OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Golden Ring

The Golden Ring is a collection of historic Russian cities, northeast of Moscow and southeast of Saint Petersburg. They are close enough to each other that most could be reached from any other in 24 hours (by horse). Their architecture and traditional crafts make them popular for tourism.

## Understand

There is some debate as to which cities constitute the Golden Circle. Soviet officials were not inclined to tolerate such ambiguity, and therefore created an official list: Ivanovo, Kostroma, Pereslavl Zalessky, Rostov Veliky, Sergiev Posad, Suzdal, Vladimir, and Yaroslavl.
Other important stops on the route, however, include Alexandrov, Gus-Khrustalny, Murom, Rybinsk, and Uglich, as well as numerous other small towns and villages.

### History

    See also: Russian Empire, Soviet Union

### Architecture
## Prepare

Since the cities have similar architecture, it is seldom worth visiting them all. Most visitors only make four–six stops. The most fascinating is Suzdal (near Vladimir) and so these two are worth a combined trip. Sergiev Posad is also worthwhile (and easily accessible from Moscow). For those with more time, Yaroslavl may also be worth a visit (perhaps combined with a trip to Sergiev Posad). None of this is to say that any of the destinations included below are not worth seeing—quite the contrary! But it is worth picking and choosing the ones that interest you most.

## Get in

The vast majority of international visitors arrive via Moscow and its big international airports. But you can get to the individual destinations on the circuit with relative ease from any nearby part of Russia—Russia's intercity rail network is extensive and fairly efficient, supplemented by a more confusing and less efficient bus/marshrutka network. For those interested in hitting the path less (far less) beaten, the other possible international point of entry is the airport in Nizhny Novgorod to the east.

## Get around
### Moscow Oblast

* 56.338.1333331 Sergiev Posad.
There is only one major Golden Ring destination in Moscow Oblast, but it is a major one that probably should not be left out of anyone's Golden Ring tour. Sergiev Posad is the center of the Russian Orthodox Church, centered in the incredible Sergiev Posad Monastery.

### Vladimir Oblast

* 56.39805438.7369612 Alexandrov.
* Gus-Khrustalny
* Murom
* 56.42111140.4488893 Suzdal.
* 56.12861140.4058334 Vladimir.

### Yaroslavl Oblast

* 56.73813338.8561535 Pereslavl Zalessky.
* 57.18333339.4166676 Rostov Veliky.
* Rybinsk
* 57.53333338.3333337 Uglich.
* 57.61666739.858 Yaroslavl.

### Ivanovo Oblast

* 57419 Ivanovo.
* Plyos.

### Kostroma Oblast

* 57.76805640.92694410 Kostroma.

## See also

* The Silver Ring is a similar set of historic towns, monasteries, and museums around St Petersburg.
# Aqqala

Aqqala is a city of 35,000 people (2016) in northern Iran, 20 km north of the larger city of Gorgan.

## See

* 37.012254.455351 Aqqala Bridge. The bridge was constructed in the 9th century with repairs being made later during the Safavid dynasty. (updated Jun 2017)
* Mubarakabad Fort (former name of Aq Qala) is an old castle that is now ruined. Only the southern walls and a little from the north wall to its south are left.
* 37.07038254.0765522 Gorgan Great Wall (or the Great Wall of Alexander, دیوار بزرگ گرگان). The remains of a 200-km wall run several kilometers north of the town from Gomishan east to the Golidagh mountains. It is believed to have been built in the 6th century CE.

## Buy

The city market is held on Thursday. Local Turkmen people self crafts such as rugs and carpets.
# Dungog

Dungog is at one of the two northern terminuses of the Hunter Line (and thus the NSW TrainLink Intercity network) in the Hunter region of New South Wales, with a population of a little over 2,000.
The town also serves as a base for exploring the Central section of Barrington Tops National Park.

## Understand

* Visit Dungog tourism website

## Get in
### By train

-32.401836151.7594771 Dungog Station is on the northern fringe of NSW TrainLink's Intercity network on the Hunter Line ( HUN ). There are five trains per day departing from Newcastle Interchange via Maitland at roughly around 3- to 4-hour intervals on weekdays and three on weekends. The timetable is here.
The Intercity network is a commuter rail line providing service to Newcastle in the morning and back to Dungog in the afternoon. Services are infrequent, unreliable and long, often inconvenient for most travellers.
Being on the main rail line between Sydney and Brisbane, it is also possible to catch infrequent trains from places like Casino, Coffs Harbour, Taree and other points in between. There are usually 3 booked NSW TrainLink trains each way every day.

