderful combination of old and new, mixing dance halls with Dracula.
* Serbia Historic cities, monasteries, national parks and a hearty nightlife, Serbia has a lot to offer the traveller. It is considered the heart of the Balkans.
* Transnistria This unrecognised republic claims eastern Moldova; visiting it comes closest to what life in a communist state in the Cold War must have been like.
Some geographical definitions define the Balkan peninsula strictly as the lands south of the rivers Sava and Danube from the city of Belgrade, but geographical conventions don't always match cultural and political divisions, which in turn don't always match Wikivoyage's classification of convenience. Even in geopolitical definitions, Romania's inclusion in the Balkans is a borderline case, and the inclusion of Moldova here piggybacks on Romania. Slovenia considers itself a country in Central Europe, after the break up of Yugoslavia. Greece clearly occupies the tip of the Balkan Peninsula; however, most of Greece's major travel destinations (apart from Athens) lie upon its islands, leading to its separate categorization here. Rarely, Hungary is also incorporated in definitions of the Balkans, owing to its time spent under Ottoman rule and its geographical proximity to the region. The very southeast of the Balkan Peninsula is Eastern Thrace, the European part of Turkey.

## Cities

* 44.81777820.4569441 Belgrade – known as the White City, the capital of Serbia
* 44.41336126.0977782 Bucharest – nicknamed the Little Paris, Romania's capital is famous for monumental architecture.
* 47.02277828.8352783 Chișinău – a modern city with over half a million inhabitants
* 42.44138919.2627784 Podgorica – the locals ski in winter, and head for the beaches in summer
* 43.85638918.4130565 Sarajevo – the heart of the Balkans and the trigger for World War One
* 41.99611121.4316676 Skopje – Peculiar city with a lot to offer, near the Matka Canyon in North Macedonia
* 42.69788623.3217267 Sofia – Bulgaria's lively capital under Vitosha Mountain
* 41.32888919.8177788 Tirana – Albania's economic hub and a former Ottoman city, renowned for the beauty outside the city's limits
* 45.81305615.9772229 Zagreb – the capital of Croatia gets plenty of visitors each year

## Other destinations

* 45.11666724.6666671 Curtea de Argeș — an old Wallachian fortress.
* 42.64027818.1083332 Dubrovnik — a medieval walled city nicknamed "The Pearl of the Adriatic"
* 43.29305617.023 Makarska — the ancient gateway into the endless ocean, in southern Croatia
* 42.65950727.7247244 Nessebar — a small town on the sea coast, filled with medieval churches
* 41.11694420.8019445 Ohrid — many old churches and the Tsar Samoil's fortress
* 44.88044515.6160356 Plitvice Lakes — a large Croatian national park with plenty of waterfalls
* 43.8519.857 Zlatibor — a mountain resort in the heart of Serbia
* 43.33718.6848 Sutjeska national park — the Balkans' last remaining wilderness, situated on the border of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro.

## Understand

The Balkans contain charming multicultural towns, impressive monasteries and citadels dotting the hillsides, mighty mountains sprinkled with a liberal dose of beautiful forests and pleasant lakes, and last but not least a great folk music tradition—coming off both as much joyful and melancholic as it could be—all survived various wars, if sometimes suffered a bit from the atrocities. With hundreds of kilometres of coastline on both the Adriatic and Black Seas, beachgoers won't be disappointed in this region, either.
The Balkans have been the borderland of many great powers; the Roman Empire (surviving as the Byzantine Empire until the 15th century), the Ottoman Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union. From the end of World War I the Western Balkans were unified in Yugoslavia, until the country fell apart in the 1990s, with a series of wars in and between the new states. These wars were largely fought between ethnic groups, who had until then lived side by side, mingling amicably. The ethnicities are to a degree coupled with religion (Muslims and Orthodox and Catholic Christians). In the 2000s, the Balkan nations have either joined the European Union or applied for membership.

