OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Topia

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
TOP'IA. Landscape paintings; introduced in later times as a decoration for the walls of a dwelling-room, and consisting of imaginary views of country scenery, ports, temples, &c., &c. (Vitruv. vii. 5. 2.) Many of these topia have been found in the houses at Pompeii, agreeing perfectly with the description of Vitruvius; being for the most part fanciful compositions, with little of nature in them, but free in the handling, and not unpleasing to the eye. A specimen (Topia/1.1) is introduced in order to afford an idea of the usual style exhbited in this branch of art amongst the ancients.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Toral

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
TOR'AL and TORA'LE. A valance, attached in front to the lower part of a dining couch, between the mattress (torus) and the floor (Varro, L. L. vi. 167. Pet. Sat. 40. 1. Hor. Ep. i. 5. 22.), as in the annexed example (Toral/1.1) from a painting discovered at Resina; thus contradistinguished from the stragulum and peristroma, which were laid, like a sheet, entirely over the mattress for the occupant to repose upon, as shown by the illustration s. v. It was usually composed of white drapery, or at least of some washing material for the sake of cleanliness (Hor. Sat. ii. 4. 84.); but gold tissue or embroidery is mentioned (Lamprid. Elag. 19.); and the ridiculous Trimalchio has a valance, with a hunting scene embroidered upon it, brought in and fastened under the mattresses, upon which guests were actually reposing at dinner, just before a wild-boar was served up. Pet. l. c.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Torcularius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
TORCULA'RIUS, as an adjective, is applied generally to any one of the instruments, vessels, &c., employed in or about a wine or oil press and press-room (Varro, R. R. i. 22. Columell. i. 6.); but absolutely, the torcularii are the labourers who worked the press (Columell. xii. 52. 3.), as seen in the first illustration s. TORCULAR.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Toreuma

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
TOREU'MA (τόρευμα). Probably, an ivory carving, executed by a sharp-pointed instrument (caelum, tornus), worked by a lathe or wheel; though it must be confessed, that much difference exists respecting the accurate meaning of the word. It is derived, without doubt, from the Greek τορεύω, to bore; which is often applied in the same sense as τορνεύω, to turn, or work with a lathe; and as both the Greek and Latin languages supply distinct terms for the various processes of carving, casting, chasing, engraving in intaglio, inlaying, beating out, and into moulds, as well as every other style now known or practised, except that of working by the point and wheel, which operates upon the principle of boring, it does seem reasonable to believe that the term was employed to designate a class of works executed in the manner described, whether in ivory, very hard stone, or silver. One thing quite certain is, that the toreuma was regarded as a highly choice and valuable production (Cic. Pis. 27. Sall. Cat. 21.); and that it is generally referred to small objects, mostly articles of use, employed as drinking vessels (Suet. Jul. 47. Cic. Verr. ii. 4. 18.), and ornamented with figures or other devices in relief. (Mart. x. 87.) The same term is also given to a drinking-cup of fictile manufacture (luteum rotae toreuma, Mart. iv. 46. Compare xiv. 102.); where the name toreuma can only acquire its meaning from the turning of a potter's wheel.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Tormentum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
TORMEN'TUM. A general term for any kind of military engine which discharged missiles (Cic. Caes. Liv.) by an impetus produced through the means of any elastic and twisted substance (from torquendo); including, therefore, the specific denominations Ballista, Catapulta, Scorpio, and others enumerated in the Classed Index.
2. (στρεβλωτήριον). Also, a general term for an instrument of torture (Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 19. § 32. Curt. vi. 11.); no doubt, because the rack was one of the commonest and earliest in use.
3. (ὑπόζωμα). A strong cable girt round the hull of a ship from stem to stern, for the purpose of strengthening her timbers in heavy weather. (Isidor. Orig. xix. 4. 4.) A number of these were kept in the arsenal, taken on board when a vessel was ordered out to sea, and put on as occasion required.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Tornus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
TORNUS (τόρνος). A lathe, or turner's wheel (Virg. Georg. ii. 449. Plin. H. N. vii. 57.); also, a sharp-pointed carving or graving-tool, turned by a lathe. Virg. Ecl. iii. 38.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Torquatus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
TORQUA'TUS (στρεπτοφόρος). Wearing a twisted collar (torquis) round the neck, as was customary with the Gauls (see the wood-cut s. COMATUS), the Persians, and other races, in the manner shown by the annexed figure (Torquatus/1.1), representing one of the Persian soldiers in the famous mosaic of Pompeii. Hence, miles torquatus amongst the Romans is a soldier who had been presented with an ornament of this description as a reward of valour (Veg. Mil. ii. 7. Compare Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 10.); which he did not wear round his neck, like the Orientals, but affixed to his breast in the same manner as a modern decoration. This is clearly demonstrated by the following example (Torquatus/1.2), which exhibits the portrait of a centurion on a sepulchral bas-relief, who wears the following decorations; — a lemniscus streaming from the back of the head, two torques on his breast, and a phalera showing under them.
* Torquatus/1.1
* Torquatus/1.2
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Torquis

