OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Agronomy

Agronomy is a branch of agricultural science that deals with the study of crops and the soils in which they grow. Agronomists work to develop methods that will improve the use of soil and increase the production of food and fiber crops. They conduct research in crop rotation, irrigation and drainage, plant breeding, soil classification, soil fertility, weed control, and other areas.

## Agriculture

Agriculture is the science, art, or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products.
At right are farm buildings with trees surrounded by fields on a fair weather day.

## Theoretical agronomy

Def. the "science of utilizing plants, animals and soils for food, fuel, feed, and fiber and more" is called agronomy.

## Soils

"In soil, estimates are that 80 to 99% of the microorganisms remain unidentified (1)."
"The soil at the Arlington site is a Plano silt-loam. The 20-cm-deep A horizon is a silt-loam and contains 4.4% organic matter. The loess mantel is >1.25 m deep. Four 2.5-cm-diameter soil cores were taken from the top 10 cm of a clover-grass pasture at the Arlington Agricultural Research Station. The soil samples were immediately placed on dry ice, mixed, and then stored at -70°C prior to DNA extraction. Soil analysis was done by the Soil Testing Laboratory of the University of Wisconsin—Madison as described by Schulte et al. (40). The soil sample contained 13% sand, 70% silt, 17% clay, 4.4% organic matter, 0.3% total N, 400 ppm of K$^+$, and 98 ppm of P. The soil pH was 6.5. The site is well drained, with groundwater more than 25 m below the surface. Two-thirds of the 79-cm annual rainfall occurs from April to October. The site has an average of 165 frost-free days."

## Hypotheses

* Laser aligning of fields can produce drainage close to ideal for the locale and climate.
# Aggression/Keywords/Definitions/Words

* Active aggression
* Aggression
* Antisocial behaviour
* 'Cultural of honour
* Deindividuation
* Descriptive norms
* Displaced aggression (kicking the dog effect)
* Fight or flight syndrome
* Frustration-aggression hypothesis
* Hostile aggression
* Hostile attribution bias
* Hostile perception bias
* Hostile expectation bias
* Humiliation
* 'Injunction norms
* Instrumental aggression
* Magnitude gap
* Modeling
* Norms
* Passive aggression
* Relational aggression
* Running amok
* Tend and befriend syndrome
* Triggered displaced aggression
* Weapons effect
# Aging

Ageing (British English) or aging (American English) is the process of becoming older. It represents the accumulation of changes in a person over time. In humans, ageing is several physical and psychological changes.
Senescence is the biological process which leads to ageing. There have been many attempts to answer the question: why do animals (especially humans) age?
In one way, ageing begins at birth, because cell division and growth is fastest then, and gradually slows down as time goes on.
In another way, ageing starts when the likelihood of death increases. Actuarial tables used by insurance companies show the likelihood of death at each stage of life. These tables are used to assess the rates of insurance on life policies and pensions. It turns out that we are least likely to die when we are young adults. For girls this is as early as 14. The reason suggested by biologists (such as Peter Medawar and George C. Williams) is that this is the time most significant for reproduction, or was in mankind's past. The assumption is that the peak age of reproduction in mankind's history was lower than today. A gene can be expressed at various stages of life. Any allele of a gene which interfered with reproduction would have less chance of passing on to the next generation. The number of such genes in the population would automatically be reduced. Thus natural selection would virtually eliminate any inherited effect which reduced fertility.
However, later in life, inherited defects would have little or no effect on the population as a whole. In fact, during life our cells collect damage to their DNA which is random, but causes us to become gradually less fit as we age. And we have some cell types which never, or rarely, divide during adult life. Muscle cells and most neurons never divide in adult life. Obviously, they collect damage, and not just to the DNA. Also, we inherit various genetic conditions which have effect later in life, like Huntington's chorea. The twin effects of delayed heredity and build up of damage is what makes us age. Protists do not age: they divide, and the next generation is just as good as the last. Why do even our dividing cells collect damage? The answer to that question is not known.

