# African Arthropods/Afrotropical Encyrtidae Key

Encyrtidae is a large family of parasitic wasps in the Superfamily Chalcidoidea. There are more than 640 described species of Afrotropical Encyrtidae in about 130 genera. Many encyrtid species are parasitoids of scale insects, some of which are pests that reduce the productivity of agricultural crops across the world.

# Key to the genera of Afrotropical Encyrtidae

This key is based on this paper: Prinsloo, G. L., & Annecke, D. P. (1979). A key to the genera of Encyrtidae from the Ethiopian region, with descriptions of three new genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Journal of the Entomological Society of southern Africa, 42(2), 349-382. The Universal Chalcidoidea Database, WaspWeb, and other on-line sources were used to add details.

## 1 Encyrtidae

Diagnostic features of Encyrtidae include: mesopleuron very enlarged; mid coxae level with middle of mesopleuron in side view; cercal plates advanced; linea calva distinct; mesoscutum transverse and without distinct notauli. There are illustrations of these features on another page of the African Arthropods project.
1a Tarsi with four segments ........ 2 1b Tarsi with five segments ........ 3

## 2 Tarsi with four segments

* Marginal cilia of forewing very long (fig. 2 of waspweb key and Prinsloo & Anneke, 1979); axillae indistinct (fig. 3 of waspweb); funicle with five or six segments -
** Anthemus HOWARD, 1896
*** 22 species worldwide; 12 Afrotropical species.
*** Photos: Ponent, Catalonia
*** Paper: Prinsloo, G. L., & Neser, O. C. (1989). A revision of the genus Anthemus Howard (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in the Afrotropical region. Revue de Zoologie Africaine, 103(1), 51-72.
* Marginal cilia of forewing short (cf. fig. 4 of waspweb key and Prinsloo & Anneke, 1979), the longest cilia never much longer than the setae on the submarginal vein; axillae are distinct and meet medially; funicle with two to four segments - Arrhenophagus chionaspidis before emergence from scale host, Spain.Arrhenophagus chionaspidis female antenna
** Arrhenophagus AURIVILLIUS, 1888
*** Photos: Universal Chalcidoidea Database takagi.tenteki
*** Papers: Suh S-J. 2021. Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of the white peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on Prunus salicina Lindl. (Rosales: Rosaceae) in South Korea. Insecta Mundi 0885: 1–5. Suh, Soo-Jung, 2018. Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) reared from Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in the Republic of Korea, Insecta Mundi 612, pp. 1-6 : 3-4 Muniappan, R., Watson, G. W., Evans, G. A., Rauf, A., & Von Ellenrieder, N. (2012). Cycad aulacaspis scale, a newly introduced insect pest in Indonesia. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 19(3), 110-114., R., Watson, G. W., Evans, G. A., Rauf, A., & Von Ellenrieder, N. (2012). Cycad aulacaspis scale, a newly introduced insect pest in Indonesia. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 19(3), 110-114.
*** 2 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Arrhenophagus chionaspidis (worldwide)

## 3 Tarsi five-segmented

* 3a Forewing without stigmal, marginal or postmarginal veins, with an infuscated patch (fig. 4 of waspweb key); on the head, the scrobes are moderately deep, in the shape of aninverted V, their confluence is separated medially by a membranous joint that extends to the front of the vertex; a similar membrane runs transversely between the eyes where the fronto-vertex adjoins the face (fig. 5 of waspweb key and figs 1, 13, 20, 24 of Annecke & Mynhardt (1974)) -
** Arrhenophagoidea Girault, 1915
*** Arrhenophagoidea and Arrhenophagus are morphologically similar, except that the tarsi are four-segmented in Arrhenophagus and five-segmented in Arrhenophagoidea. Species of both genera are very small (body length about 0.5 mm).
*** Four Afrotropical species:
**** Arrhenophagoidea chaetacmae Annecke & Prinsloo, 1974 (South Africa)
**** Arrhenophagoidea neseri Prinsloo, 1974 (South Africa)
**** Arrhenophagoidea rolaspidis Annecke & Prinsloo, 1974 (South Africa)
**** Arrhenophagoidea sierra Annecke & Prinsloo, 1974 (South Africa)
* 3b Forewing venation partly or well-developed; head without membranous features above the scrobes ........ 4

### 4 (Fore wing venation at least partly developed; head without membranous interruptions)

* 4a Posterior margin of mesosetum with two round projections, each fitting into an indentation in anterior margin of axillae (fig. 6 of waspweb key); forewing with marginal cilia unusually long along caudal wing margin (fig. 7 of waspweb key); egg parasitoids of Tettigometridae -
** Psyllechthrus GHESQUIERE, 1958
*** A single species, Psyllechthrus oophagus is known - from Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe.
*** Psyllechthrus oophagus has been reared from the eggs of Nototettigometra patruelis, which is thought to be its only host.
*** Photographs of Nototettigometra patruelis eggs with tiny wasps that are probably Psyllechthrus oophagus: and
* Psyllechthrus oophagus
* Psyllechthrus oophagus on eggs of Nototettigometra patruelis.
* 4b Margin of mesoseutum without two round projections fitting into indentations in the anterior margin of the axillae; marginal cilia of forewing not unusually long; not parasites of Tettigometridae ........ 5

### 5 (Posterior margin of mesoscutum without two round projections fitting into the anterior margin of axillae, forewing with marginal cilia not unusually long)

* 5a Fore femur and tibia greatly swollen, the apex of the latter with two blunt spines in addition to the strigil; antenna eleven-segmented, the segments of pedicel, funicle and club similar in shape; head and body hardly encyrtiform (fig. 9 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key)
** Sanghalia RISBEC, 1955
*** A single species from Congo, Sanghalia kerandeli
* 5b Fore femur and tibia at most slightly swollen, the latter without spines; antenna otherwise, usually clavate................6

### 6 (Fore femur and tibia not greatly swollen, fore tibia without spines)

* 6a Funicle with less than six segments........ 7
* 6b Funicle with six or seven segments........ 16

## 7 Funicle with less than six segments

* 7a Antenna (fig. 10 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) extensively flattened and expanded - both scape and flagellum leaf-like; the club is not segmented; the funicle has three to five transverse segments; Pseudococeid parasitoids -Zaplatycerus fullawayi; A. female antenna; B. Male antenna; C. Female mandible frontal view
** Zaplatycerus Timberlake, 1925
*** Synonyms include: Tropidophryne Compere, 1931; Neoplatycerus Subba Rao, 1965; Avernes Noyes et Woolley, 1994; Assamencyrtus Singh, 2006.
*** 16 species worldwide; 4 Afrotropical species
*** Description and images of Zaplatycerus notialis on Researchgate
Afrotropical species
* 7b Antenna not extensively flattened, but the scape may be expanded ventrally........ 8

### 8 (Antenna not extensively flattened; scape may be expanded)

* 8a Funicle with four segments ........ 9
* 8b Funicle with five segments ........ 10

### 9 (Funicle with four segments)

* 9a Apex of scutellum with two lamelliform (flattened) setae (cf. figs 27 & 28 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key, and Habrolepis, 38b below); forewing distinctly darkened, patterned; body flattened dorsoventrally; parasitoids of armored scale insects -
** Caenohomalopoda Tachikawa, 1979
*** 11 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Caenohomalopoda shikokuensis a parasitoid of armored scales, Froggattiella penicillata, Odonaspis spp. (South Africa)
**** Description and figures - Tachikawa, 1956
* 9b Scutellum without scale-like setae; forewing transparent; body not flattened dorsoventrally; parasitoids of bees -
** Xylencyrtus Annecke, 1968
*** Two Afrotropical species: Xylencyrtus mumifex, a parasitoid of Allodapula melanopus, is known from South Africa; and Xylencyrtus tridens is known from Cameroon, Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda and is a parasitoid of several xylocopine bee species (Tribe Allodapini).
*** Description and figures - Annecke, 1968

### 10 (Funicle with five segments)

* 10a Antennal club not divided (a single segment) -
** Trechnites Thomson, 1876
*** The body is blackish, with a metallic green scutellum; marginal and postmarginal veins of forewing punctiform or very short; parapsidal sulci present;
*** Parasitoids of psyllids.
*** 30 species worldwide; 3 Afrotropical species:
**** Trechnites angolensis associated with the legume Isoberlinia sp. (Angola)
**** Trechnites manaliensis a parasitoid of Euphyllura eastopi, Euphyllura longiciliata, Psylla hyalina (South Africa)
**** Trechnites morulus associated with Ceroplastes sp. (South Africa)
* 10b The antennal club has two or three segments ........ 11

### 11 (Antennal club with two or three segments)

* 11a Antennal club with two segments. (Maxillary palpi each with two segments, the labial not segmented; mandible tridentate (fig. 11 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key), the upper tooth retracted; parasitic in Pseudococcidae) - Female Pseudectroma europaeum, Spain
** Pseudectroma Girault , 1915
*** Timberlakia Mercet, 1925 is a synonym
*** 16 species worldwide; 3 Afrotropical species: Pseudectroma cussoniae (Madagascar), Pseudectroma gilvum (South Africa), Pseudectroma signatum (Israel, South Africa)
*** Parasitoids - hosts include soft scales (Coccidae) and mealybugs (Pseudococcidae)
* 11b Club with three segments ........ 12

### 12 (Antennal club with three segments)

* 12a Ovipositor protruding from the end of the metasoma -
** Acerophagus Smith, 1880
*** Pseudaphycus is a synonym of Acerophagus (see 13 below).
*** Acerophagus species are parasitoids of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae).
*** iNaturalist has images of Acerophagus (CC-BY-NC).
* 12b Ovipositor not distinctly protruding from the end of the metasoma ........ 14

### 13 (Ovipositor protruding from the end of the metasoma - Acerophagus)

* 13a Antennal club white; maxillary palpi each with four segments, the labial with three segments -
** Afrotropical species of Acerophagus with a white antennal club (described as Pseudaphycus) include A. angelicus, A. dysmicocci, A. ferrisianae, A. maculipennis, A. mundus, A. notativentris , A. perdignus, A. prosopidis.
* 13b Antennal club not white; maxillary palpi each with four segments, the labial with two segments -
** Afrotropical species of Acerophagus with an antennal club that is not white (described as Acerophagus) include A. coccois, A. pallidus.

### 14 (Ovipositor not protruding or just protruding)

* 14a Mandible with two teeth; maxillary palpi each have two segments, the labial not segmented; paratergites present; Male antenna ramose, rami on funicle segments I-IV -
** Tetracnemoidea Howard, 1898
*** Tetracnemoidea species are parasitoids of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae).
*** Afrotropical species:
**** T. brevicornis (Girault) (Worldwide; Ghana in Afrotropics)
**** T. coffeicola (Kerrich) (Kenya, Uganda)
**** T. peregrina (Compere) (Worldwide; Ghana, South Africa in Afrotropics)
**** T. sydneyensis (Timberlake) (Worldwide; Ghana in Afrotropics)
* 14b Mandible with three or more teeth; palpi do not have two segments; no paratergites; not parasitoids of mealybugs ................15

### 15 (Mandible with three or more teeth; palpi do not have two segments; no paratergites; not parasitoids of mealybugs)

* 15a Head and body dark brown to blackish-brown, non-metallic except for frontovertex which may have a very slight metallic tinge; parasitic in aculeate Hymenoptera -
** Xylencyrtus Annecke, 1968
*** Afrotropical species:
**** Xylencyrtus mumifex, a parasitoid of Allodapula melanopus (South Africa); and
**** Xylencyrtus tridens is a parasitoid of several xylocopine bee species (Tribe Allodapini) (Cameroon, Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda).
* 15b Head and body predominantly black, the scutellum brilliant metallic green in colour; parasitic in Psyllidae -
** Trechnites Thomson, 1876
*** The body is blackish, with a metallic green scutellum; marginal and postmarginal veins of forewing punctiform or very short; parapsidal sulci present;
*** Parasitoids of psyllids.

## 16 Funicle with six or seven segments

* 16a Hind tibia foliaceously flattened (fig. 12 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key)........ 17
* 16b Hind tibia not or only slightly flattened................ 18

### 17 (Hind tibia foliaceously flattened)

* 17a Antennal club three-segmented or not segmented; parasitoids of Aphrophoridae and Cicadellidae. Male antenna may have six rami (fig. 14 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) - Neocladia sp., Australia
** Neocladia Perkins, 1906
*** Carabunia Waterston, 1928 is a synonym of Neocladia
*** iNaturalist has images of Neocladia.
*** Afrotropical species:
**** Neocladia gigantica is a parasitoid of Ptyelus flavescens, the Yellow Raintree Spittlebug (Uganda).
**** Neocladia senegalensis (Senegal, South Africa).
**** Neocladia tibialis is a parasitoid of Batrachomorphus capeneri, a leafhopper (South Africa).

### 18 (Hind tibia not or only slightly flattened)

* 18a Wings markedly reduced ................19
* 18b Wings not greatly reduced ............. 25

## 19 Wings markedly reduced

* 19a Scutellum with a flange or lamella (fig. 15 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key), in profile this flange shows as a thin, flat, caudal projection of the apex of scutellum................20
* 19b Scutellum without a flange................21

### 20 (Wings reduced, scutellum with a flange or lamella)

* 20a Mandible with two acute teeth; parasitoids of bees - Ericydnus sp., Spain
** Ericydnus Walker, 1837
*** 33 species worldwide; Afrotropical species?
*** Ericydnus sp. - 2 specimens at ARC-PPRI (https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/search?dataset_key=b2ee8537-2a6c-4b4b-965a-538b47788606&taxon_key=1378896)
* 20b Mandible with three teeth; parasitoids of Coccidae - Female Paraphaenodiscus bicolor, Spain
** Paraphaenodiscus Girault, 1915
*** 20 species worldwide; 10 Afrotropical species:
*** Afrotropical species:
**** Paraphaenodiscus africanus Prinsloo (South Africa)
**** Paraphaenodiscus ceroplastodesi (Risbec) is a parasitoid of Ceroplastes species (Senegal)
**** Paraphaenodiscus chrysocomae Prinsloo (South Africa)
**** Paraphaenodiscus munroi Prinsloo is a parasitoid of Pulvinaria iceryi (South Africa)
**** Paraphaenodiscus niger Prinsloo is a parasitoid of Pulvinaria iceryi (South Africa)
**** Paraphaenodiscus paralis Prinsloo and Mynhardt is a parasitoid of Plagiochloa uniolae (South Africa)
**** Paraphaenodiscus pavoniae Risbec is a parasitoid of Ceroplastes and Pulvinaria species (Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
**** Paraphaenodiscus pedanus Prinsloo and Mynhardt is a parasitoid of Plagiochloa uniolae (South Africa)
**** Paraphaenodiscus risbeci Ghesquiere is a parasitoid of the moth Sesamia cretica (Senegal, Sudan)
**** Paraphaenodiscus rizicola (Risbec) has been associated with rice plants (Cameroon, Swaziland, Zimbabwe)

### 21 (Wings reduced, scutellum without a flange)

* 21a Antenna nine-segmented, the club not segmented; mandible bidentate; parasitic in Pseudococcidae. Male antenna six-segmented, segments II - V each with a ramus -
** Tetracnemus Westwood, 1837
*** iNaturalist has images of Tetracnemus.
*** 37 species worldwide; 2 Afrotropical species:
**** Tetracnemus bifasciatellus (Mercet) (South Africa)
**** Tetracnemus gumilevi Pilipjuk and Trjapitzin (Ethiopia)
* 21b Antenna eleven-segmented, the club with three segments; mandible otherwise; not parasitic in Pseudococcidae................22

### 22 (Antenna eleven-segmented, the club with three segments)

* 22a Scutellum with a semi-erect tuft of bristles, these strong bristles rarely scattered and not forming a distinct tuft........................23
* 22b Scutellar tuft of bristles absent........ 24

### 23 (Wings reduced, scutellum with a semi-erect tuft of bristles)

* 23a Mandible edentate, broadly rounded apically (fig. 16 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); gonostyli (3rd valvulae) absent -
** Encyrtus Latreille, 1809
*** 96 species worldwide; 15 Afrotropical species:
**** Encyrtus aquilus is a parasitoid of Coccidae Ceroplastes and Gascardia species (South Africa)
**** Encyrtus aurantii is a parasitoid of Hemiptera including Aleyrodidae, Coccidae, Diaspididae, Eriococcidae, Pseudococcidae (Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Senegal, Seychelles, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)
**** Encyrtus barbiger is a parasitoid of Parasaissetia litorea (South Africa)
**** Encyrtus bedfordi is a parasitoid of Waxiella mimosae (South Africa)
**** Encyrtus cotterelli is a parasitoid of Sahlbergella species (Ghana)
**** Encyrtus decorus is a parasitoid of Pulvinaria and Saissetia species (Zimbabwe)
**** Encyrtus fuliginosus is a parasitoid of a range of Coccidae (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa)
**** Encyrtus hesperus (Gambia, Ivory Coast)
**** Encyrtus imitator (Cameroon, Gabon, Uganda)
**** Encyrtus infelix is a parasitoid of a range of Coccidae (Kenya, Madagascar, Seychelles, Zimbabwe)
**** Encyrtus melas is a parasitoid of Gascardia and Tachardina species (South Africa)
**** Encyrtus palpator ((Cameroon)
**** Encyrtus sacchari is a parasitoid of Pulvinaria species on rice and sugar cane (Benin, Cameroon, Gabon, Gambia, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
**** Encyrtus saliens is a parasitoid of Pulvinaria species (South Africa)
**** Encyrtus signifer (Cameroon, Gabon)
* 23b Mandible tridentate; gonostyli present - Diversinervus sp., New Zealand
** Diversinervus Silvestri, 1915
*** iNaturalist has images of Diversinervus.
*** 12 species worldwide; 10 Afrotropical species:
**** Diversinervus cervantesi is a parasitoid of Coccidae (South Africa)
**** Diversinervus desantisi is a parasitoid of Pulvinaria species (Eritrea, Ethiopia)
**** Diversinervus elegans is a parasitoid of a range of Coccidae (Angola, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa)
**** Diversinervus masakaensis is a parasitoid of Saissetia oleae (Uganda)
**** Diversinervus orarius is a parasitoid of a Ctenochiton sp. (South Africa)
**** Diversinervus redactus is a parasitoid of a Ceroplastes sp. (South Africa)
**** Diversinervus scutatus is a parasitoid of a Ceronema sp. (South Africa)
**** Diversinervus silvestrii is a parasitoid of Coccus species (Mauritius, South Africa)
**** Diversinervus smithi is a parasitoid of Saissetia oleae (South Africa)
**** Diversinervus stramineus is a parasitoid of Coccus alpinus, Coccus celatus, and Saissetia persimilis (Kenya, South Africa)

