OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Palliastrum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PALLIAS'TRUM. An augmentative of pallium; the augmentative indicating coarseness of texture, and, consequently, an inferior article worn by the poorer classes, and certain philosophers who affected severity of attire. Apul. Flor. ii. 14. Met. i. p. 4.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Palliatus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PALLIA'TUS. Wearing the Greek pallium; thence, by implication, dressed as a Greek; for the word is opposed in Latin to togatus; that is, to a Roman, whose national costume was the toga. (Plaut. Curc. iii. 2. 9. Cic. Rabir. Post. 9. Suet. Jul. 48. Claud. 15.) The illustration s. PALLIUM and TOGA will at once explain the difference.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Palliolatus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PALLIOLA'TUS. Wearing the palliolum upon the head, as explained and exhibited in the following word and illustration. Suet. Claud. 2. Mart. ix. 33.
2. Palliolata tunica. (Vopisc. Bonos. 15.) Like tunico-pallium, another expression or gloss for PALLA, which see; and appropriately employed, because the upper part of the piece of drapery which formed the tunic, was turned down in such a manner that it resembles a palliolum over the shoulders and bosom, instead of the head, as is plainly shown by the illustration p. 465.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Palliolum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PALL'IOLUM. A diminutive of pallium; consequently, used in a general sense for any mantle of ordinary quality, small dimensions, of fine texture, adjusted and worn in the same manner as the pallium. Plaut. Epid. ii. 2. 12. Cic. Tusc. iii. 23.
2. (θερίστριον, probably). A square cloth, doubled and adjusted to the head, like a veil or cap; and worn as a protection against the weather, especially by invalids and females of advanced age, as shown by the annexed example (Palliolum/2.1), representing the head of an old nurse, in a marble bas-relief.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pallula

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PALL'ULA. Plaut. Truc. i. 1. 32. Diminutive of PALLA.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Palmatus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PALMA'TUS. Tunica palmata. See TUNICA.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Palma

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PALMA (παλάμη). The palm of the hand; thence, from its resemblance, the broadest part or blade of an oar (ταρσός). Vitruv. x. 3. 6. Catull. 64. 7., and woodcuts s. PES and PRORETA.
2. (φοίνιξ). The palm tree (phoenix dactylifera), regarded amongst the ancients as an emblem of victory, in consequence of the great elasticity and power of resistance, without breaking, possessed by its wood. (Aul. Gell. iii. 6.) Hence it was frequently employed by sculptors and medalists to indicate the conquest of a province, as in the annexed example (Palma/2.1), from a medal of Trajan.
3. A palm branch, or, as we say, the palm of victory; for both the Greeks and Romans bestowed palm branches upon successful champions amongst the military combatants in the athletic games, or drivers in the race course (Liv. x. 49. Cic. Brut. 47. Hor. Od. iv. 2. 17.); hence, in works of art, wherever any object is seen with a palm branch upon it, or by its side, or a figure with one in the hand, it is implied that the object has been presented as a prize to some victor, and that the person so represented is himself the successful champion; as the annexed figure (Palma/3.1), from a statue representing a victorious driver in the Circus, who holds a palm branch in his right hand, and a purse of money containing the prize (brabeum, iselasticum) in his left.
* Palma/2.1
* Palma/3.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Palmula

