# Negev

The Negev is a large desert that covers the entire southern half of Israel.

## Cities

* 31.25888934.7977781 Be'er Sheva. The Biblical city of Abraham and de facto capital of the Negev.
* 31.26027835.2147222 Arad. A modern town on the edge of the Negev and convenient starting point for trips to the Judaean Desert and the Dead Sea.
* 31.0735.033 Dimona. The third largest city in the Negev.
* 29.5534.954 Eilat. The southern-most Israeli city, on the Red Sea coast, a major center for domestic and international tourism.
* 30.61277834.8016675 Mitzpe Ramon. A small town overlooking the Makhtesh Ramon, the largest erosional crater on earth, with various hikes around the area.
* 31.41666734.5833336 Netivot. A small city, home (and now gravesite) of the Baba Sali, a famous rabbi.
* 31.28333334.6166677 Ofakim. A regional center for the rural communities in the area.
* 31.392534.7544448 Rahat. The largest Bedouin settlement in Israel, and the only one to have the status of city.
* 31.52611134.5938899 Sderot. A small city, known for its contribution to the Israeli music scene, and for the rockets that hit it from nearby Gaza.
In addition, cities like Ashdod and Ashkelon are considered by most Israelis to be part of the Negev, but they are included in the Israeli Coastal Plain region on Wikivoyage.

## Other destinations

* 30.86888934.79251 Sde Boker – a large Kibbutz north of Mitzpe Ramon on Route 40, starting point for many surrounding trips to places like Avdat and Ein Avdat (see below). Includes the "Field School of the Negev" hostel and a tourist information center, which advises on trails and tours in the area
* 30.98888934.9338892 Yerucham – small town located near the Large Crater
* 29.833235.02193 Samar (Israel). A kibbutz in the Arava.

## Understand

The least populated area in Israel, the Negev is a home to (among others) the nomadic desert people known as the Bedouin. It offers some truly breathtaking scenery and is home to some fascinating sites and places.
The Negev is the southern region of Israel, covering 55 % of the state's territory and inhabited by some 379,000 Jews and 175,000 Bedouins (nomadic desert Arabs). Contrary to the usual view of a "desert", most of the Negev is not covered with sand. Rather, it is a melange of brown, rocky, dusty mountains interrupted by wadis (dry riverbeds that bloom briefly after rain) and deep craters. The area was once the floor of a primordial sea, and a sprinkling of marine snail shells still can be found here. Aside from the natural wonders, the Negev plays host to a great number of ancient sites, displaying the rich history of this crossroads of trade between Asia, Africa, and Europe.

## Get in
### By plane

* Eilat airport closed in March 2019, and all its flights were transferred to Ramon.
* Ovda Airport closed in April 2019 and all its commercial flights transferred to Ramon; Ovda remains in use as a military airfield.
* 29.727234.99831 Ramon International Airport Eilat (ETM Ilan and Assaf Ramon Airport) (20 km north of Eilat). This airport opened in Jan 2019 and handles all flights to Eilat, with domestic flights from Ben Gurion Airport and Haifa in addition to (mostly winter only) international flights to Europe on both legacy and low cost carriers. See Eilat for ground transport and facilities. (updated Apr 2019)

### By train

Israel Railways connects Tel Aviv, Haifa and Ben Gurion airport to Be'er Sheva, with an extension to Dimona, but no further. A longer train line from Tel Aviv to Eilat is in the planning stages.

### By bus

Be'er Sheva is served by bus from Tel Aviv or Jerusalem. Buses to Eilat travel from Tel Aviv, Jerusalem and Haifa. Towns and villages throughout the Negev are connected by bus to Be'er Sheva, but service could be infrequent.
If you're flying into Ben Gurion Airport and want to head straight to Eilat, you would better get on a short train ride to Tel Aviv Hagana station and board a bus to Eilat from nearby Tel Aviv central bus station. Advance reservation is available on buses to and from Eilat, and there are also night buses.
There are no laws concerning the number of people allowed on buses, so drivers will often pack the bus as full as possible, and you may end up with a young soldier sitting on the floor next to you, with his large semi-automatic poking you in the leg. It is recommended that you call and book your seat in advance in order to avoid standing for your whole ride. Booking on Egged is also available by internet.
You better avoid the busiest travel times, in particular Sunday mornings and Thursday afternoons (when soldiers travel to and from weekend vacation).

