OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Français II/Leçon 2 - Starting to understand the French pronoun

Courses in French :
| Course #1: | Français I |
| Course #2: | Français II |
| Course #3: | Français III |
| Course #4: | Français IV |
Et on continue...
Prior Learnings
Let's review what we know. In the previous lesson, we convered the French perfect tense. You've had the chance to review its formation, and to form it yourself in some simple sentences.
Remember...
With the verb family -ER, take the stem, add -é.
With the verb family -IR, take the stem, add -i.
With the verb family -RE, take the stem, add -u.
...never forgetting to use the present indicative tense of 'avoir' as your auxiliary verb
Et maintenant on commence...
The concept of a noun should, by now, be familiar. A noun allows us to name a thing.
What, then, is a pronoun?
Consider the following sentences...
On Tuesday I walked the dog. Then I fed the dog, then I washed the dog. The dog was happy about this because the dog was then clean and the dog was full of food, since I had fed the dog
And...
On Tuesday I walked the dog. Then I fed and washed him. He was happy because he was clean and full of food, since I'd fed him earlier.
Most native English speakers would agree that the second, shorter sentence sounds more natural. This is because pronouns are used.
A pronoun replaces a noun in a sentence
A pronoun means that we need not repeat a noun several times in a sentence.
We will be dealing with four French pronouns in this section, le, la, les, and l'. These can mean him, her, it, or them.
l' is used instead of la or le when the following words begins with a vowel or a non-aspirated h. Don't forget that there is, for the most part, no equivalent for the neutral pronoun it in French, hence, it is either traduced by la or le depending on the gender of the noun in French.
To sum-up the use of each pronoun, here is a table:
French
English
le
him/it
la
her/it
l'
him/her/it
les
them
Often, the best way to understand how they work is to 'see them in action'. Therefore, consider the French, then look at the English:
Je vois le chien. I see the dog.
We now want to say that we stroke the dog, without mentioning le chien. How? The French is:
Je le caresse. I stroke him/it.
Note word order. Literally, this means, I him stroke. However, this is the word order that is appropriate and correct in French:
(Je/Tu/IL/Elle/On/Nous/Vous/Ils/Elles) - PRONOUN - VERB
Some examples for the use of the other pronouns are provided bellow:
Je lave la table. => Je la lave. (I clean the table)
J'aime le chien. => Je l'aime. (I like the dog)
Je nourris les chiens. => Je les nourris. (I feed the dogs) :
# Intercultural competence

This psychology resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
Intercultural competence refers to a particular type of social competence which involves being able to effectively interact with people from different cultural backgrounds.
Some formal ways to develop intercultural competence, based on principles of experiential learning might include:
* Alliance building
* Cultural mapping
These are learning processes based on the EXCELL program which can be adapted and incorporated into, for example, university-level teaching.
# Interdisciplinary linguistics

Most of the stuff below needs to go into subcategories; the Computational Linguistics page needs to be moved into a learning resource in the Department of Linguistics ASAP.

### Computational Linguistics

An interdisciplinary field dealing with the statistical and logical modeling of natural language from a computational perspective. This modeling is not limited to any particular field of linguistics.
There are two major purposes of computational linguistics:
* To help linguists study natural languages more easily
* To make it possible for ordinary people to use natural language when using a computer
Computational linguists often use large bodies of digitized text or speech called corpora as a basis for teaching computer programs the proper use of a language, or to compare the use of a language in one context to it's use in another context. This is also called corpus linguistics.
Some of the practical uses of computational linguistics include:
* Speech recognition
* Speech production
* Machine translation
* Improvements to data mining, including search engine design.
See Also: w:computational linguistics
# Interior design/Words To Know

These are words to know about/of relating/on the topic of Interior Design.

## Section 1: Interior Design/Words To Know (editing: https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Interior_design/Words_To_Know&section=1&veaction=editsource)

* House - A shelter, in which provides [to the inhabitants of the home] space for possessions [of the inhabitant(s)], safety, and space for activities (games, public eatings, etc.)
* Home - Provides privacy; Represents goals, values, individuality, and brings a sense of belonging to a family
* Interior Design - A career that makes the inside of a house beautiful, comfortable, and functional.
* Floor Design - A diagram or a blueprint of a room arrangement.
* Traffic Pattern - The paths people use to get from 1 room to the other room.
* Element Design - Includes color, shape and textures.
* Illusions - The feeling that something looks different than it really is.
* Color - Has the greatest effect on the appearance of a room
* Hue - Name of color
* Shade - Hue + Black
* Tint - Hue + White
* Neutral Colors - Not on the color wheel
* Cool Colors - Set a relaxing mood
* Warm Colors - Make a room feel cozy
* Color illusions - Light colored walls make a room appear large, while dark colored walls make a room appear smaller.