### 24 (Wings reduced, scutellar tuft of bristles absent)

* 24a Apterous, or wings represented by a stub -
** Metaphycus Mercet, 1917
*** 476 species worldwide; 86 Afrotropical species:
**** Many pics of winged species on iNaturalist (but not Afrotropical and not apterous)
* 24b Fore wing reduced in size, but with venation distinct (fig. 17 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) - Neococcidencyrtus poutiersi, Iran.
** Neococcidencyrtus Compere, 1928
*** 20 species worldwide; 5 Afrotropical species:
**** Neococcidencyrtus brenhindis (Madagascar)
**** Neococcidencyrtus cliradainis (Cameroon)
**** Neococcidencyrtus poutiersi is a parasitoid of Furchadaspis zamiae, cycad scale (South Africa) Fig. 5. in https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343006453
**** Neococcidencyrtus pudaspidis is a parasitoid of Pudaspis newsteadi (South Africa)
**** Neococcidencyrtus syndodis (South Africa)

## 25 Wings not greatly reduced

* 25a Dorsum of scutellum with a longitudinal, inconspicuous, median keel - Pentelicus sp., South Africa
** Pentelicus Howard, 1895
*** Head and thorax pitted; antennal club three-segmented, obliquely truncate apically.
*** 10 species worldwide; ? Afrotropical species:
* 25b Scutellum without a median keel................26

### 26 (Scutellum without a median keel)

* 26a Head with a horn-like protuberance jutting from middle of face just below antennal Insertions - Male Paratetracnemoidea malenottiParatetracnemoidea malenotti, lateral view of head
** Paratetracnemoidea Girault , 1915
*** Rhinoencyrtus Mercet, 1918 is a synonym of Paratetracnemoidea
*** Photos at https://www.waspweb.org/chalcidoidea/Encyrtidae/Encyrtinae/Paratetracnemoidea/index.htm
*** 5 species worldwide; 3 Afrotropical species:
**** Paratetracnemoidea breviventris - no associates known (Tanzania)
**** Paratetracnemoidea cornis - no associates known (South Africa)
**** Paratetracnemoidea malenotti - no associates known (Gambia, Nigeria, Sudan)
* 26b Head without facial protuberance................ 27

### 27 (Head without facial protuberance)

* 27a Fore wing with stigmal vein branching away before venation reaches cephalic wing margin (figs 18- 22 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); postmarginal vein never reaching cephalic edge of wing................28
* 27b Fore wing venation normal, at most marginal vein punctiform (figs 34, 63, 82, 89 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); or rarely, if marginal vein absent, then postmarginal touches edge of wing (fig. 80 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key)................32

## 28 Fore wing with stigmal vein branching away before venation reaches cephalic wing margin

* 28a Anterior margin of frontovertex produced to form a prominent ridge that overhangs upper limits of scrobes; mandibles diminutive -
** Amira Girault , 1913
*** 3 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Amira durantae is a parasitoid of spiders Nephila inaurata and Nephila madagascarensis (Madagascar)
* 28b Frontovertex rounded on to face, without an anterior ledge; mandibles relatively large, well developed........ 29

### 29 (Frontovertex rounded on to face, without an anterior ledge; mandibles relatively large)

* 29a Antennal scrobes sulcate, impressed on face as an inverted V, their lateral margins sharply angled (fig. 23 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key). Male and female antennae identical in shape and segmentation; parasitic in Aclerdidae -
** Allencyrtus Annecke and Mynhardt, 1973
*** 1 species worldwide - Afrotropical:
**** Allencyrtus monomorphus is a parasitoid of an Aclerdid scale, Rhodesaclerda sp. (South Africa)
**** Description of genus and species: Annecke & Mynhardt (1973) PDF
* 29b Antennal scrobes not impressed on face as an inverted V with sharply angled lateral margins ....... 30

### 30 (Antennal scrobes not impressed on face as an inverted V with sharply angled lateral margins)

* 30a Antennal club three-segmented; mandible edentate, broadly rounded apically (fig. 24 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); parasitic in Coccidae and Stictococcidae -Aethognathus afer, female; inset shows detail of stigmal and postmarginal veins
** Aethognathus Silvestri, 1915
*** 5 species worldwide; all Afrotropical:
**** Aethognathus afer is a parasitoid of scales, Stictococcus diversiseta and Stictococcus multispinosus (Benin, Ghana)
**** Aethognathus bicolor is a parasitoid of the scale Stictococcus multispinosus (Uganda)
**** Aethognathus cavilabris is a parasitoid of coccid scales, Saissetiaand Stictococcus spp. (Congo, Uganda)
**** Aethognathus khryzhanovskyi - no associates known (Equatorial Guinea)
**** Aethognathus unicolor is a parasitoid of scales, Stictococcus gowdeyi and Stictococcus multispinosus (Nigeria, Uganda)
* 30b Antennal club not segmented, obliquely truncate; mandible tridentate; not parasitic in scale insects........ 31

### 31 (Antennal club not segmented, obliquely truncate; mandible tridentate)

* 31a Frontovertex and face with large pits, each with a strong metallic lustre; antennal scape (fig. 25 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) strongly expanded ventrally; parasitic in eggs of spiders -
** Proleurocerus Ferriere, 1935
*** 5 species worldwide; 2 Afrotropical species:
**** Proleurocerus clavatus - no associates known (Zimbabwe)
**** Proleurocerus zululandiae - no associates known (South Africa)
* 31b Frontovertex at most finely punctate, non-metallic; antennal scape at most slightly expanded ventrally; parasitic in Neuroptera nymphs - Isodromus sp., Mexico.Isodromus vinulus, a parasitic wasp in the family Encyrtidae; male
** Isodromus Howard, 1887
*** 26 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Isodromus timberlakei is a parasitoid of a Chrysopa species (South Africa)

## 32 Fore wing venation normal, at most marginal vein punctiform; or rarely, if marginal vein absent, then postmarginal touches edge of wing

* 32a Scutellum with a semi-erect tuft of bristles, these strong bristles rarely scattered and not forming a distinct tuft................ 33
* 32b Scutellum without a tuft of bristles, the setae recumbent, except for one subapical pair which is sometimes present................37

## 33 Scutellum with a semi-erect tuft of bristles

* 33a Head elongate in dorsal view, longer than wide or almost so, the greater part of each eye placed dorsally; mesoscutum (fig. 26 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) usually with a tuft of coarse bristles, but this tuft lacking in some species - Diversinervus sp., New Zealand
** Diversinervus Silvestri, 1915
*** iNaturalist has images of Diversinervus.
*** 12 species worldwide; 10 Afrotropical species:
**** Diversinervus cervantesi is a parasitoid of coccid scales, Ceroplastes floridensis, Coccus hesperidum, Pulvinaria spp., Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi, Saissetia coffeae, Saissetia oleae (South Africa)
**** Diversinervus desantisi is a parasitoid of coccid scales, Pulvinaria sp. (Eritrea, Ethiopia)
**** Diversinervus elegans is a parasitoid of a wide range of coccid scales (Angola, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa)
**** Diversinervus masakaensis is a parasitoid of coccid scales, Saissetia oleae (Uganda)
**** Diversinervus orarius is a parasitoid of coccid scales, Ctenochiton sp. (South Africa)
**** Diversinervus redactus is a parasitoid of coccid scales, Ceroplastes sp. (South Africa)
**** Diversinervus scutatus is a parasitoid of coccid scales, Ceronema sp. (South Africa)
**** Diversinervus silvestrii is a parasitoid of coccid scales, Coccus spp. (Mauritius, South Africa)
**** Diversinervus smithi is a parasitoid of coccid scales, Saissetia oleae (South Africa)
**** Diversinervus stramineus is a parasitoid of coccid scales, Coccus alpinus, Coccus celatus, Saissetia persimilis (Kenya, South Africa)
* 33b Head not longer than wide, eyes not placed dorsally; mesoscutum never with a tuft of bristles................34

### 34 (Head not longer than wide, eyes not placed dorsally; mesoscutum never with a tuft of bristles)

* 34a Antenna enlarged, flattened, the club two-segmented, very large, almost as long as entire funicle; mandible bidentate; parasitic in Pseudococcidae. Head and body generally smooth and polished, brilliantly metallic in colour -
** Chrysoplatycerus Ashmead, 1889
*** 6 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Chrysoplatycerus splendens is a parasitoid of mealybugs, Dysmicoccus spp., Ferrisia virgata, Ferrisiana virgata, Formicococcus njalensis, Planococcoides spp., Pseudococcus spp. (Ghana, South Africa)
* 34b Antenna not broadened and flattened, the club three-segmented; mandibles not bidentate; not parasitic in mealybugs................ 35

### 35 (Antenna not broadened and flattened, the club three-segmented)

* 35a Mandible edentate (fig. 16 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key), broadly rounded apically; gonostyli absent; primary parasitoids of Coccidae - Encyrtus aurantii, Italy.Encyrtus infelix, New Zealand.
** Encyrtus Latreille, 1809
*** 96 species worldwide; 15 Afrotropical species:
**** Encyrtus aquilus is a parasitoid of coccid scales, Ceroplastes sp., Gascardia sp., Gascardia destructor (South Africa)
**** Encyrtus aurantii is a parasitoid of many different Hemiptera from Aleyrodidae, Coccidae, Diaspididae, Eriococcidae, and Pseudococcidae (Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Senegal, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)
**** Encyrtus barbiger is a parasitoid of a coccid scale Parasaissetia litorea (South Africa)
**** Encyrtus bedfordi is a parasitoid of a coccid scale Waxiella mimosae (South Africa)
**** Encyrtus cotterelli is a parasitoid of plant bugs, Sahlbergella spp., Miridae (Ghana)
**** Encyrtus decorus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Pulvinaria sp., Saissetia sp. (Zimbabwe)
**** Encyrtus fuliginosus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Coccus, Lichtensia, Pulvinaria, Saissetia, Saissetia oleae, and Udinia species. (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa)
**** Encyrtus hesperus - no associates known (Gambia, Ivory Coast)
**** Encyrtus imitator - no associates known (Cameroon, Gabon, Uganda)
**** Encyrtus infelix is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes spp., Coccus hesperidum, Gascardia madagascariensis, Lecanium hemisphaericum, Protopulvinaria pyriformis, Pulvinaria innumerabilis, Pulvinaria urbicola, Saissetia spp. (Kenya, Madagascar, Seychelles, Zimbabwe)
**** Encyrtus melas is a parasitoid of coccid scales Gascardia sp., Gascardia tachardiaformis, and lac scales Tachardina sp. (South Africa)
**** Encyrtus palpator - no associates known (Cameroon)
**** Encyrtus sacchari is a parasitoid of coccid scales Pulvinaria spp. on rice and sugar cane (Benin, Cameroon, Gabon, Gambia, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
**** Encyrtus saliens is a parasitoid of coccid scales Pulvinaria delottoi spp., Pulvinariella spp. (South Africa)
**** Encyrtus signifer - no associates known (Cameroon, Gabon)
* 35b Mandible not edentate; gonostyli present; usually hyperparasitoids................36

### 36 (Mandible not edentate; gonostyli present; usually hyperparasitoids)

* 36a Ovipositor not or only slightly exserted at apex of metasoma - Male Cheiloneurus sp., USA Female Cheiloneurus sp., Canada
** Cheiloneurus Westwood, 1833
*** 152 species worldwide; 15 Afrotropical species:
**** Cheiloneurus afer is a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid from coccid scales Pulvinarisca jacksoni (Ghana)
**** Cheiloneurus angustifrons is a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid from coccid scales Ceroplastes mimosae, Waxiella mimosae (Sudan)
**** Cheiloneurus caesar is a hyperparasitoid of Dryinus orophilus in a delphacid planthopper (Mozambique)
**** Cheiloneurus carinatus is a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid from coccid scales Saissetia spp. and mealybugs Allococcus quaesitus, Delottococcus quaesitus, Ferrisiana virgata, Nipaecoccus spp., Phenacoccus spp., Planococcoides spp., Pseudococcus spp. (Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania)
**** Cheiloneurus chiaromontei is a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid from coccid scales Saissetia oleae (Eritrea)
**** Cheiloneurus cyanonotus is a hyperparasitoid of Encyrtidae Epidinocarsis lopezi, Gyranusoidea tebygi, Homalotylus flaminius and Eulophidae Tetrastichus sp. in a variety of beetles, flies and Hemiptera (Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe)
**** Cheiloneurus elegans is a hyperparasitoid of Encyrtidae Epidinocarsis lopezi and Platygastridae Platygaster zosine in a variety of cecidomyiid midges, scales and mealybugs (Nigeria)
**** Cheiloneurus flavoscutatus is a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid from mealybugs Adelosoma phragmitidis, Chaetococcus phragmitis (Ethiopia)
**** Cheiloneurus gonatopodis is a hyperparasitoid of pincer wasps Echthrodelphax sp., Pseudogonatopoides mauritianus, Pseudogonatopus spp., Richardsidryinus sp. in delphacid planthoppers on sugar cane (Madagascar, Mauritius)
**** Cheiloneurus kuisebi is a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid from a mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti on cassava (Namibia)
**** Cheiloneurus leptulus is a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid from a Ceratina bee (Tanzania)
**** Cheiloneurus liorhipnusi is a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid from a lady beetle Chnootriba similis, and a scentless plant bug Corizus hyalinus (Kenya, Senegal)
**** Cheiloneurus metallicus - no associates known (Madagascar)
**** Cheiloneurus obscurus is a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid from coccid scales Gascardia brevicauda, Saissetia oleae (Eritrea)
**** Cheiloneurus orbitalis is a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid from an encyrtid Homalotylus sp., the coccid scale Saissetia oleae and green lacewings Chrysopa sp., Mallada handschini, Suarius squamosa on citrus (South Africa)
* 36b Ovipositor protruding strongly, by about one-half length of metasoma. Metasoma usually truncate apically - Prochiloneurus bolivari, female, Spain.Prochiloneurus sp., Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
** Prochiloneurus Silvestri, 1915
*** 30 species worldwide; 4 Afrotropical species:
**** Prochiloneurus aegyptiacus is a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid from Encyrtidae Anagyrus spp., Clausenia purpurea, Epidinocarsis lopezi, Gyranusoidea tebygi, Homalotylus spp., Leptomastix spp., Pteromalidae Metastenus sp., lady beetles Chilocorus bipustulatus, Exochomus flavipes, Hyperaspis aestimabilis, coccid scales Coccus hesperidum, Saissetia coffeae and mealybugs Ferrisia virgata, Ferrisiana virgata, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Nipaecoccus vastator, Nipaecoccus viridis, Octococcus africanus, Pedrococcus sp., Phenacoccus spp., Planococcoides, Planococcus spp., Pseudococcus spp., Rastrococcus invadens (Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo)
**** Prochiloneurus bolivari is a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid from Encyrtidae Anagyrus sp., Blepyrus insularis, Clausenia purpurea, Epidinocarsis lopezi, Leptomastix flava, Coccidae, Eriococcidae, and Pseudococcidae (Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Sao Tomé and Principe, South Africa)
**** Prochiloneurus comperei is a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid from Coccidae Lecanium viride, Margarodidae Icerya formicarum, Palaeococcus bicolor, and Pseudococcidae Nipaecoccus spp., Pseudococcus sp. (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Malawi, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania)
**** Prochiloneurus pulchellus is a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid from Encyrtidae Anagyrus spp., Epidinocarsis lopezi, Gyranusoidea tebygi, Leptomastix nigrocoxalis, Diaspididae, Eriococcidae, Margarodidae, and Pseudococcidae (Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Madagascar, Malawi, Nigeria, Rwanda, Seychelles, South Africa, Togo)

## 37 Scutellum without a tuft of bristles

* 37a Apex of scutellum with a pair of lamelliform setae (figs 27, 28)........ 38
* 37b Scutellum without a pair of lamelliform setae........ 39

