OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Digital Media and Information in Society/Student Journals/Bart Casabona/photograph Phenomenology of Technology

The article "Separation: Disclosing the Loss of Maternal Proximity" delves into the emotional impact of photographs on mothers as they reflect on their children growing up and becoming independent individuals. This exploration ties into the Phenomenology of Technology, a concept in philosophy that investigates how technology shapes our perceptions and experiences. Within this framework, the article discusses the experiences of mothers, such as Samantha and Jessica, who find that looking at photographs of their children evokes powerful feelings of reminiscence and loss. These photographs serve as reminders that the past is different from the present and will continue to differ from the future, a key aspect of temporal consciousness in the Phenomenology of Technology. The article further delves into the concept of temporality, as described by Gilles Deleuze, highlighting that the present moment contains both a present and past dimension. In the context of Phenomenology of Technology, technology often serves as a temporal bridge, connecting us to the past while also pushing us into the future. The act of capturing moments in photographs represents the origins of the maternal relationship, while simultaneously marking a sense of loss as children grow and become more independent. The emotional connection between mothers and their children is explored through the lens of these early photographs, which symbolize the closeness and changes that occur as children grow and develop, illustrating how technology and our relationship with it intersect with our experiences of time and memory.
# Digital Media and Information in Society/Student Journals/Bartgis
### 5 DEC 2023
#### Portfolio

here is my portfolio:

### 4 DEC 2023
#### Final Project

I have compleated my final wikipedia project, I have it in my sandbox here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Bartgis/sandbox

### 11 NOV 2023
#### Sandbox link

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Bartgis/sandbox

### 23 OCT 2023
#### Theoretical frameworks

Phenominological Photography Digital Media and Information in Society/Student Journals/Bartgis/Phenomenological analysis of photography
Phenominological Phonograph Digital Media and Information in Society/Student Journals/Bartgis/Phenomenological analysis of the phonograph

### 11 OCT 2023
#### Talked with Chat GPT about Later literacy and the printing age

I hed a pretty in-depth conversation about how prining allowed for democracy to grow. https://chat.openai.com/share/fba8753c-25ac-4f6e-b00e-6aaa4fc34c90

### 27 SEP 2023
#### Talked with Chat GPT about The Manuscript age and Early Literacy

I hed a pretty in-depth conversation about manuscripts and knowledge preservation. https://chat.openai.com/share/49435ba3-b954-40a3-ad63-5c9963bcf967

### 20 SEP 2023
#### Talked with Chat GPT about topics for a wikipedia page about indie games

It went well, a topic I decided on from this conversation was Edge computing. https://chat.openai.com/share/ef8b4d47-8a12-4e85-ac26-157616b92708

#### Chatted with Chat GPT about orality

I talked about how orality has remained an aspect of information in society https://chat.openai.com/share/764ef3a5-48dd-42b9-804d-bd25290226d1

### 18 SEP 2023
#### Talked with Chat GPT about possible topics

Ended up talking about the future of VR and I learned more about accessability. https://chat.openai.com/share/4b07bdcc-5db7-4bc3-baa8-b8d3fe578d4d

### 11 SEP 2023
#### Talked with Chat GPT about information era names

https://chat.openai.com/share/e62aa851-f24c-42e3-8786-a7839fc921f2

### 07 SEP 2023
#### Evaluated Joe's Crab Shack Wikipedia article

I evaluated and added to the talk page of the Joe's Crab Shack Wikipedia article.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Joe%27s_Crab_Shack

### 06 SEP 2023
#### Copyedited Malta Wiki

I went to the wiki page for my hometown of Malta NY and corrected some grammar.
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malta,_New_York&oldid=1174138171

### 30 AUG 2023
#### Hello, World!

Yo, I'm Sam Bartgis!

#### Chat GPT Conversation

In this conversation I asked the Ai how the modern digital age effects our media consumption.
https://chat.openai.com/share/25f2639c-335f-4640-bfb3-58d82f5f39d7
# Digital Media and Information in Society/Student Journals/CaseyIsSheep
#### Hello World

Shmongly Bagongoly

### September 11th, 2023
#### Article Edit

I edited an article last class, and I contributed small things to the wikipedia article of Fallout New Vegas

### September 20th, 2023
#### ChatGPT

I asked ChatGPT for a topics on how to write a complex story about the politics of a fictional country. I ended up finding a real interest in writing Key characters with in a political story. I learned about what kind of roles on what kind of characters can take within a story like this.