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
TORQUIS and TORQUES (στρεπτός). A circular ornament, made with a number of gold threads twisted spirally together, and worn as a collar or neck-chain by the Gauls, Persians, and other races of the north and east. (Isidor. Orig. xix. 31. 11. Cic. Off. iii. 21.) The illustration (Torquis/1.1) is from an original, and fastens itself by two bent ends, which clasp into one another, the torquis unca of Propert. iv. 10. 44.
2. Torquis brachialis. (Vopisc. Aurel. 7.) An ornament made of twisted gold, in the same manner as the last example, but forming many spiral coils instead of single circle, and worn round the lower part of the arm (brachium), between the wrist and elbow, instead of on the neck. The illustration (Torquis/2.1) is from an original.
3. A coupling collar, made of twisted rope, passed round the necks of a pair of oxen (Virg. Georg. iii. 168.), when they were not attached by a yoke (jugum), as in the annexed example (Torquis/3.1), from a marble bas-relief.
4. Poetically, for a wreath of flowers twined round an altar. Virg. Georg. iv. 276.
* Torquis/1.1
* Torquis/2.1
* Torquis/3.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Tortor

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
TOR'TOR (βασανιστής). One who inflicts the torture. Cic. Phil. xi. 3. Sen. Ep. 14.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Torulus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
TOR'ULUS. Diminutive of TORUS; but specially used to designate a soret of fillet twined round the head (torulo capiti circumflexo, Ammian. xix. 1. 31.), and presenting full or swelling contours, like those produced by the stuffing in a mattress (Varro, L. L. v. 167. TORUS, 2.); or the strands of a rope (TORUS, 1.); or the protuberances of a festoon or chaplet between its ties (TORUS, 4.); as represented by the annexed example (Torulus/1.1) from a Pompeian painting. It was also worn by women (Varro, l. c.), and in the Amphitruo of Plautus, Jupiter is furnished with a torulus of gold twist (Amph. Prol. 144.), which he wore under his hat (petasus), in order that he might be distinguished from Amphitryon when he uncovered his head.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Torus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
TOR'US. Any full and swelling protuberance, like the convexity of a muscle (Cic. Tusc. ii. 9.), of an overcharged vein (Cels. vii. 18.); or the strand of a rope (Cato, R. R. 135. 4. Columell. xi. 3. 6.); whence the following more special applications acquire their meaning.
2. A mattress or stuffed bed for lying and sleeping upon (Plin. H. N. viii. 73. Ov. Fast. ii. 795.); so termed from the swelling undulations produced in it by the stitches of the quilting, as represented by the example (Torus/2.1), which is copied from a marble bas-relief.
3. In architecture, a swelling moulding, similar in form to the astragal, but of larger dimensions, which was employed in the bases of columns, where it presents the appearance of a swollen vein, or of a round cushion swelling out from the superincumbent weight. When more than one torus was applied, as in the annexed example (Torus/3.1) of an Attic base, a hollow moulding or scotia was placed between them, and the upper one was distinguished from the lower by the respective names of torus superior and inferior. Vitruv. iv. 7. 3. iii. 5. 2.
4. A swelling protuberance in the circle of a festoon (sertum) or of a chaplet (corona), produced by ribands tied round it at intervals, which break up the even outline into a number of separate and undulating parts, as shown by the annexed example (Torus/4.1) from a marble bas-relief. Hence Cicero applies the term figuratively to certain oratorical ornaments in speaking, which interrupt and diversify the even tenor of a discourse. Cic. Or. 6.
* Torus/2.1
* Torus/3.1
* Torus/4.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Trabeatus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
TRABEA'TUS. Clothed in the trabea. Val. Max. ii. 2. 9. Ov. Fast. i. 37.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Trabea

