# Himalayas

The Himalayas are a range of mountains in Asia. The Himalaya proper stretches from the Indus River in Pakistan, through India, Nepal, and Bhutan, and ends at the Brahmaputra River in eastern India.
The Greater Himalaya complex of mountains includes the Himalayas and some related ranges. On the eastern end, the Hengduan Range — which includes the Three parallel rivers, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in China — forms a T shape with that end of the Himalayas.
On the west, the Himalayas connect to a large area of high ground called the Pamir Knot, also a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Several other ranges extend in various directions from the knot — the Karakoram, running east parallel to the Himalaya and north of it, the Hindu Kush running southwest into Afghanistan, the Tian Shan Range running north, and the Kunlun Range northeast. All those ranges, and the Pamir Knot, include peaks over 7000 m. All except Tian Shan can be seen in the photo to the right.
The Himalayas region of Nepal has eight of the world's ten tallest mountains including the highest of all, Mount Everest at 8849 m. The Karakoram Range has four peaks over 8000 m including the world's second highest mountain, K2 at 8611 m. It also has the highest unclimbed mountain (as of late 2020) where climbing is not forbidden, Muchu Chhish at 7542 m.
For comparison, neither Western Europe nor the lower 48 US states have anything that reaches 5,000 m. In the Himalayan region, several of the passes are around 5000, and some nomads spend the summer at about that altitude every year so their herds can graze the upland meadows. Mount Elbrus, in the Russian Caucasus, is Europe's highest peak and Mount Kilimanjaro is Africa's; both are slightly under 6000 m. On the climbers' list of Seven Summits, the highest mountains on each continent, only two besides Everest are over 6000 — Denali in Alaska at just under 6200, and Aconcagua, the highest peak of the Andes and the tallest mountain outside the Greater Himalayan region, at just under 7000.
In the Himalayas, peaks over 6000 m are commonplace and there are dozens over 7000. Wikipedia's list of the highest mountains in the world has 109 mountains, all in the greater Himalaya region, all over 7200 m (23,622 feet) and including 14 over 8000 m.

## Understand
### Geography

The Indian subcontinent and the rest of Asia are on different continental plates that are colliding; the Himalayas and related ranges are along the boundary of the plates. The force of the collision creates the world's highest mountains.
North of the Himalayas is the Tibetan Plateau, the world's largest and highest (over 3000 m on average) plateau. It includes all of Tibet and the Chinese province of Qinghai plus parts of several other provinces. A few centuries back, the Tibetan Empire covered approximately the same area as the plateau.
The ranges of the Greater Himalaya define several borders. The Himalaya proper is on the southern border of Tibet, hence the China-India border, the China-Pakistan border is in the Karakoram Range, and the western border of China runs approximately along the Tian Shan. The Kunlun range is the border between Xinjiang and the Tibetan Plateau, once between Uighur lands and the Tibetan Empire; one branch of the Silk Road follows it on the north side.

### Climate

The latitudes in the Himalayas range from almost tropical along the southern edge to about 40 north (latitude of Chicago, Beijing or Rome) in the Pamir Knot. However, Himalayan weather is more severe than in other places at similar latitudes, due to the altitude and the lack of any large body of water nearby to moderate the climate. Many of the peaks have snow atop them year round and there are many glaciers.
There is a large variation in micro-climates throughout the region; two valleys only a few miles apart but isolated by the mountains may have quite different climates because one gets more sun or they are affected differently by the wind patterns.

### Flora and fauna

The diversity of wildlife in the Himalayas is huge. In the lower ranges, tigers, leopards, and the one-horned rhinoceros can be found while the higher altitudes support a smaller but more unique group of animals. These include the snow leopard, Markhor goat, argali (Eurasian mountain sheep), and red panda.
Yaks are common as a domestic animal in much of the region.

### Culture

The Himalayas are a home to a diverse number of people, languages, and religions. Generally speaking Islam is prevalent in the west, Hinduism along the southern edge, and Buddhism in the north. The eastern part of the Himalayas is ethnically diverse, with several tribal groups.

## Talk

While there are numerous languages spoken, Hindi and Urdu will take you very far, as it is understood by the majority in the Pakistani and the Indian Himalayas. As the two languages are mutually intelligible in the spoken form, if you have to learn one before visiting, pick one of these. In Nepal, Hindi is not very useful, but it does have significant overlap with the Nepali language, and therefore gives you a head start with that language.
As a significant part of the Himalayas was under British rule, and even the nominally independent areas were under some form of British suzerainty, English is widely spoken by educated people. In the major tourist destinations, you will be able to get by with English with varying degrees of difficulty.

