# Natchez Trace Parkway

The Natchez Trace is a 444-mile-long (715 km) national parkway that runs from Nashville in Central Tennessee to the town of Natchez in Mississippi. The route has been in use from pre-Colonial times and includes exceptional scenery, Indian burial mounds, overlooks, hiking trails, nature exhibits, and sites of historic interest. There are no commercial vehicles allowed on the road, making the route a laid-back journey through the Southeast. Although its length is impressive, the park averages only 800 feet (about 240 m) in width.

## Understand
### History

    See also: Indigenous cultures of North America, Early United States history
The parkway follows the old Natchez trace from Natchez to Nashville. The trace originated as a footpath used by Native Americans and early explorers to travel across the region. In the late 1700s, the route was heavily used by Ohio Valley farmers, who floated their goods down the Mississippi, sold their flatboats for lumber, and then returned home on foot. These "Kaintucks" often walked the trace's approximately 500-mile (800-km) distance in just 30 days. By 1820, over 20 "stands" (inns) were located along the route to cater to the increasing traffic.

### Landscape

The Natchez Trace Parkway is a haven of biodiversity because it traverses a variety of ecosystems that possess an amazing array of natural features. The southern portion of the park features bayous and swamps situated in the floodplains of meandering rivers. Man-made impoundments of flowing watercourses have created small ponds and massive lakes with miles of shoreline. As the park rises in elevation, outcrops of limestone become apparent, some of which contain caves and fossils. Limestone is also the parent material underlying the park's remnant prairies. The natural features most readily visible, however, are the vast tracts of eastern deciduous forest lining the parkway motor road.

### Flora and fauna

As a 444-mile-long National Parkway, the Natchez Trace Parkway provides a safe corridor for wildlife to move between neighboring national forests, state parks, and other public lands. While traveling on the parkway, visitors may see mammals on the move, especially around dawn and dusk. Deer are quite common, but a lucky traveler may have a chance to see a coyote, fox, or armadillo. While black bear have been confirmed on the parkway, a bear sighting is extremely rare.
Several of the parkway's pull-offs are noted for their quality birding opportunities. Wading birds such as great blue herons, great egrets and double-crested cormorants can be seen from the Ross Barnett Reservoir, Ten-Tom Waterway, or Colbert Ferry. Songbirds such as buntings, cardinals, cedar waxwings and scarlet tanagers are commonly seen from the Rocky Springs, Jeff Busby, Witch Dance, Donivan Slough, and Meriwether Lewis nature trails. Raptors such as bald eagles, red-tailed hawks, Mississippi kites, and kestrels have been seen in the skies at Chickasaw Village, Pharr Mounds, Water Valley Overlook and Birdsong Hollow. The parkway's grasslands are home to killdeer, whip-poor-wills, and the Northern bobwhite. Hundreds of people visit Rock Spring every fall to witness the ruby-throated hummingbirds feasting on jewelweed nectar. Featured on the North Alabama Birding Trail, both Rock Spring and Colbert Ferry provide excellent birding opportunities throughout the year. In addition, turkey, Canada geese, vultures, and hawks are often visible while driving.
Fifteen species of frogs, from big bullfrogs to stealthy leopard frogs, are known to live within the woods and wetlands preserved along the parkway. Newts and salamanders are plentiful within the park as well. Note that the park's amphibians are very vulnerable to traffic, particularly south of Interstate 20 in Mississippi, and frequently try to cross the parkway between December and March in an attempt to reach their breeding pools; please obey posted speed limits to protect them.
The parkway is home to over 40 different species of reptiles, including alligators, turtles and snakes. While reptiles may not be as easy to spot as many of the mammal species of the parkway, there are opportunities to see alligators at Cypress Swamp, or turtles along the numerous creeks and streams along the Natchez Trace Parkway. There are 25 species of snakes that live along the parkway, with only three of them being venomous (Southern copperhead, Western cottonmouth, and Canebrake rattlesnake). While the chance of seeing a venomous snake is rare, visitors are encouraged to use caution when hiking and picnicking along the Parkway.
The Natchez Trace Parkway contains a huge and diverse array of plant species by virtue of it being a 444-mile-long park oriented in a generally north-south direction. This enables it to contain representative habitat from four ecosystem provinces: the eastern broadleaf forest at the northern end of the park is dominated by hickory and oak species, while the lower Mississippi riverine forest at the opposite terminus features beech and oak species adapted to warmer conditions. In between the two extremes lie the outer coastal plain mixed forest and the southeastern mixed forest, both of which contain more of a pine and hardwood mix. Add to this diverse array of ecoregions the fact that the parkway traverses eight major watersheds, and it is not surprising that nearly 2,200 plant species have been documented in the park. More will surely follow as additional studies are completed. But while this diversity of species is impressive, more readily apparent is the ever-changing beauty of the park's vegetation, whether it be the flowers of spring, the lush greenery of summer, or the magnificent fall colors of autumn.