## Get around
### By car

Three main highways cross the Negev from north to south:
* The eastern Jordan Valley route (Route <90>), from Jerusalem past the Dead Sea to Eilat.
* The central route (Route <40>), through Be'er Sheva and Mitzpe Ramon, merging with the eastern route near Yotvata.
* The western route (Route <10>), running along the Egyptian border from Gaza Strip to Eilat, built primarily for military purposes and not accessible for private vehicles.
The two-lane highways are generally in good shape. The distance across the Negev from Tel Aviv to Eilat is around 360 km, covered by Egged express bus in 5 hours.

### By bicycle

Riding down from the Dead Sea to Eilat (Route <90>) is a pleasant (though uphill) desert experience for most of the way.
Israel has been renovating this route from Arava junction (where 25 meets 90 at the southern terminus of the Dead Sea) since 2007 (a 170-km stretch). The stated goal is to widen the road to 4-lanes and to install rest stops every 45 km. As of 2019, they've only completed 40 km of this from Eilat to Yotvata. This 40-km "improved" stretch is actually far worse than the area north of it. The widened road has zero shoulder, with a curb at the edge of the lane providing no escape route. The safest approach to this 4-lane road is to take the right lane. Most vehicles will use the passing lane to pass you, but some congestion (or cars trying to pass cars while they're trying to pass you) may make for dangerous riding.
The longest stretch on this route is ~70 km without water. And many of the gas stations on this route (your only source of water) have signs up telling you not to drink their tap water. It was unclear why they don't want you to drink their water, but it was clear that at least some of the gas stations were filtering it and mixing it into their products for customers (e.g. slushies).

### By thumb

Hitchhiking in the Negev is relatively safe. North of Mitzpe Ramon, and particularly around Be'er Sheva, there is a large Bedouin population. Think twice before riding in a Bedouin car, due to their generally extremely unsafe driving culture and possible questions about their car's legal status. It could be a unique experience though.
* From Be'er Sheva – A good spot for hitchhiking in Be'er Sheva would be the junction in the very south end of Derech Eilat (hwy 406).
* From Mitzpe Ramon – Exit of Mitzpe Ramon is a popular and fast spot towards Eilat.
* Highway 90 – If need to hitchhike your way on the fast 90 highway (Arava Highway) it would be smart enter to one of the small villages or Kibbutz and try to hitchhike from the village's gate. Cars usually drive very fast on the 90 highway and don't notice hitchhikers.

## See

Besides the sites in and around the above mentioned cities, the following are worth mentioning:

### Ancient historical sites

* 30.79409634.7731821 Avdat. The largest ancient Nabataean city in the Negev, now a national park.
* 31.02535.0642 Mamshit. A ruined Nabatean city, more accessible and well ordained then Avdat, and also a National Park. Mamshit is close to Dimona and easily accessible by car, but the closest bus stop is 3 km to the east at Rotem junction.
* 31.0969734.654643 Halutza. Another Nabatean city, but in a much worse state of preservation.
* 31.32888934.4088894 Maon Synagogue. Ruins of a Byzantine-period synagogue with a beautiful mosaic floor.
* 30.88148934.6284655 Shivta (National Park) (Sobota) (coming west from Tlalim Junction towards Nitsana (road #211), after 19 km at Shivta Junction, turn south for another 9 km). 07:00–15:00 on F, —16:00 in winter, —15:00 summer. An archaeological site with impressive Byzantine remains of a city in the heart of the desert, where usually there are no natural water sources around – astonishing churches, homes and streets. Many interesting details about the site can be found on the park official website. The location is quite remote – a long drive, and the closest bus stop is 5 km away. no admission.
* 31.32400734.6261246 Horvat Patish (Close to Ofakim). Ruins of the Byzantine city Futis (Φώτις).