### Explanations (editing: https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Interior_design/Words_To_Know&section=2&veaction=editsource)

* [Illusions]: ex (Explain)... A wall that is painted as a lake is an illusion because it appears to be a lake, in which it is really not and it's just a wall.
* [Shade]: ex (Explain)... Shade + Black; A good example of this is Red + Black, which equals Maroon.
* [Tint]: ex (Explain)... Shade + White; A good example of this is Red + White, which equals Pink
* [Neutral Colors]: ex (Explain)... These are colors that are not present in the color (Color Wheel: http://color-wheel-artist.com/basic-color-wheel.html), such as White, Black, Grey, Brown and Beige.
* [Cool Colors]: ex (Explain)... These colors give a relaxing mood to the environment they're in. These colors are Green, Blue and Violet.
* [Warm Colors]: ex (Explain)... These colors make a room feel cozy, snuggly, and comfortable. These colors are Red, Orange and Yellow.
# Intercultural Learning & Teaching

This project aims to provide a range of professional development resources to support teachers of culturally diverse students. These teachers include those in universities, vocational institutions, community-based agencies, schools or clinical settings.
Besides issues of English language and adjustment, the needs of international students are essentially similar to other students. This means that the same strategies that are helpful for international students are most likely to assist most other students too, so a double benefit follows. However, the extent to which international students are affected by these challenges is often much greater. This resource contains two main parts: 1. Tips & Tools, and 2. Learning Modules

## Tips & Tools

This area is designed for teachers who may, for example, be interested in selecting a few quick ideas or techniques to expand their teaching repertoire. These are organised under the following topics:
* Intercultural Insights
* Getting Started
* Communication
* Participation
* Critical Thinking
* Other Resources

## Learning Modules

* Trigger Scenarios
# Interest coverage ratio

Interest Coverage Ratio
The interest coverage ratio is a measure of the number of times a company could make the interest payments on its debt with its earnings before interest and taxes, also known as EBIT (Total Income -total interest payment+tax)The lower the interest coverage ratio, the higher the company's debt burden and the greater the possibility of bankruptcy or default. This ratio used to determine how easily a company can pay interest on outstanding debt. The interest coverage ratio is calculated by dividing a company's earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) of one period by the company's interest expenses of the same period:
Interest Coverage Ratio=EBIT/Interest income
EBIT (earnings before interest and taxes) ÷ Interest Expense = Interest Coverage Ratio
As per rule of thumb, investors should not own a stock that has an interest coverage ratio under 1.5. An interest coverage ratio below 1.0 indicates the business is having difficulties generating the cash necessary to pay its interest obligations. The history and consistency of earnings is tremendously important. The more consistent a company’s earnings, the lower the interest coverage ratio can be.
# Intergalactic medium/Quiz

Intergalactic medium is a lecture and an article studying the entity that exists between galaxies. It is also a mini-lecture for a quiz section as part of the astronomy department course on the principles of radiation astronomy.
You are free to take this quiz based on the intergalactic medium at any time.
To improve your score, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{principles of radiation astronomy}} template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.
As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.
Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.
To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* The research of the intergalactic medium is under primarily astronomy branches astrochemistry and astrophysics.
# Interior design

This area is devoted to learning, teaching, and research related to interior design.

## Discussion questions

* What renowned interior designers have influenced you the most? How so?

## Learning resources

* Words To Know
* Selecting Furniture and Decorations
* Feng Shui
* Green design

## Readings
### Wikipedia

* Interior design
* American Society of Interior Designers
* Japanese interior design
* Interior design regulation in the United States
# Internet Protocol Analysis/Internet Layer IPv4/Lesson Flashcards
## Instructions

* Click on the flashcard text to show the answer.
* Click on Next Card to show the next flashcard.
    Log in to hide the Clear the cache of this page? message before each new flashcard.
* Internet Layer IPv4 Lesson
* Classful networking was replaced by _____ starting in 1993. Classful networking was replaced by Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) starting in 1993.
* Next Card
# Internet Protocol Analysis/Introduction/Lesson Flashcards
## Instructions

* Click on the flashcard text to show the answer.
* Click on Next Card to show the next flashcard.
    Log in to hide the Clear the cache of this page? message before each new flashcard.
* Introduction Lesson
* The Internet protocol suite layer that contains all protocols for specific data communications services on a process-to-process level is the _____ layer. The Internet protocol suite layer that contains all protocols for specific data communications services on a process-to-process level is the Application layer.
* Next Card
# Internet Protocol Analysis/Internet Layer IPv4/Terms Flashcards
## Instructions