### Climate

In the summer, expect hot and humid weather throughout the length of the parkway, high temperatures typically in the 90s (F, i.e. above 32°C). In the winter, because the parkway spans 444 miles north and south, conditions vary greatly. Expect very mild winters near Natchez with only occasional freezing. In Tennessee, snow and icy bridges are common. Spring and fall are very pleasant.

## Fees and permits

There are no fees for entering the parkway, nor for any of the visitor centers, exhibits, or campgrounds along the route.

## Prepare

There is no food or gas located on the parkway itself, but over its 444 mile length there are numerous options to exit the parkway and make use of services in the many towns located within a short drive of the parkway.

## Get in

The combination of low speed limits and no commercial traffic makes for a very relaxing and enjoyable drive - popular with bicyclists, motorcyclists, and motorists. The route is fairly unique in that a motorist can travel the 444-mile length without seeing commercial buildings, traffic lights, or many other signs of the modern world. Rangers enforce the 50 mph speed limit, so the journey is at a slower pace than on most modern roads.

## Drive

The parkway mileposts start at Natchez (milepost 0) and end near Nashville at milepost 444.

### Tennessee

* 36.0343-86.9761 444.0 Northern Terminus. Intersection with Tennessee 100.
* 35.986-86.992 438.0 Birdsong Hollow. Completed in 1994, this double-arched bridge received the Presidential Award for Design Excellence in 1995.
* 35.8762-87.03463 427.6 Garrison Creek. Named for a nearby 1801-02 Army post. The area is a trailhead for horseback riders and hikers.
* 35.876-87.0294 426.3 Old Trace. The U.S. Army cleared this section in 1801-02 and continued southward with consent of the Chickasaw Nation.
* 35.86-87.0455 425.4 Burns Branch.
* 35.842-87.0596 423.9 Tennessee Valley Divide. When Tennessee joined the Union in 1796 this was the boundary between the United States to the north and the Chickasaw Nation to the south.
* 35.743-87.2057 411.8 Water Valley Overlook.
* 35.703-87.268 407.7 Gordon House Historic Site. From 1801 until traffic on the trace declined, the Gordons ran a ferry across Duck River here. The house was built about 1818.
* 35.697-87.2829 405.1 Baker Bluff Overlook.
* 35.693-87.29910 404.7 Jackson Falls. Named for Andrew Jackson, the falls are on the intermittent Jackson Branch that empties into Duck River.
* 35.691-87.3211 403.7 Old Trace. Take a pleasant walk on a 2000-foot section of the original trace.
* 35.665-87.32312 401.4 Tobacco Farm. Exhibits explain tobacco growing. A two-mile drive along the old trace begins here. The road is not accessible for travel trailers or low-clearance vehicles.
* 35.657-87.33213 400.2 Sheboss Place. A stand (inn) stood here. The Widow Cranfield operated this inn with her second husband, an Indian who spoke little English. According to legend, the inn was named by the husband's habit of answering all traveler's questions by pointing to his wife and saying "She boss".
