# Kootenays

Kootenays is a large region in British Columbia. This area begins at the Alberta border and extends west to the Monashee range of the Columbia Mountains. The area is famed for its laid-back lifestyle and endless outdoor adventure opportunities.

## Regions

* Columbia-Rockies From Revelstoke to the Alberta border along the Trans-Canada Highway.
* East Kootenays Ski resorts and natural hot springs.
* West Kootenays Home of retired hippies and the eccentric Doukhabors.

## Cities

* 49.5136-115.7691 Cranbrook — the Kootenays' largest city
* 49.5-117.2833332 Nelson — "The Queen City" of the Kootenays, renowned for its tourism, culture and outdoor activities
* 50.9981-118.1963 Revelstoke — summer and winter mountain playground
* 51.3019-116.9674 Golden — gateway to the Rockies
* 49.326111-117.6647225 Castlegar — Russian links provided by the Doukhobor sect and a Russian Orthodox chapel
* 49.095-117.716 Trail — home of one of the world's largest operational zinc smelters
* 49.5042-115.0637 Fernie — world-renowned kayaking, mountain-biking, and skiing
* 49.0786-117.7998 Rossland — produced gold mines and gold-medal skiers
* 49.06-116.319 Creston — a vast plain in otherwise mountainous country
* 49.669722-115.977510 Kimberley — quaint European styled chalet village

## Other destinations

* 51.3-117.5191 Glacier National Park — home of Rogers Pass
* 49.3-118.252 Gladstone Provincial Park — camping on Christina Lake
* 49.7833-117.1673 Kokanee Glacier Provincial Park — it still has a glacier and has great hiking in summer and awesome skiing in winter
* 50.8831-116.0494 Kootenay National Park — includes parts of the Kootenay and Park mountain ranges, the Kootenay River and the entirety of the Vermilion River
* 50.944444-115.7416675 Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park — a place of lakes, glaciers, mountain peaks, and alpine meadows
* 51.0858-118.0666 Mount Revelstoke National Park — alpine meadows
* 49.8833-117.5757 Valhalla Provincial Park — you don't have to be a Viking to know this is heaven
* 51.3953-116.4878 Yoho National Park — explore the scenic beauty of Canada's second National Park

## Understand

The name is derived from the Ktunaxa First Nation's quthni, meaning "to travel by water", and indeed this is how the region was explored before the railway arrived. Exploration by river and lake, and commerce facilitated by the large sternwheelers that plied the many large lakes emphasize this point. Virtually untouched until the gold and silver rushes of the mid-1800s, a few settlers who fell in love with the area remained after the fortunes faded, and provided the roots for the communities as they exist today.
In the early days of British Columbia the Kootenays were geographically isolated from the rest of the province. The Canadian Pacific Railway built the Kettle Valley Railway to link the area to Vancouver, and also to waylay any plans of US annexation, an area the Kootenays had stronger physical ties to at the time. The Crowsnest Highway which bisects the region was completed in 1949, further solidifying the link to the rest of the province.
The Kootenays are comprised of several roughly north-south mountain ranges and the valleys between. From east to west there are the Rocky Mountains, Purcell Mountains, and the Selkirk and Monashee ranges of the Columbia Mountains. There are also several very large lakes in this area, the largest of which were formed by hydroelectric dams. Lake Koocanusa, which gets its clever name for the fact it stretches across the international border, was formed by the Libby Dam in Idaho. Kootenay Lake which is about 100 km long with a 35-km western extension to the town of Nelson is a natural lake, though the southern floodplains were diked to reclaim agricultural land. Arrow Lake, (which is divided into north and south portions at the Needles-Fauquier ferry) is almost 200 km long, stretching from Revelstoke to Castlegar. It was formed by the Keenlyside Dam.
Today, this area is comprised of many small towns, and as with most of British Columbia, this area favors travellers looking for natural beauty and outdoor adventure, rather than cosmopolitan cities. It is particularly renowned for alpine skiing, due to the large amounts of snow the area receives, with several large lift-accessed resorts and a booming cat skiing industry.
The climate is generally warm and sunny in the summer, and cold and snowy in the winter. Winter driving conditions can be treacherous at times, so do take caution.

## Talk

The de facto language in this area is English. It might be possible to get official services in French. Signage is bilingual in national parks.

## Get in
### By plane
#### Airports within this region with scheduled commercial flights

* Castlegar (Canadian Rockies International Airport - YXC)
* Cranbrook (West Kootenay Regional Airport - YCG)
* Trail Regional Airport (YZZ)
Castlegar's and Cranbrook's airport at the main airports in the region with flights to Vancouver and Calgary. Castlegar and Trail serve the West Kootenays and Cranbrook serves the East Kootenays. For larger airports, travel to Calgary, Alberta or Spokane, Washington.

