# Esperanto/Grammar

This page gives an overview of the grammar of Esperanto. To read more about it, see Esperanto grammar at Wikipedia

## Personal pronouns

| | | singular | plural |
| first person | first person | mi (I) | ni (we) |
| second person | second person | vi (you) | vi (you) |
| third person | masculine | li (he) | ili (they) |
| third person | feminine | ŝi (she) | ili (they) |
| third person | epicene | ĝi (it) | ili (they) |
| indefinite | indefinite | oni (one) | oni (one) |
| reflexive | reflexive | si (self) | si (self) |

## Prefixes

This is a list of Esperanto prefixes.
| Prefix | Meaning | Example | Translation |
| bo- | in-law | bopatro | father-in-law |
| dis- | distribution | distranĉi | to cut/chop up |
| ek- | beginning | ekbrili | ignite |
| eks- | ended | eksedzino | ex-wife |
| fi- | disgusting, nasty | fihomo | wicked person |
| ge- | both sexes | gepatroj | parents (both sexes) |
| mal- | opposite | maldoni | take |
| mis- | wrongly | mislegi | misread |
| pra- | since long | prapatroj | forefathers |
| re- | repetitive | relegi | reread |
| vic- | step- vice- spare | vicfilo vicprezidanto vicrado | stepson vice-president spare wheel |

## Suffixes

This is a list of Esperanto suffixes. If a part-of-speech ending is included, this indicates which form is considered the base form (object/action/characteristic), see Lesson 4
| Suffix | Meaning | Example | Translation |
| -aĉ- | cheap, poor quality | domaĉo | shack |
| -adi | prolonged | paroladi | ramble |
| -ado | action | martelado | hammering |
| -aĵo | to make a noun something that originates from the noun | belaĵo konstruaĵo bovaĵo | something beautiful building beef |
| -ano | member/citizen | insulano kanadano | islander Canadian |
| -aro | group | estraro | governing board |
| -ĉjo | male nickname | paĉjo | daddy |
| -ebla | possibility | videbla | visible |
| -eco | -ness | dolĉeco | sweetness |
| -edo* | biological family (technical) | numidedo | Guinea fowls |
| -eg- | bigger | ventego | windstorm |
| -ejo | a place | preĝejo | church/temple (place of prayer) |
| -ema | tendency | ŝparema | thrifty |
| -enda | should/must | legenda | that should be read |
| -ero | small part | salero | grain of salt |
| -estro | leader | urbestro | mayor |
| -et- | smaller | rideti | smile (little laugh) |
| -io | country | Francio | France |
| -iĉo | male | patriĉo | father |
| -ido | offspring | ĉevalido | colt |
| -igi | to cause | purigi | to (make) clean |
| -iĝi | become | ruĝiĝi | to redden, to blush |
| -ilo | tool | ŝlosilo | key (lock tool) |
| -ino | female | patrino | mother |
| -inda | worthy | admirinda | admirable |
| -ingo | holder, sheath | kandelingo | candle-holder |
| -ismo | an ism, a doctrine | komunismo | communism |
| -isto | profession | biciklisto | (professional) cyclist |
| (-iva)$^1$ | able to | kreiva | creative |
| -njo | female nickname | panjo | mommy |
| -obla | times/fold | duobla | double |
| -ona | part | kvarona kvarono | quarter a quarter |
| -ope | group | sesope | with six (people) |
| (-oza)$^1$ | full of | muskuloza | muscular |
| -ujo | container fruit tree (archaic) country (archaic) | monujo pomujo Francujo | purse/wallet apple tree France |
| -ulo | trait member of a zoological group | stultulo mamulo | fool mammal |
| -umo -umi -uma | ad hoc | komunumo kolumo palpebrumi akvumi ŝtonumi dekstrume | community collar to wink to water to stone, to execute by stoning clockwise |
* Originally from Ido.

## Correlatives

| Correlatives | ki- | ti- | i- | ĉi- | neni- |
| -u (person/thing) | ki-u (who) | ti-u (this/that person/thing) | i-u (some/a person/thing) | ĉi-u (every person/thing) | neni-u (no person/thing) |
| -o (thing) | ki-o (what) | ti-o (that) | i-o (some thing) | ĉi-o (every thing) | neni-o (no thing) |
| -a (type/kind) | ki-a (what type, which kind) | ti-a (this/that type/kind) | i-a (some/a type/kind) | ĉi-a (every type/kind) | neni-a (no type/kind) |
| -e (place, location) | ki-e (where) | ti-e (there) | i-e (some place) | ĉi-e (every place) | neni-e (no place) |
| -om (quantity) | ki-om (how many) | ti-om (this many) | i-om (some amount) | ĉi-om (every amount) | neni-om (no amount) |
| -am (time) | ki-am (when) | ti-am (then) | i-am (some time) | ĉi-am (every time, always) | neni-am (no time, never) |
| -es (ownership) | ki-es (whose) | ti-es (their) | i-es (some/any one's) | ĉi-es (everyone's) | neni-es (no one's) |
| -al (causation) | ki-al (why) | ti-al (because) | i-al (for some reason) | ĉi-al (for all reasons) | neni-al (for no reason) |
| -el (method) | ki-el (how, in what way) | ti-el (this way) | i-el ((in) some way) | ĉi-el (in every way) | neni-el (in no way) |