# Central German Lake District

The Central German Lake District (German: Mitteldeutsches Seenland) is an area of artificial lakes created from former open-cast lignite mines in Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and the northeasternmost parts of Thuringia around Altenburg. The area is somewhat ill-defined and the immediate surroundings of Leipzig, by far the biggest city in the area, are separately marketed as Leipziger Neuseenland ("Leipzig Lake District" or more literally "Leipzig new-lake-land")

## Understand
### An area formed by mining

The area has been notable as a centre of lignite mining for over a century. While lignite, a lower quality (and geologically "younger") type of coal than the "black" coal found in the Ruhr area, was not a prime priority during the early phase of German industrialization, the loss of territory, industrial capacity and coal deposits as a consequence of World War I led to the development of more mining in the area. Later Nazi era efforts to become "resource self-sufficient" led to the widespread adoption of new chemical processes such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (developed in the 1920s) which allows the production of complex carbohydrates (including liquid fuels) from low quality carbon and water.
As East Germany (styling itself the "German Democratic Republic" or GDR) lacked natural resources besides lignite, production was further intensified and new processes were developed to turn the low quality lignite into coke suitable for metallurgical uses. The East German chemistry industry largely headquartered in this region had initially used Soviet petroleum, which the GDR could buy below world-market rates until a change in policy by the USSR forced the GDR to pay market rate, making the dependence on lignite even more acute. In its 40 years of existence, the GDR, a country of less than twenty million people, came to be the biggest producer (and user) of lignite and energy self-sufficient at the price of devastating the local environment, relocating some 50 000 people for the open pit mines and a characteristic smell from the burning of lignite and the exhausts of the Trabbi cars that still form part of the negative stereotypes westerners have about the east. As lignite in general tends to have a pretty high water content (30-60%), it is not economical to transport it long distances, meaning most is burned at nearby power plants.
During GDR times, it was however also used for metallurgical and chemical purposes and there are to this day factories turning the coal dust into briquettes for use in home heating. In Germany, one can buy lignite briquettes at stores like Obi. A further problem of lignite is its high sulphur content, which when burned produces substances responsible for acid rain. Central German lignite is particularly bad in that regard. During the GDR times, the "solution" was to just build high smokestacks to disperse the pollution over as wide an area as possible (including adjacent countries) but these days the power plants have been fitted with scrubbing devices.

### From coal pits to lakes

As the lignite often lies under several dozen meters of overburden (which had to be removed) and well below the natural water table, the water table had to be lowered during mining, creating all sorts of problems. Once a pit had been exhausted, keeping the water table lowered would no longer be sensible and thus they were either filled back up with overburden (still leaving a height difference of the coal seams which could reach several meters) or left to fill up with water. However, the groundwater would seep through minerals like pyrite oxidizing them and creating low pH waters known as "acid mine drainage" which would severely damage and disrupt the local ecosystem and make the lakes unusable. In at least one case, GDR authorities used wastewaters from aluminum production (which has a very high pH) to neutralize the acid water, but in most cases water from local rivers is used to flood the holes left by the mining to prevent the pH from falling too low. Another method of environmental remediation is adding Calcium Oxide to the water to neutralize the pH. Today many of the lakes have relatively clean water and are a habitat for several species of freshwater fish. Naturally any body of water where swimming is officially allowed has to undergo rigorous testing of the water quality ensuring safe swimming.
The end of the GDR and reunification suddenly changed the circumstances and it was clear that lignite mining would have to be scaled down. However, burning the cheap fuel in the nearby power plants still remained an incredibly profitable endeavor, so the Treuhand, a holding company set up to privatize the former "Volkseigene Betriebe" (Literally: "people owned enterprises"; de facto state-owned companies) ultimately found a buyer for the profitable parts of mining and power generation doing business under the name MIBRAG (Mitteldeutsche Braunkohlengesellschaft or central German brown coal company). Still the damages left behind by the mining and the transformation from open cast mines into lakes for touristic use as well as making sure damages to the people in the area and the environment were kept to a minimum were the task of a new state-owned enterprise, the LMBV (Lausitzer und Mitteldeutsche Bergbau-Verwaltungsgesellschaft Lusatian and Central German mining administration company) which is also responsible for the Lusatian Lake District. In the light of the CO$_2$ emissions caused by the burning of lignite and Germany's commitment to becoming carbon neutral some time in the 21st century a plan was drawn up to end the mining and burning of lignite by or before 2038 with the affected areas getting billions of euros in federal subsidies to ease the transformation. There are plans for various infrastructure improvements (touristic and otherwise) in the area in the course of this transformation.

## Get in
### By plane

* 51.42388912.2363891 Leipzig Halle Airport (LEJ). The freight hub sits smack dab in the middle of this area but its passenger flights are a more limited assortment including a hodgepodge of holiday charters to "sun" destinations, a few intra-European connections and seemingly random (and often changing) destinations served by LCCs.
* 52.36666713.5033332 Berlin Brandenburg Airport (BER). Opened in late 2020, Germany's third busiest airport offers a lot of European destinations and even a handful of intercontinental routes.

