# Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Strong gravitation

Strong gravitation is fundamental gravitational interaction at the level of elementary particles, one of the components of strong interaction in physics according to gravitational model of strong interaction. It is assumed that strong gravitation and electromagnetic forces are responsible for the formation and integrity of matter of elementary particles and atomic nuclei, and also participates in interactions between electrons and nuclei in atoms and molecules. For describing of strong gravitation equations of Lorentz-invariant theory of gravitation are used.

## History

After discovery of electron in 1897, of proton in 1919, and of neutron in 1932, and of their compositions in the form of atomic nuclei, atoms and molecules, it became necessary to describe the forces acting between the particles and binding their matter. In most cases, behavior of electron and proton, placed in external electromagnetic field, is satisfactorily described by electromagnetic forces. This led to standard electromagnetic model of atom. As for the interaction of nucleons in atomic nuclei, the hypothesis of Japanese physicist H. Yukawa was initially accepted about binding between particles by means of mesons, mostly of pions. Then, in the framework of quark theory all hadrons began to be considered to be composed of quarks.
However the idea, that fundamental interaction between a set of elementary particles must occur due to action of another set of elementary particles, belongs to atomistic theory, but it contradicts the Theory of Infinite Hierarchical Nesting of Matter. Indeed, reactions between elementary particles follow the laws of conservation of energy, momentum and electric charge; the matter, energy-momentum and the charge of one type of particles transform into corresponding quantities of other particles, but this does not mean that the carrier and the cause of interactions are the elementary particles themselves. The interaction of nucleons with each other by means of pions hardly agrees with quarks and gluons, which are used to describe the integrity of hadrons, due to the problem of non-observability of quarks in free state and uncertainty of transformation of forces between the quarks inside each of nucleons into strong interaction between different nucleons in atomic nucleus. The introduction of virtual particles with their exotic properties (short lifetime, simultaneous generation of particles and antiparticles, etc.) does not save the situation. Thus, the abstract explanation of electromagnetic interaction of two charges with the help of virtual photons as field quanta still remains the statement which is not supported by a concrete model of interaction process.
Among the attempts to explain strong interaction in connection with gravitation there is a hypothesis that in model of hadronic bags the hadrons are de Sitter microuniverses, in which quarks are enclosed. The radius of hadrons corresponding to the radii of these microuniverses, is associated with strong gravitational constant and corresponding cosmological constant. To explain the properties of hadrons in assumption of strong gravitational interaction, analogies between hadrons and Kerr — Newman black holes are described.
In 1999 Sergey Fedosin, based on similarity of matter levels, SPФ symmetry and Le Sage's theory of gravitation, according to which black holes are not allowed, postulated existence of strong gravitation as a fundamental force at the atomic level and found the value of strong gravitational constant $~\Gamma =1{.}514\cdot 10^{29}$ m$^3$•s$^{–2}$•kg$^{–1}$.

## Applications
### Hadrons

Equality between rest energy of proton and its total energy, which due to virial theorem is approximately equal to the half of potential energy of strong gravitational field, allows one to estimate radius of proton $~R_{p}$:
    $m_{p}c^{2}={\frac {k\Gamma {m_{p}}^{2}}{2R_{p}}},$
    $R_{p}={\frac {k\Gamma m_{p}}{2c^{2}}}=0.87\cdot 10^{-15}$ m,
here $~m_{p}$ is proton mass, $~c$ is speed of light, $~k$ is a coefficient depending on distribution of matter, in the case of uniform mass density of proton $~k=0.6$. According to self-consistent model for the proton $~k=0.62$.
The obtained value $~R_{p}$ coincides with the experimentally obtained sizes of the proton and the neutron, confirming the validity of the idea of strong gravitation. At the same time the given equality implies explanation of essence of rest energy of bodies as the energy associated with the strong gravitation of nucleons of the bodies’ matter. According to the mass–energy equivalence, the rest energy of nucleon is proportional to its mass. On the other hand, the total energy of nucleon includes the energy of strong gravitational field which is proportional to the squared mass, and internal energy of nucleon matter which is proportional to the matter mass in expression for kinetic energy. As a result, the total energy is proportional only to the mass just as well as the rest energy.
On comparison of maximum angular momentum of strong gravitational field and angular momentum of proton with uniform matter distribution, another estimate of the proton radius is based:
    $R_{p}={\frac {5\Gamma m_{p}}{21c^{2}}}=0.67\cdot 10^{-15}$ m.
As a model of emerging of strong gravitation modernized Le Sage's theory of gravitation is used, which becomes universal taking into account the Theory of Infinite Hierarchical Nesting of Matter.
At the stellar scale level of matter the analogues of nucleons are neutron stars, the integrity of which is maintained by ordinary force of gravitation and pressure force in the matter arising from the repulsion of nucleons from each other. Similarly, in the matter of nucleons, compensation of strong gravitation and internal pressure force takes place (see substantial neutron model and substantial proton model). In this picture, for stability of nucleons and describing their properties quarks are not required, in contrast to standard quantum chromodynamics. At the same time in the model of quark quasiparticles the quarks are seen not as real particles inside hadrons but as quasiparticles, the constituent elements of hadrons’ matter which carry the mass, charge and magnetic moment. This ensures observed symmetry of hadron properties. In turn, the quarks themselves can be reduced to combinations of two hadronic phases of matter. Analysis of Regge hadron families also shows that they can be explained by taking into account quantization of spin and matter state of particles, retained by strong gravitational field.

