# Ujjain

Ujjain (उज्जैन Ujjain) is a city in the state of Madhya Pradesh in India. It is home to the Mahakaleshwar Temple, one of the 12 Jyotirlingas of India.

## Understand
### Name

The name "Ujjain" is derived from its Sanskrit name Ujjayinī. Historically, the city was also known as Avantika.

### Legend and history

An ancient city situated on the eastern bank of the Shipra River, Ujjain was the most prominent city on the Malwa plateau of central India for much of its history. The city has been one of the most prominent trade and political centres of India from the time of the ancient Mahājanapadas till the British rule in India.
As per legends, Ujjain was the capital of the king Vikramaditya. His court consisted of nine extraordinary people, collectively known as navaratnas.
Ujjain enjoyed a position of considerable importance in the field of astronomy. Great works on astronomy such as the Surya Siddhanta and the Panch Siddhanta were written in Ujjain. According to Indian astronomers, the Tropic of Cancer is supposed to pass through Ujjain. It is also the prime meridian used by the Hindu geographers. From about the 4th century BC, Ujjain enjoyed the reputation of being India's Greenwich.

## Get in

Ujjain is well connected with rest of India by road and rail, but there is no airport. The closest airport is in Indore, 52 km away.

### By train

Ujjain has direct trains for all the major cities of India, though some are very inconvenient and it's better to break journey from Bhopal. From Mumbai (Bombay) "Awanitka express" (daily) and "Pune-Indore" express (thrice in week), from New Delhi "Hazarat Nizamuddin Intercity Express" and from Bangalore "Jaipur Mysore Express" are a few good leads.
* 23.17856775.7799461 Ujjain Junction railway station. (updated Dec 2019)

### By car

Ujjain is connected to nearby towns with very good roads compared to the rest of Madhya Pradesh. It is 52 km from Indore along the NH 3 toll road, and it takes less than an hour to cover the distance. Indore is in turn connected by Agra-Mumbai National Highway to rest of the India.
The drive is scenic and punctuated by small villages on either side of the road. Stop by on the way to enjoy fresh guavas and corn. It's a must. Most parts of the road are decent and drivable with broken road in patches on the entire stretch.

