OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lactotripeptides

What are lactotripeptides?
Lactotripeptides is a commonly used name for two naturally occurring milk peptides: Isoleucine-Proline-Proline (IPP) and Valine-Proline-Proline (VPP). These Lactotripeptides are derived from casein, which is a milk protein also found in dairy products. Although most normal dairy products contain lactotripeptides, they are inactive within the original milk proteins. Dairy peptides can be effectively released through enzymatic predigestion – a process by which milk protein is enzymatically broken down into smaller pieces. Once activated, the peptides responsible for the blood pressure lowering effect can be delivered into the system in a highly concentrated form.
Several clinical studies have shown that these Lactotripeptides help promote healthy blood pressure levels as part of a healthy diet and lifestyle.
Lactotripeptides and their impact on hypertension
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a significant health problem worldwide. Research has shown that even small blood pressure reductions can lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, including heart disease, kidney failure and stroke.
Dairy peptides work by inhibiting, or preventing, the activity of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). ACE is part of the renin-angiotensin system – a natural mechanism that helps regulate blood pressure in the body. In certain individuals, the renin-angiotensin system can become overactive, often due to stress, an unhealthy diet and/or unhealthy lifestyle. Under such conditions ACE becomes overactive and converts more angiotensin I into angiotensin II. Angiotensin II causes blood vessels to contract, and so increases blood pressure which can potentially lead to hypertension. But when ACE activity is inhibited, the formation of angiotensin II is reduced. This then helps the blood vessels to relax and expand back to its normal healthy state, so blood pressure is lowered.
Lactotripeptides are a type of ACE inhibitor – they work by supporting the body’s natural processes to relax and expand (dilate) blood vessels, which in turn helps keep blood pressure within a healthy range.
Clinical evidence for their efficacy
The health claims of bioactive peptides have been scientifically validated by over 20 human clinical studies over the last ten years.
These human trials aimed to evaluate the effect of lactotripeptides on blood pressure. The vast majority show a blood pressure lowering effect of lactotripeptides in people with mild to moderate hypertension. Some also show an effect in those with high normal blood pressure. In those with normal blood pressure, however, lactotripeptides do not further lower blood pressure. There is an ample body of scientific research demonstrating the influence of lactotripeptides on blood pressure levels.
Heart health advice
For the best results regular consumption of dairy peptide-rich products should be reinforced with a heart-friendly wholesome diet, reduction in sodium and alcohol intake and regular exercise. Quitting smoking and weight management are equally recommended for both treatment and prevention of hypertension.
# Land Degradation Neutrality

This learning resource is an introduction to Land Degradation Neutrality. The concept of Neutrality incorporates the scientific approach of an equillibrium of an aggreated indicator of areas degradation and recovered area. Degradation can be induced by climate change and land use change and land use methods. This includes spatial shift of degraded and recovered or improved areas according to land degradation indicators.

## Learning Task

* Explore capacity build of OpenWHO by the World Health Organisation and identify comcepts of the learning environment that can be adapted to Land Degradation Neutrality!
* Identify the target group and explain the benefits and challenges for implementation of Land Degradation Neutrality.
# Laboratory on Mathematics and Mathematics Education/Pictures

Mathematics in the World

## Searching for mathematics
### Task 1: Walking with open eyes

Let's make a collection of photos showing mathematics in the world!
* Search for mathematics in the world! While walking, have your eyes open and detect mathematics everywhere! Make a photograph.
* Upload your photographs to wikiversity.

## Links and Materials

* Image pool created by German students
# Laboratory on Mathematics and Mathematics Education/WebQuests

About Busch Gardens and Sea World (WebQuests)

## Task 1: Exploring WebQuests

* Explore the following WebQuest: Let's Take a Trip! What are the learning objectives? (That means, what are the students intended to learn in this WebQuest?)
* Have a look at some other WebQuests. What is the structure of a WebQuests? What are the different parts good for?

## Task 2: Write a WebQuest!

* Write a simple WebQuest about a topic of your choice. You may also choose the grade. Write your WebQuest in Wikipedia. You may use Portuguese.

## Links & Materials

* List of WebQuests
* About WebQeusts (article by Bernie Dodge)
* Five rules for writing a great webquest (article by Bernie Dodge)
# Lake Arpi CIVICS Case Study

The case study area Lake Arpi is located in the north-western part of Armenia, in the province of Shirak bordering Georgia and Turkey.