### By bus

* Mountain Man Mike's Bus Service (Stops at Pacific Central Station), ☏ +1-778-382-7729, info@mountainmanmikes.ca. Operates bus routes that mostly travel along the Crowsnest Highway (Highway 3) near the southern edge of British Columbia. (updated Mar 2022) Routes include:
** Between Kaslo and Vancouver with stops in Balfour, Nelson, Castlegar, Christina Lake, Grand Forks, Greenwood, Rock Creek, Osoyoos, Keremeos, Princeton, Manning Provincial Park, Hope, Chilliwack, Abbotsford, Langley, and New Westminster. Operates two trips per week per direction.
** Between Calgary and Kaslo with stops in Okotoks, High River, Claresholm, Fort Macleod, Pincher Creek, Sparwood, Fernie, Cranbrook, Creston, Salmo, Nelson, and Balfour. Operates one trip per week per direction.
* Rider Express, toll-free: +1-833-583-3636. Multiple days per week service along the Trans-Canada Highway from between Calgary and Vancouver with stops in Canmore, Banff, Lake Louise, Golden, Revelstoke, Sicamous, Salmon Arm, Sorrento, Chase, Kamloops, Merritt, Hope, Chilliwack, Abbotsford, and Surrey. In Salmon Arm, this service provider offers some trips with timed connections with its route between Salmon Arm and Kelowna. In Calgary, this service provider has routes that reach Edmonton. The service provider also has routes that allow travel as far east as Winnipeg. (updated Apr 2022)
* Silver City Stagelines Limited, support@fritztravels.com. Multiple days per week bus service between Trail and Kelowna with stops in Nelson, Castlegar, Christina Lake, Grand Forks, Greenwood, Midway, and Rock Creek. (updated Mar 2022)

### By boat

Inland Ferries. Operated under contract for British Columbia's Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure, inland ferries are vehicle ferries that connect roads across rivers and lakes. Routes operate throughout the year, but some river ferries may not operate during parts of the Spring due to river conditions. Free. Ferries in this region:
* 50.1076-117.90151 Arrow Park Cable Ferry. Daily 5AM - 12:05PM, 2:15PM - 9:20PM. Crosses the junction between Upper Arrow Lake and Lower Arrow Lake. Located just north of Highway 6, about 22 km south of Nakusp. 5 minutes crossing. Operates on demand.
* 49.3952-117.54432 Glade Cable Ferry. Daily 5AM - 2:20AM. Crosses the Kootenay River. Located just east of Highway 3A, about 22 km west of Nelson. 3 minutes crossing. Operates on demand.
* 49.6096-117.05413 Harrop Cable Ferry. 24/7. Crosses the Kootenay River. Located just south of Highway 3A, about 24 km east of Nelson. 5 minutes crossing. Operates on demand.
* 49.652-116.9124 Kootenay Lake Ferry, Balfour–Kootenay Bay (Highway 3A; 35 km (22 mi) east of Nelson or 81 km (50 mi) north of Creston). Daily first departure: 6:30AM - 7:10AM (Balfour / Kootenay Bay); daily last departure: 9:40PM / 10:20PM (Balfour / Kootenay Bay). This is the longest toll-free ferry in the world. Connects Highway 3A across Kootenay Lake. 35 minutes crossing. Sailings depart from a given side every 1 hour 40 minutes to 1 hour 50 minutes, though this increases for most of the day up to every 40 to 50 minutes during the summer. (updated Aug 2020)
* 49.872778-118.0897225 Needles Ferry, Needles–Fauquier (Highway 6; 59 km (37 mi) south of Nakusp or 135 km (84 mi) east of Vernon (in Okanagan)). Daily first scheduled ferry: 5AM / 5:15PM (Fauquier / Needles); daily last scheduled ferry: 10PM / 9:45PM (Fauquier / Needle); Daily on demand: 10PM - 5AM. Connects Highway 6 across Lower Arrow Lake between Fauquier and Needles. 5 minutes crossing. During scheduled service hours, ferries depart every 30 minutes from a given side. (updated Aug 2020)
* 50.629187-117.8996196 Upper Arrow Lake Ferry, Shelter Bay–Galena Bay (Highway 23; 48 km (30 mi) north of Nakusp or 52 km (32 mi) south of Revelstoke (in Columbia-Rockies)). Daily first departure: 5AM / 5:30AM (Shelter Bay / Galena Bay); Daily last departure: midnight / 12:30AM (Shelter Bay / Galena Bay). Connects Highway 23 across Upper Arrow Lake. 20 minutes crossing. Sailings are depart every 60 minutes from a given side. (updated Aug 2020)