### By car

From Raymond Terrace, an exurb of Newcastle, use Seaham Road to Seaham and then head north onto Clarence Town Road until Dungog. From Maitland, use the same road but it is marked as Paterson Rd through Maitland. The drive takes 40–50 minutes from Raymond Terrace or Maitland.

## See

* -32.4043151.75741 Dungog Museum, 105 Dowling St, ☏ +61 2 4992 2094. W 10AM–2:30PM, Sa 10AM–2PM. The town museum with its primary focus being (unsurprisingly) local history. (updated Sep 2023)

## Eat

* -32.4025151.75721 The Barn Dungog, 172 Dowling St, ☏ +61 2 4992 2292. F–Tu 8AM–3PM. (updated Nov 2023)
* -32.4035151.75712 The Long Room, 122 Dowling St, ☏ +61 2 4992 1787. M–F 7:30AM–2:30PM, Sa 7:30AM–12:30PM. (updated Sep 2023)
* -32.4015151.7583 Stella Bistro, 205 Dowling St, ☏ +61 2 4992 3272, bonjour@stellabistro.com.au. Daily noon–3PM, F Sa 6–9:30PM (in addition to lunch). (updated Sep 2023)
* -32.4025151.75724 Dungog Pizza, 254-260 Dowling St, ☏ +61 2 4992 2205. Tu–Su 10:30AM–8:30PM. (updated Feb 2024)

## Drink

* Tinshed Brewery, 109 Dowling St. Th-Sa 11AM-8PM, Su 11AM-6PM. (updated Oct 2024)

## Sleep

* -32.4049151.75671 Royal Hotel Dungog, 80 Dowling St, ☏ +61 418 443 398, frontoffice@dungogroyalhotel.com.au. The town's main hotel with a restaurant and bar. (updated Sep 2023)
* -32.4024151.75782 Tall Timbers Motel, 167 Dowling St, ☏ +61 2 4992 1547, stay@talltimbersmotel.com.au. Check-in: 2PM, check-out: 10AM. 250 metres from the train station and very close to the shops and cafes. (updated Feb 2024)
# Grado

    For the article on the city in Spain, see Grado (Spain)
Grado is a seaside town in province Gorizia of Friuli-Venezia Giulia Italy.

## Get in
### By train

The Cervignano train station is 16 km from Grado. You can get there by taxi or the APT bus, which arrives at the bus station in Grado's center. Here you can also find buses to/from Udine, Trieste, Monfalcone, Gorizia and the Ronchi dei Legionari Airport.

### By plane

From Trieste's Friuli-Venezia Giulia - Ronchi dei Legionari airport, 18 km away, take a taxi or the APT bus to the Grado bus station.

### By car

From highway A4 Venezia-Trieste and highway A23 Tarvisio-Udine, at 28 km, take the Palmanova exit and continue towards Cervignano, Aquileia and Grado. You will arrive at Grado's main intersection. At the bridge to Schiusa Island on your left, go a few hundred meters.

### By boat

During the summer, TPL FVG operates motor boat vessels connecting Grado with Trieste or Lignano. Information about the service can be found on the boat services page on TPL FVG's website.

## See

In Grado, there are frequent finds of inscriptions, sarcophagi, marble sculpture and small bronzes that once furnished its villas.
* Basilica di Santa Maria delle Grazie
* Basilica di Sant'Eufemia, Battistero e Lapidario
* Piazza Biagio Marin
* Santuario Mariano di Barbana
* Parco Termale Aquatico