## See

* 23.2040975.766641 Bhartrihari Caves. These caves are just above the bank of the Shipra near the temple of Gadkalika. According to popular tradition, this is the spot where Bhartrihari, who is said to have been the step brother of Vikramaditya, lived and meditated after renouncing worldly life. He is believed to have been a great scholar and poet. His famous works, Shringarshatak, Vairagyashatak, and Nitishatak, are known for the exquisite use of the Sanskrit meter.
* Durgadas Ki Chhatri. This distinctive monument glows like a small jewel in the surrounding lush landscape. Vir Durgadas earned a secure niche for himself in the history of Marwad by his undaunting, selfless service to the State. He fought for the independence of Jodhpur after the death of Maharaj Jaswant Singh and helped Ajit Singh to ascend the throne against the wishes of Aurangzeb. Durgadas died at Rampura in 1718, and his funeral rites were performed according to his wishes on the banks of the Shipra. The rulers of Jodhpur had built the chhatri to consecrate his memory. This beautiful structure, built in the Rajpur style of architecture, houses a statue of Durgadas which crumbled down.
* 23.179375.784912 Kaliadeh Palace. Situated on the banks of the Shipra, the island-like site immediately conjures up the natural beauty of ancient Ujjain which poets down the ages have waxed lyrical. The glorious landscape of the flowing river on both sides of the palace and the man-made tanks and channels, with water gurgling through them, provide a spectacular backdrop to the imposing building. The central dome of the palace is a beautiful example of Persian architecture. Two Persian inscriptions found in one of the long corridors of the palace record the visits of Emperor Akbar and Jehangir to this palace. The palace was broken down in the time of the Pindaris and was restored by Madhav Rao Scindia in 1920 to its present glory. The Sun Temple was also restored by the family.
* Navagraha Mandir (Triveni). Situated on the Triveni Ghat of the Shipra, the temple is away from the old site of Ujjaini town. It is dedicated to the nine planets, attracts large crowds on new moon days falling on Saturdays. Its religious importance has grown though there is no known reference to it in the ancient texts.
* Pir Matsyendranath. This is an extremely attractive spot on the banks of the Shipra quite close to the Bhartihari Caves and the Gadkalika Temple. It is dedicated to the memory of one of the great leaders of the Natha sect of Saivism-Matsyendranath. Since Muslims as well as the followers of the Natha sect call their saints 'pir', the ancient site of Pir Matsyendranath is venerated by both. Excavations at this site have yielded some antiquities which date back to the 6th and 7th century BC.
* Sandalwala Building. This masterpiece was created in 1925 by Fida Husain Abdul Husain Sandalwala. The architectural marvel stands on R.P. Bhargav Marg of Ujjain, it was built by the artisans of Ujjain and Jaipur. From inside the building looks more like a palace and is a landmark. Families of Mr. Fida Husain Sandalwala son of Late Asger Ali Sandalwala, Mr. Anis Sandalwala son of Late Abdul Husain Sandalwala & Mr. Firoz Sandalwala son of Late Inayat Husain Sandalwala reside in the building.
* 23.2114875.782633 Sandipani Ashram. The fact that ancient Ujjain apart from its political and religious importance, enjoyed the reputation of being a great seat of learning as early as the Mahabharata period is borne out by the fact that, Lord Krishna and Sudama received regular instruction in the ashram of Guru Sandipani. The area near the ashram is known as Ankapata, popularly believed to have been the place used by Lord Krishna for washing his writing tablet. The numerals 1 to 100 found on a stone are believed to have been engraved by Guru Sandipani. The Gomti Kunda referred to in the Puranas was the source of water supply to the ashram in the olden days. An image of Nandi, belonging to the Shunga period, is to be found near the tank. The followers of Vallabha sect regard this place as the 73rd seat of the 84 seats of Vallabhacharya where he delivered his discourses throughout India.
* Siddhavat. This enormous banyan tree on the banks of the Shipra, has been vested with religious sanctity as the Akashyavat in Prayag and Gaya, Vanshivat of Vrindavan and the Panchavata of Nasik. Thousands of pilgrims take a dip in the Shipra from the bathing ghat built here. According to one tradition, Parvati is believed to have performed her penance here. It used to be a place of worship for the followers of Natha sect. One legend has it that some Mughal rulers had cut off the Banyan tree and covered the site with iron sheets to prevent its roots from growing. But the tree pierced the iron sheets and grew and flourished. The little village of Bhairogarh near Siddhavat is famous for its tie and dye painting for centuries. In ancient times when trade with other countries flourished, exquisitely printed cloth from Bhairogarh used to find its way to Rome and China.
* 23.1682475.800684 Vikram Kirti Mandir. Established on the occasion of the second millennium of the Vikram Samvat, as the cultural centre to perpetuate the memory of Vikramaditya, the Vikram Kirti Mandir houses the Scindia Oriental Research Institute, an archaeological museum, an art gallery and an auditorium. The Scindia Oriental Research Institute has an invaluable collection of 18,000 manuscripts on various subjects and runs a reference library of important oriental publications. Rare manuscripts in Prakrit, Arabic, Persian and other Indian languages cover a wide range of subjects from Vedic literature and philosophy to dance and music. Palm leaf and bark leaf (Bhurja Patra) manuscripts are also preserved in this institute. Apart from an illustrated manuscript of Shrimad Bhagavata in which actual gold and silver have been employed for the paintings, the Institute has a rich collection of old paintings in the Rajput and Mughal style. The museum also exhibits a rich array of images, inscriptions, copper plates and fossils discovered in the Narmada valley. A huge skull of a primitive elephant is of special interest.
* 23.171375.76655 Jantar Mantar (Vedh Shala). Like the Jantar Mantars in Delhi and Jaipur, this one is also built by Maharaja Jai Singh II in 1725. However, unlike the former two observatories, the one at Ujjain is still in use actively. It consists of 13 architectural astronomy instruments. The observatory was constructed with the aim of measuring local time, altitude (of the place) and also to measure declination of the Sun, stars and planets and to determine eclipses. Motion, speed and properties of stars and planets were also recorded using several special instruments. There is a small planetarium and a telescope to observe the Moon, Mars, Jupiter and their natural satellites. The observatory is also used for weather forecasts. (updated Dec 2023)

