# Avebury

Avebury is a village in Wiltshire, famous for its neolithic stone circle, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The henge and stone circles are thought to date from about 2500 BC to 2000 BC and are roughly contemporary with the more famous Stonehenge 20 mi (32 km) to the south. The circular bank and ditch, which is almost a mile in circumference, encloses a much later mediaeval village, with a Saxon church and Elizabethan country manor. Many of the stones are missing or buried, having been considered evil by the local farmers during mediaeval times, they were toppled or broken up, many of which to be revealed and restored in the 1930s by the famous archaeologist Alexander Keiller. The village and henge lie at the centre of one of the most exciting megalithic landscapes in the world, with the remains of two prehistoric processional avenues of stones leading from the circle, leading to other nearby prehistoric points of interest such as West Kennett Long Barrow and Silbury Hill.

## Get in

The site is managed by the National Trust, who provide good directions, opening times and other details on their website.

### By car

Avebury lies at the heart of the Wiltshire Downs, accessible easily from the M4 motorway, and is about 6 miles west of Marlborough, along the A4 (Bath Road) at the junction of the A4361 and the B4003. Local signposting directs visitors to the official tourist car park which is situated just south of the circle itself off the A4361. There is a local village car park located in the centre of the village, but this has restricted parking for non-residents during daylight hours.

### By train

The nearest train stations are 10 miles away in Pewsey or 11 miles in Swindon.

### By bus

The Trans-Wiltshire Express (service 49) offers an hourly service between Swindon, Avebury, Devizes and Trowbridge. Swindon is on the main line to London. Other buses running nearby connect to Marlborough and Chippenham.

## Get around

The village of Avebury can be best explored on foot, though access to the henge requires some climbing and walking over rough grassland and may not be suitable for all. Apart from the driest seasons of the year, it is advisable to have waterproof shoes or walking boots, since the grass can be wet and muddy, and the exposed chalk on the slopes of the henge can become slippery when wet. Two roads bisect Avebury, splitting the massive circle into 4 'quadrants' and each quadrant is fenced separately with sprung gated access.
In some seasons, parts of the henge may be roped off to prevent erosion, so please observe the signs and help keep this monument for future generations. At certain times of the year, one or more quadrants may have sheep grazing the grass and care should be taken to avoid letting any out, and dogs should be kept on a leash. The east–west road is the village High Street to the west and Green Lane to the east and is generally much quieter to cross than the main north–south road which is unfortunately the main road to Swindon and thus carries a fair amount of fast moving and heavy goods traffic. This main road takes a double hairpin bend at the centre of the circle, where it joins the High Street, and much care should be taken in this area. It is possible to walk to the other related local sights which make up the Avebury landscape, but in less favourable weather, car transport is advisable.

## See

The henge itself is the main attraction of Avebury and each of the four quadrants can be visited one after the other in a single circuit of the circle. Many people prefer to go around twice, once close to the stones, and once right up on top of the henge bank, where there is a good path.

### South West Quadrant

From just west of the Henge Shop on the High Street, you can enter the south west quadrant through the sprung gate and are immediately presented with an impressive arc of re-erected stones, starting with the misshapen 'blacksmiths' stone - this one was located by Keiller in the cellar of a blacksmiths where a 17th-century antiquarian had noted it being toppled and used as building material. The 6th stone in from the road is the famous Barber Stone - when Keiller lifted this stone in the 1930s, the skeleton of a mediaeval Barber-Surgeon, with an intact pair of scissors, was revealed underneath, crushed by the falling stone.

### South East Quadrant

After crossing the busy main road which goes south out of the village, the path leads you directly to one of the largest stones in the complex (about 60 tonnes) - the Devil's Chair - which has a small ledge on the outside edge where you can sit and make a wish. This quadrant also contains the remains of the inner stone circle and a central marker stone erected by Keiller to take the place of a much larger obelisk which stood there until the 17th century. At the exit of this quadrant, there is a huge sprawling beech tree on the henge, which reputedly JRR Tolkien used to sit under, and the exposed root system is certainly very Middle Earth.

### North East Quadrant

Crossing Green Lane into the north east quadrant, there are very few stones revealed in this sector, mostly because Keiller ran out of money and this area was never excavated - you can be sure that many stones lie undiscovered under the grass. This sector does, however, contain the Cove stones, which are two huge flat stones perpendicular to each other - a third long lost stone once formed a three-sided 'cove'. It is interesting to note that while one of the stones is smooth, the other is very rough.

### North West Quadrant

Crossing the busy main road into the north west quadrant, this sector is again heavily reconstructed and another impressive arc of re-erected stones, contains the single largest stone of the site - the Swindon Stone, which marks the way to Swindon. The exit from this quadrant leads you out to the courtyard where the Barn Museum, Tea Room, WC facilities, the Keiller Museum, St. James Church, and Avebury Manor gardens are all situated.