## Eat

* Ai Ciodi (All'Isola di Anfora). (updated Jul 2017)
* De Toni, Piazza Duca d'Aosta 37, ☏ +39 0431 80104. (updated Jul 2017)
* $^{[deadlink]}$ Agli Artisti, Campiello Porta Grande 2, ☏ +39 0431 83081. (updated Jul 2017)
* $^{[deadlink]}$ Al Canevon, Calle Corbatto 11, ☏ +39 0431 81662. (updated Jul 2017)
* $^{[deadlink]}$ Osteria da Sandra, Piazza Duca d'Aosta 27, ☏ +39 0431 80529. (updated Jul 2017)
* Tavernetta all'Androna, Calle Porta Piccola 6, ☏ +39 0431 81256. (updated Jul 2017)

## Sleep
### Budget

* 45.67866113.3953171 $^{[formerlydeadlink]}$ Hotel Friuli, Riva U. Foscolo, 14, ☏ +39 0431 80841, info@hotelhannover.com. 3 star hotel with restaurant.
* Hotel Hannover, Piazza XXVI Maggio 10, ☏ +39 0431 82264, fax: +39 0431 82141, info@hotelhannover.com.
* Alla Spiaggia, Via Mazzini, 2, ☏ +39 0431 80162. (updated Jul 2017)
* Caneo, Strada del Caneo (Punta Sdobba (Fossalon)), ☏ +39 0431 884422. (updated Jul 2017)
* Camping Villaggio, Ca' Laguna, ☏ +39 0431 877145. (updated Jul 2017)
* Camping Punta Spin, Via Monfalcone, ☏ +39 0431 80732. (updated Jul 2017)
* Villaggio Europa Punta Spin, Via Monfalcone 12, ☏ +39 0431 80877. (updated Jul 2017)

### Splurge

* Hotel Laguna Palace, Riva Brioni, 17, ☏ +39 0431 85612, info@lagunapalacehotel.it. 4 star hotel facing the Grado lagoon.

## Go next

* Aquileia
* Monfalcone
* Cervignano del Friuli
* Duino-Aurisina
* Sagrado Redipuglia
* Palmanova
* Lignano Sabbiadoro
* Marano Lagunare
* Gradisca d'Isonzo
* Gorizia
* Cormons
* Latisana
# Chikugo

Chikugo (筑後市) is in Fukuoka, Japan.

## See

* Koiki Shrine (恋木神社). A shrine built in 1226 by Michizane Sugawara to console himself after having to leave his wife and child in the capital. The shrine contains the oldest known stone carvings of a married couple in Japan and its known today for the stone heart on its torii gate. (updated Nov 2024)

## Do
### Funagoya Onsen

Funagoya Onsen (船小屋温泉) is said to have been built in the early 1800s after a man with an incurable disease tried to commit suicide in the hot waters but instead was cured. Since then, it is distinguished as being the onsen with the highest concentration of iron in a carbonated spring in Japan. The poet Natsume Soseki came here and wrote a poem about it, as well as Emperor Showa.
* Koibotaru Onsenkan (恋ぼたる温泉館). 10：00-21：00. ¥600. (updated Nov 2024)
# Diffa

Diffa is a city of 48,000 people (2011) in Southern Niger. Diffa sits on the north bank of the Komadougou Yobe river; the river's seasonal floodplain lies immediately to the south and east. Much of the riverbank is lined with gardens and small allotments which grow the town's well-known red peppers.

## Understand

The town is bisected in an arc by the Route Nationale 1 road; the eastern part of town is centred on the Grand Marché, which also acts as the transport hub for the city.
Diffa has a hot climate with a wet and dry season.

## Get in

Diffa marks the eastern end of the paved section of Route Nationale 1, the main east-west highway across Niger, although the section between Zinder and Diffa is only partially paved in places. RN1 continues north to N'guigmi more than 100 km. Maïné-Soroa, the other major town of the Region, lies less than 100 km to the west of Diffa. The border with Nigeria, at the Nigerian town of Duji, is 5.5 km to the south of Diffa.
* 13.37222212.6251 Diffa Airport (north of the town). Niger Airlines flew from Niamey until Nov 2022, when it suspended operations. (updated Feb 2023)

## See

* 13.319212.61481 Great Mosque of Diffa. (updated Feb 2021)

## Do

* A traditional wrestling arena is located to the northeast of the Grand Marché. Diffa Stadium can be found west of the RN1.

