OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Symbology/Dyad
### Dyadic perspectives

The triangle ΔABC has three corners A, B, C, and three sides AB, AC, BC, each suggesting a dyadic relationship. Meanwhile, your concern may focus on just one dyadic relationship, while ignoring the other two, however vitally flowered with them, and however fatally flawed without them!
For example:
    AB: "Signified and Signifier" (1916) by Ferdinand de Saussure
    BC: Word and Object (1960) by Willard Quine
    AC: Person and Object (1976) by Roderick Chisholm
where,
    A: Signified, Person, or THOUGHT
    B: Signifier, Word, or SYMBOL
    C: Object, Thing, or REFERENT.
There have been at least two famous dyadic traditions or paradigms in the study of symbols:
* Saussure's internalism or subjectivism focusing on the signified and the signifier (1916) as THOUGHT and SYMBOL, while ignoring REFERENT or the object C together with its relationships AC and BC. Walker Percy (1975) argues that the signified and the signifier are nothing but the response to the stimulus, hence the behaviorist perspective. See the chapter "The Delta Factor."
* Quine's externalism or objectivism focusing on Word and Object (1960) as SYMBOL and REFERENT, while ignoring THOUGHT or the subject A together with its relationships AB and AC. The Wikipedia: Roderick Chisholm article includes a rejoinder (1976) to Quine's ignorance, which reads: "His masterwork was Person and Object, its title deliberately contrasting with W. V. O. Quine's Word and Object."
* See also semantic externalism that may be ascribable to the seminal article "The Meaning of 'Meaning'" of Putnam, Hilary (1975). Mind, Language and Reality, Philosophical Papers Vol. 2, Cambridge University Press. $^{[^]}$ "Meanings just ain't in the head" is his externalist dictum. Donald Davidson argued for Putnam that semantic externalism constituted an "anti-subjectivist revolution" in philosophers' way of seeing the world. Perhaps more precisely, however, semantic externalism rooted in objectivism and positivism was rather an anti-subjectivist reaction to the sudden subjectivist, interpretivist revolution since the late 1970s that would firmly recognize that we certainly live in The Age of Uncertainty (1977), as timely recognized by an eminent economist John Galbraith. See also some revolutionary, epoch-making, sense-making theses, for instance, of 1975, as listed in the "References" chapter below. In this regard, Putnam was a reactionary, as it were!
* ↑ The title Person and Object (1976) was deliberately chosen as a rejoinder to Quine’s title Word and Object (1960).
# Symbology/Triad
### The triangle of reference

In The Meaning of Meaning (1923), the authors C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards put forward what they call the "triangle of reference." For them, SYMBOL in language on the one hand and REFERENT in reality on the other are not related (directly) by themselves, hence the dotted bottom, but (indirectly) by way and by virtue of THOUGHT or REFERENCE in mind on the top that is hence the central concern. This cognitive, psycholinguistic, user-centered idea is the point of departure of of their "study of the influence of language upon thought and of the science of symbolism," as mentioned as the subtitle.
Accordingly, language that is supposed to make reference to reality should be suspected of its ambiguity and uncertainty, and therefore should be reasonably interpreted by cognitive "human intelligence," which on the other hand is built up through the triangle of reference or the "Delta Factor," as suggested by Walker Percy (1975) elsewhere. Consequently, such approaches as cognitivism and interpretivism have been emphasized more and more especially since the late 1970s.
* ↑ Any other nomenclature such as "semiotic triangle" is strictly unfounded, likely used to water down its originality.
# Synchronous circuit design

The unique feature of a synchronous digital circuit is that the circuit only changes in response to a main clock. There may be other clock signals in the design but they have to be "synchronized" to the main clock and any other clock signal must have a known relationship in time to the main clock. A basic example of logic unit that works on this very feature is a flip flop which is triggered on a clock edge.
# Synchrotron radiation/Problem set

This problem set is aimed at synchrotron radiation.
The functional form should be sufficient to use so that synchrotron radiation is as easy to compare to spectra as is Planck's equation for blackbody radiation.

