OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Funditores

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FUNDITO'RES (σφενδονήται). Slingers; mostly with reference to foreign nations. But, amongst the Romans, the slingers were a body of men selected from the fifth class of the Servian census, who were formed into a corps, and attached to the levis armatura, or light-armed division of the army. They were scarcely considered as regular troops, being ranked in the lowest grade amongst the supernumeraries, trumpeters, and band (Liv. i. 43.); and, consequently, like them, wore no body armour, nor any offensive weapon, besides their sling (see the example s. FUNDA, 1.), with which it was their duty to annoy the enemy from any part of the field to which they were ordered. (Sal. Jug. 99. Val. Max. ii. 7. §§ 9. and 15.) The difference between the Accensi, Funditores, and Ferentarii, who are distinguished by Vegetius (Mil. i. 20.), appears to be this, that the first used nothing but their hands for throwing stones; the second employed a sling for the purpose; and the last, who were of a higher grade than the other two, probably used other missiles as well as the sling.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Fundula

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FUN'DULA. A street which has no thoroughfare; a cul de sac (Varro, L. L. v. 145.); one of which is represented by the annexed view (Fundula/1.1), taken in the town of Pompeii. The street terminated in a house, of which some remains are visible in the engraving, and two small sewers are indicated underneath it.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Fundulus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FUN'DULUS. The piston and sucker of a hydraulic organ, which moves up and down (hence termed ambulatilis), like the sucker of a pump (embolus). Vitruv. x. 8. 1.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Funerepus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FUNERE'PUS. (Apul Flor. i. 5. Ib. iv. 18. § 1.) Same as FUNAMBULUS.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Funus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FUNUS. A funeral, so termed because, in ancient times, the Romans were always buried by torch light, twisted ropes (funalia) smeared with pitch being carried by the mourners for the purpose. (Isidor. Orig. xi. 2. 34. Donat. ad Terent. Andr. i. 1. 81.) Subsequently, however, the practice of night burial was confined to the poorer classes, who could not afford the expense of a pompous display.
2. Funus publicum or indictivum. A grand and public funeral, celebrated in the day-time, and to which the public were invited by proclamation, to witness the gladiatorial shows and military pageants often displayed upon such occasions. Tac. Ann. vi. 11. Cic. Leg. ii. 24. Festus s. v.
3. Funus gentilitium. A funeral, at which the busts and images of celebrated characters belonging to the same clan (gens) as the deceased, were carried in the procession. (Plin. H. N. xxxv. 2.) This was the usual kind of funeral assigned to persons of distinguished rank or ancient lineage; and a description of the other customs and ceremonies which mostly accompanied it, will be found under the term EXSEQUIAE.
4. Funus tacitum, or translatitium. An ordinary or common funeral, conducted without any pomp or show, such as was usual with private individuals of the middle and poorer classes. Suet. Nero, 33. Ov. Trist. i. 3. 22.
5. The funeral pyre. Suet. Dom. 15. PYRA, ROGUS.
6. A dead body or corpse (Prop i. 17. 8.); whence also the ghost or shade of a deceased person (Prop. iv. 11. 3.), which the ancient artists were accustomed to represent in a corporeal form, shrouded in grave clothes, but endowed with the powers of motion; as shown by the annexed figure (Funus/6.1), from a bas-relief, representing a female whom Mercury, in the original, is conducting to the shades below.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Furca