## Buy

* 13.3129812.616291 Central Market. (updated Mar 2019)

## Eat

* Taba Kadji Restaurant, ☏ +227 96 42 24 76. (updated Aug 2018)
* Boula Toura, ☏ +227 96 27 89 13. (updated Aug 2018)

## Sleep

* 13.3125612.590351 Complexe Hôtelière Du 18 Décembre, ☏ +227 90 90 92 86. (updated Aug 2018)

## Go next

* Zinder
* Niamey
* Maradi
* Agadez
# Kaprun

Kaprun is a town in the Zell am See district of Salzburg, Austria.
Kaprun is best known internationally for its remarkable mountain railways. One of them is Glacial Aerial Tramway Kaprun III, the third section of the aerial tramway up to 47.18805612.68751 Kitzsteinhorn mountain . It runs over a 113.6-m-tall support pillar, the tallest support pillar of any aerial tramway in the world.

## Understand

Kaprun's cutting-edge mountain transportation technology has been overshadowed by the Kaprun Disaster since 2000, when a funicular train caught fire inside the Kitzsteinhorn in the middle of the 3.3-km-long tunnel. 155 skiers and staff perished in the flames and smoke, and the tunnel has remained closed ever since. There is a 47.2285512.727091 memorial at the former base station of the funicular.

### History

A settlement named Chataprunnin, derived from the Celtic word for whitewater (referring to Kaprun's many white water streams), was first mentioned by the Duchy of Bavaria in 931. Since the 20th century, Kaprun has been a popular ski resort, with thousands of skiers flocking to the town every winter to challenge the slopes of the Kitzsteinhorn.

### Climate

Kaprun has an Alpine climate with cold winters and wet summers. In winter, most of the precipitation falls as snow, giving the town a picturesque white cover.

## See

* 47.274412.7712 Kaprun Castle (Burg Kaprun), Schloßstraße 55. (updated Sep 2018)
* 47.2724412.766233 Vötter's Oldtimer Museum, Rosbachstraße, info@oldtimer-museum.at. (updated Sep 2018)

## Sleep

* Pension Rieder, Häuslhofstraße 28, ☏ +43 65478688. Pension Rieder. Very nice, high-standard, 3-star boarding house near the centre. It has internal wellness area with infrared cabin, Finnish organic-sauna, steam bath, rest room and fitness area. Also table tennis (in- and outdoor), and carboard.
* Landhotel Sonnblick, Schloss-Strasse 14, ☏ +43 6547 8301, sonnblick@landhotels.at.

## Connect

Tourist office hours: Monday to Friday: 09:00-18:00, Saturday: 09:00-12:00.

## Go next

* Zell am See
* Hohe Tauern National Park with the Grossglockner High Alpine Road.
* Heiligenblut
# Tomioka (Fukushima)

Tomioka (富岡) is a town of about 1300 inhabitants in Fukushima prefecture, just off the Japanese east coast. These days its claim to fame, or maybe infamy is the nearby Fukushima nuclear power plant damaged by the massive 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

## Understand
### Tourist information site

The local tourist association has a Japanese-only guide site.

## Get in
### By train

There are local trains from Ueno, Sendai and Iwaki.

## See

* Hayama Shrine. The town's main Shinto shrine, also known as Number 33, the thirty-third shrine in a pilgrimage route that goes across Japan.
* 37.3407141.0141 TEPCO Decomissioning Archive Center, 3-chome−５８−378. The 2011 Fukushima nuclear power plant disaster happened just north of Tomioka. The plant and surroundings are unsurprisingly off-limits to visitors, but the plant operator maintains a documentation center in town where you can learn about the plant, disaster and the aftermath. (updated Nov 2024)

## Sleep

* 37.33604141.021161 Tomioka Hotel (1 min from JR Tomioka station), ☏ +81 240-22-1180, fax: +81 240-22-1182, info@tomiokahotel.jp. Modern hotel with luxury amenities, view over the ocean from the rooms, and parking lot in front of the hotel. The train station is right next door. (updated May 2019)
* 37.35156141.018812 Hojinkan Hotel (ホテル蓬人館), 〒979-1111, Tomioka, ☏ +81 240-23-7728. Western style hotel with large parking lot, spa, karaoke room, and fitness facilities. Not easily reachable with public transport, so a taxi might be necessary. Wifi SSID: Hojinkanhotel, password: hojinkan. ¥10000 per night. (updated May 2019)
# Western El Salvador

Western El Salvador is a region of El Salvador. It is mostly rural with colonial mountain villages, coffee plantations, and towering volcanoes.

