# Early modern Europe

    See also: History of Europe
The Early modern era is posterity's term for the history of Europe from the end of the Middle Ages in the 15th century, until the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries.
During these few centuries, Europe rose from being an isolated part of the world to global domination.

## Understand

Periodization of history is, by necessity, an abstraction made by posterity. The term early modern came into widespread use only in the 1990s, to include periods which have been known as the Renaissance, the Age of Discovery and the colonial era. In Europe, the early modern period was marked by the rise of Protestant Reformation, centralized empires with mercantilist economy, the bourgeois, the scientific revolution and gunpowder farfare, and those institutions' challenge to the Catholic church and feudal systems based around castles.
As regions of Europe developed differently, the early modern period has no universal year limit. One candidate for the year that ended the Middle Ages would be 1453; as the Hundred Years' War ended, and the Ottoman Empire seized Constantinople with cannons, ending the Byzantine Empire. However, the Italian renaissance had been in full bloom already in the 14th century, and parts of northern and eastern Europe had traits of medieval society for centuries to come.
The Thirty Years War from 1618 to 1648 devastated Central Europe. It was ended by the Westhpalian Treaty established a new norm for international relations, in which all sovereign states should be formally equal regardless of size, and protected from foreign intervention. From this treaty, war became the exception rather than the rule in Europe, facilitating transportation. The Grand Tour became a customary educational journey for young people who could afford to travel, establishing the term tourist. The treaty demoted the previously powerful Holy Roman Empire to a mostly ceremonial entity, and consolidated protestant states' autonomy from the Catholic Church, as well as the rise of the Dutch Empire and the Swedish Empire.
The early modern era is regarded to have ended with the wave of revolutions of the late 17th and early 18th century, including the American, Haitian, French and Bolivarian revolutions, and the industrial revolution. These events challenged the aristocratic monarchies and guild-based mercantilist economies (in which most commerce happened within countries and empires), and saw the rise of constitutional governments with a capitalist and global economy.
The Seven Years War from 1756 to 1763 was arguably the first truly global war, in which a British-led coalition defeated an alliance between France, Spain, Russia and Sweden. Britain established hegemony over both North America and India, marking the zenith of the first British Empire, facilitating the Industrial Revolution and an Anglo-Saxon dominance over the high seas which has persisted until the 21st century. The debts from the war were among the causes for both the American Revolution and the French Revolution, and subsequent revolutions up to the Napoleonic Wars, marking the transition to modern Europe.

## Wars and events

* The Protestant Reformation
* The Napoleonic Wars from 1803 to 1815 marked the transition from early modern to modern Europe

## Exploration and colonisation

* Age of Discovery
* The Voyages of Columbus from 1492 started a period of sustained European colonization of the Americas
* The Magellan-Elcano circumnavigation was the first known journey around the world
* The Cape Route between Europe and Asia was completed in 1498 by Vasco da Gama
* The Atlantic slave trade displaced millions of West Africans to the Americas
* Voyages of James Cook
* Carl Linnaeus tourism
* Early United States history from the first colonies to the Civil War
* Colonial Mexico

## Arts

* Renaissance architecture
* European art
* European classical music

## Empires, regions and entities during the era

* Early modern Britain and Ireland
* Kingdom of France
* Dutch Empire
* Swedish Empire
* Russian Empire
* Ottoman Empire
* Portuguese Empire
* Prussia
* Spanish Empire
* Austro-Hungarian Empire
* Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
* Medieval and Renaissance Italy