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FURCA (δίκρανον). A two-pronged fork, such as a stable-fork, hay-fork, pitch-fork. (Virg. Georg. i. 264. Hor. Ep. i. 10. 24.) The annexed example (Furca/1.1) represents the iron head of a hay-fork, supposed to be Roman, but certainly of great antiquity, which was dug out of a bog forming the bank of the old river at the junction of the Nen at Horsey, near Peterborough.
2. A fork with a long handle to it, employed in taverns, kitchens, and larders, for the purpose of taking down provisions from the carnarium (Pet. Sat. 95. 8.), which was fixed to the ceiling, by sticking one of the branches into the object, or putting it under the loop by which it was hung upon its hook (see the illustration s. CARNARIUM); resembling, no doubt, the instrument which our butchers use for taking down a joint of meat, and other tradesmen whose articles are hung out of reach. From the expression of Petronius, furca de carnario rapta, it would appear that an instrument of this kind was usually suspended from the carnarium, ready for use.
3. Anything made in the shape of a fork, to be used for a prop or stay; as a prop for vines (Virg. Georg. ii. 259.); for fishing-nets (Plin. H. N. ix. 9.); for supporting planks to stand on. Liv. i. 35.
4. (στῆριγξ, στήριγμα). The pole of a cart or of a carriage; or rather that part of it which fastens into the axle, when it was made with two branches, like a fork, as it appears in the annexed example (Furca/4.1), from a Pompeian painting. (Plutarch. Coriol. 24. Lysias ap. Poll. x. 157.) It likewise appears from the above passages that the same name was also given to the trestle upon which the pole of a two-wheeled carriage was sometimes supported when the horses were taken out, like what we use to rest the shafts of our gigs upon.
5. An instrument made with two wooden handles or prongs, like a fork, employed for carrying burdens on the neck, in the manner shown by the annexed woodcut (Furca/5.1), from the Column of Trajan (Plaut. Cas. ii. 6. 37.); and which was frequently adopted as an instrument of punishment for freemen and slaves, when the arms of the culprit were tied down to the bars of the fork, while he was flogged through the streets. Plaut. Pers. v. 2. 73. Liv. i. 26. Suet. Nero, 49.
6. A contrivance for the infliction of capital punishment, on which slaves and robbers were hung; a gallows or gibbet. Callist. Dig. 48. 19. 28. Paul. Dig. 33. Ulp. ib. 13. 6.
* Furca/1.1
* Furca/4.1
* Furca/5.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Furcifer

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FUR'CIFER. Literally, one who carries burdens on a furca, as shown by the preceding illustration; or who bears the furca as a punishment. But as this penalty was for the most part inflicted upon the unfortunate slave class, the word is commonly used as a term of contempt, equivalent to our slave, villain, gallowsbird. Plaut. Amph. i. 1. 132. Ter. Eun. v. 2. 22. Cic. Vatin. 6.
# Euclidean plane/Improper isometry/Axis reflection/Fact

Let
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be an improper linear isometry.
$\varphi$
and its describing matrix, with respect to the standard basis, has the form
    ${\begin{pmatrix}\cos \alpha &\sin \alpha \\\sin \alpha &-\cos \alpha \end{pmatrix}}$
with a uniquely determined angle $\alpha \in [0,2\pi [$.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Furcilla

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FURCIL'LA. Diminutive of FURCA. A small fork, but still of considerable size, according to our notions; as a hay-fork (Varro, R. R. 1. 49. 1. Cic. Att. xvi. 2.); a vine-prop, two feet high. Varro. ib. i. 8. 6.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Furcula

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FUR'CULA. Diminutive of FURCA; but applied to objects of considerable size; as a wooden prop, made use of to support the walls of a town which were mined underneath. Liv. xxxviii. 7.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Furfuraculum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FURFURAC'ULUM. A gimblet (Arnob. vi. 200.); so termed because it makes dust like bran (furfur); but the more common word is TEREBRA, which see.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Furnaceus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FURNA'CEUS sc. panis. Bread, baked in an oven (furnus); as contradistinguished from focacius, which was baked on the hearth, and clibanicius, which was baked in a clibanus. Plin. H. N. xviii. 27.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Furnarius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FURNA'RIUS. A baker by trade. (Ulp. Dig. 39. 2. 24.) Compare COQUUS.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Furnus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FURNUS (ἱπνός). An oven; for baking bread (Plaut. Cas. ii. 5. 1. Ov. Fast. vi. 313.), or anything else. (Plin. H. N. xx. 39. Id. xxviii. 29.) The excavations of Pompeii have revealed two bakers' shops, with their ovens, both constructed upon a similar plan, and in a considerable state of preservation; one of which is represented in the annexed woodcut (Furnus/1.1) as it now appears, with some of the mills for grinding flour in the shop before it. The small arch at the bottom contained the fuel; the one above, the oven itself, over which there is a flue to carry off the smoke.
2. A baker's shop. (Hor. Sat. i. 4. 37.) The preceding illustration shows a baker's shop, with some mills for grinding flour on the left hand, and the oven at the bottom.
3. A hot air or vapour bath, as contradistinguished from balneum, a warm water bath. (Hor. Ep. i. 11. 13.) See CALDARIUM, SUDATIO.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Fuscina