## Backround

The national park Lake Arpi is located in the province of Shirak in the north-western part of Armenia. The national park was established in 2009. The lake lays 2 023 m above sea level and the total area is about 22 km². In the 1950s, the lake was artificially increased by the government up to 4.5 km² and became the second important water source of the country next to Lake Sevan. The lake used for hydropower production as well as for irrigation, belongs to the Ramsar Convention. The region struggles with extreme and inhospitable climate conditions. The overall ranging is from 1500 to 3100 m above sea level and the mean temperature from -13 up to +13°C with a vegetation period of 160 days, 2400 hours of sunshine a year and 550 mm of mean annual precipitation. Biogeographically the region is represented by steppes, meadow-steppes, alpine meadows, sub-alpines and wetlands. Steppes are located mostly between 1800 and 2500 m and grow on chernozem soils. Field steppes just occur along northern slopes and are dominated by Stipa tirsa. The region of Lake Arpi is treeless.

## People of the buffer zone

18 villages are located at the buffer zone of the Lake Arpi national park. In total 1150 households are located at the buffer zone of the national park. The most important economic activity of the region is livestock production. Relatively low range productivity, found along slopes of north extern exposure over-grazing and poor range control is responsible for the visible range deterioration in some areas. The communal grazing areas are leased of by the communities to livestock owners on a 25-year lease basis. Prestudy visits to the region have shown that the region is also suffering by bad infrastructure, poverty and very bad utility supply (mostly of gas). Furthermore mobility, job opportunities and market connections are limited and insufficient for the population, especially during the winter period when the region is isolated from the rest of the country.
# Landforms/Geomorphology

"The size and morphology of coastal dunes is dependent on the complex interaction between controlling winds, sediment supply, and the geomorphology of the nearshore and beach environment."
The diagram on the right shows the beach-dune system [with] the nearshore zone back-beach environment and the formation of an incipient foredune and established foredune."
"Secondary dunes are the result of the subsequent modification of the "primary dune" by continued aeolian processes, and are generally located further inland, separated from nearshore processes (Davies 1980). The main secondary dunes include blowouts, parabolic dunes, and transgressive dunefields [image on the left and second right]."
"The wind flow structure in a blowout may be very complex and highly turbulent. Generally, the wind flow is locally accelerated through the blowout and a high speed jet is formed. Thus, wind speeds in the blowout are significantly greater than outside the blowout and this leads to high rates of sand erosion and transport (Carter et al. 1990, Hesp & Hyde 1996, Hesp 1999). Winds remove sand from the deflation basin and the lateral walls and transport it downwind. The erosional walls are then over-steepened and slumping occurs. This causes the erosional walls to retreat, widening the blowout and supplying sediment to the deflation basin, which is then subsequently transported to the depositional lobe. The wind flow is maximised up the axis of the blowout (middle of the deflation basin) towards the depositional lobe. It experiences rapid flow deceleration over the lobe crest, depositing sediment in a radial fashion over the depositional lobe [shown in the images on the right, left and second right]. Deflation basins tend to continue to erode until a base level such as water table level or a more consolidated surface is reached (e.g., old soil profiles, an indurated sediment layer), or a lag surface where coarser materials such as pebbles, shell, or pumice may have been concentrated. Many blowouts become larger over time and may evolve into parabolic dunes [see the two images on the right]."
The second image on the left is a model for the landforms that may occur as a glacier retreats or is melted. Landforms to be expected from a retreating glacier include an outwash plain, one or more terminal moraines from repeated retreats or meltings, recessional moraines (an earlier and surged over terminal moraine), kames, an esker, a drumlin field, and a pro-glacial lake in a ground moraine.

## Theoretical geomorphology

Def. "the study of the character and origin of landforms" is called geomorphology.
Def. "the study of landforms, their classification, origin, development, and history" is called geomorphology.
A variety of landforms occasionally occur juxtaposed in a landscape. Theoretical geomorphology is an effort to explain or describe a common cause for these landforms.