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PAL'MULA (ταρσός). Diminutive of PALMA. The blade of a small oar. Catull. iv. 4.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Paludamentum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PALUDAMEN'TUM. A military cloak worn by generals and superior officers over their armour (Isidor. Orig. xix. 24. 9. Apul. Apol. p. 441.), as the sagum was by the common soldier, from which it mainly differs in being larger, of finer texture, and richer colour, either a brilliant white, scarlet, or purple. (Val. Max. i. 6. 11. Isidor. l. c.) On the other hand, it was not so large as the Greek pallium, for in all the numerous instances where it occurs on the triumphal arches and columns, it is never thrown over the shoulder, nor round the figure; that is, it is always an ἐπίβλημα, never an ἀναβολή, nor a περίβλημα; being only worn as a pendant mantle, in the manner shown by the annexed example (Paludamentum/1.1), representing the emperor Trajan, from the column which bears his name. It was fastened by a brooch (fibula) upon the shoulder; and though somewhat larger, was cut out in the same shape as the Greek chlamys (Non. s. v. p. 538.); whence the later Greek writers translate the Latin word paludamentum by that term. Dio. lx. 30. compared with Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 19.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Paludatus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PALUDA'TUS. Wearing the paludamentum, as explained and illustrated by the preceding article and example: but in most cases with a notion specially implied that the person so habited was engaged in military service (Cic. Fam. xv. 17. Suet. Vit. 11. Claud. 21.); during which the toga or garb of peace was relinquished for the military mantle or paludamentum. Isidor. Orig. xix. 24. 4.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Palus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PA'LUS (πάσσαλος). In a general sense, any pale or stake driven into the ground as a support or fixture for other objects to rest upon; and especially a pale, set up for the exercise and practice of gladiators and the Roman soldiery, which they were made to attack with a discharge of missiles from a distance, or with wooden swords at close quarters, in order to learn the exercise, and acquire the habit of taking a just aim at any particular part of the body required. Juv. vi. 247. Veg. Mil. i. 11. Id. ii. 23.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pammachium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PAMMACH'IUM (παμμάχιον). Hygin. Fab. 273. Same as PANCRATIUM.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Panaca

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PAN'ACA. (Mart. xiv. 100.) A kind of drinking cup of which nothing characteristic is known; but the word only occurs as the title to the epigram cited, and, in consequence, is not used by Martial himself; for the headings to his epigrams were affixed by a later hand.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Panariolum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PANA'RIOLUM. Diminutive of PANARIUM; a small bread-basket. Mart. v. 49.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Panarium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PANA'RIUM (ἀρτοθήκη). A bread pantry, in which the bread for a household was kept. Varro, L. L. v. 105.
2. A bread basket for transport from place to place. Plin. Ep. i. 6. 3. Suet. Cal. 18.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pancratias

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PANCRAT'IAS and -AS'TES (παγκρατιαστής). One who contends in the Pancratium. Aul. Gell. iii. 15. xiii. 27. See the next word and illustration.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pancratium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PANCRAT'IUM (παγκράτιον). An athletic contest of Grecian origin, which also became popular at Rome, after the time of Caligula. It combined both wrestling and boxing with the naked fists, but not with the caestus; the combatants being allowed to make use of any means for worsting an opponent, by blows, throwing, kicking, or tripping, and to continue the contest on the ground, even when both had fallen, and until one of them was killed, or acknowledged himself to be vanquished. They fought naked, had their bodies sprinkled with fine sand (haphe), and their hair drawn up backwards from the roots, and tied in a tuft on the occiput (cirrus in vertice), to prevent an antagonist from seizing hold by it; most of which particulars are exemplified by the illustration (Pancratium/1.1), representing a pair of Greek pancratiastae, from a bas-relief in the Vatican. Both figures have their hair tied up in the manner described; the one on the left also uses his fist as a boxer, whilst the right-hand one attempts to trip up his adversary by hooking his leg forward and pushing the body back, as still practised by our wrestlers. Prop. iii. 14. 8. Quint. ii. 8. 13. Aristot. Rhet. i. 5. 14.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pandura

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PANDU'RA (πανδούρα). A musical instrument, the precise character of which is not known. According to Pollux (iv. 60.) it was a stringed instrument with three chords; and the guitar is still called by the same term, "la pandura," in Tuscany; but Hesychius (s. σύριγγες) makes it the same as the pan-pipes. To play upon it was expressed by the word pandurizo. Lamprid. Elag. 32.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Panis