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FUS'CINA (τρίαινα). A large fork with three or more branches, employed by fishermen for spearing fish, as represented in the annexed woodcut (Fuscina/1.1), from a mosaic picture in an ancient temple of Bacchus near Rome. It was likewise given by artists and poets to Neptune instead of a sceptre, as the more appropriate symbol for the god of the ocean. Cic. N. D. i. 36. and woodcut s. TRIDENS.
2. A weapon of similar form and character, used by the class of gladiators called Retiarii, with which they attacked their adversaries, after they had hampered them by casting a net over their heads, as exhibited in the annexed engraving (Fuscina/2.1), from an ancient mosaic. Suet. Cal. 30. Juv. ii. 143.
* Fuscina/1.1
* Fuscina/2.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Fusterna

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FUSTER'NA. The upper portion of a fir pole, which is thick set with branches, as contradistinguished from the lower part (sapinus), which is free from knots. Plin. H. N. xv. 76. § 1.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Fustibalus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FUSTIB'ALUS. A contrivance for throwing stones, consisting of a four foot pole, which had a sling attached in the centre, and being whirled round with both hands, discharged the stones with great violence. Veg. Mil. iii. 14.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Fustuarium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FUSTUA'RIUM (ζυλοκοπία). A punishment inflicted upon soldiers for desertion or other serious offences; in which the offender was beaten to death with heavy sticks (fustes) laid on by his comrades. Liv. v. 6. Cic. Phil. iii. 6. Serv. ad Virg. Aen. vi. 825.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Fusus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FUSUS (ἄτρακτος). A spindle; usually made of a stick about twelve inches in length, and used with the distaff (colus), for twisting or spinning the fibres of wool or flax into thread (Plin. H. N. xi. 27. Ovid. Met. vi. 22. Tibull. ii 1. 64.); a process described at length under the word NEO. The small figure in the engraving (Fusus/1.1) represents a spindle used by Leda in a Pompeian painting; the other two are from an Egyptian original, the right hand showing the instrument before being used, the other as it would appear with the thread wound round it, after it has been twisted.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Futile

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FU'TILE. A vessel with a broad mouth and sharp-pointed bottom, like the annexed example (Futile/1.1), from an original found at Rome. This form was originally adopted for the service of Vesta, in order that the ministers of that goddess might not be able to set it down when filled with water; it being contrary to religious punctilioes that water used in her ceremonies should ever have stood upon the ground. Serv. ad Virg. Aen. xi. 339. Donat. ad Terent. Andr. iii. 5. 3.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gabalus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GAB'ALUS. A word said to be formed from the Hebrew language, and equivalent to the Latin CRUX, a cross or stake upon which criminals were impaled (Varro ap. Non. s. v. p. 117.); whence the same word is also used to designate a worthless fellow, or one who deserved impalement. Macrin. Imp. ap. Capitolin. 11.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gabata