### 38 (Apex of scutellum with a pair of lamelliform setae)

* 38a Antenna (fig. 29 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) broadened and flattened, the funicle segments strongly transverse; eyes margined dorsally with white; fronto-occipital margin of head without a pair of lamelliform setae. Parasitic in armored scale insects -
** Comperiella Howard, 1906
*** Links: iNaturalist
*** 11 species worldwide; 6 Afrotropical species:
**** Comperiella apoda is a parasitoid of Diclavaspis ehretiae (Namibia, South Africa)
**** Comperiella bifasciata is a parasitoid of many Diaspididae, and the coccid Saissetia coffeae (Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe)
**** Comperiella karoo - no associates known (South Africa)
**** Comperiella lemniscata is a parasitoid of Aonidiella spp., Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (South Africa)
**** Comperiella ponticula is a parasitoid of Clavaspis pituranthi (Namibia, South Africa)
**** Comperiella unifasciata is a parasitoid of Aonidiella spp., Aspidiotus spp., Pseudaonidia spp., Aleurodicus destructor, Ceroplastes rubens (Mauritius)
* 38b Antenna not broadened and flattened; eyes not margined with white; fronto-occipital margin with a pair of small lamelliform setae. Parasitic in armored scale insects - Female Habrolepis dalmanniFemale Habrolepis dalmanni
** Habrolepis Foerster, 1856
*** Links: iNaturalist
*** 17 species worldwide; 12 Afrotropical species:
**** Habrolepis aeruginosa - no associates known (Seychelles)
**** Habrolepis algoensis is a parasitoid of Aspidiotus capensis (South Africa)
**** Habrolepis apicalis is a parasitoid of Chionaspis minor, Pinnaspis temporaria (Ghana)
**** Habrolepis dalmanni is a parasitoid of pit scale insects Asterodiaspis spp., Asterolecanium sp., coccid scale insects Didesmococcus sp., armored scale insects Lepidosaphes ulmi, Melanaspis inopinata, Targionia vitis, mealybugs Pseudococcus sp., and moths Leucoptera sp. (South Africa, Uganda)
**** Habrolepis diaspidi is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Aonidiella spp., Chionaspis sp., Chrysomphalus spp., Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Diaspis senegalensis, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Parlatoria ziziphi, Pinnaspis strachani, Pudaspis newsteadi, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, Selenaspidius spp., Tecaspis visci, Umbaspis regularis (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
**** Habrolepis guineensis is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Duplaspidiotus pavettae (Guinea)
**** Habrolepis namibensis is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Namaquea simplex (Namibia)
**** Habrolepis obscura is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Africaspis chionaspiformis, Aonidiella orientalis, Chionaspis sp., Diclavaspis ehretiae, Ledaspis distincta, Lindingaspis rossi, Melanaspis corticosa, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, Separaspis capensis (Namibia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
**** Habrolepis occidua is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Melanaspis phenax, Morganella phenax, Pseudotargionia spp. (Namibia, South Africa)
**** Habrolepis oppugnati is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Aspidiotus elaeidis, Aspidiotus oppugnatus (Eritrea)
**** Habrolepis rouxi is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Aonidiella spp., Aspidiotus spp., Carulaspis minima, Chrysomphalus spp., Hemiberlesia rapax, Lepidosaphes newsteadi, Parlatoria oleae, Selenaspidius articulatus spp. (Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Uganda, Zimbabwe)
**** Habrolepis setigera is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Lindingaspis greeni (South Africa)

### 39 (Scutellum without a pair of lamelliform setae)

* 39a Submarginal vein of fore wing with a subtriangular expansion (figs 30, 34 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) in its apical one-third, this expansion usually bearing a single strong seta........ 40
* 39b Submarginal vein without a triangular expansion................43

### 40 (Submarginal vein of fore wing with a subtriangular expansion in its apical one-third)

* 40a Junction of frontovertex and face forming a transverse ledge above scrobes (fig. 35 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); antennal scape broadly expanded ventrally................41
* 40b Frontovertex rounded on to face, not forming a ledge; antenna slender, the scape at most slightly expanded ventrally................42

### 41 (Junction of frontovertex and face forming a transverse ledge above scrobes; antennal scape broadly expanded ventrally)

* 41a Antenna entirely broadened and flattened (fig. 31 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); fore wing with a characteristic pattern of radiating dark bands (fig. 32 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); head and body black with strong metallic refringence; presumed hyperparasitoids of Coccidae - Cerapterocerus mirabilis, female, SpainAdult Cerapterocerus celadus, France
** Cerapterocerus Westwood, 1833
*** Links: iNaturalist
*** 17 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Cerapterocerus mirabilis is probably a hyperparasitoid of encyrtid wasps in scale insects (South Africa)
* 41b Antenna not broadened and flattened except for scape (fig. 33 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); fore wing (fig. 34 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) infuscated, but without distinct patterns as above; head and body dominantly brownish, without strong metallic refringence; primary parasitoids of Asterolecaniidae (pit scales). Head as in fig. 35 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key -
** Mayrencyrtus Hincks, 1944
*** 6 species worldwide; No Afrotropical species in Universal Chalcidoidea Database

### 42 (Frontovertex rounded on to face, not forming a ledge; antenna slender, the scape at most slightly expanded ventrally)

* 42a Mesoscutum with incomplete parapsidal sulci (fig. 36 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); maxillary and labial palpi each two-segmented; paratergites present; parasitic in Pseudococcidae - Adult Coccidoxenoides perminutus, Brazil
** Coccidoxenoides Girault, 1915
*** Pauridia Timberlake, 1919 is a synonym of Coccidoxenoides (a monotypic genus)
**** Coccidoxenoides perminutus Girault, 1915 is a parasitoid of mealybugs Allococcus quaesitus, Allococcus quaestius, Delottococcus quaesitus, Ferrisia virgata, Ferrisiana virgata, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Phenacoccus madeirensis, Planococcoides spp., Planococcus citri spp., Pseudococcus spp., Spilococcus sp. and armored scale insects Aspidiotus nerii, Carulaspis minima, Chionaspis striata (Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, South Africa)
* 42b Mesoscutum without parapsidal sulci; maxillary palpi each with four segments, the labial with three; paratergites absent; parasitic in Diaspididae -Tyndarichus melanacis, female, Spain
** Tyndarichus Howard, 1910
*** Protyndarichus combretae, P. orarius, P. prolatus, P. sparnus are a synonyms of the Tyndarichus species below.
*** 24 species worldwide; 4 Afrotropical species:
**** Tyndarichus combretae no known associates (Senegal)
**** Tyndarichus orarius is a parasitoid of Coccidae, Idiosaissetia peringueyi (South Africa)
**** Tyndarichus prolatus is a parasitoid of Coccidae, Ceroplastes elytropappi (South Africa)
**** Tyndarichus sparnus is a parasitoid of Lecanodiaspididae, Lecanodiaspis tarsalis (South Africa)

### 43 (Submarginal vein without a triangular expansion)

* 43a Mandible with only two acute or subacute teeth (figs 37, 38 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key). Paratergites (fig. 39 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) usually present, plainly visible in cleared, slide-mounted specimens; speculum of fore wing usually lacking a row of coarse, spine-like setae along outer edge of speculum; cercal plates often advanced to a level near base of metasoma; exclusively parasitic in Pseudococcidae ................ 120
* 43b Mandible never with only two pointed teeth ........ 44

### 44 (Mandible never with only two pointed teeth)

* 44a Entire fore wing, or part of it, distinctly infuscated (with a dark tinge), the infuscation rarely restricted to an area beneath the venation ........ 45
* 44b Fore wing entirely hyaline (translucent or transparent), or very faintly and inconspicuously infuscated, the infuscation then usually only visible if wing held against a white background ........ 73

## 45 Fore wing, or part of it, distinctly infuscated

* 45a Fore wing with a conspicuous incision in cephalic wing margin at distal end of submarginal vein (fig. 40 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) -
** Eugahania Mercet, 1926
*** 10 species worldwide; No Afrotropical species in Universal Chalcidoidea Database.
* 45b Fore wing without an incision in cephalic margin ................46

### 46 Fore wing without an incision in cephalic margin

* 46a Scutellum with a posterior flange or lamella (fig. 15 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); in profile this flange shows as a thin flat caudal projection of the scutellum................47
* 46b Scutellum without a marginal flange, the posterior margin rarely forming a very short lip........ 49

### 47 Scutellum with a posterior flange or lamella

* 47a Antennal club white; gonostyli absent; club large, much longer than the distal three funicle segments together; parasitic in Lepidoptera eggs. Antenna as in fig. 41 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key -
** Hesperencyrtus Annecke, 1971
*** 2 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Hesperencyrtus lycoenephila is a parasitoid of lycaenid butterflies Deodorix antalus, Deudorix antalus, Lampides boeticus (Senegal)
* 47b Antennal club not white; gonostyli present; club about as long as the distal three funicle segments together; not parasitic in Lepidoptera........ 48

### 48 Antennal club not white; club about as long as the distal three funicle segments together

* 48a Frontovertex and face with numerous large pits, each brilliantly metallic green in colour - Discodes arizonensis, New Mexico, United States
** Discodes Foerster, 1856
*** 44 species worldwide; 2 Afrotropical species:
**** Discodes discors is a parasitoid of felt scales Eriococcus spp. (South Africa)
**** Discodes melas - no associates known (Namibia)
* 48b Head at most with fine punctations. Orange-brown to dark brown, rarely black, species, at most weakly refringent; fore wing strongly and uniformly infuscated from base to near apex; usually parasitic in Pulvinaria spp. on grasses - Female Paraphaenodiscus monawari, India
** Paraphaenodiscus Girault, 1915
*** 20 species worldwide; 10 Afrotropical species:
**** Paraphaenodiscus africanus - no associates known (South Africa)
**** Paraphaenodiscus ceroplastodesi is a parasitoid of a wax scale Ceroplastes sp.(Senegal)
**** Paraphaenodiscus chrysocomae - no associates known (South Africa)
**** Paraphaenodiscus munroi is a parasitoid of a coccid scale Pulvinaria iceryi (South Africa)
**** Paraphaenodiscus niger is a parasitoid of coccid scales Pulvinariai spp. (South Africa)
**** Paraphaenodiscus paralis is a parasitoid associated with the grass Plagiochloa uniolae (South Africa)
**** Paraphaenodiscus pavoniae is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes sp., Pulvinaria spp. (Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
**** Paraphaenodiscus pedanus is a parasitoid associated with the grass Plagiochloa uniolae (South Africa)
**** Paraphaenodiscus risbeci is a parasitoid of a moth Sesamia cretica (Senegal, Sudan)
**** Paraphaenodiscus rizicola is a parasitoid associated with rice Oryza sativa (Cameroon, Swaziland, Zimbabwe)

### 49 Scutellum without a marginal flange

* 49a Stigmal vein of fore wing placed almost at right angle to postmarginal vein (fig. 42 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key). Fore wing infuscated with contrasting hyaline patches as in fig. 42; parasitic in Lacciferidae and Coccidae -
** Ruandella Risbec, 1957
*** 4 species worldwide; 4 Afrotropical species:
**** Ruandella capensis is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes sp. Saissetia sp. (South Africa)
**** Ruandella stigmosa is a parasitoid of coccid scales Lichtensia sp., Saissetia spp. (South Africa)
**** Ruandella tertia is a parasitoid of lac scales Tachardina spp. (South Africa)
**** Ruandella testacea is a parasitoid of a wax scale Ceroplastes sp. (Rwanda, South Africa)
* 49b Angle between stigmal and postmarginal veins much less than 90 degrees ........ 50

### 50 Angle between stigmal and postmarginal veins much smaller than right angle

* 50a Mandible with four teeth (fig. 43 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key). Body somewhat flattened dorsoventrally; head subtriangular in lateral view, the face a little inflexed; parasitic in Diaspididae - Adelencyrtus sp., South AfricaFemale Adelencyrtus sp., Brazil
** Adelencyrtus Ashmead, 1900
*** 45 species worldwide; 10 Afrotropical species:
**** Adelencyrtus antennatus is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Aspidiotus sp. (South Africa)
**** Adelencyrtus aulacaspidis is a parasitoid of coccid scales Lecanopsis nevesi, and armored scales Aulacaspis difficilis, Aulacaspis rosae, Chionaspis salicis, Dynaspidiotus britannicus, Lepidosaphes cupressi, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Quadraspidiotus macroporanus, Unaspis yanonensis (Madagascar)
**** Adelencyrtus depressus - no associates known (Madagascar)
**** Adelencyrtus flagellatus - no associates known (South Africa)
**** Adelencyrtus inglisiae is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Africaspis' spp. Aspidiotus spp., Balaspis faurei, Clavaspis spp., Clavaspis pituranthi, Diaspis echinocacti, Moraspis euphorbiae, Mytilococcus spp., Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
**** Adelencyrtus mangiphila is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Phenacaspis dilatata (Madagascar)
**** Adelencyrtus mayurai is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Aonidiella orientalis, Melanaspis glomerata (Mauritania)
**** Adelencyrtus moderatus is a parasitoid of whiteflies Bemisia tabaci, armored scales Aspidiella hartii, Aspidiella sacchari, Aspidiotus glomeratus, Aulacaspis spp., Duplachionaspis spp., Lepidosaphes spp., Melanaspis glomerata, and mealybugs Saccharicoccus sacchari (Ghana, Madagascar, Mauritius, Tanzania, Uganda)
**** Adelencyrtus odonaspidis is a parasitoid of armored scales Duplachionaspis sansevieriae, Odonaspidis sp., Odonaspis spp., and mealybugs Antonina graminis (South Africa)
**** Adelencyrtus tibialis - no associates known (South Africa)
* 50b Mandibles do not have four teeth ........ 51

### 51 (Mandibles do not have four teeth)

* 51a Antennal club white, usually obliquely truncate apically................52
* 51b Antennal club dark, seldom obliquely truncate apically................55

### 52 Antennal club white, usually obliquely truncate apically

* 52a Antennal club three-segmented; not parasitic in Coleoptera........ 53
* 52b Antennal club not segmented, rarely with faint traces of one or two septa on one side of the club; parasitic in Coleoptera........ 54

### 53 Antennal club three-segmented

* 53a Antennal scape expanded ventrally (fig. 44 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); hcad and body strongly metallic in colour, the head and thorax usually covered with silvery-white setae; parasitic in the oothecae of cockroaches - Comperia sp., Illinois, United States
** Comperia Gomes, 1942
*** 7 species worldwide; 7 Afrotropical species:
**** Comperia alfierii is a parasitoid of a cockroach Blattella sp., and a dance fly Phyllodromia sp. (Egypt, Kenya, South Africa)
**** Comperia austrina - no associates known (South Africa)
**** Comperia clavata - no associates known (South Africa)
**** Comperia domestica - no associates known (South Africa)
**** Comperia faceta - no associates known (South Africa)
**** Comperia hirsuta Annecke - no associates known (South Africa)
**** Comperia merceti is a parasitoid of a cockroaches Blattella germanica, Supella longipalpa, Supella supellectilium, Periplaneta americana (Uganda)
* 53b Antennal scape not or only slightly expanded ventrally (fig. 45 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); head and body without metallic refringence; parasitic in Pseudococcidae - Aphycus apicalis, Netherlands
** Aphycus Mayr, 1876
*** 33 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Aphycus comperei is a parasitoid of mealybugs Pedrococcus sp. (South Africa)

### 54 Antennal club not segmented; parasitic in Coleoptera

* 54a Mesoscutum with parapsidal sulci (fig. 46 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); basal one-half or so of tegulae white; antennal scape slender, subcylindrical; primary parasitoids of Coccinellidae -Homalotylus flaminius, femaleHomalotylus sp., South Africa
** Homalotylus Mayr, 1876
*** 68 species worldwide; 6 Afrotropical species:
**** Homalotylus africanus is a parasitoid of lady beetles Exochomus concavus, Hyperaspis spp., Lindorus lophanthae, Scymnus ornatulus (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa)
**** Homalotylus eytelweinii is a parasitoid of lady beetles Adonia variegata, Anatis ocellata, Brumoides suturalis, Cheilomenes sexmaculata, Chilocorus spp., Coccinella septempunctata, Menochilus sexmaculatus, Rodolia spp. (Congo, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Sudan, Togo)
**** Homalotylus flaminius is a parasitoid of lady beetles Adalia spp., Adonia variegata, Anatis ocellata, Brumoides suturalis, Brumus suturalis, Cheilomenes spp., Chilocorus spp., Coccinella spp., Coleomegilla maculata, Cycloneda spp., Epilachna chrysomelina, Eriopis connexa, Exochomus spp., Harmonia spp., Henosepilachna bifasciata, Hippodamia spp., Hyperaspis spp., Lioadala flavomaculata, Menochilus sexmaculatus, Neomysia oblongoguttata, Nephus bipunctatus, Orcus spp., Pharoscymnus spp., Platynaspis sp., Rodolia spp., Scymnus spp., Thea vigintiduopunctata, Verania frenata, leaf beetles Galeruca calmariensis, coccid scale insects Parthenolecanium corni, Saissetia oleae, mealybugs Nipaecoccus viridis, Planococcus citri, Pseudococcus citri (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Madagascar, Mali, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Togo)
**** Homalotylus hemipterinus is a parasitoid of lady beetles Chilocorus spp., Chilomenes sp., Coccinella septempunctata, Cycloneda sanguinea, Menochilus sexmaculatus, Orcus sp., stink bugs Cantheconidia furcellata, mealybugs Nipaecoccus viridis, Pseudococcus sp., gelechiid moths Aproaerema modicella (Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Sudan, Togo)
**** Homalotylus quaylei is a parasitoid of lady beetles Hyperaspis spp., Nephus spp., Pharoscymnus spp., Scymnus spp., Sidis sp., coccid scales Eulecanium persicae, mealybugs Nipaecoccus viridis, Phenacoccus herreni, Planococcus; spp. (Gabon, Mauritania)
**** Homalotylus vicinus is a parasitoid of lady beetles Hyperaspis marmottani, Nephus bipunctatus, Nephus vetustus, Scymnus sp. (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Madagascar)
* 54b Mesoscutum without parapsidal sulci; tegula not white; scape moderately to broadly expanded ventrally; parasitic in Discolomatidae - Homalotyloidea dahlbomii, female, Spain
** Homalotyloidea Mercet, 1921
*** 8 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Homalotyloidea africana is a parasitoid of beetles Notiophygus piger (South Africa)

### 55 Antennal club dark, seldom obliquely truncate apically

* 55a Body flattened dorsoventrally, the dorsum of head and thorax almost flat. Parasitic in Diaspididae........ 56
* 55b Body not flattened dorsoventrally, the head and thorax more or less convex........ 57

