# Izmit

İzmit is an industrial city in the Eastern Marmara region of Turkey, just over 100 km east of Istanbul. It's at the tip of the sword-like Gulf of İzmit, a long inlet of the Sea of Marmara, and in 2021 had a population of 367,990. İzmit is the capital of the province and metropolis of Kocaeli.

## Understand

The first known city hereabouts, from maybe 700 BC, was called Astakos (Ἀστακός), and lay 20 km south, in what is nowadays Başiskele. It was at the tip of the Gulf of Izmit so it was an obvious place to establish a port trading between Anatolia and the Mediterranean. "Astakos" means lobster, so either the fishing was good or it indicated the pincer-like tip of the Sea of Marmara. To the north was the Kingdom of Bithynia bordering the Black Sea: this waged wars to gain Astakos and eventually won a pyrrhic victory. The wrecked town was rebuilt further north in 264 BC by Nicomedes I of Bithynia, who made it his capital and (no doubt after much thought) named it Nicomedia.
By 70 BC Rome had grown into the regional power, and Bithynia sought their aid against foes further east. Aid slid into influence then into colonisation and it became a Roman province. It was important to them as the borderland against even more dangerous foes, the Persians. Nicomedia became one of the four co-capitals of the Roman Tetrarchy until 330 AD when power was centralised in Byzantium, the later Constantinople / Istanbul. The Ottomans took the city in 1337, calling it at first İznikmid: the prefix "Iz" means "towards" so this meant the vicinity of Nicomedia, and eventually got shortened to İzmit.
The city was roiled by several conflicts, the last being the Greek-Turkish War of 1919-22, and by earthquakes. The most terrible recent shock was on 17 Aug 1999, a quake of magnitude 7.6 Mw that killed 17,000 and rendered half a million homeless. Much of Izmit's Ottoman architcture also perished.
The city was rebuilt: it stands on the Istanbul-Ankara transport corridor and has long been industrial. It will never be mistaken for a beach resort: the head of the gulf is lined with commercial and military docks. So you're more likely to come here for business, such as the automobile industry, or passing through.
The climate is oceanic, modified by the overarching Mediterranean zone and low altitude. Summer days are very warm with highs of 28°C, punctuated by occasional thundery downpours; nights are also cooler than nearby Istanbul. Spring and fall are mild and an ideal time to visit (if a business traveller has much choice in the matter), but they have more rain and the nights dip below 0°C as early as November and as late as May. Winters are chilly and wet, and it may snow. At any time of year, the cold gulf waters generate overnight mist which seeps across town in the morning.

## Get in
### By train

YHT fast trains run six times a day from Ankara and three times from Konya, via Eskişehir and Arifiye. From Izmit they continue west to Gebze and the Istanbul stations of Pendik (for SAW airport), Bostancı and Söğütlüçeşme, and once a day further out to Halkalı. The ride from Istanbul takes 70 min and in 2022 a single costs 51 TL.
You can also take the Marmaray suburban train from Istanbul to Gebze and change.
Five regional trains run daily from Gebze to Izmit (40 min), Arifiye and Adapazarı (another 50 min).
Ankara Express runs overnight, leaving Ankara at 22:00 to reach Izmit at 04:30 and central Istanbul at 06:00. The eastbound train departs around 22:50, calls at Izmit at 00:30 and reaches Ankara at 06:45.
40.76229.91771 Izmit railway station is west edge of town centre near the budget accommodation area.

### By bus

Buses run every hour or two from Istanbul Harem, the Asian terminal, taking an hour for a single fare in 2022 of 60 TL. A few start from Istanbul Esenler the European terminal or involve a change at Gebze. The main operator is Efe Tur. From Ankara they operate five buses a day taking 4 hr 15 min. The other bus line is Metro Turizm, with frequent services calling on their way between Istanbul and Ankara.
40.776129.97562 Otogar the main bus station is by the bypass, northeast edge of the city. You need a dolmuş to get to town and it may be included in your ticket, enquire when booking. Otherwise trams also run into the centre and onward to the esplanade.

