OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Web Science/Part1: Foundations of the web/Transmission Control Protocol/End to end principle and connection oriented communication/script

Problems solved by the transport control protocol
Let’s assume that we have a computer connected to the Internet. You have a large file, for example picture or video, which you want to transfer to another computer on the Internet. As we know, the largest possible packages are about 65kB (IP) and even those packages won’t fit into Ethernet frames that have size of 1.5kB. Most our files are much bigger. So what has to happen is that you have to split the file into smaller chunks that will: - Fit into IP packages
- Send independently But if you do so several problems arrive: 1) The receiver has to reassemble the received frames in the correct order. As different packages might take the different routes the order could change and decentralize. Sequence numbers will help to fight this problem (it will be discussed later).
2) While the receiver receives the package from 2 different senders or even 2 different applications from the same sender the packages have to be separately reassembled. Port numbers were introduced to fight this problem (it will be discussed later).
As Internet and Ethernet protocol do not make sure that data is really successfully delivered the TCP informs sender that packages arrive. Acknowledgment flags have been introduced to battle this problem. 3) The sender and the receiver could on networks with different connection speed. So the faster network can easily overload the slower network with data that is delivered through Internet that is delivered to the slower network. Windowing was invented in order to: - Create flow control
- Solve network speed issues For all of these things an important concept of transmission control protocol is End to end principle. While solving all these problems the routers in between and network are just transferring data as they had been told. It’s just the sender and the receiver that negotiate the problem handling.
--Jane Kruch (discuss • contribs) 16:34, 3 November 2013 (UTC)
# Port numbers
## Learning goals

* understand the concept of a socket in a TCP/IP package
* understand that ports are part of the TCP header
* be able to explain the difference between solicited and unsolicited TCP/IP traffic
* understand how ports can be used for multiplexing internet connections

## Script

Web Science/Part1: Foundations of the web/Transmission Control Protocol/Port numbers/script
# Sliding window and flow control
## Learning goals

* understand the concept of windowsize and sliding window
* understand how flow control can prevent TCP connections to overload link layer protocols and slow networks

## Script

TCP – sliding window and flow control
Let’s imagine that sender wants transfer a data packet of 8kB (8192) to the recipient. According to the three-way handshake, he sends a SYN segment to establish a connection. He states his receiving buffer size in the TCP header as the window size. In our case – 4096. Additionally he sends his maximum segment size in the TCP header- 1460. The recipient acknowledges the SYN (his own SYN) and states buffer size with 4096 as well as his maximum segment size – 1024. Let’s assume that sender will always send data segments of 1024 bytes. This means that he will send (8192/1024=8) 8 segments. He acknowledges the SYN of the recipient of another ACK. The connection is now open with the buffer size of 4096 and the maximum segment size of 1024. That’s how we know (4096/1024=4) that the sender is allowed to sent 4 data packets before he has to receive an acknowledgment from the recipient. After receiving 4 packets the recipient buffer is completely full. So the window is closed. Data has not been retrieved from the buffer yet. That’s why the recipient will set the window size 0, meaning that he cannot receive any data yet. The recipient acknowledges the retrieval by sending an ACK with the sequence number + 4097. In this way he states that he successfully received 4096 bytes and that he now expect the next bytes to be the byte number 4097.
As soon as the recipient has processed some of the received data, he will open it’s window by sliding it. In our case 3 segments have been processed and ARK is send to the sender in which he acknowledges the received segments but also states his window size to be 3072. The sender will transmit the next 3 elements. The recipient will acknowledges this with an ACK and a window size 0 since no further data has been processed from the buffer yet. After processing an additional 2 segments he will open his window again by sliding and transmitting another ACK to the sender acknowledging that byte 7169 is expected ext and his window size is 2048. The sender transits the last segment and also sets a FIN flag in a TCP header to state that he wants to close the connection. . The recipient acknowledges the last packet with an ACK that is open at window size 4096. Finally he also sends the FIN flag. The last FIN segment will be acknowledged so that the connection is closed. --Jane Kruch (discuss • contribs) 19:11, 3 November 2013 (UTC)
# Web Science/Part1: Foundations of the web/Transmission Control Protocol/Sliding window and flow control/script