## Hypotheses

* A landform may have more than one origin.
# PlanetPhysics/Kinetic Energy

Kinetic energy is energy associated to motion. The kinetic energy of a mechanical system is the work required to bring the system from its `rest' state to a `moving' state. When exactly a system is considered to be `at rest' depends on the context: a stone is usually considered to be at rest when its centre of mass is fixed, but in situations where, for example, the stone undergoes a change in temperature the movement of the individual particles will play a role in the energetic description of the stone.
Kinetic energy is commonly denoted by various symbols, such as $E_{\mathrm {k} }$, $E_{\mathrm {kin} }$, $K$, or $T$ (the latter is the convention in Lagrangian mechanics). The SI unit of kinetic energy, like that of all sorts of energy, is the joule (J), which is the same as $\mathrm {kg\;m^{2}/s^{2}}$ in SI base units.
Energy associated to motion in a straight line is called translational kinetic energy . For a particle or rigid body with mass $m$ and velocity $\mathbf {v}$, the translational kinetic energy is $E_{\mathrm {trans} }={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}={\frac {1}{2}}m\mathbf {v} \cdot \mathbf {v} .$ Kinetic energy associated to rotation of a rigid body is called rotational kinetic energy . It depends on the moment of inertia $I$ of the body with respect to the axis of rotation. When the body rotates around that axis at an angular velocity $\omega$, the rotational kinetic energy is $E_{\mathrm {rot} }={\frac {1}{2}}I\omega ^{2}.$
In special relativity, the total energy of an object of mass $m$ moving in a straight line with speed $v$ is $E=\gamma (v)mc^{2},$ where $c$ is the speed of light and $\gamma (v)$ is the Lorentz factor: $\gamma (v)={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-v^{2}/c^{2}}}}.$ In particular, the rest energy of this object (obtained by setting $v=0$) is equal to $mc^{2}$. The kinetic energy is therefore $E_{\mathrm {kin} }=\gamma (v)mc^{2}-mc^{2}=(\gamma (v)-1)mc^{2}.$ For values of $v$ much smaller than $c$, this expression becomes approximately equal to ${\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}$, the kinetic energy from classical mechanics. This can be checked by expanding $\gamma (v)$ in a Taylor series around $v=0$: $\gamma (v)=1+{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}+{\frac {3}{8}}{\frac {v^{4}}{c^{4}}}+{\frac {5}{16}}{\frac {v^{6}}{c^{6}}}+\cdots$ Substituting this into the expression for the kinetic energy gives the following expansion: $E_{\mathrm {kin} }={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}+{\frac {3}{8}}mv^{4}/c^{2}+{\frac {5}{16}}mv^{6}/c^{4}+\cdots$ When $v$ approaches the speed of light, the factor $\gamma (v)$ goes to infinity. This is one way of seeing why objects with positive mass can never reach a speed $c$: an infinite amount of work would be required to accelerate the object to this speed.
# PlanetPhysics/Ionel Solomon
## Biography of Ionel Solomon

{\mathbf Ionel Solomon} (b. 1929- in free, Greater Roumania) is a French-Roumanian physicist Member of the French Academy of Sciences, CNRS Research Director, Professor at the Polytechnic School in Paris.

### Scientific Career

* 1949--1951 PhD, Polytechnic School (\'Ecole Polytechnique) in Paris
* 1951--1952 Research Fellow at the University of Liverpool, UK
* 1955--1956 Research Fellow at Harvard University, USA
* 1953-1962 Researcher in the resonance group of the Atomic energy Commission (Commissariat Energie Atomique in Saclay)
* 1962 Director of the Laboratory for Condensed Matter (Solid-State) Physics (Laboratoire de Physique de la Mati\'ere Condens\'ee), at the Polytechnic School in Paris
* 1962 Head of Research at C.N.R.S.
* 1962 Head of Conferences
* 1968 CNRS Research Director
* 1973-1976 Physics Departement Head at the Polytechnic School in Paris 1973-1974 President of the Societ\'e Fran\caise de Physique (the French Physics Society).
* 1975-1979 Professor, at the Polytechnic School in Paris
* 1976 Invited Visiting Professor at the Xerox Research Center, Palo Alto,USA
* 1980 Invited Visiting Professor at Tokyo University
* 1981-1985 Founder and Scientific Director of SOLEMS Company
* 1987 President of the Scientific Council of PHOTOTRONICS (a French-german Company for dphotovoltaic products)
* 1988, June 22, Elected Member of the Physics Institute of the French Academy of Sciences
* Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics

### Major Scientific Contributions

Ionel Solomon made major contributions to the fields of: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Solid-state physics, Semiconductors and Photovoltaics. In Nuclear Magnetic Resonance he derived fundamental equations that bear his name, and specify the nuclear spin-echo response and dipole-dipole interactions in solids (the Solomon equations).