## Get in

Most towns in the Himalayas can be reached by road, and some by train or plane, though many of the more rural areas require trekking and some of the trekking is quite difficult.
On the southern side most of the range can be reached via India, but western parts are reached via Pakistan or Afghanistan. Two small countries, Nepal and Bhutan, are located within the Himalayas on that side. On the north side, all of the Himalaya proper is in Tibet except for the small Indian trans-Himalaya region around Ladakh.

## See

The Himalayas include the highest peaks on Earth and most sights relate to the mountains themselves, but because of the relative isolation of mountain valleys there is also an interesting diversity in flora, fauna and cultures. Some of the mountains are sacred to Muslims, Hindus or Buddhists and there are many monasteries, mostly Buddhist.

## Do

Trekking is the most popular activity, with a wide selection of possibilities, from deserts to jungles. Some of the more popular treks in the Himalaya proper are:
* Everest Base Camp Trek, in Nepal
* Various treks in the Annapurna region, Nepal
* Various treks around Ladakh
There are also treks in related ranges of the Greater Himalaya complex of mountains
* K2 base camp trek, in Pakistan
* The Three parallel rivers region in China
It's also common to study yoga or meditation. There are many other possibilities, but among the most popular are:
* Rishikesh for yoga. See Yoga in Rishikesh for a long list of schools.
* Dharamsala for Tibetan Buddhism. The Dalai Lama is there, and there are many teachers in his entourage.
* Bodhgaya (on the plains below the Himalayas) is where the Buddha reached enlightenment, and there are several monasteries including Thai, Japanese and Tibetan.
White water rafting is also popular in many places.

## Destinations

The Himalayas spread across several countries. All Himalayan regions offer similar attractions, but there are interesting differences as well.

### Pakistan

* 35.3575.91 Gilgit-Baltistan — offers some of the most visually stunning parts of the Himalayas. The trekking in Gilgit-Baltistan is arduous, seldom without glacier crossings, and not for the inexperienced, or unprepared. Local law, and good sense, prohibit trekking without a local guide on most routes so this is one of the more costly parts of the Himalayas for trekking. The K2 base camp trek is a famous route. The people in this area, while being almost entirely Muslim, are diverse, with numerous languages, and different types of Islam followed–some highly conservative, some noticeably liberal. The Karakoram Highway runs through the mountains to connect Pakistan with Northwest China.
* 33.93808373.7645562 Azad Kashmir — encompasses the lower part of the Himalayas which is considered one of the most beautiful part of Himalayas due to lush green and scenic valleys. Parts of Azad Kashmir along the border with India are off-limits for foreigners.
* 34.34372.183 Northwest Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) — Pashton-dominated and conservative province, much of which would be unwise for tourists to visit but the western and northern parts which encompass the lower part of the Himalayas are an exception which provide fascinating and scenic landscape and unusual beauty.

### India

* 34.09111174.8061114 Jammu and Kashmir With its mountains and lakes, this was a popular destination with travelers until the conflict escalation between Pakistan and India. While Srinagar is reasonably safe, much of the countryside is dangerous and some of it, especially along the border, is off-limits.
* 34.16666777.5833335 Ladakh — Indian-administered union territory with its own culture. Offering much in the way of sight-seeing, and trekking it's not to be missed.
* 31.10333377.1722226 Himachal Pradesh — a pleasant, laid back, predominantly Hindu state, with a Tibetan Refugee population; popular with tourists.
* 30.51118778.9540127 Uttarakhand — the source of the Ganges and has a number of pilgrimage sites.
* 26.8580.918 Uttar Pradesh — situated mainly on the plains but borders the mountains, and includes some.
* 27.5588.59 Sikkim — wedged between, Nepal, Bhutan, China and West Bengal, Sikkim has many Buddhist monasteries and related sights. Trekking here is limited due to the closeness of the border with China. You must take a guide and go as a group, and there are a very limited number of routes.
* 22.56666788.36666710 West Bengal — situated mostly on the plains, a populous region of farming and industry, but the northern edge extends into the mountains. The Darjeeling Hills are popular as a tourist destination.
* 27.0693.3711 Arunachal Pradesh — at the northeast extreme of India and seldom visited by tourists, this state is a fascinating mix with a large tribal population; people follow, Animist, Hindu, Buddhist, and Baptist Christian religious traditions. The territory, however, continues to be the matter of a border dispute between India and China.