* 35.625-87.38814 397.4 Old Trace. Here the trace marked the boundary of Chickasaw lands ceded to the United States in 1805 and 1816.
* 35.594-87.41215 394.0 Devils Backbone State Natural Area. Not accessible for RVs.
* 35.587-87.42516 392.5 Swan View Overlook.
* 35.581-87.42917 391.9 Fall Hollow. This stop offers a short walk to a waterfall.
* 35.572-87.42818 390.7 Phosphate Mine. A short hike leads to an old phosphate mine.
* 35.52-87.45219 385.9 Meriwether Lewis. The co-leader of the Lewis & Clark expedition is buried here, having died unexpectedly on his way to Washington. Campground, picnic area, ranger station.
* 35.474-87.4720 382.8 Metal Ford. Travelers crossed the Buffalo River here; the remnants of an ironworks and McLish's stand are nearby.
* 35.442-87.47621 381.8 Napier Mine. Miners worked this open pit mine in the 1800s.
* 35.407-87.51822 377.8 Jacks Branch. Picnic area and restrooms.
* 35.39-87.52923 375.8 Old Trace Drive. A 2.5 mile long road follows the original trace route. Not for travel trailers.
* 35.29-87.60224 367.3 Dogwood Mudhole. The often impassable mudhole provided an obstacle for early travelers and lies a mile south of this location.
* 35.269-87.61725 364.5 Glenwood Branch. Picnic area, restrooms.
* 35.256-87.63326 363.0 Sweetwater Branch. A 20-minute self-guiding trail follows this fast-flowing stream; seasonal wildflowers.
* 35.148-87.74327 352.9 McGlamery Stand. Village bears the name of the stand that stood nearby.
* 35.117-87.76528 350.5 Sunken Trace. Three sections of the original road show how the route was relocated to avoid mudholes.
* 35.088-87.79429 346.2 Holly. Picnic area.
* 35.052-87.81930 343.5 Cypress Creek. Picnic area.
* 35.006-87.82331 341.8 Tennessee-Alabama state line.

### Alabama

* 34.869-87.89732 330.2 Rock Spring. A walk on this trail along Colbert Creek takes about twenty minutes. In the fall this is an excellent place to see ruby-throated hummingbirds feasting on jewelweed nectar.
* 34.841-87.91833 328.7 Lauderdale. Picnic area.
* 34.841-87.93334 328.6-327.8 John Coffee Memorial Bridge. This span crosses Pickwick Lake, which was formed by Pickwick Landing Dam on the Tennessee River.
* 34.838-87.94435 327.3 Colbert Ferry. Chickasaw George Colbert operated a stand and ferry in the early 1800s and reportedly charged Andrew Jackson $75,000 to ferry his army across the river. Information (seasonal), fishing, boat launch, bike-only primitive campground, restrooms.
* 34.759-88.01436 320.3 Buzzard Roost Spring. Chickasaw Levi Colbert owned a stand nearby. Exhibits. A short trail leads to Buzzard Roost spring.
* 34.713-88.03837 317.0 Freedom Hills Overlook. A steep, quarter-mile trail leads to Alabama's highest point on the parkway, 800 feet above sea level.
* 34.662-88.09538 313.0 Bear Creek. Picnic area.
* 34.647-88.1339 308.9 Alabama-Mississippi state line.