### September 22nd, 2023
#### Chat GPT topic

I talked with ChatGPT about how humans can reliably use AI art in a way that doesn't hurt human artists.

### October 23rd, 2023
#### Theoretical Framework

My ChatGPT convo about Post Colonial Telegraphs went exactly as followed https://chat.openai.com/c/71fa4529-c326-4fc9-bdb3-d86e439bef82
ChatGPT states that telegraphs were used by powerful european colonizing powers such as the british, french, and spanish colonizers. They were used to keep their power over their own colonies by keeping in contact with one another in order to know if a colony was under attack or something among those lines. These lines often connected through major capital cities within the colonies.

### December 6th, 2023
#### Portfolio draft

Started drafting a portfolio in Google Docs to which then I would copy and paste and then revise it
I have made a sandbox page User:CaseyIsSheep/sandbox
# Digital Media and Information in Society/Student Journals/Bart Casabona/Semiotics Analysis of Telegraphy

The article "Separation: Disclosing the Loss of Maternal Proximity" delves into the emotional impact of photographs on mothers as they reflect on their children growing up and becoming independent individuals. This exploration ties into the Phenomenology of Technology, a concept in philosophy that investigates how technology shapes our perceptions and experiences. Within this framework, the article discusses the experiences of mothers, such as Samantha and Jessica, who find that looking at photographs of their children evokes powerful feelings of reminiscence and loss. These photographs serve as reminders that the past is different from the present and will continue to differ from the future, a key aspect of temporal consciousness in the Phenomenology of Technology. The article further delves into the concept of temporality, as described by Gilles Deleuze, highlighting that the present moment contains both a present and past dimension. In the context of Phenomenology of Technology, technology often serves as a temporal bridge, connecting us to the past while also pushing us into the future. The act of capturing moments in photographs represents the origins of the maternal relationship, while simultaneously marking a sense of loss as children grow and become more independent. The emotional connection between mothers and their children is explored through the lens of these early photographs, which symbolize the closeness and changes that occur as children grow and develop, illustrating how technology and our relationship with it intersect with our experiences of time and memory.
# Digital Media and Information in Society/Student Journals/Bart Casabona/phonograph Phenomenology of Technology

The article "Phenomenological Framework in the Construction of the Concept of Sound Object" delves into how the phenomenological approach, influenced by Husserl, shapes the concept of a sound object in Pierre Schaeffer's work. Schaeffer's goal was to create a theoretical framework to understand music's experience, where a sound object is not a physical entity but a construct in consciousness through intentional listening. This process extends beyond the physical source of sound, delving into conscious construction. It often seeks the sound's source or cause, illustrating the complexity of this formation. Schaeffer's "reduced listening" strips away extra-acoustic elements, aligning with Husserl's phenomenological reduction. It focuses on pure sound matter as it's perceived, separate from external associations. In essence, the article delves into how sound objects are constructed in the context of phenomenological philosophy, highlighting the intricate interaction between sensory data and intentional consciousness.
# Digital Media and Information in Society/Student Journals/Bartgis/Phenomenological analysis of photography

The passage concludes that by saying that photographs make us feel closely connected in three main ways. First, they're like footprints, leaving an impression of what they capture. Even if a photo doesn't show much, knowing it's a trace can make us feel close to the subject. Second, photos usually give us a good understanding of what they show, which we tend to believe. This also adds to the feeling of being near. Lastly, looking at a photo is a bit like pretending to see the real thing. This makes us feel like we're really there, even if we're not. Altogether, the passage suggests that these three things working together give us a special sense of connection when we look at photos.
MIKAEL PETTERSSON, Depictive Traces: On the Phenomenology of Photography, The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Volume 69, Issue 2, May 2011, Pages 185–196, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6245.2011.01460.x
# Digital Media and Information in Society/Student Journals/Bartgis/Phenomenological analysis of the phonograph