### Natural sites

* 30.8266534.764477 Ein Avdat. A spectacular and beautiful desert oasis in a canyon, accessed by trails, and preserved as a national park.
* 30.96185435.1925998 Small Crater. Unlike the Ramon Crater and Large Crater, this one can actually be seen by the bare eye at once and might even fit onto a photo frame. Best to be seen from the 30.93965135.1632181 Observation Point on the western rim. Noticeable are the upwards bended rims of the crater, due to the push from underneath. At the south eastern side, a great opening is visible which was either created from out-floating lava or during time from the rain washing aside this barrier.
* 29.89558335.0601719 Yotvata Hai-Bar Nature Reserve (from hwy 90, about 35 km north of Eilat), ☏ +972 8 637-3057, +972 8-637-6018, fax: +972 8 632-6172. Winter and summer: F 08:00-15:00, 16:00, or 17:00. A drive-through to see Asian wild ass, African wild ass, Arabian oryx, gazelles, addax, ostrich, and raptors in cages. Includes a camp ground. Adult ₪28, student ₪24, child ₪14 (camping ₪50/40).
* 29.78148934.97381610 Timna Park (National Park) (20 km north of Eilat. If you are on foot, best to hike in at the southern road towards the copper mine, walk around it north along the national bike trail. From the pond and colored sand filling place, walk to the Egyptian engravings and the Solomon pillars. From there up to Mount Timna and down to the north entrance. This trek is 5-6 hr from the highway to the highway and could save you the entrance fee – just in case, walk out south around the entrance, or even 100 m south of the entrance along the hill.), ☏ +972 8 6316756, fax: +972 8 9658745. 08:00 to 15:00 (F), 16:00 (winter), or 17:00 (summer). An archaeological site with antique cooper mines, bizarre sand stone formations, a rebuilt tabernacle, Egyptian engravings and the Solomon Pillars. Has some great spots, sights and hikes. ₪49.
* 29.681134.875511 Red Canyon (Wadi Shani) (in the south near the Egypt border, 35 km north of Eilat). daytime. A canyon that illuminates colourfully during the day and looks like a smaller version of the entrance Siq to Petra, just without the concreted path. It is particularly popular during sunset. Great for hiking close to Eilat, with close-by Mount Neshef, a camp ground and a car park. Free.
* 30.009834.79112 Oldest surface on earth. The oldest known remaining land surface on earth, dating to 1.8 million years old, is located approximately here. It was discovered by scientists in 2009. You cannot normally enter the area, as it is a closed military zone.

### Other sites

* 31.04378534.72157313 Kibbutz Revivim (About 25km south of Be'er Sheva). One of the first kibbutzim in the Negev, founded in 1938. In 1947 an international commission visited, and they were so impressed by what they saw that they decided to grant the Negev to Israel in order to "make the desert bloom". Thus, in the 1947 partition plan, the mostly uninhabited Negev was included in the planned borders of the Jewish state. Mitzpeh Revivim, a lookout point with the original kibbutz building, is now a museum worth visiting.
* 30.85200234.78287414 Midreshet Ben Gurion (Midreshet Sde Boker). A large midrasha (educational center) with Institute for Solar Energy Studies, the Ben Gurion Heritage Institute, the tomb of Ben Gurion, Institute for Desert Research, High School for Environmental Education and a pre military Mechinat Hanegev (preparatory program).
* Camel herds, owned by the local Bedouins, can be spotted along the main road before and after the 31.21920235.2489722 junction one third of the way between Arad and Ein Bokek.