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GAB'ATA. A particular kind of dish for table service, in fashion at Rome during the time of Martial; but respecting its characteristics nothing is known. Mart. vii. 48. Id. xi. 31.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gaesum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GAE'SUM (γᾶισον). A very strong and weighty javelin, which appears to have been made, both head and stock, of solid iron (Pollux. vii. 156.), and to have been employed as a missile, rather than as a spear (Caes. B. G. iii. 4.), each warrior carrying two as his complement. (Varro, ap. Non. s. v. p. 555.) The weapon was of Gaulish origin (Virg. Aen. viii. 662.); though it was sometimes used by the Romans (Liv. viii. 8.), by the Iberians (Athen. vi. 106.), the Carthaginians (Liv. xxvi. 6. Sil. Ital. ii. 444.), and the Greeks. (Stat. Theb. iv. 64.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Galbanatus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GALBANA'TUS. Wearing garments of a yellow dye (galbana). Mart. iii. 82.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Galbanum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GAL'BANUM. A garment of a yellow colour; regarded as a sign of foppishness or effeminacy when worn by men. Juv. ii. 95. Compare Mart. i. 97.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Fusorium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FUSO'RIUM. A drain or cesspool from a kitchen sink, &c. Pallad. i. 37. 4. ib. 17. 1.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Galeola

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GAL'EOLA. A large vessel used as an ACRATOPHORON, to hold the wine before it was mixed for drinking at table (Varro, de Vit. Pop. Rom. ap. Non. p. 547. Interp. Vet. ad Virg. Ecl. vii. 33.); evidently so termed from being made in a deep and circular form like a helmet.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Galericulum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GALERIC'ULUM. Diminutive of GALERUM; both in the sense of a fur cap (Front. Strateg. iv. 7. 29.); and a wig. Suet. Otho, 12.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Galeritus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GALERI'TUS. Wearing a fur cap (galerus), like the early inhabitants of Latium; and thence, by implication, in rude or rustic attire. Prop. iv. i. 29.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Galerus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GALE'RUS and GALE'RUM (κυνέη). A scull-cap made from the skin of animals with the fur left on; worn by rustics (Virg. Moret. 121.); huntsmen (Grat. Cyneg. 339.); and by the old inhabitants of Latium, instead of a helmet. (Virg. Aen. vi. 688.) The example (Galerus/1.1) is given by Du Choul (Castramet. p. 100.), from a Roman monument.
2. A fur cap of similar character, but made out of the skin of a victim which had been slain at the altar, and having a spike of olive wood, surrounded by a flock of wool, on the top. (Serv. ad Virg. Aen. ii. 683.) It was worn by the Pontifices (Apul. Apol. p. 441.), and the Salii (Juv. viii. 208.), and is shown by the annexed engraving (Galerus/2.1), from a medal of M. Antony.
3. A wig of artificial hair (Juv. vi. 120. Avian. Fab. x.), sewn on to a scalp, in order to fit the head in the same manner as still practised. (Tertull. de Cult. Foem. Suet. Otho, 12. Compare Ov. A. Am. iii. 165.) Many of the female busts, and even some of the portrait statues preserved in the Vatican and Capitol, are furnished with a moveable scalp, sometimes executed in a different-coloured marble from the rest of the statue, so that it could be taken off and changed at pleasure; of which an instance is afforded by the annexed bust (Galerus/3.1) from a statue of Julia Soemias, the mother of the Emperor Heliogabalus. The entire scalp representing hair is removeable, with the exception of the two tresses on the shoulders, which are carved out of the solid block of marble. Some antiquaries are of opinion that these scalps were intended to represent wigs, and infer from thence that it was the fashion at Rome for females of all ages to shave off their own hair, and wear an artificial peruke, at the periods when these busts were executed; but it is far more reasonable to attribute the practice to the frivolous and ever changing modes of the day, and to recognise in them an expedient resorted to by sculptors, in order to gratify the vanity of their patrons, who, being unwilling to see their own portraits in a head-dress which was no longer in vogue, could by this mean alter the coiffure with the change of the day, without disfiguring or mutilating the statue.
* Galerus/1.1
* Galerus/2.1
* Galerus/3.1