This passage discusses the role of phonography in capturing and reproducing acoustic events. The author highlights how sound recording goes beyond mere convenience, allowing people to create personalized rituals and replay experiences. The diversity of recording formats is also considered, with different time limits shaping how people interact with the recorded material. The passage contrasts Evan Eisenberg's perspective, emphasizing the capacity of phonography for replaying musical experiences, with Theodor Adorno's view. Adorno sees repetition as potentially regressive and even masochistic, particularly in popular music, which he argues relies on standardized, repeatable elements. Adorno suggests that classical music, with its structured relationships between parts, offers a more intellectually engaging alternative.
Brown, Lee. "Phonography, Repetition and Spontaneity." Philosophy and Literature, vol. 24 no. 1, 2000, p. 111-125. Project MUSE, https://doi.org/10.1353/phl.2000.0003.
# Doctor of Philosophy/Candidature/Supervision

Identify the people in your learning network who are going to assist on your learning journey and help you get to finished. Identifying the people who will assist in your getting to completion is very important. These people will provide candid feedback, be your peers, provide supervision and be your cheerleaders. This cohort should include both peers and mentors. They should not necessarily be existing PhD's, yet as a collection of supporters be able to provide all you need as guidance during this journey to completing a ONPhD.
Create a blog post, wiki or web page dedicated to your supervisory team. Detail why you believe the team is appropriate to supervise you to completion.
This information described should be accompanied with evidence of offers of supervision from qualified researchers. Letters supporting their supervision plan, and evidence of reviews given on their prior supervisory work. Other people in your collective of supporters should also provide endorsement through a published online endorsement.
Provide a link to this in this tasks discussion thread.

### Related Badge

Any of your peers who have been awarded this badge, will be able to assess your work and award you the badge for completion of this task. Awarding this badge would be done through credly; https://credly.com/give/1208
# Doctor of Philosophy/Candidature/Methodology

Completion of a PhD requires a significant reseach project or major contribution to your chosen knowledge domain.
Describe your existing proven research skills and abilities or how you intend on developing critical thinking and research skills. The main point is to have the required research skills and knowledge to successfully complete a PhD level of work. If you don't already have these skills, how are you going to develop them. Provide a summary of the research methodologies you believe are applicable to your area of research. This list may change or be narrowed to one as your research project is clarified and has been reviewed by your peers and mentors.
Provide the following to complete this task;
* Evidence toward your proven research skills, or
* A learning plan to develop the required research skills.
* A summary of the applicable research methodologies and how they would apply to your research endeavour.
* Evidence of a preparedness to follow ethical boundaries in research work, with a process that obtains formal clearance deemed ideal, given the scope of your project.
Provide a link to this in this tasks discussion thread.

### Related Badge

Any of your peers who have been awarded this badge, will be able to assess your work and award you the badge for completion of this task. Awarding this badge would be done through credly; https://credly.com/give/1093
# Doctor of Philosophy/Candidature/Knowledge

Completion of a PhD level of knowing also requires the development of other related skills and knowledge. When completing an OnPhD you will also be required to develop other skills and knowledge that may not be in direct relation to your domain of knowledge. Yet, they will be required for the completion of your research project and PhD. These additional skills and knowledge should be identified and credit awarded for their completion. A few of these could be;
* Project Management
* Programming (Software Carpentry)
* Speaking and conference participation
* Assisting in anothers related research
* Other(s) identified by you
Dedicate a wiki page or a series of blog posts dedicated to your skills and knowledge development approach. Identify any additional online courses you may take to complete this task. Provide a link to this in this tasks discussion thread.

### Related Badge

Any of your peers who have been awarded this badge, will be able to assess your work and award you the badge for completion of this task. Awarding this badge would be done through credly; https://credly.com/give/1194
# English-Chinese/Learning

Learning is the process of acquiring new, or modifying existing, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences.
学习是获取新知识，改变现有知识，行为，技能，价值观或偏好的过程。
# English-Chinese/Leg

A leg is something used to support things. Birds and humans have two legs. Some objects, for example tables and chairs, also have legs to hold them up.
腿 是 用来 支撑 东西的 某物。鸟类 和 人类 有 两条 腿。有些 物体，例如 桌椅，也 有 腿 支撑。
# English-Chinese/Leaf

A leaf is an above-ground plant organ and it is green. Its main functions are photosynthesis and gas exchange. A leaf is often flat, so it absorbs the most light, and thin, so that the sunlight can get to the chloroplasts in the cells. Most leaves have stomata, which open and close. They regulate carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapour exchange with the atmosphere.
叶子 是 地上 植物器官，它是 绿色的。它的 主要功能 是 光合作用 和 气体交换。叶子 通常 是 扁平的，所以 它 吸收 最多的 光线，并且 是 薄的，以便 阳光 可以 进入 细胞中的 叶绿体。大多数 叶子 都有 开合的 气孔。叶子 调节 二氧化碳，氧气 和 水蒸气 与 大气的 交换。
# English-Chinese/Legumes, some of which are called pulses in certain parts of the world, have higher concentrations of amino acids and are more complete sources of protein than whole grains and cereals