### By car

There are two major east-west highways that the pass through the Kootenays:
* Highway 1 (Trans-Canada Highway) travels east from Vancouver and west from Calgary, passing through the Kootenays towns of Golden and Revelstoke. This is the more northern of the two highways,
* Highway 3 (Crowsnest Highway) travels east from Hope via Osoyoos and west from Lethbridge, passing through the Kootenays towns of Castlegar, Creston, Cranbrook, Fernie, Grand Forks, and Salmo. This highway travels near the border with the United States.
There are several highways that enter the Kootenays heading north from the United States:
* From Washington state by:
** Highway 395 (Washington) / Highway 22 (BC), connecting Spokane via Colville with Highway 3 (Crowsnest Highway) about 18 km east of Grand Forks.
* From Idaho by:
** Highway 95 connecting Coeur d'Alene via Bonners Ferry to Highway 3 (Crowsnest Highway) for travel to Cranbrook.
* From Montana by:
** Highway 93 connecting Missoula via Kalispell to Highway 3 (Crowsnest Highway) for travel to Fernie.

## Get around

The only practical method for touring this area is by road. Car rentals will be available in all major cities. The area is served by an extensive highway network. Highway 3 (Crowsnest Highway) is the major east-west route, traversing the area from the Alberta border to the Okanagan. Highway 6 links the area to the North Okanagan in Vernon, and the Trans-Canada Highway passes through this area from Revelstoke to the Alberta border. North-south routes include Highway 23 which links Revelstoke to Highway 6 in Nakusp, and Highway 95 which links Golden to Cranbrook, and the US border farther south.

### By public transit

BC Transit operates the following bus transit systems in the region:
* Boundary (Grand Forks and Greenwood) - unlike the other systems, this system requires phone reservation
* Columbia Valley (Fairmont Hot Springs, Invermere, and Radium Hot Springs)
* Cranbrook
* Creston
* Elk Valley (Elkford, Fernie, Sparwood)
* Kimberley
* Revelstoke
* West Kootenay (Balfour, Castlegar, Nelson, Rossland, Slocan, and Trail)

## See

* Rogers Pass between Revelstoke and Golden is not to be missed. It receives an incredible 10 m of snow each winter. Located in Glacier National Park.
* A visit to one of the many Hydroelectric Dams in the area can be fascinating and educational.
* A darker side of Canada's history is examined at the Nikkei Internment Memorial Centre, which preserves the stories of the more than 20,000 Japanese-Canadians interned here during the second World War. Located in New Denver.
* Fort Steele is preserved as an 1890s pioneer boomtown. Just north of Cranbrook.
* Rossland's Le Roi Gold Mine and Rossland Museum tell the story of the Kootenay gold rush.
* The Burgess Shale Fossils, Yoho National Park. A UNESCO World Heritage Site that showcases the world's finest Cambrian-aged fossils of soft-bodied marine organisms.

## Do

* Go skiing or snowboarding at Whitewater (Nelson), Red Mountain (Rossland), Fernie Alpine, Kimberley Alpine, Panorama (Invermere), Fairmont, (Fairmont Hot Springs), Kicking Horse, (Golden), or Powder Springs (Revelstoke).
* The area's many provincial and national parks provide no end of opportunities for outdoor enthusiasts. Hiking, mountain biking, and fishing are all popular pastimes in this region.
* Snowmobiling is a popular winter recreation, especially in the Revelstoke area, where competitions and hill-climbs are organized.

## Eat

As with most areas in Canada, there is no real specialty or localized cuisine. It is possible to find food from almost any ethnic background in most communities.

## Drink

One of Canada's favourite beers Kokanee is brewed exclusively in Creston. It would be remiss to visit the area and not try a bottle. There are tours of the brewery available as well. Many cities in the Kootenays have small breweries in town, including Nelson.

## Stay safe

* When skiing or hiking in the backcountry there is always a danger of avalanches. The Canadian Avalanche Association has advisories for this region on their website.

## Go next

* There are nine international border crossings in this region between Canada and the United States. Not all are open 24 hours, enquire locally. In some cases, the busiest crossings are closed overnight, and a less-used one is open 24 hours so that motorists won't have to detour by more than one border crossing location.
* The sun and fun of the Okanagan is due west.