## Talk

In this patchwork of countries and peoples, language learning is as complicated as one wishes to make it. At the simplest level, there are four main languages: Albanian, Bulgarian, Romanian and Serbo-Croatian. A bit of Russian also goes a long way, especially in Moldova and Transnistria.
Looking deeper you have:
* Albanian, spoken mainly in Albania, Kosovo, and parts of North Macedonia;
* Bulgarian, spoken in Bulgaria, very closely related to Macedonian;
* Macedonian, the main language of North Macedonia;
* Romanian, spoken in Romania and Moldova;
Nationalists and some linguists will assert that a unified Serbo-Croatian language does not exist. However, the traveller with even a fairly strong grasp of things linguistic will find them very similar. The distinct branches of Serbo-Croatian are:
* Bosnian, which is spoken in Bosnia and Herzegovina;
* Croatian, which is spoken in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina;
* Montenegrin, which is spoken mainly in Montenegro;
* Serbian, which is spoken mainly in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and portions of Kosovo. Serbian can be written in either Cyrillic or Latin letters.
Together with Slovene, Bulgarian and Macedonian, the Serbo-Croatian languages are members of the closely knit South Slavic language group.
Some other useful languages might be Turkish, which many people in Greece, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, and Kosovo speak, and Romani may be useful in all of the Balkan states. Most of the people, especially in cities and tourist areas speak English, and sometimes German, Italian and French.
German used to be common in the area during the heyday of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and some time afterwards but has been largely supplanted by English as a lingua franca. However, areas frequently visited by German and Austrian tourists still have many people speaking German. Russian was a compulsory second language during the communist era and may be spoken by some older people, but has declined in importance, and with the exception of Moldova has largely been supplanted by English as the foreign language of choice among younger people.

## Get in
### By plane

There are numerous international airports in the Balkans. The major airports in the region are (by country):
* Albania: Tirana
* Bosnia and Herzegovina: Sarajevo, Tuzla, Banja Luka
* Bulgaria: Sofia, Plovdiv, Varna, Burgas
* Croatia: Zagreb, Split, Rijeka, Zadar, Dubrovnik
* Kosovo: Pristina
* North Macedonia: Skopje, Ohrid
* Moldova: Chișinău
* Romania: Bucharest, Timisoara
* Serbia: Belgrade, Nis, Vrsac
Only the capital city airports have many regular flights throughout the year. Croatia's coastal airports are well served by low-cost airlines during the summer, while in winter there are only a few flights from Zagreb and Germany. Ohrid is served primarily by seasonal flights, and Serbia's airports other than Belgrade and Niš had no commercial flights as of 2018, even though they have international status.

### By boat

* See Ferries in the Mediterranean

## Get around

    See also: Driving in Europe
Only three Balkan countries (Croatia, Bulgaria and Romania) have become parties to the Schengen Treaty so far. This means, unlike most of the rest of Europe, border controls are still a reality in the region — rather inconvenient but a joy for the ones who want all those entry and exit stamps on their passports.

### By train

Croatia and Romania have well developed rail networks and getting around by train is fairly convenient. Train travel in Bulgaria is a little more rough and ready. Elsewhere, the once decent networks have been neglected. While there are services and there are some stunning journeys to be had, train travel in the other countries cannot be done on a whim and requires a little forward planning but the effort is worth making.
Fares on trains within each country are very cheap. International fares are also very reasonably priced.
The Balkan Flexipass rail pass is valid in Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia and Turkey. However given the low price of normal tickets, it may represent false economy.

### By bus

    See also: Intercity buses in Europe
The bus networks are extensive throughout the Balkans, and is often the fastest way to move around. More info at the Bus travel in the former Yugoslavia page.

## See
### Itineraries

* Brotherhood and Unity Highway — the main highway of former Yugoslavia
* Transylvania triangle train tour

## Do
### Events

* EXIT Festival. Novi Sad, Serbia, An annual rock festival held in early July, which many musicians and bands from all over Europe attend. (updated Jan 2022)
* Guča festival. Guča (Гуча) Serbia, - An annual trubački (trumpet) music festival held in the summer. This genre of music is best known as ethnic jazz, and is best played by the Balkan Roma people. (updated Jan 2022)
* Ohrid Summer Festival, Ohrid, North Macedonia - An international culture festival held annually from July through August.