## Synchrotron radiation

"Synchrotron radiation is the electromagnetic radiation emitted when charged particles travel in curved paths. Because in most accelerators the particle trajectories are bent by magnetic fields, synchrotron radiation is also called Magneto-Bremsstrahlung. The emitted spectrum is broadband from the microwave (harmonics of the driving RF field) to x-ray spectral regions. The radiation is vertically collimated and polarized. The synchrotron radiation output can be calculated if the electron energy, bending radius, electron current, angle relative to the orbital plane, the distance to the tangent point and vertical and horizontal acceptance angles are known."

## Problem 1

Using the derivative of Planck's equation, calculate the wavelength, temperature pair for 6000 K.
The reference "Uwe" in the list near the resource page bottom calculates synchrotron radiation spectra using the electron energy (MV), the bending radius (m), the angle relative to the orbital plane (Psi/mrad), a bandwidth (%), the electron beam current (mA), starting wavelength (nm), and ending wavelength (nm) for 256 points.
Vary the electron energy at "Calculate the Synchrotron Radiation Spectrum" to get the synchrotron peak to match the (wavelength, temperature) pair.
When you have a matching synchrotron spectrum, vary the magnetic field bending radius from just above 0.0 to 2.0 and record the changes in the peak wavelength and intensity.

## Problem 2

Calculate the area under the curve for the Planck spectrum with the peak at the (wavelength, temperature) pair.
For your synchrotron spectrum with its matching (wavelength, electron energy) pair, convert the electron energy to temperature to see if they match.
Adjust the electron energy until the temperatures match.
Calculate the area under the curve and compare with the area from the Planck spectrum.
If the areas do not match, adjust the bending radius to optimize the area under the curve so that only a simple scale factor if any is needed.
If a scale factor is needed, increase or decrease the electron current.

## Problem 3

For an electron energy of 700.0 MeV, adjust the bending radius until the peak in total nW again matches the (wavelength, temperature) pair.
If the bending radius is inversely proportional to the magnetic field, how much stronger does the magnetic field have to be?

## Problem 4

Using the electron energy that matches the temperature, adjust the bending radius until the nW peak is again at the correct wavelength.

## Problem 5

When the angle relative to the orbital plane is increased in small units from zero, what changes to the bending radius must be performed to keep the peak at the same wavelength?
Document some examples.
# System development/Modelling/VDML

* VDML is an OMG standard.
* VDML stands for Value Delivery Modeling Language.

## Index

* Concepts
* Contacts
* Questions
# System development/Modelling/VDML/Henk de Man

Learning community system development contacted Henk de Man on 15.09.14.
# System development/Modelling/What is a model?

A model is a representation of reality.
# System development/Modelling/Types/Semantic model

* Learning community: System development
* See also: Semantics

## Index

* Examples
# System development/Modelling/Types/Semantic model/What is a semantic model?

A semantic model consists of concepts and the relations between the concepts.

## Example

In the semantic model below you see three concepts: Book, Author and Publisher. To capture the semantics we also give the relation between the concept a name.
In the model below you see atoms of each concept (source: Wikipedia: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone).
# System development/Modelling/Types/Process model
## What is a process model?

A process model describes in which sequence activities take place.

## Example

The picture below is an example of a business process. The Business Process Modeling Notation is used.

## Best practices

Organizations spend a lot of time creating process models. They use Microsoft Visio, ARIS, or some other tool to make models of all of their processes. This is probably not wise. In this section you can find some best practices.
* Think about your goals first.
* ... TD: expand
# System development/Modelling/Types/Semantic model/Examples

In the screenshot below you can find a semantic model of a company who provides lease cars to their employees.
On this page you can find some examples of semantic models.
# System development/Modelling/VDML/Questions

* What is VDML?
* What are similar approaches?
* Which (Dutch) companies use VDML?
* Does a VDML community exitst?
# System development/Modelling/VDML/Concepts

* Activity
* Capability
* Capability analysis (zie blogpost)
* Collaboration
* Stakeholder
* Value chain
* Value network: synoniem voor value chain
* Value chaing modelling
* Value proposition
* Value stream
# Physics/Essays/Anonymous

These pages were authored by an anonymous user, and have not been adoped by a responsible user. See page history for authors. Some of these pages may be moved back to mainspace by consensus, probably as ordinary subpages, or possibly essay subpages of related more general resources, on a page-by-page basis, see the specific discussion (Talk) pages.