### Temples

* 23.18277875.7683336 Mahakaleshwar Temple (Mahakal Temple). One of the main attractions of Ujjain and one of the 12 Jyotirlingas. The Jyotirlingas are said to be the most sacred abodes of Shiva. The temple of Mahakaleshwar, its shikhara soaring into the skies, evokes primordial awe and reverence with its majesty. The Mahakal dominates the life of the city and its people, even in the midst of the busy routine of modern preoccupations, and provides an unbreakable link with past traditions. At the temple, you will be surrounded by hawkers and hard-sellers. Usually, one is not required to wait in the queue to offer prayers at the Jyotirlinga. However, the temple is crowded on weekends, including Mondays, queues can take up to 3 hours and move at a slow pace. Once at the sanctum sanctorum of the temple, which is where the main Jyotirlinga is situated, you are not pushed (like at other temples). You can wait as long as you like to get a good view of the Jyotirlinga. (updated Dec 2023)
* 23.179375.784917 Bade Ganeshji Ka Mandir. This temple above the tank near the Mahakaleshwar temple, enshrines a huge artistic sculpture of Ganesh, the son of Shiva. An idol of this size and beauty is rarely to be found. The middle of the temple is adorned by an idol of the pancha-mukhi (five faced) Hanuman. There is provision for learning of Sanskrit and Astrology in the temple.
* 23.14676375.7390248 Chintaman Ganesh temple. Built across the Shipra on the Fatehabad railway line. The Ganesh idol enshrined here is supposed to be swayambhu - born of itself. The temple is believed to be of considerable antiquity. Riddhi and Siddhi, the consorts of Ganesha, are seated on either side of Ganesha. The artistically carved pillars in the assembly hall date back to the Paramara period. Worshippers throng to this temple because the deity here is traditionally known as Chintaharan Ganesh meaning "the assurer of freedom from worldly anxieties". (updated Dec 2019)
* 23.208375.770319 Gadkalika. Situated about 2 miles from the city of Ujjain, the deity in this temple is believed to have been worshipped by Kalidasa. The legend goes that he was an idiot and it is by his devotion to the goddess Kalika that he acquired great literary skills. Emperor Harshavardhan had this temple renovated in the 7th century AD. There is further evidence of renovation during the Paramara period. The temple has been rebuilt in the modern times by the erstwhile Gwalior State.
* 23.1880575.7713510 Gopal Mandir. This huge temple is in the middle of the big market square. It was constructed by Bayajibai Shinde, the queen of Maharajah Daulat Rao Shinde in the 19th century. It is a beautiful example of Maratha architecture. The sanctum sanctorum is inlaid with marble and doors are silver plated. The door in the inner sanctum is said to have been carried to Ghazni from the Somnath temple and from thence by Mahmud Shah Abdali to Lahore. Mahadji Scindia recovered it and now it has been installed in this temple.
* 23.17456975.77301311 Hanuman Naka Mandir (हनुमान नाका मंदिर उज्जैन). =This 100-year-old southface hanuman naka and ram laxman and sitaji temple is in old Ujjain Seema. (updated Dec 2019)
* 23.1841975.764712 Harsiddhi Temple. This temple occupies a special place in the galaxy of ancient sacred spots of Ujjain. Seated between the idols of Mahalaxmi and Mahasaraswati, the idol of Annapurna is painted in dark vermilion colour. The Sri Yantra, the symbol of power or shakti, is also enshrined in the temple. According to the Shiva Purana, when Shiva carried away the burning body of Sati from the sacrificial fire, her elbow dropped at this place. There is an interesting legend in the Skanda Purana about the manner in which the Goddess Chandi acquired the epithet of Harsiddhi. Once when Shiva and Parvati were alone on Mount Kailash, two demons called Chand and Prachand tried to force their way in. Shiva called upon Chandi to destroy them which she did. Pleased, Shiva bestowed upon her the epithet of 'one who vanquishes all'. The temple was reconstructed during the Maratha period and the two pillars adorned with lamps are special features of Maratha art. These lamps, lit during Navaratri, present a glorious spectacle. There is an ancient well on the premises, and an artistic pillar adorns the top of it.
* 23.2112775.7826513 Mangalnath. This temple is away from the bustle of the city and can be reached through a winding road. The temple looks upon a vast expanse of the Shipra waters and fills the onlooker with an indescribable sense of peace. Mangalnath is regarded as the birth place of Mars, according to the Matsya Purana. In ancient times, it was famous for a clear view of the planet and hence suitable for astronomical studies. Mahadev or Shiva is the deity which is worshipped in the temple of Mangalnath.
* 23.21817475.76861814 Kal Bhairav Temple, Jail Road, Bhairav Garh. The worship of the eight Bhairavas is a part of Saivite tradition and the chief among them is Kal Bhairav, believed to have been built by King Bhadresen, on the banks of the Shipra. There is mention of a Kal Bhairav temple in the Avanti Khanda of the Skanda Purana. Worship of Kal Bhairav is believed to have been a part of the Kapalika and Aghora sects. Ujjain was a prominent centre of these two sects. Even today, liquor is offered as a part of the ritual to Kal Bhairav. Beautiful paintings in the Malwa style once decorated the temple walls, only traces of which are visible.