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PANIS (ἄρτος). Bread; a loaf of bread; binos panes, two loaves (Plaut. Pers. iv. 3. 2.); mollia panis, the crumb (Plin. H. N. xiii. 36.); panis crusta, the crust (Id. xxix. 23.). The illustration (Panis/1.1) represents some loaves as they were discovered in a baker's shop at Pompeii; they are about eight inches in diameter, have a crust at top and bottom, are scored above, and one has a stamp upon the top.
2. Panis gradilis. Bread distributed gratuitously to the people, from the top of a flight of steps, as a largess from the emperor. For this purpose flights of steps were erected in different parts of the city contiguous to the bakers' shops, and each person who had obtained a billet or order (tessera) ascended the steps in turn, and there received the donation from the distributing officer in change for his ticket; the plan being adopted as a means of preventing frauds and mobbing, by only admitting the recipients to come up in regular order, and one by one. (Prudent. in Symm. i. 584. Id. ii. 984. Cod. Theodos. 14. 17. 3. and 4.) The whole process is shown by the illustration (Panis/2.1), from a medal of Nerva; on the left hand sits the emperor in person upon a curule chair placed on top of an elevated platform (suggestum); in front of him is the relieving officer giving the bread to a citizen ascending the steps, while another figure behind him holds up for the emperor's inspection the billet containing the order handed in by the recipient.
* Panis/1.1
* Panis/2.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pantomimus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PANTOMI'MUS (παντόμιμος). A word first used in Italy about the time of Augustus to designate a performer on the stage, corresponding with the ballet or opera dancer of the present day, who represented a part by dancing and dumb show, or, as the term implies, by all sorts of conventional signs and mimic gestures, without the aid of the voice; thus constituting a distinct class from the actor of comedy or tragedy. He wore a mask, and was dressed in a costume appropriate to the character impersonated, but studiously designed with the view of exhibiting his personal beauty and bodily development to the greatest advantage (though often indelicately scanty, according to our notions of propriety); considering that love stories and bacchanalian and mythological subjects furnished the majority of characters for the exercise of his art. Hence the scandal and corruption of morals superinduced by the ballet dancers of Rome compelled several of the emperors to banish them at various periods from Italy. (Macrob. Sat. ii. 7. Suet. Aug. 45. Nero, 16. Tac. Ann. iv. 14. xiii. 25. Plin. Paneg. xlvi. 4. Cassiodor. Var. Ep. i. 20.) The paintings of Pompeii exhibit numerous examples of this class of stage performers, from one of which the annexed illustration (Pantomimus/1.1) is copied; all more or less bearing testimony to the accuracy of the preceding account; yet proving by the originality and grace with which the groups are composed, the variety of the poses, the display of muscular power exhibited in the attitudes, and the animal beauty in respect of bodily form which distinguishes the performers, that the ancient Italians, or the Greek artistes employed by them, far excelled, in professional dexterity and gracefulness (its most essential requisite), the dancers of the operatic ballet in modern times.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Panucellium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PANUCEL'LIUM. This word is written in seven different ways; as uncertain as the meaning attached to it. Some suppose it to mean a spool or bobbin; others, a shuttle with the bobbin inserted, like the example s. ALVEOLUS. Varro, L. L. v. 114. Compare Isidor. Orig. xxix. 7.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Papilio

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PAPIL'IO. In its primary sense, a butterfly; whence the name was transferred to a military tent, either because the curtains with which it was closed in front, when set open, were fastened up at the sides in such a manner as to present an appearance like the wings of a butterfly, as observable in the annexed example (Papilio/1.1), from the column of Trajan; or, possibly, because it was made of richer materials and more varied colours than the common tent (tentorium). Lamprid. Alex. Sev. 51. Spart. Pescenn. 11. Veg. Mil. i. 3.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Parada

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PAR'ADA. Believed to be a Gaulish word, indicating either an awning over the deck of a vessel; or, which seems more probable, a private and state cabin for the use of persons of wealth or distinction. Auson. Ep. v. 27. Sidon. Ep. viii. 12. Jal. Archéologie Navale, vol. ii. p. 362.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Paragauda