## Current content

* Physics/Essays/Anonymous/Flow in a curb or gutter system
* Physics/Essays/Anonymous/Low energy nuclear matter transformations
* Physics/Essays/Anonymous/Solar planets as gravitational resonators
* Physics/Essays/Anonymous/Weak natural scale
# Physics/Essays

This page hosts (as subpages) essays and explorations which may represent nonstandard physics. Generally, the right of an essay author to manage the essay page should be respected, but any user may act to make sure that what is not generally accepted is not presented as if it were. The classification of any idea or essay as "nonstandard" does not mean that it is wrong.
Wikiversitans are encouraged to engage authors in discussion, generally on the attached Discussion page.
These essays may be developed in to mainspace content, or moved to subpages of relevant topics. The subpages here may include anonymous or other essays "adopted" by the named user, who may be considered responsible for them in some way. The adoption, usually shown by substantial editing of the page, is evidence of potential educational value. Abandoned essays may eventually be deleted if nobody recognizes the value.

## Contributors

* Fedosin
* Martin Gibson
* Guy vandegrift (aka A)
* Anonymous - These essays, if not adopted by a registered user, might eventually be deleted for lack of a responsible participant. They may also be moved to a subpage of an appropriate resource, again, by a responsible user.
    List of subpages
# Physics/A/String vibration/Energy (simple)

An asserted fact.$^{(eq.1)}$
Another asserted fact.$^{(eq.2)}$
A third asserted fact.$^{(dustjacket)}$
# The Idea Incubator/One ID
## The Problem

We carry many charge cards, insurance cards, membership cards, and other authorizations such as driver’s licenses, etc. We identify ourselves to banks, employers, and financial services organizations using separate identifiers and account numbers for each organization. Yet each of us is a single person. What is needed is a single universal identification that can be used securely and conveniently to authenticate ourselves everywhere.
Today’s charge cards provide only weak security for authentication—assurance that the card holder is the owner of the card. As a result any imposter can use a stolen charge card.

## The Solution

Provide a service that issues an identification number (or character string) that is unique to you forever, world-wide. This identifier can be manifest in a smart-card type device, and may also be stored in a smartphone, computer, web service, or electronic key fob. The identification may be additionally secured by a PIN or some biometric identifier. This ID can then work as a charge card, backed by any bank that has issued you credit, an insurance card backed by any company that has agreed to insure you, a membership authorization backed by any organization that has agreed to accept you, and so on. It creates a more natural binding of the “one ID” to the person, once and for all, and then is used as an index to access the authorization of the organization providing some service, such as a credit account.
To use the card for a purchase, present the card to the merchant. The card reader reads the ID and transmits it securely to a credit service, such as Visa or MasterCard. The credit service recognizes you, accesses your account, and extends credit for this purchase. The customer goes through the same steps as if using a credit card, but only one card is ever needed for all authentications.
Because only one card is ever needed, authentication security can be increased cost effectively. If the card is lost or stolen, it can be deactivated by authenticating yourself using a spare card or other secure identification and requesting deactivation of the lost card.
The ID number (or character string) can be chosen from a truly large address space, allowing perhaps 10$^{30}$ unique identifiers. This ensures the ID can be assigned for life and never has to be reassigned to any other person. Also, using such a large address space allows the ID to include redundancy and check digits that can help prevent counterfeiting.
The identifier can be manifest on a variety of substrates. It can be printed as a character string, it can be embedded in a variety of electric storage media, it can be carried as a card, a key fob, or embedded as a microchip. It can appear as a barcode or as a QR code. It can be accessed via smartphone app, or worn as a tattoo.
The identifier can be secured by a variety of methods. It can be validated using legacy systems such as password or pass phrases. It can be validated by a variety of biometrics including fingerprints, retina scan, facial recognition, or voice prints.
# The Idea Incubator/Motivational Interviewing Chatbot