### 56 Body not flattened dorsoventrally, the head and thorax convex

* 56a Antenna entirely broadened and flattened (fig. 29 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); frontovertex with two narrow whitish bands, one each extending along the dorsal eye margins. Fore wing boldly marked - Comperiella bifasciata
** Comperiella Howard, 1906
*** 11 species worldwide; 6 Afrotropical species:
**** Comperiella apoda is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Affirmaspis ehretiae (Namibia, South Africa)
**** Comperiella bifasciata is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Aonidiella aurantii, Aspidiotus spp., Chrysomphalus spp., Clavaspis sp., Diaspidiotus gigas, Diaspis echinocacti, Dynaspidiotus abietis, Hemiberlesia spp., Lindingaspis fusca, Morganella longispina, Nuculaspis abietis, Parlatoria pergandii, Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis, Pseudaulacaspis spp., Quadraspidiotus spp., Temnaspidiotus destructor, Unaspis yanonensis, coccid scale insects Saissetia coffeae (Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe)
**** Comperiella karoo - no associates known (South Africa)
**** Comperiella lemniscata is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Aonidiella spp., Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (South Africa)
**** Comperiella ponticula is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Clavaspis pituranthi (Namibia, South Africa)
**** Comperiella unifasciata is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Aonidiella spp., Aspidiotus spp., Pseudaonidia spp., whiteflies Aleurodicus destructor, wax scale insects Ceroplastes rubens (Mauritius)
* 56b Antenna not broadened and flattened; frontovertex without pale bands - Female Habrolepis dalmanniFemale Habrolepis dalmanni
** Habrolepis Foerster, 1856
*** 17 species worldwide; 12 Afrotropical species:
**** Habrolepis aeruginosa - no associates known (Seychelles)
**** Habrolepis algoensis is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Aspidiotus capensis (South Africa)
**** Habrolepis apicalis is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Chionaspis minor, Pinnaspis temporaria (Ghana)
**** Habrolepis dalmanni is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Lepidosaphes ulmi, Melanaspis inopinata, Targionia vitis, pit scales, Asterodiaspis sp., Asterolecanium sp., coccid scales Didesmococcus sp., mealybugs, Pseudococcus sp., and a moth, Leucoptera sp. (South Africa, Uganda)
**** Habrolepis diaspidi is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Aonidiella aurantii spp., Chionaspis sp., Chrysomphalus aonidum spp., Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Diaspis senegalensis, Hemiberlesia lataniae, Parlatoria ziziphi, Pinnaspis strachani, Pudaspis newsteadi, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, Selenaspidius celastri spp., Tecaspis visci, Umbaspis regularis (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
**** Habrolepis guineensis is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Duplaspidiotus pavettae (Guinea)
**** Habrolepis namibensis is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Namaquea simplex (Namibia)
**** Habrolepis obscura is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Africaspis chionaspiformis, Aonidiella orientalis, Chionaspis sp., Diclavaspis ehretiae, Ledaspis distincta, Lindingaspis rossi, Melanaspis corticosa, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, Separaspis capensis (Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
**** Habrolepis occidua is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Melanaspis phenax, Morganella phenax, Pseudotargionia spp. (Namibia, South Africa)
**** Habrolepis oppugnati is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Aspidiotus spp. (Eritrea)
**** Habrolepis rouxi is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Aonidiella spp., Aspidiotus spp., Carulaspis minima, Chrysomphalus spp., Hemiberlesia rapax, Lepidosaphes newsteadi, Parlatoria oleae, Selenaspidius spp. (Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Uganda, Zimbabwe)
**** Habrolepis setigera is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Lindingaspis greeni (South Africa)

### 57 Body not flattened, head and thorax convex

* 57a Antenna foliaceously flattened (fig. 47 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); junction of frontovertex and face carinate or at least acutely angled and grooved........ 58
* 57b Antenna not flattened except for scape which may be expanded ventrally; head without a facial carina................60

### 58 Antenna flattened, junction of frontovertex and face carinate or acutely angled and grooved

* 58a Frontovertex terminating anteriorly at a transverse groove (fig. 48 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) containing dense, recumbent, silvery-white setae -
** Anasemion Annecke, 1967
*** 1 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Anasemion inutile is a parasitoid of wax scales Ceroplastes spp., Waxiella mimosae (Kenya, South Africa)
* 58b Junction of frontovertex and face lacking a transverse row of dense setae - Anicetus sp., South Africa
** Anicetus Howard, 1896
*** Paraceraptrocerus is a synonym of Anicetus. In the Prinsloo-Annecke key, step 59 separated Paraceraptrocerus and Anicetus
*** 52 species worldwide; 19 Afrotropical species:
**** Anicetus abyssinicus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Parasaissetia nigra (Eritrea)
**** Anicetus africanus is a parasitoid of wax scales Ceroplastes spp., Waxiella mimosae (Egypt, South Africa)
**** Anicetus anneckei is a parasitoid of coccid scales Saissetia spp. (South Africa)
**** Anicetus aquilus is a parasitoid of wax scales Gascardia destructor (South Africa)
**** Anicetus austrinus is a parasitoid of wax scales Ceroplastes spp. (South Africa)
**** Anicetus calidus is a parasitoid of wax scales Ceroplastes sp. and Gascardia sp. (South Africa)
**** Anicetus clivus is a parasitoid of wax scales Gascardia tachardiaformis (South Africa)
**** Anicetus communis is a parasitoid of wax scales Ceroplastes spp., Coccus longulus, Gascardia spp., Gascardia destructor, Parasaissetia litorea, Waxiella mimosae (South Africa)
**** Anicetus fotsyae - no associates known (Madagascar)
**** Anicetus fuscus is a parasitoid of wax scales Ceroplastes bipartitus (South Africa)
**** Anicetus graminosus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Pulvinaria iceryi (South Africa)
**** Anicetus italicus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes spp., Coccus elongatus, felt scales Gossyparia spuria (Zimbabwe)
**** Anicetus nyasicus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes spp. (Malawi, South Africa)
**** Anicetus parilis is a parasitoid of coccid scales Gascardia rustica, Lichtensia sp. (South Africa)
**** Anicetus parvus is a parasitoid of wax scales Ceroplastes spp. (Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa, Uganda)
**** Anicetus pattersoni is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes personatus, Vinsonia personata (Ghana)
**** Anicetus russeus - no associates known (South Africa)
**** Anicetus sepis is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes sp. (South Africa)
**** Anicetus taylori is a parasitoid of wax scales Ceroplastes spp. (South Africa)

### 59 Paraceraptrocerus

* In the Prinsloo-Annecke key, step 59 separated Paraceraptrocerus and Anicetus. However, Paraceraptrocerus is now regarded as a synonym of Anicetus, making this step redundant.

### 60 (Antenna not flattened although the scape may be expanded ventrally; no facial carina)

* 60a Ovipositor protruding strongly (fig. 49 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) at apex of metasoma by about one half length of metasoma........ 61
* 60b Ovipositor not exserted or slightly exserted; if strongly protruded (rare), then antennal scrobes sulcate, or mandible slender, tridentate, the upper tooth retracted (fig. 50 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key)........ 62

### 61 (Ovipositor protruding strongly)

* 61a Head with numerous setigerous pits; fore wing with a single pale cross-band beyond venation; body robust, black in colour; parasitic in Coccidae -
** Lombitsikala Risbec, 1957
*** 1 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Lombitsikala coccidivora is a parasitoid of coccid scales Gascardia madagascariensis (Madagascar)
* 61b Head at most with minute, indistinct punctations; fore wing without hyaline cross-bands; body more or less slender, usually generally yellowish to brownish; probably hyperparasitoids, usually in mealybugs - Female Prochiloneurus sp., Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
** Prochiloneurus Silvestri, 1915
*** 30 species worldwide; 4 Afrotropical species:
**** Prochiloneurus aegyptiacus is a parasitoid of mealybugs Ferrisia virgata, Ferrisiana virgata, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Nipaecoccus vastator, Nipaecoccus viridis, Octococcus africanus, Pedrococcus sp., Phenacoccus spp., Planococcoides njalensis, Planococcus spp., Pseudococcus spp., Rastrococcus invadens, coccid scales Coccus hesperidum, Saissetia coffeae and lady beetles Chilocorus bipustulatus, Exochomus flavipes, Hyperaspis aestimabilis (Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo)
**** Prochiloneurus bolivari is a parasitoid of mealybugs Atrococcus sp., Dysmicoccus multivorus, Ferrisia virgata, Heliococcus bohemicus, Heterococcopsis opertus, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Naiacoccus serpentinus, Peliococcus spp., Phenacoccus spp., Planococcus spp., Pseudococcus spp., Puto pilosellae, Spinococcus calluneti, Trionymus spp., coccid scales Rhizopulvinaria armeniaca, felt scales Acanthococcus desertus, Eriococcus insignis, Neoacanthococcus tamaricicola (Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Sao Tomé and Principe, South Africa)
**** Prochiloneurus comperei is a parasitoid of mealybugs Nipaecoccus spp., Pseudococcus sp., coccid scales Lecanium viride, margarodid scales Icerya formicarum, Palaeococcus bicolor (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Malawi, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania)
**** Prochiloneurus pulchellus is a parasitoid of mealybugs Centrococcus spp., Coccidohystrix spp., Dysmicoccus sp., Ferrisia virgata, Naiacoccus serpentinus, Nipaecoccus spp., Octococcus sp., Oxyacanthus chrysocomae, Paracoccus sp., Peliococcus mesasiaticus, Phenacoccus spp., Planococcus spp., Pseudococcus sp., Rastrococcus iceryoides spp., Trabutina crassispinosa, Trabutina leonardii, armored scale insects Chionaspis sp., felt scales Eriococcus stenoclini, Neoacanthococcus tamaricicola (Cameroon, Cape Verde Islands, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Madagascar, Malawi, Nigeria, Rwanda, Seychelles, South Africa, Togo)

### 62 (Ovipositor not exserted or slightly exserted)

* 62a Antennal scape long and slender, at most slightly expanded ventrally........ 63
* 62b Antennal scape moderately to broadly expanded, less than three times as long as its greatest width................70

## 63 Antennal scape long and slender

* 63a Fore wing with marginal vein several times longer than stigmal (fig. 51 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); antennal club with four segments, visible only in cleared slide·mounted specimens (fig. 52 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) -Metaphaenodiscus nemoralis, female, Spain.Metaphaenodiscus nemoralis, female, lateral view
** Metaphaenodiscus Mercet, 1921
*** Host species generally unknown, except for Metaphaenodiscus umbilicatus (Australia) which is known to be a parasitoid of a mealy bug.
*** 10 species worldwide; 4 Afrotropical species:
**** Metaphaenodiscus aethiops - no associates known (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
**** Metaphaenodiscus capensis, associated with Protea aurea (South Africa)
**** Metaphaenodiscus karoo - no associates known (South Africa)
**** Metaphaenodiscus watshami - no associates known (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
* 63b Marginal vein of fore wing shorter than, or subequal to stigmal vein; club with fewer than four segments................64

### 64 (Marginal vein shorter than stigmal vein; antennal club with less than four segments)

* 64a Antennal scrobes sulcate (figs 53 and 54 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key), impressed on face as two deep furrows, their lateral margins acutely angled, at least in their basal one-half or so, converging, sometimes confluent dorsally to form an inverted V-shaped impression on face........ 65
* 64b Antennal scrobes otherwise................66

### 65 (Antennal scrobes impressed on face as two deep furrows)

* 65a Antennal club not longer than the distal funicle segments together; frontovertex more or less pitted; mandible with two teeth and a broad truncation (fig. 55 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); parasitic in Coccidae -
** Aloencyrtus Prinsloo, 1978
*** 20 species worldwide; 19 Afrotropical species:
**** Aloencyrtus alox - no associates known (South Africa)
**** Aloencyrtus angustifrons is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes spp., Gascardia brevicauda spp. (South Africa)
**** Aloencyrtus claripennis is a parasitoid of coccid scales Inglisia conchiformis (South Africa, Uganda)
**** Aloencyrtus coelops is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes spp., Gascardia destructor, Waxiella mimosae (Eritrea, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda)
**** Aloencyrtus delottoi is a parasitoid of coccid scales Saissetia opulenta (Kenya, South Africa)
**** Aloencyrtus diaphorocerus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Saissetia coffeae (Mauritius, Seychelles)
**** Aloencyrtus distinguendus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Coccus subhemisphaericus, Lecanium sp. (Cameroon, Ghana, Nigeria)
**** Aloencyrtus facetus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes longicauda (South Africa)
**** Aloencyrtus habrus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Saissetia coffeae (Cameroon)
**** Aloencyrtus hardii is a parasitoid of coccid scales Parasaissetia nigra, Saissetia spp. (South Africa)
**** Aloencyrtus johani is a parasitoid of coccid scales Parasaissetia nigra (South Africa)
**** Aloencyrtus lindae is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes sp. (South Africa)
**** Aloencyrtus nativus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Coccus longulus, Parthenolecanium persicae (Benin, Madagascar, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)
**** Aloencyrtus obscuratus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Lecanium somereni, Saissetia spp. (Ghana, Kenya, South Africa)
**** Aloencyrtus saissetiae is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes sp. Coccus spp. Cryptinglisia lounsburyi, Parasaissetia nigra, Saissetia spp. (Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)
**** Aloencyrtus ugandensis is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes spp. (Uganda)
**** Aloencyrtus umbrinus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes spp. (Kenya, )
**** Aloencyrtus utilis is a parasitoid of coccid scales Saissetia oleae (South Africa)
**** Aloencyrtus vivo - no associates known (Uganda)
* 65b Antennal club much longer than the distal three funicle segments together; frontovertex without pits or punctations; mandible with three teeth and a truncation (fig. 56 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key). Parasitic in Lacciferidae. Male antenna with two smaIl funicle segments and a large, unsegmented banana shaped club (fig. 57 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) -
** Erencyrtus Mahdihassan, 1923
*** 6 species worldwide; 4 Afrotropical species:
**** Erencyrtus ater is a parasitoid of lac scales Tachardina sp. (South Africa)
**** Erencyrtus contrarius is a parasitoid of lac scales Tachardina sp. (South Africa)
**** Erencyrtus fuscus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Waxiella mimosae, lac scales Tachardina sp. (South Africa)
**** Erencyrtus notialis is a parasitoid of lac scales Tachardina sp. (South Africa)

### 66 (Antennal scrobes not deeply impressed)

* 66a Mandible with three distinct teeth, the upper one sometimes retracted ................ 67
* 66b Mandible otherwise ................ 68

### 67 (Mandible with three distinct teeth)

* 67a Antenna (fig. 58 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) slender, not clavate, the funicle segments each longer than wide, the pedicel and funicle subcqual in length; parasitic in Coccidae -
** Hadrencyrtus Annecke and Mynhardt, 1973
*** 1 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Hadrencyrtus cirritus is a parasitoid of mealybugs Distichlicoccus sp. (South Africa)
* 67b Antenna (fig. 45 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) clavate, not particularly slender, the basal funicle segment plainly wider than long, small, much shorter than pedicel; parasitic in Pseudococcidae - Aphycus apicalis, Netherlands
** Aphycus Mayr , 1876
*** 33 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Aphycus comperei is a parasitoid of mealybugs Pedrococcus sp. (South Africa)

### 68 (Mandible does not have three distinct teeth)

* 68a Mandible with a single tooth and a broad serrated truncation (fig. 59 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); ovipositor with gonostyli absent; parasitic in Membracidae - Female Prionomastix biharensis, Bihar, India.
** Prionomastix Mayr , 1876
*** 30 species worldwide; 7 Afrotropical species:
**** Prionomastix africana - no associates known (South Africa)
**** Prionomastix capeneri is a parasitoid of treehoppers Beaufortiana viridis, Leprechaunus cristatus (South Africa)
**** Prionomastix congoensis - no associates known (Rwanda)
**** Prionomastix montana is a parasitoid of treehoppers Dukeobelus simplex (South Africa)
**** Prionomastix myartsevae - no associates known (South Africa)
**** Prionomastix siccarius is a parasitoid of treehoppers Gongroneura fasciata (South Africa)
**** Prionomastix wonjeae is a parasitoid of leafhoppers Coloborrhis corticina (Cameroon)
* 68b Mandible otherwise; gonostyli present; not parasitic in Membracidae................69

### 69 (Mandible does not have three distinct teeth, or a single tooth and a broad serrated truncation)

* 69a Antennal club large, about as long as entire funicle; integument of head and thorax heavily sclerotized, strongly and intricately sculptured with raised, irregular ridges; probably parasitic in Lacciferidae. Fore wing with areas of very coarse discal setae (fig. 60 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) -
** Coccopilatus Annecke, 1963
*** 4 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Coccopilatus judithae is a parasitoid of lac scales Tachardina sp. (South Africa)
* 69b Antennal club shorter than funicle; sculpture of head and thorax mostly cellulite-reticulate; parasitic in Diaspididae - Neococcidencyrtus poutiersi, Iran
** ' Neococcidencyrtus Compere, 1928
*** 20 species worldwide; 5 Afrotropical species:
**** Neococcidencyrtus brenhindis - no associates known (Madagascar)
**** Neococcidencyrtus cliradainis - no associates known (Cameroon)
**** Neococcidencyrtus poutiersi is a parasitoid of armored scales Furchadaspis zamiae (South Africa)
**** Neococcidencyrtus pudaspidis is a parasitoid of armored scales Pudaspis newsteadi (South Africa)
**** Neococcidencyrtus syndodis - no associates known (South Africa)