TCP – sliding window and flow control
Let’s imagine that sender wants transfer a data packet of 8kB (8192) to the recipient. According to the three-way handshake, he sends a SYN segment to establish a connection. He states his receiving buffer size in the TCP header as the window size. In our case – 4096. Additionally he sends his maximum segment size in the TCP header- 1460. The recipient acknowledges the SYN (his own SYN) and states buffer size with 4096 as well as his maximum segment size – 1024. Let’s assume that sender will always send data segments of 1024 bytes. This means that he will send (8192/1024=8) 8 segments. He acknowledges the SYN of the recipient of another ACK. The connection is now open with the buffer size of 4096 and the maximum segment size of 1024. That’s how we know (4096/1024=4) that the sender is allowed to sent 4 data packets before he has to receive an acknowledgment from the recipient. After receiving 4 packets the recipient buffer is completely full. So the window is closed. Data has not been retrieved from the buffer yet. That’s why the recipient will set the window size 0, meaning that he cannot receive any data yet. The recipient acknowledges the retrieval by sending an ACK with the sequence number + 4097. In this way he states that he successfully received 4096 bytes and that he now expect the next bytes to be the byte number 4097.
As soon as the recipient has processed some of the received data, he will open it’s window by sliding it. In our case 3 segments have been processed and ARK is send to the sender in which he acknowledges the received segments but also states his window size to be 3072. The sender will transmit the next 3 elements. The recipient will acknowledges this with an ACK and a window size 0 since no further data has been processed from the buffer yet. After processing an additional 2 segments he will open his window again by sliding and transmitting another ACK to the sender acknowledging that byte 7169 is expected ext and his window size is 2048. The sender transits the last segment and also sets a FIN flag in a TCP header to state that he wants to close the connection. . The recipient acknowledges the last packet with an ACK that is open at window size 4096. Finally he also sends the FIN flag. The last FIN segment will be acknowledged so that the connection is closed. --Jane Kruch (discuss • contribs) 19:11, 3 November 2013 (UTC)
# End to end principle and connection oriented communication
## Learning goals

* understand which problems of IP will be solved with the transmition control protocol
* be aware of the limitations of the internet protocol and the internet architecture
* get to know the end to end principle and in which only sender and receiver take care that communication works properly

## Script

Problems solved by the transport control protocol
Let’s assume that we have a computer connected to the Internet. You have a large file, for example picture or video, which you want to transfer to another computer on the Internet. As we know, the largest possible packages are about 65kB (IP) and even those packages won’t fit into Ethernet frames that have size of 1.5kB. Most our files are much bigger. So what has to happen is that you have to split the file into smaller chunks that will: - Fit into IP packages
- Send independently But if you do so several problems arrive: 1) The receiver has to reassemble the received frames in the correct order. As different packages might take the different routes the order could change and decentralize. Sequence numbers will help to fight this problem (it will be discussed later).
2) While the receiver receives the package from 2 different senders or even 2 different applications from the same sender the packages have to be separately reassembled. Port numbers were introduced to fight this problem (it will be discussed later).
As Internet and Ethernet protocol do not make sure that data is really successfully delivered the TCP informs sender that packages arrive. Acknowledgment flags have been introduced to battle this problem. 3) The sender and the receiver could on networks with different connection speed. So the faster network can easily overload the slower network with data that is delivered through Internet that is delivered to the slower network. Windowing was invented in order to: - Create flow control
- Solve network speed issues For all of these things an important concept of transmission control protocol is End to end principle. While solving all these problems the routers in between and network are just transferring data as they had been told. It’s just the sender and the receiver that negotiate the problem handling.
--Jane Kruch (discuss • contribs) 16:34, 3 November 2013 (UTC)
# Summary, further reading, homework
## Learning goals
## Script

exercises:
* Use netstat to display protocol statistics.
* Use netstat to display all active connections and listening ports.
* Use Wireshark to capture and analyze User Datagram Protocol (UDP) traffic.
* Use Wireshark to capture and analyze Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) traffic.
# Sustainability/Urban planning

Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned with the development and use of land, planning permission, protection and use of the environment, public welfare, and the design of the urban environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks.

## Introduction

Urban, city, or town planning is the discipline of land use planning which explores several aspects of the built and social environments of municipalities and communities. Other professions deal in more detail with a smaller scale of development, namely architecture, landscape architecture and urban design. Regional planning deals with a still larger environment, at a less detailed level.
In the nineteenth century, urban planning became influenced by the newly formalized disciplines of architecture and civil engineering, which began to codify both rational and stylistic approaches to solving city problems through physical design. However since the 1960's the domain of urban planning has expanded to include economic development planning, community social planning and environmental planning.
In the 20th century, part of the task of urban planning became urban renewal, and re-invigorating inner cities by adapting urban planning methods to existing cities, some with much long-term infrastructural decay.
The continuous search for utopia by architects and urban planners sees no limitations. The search for the ideal state has been on-going for generations of designers. Here, we focus on some of the key issues that you should explore.