### Other Avebury sights

* West Kennett Avenue is the prehistoric processional avenue of stones which leads from the south east quadrant towards the Sanctuary on Overton Hill, some 1¼ miles distant. Keiller re-erected all of the stones in this section of avenue in the 1930s and it gives a vivid impression of what it must have been like for prehistoric people to walk between the pairs of alternating stones (some theorists say representing male and female) to the ancient site of the Sanctuary. Unfortunately, Keiller only managed to re-erect 3/4 mile of Avenue and it cuts off abruptly at a fence. The National Trust have purchased the farm land beyond this boundary, but no plans for further excavation have been set. There is a small layby at the bottom end of the avenue if people wish to drive to it instead of walking from Avebury village.
* The Sanctuary is the final prehistoric destination of West Kennett Avenue and is situated on Overton Hill on the A4, just where the Ridgeway Path bisects the A4. This was the site of a prehistoric temple, far older than the Avebury complex itself. All that remains is a series of concentric circular post holes, and stone holes (the stones having been removed in the 17th century) the positions of which are now marked by concrete markers to give you some impression of the scale of the building. Standing at the centre of the circle, you can glance back towards Avebury Village and see the hole markers for the first pair of Avenue stones which eventually join up with the rest of West Kennett Avenue. Acrss the A4 from here are several later Bronze Age burial mounds.
* 51.41546-1.8571 Silbury Hill (north of the A4 to the south west of Avebury). The largest man-made hill in Europe (39.3 m high) and is thought to be contemporary with the Avebury henge complex. It is named after a mythical King Sel, who was thought to be buried at the base of the mound, but several generations of excavations have revealed no burials. It was thought to be the final destination of the long lost Beckhampton Avenue, another processional avenue of stones from Avebury which has long since vanished (apart from two stones now stranded in the middle of a field - the Longstones - Adam and Eve, as they are known). The hill itself is a Site of Special Scientific Interest, and access is restricted. There is a car park and viewing area off the A4. (updated Oct 2020)
* West Kennett Long Barrow is a neolithic passage tomb with a row of impressive sarsen stones guarding the entrance. Access to the long barrow is by a 1/4 mile footpath from a layby on the A4 just to the east of Silbury Hill. The barrow is on the brow of a chalk ridge, and is one of the longest chambered barrows of its kind in Europe. Access to the inside of the tomb is open, and well worth exploring. At the end of the neolithic, the tomb was filled with rubble and was left that way until archaeologists in the 1960s excavated the inside, revealing dozens of skeletons of all ages in the various compartments.
* 51.4289-1.859142 Avebury Manor, Wiltshire SN8 1RD (6 miles west of Marlborough on the A4361). A renovated Elizabethan manor house, with peaceful period gardens. It was home to Alexander Keiller, the architect who brought Avebury's archeology into sight. Owned by the National Trust, entry is by timed ticket. Summer: adult £1, child £5, family £25. Winter: adult £7.20, child £3.35, family £17.75. Autumn: adult £7.60, child £3.60, family £18.80. Car park £7 all day, £4 after 3PM. (updated Sep 2017)
* 51.427986-1.8571783 Alexander Keiller Museum, High Street. Adults £4.40, children £2.20, concessions Free.
* Other local areas of interest include Windmill Hill neolithic enclosure, Hackpen Hill White Horse, East Kennett Long Barrow and the Ridgeway Path.

## Buy

There are several shops in the village, and souvenir shops in the museums.
* The Avebury Community Shop$^{[deadlink]}$ offers groceries, household goods and confectionery. Our range of products includes freshly baked bread, fresh fruit, vegetables, eggs and milk, as well as allowing you to post your postcards from the village post box.
* The Henge Shop. Is packed with souvenirs, gifts, and pagan and spiritual books and clothing, and no trip would be the same without a visit. Guided tours of Avebury can be arranged with the proprietor, as can be dowsing lessons.

## Eat

The Red Lion pub, the only pub in the world inside a stone circle, serves a wide menu of meals and snacks in its two indoor restaurants, and is open all day. The pub has bench tables out in front which can be pleasant to drink at in summer, but are too close to the busy road to make eating pleasant.
The National Trust Circle Cafe located in the courtyard beside the Great Barn Museum is open all year and serves hot lunches with seasonal ingredients, sandwiches, cakes and teas, and has a pleasant, walking-boot-friendly indoor and outdoor seating area.

## Drink

* Right at the centre of the circle is the famous 51.42805-1.85431 $^{[deadlink]}$ Red Lion Pub, [High Street, ☏ +44 1672 539266. 11AM-10PM. It has rooms to let, and is one of the more famous haunted hotels in the region. It was built in the 17th century and features a well inside the pub which is supposed to have been the scene of several grisly murders. The pub caters for families, and has two bars, an extensive dining room and menu, and B&B bedrooms.
* About a mile away in the nearby village of Beckhampton is the equally famous Waggon & Horses public house, made famous in the 1980s and 90s as being the central hub of the Crop Circle phenomenon. Today it is a friendly Real Ale pub which serves food.

## Sleep

Many of the houses in Avebury village offer B&B accommodation.
* The Lodge.
* The Old Forge.
* Manor Farm.
* Red Lion Pub [see drink]

## Go next

Devizes - The Wiltshire Museum in has many finds from the Avebury area, including those from West Kennet Long Barrow and from important Bronze Age barrows in the area. New displays feature gold from the time of Stonehenge. Devizes also features the Kennet and Avon Canal, the Wadworth Brewery Visitor Centre, and places to eat, drink and sleep. From Devizes, you can visit Stonehenge before visiting Salisbury Museum to see more prehistoric finds.