## Do
### Hiking

The Negev is full of hiking trails open for the public. Very good and detailed hiking trails maps (in Hebrew) are available in every hiking store in the big cities and in some gas stations (₪90-110). Some areas are defined as national parks and there is an entrance fee of ₪20-35, these areas have all the information needed including maps and guides. Going for an independent hike is free, safe, and sometimes the view is more impressive than in the national parks.
* Ein Saharonim Horseshoe Loop. Distance: 13 km, 4-5 hr. Altitude range: 204 m. Total climb: 244 m. Total descent: 299 m. Grade: easy-medium. Starting on the 30.58601434.8926673 gravel road (12.3 km south of Mitzpe Ramon along route #40), hike towards the 30.59240234.917664 Gevanim Night Camp. From the camp follow the gravel road north for about 100 m until you reach the trail that leads east/right towards the 30.60160434.9378445 Ein Saharonim oasis. Going south from the oasis, just follow the marked trail left around the horse shoe until you have circled it and are back at the oasis. On the way you will see "cave" right underneath a huge rock half way and the 30.60412534.9385276 Mezad Saharonim (Khan Srnim) ruins just before the oasis. Afterwards going south again 30.6020434.937787 before the end of the short oasis, a marked trail lead right/west up to the ridge of 30.5933734.92668 Mt. Saharonim. Down from here you will reach the Gevanim Night Camp again (where you might want to stay) and later, along the same gravel road you came in, the highway #40. Start such that you will finish the trail at the Golden Hour, having a marvellous view from the ridge of Mt. Saharonim into the Ramon Crater. (updated Jun 2021)
* Small Makhtesh Campground to Road 25(red). Distance: 17.7 km, 4-5 hr. Altitude range: 697 m. Total climb: 111 m. Total descent: 762 m. Grade: medium. Starting from the Small Makhtesh Campground (see below), you follow the red waymarked trail east down into the crater and out of the crater. There is another campground just outside of the Makhtesh entrance. Afterwards, the marked trail continues on a dirt road to the north-east, crosses several dry streams and 31.00464935.274519 ends at road 25 The other way is possible as well, but much more exhausting as you will climb the steep wall of the Makhtesh and you will need more water – 5 l are suggested by the park authorities. The hike is good if you are able to get dropped off along the road near the campground (there is a sign indicating the Small Crater), and you are planning to start hiking down the next morning. The roads that go by both campgrounds are small and hitch-hiking can be disappointing. Best to try from road 25, so if you fail, you are not stuck in the middle of nowhere. Also, the drive up the mountain (namely 30.90982935.13251510 Scorpions’ Ascent) is very scenic, but at times it can be accessible only by 4WD cars. Download coordinates: GPX, KML. (updated Jun 2021)
* Makhtesh Ramon Circuit (purple) (Ramon Crater Circuit). Distance: ~100 km, flat only a few climbs. Duration: 3-5 days. Grade: Medium. Recommended: Sun block, water and proper navigation. If you cannot get enough of the region and hiking, you can do this large circuit around Makhtesh Ramon. Download coordinates: GPX, KML.
Being in a nature reserve like the Ramon Crater after dark (except for marked campground) can cost you a fine of ₪700.
    See also: Hiking and backpacking in Israel
    See also: Israel National Trail
    See also: Hiking in the Judaean Desert
The society for the protection of the nature (SPNI) runs cheap hostels, information centers and nature schools around the country and in a few place around the Negev Desert. You can call them during office hours to get information about trails, military areas, weather and recommendation about hiking activities. Usually the staff is nice, patient and helpful.
   * 30.60434.7889484 Har HaNegev Field School (Negev and the Arava plain) (follow signs to the Alpaca Farm, then to Field School), ☏ +972 8 6588615, har@spni.org.il. Comfortable, inexpensive inn rooms. The school also provides tourist information and can conduct guided tours (must be ordered in advance).
   * SPNI Hazeva, ☏ +972 8-6581546, +972 8-6581546, hazeva@spni.org.il.
   * SPNI Eilat, ☏ +972 8-6372021, Eilat_re@spni.org.il.
   * $^{[deadlink]}$ Field school Sde Bocker, ☏ +972 8 6532016.

### Cycling

* Geofun mountain biking, Midreshet Ben Gurion (in the main commercial centre of the village, next to the supermarket), ☏ +972 8-6553350. Desert Cycling Center- Specializing in Negev Bike tours. Guided mountain biking and cross country cycling tours in the Negev region, plus cycle shop, repairs and advice. They arrange tours lasting up to a week which can include all food and accommodation, led by a certified mountain biking guide, Asaf Amichai.