### Awards and Prizes

* 1958 Grand Prix for Research (with Anatole Abragam and J. Combrisson)
* 1963 The CNRS Silver Medal
* 1969 Robin Prize of the French Physics Society (Societe Francaise de Physique)
* 1972 Holweck Prize of the Institute of Physics and S.F.P (French Physics Society)
* 1981 The Y. Peyches Prize of the Academy of Sciences
* XYZ

### Publications

I. Solomon. "Amorphous Semiconductors", In "Topics in Applied Physics", Ed. Springer Verlag, Berlin (1979).
I. Solomon. Relaxation Processes in a system of Two spins. Phys. Rev. 99, 559 (1955)
I. Solomon, M.P. Schmidt, H. Tran Quoc. Selective low-power plasma decomposition of silane-methane mixtures for the preparation of methylated amorphous silicon. Phys. Rev. B ,38: 9895 (1988)
I. Solomon, B. Drevillon, H. Shirai, N. Layadi. Plasma deposition of microcrystalline silicon: the selective etching model., J. Non-crystalline Solids, 164--166, p. 989 (1993).
K. Rerbal, F. Jomard, J.N. Chazalviel, F. Ozanam, I. Solomon. Visible luminescence of porous amorphous Si(1--x) Cx:H due to selective dissolution of silicon. Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, p. 45 (2003)
K. Kerbral, J.N. Chazalviel, F. Ozanam, I. Solomon. Temperature dependence of photoluminescence in amorphous Si1-xCx:H films. Eur. Phys. J., B51, p. 61 (2006).
# PlanetPhysics/John Griggs Thompson
## John Griggs Thompson

John Griggs Thompson (USA) received in 2008 the prestigious Abel Prize in mathematics together with Jacques Tits (France) "for their outstanding achievements in algebra and especially for their shaping of modern group theory".
[more to come]...
# PlanetPhysics/John H Van Vleck
## John H van Vleck

American theoretical physicist, born in 1899, deceased in 1980. one of his outstanding contributions is the explicit calculation of dipolar interactions in solids, including moment computations, in a 50-page+ paper in 1939.
Autobiography source: The following autobiography excerpt is: "from the Nobel Lectures, Physics 1971-1980, and was first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures:"

### Degrees, Positions, Awards,...

A.B. University of Wisconsin, 1920
Ph. D., Harvard University, 1922 (instructor 1922-3)
Honorary D. Sc. or D. Honoris Causa: Wesleyan U., 1936; U. Wisconsin, 1947; Grenoble U., 1950; U. Maryland, 1955; Oxford U., 1958; U. Paris, 1960; Rockford College, 1961; U. Nancy, 1961; Harvard U., 1966; U. Chicago, 1968; U. Minnesota 1971.
On faculty: University of Minnesota, 1923-28; University of Wisconsin 1928-34 Harvard University 1934--69, emeritus 1969 -- (Dean of Engineering and applied physics 1951--57).
Lorentz (visiting) professor, Leiden, 1960; Eastman Professor, Oxford, 1961--62; Guggenheim Fellow, 1930.
Foreign member, Royal Swedish Academy, Uppsala Academy, Netherlands Academy, Academie des Sciences, Royal Society of London. National Medal of Science, USA; Lorentz Medal (Netherlands); Cresson Medal ( Franklin Institute); Michelson Prize of Case Institute of Technology; Langmuir Award in Chemical Physics; General Electric Foundation; Chevalier, Legion of Honor.
Member, National Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Philosophical Society, International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science; Honorary Member, French Physical Society; President, American Physical Society, 1952.
# PlanetPhysics/Jacques Tits
## Jacques Tits

Jacques Tits (France) received in 2008 the prestigious Abel Prize in mathematics together with John Griggs Thompson (USA) "for their outstanding achievements in algebra and especially for their shaping of modern group theory".
[more to come]...
# PlanetPhysics/Jan Lukasiewicz
## Jan Lukasiewicz: (1878 - 1956)