## 70 Antennal scape expanded

* 70a Antenna with all funicle segments transverse (fig. 61 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); club very large, longer than entire funicle; paratergitcs present; frontovertex pitted; parasitic in mealybugs - Aenasius sp., South Africa
** Aenasius Walker, 1846
*** 42 species worldwide; 7 Afrotropical species:
**** Aenasius abengouroui is a parasitoid of mealybugs Planococcoides njalensis, Planococcus citri (Ghana, Ivory Coast)
**** Aenasius advena is a parasitoid of mealybugs Ferrisia spp., Phenacoccus spp., Planococcus spp., Pseudococcus spp., Spilococcus sp. (Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, South Africa)
**** Aenasius comperei is a parasitoid of mealybugs Allococcus quaesitus, Delottococcus spp., Octococcus sp. Pseudococcus sp. (Kenya, South Africa)
**** Aenasius flandersi is a parasitoid of mealybugs Ferrisia virgata, Phenacoccus spp. (Democratic Republic of Congo, Senegal)
**** Aenasius hyettus is a parasitoid of mealybugs Ferrisia virgata, Phenacoccus sp. (Afrotropical)
**** Aenasius martinii is a parasitoid of mealybugs Ferrisia virgata, Planococcoides njalensis, Planococcus celtis spp., Pseudococcus sp. (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya)
**** Aenasius phenacocci is a parasitoid of mealybugs Phenacoccus spp., Planococcoides njalensis (Ghana)
70b Funicle segments not all wider than long; club shorter than entire funicle; paratergites absent; frontovertex at most with fine punctations; not parasitic in mealybugs ................ 71

### 71 (Funicle segments not all wider than long; club shorter than entire funicle; frontovertex not markedly pitted)

* 71a Head and thoracic dorsum largely metallic blue-green or cupreous, covered with silvery-white setae; parasitic in the oothecae of cockroaches - Comperia sp., Illinois, United States
** Comperia Gomes, 1942
*** 7 species worldwide; 7 Afrotropical species:
**** Comperia alfierii is a parasitoid of cockroaches Blattella sp., Phyllodromia sp. (Egypt, Kenya, South Africa)
**** Comperia austrina - no associates known (South Africa)
**** Comperia clavata - no associates known (South Africa)
**** Comperia domestica - no associates known (South Africa)
**** Comperia faceta - no associates known (South Africa)
**** Comperia hirsuta - no associates known (South Africa)
**** Comperia merceti is a parasitoid of cockroaches Blattella germanica, Supella longipalpa, Supella supellectilium, Periplaneta americana (Uganda)
* 71b Head and body generally yellowish to brownish, without any metallic refringence or white setae; parasitic in Coccoidea ................ 72

### 72 (Head and body yellowish to brownish, not metallic, no white setae)

* 72a Antennal club longer than distal three funicle segments together, usually much wider than funicle segment VI; if rarely shorter, then distal four funicle segments white - Metaphycus sp., California, United States
** Metaphycus Mercet, 1917
*** Metaphycus spp. are parasitoids of scale insects, mostly Coccidae
*** 476 species worldwide; 86 Afrotropical species.
* 72b Club about as long as the distal three funicle segments together, at most a little wider than distal funicle segment; funicle with at most distal three segments white - Microterys sp., South AfricaFemale Microterys nietneri, New Zealand
** Microterys Thomson, 1876
*** 228 species worldwide; 12 Afrotropical species:
**** Microterys africa is a parasitoid of lac scales Tachardia decorella (Uganda)
**** Microterys anneckei is a parasitoid of coccid scales Filippia sp., Lichtensia sp., Parasaissetia litorea, Pulvinaria mesembryanthemi, Saissetia sp. (South Africa)
**** Microterys bizanensis is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceronema sp., Parasaissetia nigra, Saissetia cuneiformis (Eritrea)
**** Microterys capensis is a parasitoid of coccid scales Pulvinaria sp. (South Africa)
**** Microterys ceroplastae is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes destructor (Kenya)
**** Microterys clauseni is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes spp., Metaceronema japonica (South Africa)
**** Microterys haroldi is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes sp., Messinea plana (South Africa)
**** Microterys kenyaensis is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes sp., Coccus hesperidum, Lecanium oleae, Saissetia spp. (Kenya, South Africa)
**** Microterys nanus is a parasitoid of cerococcid scales Cerococcus sp., coccid scales Ceroplastes sp. (South Africa)
**** Microterys nicholsoni is a parasitoid of coccid scales Coccus hesperidum, Ceroplastes destructor, Parasaissetia litorea, Parasaissetia nigra, Saissetia spp. (Kenya, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
**** Microterys nietneri is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes spp., Chloropulvinaria spp., Coccus spp., Eucalymnatus tessellatus, Lecanium spp., Maacoccus piperis, Parasaissetia spp., Parasaissetia oleae, Parthenolecanium spp., Parthenolecanium corni, Protopulvinaria spp., Pulvinaria spp., Saissetia spp., Sphaerolecanium prunastri, armored scales Hemichionaspis theae, Pinnaspis theae, mealybugs Rastrococcus iceryoides (South Africa)
**** Microterys speciosus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes spp., Coccus spp. (South Africa)

## 73 Fore wing entirely hyaline, or faintly infuscated (any infuscation only visible against a pale background; from 44)

* 73a Gonostyli exserted at apex of metasoma, the exserted parts laterally compressed, usually more or less rounded apically in lateral view........ 74
* 73b Gonostyli, if protruding at apex of metasoma, not flattened laterally, usually having the appearance of two slender, sharp stylets................78

## 74 Gonostyli extend beyond apex of metasoma, laterally compressed and rounded apically

* 74a Scutellum entirely or partly shiny, with a polished appearance, without differentiated sculptural cells; mandibles exceptionally large (fig. 62 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key)........ 75
* 74b Scutellum dorsally sculptured, not smooth and polished; mandibles normal................76

### 75 Scutellum shiny; mandibles large

* 75a Postmarginal vein (fig. 63 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) of fore wing shorter than marginal, not reaching to a level near apex of stigmal; basal triangle of wing disc largely devoid of setae; parasitic in Coleoptera - Cerchysiella sp., United States
** Cerchysiella Girault, 1914
*** Zeteticontus Silvestri, 1915 is a synonym of Cerchysiella.
*** 36 species worldwide; 5 Afrotropical species:
**** Cerchysiella abilis (Silvestri) (5)
**** Cerchysiella neodypsisae (Risbec) (1)
**** Cerchysiella punctiscutellum (Subba Rao) (1)
**** Cerchysiella utilis (Noyes) (5)
**** Cerchysiella xanthopus (Masi) (1)
* 75b Postmarginal vein of fore wing subequal to or longer than marginal, reaching to about the level of apex of stigmal; basal triangle of wing disc evenly and densely setose; parasitic in Diptera - Tachinaephagus sp., South Africa
** Tachinaephagus Ashmead, 1904
*** 11 species worldwide; 3 Afrotropical species:
**** Tachinaephagus congoensis Subba Rao (1)
**** Tachinaephagus stomoxicida Subba Rao (3)
**** Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead (6)

### 76 Scutellum sculptured, not smooth; mandibles not large

* 76a Antennal funicle and club white in colour; antennal scape expanded ventrally, the funicle segments all wider than long; parasitic in Coleoptera. Head with membranous interruptions of sclerotized integument as in fig. 64 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key -
** Chrysomelechthrus Trjapitzin, 1977
*** 1 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Chrysomelechthrus descampsi (Risbec) (3)
* 76b Antennal funicle and club dark in colour; scape slender, subcylindrical, the funicle with at least basal four or five segments longer than wide; parasitic in Diptera........ 77

### 77 Antennal funicle and club dark; scape slender, subcylindrical; funicle with more than three segments longer than wide

* 77a Head and body entirely metallic green to blue-green in colour; pedicel shorter than, to about as long as, basal funicle segment; clypeal margin not crenulate - Cerchysius sp., United States
** Cerchysius Westwood, 1832
*** 15 species worldwide; 2 Afrotropical species:
**** Cerchysius kilimanjarensis Kerrich (1)
**** Cerchysius ugandensis Kerrich (4)
* 77b Head and body without metallic lustre; pedicel plainly longer than basal funicle segment; clypeal margin with crenulae -
** Coccidoctonus Crawford, 1912
*** Xyphigaster Risbec, 1954 is a synonym of Coccidoctonus
*** 8 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Coccidoctonus pseudococci (Risbec) (9)

## 78 If gonostyli protrude from apex of metasoma, not flattened laterally

* 78a Head, in frontal view, with eyes large, extending almost to mouth margin, the genae very short. Head and body metallic green in colour, the tegulae partly white; male antenna with four rami, borne on the first four funicle segments; parasitic in Lepidoptera - Male antenna of Parablastothrix vespertinus, SpainFeale antenna of Parablastothrix vespertinus, Spain
** Parablastothrix Mercet, 1917
*** 16 species worldwide; ? Afrotropical species:
**** No Afrotropical records in UCD?
* 78b Genae much longer, usually plainly more than one-third longest diameter of eye in frontal view........ 79

### 79 In frontal view genae more than one-third longest diameter of eye

* 79a Mandible with four teeth (figs 43, 65 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key)........ 80
* 79b Mandible otherwise................81

### 80 Mandible with four teeth

* 80a Scutellum longitudinally striate (fig. 66 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); dorsum of thorax gently convex, the thorax not dorsoventrally compressed - Lamennaisia ambigua, male
** Lamennaisia Girault, 1922
*** Mercetencyrtus Trjapitzin, 1963 is a synonym of Lamennaisia
*** 5 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Lamennaisia nobilis (Nees) (South Africa)
* 80b Scutellum largely cellulate-reticulate, not giving the surface a striated effect; body some what flattened dorsoventrally, the thoracic dorsum flat or almost so - Adelencyrtus aulacaspidis, Netherlands
** Adelencyrtus Ashmead, 1900
*** 45 species worldwide; 10 Afrotropical species:
**** Adelencyrtus antennatus is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Aspidiotus sp. (South Africa)
**** Adelencyrtus aulacaspidis is a parasitoid of coccid scales Lecanopsis nevesi, and armored scales Aulacaspis difficilis, Aulacaspis rosae, Chionaspis salicis, Dynaspidiotus britannicus, Lepidosaphes cupressi, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Quadraspidiotus macroporanus, Unaspis yanonensis (Madagascar)
**** Adelencyrtus depressus - no associates known (Madagascar)
**** Adelencyrtus flagellatus - no associates known (South Africa)
**** Adelencyrtus inglisiae is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Africaspis' spp. Aspidiotus spp., Balaspis faurei, Clavaspis spp., Clavaspis pituranthi, Diaspis echinocacti, Moraspis euphorbiae, Mytilococcus spp., Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
**** Adelencyrtus mangiphila is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Phenacaspis dilatata (Madagascar)
**** Adelencyrtus mayurai is a parasitoid of armored scale insects Aonidiella orientalis, Melanaspis glomerata (Mauritania)
**** Adelencyrtus moderatus is a parasitoid of whiteflies Bemisia tabaci, armored scales Aspidiella hartii, Aspidiella sacchari, Aspidiotus glomeratus, Aulacaspis spp., Duplachionaspis spp., Lepidosaphes spp., Melanaspis glomerata, and mealybugs Saccharicoccus sacchari (Ghana, Madagascar, Mauritius, Tanzania, Uganda)
**** Adelencyrtus odonaspidis is a parasitoid of armored scales Duplachionaspis sansevieriae, Odonaspidis sp., Odonaspis spp., and mealybugs Antonina graminis (South Africa)
**** Adelencyrtus tibialis - no associates known (South Africa)

### 81 Mandible does not have four teeth

* 81a Mesoscutum with parapsidal sulci (cf. fig. 46 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key)........ 82
* 81b Mesoscutum without parapsidal sulci........ 83

### 82 Mesoscutum with parapsidal sulci

* 82a Antenna (fig. 67 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) long and slender, the scape subcylindrical, the funicle segments all longer than wide; paratergites present; body entirely black, or black with metasoma yellowish, the latter laterally margined with blackish-brown; head and thorax with a metallic refringence; parasitic in Pseudococcidae - Male Charitopus fulviventrisFemale Charitopus fulviventris
** Charitopus Foerster, 1856
*** 18 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Charitopus fulviventris - no associates known (South Africa)
* 82b Antennal scape moderately to broadly expanded ventrally, the funicle segments not all longer than wide (fig. 68 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); paratergites absent; head and body without a metallic refringence, usually yellowish to brownish in colour; parasitic in Coccoidea other than Pseudococcidae - Metaphycus sp., California, United States
** Metaphycus Mercet, 1917
*** Metaphycus spp. are parasitoids of scale insects, mostly Coccidae
*** 476 species worldwide; 86 Afrotropical species.

### 83 Mesoscutum without parapsidal sulci

* 83a Antennal scape cylindrical or almost so, more than three times as long as its greatest width........ 84
* 83b Scape moderately to broadly expanded ventrally, less than three times as long as wide........ 117

## 84 Antennal scape cylindrical or almost so, much longer than wide

* 84a Antennal sockets placed high on face (fig. 69 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key), their lower limits at or above lower eye level. Body black in colour, the frontovertex and face more or less pitted; antennal scrobes usually sulcate; parasitic in Coccidae -
** Bothriophryne Compere, 1937
*** 8 species worldwide; 6 Afrotropical species:
**** Bothriophryne acaciae (Risbec) (3)
**** Bothriophryne ceroplastae Compere (5)
**** Bothriophryne dispar Compere (2)
**** Bothriophryne fuscicornis Compere (5)
**** Bothriophryne purpurascens Compere (3)
**** Bothriophryne velata Prinsloo and Annecke (2)
* 84b Antennal scrobes placed lower on face, their lower limits well below lower eye level, sometimes almost at mouth margin........ 85

### 85 Antennal scrobes are low on face, lower limits well below bottom of eye

* 85a Antennal club white........ 86
* 85b Antennal club not white........ 87

### 86 Antennal club white

* 86a Head and thorax brilliant metallic green in colour; antennal club strongly obliquely truncate apically; mandible (fig. 70 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) with two teeth and a broad truncation; parasitic in the oothecae of cockroaches - Comperia sp., Illinois, United States
** Comperia Gomes, 1942
*** 7 species worldwide; 7 Afrotropical species:
**** Comperia alfierii is a parasitoid of a cockroach Blattella sp., and a dance fly Phyllodromia sp. (Egypt, Kenya, South Africa)
**** Comperia austrina - no associates known (South Africa)
**** Comperia clavata - no associates known (South Africa)
**** Comperia domestica - no associates known (South Africa)
**** Comperia faceta - no associates known (South Africa)
**** Comperia hirsuta - no associates known (South Africa)
**** Comperia merceti is a parasitoid of a cockroaches Blattella germanica, Supella longipalpa, Supella supellectilium, Periplaneta americana (Uganda)
* 86b Head and body without metallic refringence; club rounded apically; mandible (fig. 50 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) with three slender teeth, the dorsal one somewhat retracted; parasitic in Pseudococcidae -
** Aphycus Mayr, 1876
*** 33 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Aphycus comperei is a parasitoid of mealybugs Pedrococcus sp. (South Africa)

### 87 Antennal club not white

* 87a Antenna nine-segmented, the club unsegmented. Polyembryonic parasitoids of Lepidoptera larvae................88
* 87b Antenna eleven-segmented, the club three-segmented................89

### 88 Antenna nine-segmented, the club unsegmented

* 88a Antennal club obliquely truncate from near base (fig. 71 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); postmarginal vein of fore wing short, shorter than stigmal - Copidosoma varicorne, femaleCopidosoma floridanum
** Copidosoma Ratzeburg, 1844
*** Litomastix is a synonym of Copidosoma
*** See also step 109 below
*** 212 species worldwide; 8 Afrotropical species:
**** Copidosoma delattrei (Ghesquiere) (2)
**** Copidosoma desantisi Annecke and Mynhardt (2)
**** Copidosoma floridanum is a parasitoid of Lepidoptera (Cape Verde Islands, Ivory Coast, Senegal)
**** Copidosoma koehleri Blanchard (17)
**** Copidosoma primulum (Mercet) (2)
**** Copidosoma truncatellum (Dalman) (2)
**** Copidosoma uruguayensis Tachnikawa (3)
**** Copidosoma varicorne (Nees) (7)
* 88b Antennal club rounded or more or less squarely truncate at apex (fig. 72 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); postmarginal vein (fig. 73 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) unsually long, reaching to a level beyond apex of stigmal vein - Female Ageniaspis fuscicollisPostmarginal and stigmal veins, Ageniaspis fuscicollis female fore-wing.
** Ageniaspis Dahlbom, 1857
*** 21 species worldwide; 2 Afrotropical species:
**** Ageniaspis citricola Logvinovskaya (1)
**** Ageniaspis primus Prinsloo (1)

### 89 Antenna eleven-segmented, the club three-segmented

* 89a Mandible (fig. 74 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) with three distinct teeth and a straight dorsal truncation. Parasitic in Lacciferidae........ 90
* 89b Mandible otherwise........ 91

### 90

* 90a Abdomen with two interrupted rows of gland-like structures (fig. 75 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key), one each on tergum II and VII, head and thorax with rather strong metallic refringence -
** Adencyrtus Prinsloo, 1977
*** 3 species worldwide; 3 Afrotropical species:
**** Adencyrtus afer Prinsloo (2)
**** Adencyrtus callainus Prinsloo (2)
**** Adencyrtus pictus Prinsloo (2)
* 90b Abdomen without gland-like structures; head and body at most very slightly metallic in parts. Male antenna (fig. 57 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) with two small, transverse funicle segments and a long, unsegmented banana-shaped club -
** Erencyrtus Mahdihassan, 1923
*** 6 species worldwide; 4 Afrotropical species:
**** Erencyrtus ater is a parasitoid of lac scales Tachardina sp. (South Africa)
**** Erencyrtus contrarius is a parasitoid of lac scales Tachardina sp. (South Africa)
**** Erencyrtus fuscus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Waxiella mimosae, lac scales Tachardina sp. (South Africa)
**** Erencyrtus notialis is a parasitoid of lac scales Tachardina sp. (South Africa)