Motivational interviewing is a counseling approach developed to help people resolve ambivalence. It helps clients reduce their dependence on substances such as alcohol, tobacco, and addictive drugs. It has elicited behavioral changes that have reduced problem gambling, assisted in weight management, and reduced depression. It is also effective in resolving vaccine hesitancy.
Although motivational interviewing is effective, it is currently practiced using a professional counselor who is well trained in the techniques. Costs, availability of counselors, privacy concerns, and the time required may reduce availability of the technique to many people who could otherwise benefit from it. Providing a lower-cost and more accessible solution could help overcome these problems. A well-designed chatbot could make the technique more widely available.
Although motivational interviewing techniques are not fully scripted, the technique is sufficiently structured to guide the design of algorithms that perform the role of a motivational interview counselor.
Ongoing research and development of natural language processing is resulting in several practical products, such as Emerson, ChatGPT and others. These can provide a familiar natural language interface to the chatbot.
Integrating natural language processing with motivational interviewing techniques can lead to development of a motivational interviewing chatbot. This can make the benefits of motivational interviewing available to a larger population of people who can be helped by the technique.
The system can improve quickly by incorporating feedback gathered from a large number of sessions.
The chatbot could be implemented as a text-based application, a smart speaker application, a dialogue system, a virtual reality application, an android, or a metaverse application.

## Example Prototypes

Early work in this area is currently underway. Here are some examples:
* Computerized Cognitive Behavior Therapy delivers therapy via personal computer, internet, or interactive voice response system.
* Engaging Unmotivated Smokers to Move Toward Quitting: Design of Motivational Interviewing–Based Chatbot Through Iterative Interactions, Journal of Medical Internet Research, Fahad Almusharraf, Jonathan Rose, Peter Selby, November 3, 2020.
* Designing a Chatbot for a Brief Motivational Interview on Stress Management: Qualitative Case Study, Journal of Medical Internet Research, Corresponding Author: Bongwon Suh, April 16, 2019.
# The Idea Incubator/Smart HVAC Systems

An array of indoor and outdoor air quality sensors and air flow sensors could be used to control the operation of a smart heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system. The system would include distributed or centralized heating, air conditioning, air handling, humidification, dehumidification, and air exchange components. The system would be designed to optimize indoor air quality at minimum cost.
For example, during the cooling season, if the outdoor air temperature was below the indoor air temperature, then the system would use the air exchanger rather than the air conditioner to cool the indoor air. This decision would be contingent on favorable outdoor air quality conditions, such as particulate matter and humidity levels. In another example, if indoor air pollution levels, such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, or volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations are high, the air exchanger could be used to introduce additional fresh air indoors.
A home energy monitor could be used to measure the energy consumption of each HVAC system component. This information could be used to choose the most energy efficient option for achieving the desired indoor air quality conditions. In addition, efficiency and predictive maintenance information could be gathered, such as Kilowatt-hours per degree day to monitor system efficiency and maintenance condition.
# The Idea Incubator/Socrates, the chatbot