#### Urban utopias

* Advanced Architectural and Urban Design
* Sustainable Building Technology in Future Cities
* Contemporary Utopian Theories
* The Safe and Accessible Environment
* Aesthetic Experience of Architecture in the Urban Context
* Philosophy and Theory of Urbanism and Conservation
* Bio-Contextual Building Technologies
* Next Generation Urban Infrastructure
* Sustainable Development and the Ecology of Cities
* Energy Effcient Public Housing and New Town Design
* Terrorist Free Cities

## Communications and technological applications

When there are number of bureaus in a bureaucratic system, inevitably communication be comes difficult. Effective communication in a bureaucratic system helps allow for maximum efficiency to be achieved within that system. Maximum efficiency will allow for the best service to the people that a certain bureaucratic system is serving. They are "public servants" after all.

### Technological applications

* GIS and remote sensing
* Applocation of internet for opinion survey and data gathering
* Mobile survey devices
* Advanced programming for Optamization(Ant Colony & Swan Method)
* Simulation

## Readings

* Wikipedia: Urban planning

## Discussion questions and essay ideas?

* How can homelessness best be reduced in urban areas?
* How do cities' differences affect quality of life?
* How does transit affect the rest of a city?

## See Also

* Portal: Urban studies and planning
# Sustainable Development Goals/Developing Countries

For moving forward towards more sustainabily peace or at least the absence of crime is a basic foundation to sustainable communities.
* No poverty: If poverty was a big problem before. Especially in this time of COVID-19 the situation became more severe, due to the fact, that people loose there job, loose income, ... as a consequence of pandemics.
* Zero hunger: In western societies there is lot of food waste and on the other side people are begging on the road for food.
* Good Health and Well-being: Access to food and clean water is one foundation for good health. Furthermore even if food is available male-nutrition and the exposure to toxicants could have an impact on health. COVID-19 adds additional burden on the most vulnerable societies and communities.
* Quality of Education. If the majority of parents do not have money to pay for food, then access education might not have a high priority due to the fact primary for food, water and shelter must be covered before education could become a priority-
* Gender equality: If a high percentage of women are being abused in their homes and workplaces, the primary objective must be crime reduction and peace in the society must be accomplished before more advanced objectives of gender equality could be accomplished.
* Clean water and sanitation: Clean water for drinking is a foundation for health and a foundation for living. Due to climate change dry regions will be exposed to more hot period and extreme events. So the situations for dry regions in world get worse. Exspecially in developing countries e.g. in Africa and Niger women are carrying water on their heads from streams, which might be polluted and therefore has a negative impact on health if people drink the water. On the other hand water is necessary for survival. The option to drink uncontanimated water is not available for most of the citizens.

## Learning Tasks

* (Vulnerability of Society - Survival and Sustainability) Explore the current situations in developing countries and identify, where the basic foundation of peace is not available. What are the options to survive? How can alternatives be provided that can be reached by citizens and communities in the most vulnerable societies?
* (Risk Mitigation and Capacity Building) Explore concept of capacity building and learning. In emergency some member states support other UN member states to overcome the crisis after a disaster happends (Tsunami, Earthquake, Bush fire, flooding,...). Capacity building and learning might not reduce the probabilty of such an event, but capacity building might improve the preparedness of the citizens to such an event. What are the requirements, that capacity building material e.g. in Wikiversity would be supportive for citizens or communities to accomplish Risk Literacy and be able to implement Risk Mitigation Strategies?
* (Collaborative Mapping) What is the role of collaborative mapping to support appropriate capacity building for sustainability?
# Sustainable Development Goals/Learning Resource

This learning resource is about assigning sustainable developement goals to learning resources. The classification of a learning resource (done at the bottom of each Wikiversity page) will appear under .

## Learning Tasks

* Learn about sustainable development goals
* Try it yourself to add SDG categories to learning resource.
* Analyse the learning resources you are currently working on as author and assign SDGs to your learning resource by adding the logo to your learning and the relevant SDGs in categories.
# Sustainability/Organic agriculture

This is an area where research and learning related to organic agriculture can take place.

## Discussion questions

* How can organic agriculture positively affect society?
* How can organic agriculture and global warming interact?
* What research can take place online related to organic agriculture?

## Readings

* Wikipedia: Sustainability
* Wikipedia: Organic cotton
* Wikipedia: Biological pest control
* Wikipedia: Biodynamic agriculture
# Sustainability/Resources

* Sustainability
* Simultaneous consideration of all three of social, economic and environmental concerns.
* Introduction
* Activities
* Resources
* Community
* Links
Ideally, structure the resources to match and thereby support the Activities.