### 91

* 91a Antennal scrobes sulcate (figs 53, 54, 76), their lateral margins sharply angled, usually impressed on face as an inverted V........ 92
* 91b Scrobes otherwise........ 94

### 92

* 92a Gonostyli very short and broad (fig. 77 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key), subtriangular, densely covered with short, spine-like setae. Body black in colour; male antenna ten-segmented, the club two-segmented; parasitic in Lacciferidae -
** Laccacida Prinsloo, 1977
*** 1 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Laccacida lacunata is a parasitoid of lac scales Tachardina sp. (South Africa)
* 92b Gonostyli otherwise: elongate and slender, not densely covered with spine-like setae. Antenna of male nine-segmented, the club not segmented........ 93

### 93

* 93a Mandible (fig. 78 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) with three teeth; frontovertex with fine punctations; parasitic in Lacciferidae -
** Tachardiaephagus Ashmead, 1904
*** 7 species worldwide; 4 Afrotropical species:
**** Tachardiaephagus absonus Prinsloo (2)
**** Tachardiaephagus communis Prinsloo (2)
**** Tachardiaephagus gracilis Prinsloo (2)
**** Tachardiaephagus similis Prinsloo (2)
* 93b Mandible (fig. 55 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) with two teeth and a dorsal truncation; frontovertex with large punctations or with pits; parasitic in Coccidae -
** Aloencyrtus Prinsloo, 1978
*** 20 species worldwide; 19 Afrotropical species:
**** Aloencyrtus alox - no associates known (South Africa)
**** Aloencyrtus angustifrons is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes spp., Gascardia brevicauda spp. (South Africa)
**** Aloencyrtus claripennis is a parasitoid of coccid scales Inglisia conchiformis (South Africa, Uganda)
**** Aloencyrtus coelops is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes spp., Gascardia destructor, Waxiella mimosae (Eritrea, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda)
**** Aloencyrtus delottoi is a parasitoid of coccid scales Saissetia opulenta (Kenya, South Africa)
**** Aloencyrtus diaphorocerus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Saissetia coffeae (Mauritius, Seychelles)
**** Aloencyrtus distinguendus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Coccus subhemisphaericus, Lecanium sp. (Cameroon, Ghana, Nigeria)
**** Aloencyrtus facetus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes longicauda (South Africa)
**** Aloencyrtus habrus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Saissetia coffeae (Cameroon)
**** Aloencyrtus hardii is a parasitoid of coccid scales Parasaissetia nigra, Saissetia spp. (South Africa)
**** Aloencyrtus johani is a parasitoid of coccid scales Parasaissetia nigra (South Africa)
**** Aloencyrtus lindae is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes sp. (South Africa)
**** Aloencyrtus nativus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Coccus longulus, Parthenolecanium persicae (Benin, Madagascar, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)
**** Aloencyrtus obscuratus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Lecanium somereni, Saissetia spp. (Ghana, Kenya, South Africa)
**** Aloencyrtus saissetiae is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes sp. Coccus spp. Cryptinglisia lounsburyi, Parasaissetia nigra, Saissetia spp. (Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe)
**** Aloencyrtus ugandensis is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes spp. (Uganda)
**** Aloencyrtus umbrinus is a parasitoid of coccid scales Ceroplastes spp. (Kenya, )
**** Aloencyrtus utilis is a parasitoid of coccid scales Saissetia oleae (South Africa)
**** Aloencyrtus vivo - no associates known (Uganda)

### 94

* 94a Antennal funicle with contrasting white and black segments........ 95
* 94b Antennal funicle unicolorous or almost so........ 97

### 95

* 95a Body yellowish to brownish, without a metallic tinge; antennal club rounded apically; primary parasitoids of Coccidae - Metaphycus sp., California, United States
** Metaphycus Mercet, 1917
*** Metaphycus spp. are parasitoids of scale insects, mostly Coccidae
*** 476 species worldwide; 86 Afrotropical species.
* 95b Body black, in parts with weak to strong metallic refringence; antennal club obliquely or transversely truncate apically; not parasitic in Coccidae........ 96

### 96

* 96a Mandible with three distinct teeth; antennal club (fig. 79 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) transversely truncate apically; marginal vein punctiform (fig. 80 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); polyembryonic parasitoids in larvae of Lepidoptera -
** Paralitomastix Mercet, 1921 is a synonym of Copidosoma Ratzeburg, 1844 (see step 88)
* 96b Mandible with two teeth and a dorsal truncation; antennal club (fig. 81 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) obliquely truncate apically; marginal vein of fore wing (fig. 82 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) well developed; hyperparasitic in Coccidae -
** Tremblaya Trjapitzin, 1985
*** Silvestria Trjapitzin, 1972 is a synonym of Tremblaya
*** 5 species worldwide; 5 Afrotropical species:
**** Tremblaya ceroplastae (Risbec) (4)
**** Tremblaya coffeicola Noyes (1)
**** Tremblaya minor (Silvestri) (6)
**** Tremblaya oleae (Silvestri) (5)
**** Tremblaya palaeococci (Risbec) (2)

### 97

* 97a All funicle segments plainly wider than long................98
* 97b Funicle segments not all wider than long................102

### 98 All funicle segments plainly wider than long

* 98a Postmarginal vein (fig. 83 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) of fore wing very long, much longer than marginal, reaching to a level beyond apex of stigmal; paratergites present; mandible with three slender teeth, the middle one longest; parasitic in Pseudococcidae -
** Blepyrus Howard, 1898
*** 19 species worldwide; 3 Afrotropical species:
**** Blepyrus insularis (Cameron) (11)
**** Blepyrus saccharicola Gahan (2)
**** Blepyrus schwarzi (Howard) (1)
* 98b Fore wing venation otherwise; paratergites absent; mandible otherwise; not parasitic in mealybugs........ 99

### 99

* 99a Antennal scrobes absent or represented by two very short, shallow furrows, at most hardly longer than the longest diameter of a torulus; the latter placed at or close to mouth margin; parasitic in aculeate Hymenoptera -
** Coelopencyrtus Timberlake, 1919
*** 31 species worldwide; 7 Afrotropical species:
**** Coelopencyrtus bekiliensis (Risbec, 1952) (Madagascar)
**** Coelopencyrtus callainus Annecke, 1958 is a parasitoid of Xylocopa species (Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
**** Coelopencyrtus cyprius Annecke, 1968 is a parasitoid of Xylocopa species (Zimbabwe)
**** Coelopencyrtus ivorensis (Risbec, 1953) (Ivory Coast) Only this species has reduced wings?
**** Coelopencyrtus nothylaei Annecke 1968 is a parasitoid of Hylaeus species (South Africa)
**** Coelopencyrtus taylori (Annecke and Doutt, 1961) is a parasitoid of Xylocopa species (South Africa)
**** Coelopencyrtus watmoughi Annecke, 1968 is a parasitoid of Xylocopa flavorufa (Zimbabwe).
* 99b Antennal scrobes otherwise, usually well developed; antennal sockets placed higher on face, their upper limits usually about level with lower eye margins; not parasitic in aculeate Hymenoptera........ 100

### 100

* 100a Maxillary palpi each with three segments, the labial with a single segment; small species, about 0,6 mm in length; parasitic in eggs of Coleoptera and Diptera -
** Oobius Trjapitzin, 1963
*** 45 species worldwide; 4 Afrotropical species:
**** Oobius abditus Annecke (2)
**** Oobius funestus Annecke (2)
**** Oobius longoi (Siscaro) (4)
**** Oobius striatus Annecke (3)
* 100b Palpi otherwise; larger species, often more than 1 mm in length; not egg parasitoids........ 101

### 101

* 101a Head and body dominantly dark blackish-brown to black; antennal club (fig. 84 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) obliquely truncate apically; parasitic in Diptera -
** Exoristobia Ashmead, 1904
*** 9 species worldwide; 3 Afrotropical species:
**** Exoristobia dipterae (Risbec) (8)
**** Exoristobia macrocerus (Masi) (1)
**** Exoristobia ugandensis Subba Rao (2)
* 101b Head and body dominantly yellowish to brownish-yellow; antennal club rounded apically; parasitic in Coccoidea - Metaphycus sp., California, United States
** Metaphycus Mercet, 1917
*** Metaphycus spp. are parasitoids of scale insects, mostly Coccidae
*** 476 species worldwide; 86 Afrotropical species.
*** Metaphycus keys out at 82, 95, 101, 110, 119

### 102 Funicle segments not all wider than long

* 102a Small species, at most about 1 mm in length, but usually less than 1 mm; exclusively parasitic in insect eggs, often in those of Lepidoptera, Hemiptera and Coleoptera........ 103
* 102b Larger species, usually more than 1 mm in length; if less than 1 mm in length, then not parasitic in insect eggs, but in the larvae and pupae of insects................104

### 103

* 103a Antennal club longer than entire funicle; funicle segments I-V transverse; maxillary palpi each with three segments, the labial palpi not segmented -
** Oobius Trjapitzin, 1963
*** 45 species worldwide; 4 Afrotropical species (See step 100)
* 103b Antennal club shorter than entire funicle; maxillary palpi each with four segments, the labial with three - Ooencyrtus kuvanae on a moth egg mass, Canada Ooencyrtus gravis, female, Spain.
** Ooencyrtus Ashmead, 1900
*** 343 species worldwide; 38 Afrotropical species:
**** Ooencyrtus afer Prinsloo (1)
**** Ooencyrtus albicrus Prinsloo (3)
**** Ooencyrtus angolensis Prinsloo (1)
**** Ooencyrtus austrinus Prinsloo (1)
**** Ooencyrtus azul Prinsloo (1)
**** Ooencyrtus bambeyi (Risbec) (2)
**** Ooencyrtus bedfordi Prinsloo (1)
**** Ooencyrtus camerounensis (Risbec) (4)
**** Ooencyrtus cinctus Prinsloo (2)
**** Ooencyrtus cirinae Prinsloo (1)
**** Ooencyrtus congensis Prinsloo (1)
**** Ooencyrtus cretatus Prinsloo (1)
**** Ooencyrtus demodoci (Risbec) (4)
**** Ooencyrtus dipterae (Risbec) (4)
**** Ooencyrtus distatus Prinsloo (1)
**** Ooencyrtus epilachnae Annecke (3)
**** Ooencyrtus exallus Prinsloo (1)
**** Ooencyrtus guamensis Fullaway (6)
**** Ooencyrtus homoeoceri (Risbec) (3)
**** Ooencyrtus insignis Prinsloo (1)
**** Ooencyrtus jeani Noyes and Prinsloo (3)
**** Ooencyrtus kuvanae is an egg parasitoid of Lepidoptera and Hemiptera (Nigeria)
**** Ooencyrtus lamborni Waterston (11)
**** Ooencyrtus mimus Prinsloo (1)
**** Ooencyrtus nanus Prinsloo (1)
**** Ooencyrtus pallidipes (Ashmead) (2)
**** Ooencyrtus piezodori (Risbec) (3)
**** Ooencyrtus polyphagus (Risbec) (3)
**** Ooencyrtus puparum Prinsloo (1)
**** Ooencyrtus rigemae (Risbec) (3)
**** Ooencyrtus risbeci Prinsloo (1)
**** Ooencyrtus rufogaster (Risbec) (2)
**** Ooencyrtus senegalensis (Risbec) (4)
**** Ooencyrtus sesbaniae Risbec (1)
**** Ooencyrtus sinis Prinsloo (1)
**** Ooencyrtus unicus Prinsloo (1)
**** Ooencyrtus utetheisae (Risbec) (11)
**** Ooencyrtus ventralis (Masi) (1)

### 104

* 104a Antennal scrobes absent or represented by two very short shallow furrows, at most hardly longer than the longest diameter of a torulus; head usually approximately round in outline in frontal view with mouth margin broad, antennal sockets placed close to mouth margin; parasitic in aculeate Hymenoptera -
** Coelopencyrtus Walker, 1837
*** 31 species worldwide; 7 Afrotropical species:
**** Coelopencyrtus bekiliensis (Risbec, 1952) (Madagascar)
**** Coelopencyrtus callainus Annecke, 1958 is a parasitoid of Xylocopa species (Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
**** Coelopencyrtus cyprius Annecke, 1968 is a parasitoid of Xylocopa species (Zimbabwe)
**** Coelopencyrtus ivorensis (Risbec, 1953) (Ivory Coast) Only this species has reduced wings?
**** Coelopencyrtus nothylaei Annecke 1968 is a parasitoid of Hylaeus species (South Africa)
**** Coelopencyrtus taylori (Annecke and Doutt, 1961) is a parasitoid of Xylocopa species (South Africa)
**** Coelopencyrtus watmoughi Annecke, 1968 is a parasitoid of Xylocopa flavorufa (Zimbabwe).
* 104b Scrobes otherwise, usually well developed; other characters different; not parasitic in aculeate Hymenoptera........ 105

### 105

* 105a Mandible with three acute or subacute teeth (figs 85, 86)........ 106
* 105b Mandible not with three acute or subacute teeth; rarely with three teeth, but then dorsal tooth not acute or subacute, but broad, the apex squarely to roundly truncate (fig. 87 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key)................111

### 106 Mandible with three acute or subacute teeth

* 106a Head and body entirely and brilliantly metallic in colour; parasitic in Aclerdidae - Mayridia pulchra, female, Spain
** Mayridia Mercet, 1921
*** 34 species worldwide; 2 Afrotropical species:
**** Mayridia arida Prinsloo and Annecke (3)
**** Mayridia maryae Prinsloo (1)
* 106b Head and body at most with a faint to moderately strong metallic refringence on frontovertex, face and thorax; not parasitic in Aclerdidae........ 107

### 107

* 107a Antennal club as long as the distal three funicle segments together; marginal vein or fore wing longer than stigmal; parasitic in dryinid wasps -
** Helegonatopus Perkins, 1906
*** 13 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Helegonatopus saotomensis Prinsloo (2)
* 107b Antennal club longer than funicle segments III-VI; marginal vein at most as long as stigmal; not parasitic in Hymenoptera........ 108

### 108

* 108a Antennal club obliquely truncate apically. Thoracic dorsum usually with metallic green and purple refringence; polyembryonic parasitoids of Lepidoptera larvae -
** Litomastix Thomson, 1876
*** Litomastix is a synonym of Copidosoma, making this step redundant, although presumably useful for identification of species groups?.
* 108b Antennal club rounded apically, or club segments transverse........ 109

### 109

* 109a Antenna long and slender, the funicle segments all longer than wide; polyembryonic parasitoids of Lepidoptera larvae - Copidosoma koehleri
** Copidosoma Ratzeburg, 1844
*** See also step 88 (above)
*** 212 species worldwide; 8 Afrotropical species:
**** Copidosoma delattrei (Ghesquiere) (2)
**** Copidosoma desantisi Annecke and Mynhardt (2)
**** Copidosoma floridanum (Ashmead) (6)
**** Copidosoma koehleri Blanchard (17)
**** Copidosoma primulum (Mercet) (2)
**** Copidosoma truncatellum (Dalman) (2)
**** Copidosoma uruguayensis Tachnikawa (3)
**** Copidosoma varicorne (Nees) (7)
* 109b Funicle segments not all longer than wide, the antenna not particularly slender; not parasitic in Lepidoptera................110

### 110

* 110a Marginal and postmarginal veins very short, the latter much shorter than stigmal vein, sometimes punctiform; frontovertex without punctations; usually parasitic in Coccidae - Metaphycus sp., California, United States
** Metaphycus Mercet, 1917
*** Metaphycus spp. are parasitoids of scale insects, mostly Coccidae
*** 476 species worldwide; 86 Afrotropical species.
*** Metaphycus keys out at 82, 95, 101, 110, 119
* 110b Marginal and postmarginal veins well developed, the latter reaching almost to the level of apex of stigmal vein; frontovertex with scattered puncrations; exclusively parasitic in Lacciferidae -
** Tachardiaephagus Ashmead, 1904
*** Tachardiaephagus keys out at 93, 110
*** 7 species worldwide; 4 Afrotropical species:
**** Tachardiaephagus absonus Prinsloo (2)
**** Tachardiaephagus communis Prinsloo (2)
**** Tachardiaephagus gracilis Prinsloo (2)
**** Tachardiaephagus similis Prinsloo (2)

### 111 Mandible not with three acute or subacute teeth

* 111a Tergum II and VII of abdomen each with an interrupted row of gland-like structures (fig. 88 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); Antennal club long, usually about as long as enure funicle; legs usually banded; parasitic in Diaspididae. -
** Zaomma Ashmead, 1900
*** 17 species worldwide; 8 Afrotropical species:
**** Zaomma acaciae (Risbec) (1)
**** Zaomma carinae Prinsloo (2)
**** Zaomma cestus Prinsloo (2)
**** Zaomma ficusae (Risbec) (1)
**** Zaomma lambinus (Walker) (5)
**** Zaomma sitis Prinsloo (2)
**** Zaomma vix Prinsloo (2)
**** Zaomma xhosa Prinsloo (2)
* 111b Abdomen without gland-like structures........ 112

### 112 Abdomen without gland-like structures

* 112a Maxillary palpi each with three segments, the labial each with two; parasitic in Diaspididae. Small species, usually not much more than 1 mm in length; antenna generally slender, the club long -
** Coccidencyrtus Ashmead, 1900
*** 36 species worldwide; 3 Afrotropical species:
**** Coccidencyrtus ochraceipes Gahan (1)
**** Coccidencyrtus plectroniae Risbec (1)
**** Coccidencyrtus punctatus Compere and Annecke (1)
* 112b Maxillary palpi each with four segments, the labial with three; not parasitic in Diaspididae........ 113