Polish mathematician and logician mainly concerned with logic in mathematics probably best known for the three-valued logics, the Polish notation, the law of excluded middle and the axiomatizations of much classical propositional logic. He studied at the University of Lw\'ow, earning doctorates in mathematics and philosophy in 1902. In 1919 he was Minister of Education in Poland. After WWII, he lived in Belgium. Arguably, the 3-valued logics named after him was the first published report of a non-Boolean, or non-Chrysippean logic (with only two logic values, `true' or `false', in the Chrysippean case). The discovery of the 3-valued logics by \Lukasiewicz is at least as important as the discovery by Brouwer of Intuitionistic logics, and is an intensely studied field in the extended form of many-valued logics and logic algebras. Thus, subsequently, generalized \Lukasiewicz logic algebras were constructed by Grigore Moisil in 1940-1945 to define `nuances' in logics, or many-valued logics, as well as 3-state control logic (electronic) circuits (and other important industrial logic devices including fuzzy systems developed half a century later in Japan and USA by followers of Zadeh's fuzzy logic theory). \L ukasiewicz-Moisil ($LM_{n}$) logic algebras were defined axiomatically after 1969 by George Georgescu as n-valued logic algebra representations and extensions of the \L ukasiewcz (3-valued) logics; then, the universal properties of categories of $LM_{n}$ -logic algebras were also investigated and reported in a series of recent publications. Recently, several modifications of $LM_{n}$-logic algebras are under consideration as valid candidates for representations of quantum logics, as well as for modeling non-linear biodynamics in genetic `nets' or networks, as well as in single-cell organisms, or in tumor growth.
# PlanetPhysics/Isomorphism

Definition 0.1 \bigbreak A morphism $f:A\to B$ in a category $C$ is an isomorphism when there exists an inverse morphism of $f$ in $C$ , denoted by Failed to parse (unknown function "\inv"): {\displaystyle \inv f: B \to A} , such that Failed to parse (unknown function "\inv"): {\displaystyle f \circ \inv f =id_A = 1_A: A \to A} .
One also writes: $A\cong B$, expressing the fact that the object A is isomorphic with object B under the isomorphism $f$.
Note also that an isomorphism is both a monomorphism and an epimorphism; moreover, an isomorphism is both a section and a retraction. However, an isomorphism is not the same as an equivalence relation.
# MDLD/standard space

Start=standard space Target=Vector space/Examples/Introduction/Section
# MDLD/standard vectors

Start=standard vectors See=standard vector MDLD/standard vector Target=Vector space/Examples/Introduction/Section
# MDLD/step function

Start=step function Target=Interval/Real function/Step function/Definition
# MDLD/strictly decreasing (real function)

Start=strictly decreasing (real function) Target=Real function/Strictly decreasing/Definition
# MDLD/step function from above

Start=step function from above Target=Interval/Real Function/Step function from above and from below/Definition
# MDLD/step function from below

Start=step function from below Target=Interval/Real Function/Step function from above and from below/Definition
# MDLD/strictly decreasing (R)

Start=strictly increasing (R) Target=Real function/Strictly decreasing/Definition
# MDLD/strictly increasing (R)

Start=strictly increasing (R) Target=Real function/Strictly increasing/Definition
# MDLD/standard vector

Start=standard vector Target=Vector space/Examples/Introduction/Section
# MDLD/step integral

Start=step integral Target=Bounded interval/Step function/Step integral/Definition
# PlanetPhysics/Differential Equation of a Family of Curves

The family of straight lines in the plane is characterized by the equation $y=ax+b$, where $a$ and $b$ are arbitrary constants. To fix these constants means to select one member of the family, that is, to fix our attention on one straight line among all the others. The differential equation $y^{\prime \prime }=0$ is called the differential equation of this family of straight lines because every function of the form $y=ax+b$ satisfies this equation and, conversely, every solution of $y^{\prime \prime }=0$ is a member of the family $y=ax+b$. The differential equation $y^{\prime \prime }=0$ characterizes the family as a whole without specific reference to the particular members.
More generally, a family of curves can be described by
$y=f(x,a_{1},a_{2},\dots ,a_{n})$
or implicitly by $F(x,y,a_{1},a_{2},\dots ,a_{n})=0$, in which $n$ arbitrary constants appear. The differential equation of the family is obtained by successively differentiating $n$ times and eliminating the constants between the resulting $n+1$ relations. The differential equation that results is of order $n$.
# PlanetPhysics/Differential Logic

Differential logic is the component of logic whose object is the description of variation --- for example, the aspects of change, difference, distribution, and diversity --- in universes of discourse that are subject to logical description. In formal logic, differential logic treats the principles that govern the use of a differential logical calculus , that is, a formal system with the expressive capacity to describe change and diversity in logical universes of discourse.
A simple example of a differential logical calculus is furnished by a differential propositional calculus. This extends an ordinary propositional calculus in the same way that differential calculus extends analytic geometry.