Legumes, some of which are called pulses in certain parts of the world, have higher concentrations of amino acids and are more complete sources of protein than whole grains and cereals.
豆科植物，其中一些在世界某些地区被称为豆类，具有更高的氨基酸浓度，并且是比全谷物和谷物更完整的蛋白质来源。
# English-Chinese/Let's not talk about her problems

Let's not talk about her problems.
我们不要谈论她的问题。
# English-Chinese/Leather

Leather is the skin of an animal made into a durable material by tanning. The skins of cows, pigs, and goats are often used to make leather. Skins of snakes, alligators or crocodiles, and ostriches are sometimes used to make fancier leather. Shoes, bags, clothes, and balls are often made of leather. Sometimes people make leather out of whales, ducks, giraffes, and African elephants, but all of these ways of making leather are very simple but can also be very hard and rare sometimes.
皮革 是 通过 鞣皮法 制成 耐用材料的 动物皮肤。牛，猪 和 山羊的 皮 通常 用于 制造 皮革。蛇，短吻鳄 或 鳄鱼皮 和 鸵鸟皮 有时 被用来 制作 更好的 皮革。鞋，包，衣服 和 球 通常 由 皮革 制成。有时候 人们 会 用 鲸鱼，鸭子，长颈鹿 和 非洲大象 制作 皮革，但 所有 这些 制作皮革的 方法 都 非常 简单，但 有时 也 可能 非常 困难 而且 很少见。
# English-Chinese/Leshan Giant Buddha

The Leshan Giant Buddha is a 71-meter tall stone statue, built between 713 and 803 (during the Tang Dynasty), depicting Maitreya. It is carved out of a cliff face that lies at the confluence of the Min Jiang River and Dadu River in the southern part of Sichuan province in China, near the city of Leshan. The stone sculpture faces Mount Emei, with the rivers flowing below its feet. It is the largest and tallest stone Buddha statue in the world and it is by far the tallest pre-modern statue in the world.
乐山大佛 是 一座 71米 高的 石像，建于 713年 至 803年 之间（唐朝 时期），描绘了 弥勒佛。它 位于 中国 四川省 南部的 乐山市 附近的 岷江 和 大渡河 交汇处的 悬崖峭壁上。石雕 面对 峨眉山，河流 流淌 在 它的 脚下。它是 世界上 规模最大，最高的 石佛像，也是 迄今为止 世界上 最高的 前现代 雕像。
# English-Chinese/Let's meet at the bar!

Let's meet at the bar!
我们在酒吧见面吧！
# English-Chinese/Let's meet at the pub!

Let's meet at the pub!
我们在酒吧见面！
# English-Chinese/Letter

In languages that use an alphabet, for example English, each symbol in the alphabet is a letter. Letters represent sounds when the language is spoken.
在使用字母表的语言中，例如英语，字母表中的每个符号都是一个字母。在说出语言时，字母代表声音。
# Conditional Probability
## Introduction

Conditional Probability, in probability theory, measures the chance of the occurrence of an event given (or based upon assumption) that another event has already happened.

## Bayes' Theorem

Named after Thomas Bayes, Bayes' Theorem calculates conditional probability by using known related probability variables. Specifically, the theorem states that the probability of event A occurring given that event B has already occurred is equal to the probability of event A multiplied by the probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred divided by the probability of event B.
$P(\mathrm {A} |\mathrm {B} )={\frac {P(\mathrm {B} |\mathrm {A} )P(\mathrm {A} )}{P(\mathrm {B} )}}$ for A and B are events; $P(\mathrm {B} )\neq 0$.