* Click on the flashcard text to show the answer.
* Click on Next Card to show the next flashcard.
    Log in to hide the Clear the cache of this page? message before each new flashcard.
* Internet Layer IPv4 Terms
* The entity that oversees global IP address allocation, autonomous system number allocation, root zone management in the Domain Name System (DNS), media types, and other Internet Protocol-related symbols and numbers is the _____. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
* Next Card
# Internet Protocol Analysis/Internet Control Message Protocol/Lesson Flashcards
## Instructions

* Click on the flashcard text to show the answer.
* Click on Next Card to show the next flashcard.
    Log in to hide the Clear the cache of this page? message before each new flashcard.
* Internet Control Message Protocol Lesson
* ICMP errors are directed to _____. ICMP errors are directed to the source IP address of the originating packet.
* Next Card
# Internet Protocol Analysis/Internet Control Message Protocol/Terms Flashcards
## Instructions

* Click on the flashcard text to show the answer.
* Click on Next Card to show the next flashcard.
    Log in to hide the Clear the cache of this page? message before each new flashcard.
* Internet Control Message Protocol Terms
* An ICMP error message which is generated by a gateway to inform the source of a discarded datagram due to the size being too large for the link layer is _____. Packet Too Big
* Next Card
# Fundamentals of Hardware/Registration

This course is designed to be an introduction to computer hardware. The goal of this course is to provide the students with the fundamental understanding of computer hardware.
Credits: 3.0
Students:
* Ragpicker14@gmail.com
* Ahdc_me@yahoo.com
* ChDaemon 00:50, 26 February 2010 (UTC) email not given for privacy
Alternative students:
# Fundamentals of Neuroscience
## Introduction

Welcome to the Fundamentals of Neuroscience course at Wikiversity! This course provides a general introduction to the most essential principles of neuroscience, from neuron to perception, intended to give a strong foundational understanding of the human brain and nervous system so that this foundation can be expanded on by more advanced topics like those found elsewhere in Topic: Neuroscience.

## Lessons

Conceptual Overviews:
* Lesson 1: What is Neuroscience?
* Lesson 2: Neural Cells
* Lesson 3: Neural Signaling
* Lesson 4: Classification of the Nervous System
* Lesson 5: Divisions of the Brain
Focused Topics:
* Lesson 6: Development
* Lesson 7: Sleep
* Lesson 8: Memory
* Lesson 9: Language
* Lesson 10: Emotion
Senses and Movement:
* Lesson 11: Sight
* Lesson 12: Hearing
* Lesson 13: Taste and Smell
* Lesson 14: Pain and Touch
* Lesson 15: Movement
Disorders:
* Lesson 16: Developmental Disorders
* Lesson 17: Degenerative Disorders
* Lesson 18: Psychiatric Disorders
* Lesson 19: Injury Disorders
* Lesson 20: Other Disorders
In addition, these supplemental lessons, which cover more technical topics, may be of interest:
* Lesson A: Basic Cell Biology
* Lesson B: Properties of Electrical Currents
* Lesson C: Membrane Potential at Rest

## Exams

Ready to test your knowledge? Go to the Exams section.

## Instructor

If you have questions or suggestions, feel free to contact Kernsters.

## References and Resources

* Topic: Neuroscience includes a wide variety of wikipedia and wikiversity topics
* The Human Brain Book, by Rita Carter, contains many great overviews that are similar in complexity level to these lessons
* Brain Facts, published by the Society for Neuroscience, is a very good free resource, covering a broad array of neuroscience topics at a comfortable depth
* Neuroscience Online is a useful free-access and highly detailed textbook offered through the UTH Medical Center website.
* Biology, by Campbell and Reece, has well-written but fairly short chapters on many relevant topics, plus offers a firm grounding for those struggling with the biology aspects of the course
* Robert Sapolsky's Human Behavioral Biology lecture series, which can be found free online, is highly informative and entertaining, although hovers in difficulty level at an intermediate or slightly greater range
* Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, by Bear, Connors, and Paradiso is an excellent source of information at an advanced college level
# Fundamentals of Neuroscience/Basic Cell Biology
## Goals

* To review the basic components of the cell.

## Introduction

The brain and the nervous system are primarily comprised of a few highly specialized types of cells. These cells are called neurons and glia. Neurons transmit electrical and chemical signals to one another and this is one way that different parts of the body can communicate. Glia form the majority of the cells in the nervous system, and they basically support the neurons so they can carry out their functions. If you'd like to learn more about the cells in the nervous system right now, you can read the Wikipedia pages about them or the next lesson, but I'm covering some basic information about cells. The next few lessons will describe, among other things, the specific properties of neurons. In order to understand these properties, you probably need to know the basics of how the different parts of a cell contribute to the cell's functioning.