### Mississippi

* 34.644-88.13840 308.8 Bear Creek Mound. This ceremonial structure was built between 1200 and 1400.
* 34.643-88.14441 308.4 Cave Spring. A natural cave that was probably used by American Indians.
* 34.612-88.18742 304.5 Tishomingo State Park. The park is named for a Chickasaw medicine man. Camping, picnicking, swimming, canoeing and fishing.
* 34.505-88.31643 293.4 Bay Springs Lake. Lake and dam access.
* 34.505-88.32544 293.2 Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway and Jamie L. Whitten Bridge. The waterway makes 459 miles navigable between the Gulf of Mexico and the Tennessee River. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers administers the waterway and nearby visitor center.
* 34.47-88.41845 286.7 Pharr Mounds. This 90-acre complex of eight burial mounds is between 1800 and 2000 years old. Restrooms.
* 34.47-88.44846 283.3 Donivan Slough. Self-guiding trail. Allow twenty minutes to walk through an area where occasional flooding influences plant varieties.
* 34.434-88.5547 278.4 Twentymile Bottom Overlook. This area along the stream typifies the landscape of the old trace. Not for travel trailers.
* 34.425-88.58748 275.2 Dogwood Valley. Self-guiding trail that winds through dogwood trees for fifteen minutes.
* 34.365-88.6849 269.4 Confederate Gravesites and Old Trace. A short walk leads to the graves of thirteen unknown Confederate soldiers.
* 34.325-88.70950 266.0 Parkway Visitor Center (parkway headquarters). A self-guiding trail goes through forest regrowth; allow about twenty minutes. Exhibits, information, orientation program, restrooms. You can reach Brices Cross Roads National Battlefield Site from here via Miss. 145 north to Miss. 370 west.
* 34.302-88.72851 263.9 Old Town Overlook. Views of Old Town Creek and its floodplain.
* 34.234-88.77452 261.8 Chickasaw Village Site. Exhibits portray daily life and history at the Chickasaw village that stood here. A self-guiding trail features plants used by the Chickasaw.
* 34.252-88.73253 259.7 Tupelo National Battlefield. The 1864 battle took place one mile east on Miss. 6.
* 34.144-88.82754 251.9 Black Belt Overlook. This once-vast prairie has rich, black soil.
* 34.126-88.83955 251.1 Chickasaw Council House. Pontatok, the capital of the Chickasaw Nation in the 1820s, was located here. Picnic area.
* 34.108-88.86256 249.6 Tockshish. John McIntosh settled here in 1770. After the Natchez Trace was declared a national Post Road in 1800 the stand became the midway point where post riders from Natchez and Nashville met up, exchanged mailbags, and returned.
* 34.068-88.86757 245.6 Monroe Mission. Chickasaw learned trades at the mission. Picnic area.
* 34.063-88.87558 243.3 Hernando de Soto. The Spanish explorer spent the 1540-41 winter near here.
* 34.039-88.88559 243.1 Davis Lake. Access point to U.S. Forest Service picnicking and summer camping area.
* 34.02-88.89860 241.4 Chickasaw Agency. Agency for the Chickasaw was located here from 1801 to 1825.
* 33.915-88.94161 233.2 Witch Dance. Horse trail access, bike-only primitive campground, picnicking, restrooms.
* 33.904-88.9462 232.4 Bynum Mounds. Prehistoric people built these mounds between 2100 and 1800 years ago. Exhibits.
* 33.777-89.01263 221.4 Old Trace. See part of the original trace.
* 33.666-89.06564 214.5 Dancy. Ranger station.
* 33.65-89.07865 213.3 Line Creek. Boundary between lands of the Chickasaw and Choctaw tribes.
* 33.529-89.15166 203.5 Pigeon Roost. Nathaniel and David Folsom ran Folsom's stand and trading post near here. Millions of passenger pigeons, now extinct, roosted here.
* 33.494-89.18767 201.3 Ballard Creek. Picnic area.
* 33.476-89.19968 198.6 Old Trace. Part of the original roadway leads into the woods.
* 33.414-89.26669 193.1 Jeff Busby. Picnic area, campground, restrooms. Allow twenty minutes to hike a self-guiding trail or drive to one of Mississippi's highest points, 603 feet above sea level.
* 33.289-89.40170 180.7 French Camp. Louis LeFleur established a stand here in 1812. It opened as a school in 1822, which is still in operation. Sorghum syrup is made here in the fall.
* 33.239-89.43171 176.3 Bethel Mission. One of thirteen Choctaw missions; it was one-half mile to the northwest. Picnic area.
* 33.233-89.43972 175.6 Cole Creek. Short, self-guiding trail through a water tupelo/bald cypress swamp.
* 33.084-89.52873 164.3 Hurricane Creek. A short, self-guiding walk identifies plants found in different soil conditions.