## Content development projects

* School:Agriculture
* Topic:Urban Utopias
* Topic:Organic Agriculture
* Topic:Ecological Sustainability
* Topic:Sustainable Urban Development

## Learning resources
### Courses

* Energy
* Green building
* Green technology
* Corporate Strategy
* Renewable energy systems
* Introduction to Permaculture
* Public Health Strategies for HIV
* Peak oil, energy, and society

### Wikipedia

* Alcohol fuel
* Algaculture
* Biodiesel
* Biodiesel processor
* Biodiesel production
* Biogas
* Biomass to liquid
* Dye-sensitized solar cells
* Electric vehicle production
* Ethanol fuel
* Future energy development
* Geothermal heat pump
* Green energy
* Photovoltaics
* Plasma arc waste disposal
* w:Recycling
* Renewable energy
* Renewable fuels
* Thermal depolymerization
* Tidal power
* Waste-to-energy
* Wind power

### Appropedia

* Renewable energy portal

## Resources

* RecycleManiacs.org - "RecycleMania is organized by university recycling coordinators with administrative support from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s WasteWise program and the National Recycling Coalition (NRC). The competition is endorsed by NRC’s College and University Recycling Council (CURC), and the National Wildlife Federation’s Campus Ecology Program."
* e85 refueling - Find e85 pumps
* Map of biodiesel pumps in the United States
* Find out where you can convert your car to run on e85 (and gasoline), it can cost about 500-700
* Sustainability Case Studies
* Free E-Book on Sustainability
* Conservation Economy - see their Pattern Map.
* Bookmarks tagged "sustainability" on del.icio.us.
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses/Applied Hydrology

Topics
Hydrograph
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses/Anatomy and Physiology

Endocrine Imbalance
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses/Animal Parasitology

Parasite Distribution
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses/Mathematics Teaching and Learning

Topics
Mathematical Knowledge for Equitable Teaching
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses/Measurements and Instrumentation

Measurement and instrumentation is a course in experimental methods where students will learn how to accurately design a measuring system, collect necessary data, process and interpret the collected data, and accurately present the results. This experimental process will be practically applied in the laboratory exercises throughout the semester. By the end of the course students are expected to understand the fundamentals of measuring systems including the particular limitations and capabilities of a number of specific measuring devices (pressure transducers, strain gages, thermocouples, etc.) and equipment (oscilloscope, data acquisition card, etc.). In addition students are expected to understand the experimental process applied in the laboratory experiments such that they are able to successfully design and conduct an experiment and interpret and present the results.
Topics
Temperature Measurement
Probability & Statistics
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses/Materials

Topics
Material Properties
Thin Films
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses/Mechatronics

Topics
Basic Electronics
Thermocouples, Amplifiers and Comparators
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses/Thermal Systems Design and Optimization

Economics
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses/Thermodynamics

Topics
The First Law for Closed Systems
The First Law for Open Systems
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses/Thermodynamics/The First Law for Closed Systems

Course Title: Thermodynamics I
Lecture Topic: The First Law for Closed Systems
Instructor: Dr. Stephen Crown
Institution: UTPA

## Backwards Design

Course Objectives
* Primary Objectives- By the next class period students will be able to:
** Explain the concepts represented by each term of the first law.
** Know which form of the first law applies to various problems.
** Solve problems that require the first law.
* Sub Objectives- The objectives will require that students be able to:
** Understand basic algebra.
** Identify the appropriate system and determine if it is a closed system.
* Difficulties- Students may have difficulty:
** Selecting the appropriate system boundary.
** Relating information given in the problem to the terms in the equation.
** Determining the direction of work and heat transfer.
* Real-World Contexts- There are many ways that students can use this material in the real-world, such as:
** How engines work.
** How much pressure is needed for an airgun.
Model of Knowledge
* Concept Map
** text
** text
** text
* Content Priorities
** Enduring Understanding
*** text
*** text
*** text
** Important to Do and Know
*** text
*** text
*** text
** Worth Being Familiar with
*** text
*** text
*** text
Assessment of Learning
* Formative Assessment
** In Class (groups)
*** text
*** text
** Homework (individual)
*** text
*** text
* Summative Assessment
** text
** text

## Legacy Cycle

OBJECTIVE
By the next class period, students will be able to:
* text
* text
* text
The objectives will require that students be able to:
* text
* text
* text
THE CHALLENGE
text
GENERATE IDEAS
text
MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES
text
RESEARCH & REVISE
text
TEST YOUR METTLE
text
GO PUBLIC
text

## Pre-Lesson Quiz

* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question

## Test Your Mettle Quiz

* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
* question
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses Organized by STEM Category/Biology/Anatomy and Physiology

Topics
Endocrine Imbalance