OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Calantica

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CALANT'ICA, CALAUT'ICA, or CALVAT'ICA (κρήδεμνον). A cap fastened on by a ligature round the head, with a kind of curtain or lappets hanging down on both sides as far as the tips of the shoulders (Eustath. ad Il. xiv. 184.), so that they might be drawn together at pleasure, and made to conceal the whole face. (Hom. Od. i. 334. Il. xiv. 184.) It was commonly worn by the Egyptians of both sexes (Riddle, s. v.), and is consequently of frequent occurrence in the {{PICTURA|paintings} and sculptures belonging to that nation, precisely similar to the example (Calantica/1.1) here introduced, which is copied from a statue of Isis in the Capitol at Rome. When adopted by the Greeks and Romans, its use was confined to the female sex (Non. Marc. s. v. p. 537.), or to persons who affected a foreign or effeminate costume. Cic. Fragm. Or. in Clod. p. 115. ed. Amed. Peyron. Lips. 1824.
The affinity of the Greek and Latin words, and their identity with the figure in the engraving, may be established thus. The Greek term is derived from κράς, and δέω or δέμα, meaning literally that which is fastened by a ligature to the head, and Nonius (l. c.) gives a similar interpretation to the Latin one — quod capiti innectitur: whilst Ausonius (Perioch. Od. 5.), translates the κρήδεμνον of Homer by the Latin calantica or calvatica. The illustration and derivation of the Greek word also explain another of the senses in which it is used (Hom. Od. iii. 392.); viz. a leather cap tied over the mouth and bung of a vessel containing wine or other liquids, which the lexicographers erroneously translate, "the lid of a vessel." The illustration moreover will explain why Cicero (l. c.) and Servius (ad Virg. Aen. ix. 616.) use the words calantica and mitra as nearly convertible terms (compare the illustrations to each word); and, at the same time, account for one of the Latin names, calvatica, which is probably the only true one, because in Egypt it really was used to cover the bald heads of the priests of Isis (grege calvo, Juv. Sat. vi. 533.), and at Rome by old women who had lost their hair, as in the medal of Aurelia, the mother of Julius Caesar (Guasco, Ornatrici, p. 91.), which is fastened round the head with a band, precisely like the example introduced above.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Calathiscus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CALATHIS'CUS (καλαθίσκος). Diminutive of CALATHUS. Catull. lxiv. 320.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Calathus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CAL'ATHUS (κάλαθος). A woman's work-basket (Virg. Aen. vii. 805.), made of wicker-work, and gradually expanding upwards towards the top (Plin. H. N. xxi. 11.); especially employed for containing the wool and materials for spinning (Juv. Sat. ii. 54.), as in the example (Calathus/1.1), which represents Leda's work-basket, from a Pompeian painting, with the balls of wool and bobbins in it.
2. A basket of precisely the same form and material, employed out of doors for holding fruit, flowers, cheese, &c., which is of very common occurrence in ancient works of art. Virg. Ecl. ii. 46. Id. Georg. iii. 400. Ov. A. Am. ii. 264.
3. A drinking-cup, which we may naturally infer to have been so termed, because it resembled a woman's work-basket in shape; as shown by the figure in the illustration (Calathus/3.1), held by a cupbearer in one of the miniatures of the Vatican Virgil. Virg. Ecl. v. 71. Mart. Ep. ix. 60. 15. Id. xiv. 107.
4. The modius, or bushel, which was placed as an ornament upon the top of the head of Jupiter Serapis, (Macrob. Sat. i. 20.), and which, as seen in the example (Calathus/4.1), from an engraved gem, representing the head of Serapis, possessed the same form as a woman's work-basket.
* Calathus/1.1
* Calathus/3.1
* Calathus/4.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Calator

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CALA'TOR. A public crier; particularly one who was attached to the service of the priesthood (Suet. Gramm. 12.), whose duty it was to precede the high-priest on his way to the sacrifice, and put a stop to any kind of work, which it was considered would pollute the ceremony on a festival or holy day. Serv. ad Virg. Georg. i. 268.
2. A private servant or messenger. Plaut. Merc. v. 2. 11. Id. Rud. ii. 3. 5.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Calautica