* 33.046-89.56874 160.0 Information Center. Kosciusko chamber of commerce volunteers provide travel information for the parkway and local area.
* 33.035-89.58575 159.7 Kosciusko. Ranger station.
* 32.908-89.62676 154.3 Holly Hill. Picnic area, restrooms.
* 32.836-89.67777 145.1 Myrick Creek. Self-guiding trail. Take ten minutes to learn about the beavers here.
* 32.767-89.69478 140.0 Red Dog Road. Named for a Choctaw chief, the road was opened in 1834.
* 32.716-89.69779 135.5 Robinson Road. Dating from 1821 this road connected Jackson and Columbus, Miss. Picnic area.
* 32.657-89.78480 130.9 Yockanookany. Quiet rest stop.
* 32.645-89.81381 128.4 Upper Choctaw Boundary. Self-guiding trail. Allow ten minutes to walk in an area that features southern pines. A row of trees marks this dividing line.
* 32.589-89.86282 122.6 River Bend. Picnic area, restrooms.
* 32.579-89.86583 122.0 Cypress Swamp. Twenty minute self-guiding trail through a water tupelo/bald cypress swamp.
* 32.465-90.05584 107.9 West Florida Boundary. This old boundary ran from Yazoo and Mississippi rivers' confluence east to the Chattahoochee River.
* 32.451-90.06785 106.9 Boyd Site. These burial mounds were built from 900 to 1200 years ago.
* 32.438-90.07386 105.6 Reservoir Overlook. Ross Barnett Reservoir on the Pearl River parallels the parkway for eight miles.
* 32.427-90.07987 104.5 Brashears Stand and Old Trace Site. The stand was advertised in 1806 as "a house of entertainment in the wilderness". Part of the original trace is nearby.
* 32.429-90.11988 102.4 Parkway Information Cabin. (seasonal) Information, exhibits, restrooms. Allow twenty minutes to an hour to explore the trail.
* 32.433-90.16989 100.7 Choctaw Agency. From 1807 until after 1820 a brick structure here housed an agent who served as a liaison between the U.S. government and the Choctaw Nation.
* 32.389-90.25890 93.1 Osburn Stand. Noble Osburn opened a stand here in 1811. By the early 1820s, when the city of Jackson was founded, traffic shifted away from this part of the old trace.
* 32.348-90.34491 88.1 Cowles Mead Cemetery. Much of the Mississippi's history can be traced through the life of Cowles Mead, a stand owner along the old trace and acting territorial governor (1806).
* 32.271-90.48292 78.3 Battle of Raymond. This 1863 Civil War battle of the Vicksburg campaign was fought nearby.
* 32.226-90.54993 73.5 Dean Stand Site. This site served travelers in the 1820s and 1830s. Nearby is the site of Dillon's Plantation, May 1863 Vicksburg campaign headquarters for US generals Grant and Sherman of the Civil War.
* 32.204-90.60494 61.0 Lower Choctaw Boundary. This line divided - north and south - lands taken by new settlers of the Mississippi country from lands of the Choctaw Nation.
* 32.142-90.73895 54.8 Rocky Springs. A short trail from the upper parking area leads to the old townsite. Camping, picnicking, ranger station, restrooms, phone and part of the old trace.
* 32.068-90.81896 52.4 Owens Creek Waterfall. Picnicking, hiking.
* 32.002-90.8797 45.7 Grindstone Ford/Magnum Mound. Northbound travelers considered themselves in wild country once they crossed the ford on Bayou Pierre. Artifacts tell of prehistoric people who lived in the area.
* 31.975-90.95398 41.5 Sunken Trace. Self-guiding trail. Allow five minutes to walk through a deeply eroded section of the original trace.
* 31.944-90.97299 39.2 Port Gibson. Ranger station.
* 31.721-91.17299 18.4 Bullen Creek. A fifteen minute, self-guiding trail goes through a hardwood-pine forest.
* 31.706-91.18399 17.5 Coles Creek. Picnic area, restrooms.
* 31.689-91.18799 15.5 Mount Locust. Interpretive programs available February through November at this restored historic stand, one of the first in Mississippi. Exhibits, ranger station, restroom.
* 31.663-91.20199 12.4 Loess Bluff. Deposits of topsoil (loess) were blown here during the ice ages.
* 31.653-91.20999 12.1 Turpin Creek. Picnic area.
* 31.636-91.23899 10.3 Emerald Mound. Natchez ancestors built this ceremonial mound between 1200 and 1730. It is nearly eight acres and second largest in the US behind Monks Mound in Cahokia. A trail leads to the top.
* 31.621-91.24899 8.7 Old Trace Exhibit Shelter. See the old trace.
* 31.578-91.29499 5.1 Elizabeth Female Academy Site. Founded in 1818, this was the first school for women chartered by the state of Mississippi.
* 31.5455-91.368799 0 Southern Terminus.