## Related pages

* Gerontology
* Death
* Seminar in Biological Mechanisms of Aging and Cancer
* Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence
# Agriculture/Quiz

Agriculture is an effort, in a lecture format, to describe the components of agriculture.
You are free to take this quiz based on the lecture agriculture at any time.
To improve your score, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links and in templates such as {{income}}, {{economics resources}}, {{phosphate biochemistry}} and {{technology resources}}. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.
As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.
Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.
To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* Agriculture involves finding or producing arable land.
# Aikido

Aikido (合気道, aikidō, Japanese pronunciation: [aikiꜜdoː], kyūjitai: 合氣道) is a modern Japanese martial art developed by Morihei Ueshiba as a synthesis of his martial studies, philosophy and religious beliefs. Ueshiba's goal was to create an art that practitioners could use to defend themselves while also protecting their attackers from injury. Aikido is often translated as "the way of unifying (with) life energy" or as "the way of harmonious spirit".

## Lessons

Special:Prefixindex/Aikido/
# BCP/Geranium phaeum

Geranium phaeum
| Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Geranium phaeum (Geranium) Identifying Characteristics Recent Logs --SB_Johnny | 13:58, 11 May 2008 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 13:58, 27 May 2008 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 09:00, 2 June 2008 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Late Spring, Early Summer
Regional data: Southeastern Pennsylvania: (cultivated) May, June
Additional images:
# BCP/Geranium phaeum/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for Geranium phaeum (Geranium). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

### Logs
#### 2008 Logs

* (no archived logs yet)

##### Recent Logs

* --SB_Johnny | 13:58, 11 May 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 13:58, 27 May 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 09:00, 2 June 2008 (UTC)
# BCP/Geranium pratense/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for Geranium pratense (Geranium). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

### Logs
#### 2008 Logs

* (no archived logs yet)

##### Recent Logs

* --SB_Johnny | 11:43, 31 May 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 09:02, 2 June 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 09:58, 20 July 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:07, 2 August 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny 09:54, 7 September 2008 (UTC)
# BCP/Geranium pyrenaicum

Geranium pyrenaicum
| Flowers and foliage Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Geranium pyrenaicum (Pyrenean Geranium) Identifying Characteristics Habit:ruderals, shrub edgesFlowers:radial Turnvater Jahn 20:31, 21 May 2008 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data:
Regional data: Leipzig Lowlands, Saxony, Germany: May
Additional images:
# BCP/Geranium sanguineum

Geranium sanguineum
| Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Geranium sanguineum (Geranium) Identifying Characteristics Recent Logs --SB_Johnny 09:52, 16 August 2008 (UTC) --SB_Johnny 09:52, 7 September 2008 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data:
Regional data: Southeastern Pennsylvania: (cultivated) August, September
Additional images:
# BCP/Geranium pratense

Geranium pratense
| Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Geranium pratense (Geranium) Identifying Characteristics Recent Logs --SB_Johnny | 11:43, 31 May 2008 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 09:02, 2 June 2008 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 09:58, 20 July 2008 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 10:07, 2 August 2008 (UTC) --SB_Johnny 09:54, 7 September 2008 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Late Spring, Early Summer, Mid Summer, Late Summer
Regional data: Southeastern Pennsylvania: (cultivated) May, June, July, August, September
Additional images:
# BCP/Geranium robertianum

Geranium robertianum
| Habitat Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Geranium robertianum (Herb Robert) Identifying Characteristics Recent Logs Anna reg 12:55, 4 June 2010 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data:
Regional data: South Bohemia, Czech Republic: (kakost smrdutý) (native) June
Additional images:
| Flower | Leave | Illustration |
# BCP/Geranium robertianum/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for Geranium robertianum (Herb Robert). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

### Logs
#### 2008 Logs

* --Juan Pisek 20:22, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

##### Recent Logs

* Anna reg 12:55, 4 June 2010 (UTC)
# BCP/Geranium sanguineum/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for Geranium sanguineum (Geranium). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

### Logs
#### 2008 Logs

* (no archived logs yet)

##### Recent Logs

* --SB_Johnny 09:52, 16 August 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny 09:52, 7 September 2008 (UTC)
# Box's M