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CALAUT'ICA. See CALANTICA
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Calcar

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CALCAR. A horseman's spur (Plaut. As. iii. 3. 118. Virg. Aen. vi. 882.); so called, because it was affixed to the heel (calx) of the rider (Isidor. Orig. xx. 16. 6. compare Virg. Aen. xi. 714.); whence the manner of applying it is clearly illustrated by the expression subdere equo calcaria. (Curt. vii. 4. compare iv. 16.) The right-hand figure in the annexed engraving (Calcar/1.1) represents an original from Caylus (Recueil d'Antiq. vol. iii. pl. 59. no. 5.), and closely resembles one found at Herculaneum, excepting that the latter has its point formed like a lance head, or lozenge shaped. All the ancient spurs are like these, with a simple goad, calcis aculeus (Columell. viii. 2. 8., where it is applied to poultry), and not rowelled. The left-hand figures present a side and back-view of the left foot of a statue in the Vatican, representing an Amazon, and show the straps and fastenings by which the spur was fixed to the foot; the goad itself is broken off, but the place from which it projected is clearly seen. The right foot of the statue is not equipped in the same way; from which circumstance some antiquaries incline to the belief that the ancients only rode with one spur, and that one on the left leg.
2. In like manner, the spur which grows out from the heel of a cock. Columell. viii. 2. 8.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Calcatorium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CALCATO'RIUM. A raised platform of masonry in the cellar attached to a vineyard (cella vinaria), which was ascended by two or three steps, and intended to form a gangway on a level with the tops of the large vessels (dolia, cupae), in which the wine was kept in bulk, for the convenience of the persons who superintended its manufacture and sale. (Pallad. i. 18. 1.) It was so called a calcando, or ab opere calcato; and is incorrectly explained in the dictionaries, where it is taken for a vat in which the grapes were trodden out (see the preceding wood-cut; for a contrivance of that description belongs clearly to the press-room (torcularium), in which the wine was made, and not the cellar (cella vinaria), in which it was stored. Cato designates the same thing by the term suggestum. R. R. 154.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Calcator

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CALCA'TOR (ληνοβάτης). One who crushes grapes for making wine, by treading them out with the naked feet, as is still the practice in Italy. (Calpurn. Ecl. iv. 124.) In the illustration (Calcator/1.1), from a bas-relief in the Library of St. Mark at Venice, the operation is performed by two persons only, represented by Fauns; but in other ancient works of art, as many as seven persons are seen in the vat at the same time, sometimes supporting themselves by ropes over head, but more commonly with crutch-handled sticks, like those in the annexed engraving.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Calceamentum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CALCEAMEN'TUM. A general term, expressive of all kinds of covering for the feet; including the various descriptions of boots and shoes enumerated in the classed Index.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Calceamen