### Electron

Strong gravitation significantly affects the construction of model of electron, leading to substantial model of this particle. In particular, the electron charge is so large, that strong gravitation is not able to keep the electron matter from the Coulomb electric force of repulsion.Therefore, stability of electron in atom is possible only in the form of a scattered electron cloud (disc) and due to forces of attraction to nucleus from strong gravitation and from electric force between electron and nucleus charges. Another fact, the quantization of energy levels and of orbital angular momentum of electron in atom, is explained based on the condition that the flux of kinetic energy of rotation of electron matter around nucleus is equal to the sum of the energy fluxes from the strong gravitation and electromagnetic field. This leads to stationary states of electron in atom, in which it does not produce emission. For the hydrogen atom it is also found that magnetic energy of nucleus in magnetic field of electron equals the energy of the nucleus’ spin in the torsion field of strong gravitation of the electron in case of limiting rotation of the nucleus.

### Interaction of nucleons in atomic nucleus

The experiments with scattering of nucleons on each other allow us to estimate the effective potential of strong interaction acting between these particles. As the distance decreases the interaction force increases rapidly. To describe this force the gravitational model of strong interaction is used, in which nuclear forces are a sum of attraction from the strong gravitation, the repulsion of nucleon spins due to the torsion field of strong gravitation, as well as from the action of electromagnetic forces. At short distances, the repulsive force of the spins dominates, which is inversely proportional to the fourth and then the fifth degree of distance. At large distances, there is attraction of nucleons, mainly from the strong gravitation. At distances close to the radius of a nucleon, the neutron and the proton are in equilibrium state, which gives deuteron as simplest atomic nucleus with two nucleons. Taking into account the strong gravitation allows us to construct models of simplest nuclei and their geometric configuration, as well as to explain dependence of specific binding energy of atomic nuclei on their atomic number due to saturation effect of the strong gravitational energy and increase of electrical repulsive energy of protons.

### Strange particles

In quantum chromodynamics, it is assumed that long lifetime, inherent in some hadrons, is due to presence of strange quarks in them. However, the models of strange particles can be constructed similarly to the models of atomic nuclei, by connecting nucleons and mesons under the influence of strong gravitation. The composition of some strange hadrons is described in model of quark quasiparticles.

### Interatomic interaction

Interaction of atoms leads to formation of molecules, as well as atomic and molecular substances. In contrast to nucleons in atomic nuclei, in interaction of atoms the strong gravitation acts between the nuclei of all atoms as well as between the electrons, complementing electromagnetic forces. In this case the electron discs, surrounding the atomic nuclei, due to rapid rotation of matter in them, which is charged and oriented by magnetic field, have possibility to shield the gravitational forces between the nuclei, reducing them to the level of electrical forces. The equilibrium of atoms in molecules and in substances is achieved in case of balance of gravitational and electromagnetic forces. With increasing of distance between the atoms, the so-called Van der Waals force occurs between them in the form of attraction rapidly decreasing with the distance. The estimate with the help of Le Sage's theory of gravitation gives the radius of action of strong gravitation in the matter with the density of the order of Earth's density, about 0.7 m.

### Photon

The substantial photon model assumes that photon consists of praons bonded to each other by means of strong gravitation. This leads to the fact that photon has a rest mass, as well as a magnetic moment. The size of photons is comparable to the size of electrons in atoms, so photons easily interact with electrons and transfer part of their energy to them. After this, praons of photons dissipate and become part of dynamic electrogravitational vacuum, consisting of relativistic particles whose speeds are close to the speed of light. As a result, the rest mass of photons does not manifest itself in ordinary experiments and it seems that photons have no rest mass.