OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Argei

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
ARGE'I. Certain sites in the city of Rome, twenty-seven in number, with small chapels attached to them (Varro, L. L. v. 45.), consecrated by Numa for the performance of religious rites (Liv. i. 22.), and visited, it would appear, in succession (Ov. Fast. iii. 791. Aul. Gell. x. 16. 4.), upon certain festivals, like the Stazioni of modern Italy.
2. Images or Guy Fawkeses, made of bullrushes, thirty in number, which were annually cast into the Tiber from the Sublician bridge, on the Ides of May, by the pontifices and Vestals; the origin and meaning of which custom are involved in obscurity. Varro, L. L. vii. 44. Ov. Fast. v. 621. Festus. s. v.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Argentaria

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
ARGENTA'RIA, sc. Taberna. A silversmith, banker, or money-changer's booth or shop, generally situated under the colonnade which surrounded the forum. Plaut. Ep. ii. 2. 17. Liv. xxvi. 27.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Argentarius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
ARGENTA'RIUS. A private banker, as contradistinguished from the public banker (Mensarius); he received deposits, and allowed interest upon them, acted as money-changer for foreigners, and attended public sales as a broker or commissioner to bid for his employers. Cic. Caecin. 6. Plaut. Aul. iii. 5. 54. Suet. Nero, 5.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Aries

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
AR'IES (κριός). A battering-ram; an instrument composed of a powerful wooden beam, furnished at one extremity with a mass of iron moulded into the form of a ram's head, which was driven with violence against the walls of a fortified place, in order to effect a breach in them. Cic. Off. i. 11. Virg. Aen. xii. 706.
In the primitive manner of using this instrument, it was carried by a number of men in their arms, and thrust without any other assistance than their united energies, against the opposing walls (Vitruv. x. 13. 1), in the same way as here employed (Aries/1.1) by the Dacians, on the Column of Trajan. The next improvement was to suspend the ram from a beam placed upon uprights, by which means it was swung to and fro, with less manual labour, but much greater mechanical force (Vitruv. x. 13. 2.); and, lastly, it was fixed upon a frame which moved upon wheels, and was covered by a shed and siding of boards, to protect the soldiers who worked it from the missiles of the enemy (Vitruv. l. c.), as here shown (Aries/1.2), from the triumphal arch of Septimius Severus.
* Aries/1.1
* Aries/1.2
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Armarium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
ARMA'RIUM. An armoire, cabinet, or cupboard, for keeping domestic utensils, clothes, money, curiosities, or any of the articles in daily use. It was a large piece of furniture, usually fixed against the walls of a room, divided by shelves into compartments, and closed in front by doors. (Cic. Cluent. 64. Plaut. Capt. iv. 4. 10. Pet. Sat. xxix. 8. Plin. H. N. xxix. 32.) The example (Armarium/1.1) here given represents one of these cup-boards exactly as described, which forms part of the furniture belonging to a shoemaker's room in a Pompeian painting. It is filled with lasts and boots.
2. A book-case in a library; also a sort of fixture, and sometimes let into the walls of a room. (Plin. Ep. ii. 17. 8.) These were divided into a number of separate compartments by shelves and upright divisions, and each division was distinguished by a number, as the first, second, and third case. Vitruv. vii. Praef. 7. Vopisc. Tac. 8.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Armentarius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
ARMENTA'RIUS. A herdsman of any kind, who had the charge of a drove of oxen, for instance, or of brood mares (Appul. Met. vii. p. 142.), and under whose care and superintendence they were driven up from the plains into the mountains, and kept there at pasture during the hot months of summer. Lucret. vi. 1250. Varro, R. R. ii. 5. 18. Virg. G. iii. 344.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Armillatus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
ARMILLA'TUS. Wearing an armlet (armilla), an ornament especially characteristic of the Asiatic and some other foreign races; hence a notion of disparagement is commonly conveyed by the word, even when used with reference to those nations (Suet. Nero. 30.), and of severe censure when applied to the Romans, as indicating an unmanly imitation of foreign customs. Suet. Cal. 52. Compare ARMILLA.
2. Armillatus canis. A dog with an armilla or collar round his neck, as in the example (Armillatus/2.1), from a mosaic at Pompeii. Propert. iv. 8. 24.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Armilla

