# Balkan Mountains

The Balkan Mountains region of Bulgaria consists of the most representative, central parts of the Balkan Mountains themselves - the namesake of the Balkan Peninsula, a 560-kilometre (350 mi) long mountain range that runs from the border between Bulgaria and Serbia to the Black Sea coast. Its green slopes are home to ancient ruins, colourful monasteries, picturesque traditional architecture, and modern hiking trails and ski slopes.

## Cities

Two of Bulgaria's 27 province centres are in this area:
* 42.87424225.317841 Gabrovo (Габрово) — north of the mountains, in the Fore-Balkan. Gabrovo is home to a humor museum and provides access to local ski resorts. Close to the open-air ethnographic museum Etara and the historic Shipka Pass.
* 42.67814626.3259632 Sliven (Сливен) — "the city of 100 voyvoda-s" (rebel leaders), in a valley under the south slopes of the mountains.
Towns in the Fore-Balkan:
* 43.02073925.094473 Sevlievo (Севлиево)
* 42.89149424.7105084 Troyan (Троян) — mountain crafts centre, famous among other things for its traditional painted ceramics (nowadays usually presented as the representative Bulgarian traditional ceramics).
* 42.86610125.4919125 Tryavna (Трявна) — "the town of craftsmen", with preserved traditional architecture.
Towns in the Sub-Balkan Valleys and the Sredna Gora range:
* 42.64203424.808216 Karlovo (Карлово) — birthplace of Bulgarian national hero Vasil Levski, with more preserved traditional architecture.
* 42.61874825.3932387 Kazanlak (Казанлък) — centre of the Bulgarian rose oil production history; the surrounding area has been dubbed "the Valley of Thracian Kings" due to the large number of rich Thracian tombs, including one that's a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
* 42.50262424.1802438 Panagyurishte (Панагюрище) — famous for its historic role in starting the failed April Uprising of 1876 that nevertheless ultimately lead to the liberation of Bulgaria from Ottoman rule. More traditional architecture.
* 42.71269925.3331849 Shipka (Шипка) — a small town on the south side the historic Shipka Pass (see below). There's a Russian-style memorial church in the town itself; the Monument to Freedom museum complex at the top of the pass, and the "flying saucer" on Mt. Buzludzha nearby (the Monument-Hall of the Bulgarian Communist Party, erected in the 1980s).
* 42.65391124.75501610 Sopot (Сопот) — right next to Karlovo, another town with a disproportionate role in Bulgarian history and preserved examples of traditional architecture.

## Other destinations

* 42.75625.3591 Nature Park Bulgarka

## Understand
### The mountains

The mountain range's official name in both Bulgarian and Serbian is actually Stara Planina (Cyrillic: Стара планина), literally "[the] Old Mountain". The name "Balkan" is of Turkish origin, dating back to the Ottoman Empire, and in all three languages can also refer generically to any wooded height, or "in the mountains" in general.
Geographically, the Balkan Mountains stretch from the border between Serbia and Bulgaria in the west to the coast of the Black Sea in the east. Because it runs like a horizontal axis through Bulgaria, the mountain chain naturally divides the country in northern and southern parts.
The mountain can be split into three parts: west, central and east. West Stara Planina is average in height compared to the other Bulgarian mountains. Because of the proximity of its southern ridges to the other mountains of the Bulgarian Shopluk cultural region the west portion of the Balkan is a part of that region. Standing relatively alone, the high Central Balkan and the low Eastern Balkan have formed another ethnological area the Balkan cultural region.