## Cells

Cells appear at an intermediate level in the structural hierarchy of living organisms. At a lower level in this hierarchy are molecules, including specific types of organic molecules (not covered in this course). Although some organisms are made up of only a single cell, all organisms with neurons are multicellular. (Neurons are unique to animals.) At a higher level in the structural hierarchy of living organisms exist multicellular organisms, viewed as single units rather than in terms of their building blocks. In a multicellular organism, the several to many types of cells cooperate to form tissues and organs.

## Related Wikiversity Resources

* The Department of Cell Biology has excellent resources as well:
** Cell Biology course materials
** Overview of Cell Biology course materials
* The Department of Biochemistry

## Also on the Web
### Cell biology

* Cell Biology, on Wikibooks
* Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fourth Edition by Alberts, Johnson, Lewis, Raff, Roberts and Walter
* Molecular Cell Biology by Lodish, Berk, Zipursky, Matsudaira, Baltimore and Darnell

### Biochemistry

* Biochemistry: Fifth Edition by Berg, Tymoczko and Stryer
# Fundamentals of Neuroscience/Classification of the Nervous System

Type classification: this is a lesson resource.
Subject Classification: this is a neuroscience resource.
Goals
A comprehensive diagram of the Nervous System
To learn about how the nervous system is divided
To learn the functions and responsibilities of each division
To learn how the sections of the nervous system interact with each other
Primary Divisions
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord and has the greatest diversity of functions, ranging from thought to perception
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of all the neural cells located outside the brain and spinal cord, and primarily sends sensory signals to the CNS and receives motor signals from the CNS. The PNS can be divided itself into two groups:
The somatic nervous system controls the movement of voluntary skeletal muscles
The autonomic nervous system regulates more involuntary functions, such as cardiac muscles
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic
The autonomic nervous system itself can be divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems:
The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for rest and digest functions including:
Lowering breathing rate
Slowing down heart
Encouraging the secretion of stomach enzymes
The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for fight or flight functions, including
Raising breathing rate
Speeding up heart
Stopping the secretion of stomach enzymes
These two divisions work antagonistically, and must be balanced to preserve homeostasis
Exercises
Identify the portion of the Nervous System most involved in the following functions:
Feeling that ice cream is cold
Contemplating why ice cream feels cold
Kick generated from a doctor hitting below the knee
Kick generated by a professional kickboxer in a match
Eyes dilating from an approaching bear
ANSWERS
Sensory (Afferent)CentralMotor (Efferent)SomaticSympathetic :
# How to be a Wikimedia sysop/Recent changes patrolling

Recent changes patrolling is when users monitor Special:RecentChanges on their project, looking for vandalism, test edits, misguided, nonconstructive, good-faith, or just plain good edits. Some projects, like Meta-Wiki and Wikidata, have users that can actually mark new edits as patrolled. Patrolling new edits helps to clear vandalism, while also helping misguided and/or good-faith editors.
# How to become a school administrator
## Introduction

A school administrator is a profession that manages parts of a school, a school, or group of schools. What power and duties an administrator has depends upon the school system they are part of. How to become a school administrator varies from country to country. you need qualifications

## United States

Becoming an administrator in the US isn't as straight-forward as in many other countries that have a single Department of Education structure. In the US, every state has different standards for certification. It is highly suggested that if you are looking to become an administrator in the US, to contact the individual state's Department of Education in order to obtain the requirements for licensure. Typically, the requirements center around having a Master's degree in administration and/or passing the School Leaders Licensure Assessment.
# How to ask questions

This is a learning resource about how to enquire about things by asking questions:
* How to ask questions the smart way (Eric S. Raymond)
* How to ask a question (Microsoft)
# How to be a Wikimedia sysop/Wikiversity/Deletion

Wikiversity is quite different from the other WMF wikis, which are more focused on "single outcomes," i.e., the goal of Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, which has a single article on each topic (though the topic may become narrow). Wikiversity is a cross between a university itself (courses, students, teachers, and what they do) and a university library (collection of written and other resources). Hence Wikiversity is naturally far more "inclusionist" than the other wikis, generally. We may have pages with personal opinions, fringe ideas, original research, etc. We do have a neutrality requirement, which means that, ultimately, fringe ideas should not be given prominence beyond their position in the full educated world, but that has to do with placement and framing, not with the very existence of the material.
A Wikiversity custodian will come across all kinds of odd material, material that is more properly an encyclopedia article, that is poorly written, that is personal in nature, i.e., "private ruminations." It's easy to just delete such material, but if you have ever worked on a page and seen it deleted, you will understand how disconcerting this can be. Custodians are charged with the task of balancing benefit to the community and the wiki and the user base, with benefit and education and service to individual users. We often have many options available that allow us to serve both goals and keep order at the same time.