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
TRAB'EA. A toga, either entirely of purple, or ornamented with one or more horizontal stripes of that colour; the former forming the sacred drapery of deity, the latter a royal robe, adopted by Romulus and the early kings, from whom it descended to the consuls, who wore it upon certain public solemnities, and to the equites or knights, who wore it at their review before the Censor. (Serv. ad Virg. Aen. vi. 612. Plin. H. N. viii. 74. Val. Max. ii. 2. 9.) The method of adjusting it was the same as that described under the article TOGA; more especially as regards the earliest styles, when the drapery was less profuse in its folds and dimensions, whence it is distinguished by the epithet parva. Virg. Aen. vii. 187.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Trabecula

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
TRABEC'ULA. (Cato, R. R. viii. 5.) Diminutive of TRABS.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Trabs

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
TRABS (τράπηξ). Generally, any large wooden beam, such as the rib of a ship, the beam of a battering-ram, &c.; whence, in a more special sense, by architects, a wooden architrave, or large beam laid horizontally on a row of columns in order to form a continuous bed for the other timbers of the roof to rest upon (Vitruv. iv. 2. 1.), like that marked A in the annexed plan (Trabs/1.1). In the Etruscan temples and other edifices where the space between column and column exceeded the width of three and a half diameters, the architrave was always of timber, even though the rest of the building were constructed in masonry, because stone or marble would not support a superincumbent weight over a void of such extent; but when the intercolumniation was not so great, the architrave was made of the same materials as the other parts of the strcture, and is then more usally styled epistylium, forming the lowest of the three principal members into which the entablature of an order is divided on its exterior.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Tractator

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
TRACTA'TOR. A shampooer; a slave whose business it was to manipulate the body and supple the joints after the bath, as still commonly practised in the East. Sen. Ep. 66.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Tractatrix

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TRACT'ATRIX. A female slave, who performed the same office as the tractator. Mart. iii. 82.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Tractum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
TRACTUM and TRACTA (κάταγμα). A flock of wool drawn out by the process of combing or carding. Varro ap. Non. s. v. p. 228. Tibull. i. 6. 80.
2. (λάγανον). A flake of dough pulled out like a flock of wool in the process of kneading. Cato, R. R. 76. 1. Plin. H. N. xviii. 27. Athen. xiv. 57.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Tragularii

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TRAGULA'RII. A class of soldiers whose duty it was to place and level the missiles, termed tragulae, to be discharged from a military engine. Veg. Mil. ii. 15.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Tragula

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
TRA'GULA. A sort of missile discharged by machinery, but of which the distinctive peculiarities are not ascertained. Varro, L. L. v. 115. Festus, s. v. Lucil. Liv. Caes. Sall.
2. A drag net, or trolling-net, furnished with corks to float its upper edge. Plin. H. N. xvi. 13.
3. (Varro, L. L. v. 139.) Same as TRAHA.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Traha