### By train

Leipzig and Halle are railway nodes with services in all cardinal directions, but there are also stations close to some of the lakes

## See
### Lakes

* 51.131912.54641 Bockwitzer See. 168 hectares (420 acres) surface area.
* 51.26944412.3352782 Cospudener See. 436 hectares (1,080 acres) surface area.
* 51.30811.88543 Geiseltalsee. At 1,842 hectares (4,550 acres) surface area by far the largest lake in the region and the largest artificial lake in Germany until surpassed by the Cottbuser Ostsee in the Lusatian Lake District.
* 51.753612.45284 Gremminer See (Ferropolissee). 541 hectares (1,340 acres) surface area. On a peninsula in the sea is Ferropolis, the "city of iron" which contains a number of former mining machines and is used for open air concerts.
* 51.703312.44895 Gröberner See. 374 hectares (920 acres) surface area.
* 51.626312.36376 Großer Goitzschesee. 1,331 hectares (3,290 acres) surface area.
* 51.281711.93837 Großkaynaer See (Südfeldsee). 255 hectares (630 acres) surface area.
* 51.138512.33498 Großstolpener See. 28 hectares (69 acres) surface area.
* 51.17003612.4669089 Hainer See. 560 hectares (1,400 acres) surface area.
* 51.085912.548510 Harthsee. 88 hectares (220 acres) surface area.
* 51.08411912.39774411 Haselbacher See. 334 hectares (830 acres) surface area.
* 51.161112.488112 Haubitzer See. 158 hectares (390 acres) surface area.
* 51.17512.42713 Kahnsdorfer See. Mostly used as a nature reserve. 121 hectares (300 acres) surface area.
* 51.30859712.2472514 Kulkwitzer See. 170 hectares (420 acres) surface area.
* 51.266812.40963915 Markkleeberger See. 249 hectares (620 acres) surface area.
* 51.643612.408616 Muldestausee. Despite the name, this lake is also a former open pit lignite mine which was however used to reroute the river Mulde during GDR times. 630 hectares (1,600 acres) surface area.
* 51.567512.32638917 Neuhäuser See. 155 hectares (380 acres) surface area.
* 51.58137512.34927518 Paupitzscher See. 80 hectares (200 acres) surface area.
* 51.379712.097319 Raßnitzer See. 315 hectares (780 acres) surface area.
* 51.44027812.33805620 Schladitzer See. 220 hectares (540 acres) surface area. The lake is only some 4 km (2.5 mi) from the northern runway of Leipzig Halle Airport, so while it's no Maho Beach, the aviation enthusiast has a good chance of seeing a plane on final approach or just taking off above their heads. As LEJ is a freight hub, there'll also be some planes in the mix that have long ceased being a mainstay of passenger service.
* 51.58633312.42899721 Seelhausener See. 634 hectares (1,570 acres) surface area.
* 51.112812.451922 Speicherbecken Borna. The former open pit mine was converted into a reservoir after flooding by installing a dam. 265 hectares (650 acres) surface area.
* 51.236312.447123 Störmthaler See. 733 hectares (1,810 acres) surface area. Notable for sitting next to the grounds of the Highfield Festival (see below).
* 51.375412.056824 Wallendorfer See. 338 hectares (840 acres) surface area.
* 51.47498612.31183925 Werbeliner See. 443 hectares (1,090 acres) surface area.
* 51.19444412.23555626 Werbener See. 79 hectares (200 acres) surface area.
* 51.239412.305227 Zwenkauer See. 970 hectares (2,400 acres) surface area.

### Active mines

There are still a handful of mines actively producing lignite for nearby power plants and there are usually lookouts where you can observe the goings-on.
* 51.116712.383328 United Schleenhain coal mine (Tagebau Vereinigtes Schleenhain). (updated Nov 2020)
* 51.13333312.16666729 Tagebau Profen. (updated Nov 2020)
* 51.459111.717930 Tagebau Amsdorf. By far the smallest in the region and unlike the others not owned and operated by MIBRAG but rather by ROMONTA a company specialized in creating a wax-like substance from the bituminous coal found here. (updated Nov 2020)

### Museums

* 51.246512.421231 Bergbau Technik Park. An assortment of mining equipment once in use in the area has been collected into an open-air museum. (updated Nov 2020)

## Do

* 51.761712.44891 Ferropolis. The "city of iron" is composed of several old mining machines which were put on permanent display here instead of being sold for scrap. It has been used numerous times as a stunning backdrop for music concerts. There is also a campground. (updated Nov 2020)
* Highfield Festival. Named after a former site near Erfurt, this festival has been held near Störmthaler See since 2010. It is one of Germany's biggest and frequently features well known bands and musicians. (updated Nov 2020)
* 51.258112.42792 Kanupark Markkleeberg, ☏ +49 34 297 14 12 91, info@kanupark-markkleeberg.com. Believe it or not, Leipzig applied to host the 2012 Olympic Games and while the application obviously failed (with London getting the nod) a few of the visionary ideas of these days were put into practice. Among them this world cup level canoe facility. (updated Nov 2020)

## Sleep

There are a bunch of campsites near many of the lakes

## Talk

The language that'll get you the furthest is of course German - most of the visitors are German, so the tourism industry mostly caters to them. English proficiency tends to be lower than in the West. During GDR times Russian was the mandatory first foreign language in schools and some schools in the area still teach it as an optional second or third foreign language. Leipzig as a growing university town has a lot of transplants from the West and an international student scene and that'll certainly be evident during events such as the Highfield Festival.

## Stay safe

There have in the past been accidents related to the collapse of heaps of overburden loosely deposited at some other point and in a few cases even of "natural" ground collapsing due to the activities of mining and flooding. The LMBV is responsible for the safety of the area and puts up "do not enter" signs in areas where a danger to life and limb from earth movements cannot be discarded. Still, there remains a small residual risk as evidenced by the collapse of the ground below several houses in Nachterstedt, Saxony Anhalt in 2009 which killed three people whose bodies were never recovered.

## Go next

* The Lusatian Lake District has similar origins