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
ARMILLA (ψέλλιον or ψέλιον). An armlet for men, consisting of three or four massive coils of gold or bronze, so as to cover a considerable portion of the arm (Festus, s. v. Isidor. Orig. xix. 31. 16.), generally worn by the Medes and Persians, and also by the Gauls (Claud. Quadrigar. ap. Gell. ix. 13. 2.) as an ordinary part of their dress, and indication of rank and power. The armlet belonged likewise to the national costume of the early Sabines (Liv. i. 11.); and was frequently given as a reward of valour to the Roman soldier who had distinguished himself, to be preserved as a record, or worn as a decoration upon solemn occasions. (Liv. x. 44.) The example (Armilla/1.1) here given is from a bronze original which was discovered in a tomb at Ripatransona upon the arm of a skeleton.
2. (ἀμφίδεα, χλιδών, περικάρπιον). In a more general sense, any circle of gold, or ornamental ring, which females, and, more especially, the women of Greece, wore upon various parts of their persons, round the wrists, on the fleshy part of the arm, or above the ankle, all of which fashions are exemplified in the annexed figure (Armilla/2.1) of Ariadne, from a Pompeian painting. The Greek language had an appropriate term for each of these ornaments; but the Latin, which is not equally copious, includes all under the same name. (Plaut. Men. iii. 3. 3. Pet. Sat. lxvii. 6.) Where they are ascribed to men, as in Pet. Sat. xxxii. 4. and Mart. Ep. xi. 21. 7., it is to ridicule in the first instance the vulgar ostentation of a parvenu, and in the latter to characterise a womanly effeminacy of manner.
3. An iron ring fastened upon the head of a beam, to prevent it from splitting. Vitruv. x. 2. 11.
* Armilla/1.1
* Armilla/2.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Armillum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
ARMILLUM. A vessel for wine, which Varro (ap. Non. s. v. p. 547.) describes as a kind of urceolus, and Festus (s. v.) enumerates amongst the sacrificial vessels. It must, however, have been in very common use, as may be inferred from the proverb anus ad armillum (Lucil. Sat. p. 60. 10. ed. Gerlach. Apul. Met. ix. p. 197.), which is said of persons when they recur to their accustomed tricks or habits, as "old women to their wine cups."
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Arquites

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
ARQUITES. An old form from arquus, instead of arcus; bowmen, for whom the more usual name is SAGITTARII. Festus, s. v.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Artemon

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
AR'TEMON (ἀρτέμων, N. T.). One of the sails on a ship, but which one, or where placed, is extremely doubtful. Isidorus (Orig. xix. 3. 3.) says, that it was used more for the purpose of assisting the steerage of a vessel than for accelerating her speed — dirigendae potius navis causa, quam celeritatis — which would seem to indicate a sail attached to a low mast, slanting over the stern, like that which is frequently used in our fishing boats, and in the small crafts of the Mediterranean, which the sailors there call the trinchetto. This is probably the true interpretation, for it distinguishes the sail by a particular use and locality, entirely distinct from the various other sails of which the position and nature are sufficiently ascertained. Bayfius, however (R. Nav. p. 121.) considers it to be the mainsail, which the Italians of his day called artemone; and Scheffer (Mil. Nav. v. 2.) a topsail hoisted above the mainsail.
2. The principal pulley in a system comprising several others (polyspaston), which was attached to a contrivance for raising heavy weights. Vitruv. x. 2. 9.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Artolaganus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
ARTOLAG'ANUS (ἀρτολάγανον). A very delicate and savoury kind of bread cake, flavoured with wine, milk, oil, and pepper. Athen. iii. 79. Cic. Fam. ix. 20. Plin. H. N. xviii. 27.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Artopta