Socrates advised that “the unexamined life is not worth living”. Although Socrates the man is no longer with us, perhaps the power of todays large language models, such as ChatGPT can help us examine our lives.
The chatbot would use Socratic methods as its high-level framework as it chooses the next question. It could become our trusted confidant, advisor, and guide.
Socrates the chatbot could be used for:
* Introspection to help discover your true self.
* Resolving ambivalence,
* Resolving anger,
* Resolving cognitive dissonance,
* Discharging grievances,
* Seeking true beliefs,
* Challenging our beliefs,
* Suggesting alternative viewpoints,
* Increasing emotional awareness and emotional competency,
* Increasing subjective awareness,
* Improving social skills,
* Identifying fallacies in our reasoning,
* Fact-checking,
* Seeking wisdom.
The chatbot could be manifest at the presentation layer as a text-based dialogue, voice chat, video chat or video game. It could be implemented primarily as a network of ChatGPT prompt engineering scripts.
An early prototype allows users to begin a Socratic journey.
# The Idea Incubator/The Real Good Navigator

For many of us the scarcest resources are time and attention. It is wise to spend our time, and direct our attention to real good information, entertainment, social activities, and other pursuits.
The real good navigator uses artificial intelligence and many information sources to suggest how we might best spend our time. This includes recommendations for
* Music to listen to,
* Movies to watch,
* Fiction and nonfiction books to read,
* Podcast episodes to listen to,
* Blog entries to read,
* Traditional media to follow,
* Restaurants to visit,
* Food to eat,
* Recipes to prepare,
* What to have for dinner,
* Exercise routines to follow,
* Relaxation and recreation,
* Healthcare,
* Financial security,
* Ways to have fun,
* Games to play,
* Hobbies to enjoy,
* Sports,
* Courses to take,
* Skills to learn,
* Trips to take,
* Places to visit,
* Shows to see,
* Museum exhibits to visit,
* News articles to read, and
* People to meet and connect with.
Optionally, the navigator may also suggest changes to make in your life, such as breaking unhelpful habits, reducing unsatisfying activities, reducing stress, taking better care of yourself, or spending more time on what matters.
Recommended materials are evaluated and selected based on factual accuracy, prosocial values, alignment with your interests, and entertainment value.
The navigator will rely on a wide variety of reliable information sources to make its recommendations and assessments. Public sources include movie reviews, music reviews, book reviews, restaurant reviews, travel recommendations, fact checking services, weather reports, nutritional science, medical findings, and other sources. In making recommendations, the navigator recognizes that reality is the ultimate reference standard and that it is wise to focus on what matters.
Private information sources may include your location information, personal profile, work and commuting status, family information, living arrangements, financial resources, dietary restrictions, health records, subscriptions to content services, music services, blogs, podcasts, and traditional media. It will also access your calendar and journal entries, fitness tracker information, and your direct feedback on the recommendations followed and not followed. The navigator provides the flexibility to opt in or out of any of these.
The system aggregates feedback, personally and globally, to improve recommendations.
Privacy and security will be strictly protected.
# The Idea Incubator/Eyelevel Video Camera

It is known that people engage more fully in face-to face discussions than they do over Zoom-style video calls.
One remedy suggested for this is to place the camera at eye level, rather than above as is now done. This is difficult because it requires a hole in the middle of the display screen for the camera.
What if the display screen itself could also act as the camera? One approach would be to disperse CCD sensors among the pixel array throughout the display screen.
Perhaps a CCD sensor could be substituted for the fourth element in each display pixel.
Image data from this wide array of sensors can be integrated (electronically and computationally) onto a single high-resolution image.
Also, the “camera angle” could be adjusted computationally by favoring some sensors elements over others. Perhaps a 3D image can be captured.
# The Idea Incubator/Men’s Swimsuit Design

There is an opportunity for a breakthrough in the design of men’s swimwear that combines personal comfort with fashion. The key innovation will accommodate both personal comfort for the male genital package along with appealing fashion. The speedo brief design is comfortable to wear but is not fashionable in many cultures. The boardshort design is more fashionable but is personally very uncomfortable to wear because it does not accommodate the male genital package and the legs are too long.
A successful design may begin with a speedo-style smooth liner inside a boardshorts style overlayer. Particular attention will need to focus on design of the crotch area to accommodate adequate space for the male genital package both comfortably and fashionably.
Orlebar Brown has designs that come close to this concept, but they are prohibitively expensive and the liner is not comfortable.