### Nepal

A major tourist destination, with numerous sightseeing, trekking, and other adventure sport opportunities, Nepal has a level of tourist specific infrastructure far in advance of anywhere else in the region. Here you can trek for a month and stay in guest houses every night, and need not carry more than a change of clothes or two, and your sleeping bag. Nepal has unfortunately been suffering from a Revolutionary Maoist uprising making the country less than safe.
* 28.59611183.82027812 Annapurna region
* 27.81666786.71666713 Everest region
* 28.173885.553114 Langtang
* 28.78333383.73055615 Mustang
The Great Himalaya Trail is a trekking route that crosses Nepal east-to-west and goes near many of the world's highest mountains. It is a long-distance trek, 1700 km (over 1000 miles), and some of it is through difficult terrain.

### Bhutan

A fascinating little kingdom, Bhutan only issues visas to tourists on expensive group tours or to individuals who benefit the country, such as NGO workers, or to exchange students.
* 289016 Gasa district
* 27.7590.66666717 Bumthang district
* 27.6666679118 Lhuentse district

### Tibet

The northern borders of India, Nepal and Bhutan generally follow the Ganges-Brahmanputra watershed, however the Himalaya extend north of this watershed. There are also outlying ranges rising out of the plateau northward to the Brahmaputra (or Yarlung Tsangpo as the river is called in Tibet) which are included with the Himalaya. This part of the Himalaya is less explored, often difficult of access, and has numerous unclimbed peaks.
A few centuries back, the Tibetan Empire was considerably larger than today's Tibet.

### Southwest China

The old Tibetan province of Kham — now split up administratively between the two Chinese provinces Yunnan and Sichuan and China's Tibetan Autonomous Region — is closely related to Himalayan areas further west in both geography (large mountains created by the same tectonic plate collision) and people (predominantly Tibetan speakers). See Yunnan tourist trail for an overview. Tourist attractions in the area include:
* 27.89598.40638919 Three parallel rivers for treks that need about a week and are somewhat off the beaten path.
* 27.23100.1420 Tiger Leaping Gorge for a popular shorter trek.
* 33.2103.921 Jiuzhaigou A national park and nature reserve in Sichuan, famous for pandas. It is named after nine Tibetan villages in the gorge, seven of which are still extant.
The Chinese province of Qinghai is also on the Tibetan Plateau. It was once Amdo province of the Tibetan Empire, and until the late 20th century its people were predominantly ethnic Tibetans. Today the Han (ethnic Chinese) are a majority, but they are mostly concentrated in the easternmost part of the province around Xining, while the rest of the province is sparsely populated and predominantly Tibetan.

## Stay safe

If you are not planning to do any trekking, then you will not need any special equipment, or even warm clothing as you will be able to pick up good warm clothing on entry to the region. If you do need warm clothes, don't miss the second-hand markets selling attire from wealthy nations.
If you are trekking, the equipment you will need depends on your destination, in most of Nepal you will need nothing more than a sleeping bag and a pair of boots; the Indian Himalayas offer a large number of routes that are possible to trek independently if you have a tent, stove, and all the equipment needed for unsupported trekking.
In general the Himalayas have fewer dangers than the more densely populated plains around them.
Stay up to date with the news, and be willing to change your plans, when going to places such as Kashmir, that are facing armed uprisings.
Traffic on the narrow roads is often frightening, but due to the slow speeds is less likely to result in fatalities than on the roads of the plains.

## Stay healthy

Malaria is only an issue in the areas of low elevation, as the mosquito that carries the disease is not able to live at higher elevations. Take precautions when traveling through areas of lower elevation, especially the neighboring plains.
Altitude sickness is a worry, with many of the passes in the Himalaya being over 5000 m. Increase your elevation as slowly as possible, avoid flying from a low elevation to a high one, limit your physical activity; and drink lots of liquids after gaining altitude. Altitude sickness is unpredictable, and may strike people who haven't had problems before. Give yourself lots of flexibility in your plans, to avoid pushing yourself higher when you need to rest.

## Go next

Flights out of the Himalayas are often cancelled due to bad weather, be sure to give yourself at least a few days before needing to catch a connecting flight.