### By car

D100 from Istanbul into Anatolia runs through the city centre. It's often congested as its course negotiates through town centres and extensive industrial areas.
O-4/E80, a limited-access motorway (toll) tracing the route of D100 to its north, is a better choice.
O-7 extends further north and is the fastest, but also has an accordingly higher toll than O-4/E80.
Under normal traffic conditions, a drive from the Asian Side of Istanbul shouldn't take much longer than an hour.

## Get around

The area of most interest is around the clock tower and within walking distance.
The rest of town sprawls so you need a dolmuş or taxi. Of the two boulevards between clock tower and commercial district, İnönü Cd is one-way westbound while Cumhuriyet Cd is two-way, so look for transport accordingly.
Trams (Akçaray) run on a single line from the bus station in the east through the centre to Seka and the western suburbs.

## See

* The Clock Tower (Saat Kulesi) is in the leafy plaza opposite the railway station, though it now feels cut off by D-100 highway roaring overhead. Built in 1901, it was one of a job-lot of neoclassical clock towers built all across the Empire to mark 25 years of the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1842-1918). He presided over a great expansion of the railways but a collapse of Ottoman power. He was deposed in 1907, and what with fear of assassination and 13 wives to mollify he didn't much get to travel and admire all his clock towers. The Izmit tower stands 16.4 m tall and is prettified with fountains; it was restored in 2006.
* Imperial Pavilion Museum (Kasr-ı Hümayun Saray Müzesi), off İnönü Cd (next to clock tower), ☏ +90 262 322 7554. Tu-Su 09:30-16:30. This was built in the 1860s as a lodge for Sultan Abdulaziz (1830-1876), who much admired Europe and sought a neoclassical bling pavilion in which to pose. He also built up the Turkish navy into a considerable force, but caused the Ottoman Empire to implode financially and militarily. He was deposed and soon afterwards was found in a pool of blood, like a scenario from Cluedo. His successor only lasted 3 months before being deposed then it was Abdul Hamid II's turn. (updated Oct 2022)
* Kocaeli Archaeology and Ethnograpy Museum (İzmit Museum), Istasyon Cd 5 (at railway station), ☏ +90 262 321 2274. Tu-Su 09:00-16:30. This is in the 19th century former railway station, facing the modern TCDD. It re-opened as a museum in 2007 and displays Paleolithic, Hellenic, Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman findings. However some exhibits are being moved to other city museums. Adult 20 TL. (updated Oct 2022)
* Izmit Naval Museum, Oramiral Salim Dervişoğlu Cd (coast next to railway station), ☏ +90 262 323 3383. Tu-Su 11:00-17:00. An old US warship and a submarine have been moored here and converted into a museum of maritime warfare. By prior booking of guided tour. Adult 25 TL. (updated Oct 2022)
* 40.764829.921 Kapanca Sokak is an alley winding up from the clock tower with many preserved or restored traditional Ottoman houses. Finest of these is the Selim Sirri Pasha Mansion, seldom open. Some 50 m east is the House of Atatürk and the National Struggle (Atatürk ve Milli Mücadele Anı Evi), intermittently open.
* 40.768529.91962 Orhan Mosque was built shortly after the Ottoman conquest of 1332, and repaired after subsequent earthquakes. It's a simple low building.
* Fevziye Mosque is 500 m east of the railway station on Cumhuriyet Cd. It was first built in the early 1500s, repaired and rebuilt since, and completely destroyed in the 1999 earthquake so the present building is a replica.
* 40.762729.9313 Pertev Paşa Mosque or "New Mosque" (Yeni Cuma Camii) was built in 1579.
* 40.761129.90974 SEKA Paper Museum, Mehmet Ali Kağıtçı Sk 77, ☏ +90 262 332 5347. Tu-Su 09:00-17:30. Paper-making developed in China around 100 AD, spread to the Middle East in the medieval period and then to the west. It revolutionised the transmission of knowledge and artistry, and shifted power away from Egypt with its papyrus. From the mid-19th century paper was made from wood pulp instead of textile rags, so books and newspapers became cheaper and fostered literacy and democracy. The SEKA paper mill opened in 1936 and closed in 2005. Its mill halls have been converted into a museum of the technology and artistry. (updated Oct 2022)
* Kocaeli Science Museum, Mehmet Ali Kağıtçı Sk 77 (next to paper museum), ☏ +90 262 325 7559. Tu-Su 09:00-17:30. Hands-on science museum suitable for older children. Free. (updated Oct 2022)
* 40.763229.90545 Seka Park Film Set is a collection of mock-up Ottoman buildings. You may be able to stroll around at quiet times, but it's in regular use as a film and TV set, when you'll have to be content with a distant view of extras wearing fezzes and waiting to be melodramatically killed.