### The cultural region

The Balkan cultural region includes more than just the central and the eastern parts of the mountain itself. The region also includes the smaller mountain range of Sredna gora that runs parallel on the south side of the Central Balkan.
The region has a special meaning in Bulgarian folklore and culture. The Balkan region is a symbol for the Bulgarian people. For centuries the high, difficultly-accessible mountain served as a natural fortress guarding from enemies. But during the times of the Ottoman rule the towns situated in the foot of the Balkan were the birthplaces of many of the Bulgarian revolutionaries, freedom-fighters, enlighteners and keepers of the Bulgarian spirit as a whole. Indeed, the Balkan was also the scene of some of the most glorious battles, heroic deaths and memorable events in the new history of Bulgaria. Naturally, the influence of the region is not constrained and the West Balkan same as the areas of Thrace and the Danube plain close to the mountain are culturally affected by the Balkan. In those regions, however, other factors of folklore formation are dominant.

#### Areas

Since the region includes different types of terrain that define various types of tourist sites it can be divided into four areas:
    Stara planina - The area includes the heights of the mountain itself. They were hardly suitable for permanent settlement in the past, so the sites in that part of the region are primarily the natural beauties of the mountain that create perfect conditions for hiking in the summer and snow sports in the winter. Other places of interest include the solitary monasteries and stranded places where crucial historical events related to Bulgarian independence and unification took place.
    Predbalkan - The northern foothills of the mountain, the name of the area literally means front-of-the-Balkan. The area includes towns such as Gabrovo, Elena, Troyan, Tryavna. Those towns are central to Bulgarian Revival as focal points for the development of art, crafts, architecture, education and the culture of the period as a whole. This Balkan area is also heavily influenced by the cultural processes in North Bulgaria (both Moesia and Dobruja). Thus, the area includes cultural landmarks of the typical Bulgarian Revival style but with Renaissance and Baroque nuances for some of them. As for natural landmarks, the area is the home of some of the most beautiful waterfalls in Bulgaria.
    Podbalkan - The southern foothills of the Balkan forming a valley between the mighty mountain and Sredna gora; the name of the area can be literally translated as under-the-Balkan. It includes the towns of Sliven, Karlovo, Sopot which are home towns of some of the most prominent freedom-fighters during the Ottoman rule. The area is also called the Rose Valley because of the specialisation in the growing of roses and the production of rose oil. Podbalkana is also notably influenced by the Thracian heritage.
    Sredna gora - The mountain is the home of Panagyurishte, Koprivshtitsa, Banya. Despite its architectural trasures, the area is attractive because of its mineral waters and beautiful flora.

## See

The diverse biosphere of the Balkan has led to the constitution of two protected parks which include a total of fourteen out of the twenty five nature reserves in the region. National Park Central Balkan, nestled in the central and higher portions of the mountain range, contains rare and endangered wildlife species and communities, self-regulating ecosystems of biological diversity, as well as historical sites of global cultural and scientific significance. It is one of the largest and most valuable of the protected areas in Europe. The landscape of the national park alone is astonishing with its variation from naked stone talons and snowy caps to humid forests and breathtaking waterfalls. The other protected park, Nature Park Bulgarka, is in the significantly lower and sloping Eastern part of Stara Planina. The region is characterized by significant diversity in terrain so it supports a rich diversity in flora and fauna. There are numerous mountain tracks within both parks that lead to various points of interest such as waterfalls, centurial trees, typical animal habitats, picnic areas, mineral water fountains and magnificent panoramas. Some of them had been adjusted for mountain biking and horse riding.
In the northern area of Predbalkana the mountain gently transforms into small hills so that the dense forests gradually give way to vast meadows and some remarkable basins with small waterfalls. The Dryanovo monastery is such an environment of small streams and green fields among the still high hills of the Balkan. The many lakes and rivers in the area form a perfect conditions for picnics, outdoor barbecues and camping amidst the "wilderness" just minutes away from some town full of cultural landmarks.
The steep southern ridges of Stara planina quickly form Podbalkana. The Rose Valley is startling during the spring and early-summer months when the sea of roses could be smelled all the way from Thrace behind the mountain of Sredna gora. The valley along with the mountain itself nurtures some of the best grapes in Bulgaria used primarily for white wines.