In a multivariate normal distribution, each variable has a normal distribution, and the variables are correlated with each other.
Box's M tests the homogeneity of variance-covariance matrices by comparing the variance-covariance matrices for each group and dependent variable (DV). For example, if you have five DVs, it tests for five correlations and ten covariances for equality across the groups. So the more DVs, the higher the likelihood of non-equality of variances across the groups.
Box's M tests "the assumption ... that the vector of the dependent variables follow a multivariate normal distribution, and the variance-covariance matrices are equal across the cells formed by the between-subjects effects." (SPSS 14 Help - Tutorial)

## Homogeneity of Covariance Matrices

"MANOVA makes the assumption that the within-group covariance matrices are equal. If the design is balanced so that there is an equal number of observations in each cell, the robustness of the MANOVA tests is guaranteed. If the design is unbalanced, you should test the equality of covariance matrices using Box's M test. If this test is significant at less than 0.001, there may be severe distortion in the alpha levels of the tests. You should only use Pillai's trace criterion in this situation." from http://rimarcik.com/en/navigator/manova.html
Box's M is highly sensitive, so unless p < .001 and your sample sizes are unequal, ignore it. However, if significant and you have unequal sample sizes, the MANOVA is not robust (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2001).
If there are many DVs and great discrepancy between cell sample sizes, then there is more potential for distortion of the alpha levels. Look at the sample sizes and sizes of the variances and covariances for the cells:
* If cells with larger samples have larger variances and covariances, then the alpha level is conservative and the null hypothesis can be rejected confidently.
* If cells with smaller numbers produce larger variances then beware - the significant test is too liberal. If there is a non-significant result, the null hypothesis can be confidently retained, but significant results are suspect.
Use Pillai's criterion instead of Wilk's lambda or if there is a large n, randomly delete cases from the sample to equalise the numbers in each group, assuming power can be maintained at a sensible level. SPSS provides Pillai's trace just above Wilks's Lambda.
Overall, it seems that using Pillai's is the most sensible and conservative thing to do.
# Brain-apparatus conversation

Brain-apparatus conversation is the establishment of information exchange pathways between the brain and apparatus, on the one hand, biological organs, on the other hand, non-biological instruments.Interaction refers to three modes of interaction: one is the establishment of one-way and two-way information channels between the brain and biological organs; the other is the establishment of one-way and two-way information channels between the brain and non-biological instruments; the third is the fusion of the first two types.It is similar to BCI technology, but beyond the scope of application of BCI, and aims to build a unified framework for the integration of brain and the outside world.

## Interactive Mode

Brain-biological organs conversation
The coordination between brain and peripheral organs reflected by this interaction is the physiological basis for human growth and development as well as human survival and life. Even with the rapid development of artificial intelligence, there is still no machine that can walk effortlessly, flexibly and gracefully like human beings.All human activities benefit from the fine coordination between brain systems and non-brain systems.In addition to interacting with the peripheral motor system, the brain is also closely related to the activities of other organs, such as the heart, lungs, intestines, and kidneys.On the other hand, as a carrier to modify or improve the existing brain output/input channels, biological prosthesis has become an important means to supplement/restore human functions.This kind of biological prosthesis can establish a new channel between the brain and the external environment, and is expected to improve the efficiency of functional training and functional recovery through the organic combination with external regulatory devices.
Brain-instrument-environment conversation
This conversation covers a wide range of interactions between the brain and non-biological devices and the environment.It includes not only the analysis of specific information of the brain, but also the new output channel independent of the peripheral nervous system in the traditional BCI, so as to realize the direct communication between the brain and external devices.
Intelligent fusion of brain-apparatus synergy
This conversation refers to the bidirectional pathway of brain-apparatus symbiosis. Based on this pathway, on the one hand, human beings can continuously learn and adapt in the interaction with the external environment, so as to achieve the development of brain and the acquisition of skills;On the other hand, through the two-way interaction with external devices, the brain-peripheral feedback regulation and intervention stimulation are fused to establish a new internal and external coordination channel, so as to achieve the improvement of human-computer interaction performance and individual learning efficiency.
# Bounded interval/Step function/Step integral/Definition