## Cities

* 13.698964-89.1914281 San Salvador
* 13.589767-89.8297642 Acajutla
* 13.923389-89.8462943 Ahuachapan
* 13.858822-89.8039814 Apaneca
* 14.041356-88.9394115 Chalatenango
* 13.494411-89.4400766 El Zonte
* 13.843197-89.7464757 Juayúa
* 13.488806-89.3191428 La Libertad
* 13.779189-89.7372979 Nahuizalco
* 13.829922-89.75756710 Salcoatitán
* 13.959058-88.97201111 San Luis del Carmen
* 13.994744-89.55660812 Santa Ana
* 13.674269-89.28804413 Santa Tecla
* 13.720614-89.72748614 Sonsonate
* 13.936722-89.02593315 Suchitoto

## Other destinations

* 13.981206-89.1650691 Cihuatán - large Mayan archaeological site
* 13.733333-89.2833332 El Boqueron National Park - site of San Salvador Volcano
* 13.82044-89.647033 Los Volcanes National Park - park with two volcanoes
* 13.841667-89.95754 El Imposible National Park - mountain scenery, wildlife, seclusion
* 13.827494-89.3561585 Joya de Ceren - Mayan village covered by volcanic lava flow, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
* 14.39-89.396 Montecristo National Park - mountain rainforests, part of a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve
* 14.2675-90.46977 San Diego and San Felipe Las Barras National Park
* 14.383333-89.1166678 Cerro El Pital - highest mountain in El Salvador
* 13.979556-89.6744179 Tazumal - Mayan archaeological site

## Itineraries

* Ruta de las Flores

## Understand

This region is bounded by Guatemala to the West, Honduras to the East and the Pacific Ocean to the South. It includes the departments of Ahuachapán, Cabañas, Chalatenango, Cuscatlán, La Libertad, La Paz, San Salvador, Santa Ana, and Usulután.
This is a mountainous region with many volcanoes. It is encompassed in a region that geologists refer to as the Central America Volcanic Arc, which stretches along the Pacific Coast of Central America from Mexico to Panama. Several of the volcanoes are popular backcountry areas for hikers and naturalists and are accessible via national parks in the region.

## Get in

San Salvador international airport (SAL) is the main gateway to the region with a number of flights to destinations in Central and North America as well as some destinations in Europe. The modern airport is a focus destination for Volaris and a hub for Avianca. It's location in the middle of Central American makes it an ideal transfer point to cities throughout the region as well as to major hubs in North and South America.

## Go next

* Eastern El Salvador
* Honduras
* Guatemala
# Rochelle

    For the French city, see La Rochelle.
Rochelle is a city in the Rock River Valley area of Northern Illinois. The population was 9,424 at the 2000 census. As of the 2005 estimate, the population had risen to 9,712. It is known as the "Hub City" because of its location at the intersection of several major transportation routes, including both roadways (I-39 and I-88, Historic Lincoln Highway) and railways (The Union Pacific Railroad and BNSF Railway mainlines).

## Get in

Interstate 39 goes north-south just east of the city, with exit 99 the best for accessibility.

## See

* Rochelle Railroad Park, 124 North 9th Street. The town's main attraction is this park where the Burlington Northern Santa Fe and Union Pacific freight train lines cross. A platform with many picnic tables provides a great observation point, and there are several other small train engines on display, and easy parking. There's also a gift shop and radio to listen on train engine conversations.

## Buy

* Rochelle Railroad Park Gift Shop, ☏ +1 815-561-1231. Much railroad magazines, videos, DVDs, and models.

## Eat

A number of fast food options cluster near the interstate exit 99.