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CALCEA'MEN. Same as CALCEUS.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Calceolarius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CALCEOLA'RIUS. A shoe-maker. (Plaut. Aul. iii. 5. 38.) The illustration (Calceolarius/1.1) is from a painting excavated at Resina, representing the interior of a shoe-maker's shop, in which the two genii here figured are employed at their trade.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Calceolus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CALCE'OLUS (ύποδημάτιον). Diminutive of CALCEUS; a small shoe or boot; and thence more especially applied to those worn by women. (Cic. N. D. i. 29.) The engraving (Calceolus/1.1) represents three specimens of women's shoes from the Pompeian paintings, of the most usual descriptions. It will be observed that all of them reach as high as the ankle, are made with soles and low heels, and with or without ties; but those which are tied are either fastened by a cord drawn in a hem round the top, or have merely a slit over the instep, through the sides of which the lace is passed, and not lappets, as was more usual in men's shoes. (See the next illustration.) There does not appear to have been any material difference between the shoes of the Greek and Roman females; for the later took their fashions from Greece, as ours do from France.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Calceus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CAL'CEUS (ὑπόδημα κοῖλον). A shoe or boot, made upon a last, and right and left (Suet. Aug. 92.), so that it would completely cover the foot, as contradistinguished from the sandal, slipper, &c., which were only partial coverings. (Cic. Hor. Suet. Plin.) The illustration (Calceus/1.1) represents a lace-up or half boot, from a bronze vase in the Collegio Romano, and two men's shoes of the ordinary kind, from paintings at Pompeii.
2. Calceus patricius. The shoe worn by the Roman senators, which was of a different character from that worn by the rest of the citizens, whence the expression calceos mutare (Cic. Phil. xiii. 13.) means, "to become a senator." It was fastened by straps crossing each other over the instep (Isidor. Orig. xix. 34. 4.), and then carried round the leg as far as the bottom of the calf, as is frequently seen on statues draped in the toga, and in the manner represented by the annexed figures (Calceus/2.1), of which the front view is taken from a bronze, the side one from a marble statue. A lunated ornament, called LUNULA, was moreover attached to them, for an account of which see that word.
3. Calceus repandus. A shoe with a long pointed toe bent upwards or backwards. (Cic. Nat. Deor. i. 29., but the diminutive is used because applied to a female.) This form appears to have been of great antiquity, for it is frequently seen in Egyptian and Etruscan monuments, from which latter people it came, like many other of their fashions, to the Romans, and remained in common use in many parts of Europe until a late period of the middle ages. The illustration (Calceus/3.1) here given is Etruscan (Gori, Mus. Etrusc. tab. 3. and 47.), but it resembles exactly the shoes worn by a figure of Juno Lanuvina on a Roman denarius (Visconti, Mus. P. Clem. tom. 2. tav. A. vii. No. 12.), which is draped in every respect as Cicero (l. c.) describes her. In a passage of Cato, quoted by Festus (s. Mulleos), the epithet uncinatus is, according to Scaliger's emendation, applied to a shoe of this character; and the term uncipedes to the persons who wore them, by Tertullian, de Pall. 5.
* Calceus/1.1
* Calceus/2.1
* Calceus/3.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Calculator