### Proof of Theorem

The general conditional probability proof uses the probability of both events A and B occurring and divides it by its condition, event B, i.e. the intersection of events A and B scaled by the known variable event B (events A and B are dependent).
$P(\mathrm {A} |\mathrm {B} )={\frac {P(\mathrm {A} \cap \mathrm {B} )}{P(\mathrm {B} )}}$ for A and B are events; $P(\mathrm {B} )\neq 0$.
$P(\mathrm {B} |\mathrm {A} )={\frac {P(\mathrm {A} \cap \mathrm {B} )}{P(\mathrm {A} )}}$ for A and B are events; $P(\mathrm {A} )\neq 0$.
Therefore,
$P(\mathrm {A} \cap \mathrm {B} )=P(\mathrm {A} |\mathrm {B} )P(\mathrm {B} )$ for A and B are events; $P(\mathrm {B} )\neq 0$.
$P(\mathrm {A} \cap \mathrm {B} )=P(\mathrm {B} |\mathrm {A} )P(\mathrm {A} )$ for A and B are events; $P(\mathrm {A} )\neq 0$.
The two equations can be substituted back into the two on top, which will result in Bayes' Theorem.

### Application

Bayes' Theorem is prominent in scientific discovery and machine learning. It allows conditional probabilities to accommodate new evidence in that new evidence will further restrict the prior hypothesis. The theorem will also account for the varying levels of influence the new evidence will have on events A and B respectively.

## See Also

* Wikipedia: Conditional probability
* Investopedia: Bayes' Theorem
# Cone/Two-dimensional/Edges/Signature/Exercise

We consider the twodimensional cone $C$ given by the edges $\mathbb {R} _{\geq 0}{\begin{pmatrix}7\\2\end{pmatrix}}$ and $\mathbb {R} _{\geq 0}{\begin{pmatrix}5\\6\end{pmatrix}}$ and the corresponding monoid $C\cap \mathbb {Z} ^{2}$. Determine the describing integral linear forms and the signatures of the cone.
# Cone/Linear form/Coprime/Exercise

Let $C\subseteq \mathbb {R} ^{n}$ denote a positve rational polyhedrial cone and $F$ a facet of the cone. Let
    $\ell \colon \mathbb {R} ^{n}\longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
be a linear form, such that its kernel contains the facet. Suppose that the linear form is given by integers which are coprime. Show that $\ell$ or $-\ell$ is the canonical integral linear form of $F$.
# Confidence interval

Educational level: this is a tertiary (university) resource.
Completion status: this resource is ~50% complete.
Confidence intervals (CIs) (or confidence limits) provide information about the "reliability" of a statistical parameter - or "range of certainty" or "area of confidence".
Rather than rely on a single estimate for a parameter (such as a measure of central tendency, a CI approach specifies a likely range within which the population central tendency for a variable of interest is likely to be.
For example, if we measure the heights of a sample of human beings, the mean might be 170cm. From this sample, we might conclude that the mean height for the entire population is 95% likely to be between 168cm and 172cm (a lower and upper confidence level respectively).
CIs are an alternative or adjunct approach to statistical inference.
CIs are very useful and are underutilised.
This page provides an undergraduate-level introduction to confidence intervals and their usage. :

## CI types

Confidence intervals can be reported for any paramater of a sample:
* Ms
* M differences (M2 – M1)
* Effect sizes
* β (standardised regression coefficient) in multiple linear regression
CIs can be examined statistically and graphically (e.g., error-bar graphs)

## CI for a mean

* e.g., true M is 95% likely to lie between -1.96 SD and +1.96 of the sample M
* CI is based on the M, SD, N, and critical ά, calculate:
** Lower-limit (e.g., .025 for 95% CI)
** Upper-limit (e.g., .975 for 95% CI)

## CIs and error bar graphs

* CIs around means can be presented as error bar graphs
* More informative alternatives to bar graphs or line graphs
* For representing the central tendency and distribution of continuous data for different groups

## Review question
### Q

If I have a sample M = 5, with 95% CI of 2.5 to 7.5, what would I conclude?
* Not reject H$_0$ that the M is equal to 0.
* Reject H$_0$ that the M is equal to 0.

### A

* 2

### Q

If I have a sample M = 5, with 95% CI of -.5 to 11.5, what would I conclude?
* Not reject H0 that the M is equal to 0.
* Reject H0 that the M is equal to 0.

### A

* 1
# Configuration Management

Configuration Management is concerned with all things having to do with building and deploying well tested, reproducible software builds. This is important because software is deployed in a cycle, and the uptake of this cycle can vary widely and can mean that features that are currently deployed in the field have been significantly changed or rewritten by developers, meaning that bugs found in the field will require developers to revisit old code.
We will examine a few tools which help in this process.
Apache Ant will be the first tool we will look into.