## Sleep

* AmeriHost Inn, 567 E Il Route 38, ☏ +1 815 562-9530.
* Super 8 Motel Rochelle, 601 E. Hwy 38, ☏ +1 815 562-2468.
* Holiday Inn Express, 1240 S Dement Rd, ☏ +1 815 562-9994. Check-in: 3PM, check-out: 11AM. Off I-39 at Exit 99 and 30 miles south of Rockford. Free hot breakfast, WiFi, Pool and Fitness Center open all day, coffee makers, hairdryers, iron and ironing board, and ergonomic desk chairs.
* Comfort Inn and Suites Rochelle, 1133 N 7th St., ☏ +1 815-562-5551. Check-in: 4PM, check-out: 11AM. Fitness centers, WiFi, breakfast and Rochelle getaway specials. 1) Water Park Package: $149.95 USD per night, 2) Stay and Play Package: $169.95 USD per night.

## Go next

On Interstate 39 to the north is the city of Rockford, and the scenic Starved Rock State Park is to the south. Chicago can also be reached by various interstate combinations to the east.
# Chesterton (Indiana)

Chesterton is a small town in Northwestern Indiana, home to the headquarters of the South Shore Railroad.

## Sleep

* DunesWalk Inn at the Furness Mansion, 1491 N. Furnleigh Lane, ☏ +1 219-728-6393. Check-in: 2 pm, check-out: 10 am. Set in a 132-year-old mansion only three minutes from the beach, this boutique inn pairs modern amenities with historic touches. It's a luxurious escape for a romantic getaway as well as a family-friendly vacation rental. starting $125/nt.

## Go next

Gary- 80 West. About 45 to 75 minutes away.
Kalamazoo- 94 East. About 2 1/2 hours away.
South Bend- About 2-3 hours away.
# Birao

Birao is a remote and out of the way place in the very north of the Central African Republic. It is close to the Chad and Sudan border so there is some trade going on but mostly the place suffers from lack of government attention and money.

## Understand

In March 2007, the town was almost completely burnt down in the fighting between rebels and government troops in the area.

### Climate

Birao is hot to sweltering throughout the year, with every month having an average maximum over 30 °C or 86 °F. The period before the wet season breaks in March and April sees average maxima reach 39.7 °C or 103.5 °F. The wet season lasts from May to September, peaking in July and August, and is cooler by day than the long dry season but just as uncomfortable due to the higher humidity.

## Get in

Birao is 45 km from the border with Sudan and 60 km from that of Chad. The city is also 150 km north of Ouanda Djallé and above all 300 km from Nyala, the nearest major city. (Birao is 1,000 km from Bangui and from N'Djamena, and 1,600 km from Khartoum.
The airstrip is no longer usable, but 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south of Birao - just where the laterite soil turns into sand - there is a big airstrip, so connection with the capital Bangui is a matter of hours. However, fuel for the airplanes is rare (often months on end not available) and very costly.
# North Burkina Faso

North Burkina Faso is the Sahelian region of Burkina Faso, along the border of Mali and Niger.

## Cities

* 13.7169-0.17541 Bani – known for its seven clay mosques
* 13.116667-1.62 Bokin
* 14.1-1.6333333 Djibo — an important market for cattle, sheep, goats
* 14.03277-0.034834 Dori — a good place to buy Dori blankets, Touareg silver, and tailored clothes
* 14.444581-0.2345415 Gorom-Gorom — a convenient base for travelling to culturally interesting, colorful, remote, exotic villages and sites in Oudalan
* 13.083333-1.0833336 Kaya — the leather capital of Burkina
* 13.583333-2.4166677 Ouahigouya — the one large city in the region, and the final major city in Burkina on the route to Mali
* 12.966667-2.2666678 Yako — the birthplace of Burkina Faso's former president Thomas Sankara

## Other destinations

* 14.7075-0.2930561 Sylvo-Pastoral and Partial Faunal Reserve of the Sahel — it has several temporary lakes that are important for migratory birds

## Get in

Ouahigouya is the point of arrival for those coming from Mali, and has frequent buses from Ouagadougou.

## See
### Ancient ferrous metallurgy sites

Five sites with ancient iron mines and furnaces around Burkina Faso have been listed as a world heritage site. Three of them are in North Burkina Faso (the other two are in the Black Volta Region):
* 13.087814-1.14471 Tiwêga Site (west of Kaya). (updated Jul 2019)
* 12.821978-1.3010312 Yamané Site (between Mané and Ziniaré). (updated Jul 2019)
* 13.234806-2.1809443 Kindibo Site (east of Gourcy). (updated Jul 2019)