## Learn

* Kalidasa Akademi. This academy was set up in Ujjain by the Government of Madhya Pradesh to immortalize the memory of the great poet dramatist-Kalidasa, and to create a multi-disciplinary institution to project the genius of the entire classical tradition, with Kalidasa as the apex, enable research and study in Sanskrit classical and traditional performing arts, and facilitate its adaptation for contemporary stage in different cultural settings and language groups. The Academy complex consists of a theatre, museum, library, lecture and seminary halls, mini stage for rehearsals, research facilities for scholars, and a large open air theater. (updated Dec 2023)
* Vikram University. A famous centre of learning in the past, Ujjain continues to uphold that tradition. The establishment of the Vikram University in 1957 was an important landmark. Situated on the Dewas Road, this university plays a significant role in the literary and cultural activities of the city.

## Buy

Variants of locally produced consumer goods -- for instance namkeen (snacks), toast, henna among others -- have grown to become closely linked with the cultural and geographic identity of Ujjain. These can be found in shops all over the city, across the price and quality spectrum (in some cases, common prices are agreed upon by trade associations). A few notable outlets, which have gained popularity beyond the borders of Ujjain, would be:
* Bafna Sweets & Namkeen, Near Bada Sarafa (standing at the juncture facing Gopal Mandir, the right lane leads to Sarafa). A family business that caters to the culinary wants of the city, with an almost exhaustive variety of milk-based sweets and namkeen (a variant of spicy snacks, indigenous to North India). 'Sev' is the preferred choice of travel snack for locals. (updated Nov 2015)
* Noorjanan Mehandi. A locally produced brand of henna with clientele all over India. (updated Nov 2015)
* Haidery Bakery, Qamri Marg (in one of the bylanes of the road between Gopal Mandir and the Badri Moausoleum). One of the most famous producers of 'toast', a local favorite mostly consumed with tea. The modest location of their shop betrays the fact that their produce goes all over the nation, most notably served in Bohra guest-houses. Although, back at home, they have quite some competition from some locally well-established players. (updated Nov 2015)
* Rida, Multiple shops outside the two major Bohra mausoleums (Qamri Marg and Kharakunwa Bakhal). The traditional Bohra garments, Topi-kurta (male) and Rida-Jodi (female) are produced in blinding variety by local producers, catering to the sizeable Bohra population of the city as well as the hordes of visitors that flock the two shrines. (updated Nov 2015)

## Eat

When you are in Ujjain never forget to visit Gopal Mandir and have a bite of famous Gajanan Kulfi. Apart from that one of the most happening places in Ujjain to eat and enjoy is Tower Chowk.
Go there and try your hands on all the street chats you have ever heard. The very first thing that will attract you will be stalls of Pani Puri. Following which you will see Hot Dogs stalls serving hot, spicy, juicy hotdogs and aaloo tikia with chhole over it garnished by onions, tomatoes, coriander, green chatani, imli chatani and if desired fresh curd. They call it chhole tikiya chat.
Then you will have Bhelpuri stalls, dahi puri and all related chatpate chats varieties including dahi vada.
For sweet lovers Ujjain is known for its falooda ice cream and barf ka laddoo. Rabadi is also a must when you visit Ujjain. Kids will love this place with so many eateries, playground rides and balloon sellers everywhere, and of course Buddhi Ke Baal (cotton candy).
Shree Sweets and Restaurant at "Tower Chowk" is also a nice place. You can enjoy the best kachories there.

## Drink

* Suresh, Gudri (near Mahakal). Poha from suresh uphar greh is a feast, two plates poha and you don't need anything other for whole day, tea, samosa and kachori of "OM cafe" (freeganj) are also nice.

## Sleep
### Budget

* Ashray (around 2 km from railway station). Private hotel, decent enough, with clean rooms. (updated Jan 2016)
* Prem Palace, A-16/1, Madhav Club Road, Freeganj (near Shipra Palace), ☏ +91 734 2552070, +91 734 2555677. Private hotel, less than 2 km from railway station. Rooms are quite clean with good room service. This hotel has restaurant and bar. Food served is very good and cheap. Has ICICI ATM in front. (updated Jan 2016)
* Shipra Residency (3 km from the Mahakal temple), ☏ +91 734 2551495-96, +91 734 3269000, +91 734 2552402, shipra@mptourism.com. This hotel is run by the Madhya Pradesh tourism development corporation. There is a restaurant in the hotel and serves north-Indian food. One can do advance reservation online. (updated Jan 2016)
* Yatri Niwas, ☏ +91 734 2511398, avantika@mptourism.com. (updated Jan 2016)

## Go next

* Dewas
* Omkareshwar
* Nagda, a small town is also about 50 km from Ujjain. Nagda has the largest factory of Birla all over India.