### Other

* Bedouin hospitality. The Bedouin are Arab nomads who live in the deserts of Israel (and surrounding countries). They used to live a fully nomadic lifestyle, but since 1967 they have settling into towns in the northern Negev region. Visit them to experience their hospitality, cooking, rug weaving, and other aspects of their traditional lifestyle.
* Ride a camel. Foreigners often joke about Israelis riding camels everywhere. In fact, not only is Israel a modern country where people use motor vehicles, but camels are not found in much of Israel! However, in rural parts of the Negev, a camel ride can be a fun diversion. You can find camel riding in Sde Boker, Arad, Mamshit (near Dimona), Shaharut, and elsewhere.
* Sandboarding. Surf down the edge of a Negev sand dune near Shivta national park.
* 31.01639534.7615811 Golda Park (close to Kibbutz Revivim). A park with a lake in the middle of the desert, good for picnics. Named after Golda Meir.
* 31.01399934.7593252 Neve Midbar Baths (southeast of Kibbutz Revivim). A modern desert spa facility. Hanging water pipes dump hot spring water on your back with such intensity, it's like shiatsu without the masseuse! Opens till late. ₪45 entrance.
* 31.6108734.758063 Atachlit Ethiopian heritage village, HeHalutz 18, Kiryat Gat. A recreated village where you can experience the heritage of Ethiopian Jewry. Reservations needed.

## Eat and drink

Most of the bigger cities and villages have various drink and eat options.
* Yotvetah, Kibbutz Yotvata. Out-of-this-world ice cream.
* Neot Smadar (Neot Semadar) (Neot Smadar kibbutz). A kibbutz in the south, famous for its winery.

## Sleep
### Campgrounds

The Negev features many free campgrounds, particularly along major hiking routes. Consult a map like OpenStreetMap (which is used by mobile apps like OsmAnd or Mapy.cz) to find them. Many campgrounds are also listed under Mitzpe Ramon.
* 29.6792234.874771 Red Canyon Campground.
* 30.51368934.6087192 Borot Lots Campground (near Mount Ramon, north of the main road). Great and quiet place for free camping. Includes a BBQ, star gazing during the night. It even features places with roof, even though not many, so arrive early if you prefer them.
* 30.93444335.1506843 Small Crater Campground (on the western crater rim). Great location for a start next day down the crater or for finishing the hike up from the highway/along the Israel National Trail and through the crater. There is an army camp nearby (400 m), where you can get water in urgent cases.
* 30.59263234.9180274 Gvanim Stream campsite (From highway 40, between kilometer posts 85-86, turn east on a green dirt road following the sign to Gvanim stream). Identified by a sign and accessible to any car.

### Managed sites

See Sde Boker, Mitzpe Ramon, Eilat and Arad for various other accommodation options.
* 30.82839234.7512465 Chan HaShayarot (Caravan Inn), Rte. 40, between Sde Boker and Mitspe Ramon, ☏ +972 8-653-5777, fax: +972 8-653-5888, Shayarot@netvision.net.il. This traveler's khan (a traditional Middle Eastern inn) consists of a glorious, gigantic and very authentic Bedouin community tent for dinner parties and communal sleeping, plus a group of modern, very simple but bright and clean motel-like private units, for those who may not want to sleep in the tent. The Bedouin tent is an ecological wonder-warm in winter; cool, and catching every possible desert night's breeze in summer. The inn can be a quiet experience of semicamping in the desert, with a simple Bedouin breakfast, lunch, and dinner available; or it might consist of party groups and a Bedouin feast that you can join up with-barbecue, tons of Arabic specialities, plus music and dance. There are central restroom and shower facilities for those who overnight in sleeping bags provided by the Chan in the tent. The Chan also offers a range of activities, including tours with camels and off-road vehicles, mountain biking, and Bedouin entertainment and hospitality day or night. A possible favorite for kids who may be dazzled by the view of the galaxies and falling stars; and a favorite for everyone who will be charmed by the hospitable Bedouin. Call to see what booking conditions will be before making a reservation. ₪450/80/60 double/camping/Bedouin tent + ₪30 for sleeping bag & towel.
* 30.90578834.774076 The Desert Olive Farm, P.O.Box, Halutza 85515, ☏ +972 525583065, +972 525583521 (cell phone), fax: +972 86571533, zitmdbar@zahav.net.il. Interesting idea and location. Group tent ₪120, African hut ₪700, castle suite ₪1200.
* 30.81908734.7245837 The Orlyya Farm, Medreshet Ben Gurion, POB 67, ☏ +972 509800069, orly12s@hotmail.co.il.
* 30.9351135.3797098 Camping Neot, Neot Hakikar (next to Ein Tamar), ☏ +972 52-8991147, +972 52-2456651. They do not rent tents, but have three large “desert igloos” available, with mattresses if required. Otherwise you can just set up your private tent. ₪70/50 adult/child + mattress ₪5.
* 30.93512735.3785479 Shkedi's Camplodge (in Ein Tamar, about 50 km south from Masada), ☏ +972 52 2317371, shkedi.camplodge@gmail.com. Member of ILH. From ₪95 for a mattress in a tent.
* 30.7641335.27848910 $^{[deadlink]}$ Desert Routes Inn (Shvilim), Hatzeva, Arava, ☏ +972 72-3902197, office@shvilimbamidbar.co.il. Sleep “under the stars” in a “Sinai style tent”. They also have AC rooms with tv and private bathroom. Otherwise kitchen, showers, WiFi are available. Part of ILH $^{[deadlink]}$. Dorm bed/mattress from ₪100.
Most of the kibbutzim on Highway 90 have guest houses and offer charming rooms, and meals in their common dining rooms.
* 30.87369534.79312311 Wilderness Guest House (Sde Boker), Midreshet Ben Gurion (Route 40 to Mizpe Ramon), ☏ +972 8 6535087. Family guesthouse in Midreshet Ben Gurion, famous for its canyon and exquisite views. Spacious lounge incl. kitchen, bedroom, large bathroom. Close to Ein Avdat, Ein Ekev. ₪350.