## Sleep

There are no hotels located on the parkway itself, but numerous lodging options can be found in the many towns that are along the route. The largest of these towns include Tupelo and Jackson, each of which offers dozens of hotels.
Three campgrounds are located on the parkway. These campgrounds are free and available on a first come, first served basis. While restrooms with running water are available, they do not offer electricity, showers, or dump stations. Campgrounds are typically busiest during the spring and fall, especially during holiday weekends. Camping is limited to fourteen consecutive days at a single site or thirty days park-wide during a calendar year. In addition to the sites listed below, there are also a handful of campgrounds that are available only to bikers and hikers.
* 32.126-90.751 Rocky Springs (Milepost 54). 22 campsites, picnic tables, restrooms, horseback riding, and self-guiding trails.
* 33.412-89.2712 Jeff Busby (Milepost 193.1). 18 campsites, picnic tables, trails, exhibits, restrooms and an overlook.
* 35.5159-87.4453 Meriwether Lewis (Milepost 385). 32 campsites, pioneer cemetery, picnic tables, ranger station, exhibits, restrooms and trails.

## Stay safe

The parkway speed limit is 50 miles per hour in most areas, and this is enforced by park rangers. In some areas lowered speed limits are put in place to protect both motorists and local wildlife - for example, the area between mileposts 85 and 87 is home to a wide variety of salamanders and frogs, and lowered speed limits may be in place during times of the year when they are likely to be crossing the roadways. Please obey posted limits, both for your own safety and for the safety of wildlife that makes the area its home.
Dangers from wildlife are minimal and exercising common sense should prevent any unwanted encounters. There are three species of venomous snake in the area (Southern copperhead, Western cottonmouth, and Canebrake rattlesnake), which, while rarely seen, can be avoided by paying close attention to where hands and feet are placed. Note that all wildlife, including venomous snakes, is protected along the Natchez Trace Parkway.

## Go next

* 36.159-86.7761 Nashville - The parkway's northern terminus is located in America's country music capital.
* 34.262-88.7162 Tupelo - Elvis Presley's birthplace is located just off of the parkway near milepost 260.
* 32.305-90.1853 Jackson - The parkway passes through Mississippi's capital city between mileposts 90 and 100.
* 32.337-90.8844 Vicksburg - Site of a major Civil War battlefield and home to the Vicksburg National Military park, this town is located about fifteen miles from the parkway near milepost 60.
* 31.555-91.3935 Natchez - The parkway's southern terminus is home to an impressive and historic cemetery as well as many Antebellum homes.