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PARAGAU'DA or PARAGAU'DIS. An ornamental band of gold, or of coloured silk decorated with golden embroidery, sewn on to the tunic; whence the garment itself so decorated is also designated by the same term. It appears to have been a fashion introduced under the empire, as a sort of substitue for the more ancient clavus, as the word only occurs amongst the writers of that period; and was distinguished by the epithets monoloris, diloris, triloris, pentaloris, according to the number of bands, one, two, three, four, or five, attached. (Vopisc. Aurel. 46. Impp. Grat. Valent. et Theodos. Cod. 11. 8. 2.) The annexed figure (Paragauda/1.1), from an ancient Roman fresco discovered near the church of St. John in Lateran at Rome, is introduced as affording a notion, and probable specimen, of the ornament in question.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Parazonium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PARAZO'NIUM (παραζώνιον). A short sword, attached to a belt round the waist (cinctorium), as exhibited by the annexed figure (Parazonium/1.1), and worn at the left side by the tribunes and superior officers of the Roman armies, more as a mark of distinction than for actual use (Mart. xiv. 32. August. Dial. Antiqu. 2. and wood-cuts s. LEGATUS and PALUDAMENTUM); whereas the glaive of the common soldier (gladius) was suspended from a shoulder band (balteus), and hung at the right side (wood-cut s. LEGIONARII).
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Paries

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PAR'IES (τοῖχος). The wall of a house, or other edifice, as contradistinguished from murus, the wall of a town. These were made of various materials, and constructed in many different ways; amongst which the following are distinguished: —
1. Paries craticius. A wall made of canes and hurdles, covered with a coating of clay, something like our lath and plaster; used in early times for an external wall, and subsequently for a partition in the interior of a house. Vitruv. ii. 8. 10. Pallad. i. 9. 2.
2. Paries formaceus. A kind of walling now termed pisé, made of very stiff clay, rammed in between moulds as it is carried up, of very frequent occurrence at the present day in France, and in ancient times amongst the inhabitants of Africa, Spain, and the southern parts of Italy. Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 48.
3. Paries latericius. A wall made of bricks; which was constructed in many different patterns, as the art of building progressed and declined. When the arts were in the greatest perfection, the bricks used were very large and thin, and of considerable size, resembling our tiles (see LATER), and were laid in regular even courses throughout. During the intermediate periods the bricks diminished in surface, but increased in thickness; and the walls were commonly constructed with a mixture of different sized bricks laid in alternate courses, so as to produce a pleasing pattern to the eye, although it was frequently concealed by a coating of stucco laid over it, of which the annexed example (Paries/3.1), representing the structure employed in the entrance gate to Pompeii, will afford a distinct notion. It shows the admixture of thick and thin bricks, as well as the external cement still remaining on some part of it, which has been divided into rustic work to imitate a stone wall. During the decadence the bricks were smaller and thicker, like the largest ones in the example, and frequently of irregular sizes. Caes. B. C. ii. 15. Vitruv. ii. 8. 16.
4. The different methods adopted in forming walls of stone are explained and illustrated s. CAEMENTICIUS and STRUCTURA.
5. Paries solidus. (Cic. Top. 4.) A blank wall, without any opening in it, as contradistinguished from
6. Paries fornicatus. A wall perforated with arched openings, as in the annexed example (Paries/6.1), representing part of the Imperial palace on the Palatine hill. The object of this was to save consumption of material without diminishing solidity by the lightness thus given to the entire structure. Cic. Top. 4.
7. Paries communis. The common or partition wall between two contiguous edifices, which was common to both of them. Cic. Top. l. c. Ov. Met. iv. 66.
8. Paries intergericius or intergerivus. (Plin. H. N. xxxv. 49. Festus, s. v.) Same as the preceding.
9. Paries directus. A wall of partition within an edifice, separating one chamber from another. Cic. l. c.
* Paries/3.1
* Paries/6.1