## Stay safe

Nearly all of the Negev is an arid desert which sees rainfall only a few times a year. While winters can be pleasant, with temperatures hovering around 20°C, summers can be fierce with temperatures commonly over 40°C, but in the afternoon and at night there is a comfortable temperature drop. The climate in the Negev is dry, with hardly any humidity. Bring a large amount of water and register your plans at the nearest police station before going offroad for your own safety, as flash floods are likely to happen if rain does fall, and some parts of the Negev serve as the IDF's main training area.
In northern parts of the Negev, car theft is a major problem.
When hiking in the Negev, dehydration can be a major concern, even in winter. Bring at least 1 liter of water per person per hour of hiking, and drink even if you don't feel thirsty. Wear sunscreen - the sun is very bright, and even if you wear a hat it may reflect off the light-colored rocks and onto your face. Furthermore, the following rules should be followed:
* Military zones Some areas (marked in red on the map) are used as military areas and closed to the public most of the time. However, these areas are sometimes open for hikers during Saturdays and national holidays.
* Winter floods When hiking during the winter (October–April), it is mandatory to check the weather before going on a trail. The winter floods phenomenon during the winter in the Negev and Juda Desert is extremely beautiful but deadly at the same time. It is recommended to call every day to the closet SPNI office and ask for the current floods chances.
* Water and sun - The most common death reason among hikers in the desert is dehydration. Make sure you have at least 3-4.5 liters of water per person per day. It is not likely to find drinkable water during the trail. If travelling in the summer, try to avoid walking too much in the sun without a rest in the shade (and shade is rare in the desert). It is recommended to have at least 10 minutes shadow-rest every one hour. During the winter, the sun is not that dangerous and the temperatures are more comfortable. Many of the sparse gas stations in the desert (particularly along route 90 south of the Dead Sea) have signs up stating not to drink their water. It is unclear why the water is unsafe to drink, but they were filtering it and serving it in products for customers (ie: slushies). Therefore, the water is probably not contaminated with heavy metals.
* Camping and sleeping Generally it is allowed to camp anywhere in Israel. If you are hiking in a nature reserve (marked in green in the map) it is allowed to light fire and camp only in certain campsites. Lighting a fire or camping in a restricted area could lead to an expensive fine.

## Go next

* Dead Sea – the highly saline lake and immediate surroundings forming the lowest point on Earth, and it is very famous with tourists coming to Israel or Jordan
* Judaean Desert – great for hiking, for a small part in Israel and most of it being a part of the West Bank, somewhat overlapping the Dead Sea region
* West Bank – most parts of the Judaean Desert lie within the West Bank, most of which, in turn, is part of the Palestinian territories including destinations like Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Jericho and Nablus
* Jordan – in the south near Eilat the border crossing to Aqaba in Jordan can be found