## Do

* Beach: the esplanade is alright for strolling, but you wouldn't sit on the shore or venture into the murky water. East at the head of the gulf is industrial. The best of a poor choice is Başiskele south shore of the gulf, though it's stony.
* Football: Kocaelispor$^{[deadlink]}$ were relegated in 2022 so they now play soccer in TFF 2nd League, Turkey's third tier. Their home ground Kocaeli Stadyumu (capacity 34,700) is on Tunaoğlu Cd 5 km east of town centre.

## Buy

* Lots of small supermarkets: Migros and A101 are the main chains, open daily to 22:00.
* Outlet Center and 41 Burda are big retail malls south side of town just beyond Kumla Creek. Its shops are open daily 10:00-22:00.

## Eat

* Pişmaniye is a local confectionery. Likened to cotton candy, it is fine strands of sweetened flour cooked in butter and then rolled up to form a ball shape.
* A cluster of seafood places on the seafront by the railway station include Seka Palmiye, Izmit Yelken Kulubu, Beyaz Yalı, Pehlivan and Izmit Marina$^{[deadlink]}$.
* Near the clock tower are two sushi cafes, Takasushi and Daichi.
* Eat poison, if you're Hannibal the Carthagian general, who rode elephants over the Alps and at one point had Rome at his mercy. Defeated, he sought exile in places that valued his expertise against the Romans, but around 182 BC the Bithynians betrayed him and he took poison rather than be captured.

## Drink

"Bar Street" is a surprising collection of pubs, in the alley off Cumhuriyet Cd 200 east of the clock tower.

## Sleep

    There are two accommodation strips. South edge of town along D100 is budget, and you may have to hold your nose. East along D605 are the pricier business hotels.
* 40.76629.96611 La Flora House Hotel, Dönmez Sk 13, ☏ +90 262 311 5787. Reliable mid-price hotel near intersection of main highways. B&B double 1000 TL. (updated Oct 2022)
* 40.770629.96972 Ramada Plaza, Şehit Ergün Köncü Sk 10, ☏ +90 262 310 1111. Comfort and efficient service at this mid-price chain hotel. B&B double 1500 TL. (updated Oct 2022)
* 40.77829.97063 Business Palas Otel, Şehit Er Güven Sk 25, ☏ +90 262 322 5959. Convenient for highway, mixed reviews for comfort and cleanliness. B&B double 1000 TL. (updated Oct 2022)
* Wes Hotel, Dut Sk 2 (across D100 from Ethnographic Museum), ☏ +90 262 321 4747. Small rooms but clean and convenient. B&B double 1200 TL. (updated Oct 2022)
    Başiskele on the south shore of the gulf is a separate town. You might prefer to stay here if you're driving towards Bursa.
* 40.71529.91874 Tryp by Wyndham İzmit, Liman Cd 88, Başiskele, ☏ +90 262 343 5050. Good smart chain hotel on the coast. B&B double 2000 TL. (updated Oct 2022)

## Connect

İzmit has 4G from all Turkish carriers. As of Oct 2022, 5G has not rolled out in Turkey.

## Go next

* Mount Kartepe 30 km southeast is a winter sports resort. Maşukiye village on its north slopes has grown into a service town, with lots of visitor accommodation and eating places.
* The Tolerance Way$^{[deadlink]}$ is a waymarked hiking trail leading south over the Samanlı Mountains to İznik.
* Eskişehir is the city southeast where you enter the plains of Anatolia.
* Bursa to the southwest is modern, but as the first city captured by the Ottomans it's full of historic sights.
* The gravitational pull of Istanbul, the Turkish Jupiter, will capture you sooner or later.