### Activities
#### Hiking

Mountains and forests are often close at hand even in big cities.
* Kom-Emine Trail in Bulgaria - along the main ridge of the Balkan Mountains, from the Serbian border to the Black Sea
* Via Dinarica - multi-national trail that follows the Dinaric Alps from Ohrid in Macedonia to Postojna in Slovenia
* Mount Trebevic in Sarajevo is a great place for hiking

#### Winter sports

* Bosnia and Herzegovina was the host for the 1984 Winter Olympics, and after the 1990s, the alpine facilities are well restored. Around Sarajevo and Travnik are Olympic-grade mountains.
* Bulgaria offers Bansko in the Pirin Mountains, Borovets in Rila near the capital, and Pamporovo in the Rhodope Mountains, as well as many other smaller destinations
* In Serbia, you can ski in Kopaonik and Zlatibor.

### LGBT

Whereas it is generally not safe to openly display gay behaviour in the Balkans (See "stay safe" section below) there are many underground alternatives which are supportive of the LGBT community.

## Eat

The Balkan cuisines have similarities with German, Italian, Greek, Russian and Middle Eastern cuisines.
The Balkans have been divided between different nation-states, languages and religions, but many dishes and ingredients are similar across the borders. The Roman Empire, the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire have left their mark in the cuisines of the Balkans.
While Balkan cooking has not been internationalised in the same way as the Italian or Greek cuisines, the South Slavic and Albanian diaspora have brought their cuisine to other parts of Europe.

### Dishes

Bread, meat, potatoes and cheese are ubiquitous around the Balkans. Pork is the most common meat, except among Muslims and Jews, who substitute it with beef, lamb, and poultry.
Seafood is common in Croatia, Montenegro and Albania.
A full meal on the Balkans can consist of soup and bread, followed by a meat dish (grilled meat, meat pies, etc) and cakes or confectioneries as dessert.
A meze is a buffet of small savoury dishes, of Turkish origin. Many of the dishes have analogues in the Middle East.
Ajvar is a sauce made of bell peppers and oil, which can be mild or very spicy. It is usually eaten with bread.
Ćevapi or ćevapčići is grilled ground meat, and the national dish of Bosnia and Hercegovina.

## Drink

The Balkans have a great range of beer, wine and distilled beverages. Muslim communities usually substitute alcohol with tea and fruit juices. Coffee is common, in Turkish and Italian styles.
The regional firewater of choice is rakija (spelling varies from country to country; despite the similarity in the name it has little resemblance in taste to Turkish raki). It's a hard liquor common to all countries in the Balkans, with around 40% ABV (though that can be higher if home-made). Rakija is distilled out of just about any fruit grown in the region, with the most popular varieties being plum, apricot, mulberry, and grape, and is usually consumed as an aperitif.
There are excellent local beers to be had in each country in the region. Wine is also common, the peninsula being dotted by vineyards from one end to another. Serbia and Bulgaria have particularly longstanding traditions of wine-making, dating to ancient times.
Yoghurt is eaten plain, and as a condiment. Ayran (locally sometimes jogurt) is a light drink made from yoghurt, water, and salt.
Another local drink is boza, a thick and sweet fermented drink made of millet, wheat, or maize, with a very low alcohol content (less than 1% ABV). Foreigners often describe it as an "acquired taste".
Low taxes on alcohol coupled with a laid-back lifestyle and a liberal attitude towards alcohol consumption mean even smaller towns in the region has a considerable nightlife scene. Belgrade in particular is noted as the region's party hotspot.

## Stay safe

While the horror stories of the 1990s are long gone and the likelihood of an armed conflict in the foreseeable future is next to none, unexploded land mines as a legacy of Yugoslav Wars continue to be a safety risk, especially in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Serbia. What is worse about them is that they are where you don't expect them to be at all—they tend to be moved away from their original positions by the abundant rainfall in the region, and therefore riverbanks close to former hotbeds of conflict are especially dangerous. Don't stray too far into wilderness unless you are absolutely sure where you are heading is free of mines.
In many Balkan countries, it is not a good idea to openly display gay behavior.
The draft (propuh, promaja) is considered dangerous in the Balkans. Locals will nag you to keep doors and windows closed except during hot weather.

## Go next

The Balkan countries are surrounded by Greece and Turkey to the south, Eastern Europe to the northeast, Central Europe to the northwest, and Italy to the west across the Adriatic, all of which have greatly influenced the regional culture.