Let $I$ be a real interval with endpoints $a,b\in \mathbb {R}$, and let
    $t\colon I\longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
denote a step function for the partition $a=a_{0}<a_{1}<a_{2}<\cdots <a_{n-1}<a_{n}=b$, with the values $t_{i}$, $i=1,\ldots ,n$. Then
    $T:=\sum _{i=1}^{n}t_{i}(a_{i}-a_{i-1})\,$
is called the step integral of $t$ on $I$.
# Bowling Green State University

This is an unofficial page for Wikiversity projects related to BGSU.

## Projects

* Introduction to University Life at BGSU
# Bounded interval/Real function/Lower integral as supremum of step integrals from below/Definition

Let $I$ denote a bounded interval, and let
    $f\colon I\longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
denote a function, which is bounded from below. Then the supremum of all step integrals of step functions from below of $f$ is called the lower integral of $f$.
# Boxes/Forkheads

"Forkhead box (Fox) proteins are a superfamily of evolutionarily conserved transcriptional regulators, which control a wide spectrum of biological processes."

## Deregulations

The "deregulation of Fox family transcription factors has a crucial role in the development and progression of cancer".
# Boxes/HMGs

"Upstream Binding Factor (UBF) is important for activation of ribosomal RNA transcription and belongs to a family of proteins containing nucleic acid binding domains, termed HMG-boxes, with similarity to High Mobility Group (HMG) chromosomal proteins."

## Chromosomal proteins

"Most HMG box proteins contain two or more HMG boxes and appear to bind DNA in a relatively sequence-aspecific manner (5, 13, 15, 16 and references therein). [...] they all appear to bind to the minor groove of the A/T A/T C A A A G-motif (10, 14, 18-20)."
"Previous studies in lymphocytes have described two DNA-binding HMG box proteins, TCF-1 and LEF-1, with affinity for the A/TA/TCAAAG motif found in several T cell-specific enhancers."
"The high mobility group-1 (HMG) box was originaly identified by Tjian and co-workers in the transcription factor UBF as a region of homology to HMG-1 proteins (Jantzen et al., 1990). UBF reportedly contained four such regions of -80 amino acids; one of these boxes was shown to mediate DNA binding."
"Interestingly, the sequence-specific HMG boxes characterized to date display high afinity to the A/TA/TCAAAG motif despite a low level of amino acid homology (typically <25% identity)."
"Human LEF-1 was originally identified as a T cell-specific protein binding to the TTCAAAG motif in the TCR-α enhancer (Waterman et al., 1991)."
"As analysed by gel retardation, the Sox-4 HMG box indeed bound to the AACAAAG motif (probe MWε-1; Figure 2B, lane 1). As described for other HMG boxes, Sox-4 interacted with DNA bases within the minor groove: substitution of A/T pairs for I/C pairs, which leaves the surface of the minor groove intact (Star and Hawley, 1991), had no apparent effect on binding affinity (lanes 2 and 4)."

## Consensus sequences

"In mammals, the Tcf/Lef family consists of four genes: Tcf‐1, Lef‐1, Tcf‐3 and Tcf‐4. All TCF/LEF proteins display several common structural features (48,49). They contain a nearly identical DNA‐binding domain, the HMG box, recognizing the consensus sequence A/T A/T CAAA."
# Bounded interval/Real function/Upper integral as infimum of step integrals from above/Definition

Let $I$ denote a bounded interval, and let
    $f\colon I\longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
denote a function, which is bounded from above. Then the infimum of all step integrals of step functions from above of $f$ is called the upper integral of $f$.
# Brain

The brain is the largest functional organ in the body that controls all functions. This is because signals, or waves generated by the brain cause the functioning of limbs, breathing, consumption of food and drink, and sleeping.
Def. the "control center" "of the central nervous system of an animal located in the skull" "which is responsible for perception, cognition, attention, memory, emotion, and action" is called the brain.