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CALCULA'TOR. An accountant (Mart. Ep. x. 62.): so called because the ancients used to reckon with small stones (calculi) upon a board covered with sand. (Isidor. Orig. x. 43. ABACUS.) The example (Calculator/1.1) is from an Etruscan gem, and represents an arithmetician sitting at a table on which the pebbles for making his calculations are seen, while the counting board, inscribed in Etruscan characters, which are interpreted to mean "a calculator," is held in his left hand.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Calculus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CAL'CULUS (ψῆφος). Literally a pebble, or small stone worn round by friction, which was employed by the ancients for several purposes, as follows: —
1. For mosaic work. Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 67.
2. A counter for reckoning. Cic. Amic. 16. preceding wood-cut, and ABACUS.
3. A pebble used in voting, which was thrown into the urn; a white one to acquit, and a black one to condemn. Ovid. Met. xv. 41.
4. A counter employed in games of chance or skill, for the same purpose as our chess and draughtsmen; and the term is applied indiscriminately to the men employed in the ludus duodecim scriptorum, or backgammon, and in the ludus latrunculorum, or draughts. Ov. Am. ii. 207. Val. Max. viii. 8. 2. Aul. Gell. xiv. 1. 9.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Caldarium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CALDA'RIUM. The thermal chamber in a set of baths. (Vitruv. v. 10. Seneca, Ep. 86. Celsus, i. 4.) In all the baths which have been discovered, public as well as private, this apartment is constantly arranged upon a uniform plan, and consists of three principal parts; a semicircular alcove (laconicum) at one end (the right hand in the engraving (Caldarium/1.1)), with a labrum upon a raised stem in the centre of it; a vacant space in the centre of the room (sudatio, sudatorium); and a warm-water bath (alveus) at the other extremity — all which parts were essential to the ancient system of bathing. In the central portion, the bather exercised himself by lifting weights and performing gymnastics, for the purpose of exciting perspiration; he then sat down in the laconicum, superinduced by the hot air proceeding from the flues seen under the flooring of the room; or entered the warm water bath, if preferred, instead. It is probable that in the more magnificent and extensive structures, such as the Roman Thermae, separate apartments were appropriated for each of these operations; but in the smaller establishments, such as the baths of Pompeii, and in private houses, the thermal chamber, in all the instances hitherto discovered, and they are many, is uniformly arranged in the manner described, and shown by the illustration, which represents the section of a bath-room attached to an ancient Roman villa at Tusculum. The relative situation and arrangement of such chambers in connection with the other parts of the establishment, and the general ground-plan, will be understood by referring to the illustration, s. BALINEAE, letters D and H; and BALINEUM, letter D.
2. The boiler in which the warm water for supplying a bath was heated (Vitruv. v. 10.) as seen in the preceding section over the furnace (No. 2.), with a conduit tube into the bath. See also AHENUM 2., where the principle upon which the ancients constructed and arranged their coppers is explained.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Calendarium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CALENDA'RIUM (ἡμερολόγιον). An almanack or calendar; which, like our own, contained the astronomical, agricultural, and religious notices of each month in the year; the name of the month, the number of days it contained, and the length of the day and night; the sign of the zodiac through which the sun passes; the various agricultural operations to be performed in the month; the divinity under whose guardianship the month was placed; and the various religious festivals which fell in it. The illustration (Calendarium/1.1) represents an original of marble, found at Pompeii, with the inscription for the month of January, printed at length, as a specimen of the whole, by its side.
2. A ledger in which bankers and money lenders kept their accounts with their customers; so termed because the interest became due on the calendae, or first day of the month. Seneca. Benef. vii. 10. Id. Ep. 87.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Caliculus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CALIC'ULUS (κυλίκιον). Diminutive of CALIX.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Calidarium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CALIDA'RIUM. See CALDARIUM.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Caliendrum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CALIEN'DRUM. A sort of covering which Roman women sometimes wore upon their heads, but the exact nature of which it is not easy to determine. (Hor. Sat. i. 8. 48. Varro, teste Porphyr. Schol. ad Hor. l. c. Acron. ib.) It was, however, a kind of head-dress, and probably in the nature of a cap, like that shown by the illustration (Caliendrum/1.1), which is copied from an engraved gem representing a portrait of Faustina the younger; and might be made in different patterns; for Canidia wore a high one. (Hor. l. c.) Some think that the caliendrum was made of hair, and was a sort of wig.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Caligarius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CALIGA'RIUS. One who followed the trade of making soldiers' shoes (caligae). (Lamprid. Alex. Sev. 33. Inscript. ap. Grut. 649. 1.) The example (Caligarius/1.1) is from a sepulchral marble at Milan, which bears the inscription SUTOR CALIGARIUS, thus identifying the trade. It is of coarse execution, and has suffered from age, but is a valuable relic, because it proves that the caliga was a close-fitting shoe, made upon a last, and not a sandal, which left the toes exposed, as has been generally inferred from Bartoli's engravings of the triumphal arches and columns. The workman appears to hold the handle of an awl in his right hand, and in the left a caliga on the last, while the fellow-shoe is on the table before him.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Caliga

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CAL'IGA. The shoe worn by the Roman soldiery of the rank and file, including the centurions, but not the superior officers. (Cic. Att. ii. 3. Justin, xxxviii. 10. Juv. Sat. xvi. 24. Suet. Cal. 52.) It consisted of a close shoe, which entirely covered the foot (see CALIGARIUS; had a thick sole studded with nails (CLAVUS CALIGARIS), and was bound by straps across the instep and round the bottom part of the leg, as represented in the illustration (Caliga/1.1), from the arch of Trajan.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Caliptra

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CALIP'TRA or CALYP'TRA (καλύπτρα, κάλυμμα). A veil worn in public by the young women of Greece and Italy, for the purpose of concealing the features from the gaze of strangers (Festus, s. v. Hom. Od. v. 232. Soph. Ag. 245.), very similar to what the Turkish women still use. It was placed on the top of the head, and wrapped round the face in such a manner as to conceal every part of it except the upper portion of the nose and one of the eyes (Eurip. Iph. T. 372.), and fell down over the shoulders to about the middle of the figure, precisely as seen in the illustration (Caliptra/1.1), from a small terra-cotta figure in the Collegio Romano. A veil of this kind was also worn by the brides of Greece (Aesch. Ag. 1149.), and the same costume is still preserved at Rome for the young women who receive a dowry from the state on the festival of the Annunciation.