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
TRAHA, or TRAHEA. A drag without wheels, employed by the ancients in threshing; for which purpose it was sometimes drawn behind the tribula, to complete what had been left imperfectly threshed. (Columell. ii. 21. 4. Virg. Georg. 1. 164.) The example (Traha/1.1) is from an Egyptian tomb.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Trama

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
TRA'MA. Originally and accurately, this word seems to have indicated the threads of a warp when opened into a shed, or decussated by the leashes (licia), as seen in the centre of the annexed illustration (Trama/1.1), and thus opposed to stamen, which signifies the warp before the leashes are put on, and while all its yarns hang straight and close upon the loom, as represented by the wood-cut under that word (Sen. Ep. 90. Schneider. Index. R. R. Script. s. TELA.) Hence it is applied to the open work of a spider's web (Plin. H. N. xi. 28.), and to a very lean person (Pers. vi. 73.), as if to imply that one might see through his skin and bones, as through the shed of a warp. But latterly, or at least in the language of the common people, the term trama was confounded with subtemen (Serv. ad Virg. Aen. iii. 43. Isidor. Orig. xix. 29. 7.), in which sense it is retained to this day by the weavers of Italy, who call the woof "la trama."
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Trames

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
TRA'MES. A crosspath, forming a byeway or short cut, by which persons can move from one place to another without being exposed to public observation. Varro, L. L. vii. 62. Cic. Phil. xiii. 9. Sall. Cat. 59.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Transenna

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
TRANSEN'NA. A trap for snaring birds, constructed upon a principle very similar to that of our "man-trap." It was formed of network strained upon a frame which was made in two pieces attached to a common axis, extended between them. When the trap was set, the two flaps lay flat out upon the ground; but the moment the bird alighted upon the bait, which was placed upon the cross bar in the centre, its weight slipped the spring, and the two sides closed together and secured the bird. (Plaut. Bacch. iv. 5. 22. Rud. iv. 7. 10. and 13. Compare also Pers. iv. 3. 13.) The illustration (Transenna/1.1) represents an Egyptian trap of the kind described from paintings at Beni-Hassan; on the left side, open, and set; on the right after it has closed with the bird caught in it; the network only has been restored to the right figure, from which it had faded in the original.
2. A lattice of cross-bars before a window, or other aperture, as in the illustration s. PROTHYRUM; hence quasi per transennam adspicere (Cic. Orat. i. 35.), "to look in a cursory or imperfect manner, as if through a lattice."
3. A rope extended across any place or opening from side to side (Serv. ad Virg. Aen. v. 488. Isidor. Orig. xix. 1. 24. Sall. ap. Non. s. v. p. 180.); such, for example, as was stretched across the race-course for the purpose of compelling all the horses to start together (LINEA, 4.); whence the expression e transenna (Ammian. xxv. 6. 14.), "all together."
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Transtillum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
TRANSTILLUM. (Vitruv. v. 12.) Diminutive of TRANSTRUM.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Transtrum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
TRANSTRUM. In a general sense, any beam or plank laid horizontally over a void from wall to wall, to support a weight above, suspend other objects from, or as a tie-beam for strengthening the side rafters of a timber roof, when the space covered by it is of large dimensions. Festus, s. v. Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 32. Vitruv. iv. 2. 1.
2. Transtra, plural (τὰ σέλματα). The cross-benches upon which the rowers sat in large vessels where more than one man was employed at the same oar, stretching from the ribs of the vessel to another support within her waist, so that the requisite number could be accommodated on the same bench; but their length, position, and exact arrangement cannot be ascertained, with any pretence to authority, as we have no demonstrative evidence to illustrate the internal construction of the ancient ships. Festus, s. v. Virg. Aen. iv. 573.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Trapezita

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
TRAPEZI'TA (τραπεζίτης). A money changer (Plaut. Capt. i. 2. 84.); merely a Greek word Latinized, for which the Romans use MENSARIUS.