### 113

* 113a Marginal vein of fore wing relatively long*, broad, dark in colour, about as long as, or longer than, stigmal vein (figs 89, 90); mandible with three well separated teeth, the upper one squarely or roundly truncate (fig. 87 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key)........ 114
* 113b Marginal vein punctiform or very short, shorter than stigmal (figs 91, 92); if rarely subequal to stigmal, then mandible with a well separated ventral tooth and a broad dorsal truncation (fig. 93 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key)........ 115

### 114

* 114a Body longer than 1 mm; thorax slender, the scutellum longer than wide; legs usually not banded; primary parasitoids of Syrphidae - Syrphophagus aphidivorus, female, SpainSyrphophagus sp., Georgia, US.
** Syrphophagus Ashmead, 1900
*** 85 species worldwide; 6 Afrotropical species:
**** Syrphophagus africanus (Gahan) (6)
**** Syrphophagus aphidivorus (Mayr) (2)
**** Syrphophagus cassatus (Annecke) (6)
**** Syrphophagus coccidicola (Gahan) (2)
**** Syrphophagus nigrocyaneus Ashmead (2)
**** Syrphophagus similis (Prinsloo) (3)
* 114b Smaller species, usually about 1 mm in length; scutellum relatively broad, about as long as wide or a little wider than long; legs usually banded; hyperparasitoids of aphids, rarely of psyllids -
** Syrphophagus Ashmead, 1900
*** Aphidencyrtus is a synonym of Syrphophagus; this step previously separated Aphidencyrtus
*** 85 species worldwide; 6 Afrotropical species:
**** Syrphophagus africanus (Gahan) (6)
**** Syrphophagus aphidivorus (Mayr) (2)
**** Syrphophagus cassatus (Annecke) (6)
**** Syrphophagus coccidicola (Gahan) (2)
**** Syrphophagus nigrocyaneus Ashmead (2)
**** Syrphophagus similis (Prinsloo) (3)

### 115

* 115a Head and body pale, dominantly yellow in colour, without metallic refringence; parasitic in Coccidae. Male remarkable in colour: orange and brilliant metallic green in parts -
** Argutencyrtus Prinsloo and Annecke, 1974
*** 1 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Argutencyrtus luteolus Prinsloo and Annecke, 1974
* 115b Head and body entirely metallic in colour, or black with some parts with faint to moderately strong metallic refringence, or rarely at least head and thorax black; not parasitic in Coccidae........ 116

### 116

* 116a Usually entirely metallic green or blue-green in colour, rarely with only some parts metallic in colour; parasitic in Psyllidae - Psyllaephagus sp., Córdoba, Spain.Female Psyllaephagus guangxiensis, China Psyllaephagus euphyllurae, female, Spain
** Psyllaephagus Ashmead, 1900
*** 246 species worldwide; 30 Afrotropical species:
**** Psyllaephagus africanus Prinsloo (3)
**** Psyllaephagus albicrus Prinsloo (2)
**** Psyllaephagus arytainae Prinsloo (2)
**** Psyllaephagus bicolor Prinsloo (2)
**** Psyllaephagus blastopsyllae Tamesse, Soufo, Tchanatame, Dzokou, Gumovsky and De Coninck (1)
**** Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek, 1962 (Australia, introduced to South Africa and also Neotropical and western Palaearctic regions)
**** Psyllaephagus callainus Prinsloo (2)
**** Psyllaephagus capeneri Prinsloo (2)
**** Psyllaephagus cellulatus Waterston (1)
**** Psyllaephagus chianganus Prinsloo (3)
**** Psyllaephagus cincticrus Prinsloo (2)
**** Psyllaephagus dealbatae (Risbec) (1)
**** Psyllaephagus dispar Prinsloo (2)
**** Psyllaephagus furvus Prinsloo (1)
**** Psyllaephagus hibiscusae (Risbec) (1)
**** Psyllaephagus io Prinsloo (1)
**** Psyllaephagus lucaris Prinsloo (2)
**** Psyllaephagus minor Prinsloo (2)
**** Psyllaephagus oleae Prinsloo (2)
**** Psyllaephagus ornatus Prinsloo (2)
**** Psyllaephagus pauliani (Risbec) (1)
**** Psyllaephagus perendinus Robinson (1)
**** Psyllaephagus phytolymae (Ferriere) (5)
**** Psyllaephagus pulvinatus (Waterston) (12)
**** Psyllaephagus rhusae Prinsloo (2)
**** Psyllaephagus secus Prinsloo (3)
**** Psyllaephagus tessmannii Tamesse and Tiyo (1)
**** Psyllaephagus vastus Prinsloo (2)
**** Psyllaephagus viridis Prinsloo (2)
**** Psyllaephagus yaseeni Noyes (Tanzania)
* 116b Never entirely metallic in colour, at most the head and thoracic dorsum with weak to moderately strong metallic refringence; parasitic in Syrphidae and Coccinellidae -
** Syrphophagus Ashmead, 1900
*** Syrphophagus keys out at 114a, 114b, 116b, 117a
*** 85 species worldwide; 6 Afrotropical species:
**** Syrphophagus africanus (Gahan) (6)
**** Syrphophagus aphidivorus (Mayr) (2)
**** Syrphophagus cassatus (Annecke) (6)
**** Syrphophagus coccidicola (Gahan) (2)
**** Syrphophagus nigrocyaneus Ashmead (2)
**** Syrphophagus similis (Prinsloo) (3)

## 117 Scape moderately to broadly expanded ventrally, less than three times as long as wide

* 117a Eyes exceptionally setose (fig. 123 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key), the setae long, strongly developed; frontovertex sparsely pitted; antenna (fig. 126 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) with scape blackish, the remainder of antenna uniformly paler in colour - Syrphophagus sp., Georgia, US.
** Syrphophagus Ashmead, 1900
*** Syrphophagus keys out at 114b, 116b, 117a
*** 85 species worldwide; 6 Afrotropical species:
**** Syrphophagus africanus (Gahan) (6)
**** Syrphophagus aphidivorus (Mayr) (2)
**** Syrphophagus cassatus (Annecke) (6)
**** Syrphophagus coccidicola (Gahan) (2)
**** Syrphophagus nigrocyaneus Ashmead (2)
**** Syrphophagus similis (Prinsloo) (3)
* 117b Eyes sparsely setose, the setae fine; frontovertex at most finely punctate; colour of antenna otherwise........ 118

### 118 Eyes sparsely setose

* 118a Head tending to opisthognathous, the frontovertex almost horizontal, meeting the inflexed face at an acute angle, so that head is subtriangular in lateral view; parasitic in ticks (Ixodidae). Male sometimes brachypterous, in which case the head has a forked process jutting forward at junction of frontovertex and face - Ixodiphagus hookeri, France
** Ixodiphagus Howard, 1907
*** Hunterellus Howard, 1908 is a synonym of Ixodiphagus
*** 15 species worldwide; 2 Afrotropical species:
**** Ixodiphagus hookeri (Howard) (14)
**** Ixodiphagus theilerae (Fiedler) (5)
* 118b Head hypognathous, the frontovertex more or less convex, rounded on to face; not parasitic in ticks........ 119

### 119

* 119a Head and body largely yellowish to brownish, without metallic refringence; antennal scrobes more or less well developed; toruli with lower limits well above clypeal margin; parasitic in Coccoidea - Metaphycus sp., California, United States
** Metaphycus Mercet, 1917
*** Metaphycus spp. are parasitoids of scale insects, mostly Coccidae
*** 476 species worldwide; 86 Afrotropical species.
*** Metaphycus keys out at 82, 95, 101, 110, 119
* 119b Head and body dominantly black, the head and thoracic dorsum with faint to strong metallic refringence; scrobes absent or developed as two very short shallow furrows, hardly longer than the longest diameter of a torulus; toruli placed at or close to mouth margin; polyembryonic parasitoids of aculeate Hymenoptera -
** Coelopencyrtus Walker, 1837
*** 31 species worldwide; 7 Afrotropical species:
**** Coelopencyrtus bekiliensis (Risbec, 1952) (Madagascar)
**** Coelopencyrtus callainus Annecke, 1958 is a parasitoid of Xylocopa species (Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
**** Coelopencyrtus cyprius Annecke, 1968 is a parasitoid of Xylocopa species (Zimbabwe)
**** Coelopencyrtus ivorensis (Risbec, 1953) (Ivory Coast) Only this species has reduced wings?
**** Coelopencyrtus nothylaei Annecke 1968 is a parasitoid of Hylaeus species (South Africa)
**** Coelopencyrtus taylori (Annecke and Doutt, 1961) is a parasitoid of Xylocopa species (South Africa)
**** Coelopencyrtus watmoughi Annecke, 1968 is a parasitoid of Xylocopa flavorufa (Zimbabwe).

## 120 Mandible with only two teeth; paratergites usually present; usually without coarse setae at edge of speculum; cercal plates often advanced. Mealybug parasitoids

[Mandible with only two acute or subacute teeth (figs 37, 38 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key[1]). Paratergites (fig. 39 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key[1]) usually present, plainly visible in cleared, slide-mounted specimens; speculum of fore wing usually lacking a row of coarse, spine-like setae along outer edge of speculum; cercal plates often advanced to a level near base of metasoma; exclusively parasitic in Pseudococcidae (from 43)]
* 120a Antennal funicle seven-segmented -
** Alamella Agarwal, 1966
*** 5 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Alamella flava - a parasitoid of eriococcids and mealybugs (Angola, Madagascar, Namibia, South Africa)
**** Species description: Agarwal (1966)
* 120b Club two-segmented; head and body without metallic lustre; maxillary palpi each with three segments, the labial with two. Funicle with six or fewer segments........ 121

### 121

* 121a Scutellum with a posterior flange or lamella (cf. fig. 15 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); in profile this flange shows as a thin flat caudal projection of the scutellum. Body often black, the head dark metallic green; antenna long, slender, the scape cylindrical; marginal and postmarginal veins long - Ericydnus sp., Italy
** Ericydnus Haliday, 1832
*** 33 species worldwide; Afrotropical species?
*** Ericydnus sp. - 2 specimens at ARC-PPRI (https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/search?dataset_key=b2ee8537-2a6c-4b4b-965a-538b47788606&taxon_key=1378896)
* 121b Scutellum without a flange........ 122

### 122

* 122a Head prognathous (fig. 94 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key), elongate and flattened in dorsal view, almost as long as thorax (fig. 95 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key), the eyes elongate, in dorsal view occupying almost whole of head laterally; antenna (fig. 96 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) extremely large, foliaceously flattened, the club three-segmented -
** Monstranusia Trjapitzin, 1964
*** 3 species worldwide; 2 Afrotropical species:
**** Monstranusia antennata (Narayanan) (1)
**** Monstranusia mirabilissima Trjapitzin (4)
* 122b Head otherwise; if antenna foliaceously flattened, then club not segmented................123

### 123

* 123a Antenna nine-segmented........ 124
* 123b Antenna ten or eleven-segmented........ 126

### 124

* 124a Fore wing distinctly infuscated with hyaline patches (fig. 97 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key). Head .and body largely metallic in colour; antenna sometimes foliaceously flattened; ovipositor often strongly protruded at apex of metasoma; male antenna with funicle six-segmented, segments II – V each with a ramus -
** Tetracnemus Westwood, 1837
*** 37 species worldwide; 2 Afrotropical species:
**** Tetracnemus bifasciatellus (Mercet) (1)
**** Tetracnemus gumilevi Pilipjuk and Trjapitzin (1)
* 124b Fore wing entirely hyaline........ 125

### 125

* 125a Head and body entirely metallic green to blue-green in colour; antenna (fig. 111 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) long, the fumcle and club broad, somewhat laterally compressed -
** Callaincyrtus Prinsloo & Annecke, 1979
*** 1 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Callaincyrtus decorus - no known associates (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
* 125b Head and body at most with faint metallic refringence on frontovertex, face and thoracic dorsum; antenna not particularly slender, the segments not flattened -
** Allocerellus Silvestri, 1915
*** This genus was reviewed in 1995: Prinsloo, G. L. (1995). The encyrtid genus Allocerellus Silvestri (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), parasitoids of mealybugs (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Insect Systematics & Evolution, 26(2), 167-179.
*** 12 species worldwide; 12 Afrotropical species:
**** Allocerellus ater Prinsloo (1)
**** Allocerellus bizonatus Annecke and Mynhardt (3)
**** Allocerellus curtus Prinsloo (1)
**** Allocerellus hortensis Annecke and Mynhardt (2)
**** Allocerellus inquirendus Silvestri (2)
**** Allocerellus mimus Prinsloo (1)
**** Allocerellus notatus Prinsloo (1)
**** Allocerellus orestes Annecke and Mynhardt (4)
**** Allocerellus paulus Annecke and Mynhardt (3)
**** Allocerellus venustus Annecke and Mynhardt (4)
**** Allocerellus vittatus Annecke and Mynhardt (4)
**** Allocerellus zonatus Annecke and Mynhardt (4)

### 126

* 126a Antenna ten-segmented, the club with two segments........ 127
* 126b Antenna eleven-segmented, the club three-segmented........ 128

### 127

* 127a Head and body flatlened dorsoventrally; maxillary palpi each with two segments, the labial not segmented. Small species, weakly sclerotized, usually yellowish, without metallic refringence; marginal and postmarginal veins short or punctiform - Rhopus nigroclavatus, Iran
** Rhopus Foerster, 1856
*** This genus was reviewed in 1989: Prinsloo, G. L. (1989). The southern African species of Astymachus Howard and Rhopus Foerster (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of southern Africa, 52(1), 129-147.
*** 70 species worldwide; 7 Afrotropical species:
**** Rhopus adustus Prinsloo (2)
**** Rhopus discretus Prinsloo (1)
**** Rhopus geminus Prinsloo (2)
**** Rhopus luridus Prinsloo (1)
**** Rhopus notius Prinsloo (2)
**** Rhopus pilatus Prinsloo (1)
**** Rhopus urbanus Prinsloo (2)
* 127b Head and body not flattened dorsoventrally; maxillary palpi each with three segments, the labial each with two -
** Allocerellus Silvestri, 1915
*** 12 species worldwide; 12 Afrotropical species:
*** See step 125

### 128

* 128a Frontovertex (fig. 98 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) densely pitted, the pits with a metallic green lustre; antennal scape subcylindical. Dominantly black species, the fore wing entirely and strongly infuscated; cephalic margin of fore wing forming an incision at apex of submarginal vein; male antenna with six transverse funicle segments and a long unsegmented banana-shaped club - Aenasius sp., South Africa
** Aenasius Walker, 1846
*** Chalcaspis Howard, 1895 is a synonym of Aenasius
*** 42 species worldwide; 7 Afrotropical species:
**** Aenasius abengouroui (Risbec) (4)
**** Aenasius advena Compere (9)
**** Aenasius comperei (Kerrich) (4)
**** Aenasius flandersi Kerrich (1)
**** Aenasius hyettus (Walker) (1)
**** Aenasius martinii (Compere) (4)
**** Aenasius phenacocci (Ashmead) (1)
* 128b Frontovertex at most punctate, the punctations not refringent........ 129

### 129

* 129a Head and body flattened dorsoventrally; maxillary palpi each with two segments, the labial not segmented. Small species, weakly sclerotized, usually yellowish, without metallic refringence; marginal and postmarginal veins very short or punctiform - Rhopus nigroclavatus, Iran
** Rhopus Foerster, 1856
*** This genus was reviewed in 1989: Prinsloo, G. L. (1989). The southern African species of Astymachus Howard and Rhopus Foerster (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of southern Africa, 52(1), 129-147.
*** 70 species worldwide; 7 Afrotropical species:
**** See step 127
* 129b Head and body not flattened dorsoventrally; palpi otherwise........ 130

### 130

* 130a Maxillary palpi each with three segments, the labial each with two................131
* 130b Maxillary palpi each with four segments, the labial three-segmented........ 132

### 131

* 131a Antenna (fig. 99 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) long, filiform, the funicle segments all plainly longer than wide; postmarginal vein (fig. 100 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) of fore wing long, extending to a level well beyond apex of stigmal; small species. Fore wing hyaline or partly infuscated - Leptomastidea abnormis, California, USA
** Leptomastidea Mercet, 1916
*** This genus was reviewed in 2001: Prinsloo, G.L. 2001, The aftrotropical species of Leptomastidea Mercet (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) parasitoids of mealybugs. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 10(2):158-159. Includes photos of fore wings.
*** 23 species worldwide; 8 Afrotropical species:
**** Leptomastidea abnormis (Girault) (12)
**** Leptomastidea ascia Prinsloo (1)
**** Leptomastidea jeanneli Mercet (5)
**** Leptomastidea lamto Prinsloo (1)
**** Leptomastidea pondo Prinsloo (1)
**** Leptomastidea tecta Prinsloo (1)
**** Leptomastidea turba Prinsloo (1)
**** Leptomastidea usta Prinsloo (1)
* 131b Antenna (fig. 101 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) not particularly slender, the funicle segments not all longer than wide; postmarginal vein short, shorter than stigmal; larger species - Anagyrus lopezi
** Anagyrus Howard, 1896
*** Doliphoceras Mercet, 1921 is a synonym of Anagyrus
*** 293 species worldwide; 33 Afrotropical species:
**** Anagyrus aberiae Guerrieri (1)
**** Anagyrus abyssinicus Compere (4)
**** Anagyrus agraensis Saraswat (1)
**** Anagyrus amnicus Prinsloo (1)
**** Anagyrus amoenus Compere (5)
**** Anagyrus antoniae Guerrieri (1)
**** Anagyrus arambourgi Risbec (1)
**** Anagyrus arenaria Prinsloo (1)
**** Anagyrus aurantifrons Compere (6)
**** Anagyrus bambeyi Risbec (3)
**** Anagyrus beneficians Compere (7)
**** Anagyrus bugandaensis Compere (5)
**** Anagyrus diversicornis (Howard) (11)
**** Anagyrus fusciventris (Girault) (2)
**** Anagyrus gracilis (Hayat) (3)
**** Anagyrus greeni Howard (1)
**** Anagyrus haroldi Noyes and Hayat (4)
**** Anagyrus incongruens (Masi) (1)
**** Anagyrus indicus (Subba Rao) (1)
**** Anagyrus kivuensis Compere (5)
**** Anagyrus lopezi (De Santis) (92)
**** Anagyrus mangicola Noyes (7)
**** Anagyrus mirzai Agarwal and Alam (3)
**** Anagyrus nigrescens Compere (5)
**** Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) (10)
**** Anagyrus pullus Compere (7)
**** Anagyrus rubellus (Annecke) (4)
**** Anagyrus saccharicola Timberlake (8)
**** Anagyrus siccus (Prinsloo and Annecke) (3)
**** Anagyrus subflaviceps (Girault) (2)
**** Anagyrus subnigricornis Ishii (1)
**** Anagyrus subproximus (Silvestri) (5)
**** Anagyrus swezeyi Timberlake (2)

### 132

* 132a Antennal funicle with contrasting white and black segments; if rarely unicolorous, then marginal and postmarginal veins very short or punctiform........ 133
* 132b Funicle unicolorous; marginal and postmarginal veins well developed, the latter often very long........ 134

### 133

* 133a Antennal scape moderately to broadly expanded ventrally (fig. 102 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); fore wing hyaline; frontovertex without punctations -
** Anagyrus Howard, 1896
*** 293 species worldwide; 33 Afrotropical species:
**** See step 131b
* 133b Antennal scape subcylindrical (fig. 121 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); fore wing weakly to strongly infuscated (fig. 119 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key), at least in the distal three-fourths or so; frontovertex and face with scattered punctations (fig. 118 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key). Basal part of fore wing with setation as in fig. 120 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key; male antenna as in fig. 122 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key - Apoleptomastix sp., South Africa
** Apoleptomastix Kerrich, 1982
*** Xiphomastix De Santis, 1972 is a synonym of Apoleptomastix
*** 6 species worldwide; 2 Afrotropical species:
**** Apoleptomastix anneckei Pseudococcidae Antonina sp. (Gambia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
**** Apoleptomastix bicoloricornis Pseudococcidae Brevennia rehi, Coccidohystrix insolita, Heterococcus nigeriensis (Ethiopia, Gambia, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe)

### 134

* 134a Fore wing distinctly infuscated with hyaline patches........ 135
* 134b Fore wing hyaline; if rarely infuscated, then with faint longitudinally infuscated bands........ 136

### 135

* 135a Head and body dominantly orange-red; fore wing (fig. 103 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) tapering towards apex from the level of apex of venation, the wing disc characteristically maculated as in fig. 103 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key; antenna not particularly slender, the scape somewhat expanded ventrally, about three times as long as its greatest width; wings held horizontal in life -
** Yasumatsuiola Trjapitzin, 1977
*** 1 species worldwide; No Afrotropical species?
**** Yasumatsuiola orientalis Trjapitzin, 1977 found in Afrotropics?
* 135b Colour of head and body otherwise; fore wing (fig. 104 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) long, slender, not tapering towards apex, the latter broadly rounded; wing disc infuscated with hyaline cross-bands or patches; antenna (fig. 105 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) long and slender, filiform, the scape cylindrical, much more than three times as long as wide; wings held erect in life - Callipteroma sexguttata, South AfricaMale Callipteroma sexguttata, Spain
** Callipteroma Motschulsky, 1863
*** 6 species worldwide; 3 Afrotropical species:
**** Callipteroma albiclava Noyes (1)
**** Callipteroma sexguttata Motschulsky (3)
**** Callipteroma testacea Motschulsky (2)

### 136

* 136a Scutellum with sculptural cells longitudinally oriented, somewhat raised, giving the disc a striate effect (fig. 114 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key). Mesoscutum with parapsidal sulci (fig. 114 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key); head and body black, shiny, without metallic refringence; male antenna (fig. 117 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) with rami, one each on funicle segments II–V -
** Neocharitopus Hayat, Alam and Agarwal, 1975
*** Insleyia Prinsloo and Annecke, 1979 is a synonym of Neocharitopus
*** 3 species worldwide; 2 Afrotropical species:
**** Neocharitopus crassus (Prinsloo and Annecke) (3)
**** Neocharitopus solani (Risbec) (1)
* 136b Sculpture of scutellum otherwise................137

### 137

* 137a Antennal scape (fig. 106 of the Prinsloo-Annecke key) moderately to broadly expanded ventrally, or if only slightly expanded, then the ends cylindrical. General colour yellow to orange, without metallic lustre; thorax covered with fine white setae; postmarginal vein long, reaching to a level beyond apex of stigmal -
** Gyranusoidea Compere, 1947
*** 44 species worldwide; 11 Afrotropical species:
**** Gyranusoidea austrina Annecke and Mynhardt (4)
**** Gyranusoidea citrina (Compere) (6)
**** Gyranusoidea dilatata Annecke and Mynhardt (4)
**** Gyranusoidea flava Shafee, Alam and Agarwal (1)
**** Gyranusoidea klugei Prinsloo and Annecke (3)
**** Gyranusoidea litura Prinsloo (3)
**** Gyranusoidea munda Annecke (5)
**** Gyranusoidea pauliani (Risbec) (2)
**** Gyranusoidea separata Prinsloo (3)
**** Gyranusoidea signata Annecke and Mynhardt (5)
**** Gyranusoidea tebygi Noyes (28)
* 137b Antennal scape not or hardly expanded ventrally........ 138

### 138

* 138a Body always black, with moderate to strong metallic green, blue or purplish refringence. Mesoscutum with incomplete parapsidal sulci; marginal and postmarginal veins long -
** Clausenia Ishii, 1923
*** 12 species worldwide; 7 Afrotropical species:
**** Clausenia capensis Annecke and Mynhardt (3)
**** Clausenia comperei Kerrich (4)
**** Clausenia concinna Annecke and Mynhardt (3)
**** Clausenia confusor Kerrich (3)
**** Clausenia corrugata Kerrich (3)
**** Clausenia guineensis Kerrich (3)
**** Clausenia sobrina Annecke and Mynhardt (3)
* 138b Colour otherwise, if rarely black, then without any metallic refringence........ 139

### 139

* 139a Antenna filiform, the basal funicle segment longer than pedicel, often very much so; cercal plates advanced to a level near base of metasoma - Leptomastix sp., South Africa
** Leptomastix Foerster, 1856
*** 34 species worldwide; 12 Afrotropical species:
**** Leptomastix abyssinica Compere (5)
**** Leptomastix africana Anga and Noyes (1)
**** Leptomastix dactylopii Howard (24)
**** Leptomastix digitariae Risbec (1)
**** Leptomastix flava Mercet (3)
**** Leptomastix herreni Anga and Noyes (1)
**** Leptomastix hibiscusae Risbec (3)
**** Leptomastix jonesi Noyes (1)
**** Leptomastix nigra Compere (6)
**** Leptomastix nigrocincta Risbec (4)
**** Leptomastix nigrocoxalis Compere (6)
**** Leptomastix tsukumiensis Tachikawa (2)
* 139b Antenna not filiform, the pedicel longer than basal funicle segment; cecal plates placed near apex of metasoma -
** Allocerellus Silvestri, 1915
*** 12 species worldwide; 12 Afrotropical species:
*** See step 125

# Other genera known from the Afrotropics

* Some of these genera have been found in the Afrotropics since the key was created (1979)
** Achalcerinys Girault, 1915
*** Parasyrpophagus is a synonym of Achalcerinys
*** 5 species worldwide; 2 Afrotropical species:
**** Achalcerinys gorodkovi (Myartseva, 1983) - no known associates (Egypt, Ethiopia)
**** Achalcerinys lindus (Mercet, 1921) - a parasitoid of Eriococcidae, Pseudococcidae, Encyrtidae (Ethiopia)
** Agarwalencyrtus Hayat, 1981
*** 4 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Agarwalencyrtus citri - a parasitoid or hyperparasitoid in mealybugs; Planococcus spp. (South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe)
**** Photograph of specimen in Tirunagaru and Sagadai (2020)
** Anomalencyrtus Hayat and Verma, 1980
*** 2 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Anomalencyrtus longicornis - no known associates (Madagascar)
** Anomalicornia Mercet, 1921
*** 1 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Anomalicornia tenuicornis - a parasitoid of mealybugs (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Zimbabwe)
** Astymachus Howard, 1898
*** 6 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Astymachus exilis - no known associates (South Africa)
** Blastothrix
*** 29 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Blastothrix anthocleistae Risbec, 1952 (Madagascar)
** Bothriocraera Timberlake, 1916
*** 4 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Bothriocraera bicolor - a parasitoid of mealybugs (Ghana)
** Brachyplatycerus De Santis, 1972
*** 1 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Brachyplatycerus minutum - a parasitoid of moths Cydia pomonella (South Africa)
** Brethesiella Porter, 1920
*** 18 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Brethesiella abnormicornis - a parasitoid of Margarodidae Icerya spp. (Sao Tomé and Principe)
** Cladiscodes Subba Rao, 1977
*** 5 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Cladiscodes incisius - no known associates (South Africa)
** Cryptanusia Girault , 1917
*** 8 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Cryptanusia aureiscutellum - no known associates (South Africa)
** Diaphorencyrtus Hayat, 1981
*** 2 species worldwide; 2 Afrotropical species:
**** Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis (Shafee, Alam and Agarwal) (Réunion, South Africa)
**** Diaphorencyrtus harrisoni (Robinson, 1960) (South Africa)
** Dionencyrtus De Santis, 1985
*** 2 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Dionencyrtus cordylomerae (Risbec, 1951) (Senegal)
** Dusmetia Mercet, 1921
*** 6 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Dusmetia fuscipennis (Noyes & Hayat, 1984) (Zimbabwe)
** Ectroma Westwood, 1833
*** 11 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Ectroma truncatum Prinsloo, 1986 (Zimbabwe)
** Erencyrtus Mahdihassan, 1923
*** 6 species worldwide; 4 Afrotropical species:
**** Erencyrtus ater Annecke and Mynhardt (South Africa)
**** Erencyrtus contrarius Prinsloo and Mynhardt (South Africa)
**** Erencyrtus fuscus Annecke and Mynhardt (South Africa)
**** Erencyrtus notialis Prinsloo and Mynhardt (South Africa)
** Hambletonia Compere, 1936
*** 9 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Hambletonia pseudococcina Compere, 1936 (Ghana)
** Hemileucoceras Hoffer, 1976
*** 3 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Hemileucoceras madagascariensis (Risbec) (Madagascar)
** Holcencyrtus Ashmead, 1900
*** 10 species worldwide; 2 Afrotropical species:
**** Holcencyrtus liriomyzae Risbec (Senegal)
**** Holcencyrtus myrmicoides (Compere and Zinna) (Ghana)
** Homosemion Annecke, 1967
*** 1 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Homosemion bennetti Annecke, 1967 (Sao Tomé and Principe)
** Incisencyrtus Prinsloo, 1988
*** 4 species worldwide; 3 Afrotropical species:
**** Incisencyrtus afer Prinsloo, 1988 (South Africa, Zimbabwe)
**** Incisencyrtus secus Prinsloo, 1988 (Madagascar)
**** Incisencyrtus sirus Prinsloo, 1988 (Nigeria)
** Lakshaphagus Mahdihassan, 1931
*** 9 species worldwide; 2 Afrotropical species:
**** Lakshaphagus armillatus (Annecke, 1969) (South Africa)
**** Lakshaphagus ceroplastae (Risbec, 1951) (Senegal)
** Manicnemus Hayat, 1981
*** 2 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Manicnemus sp. (Tanzania)
** Mahencyrtus Masi, 1917
*** 14 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Mahencyrtus occultans - no associates known (Seychelles)
** Mira
*** 6 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Mira integralis (Mercet, 1921) (Senegal)
** Neastymachus Girault, 1915
*** 21 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Neastymachus dispar Prinsloo, 1996 (South Africa)
** Neodusmetia Kerrich, 1964
*** 6 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Neodusmetia sangwani (Subba Rao, 1957) (Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
** Parablatticida Girault, 1915
*** 15 species worldwide; 2 Afrotropical species:
**** Parablatticida aphycoides (Masi, 1917) (Seychelles)
**** Parablatticida vidua (Masi, 1917) (Seychelles)
** Pseudococcobius Timberlake, 1916
*** 12 species worldwide; 6 Afrotropical species:
**** Pseudococcobius akares Prinsloo, 2003 (South Africa)
**** Pseudococcobius ancylus Prinsloo, 2003 (South Africa)
**** Pseudococcobius dolus Prinsloo, 2003 (South Africa)
**** Pseudococcobius san Prinsloo, 2003 (South Africa)
**** Pseudococcobius vibex Prinsloo, 2003 (South Africa)
**** Pseudococcobius vinealis Prinsloo, 2003 (South Africa)
** Rhytidothorax Ashmead, 1900
*** 20 species worldwide; 2 Afrotropical species:
**** Rhytidothorax ambositrensis (Risbec, 1952) (Madagascar)
**** Rhytidothorax latiscapus (Prinsloo and Annecke, 1979) (Swaziland, Zimbabwe)
** Scotteus Masi, 1917
*** 1 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Scotteus ochroleucus Masi, 1917 (Seychelles)
** Spaniopterus Gahan, 1927
*** 1 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Spaniopterus crucifer Gahan, 1927 (Mauritius)
** Stemmatosteres Timberlake, 1918
*** 5 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Stemmatosteres primus Prinsloo and Mynhardt, 1981 (South Africa)
** Trichomasthus
*** 60 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Trichomasthus portoricensis (Crawford, 1913) (Sao Tomé and Principe)
** Xenostryxis
*** 10 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Xenostryxis margiscutellum Girault, 1920 (South Africa)
** Zarhopalus Ashmead, 1900
*** 8 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Zarhopalus corvinus a parasitoid of Pseudococcidae, Pseudococcus spp. (South Africa)
** Zozoros
*** 2 species worldwide; 1 Afrotropical species:
**** Zozoros adamsoniae (Risbec, 1951) (Senegal)

# References

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 Prinsloo, G. L., & Annecke, D. P. (1979). A key to the genera of Encyrtidae from the Ethiopian region, with descriptions of three new genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Journal of the Entomological Society of southern Africa, 42(2), 349-382. PDF
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Noyes, J.S. 2019. Universal Chalcidoidea Database. The Natural History Museum, London. https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/chalcidoids/database/index.dsml
* ↑ van Noort, S. 2024. WaspWeb: Hymenoptera of the Afrotropical region. https://www.waspweb.org/Chalcidoidea/Encyrtidae/Classification/index.htm (accessed 2023-2024).
* ↑ Pitkin, B.R. (2004) Notes on families: Encyrtidae. Universal Chalcidoidea Database. www.nhm.ac.uk
* ↑ Annecke, DP & Mynhardt, M.J., 1974. On some new and described species of arrhenophagine Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera). Journal of the Entomological Society of southern Africa, 37(1), pp.35-47. DOI PDF
* ↑ Prinsloo, G.L. 1985, Afrotropical Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): new records and notes. Journal of Natural History 19:281
* ↑ Trjapitzin, V. A. (2018). A Review of the Encyrtid-Wasp Genus Zaplatycerus Timberlake, 1925 (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea: Encyrtidae) of the World Fauna, Parasitoids of Mealybugs (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae). Entomological Review, 98, 787-792.
* ↑ Tachikawa, T. (1956). Description of a new species of the genus Pseudhomalopoda Cirault from Japan, with a list of the known species and their hosts of the Habrolepis-like genera (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Insecta matsumurana, 20(3-4), 90-96. https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/9592/1/20(3-4)_p90-96.pdf
* ↑ Annecke, D. P. (1968). Records and Descriptions of African Encyrtidae-4 (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Journal of the Entomological Society of southern Africa, 31(2), 249-264.
* ↑ https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/250166 Acerophagus photographs on iNaturalist (CC-BY-NC)
* ↑ https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/253254 Neocladia photographs on iNaturalist (including some CC-BY)
* ↑ https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/250503 Tetracnemus photographs on iNaturalist (some CC-BY-NC)
* 1 2 https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/250172 Diversinervus photographs on iNaturalist (CC-BY-NC)
* ↑ Annecke, DP & Mynhardt, M. J. (1973). New and Iittle known African Encyrtidae, with descriptions of two new genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Journal of the Entomological Society of southern Africa, 36(2), 211-28. PDF
* ↑ Prinsloo, G.L. & Annecke, D.P. (1973). A new genus and species of Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from South Africa. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 37(2), 345-349. https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/AJA00128789_2638
* ↑ Agarwal, M. M. (1966). Three undescribed genera and species of Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera-Chalcidoidea) parasitic on coccids. In Proceedings/Indian Academy of Sciences (Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 67-79). New Delhi: Springer India.
* ↑ Silvestri, F. 1915, Contributo all conoscenza degli insetti dell'olivo dell'Eritrea e dell'Africa meridionalei. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della R. Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura, Portici 9:305 BHLPDF
* ↑ van Noort, S. (2024). WaspWeb: Hymenoptera of the Afrotropical region. Manicnemus species (accessed on 14 March 2024).