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
ARTOP'TA (ἀρτόπτη). A mould in which pastry and bread were sometimes baked. Plaut. Aul. ii. 9. 4. Compare Juv. Sat. v. 72., but most of the commentators refer this passage to the person who made this kind of bread. The example (Artopta/1.1) represents two originals from Pompeii of the simplest kind, but others of more elaborate patterns have been found in the same city.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Artopticius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
ARTOPTIC'IUS, sc. panis. A roll, cake, or small loaf of bread baked in a mould. (Plin. H. N. xviii. 27.) The example (Artopticius/1.1) is from an original, which was discovered with several others in a baker's shop at Pompeii, hardened but uninjured by the lapse of so many centuries.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Arula

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
A'RULA. Diminutive of ARA.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Arx

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
ARX (ἀκρόπολις). The fortress or citadel of an ancient town. These were always formed upon the top of a steep hill, or an abrupt and precipitous rock, rising out of the general level of the plain upon which the habitable parts of the city were built. They required, therefore, but little artificial fortification, in addition to the natural difficulties of the site, beyond that of a wall at the top, and of a gate and tower to command the principal access. Many of these citadels are still to be traced in various parts of Greece and Italy, all of which are constructed in the manner described. They are not fortified upon any regular plan, nor have they any precise shape, but merely follow the outline of the summit on which they stand. The illustration (Arx/1.1) here inserted is from a sketch of the Acropolis at Athens, as it now remains, with some columns of the temple of Jupiter Olympius in the plain below, which will serve to convey a general notion of the common appearance of these fortresses. Like the Arx of Rome, it contains the principal temples of the deities who presided over the city, which were placed within the enclosure for the sake of protection.
2. Of the ARX at Rome no positive traces now remain, the site upon which it formerly stood being entirely covered with modern buildings. It occupied, however, the most northern and lofty of the two summits into which the crown of the Capitoline hill was divided, facing toward the Via Flaminia and Mons Esquilinus, and upon the area on which the church of Ara-celi (supposed to be a corruption of Arce) now stands. Niebuhr, Hist. Rom. i. p. 502. transl.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Ascaules

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
ASCAU'LES (ἀσκαύλης). A word coined from the Greek, signifying a bag-piper. (Mart. Epigramm. x. 3. 8.) These men are scarcely to be reckoned amongst the class of professed musicians; for the instrument that they played was peculiar to the peasantry and common people, as is clearly to be inferred from the passage of Martial (l. c.), and from the style and dress of the figure here (Ascaules/1.1) introduced, which is copied from a small bronze figure formerly in the possession of Dr. Middleton, evidently intended to represent a person of the lower classes. The ancient marbles and gems afford other specimens of the same subject.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Ascia

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
AS'CIA. The name given to several different implements employed in separate trades, and for distinct purposes, all of which were classed under the same term, because they possessed a general resemblance in form, or the manner in which they were handled. They are as follows: —
1. (σκέπαρνον). An instrument said to have been invented by Daedalus (Plin. H. N. vii. 57.), of common use amongst all workers in wood, such as carpenters, wheelwrights, shipwrights, &c. (XII. Tab. ap. Cic. Leg. ii. 23. Pet. Sat. 74. 16.), and corresponding in some respects with the adze or addice of our day; but with these important distinctions — that it was used for chopping surfaces placed in an upright, instead of horizontal, position (see the illustration s. ASCIO; had a shorter handle, so as to be used with one hand; and was formed with a bluff head, like a hammer, at one extremity of the blade, whilst the opposite end, which formed the cutting edge, was slightly hollow, and curved over for the convenience of chopping to the hollow side of a piece of wood, or for scooping out flat surfaces, all which characteristics are distinctly shown by the example (Ascia/1.1), which represents two specimens, slightly differing from one another, both copied from sepulchral marbles.
2. (τύκος and τύχος). An instrument of nearly similar form, employed by masons and builders, to which allusion is often made in sepulchral inscriptions. It had a hammer at one end, and a blade, like a bird's bill, at the other (Aristoph. Av. 1138. Schol. ad l.), as seen in the illustration (Ascia/2.1), which is copied from an original found, with several other building implements, at Pompeii.
3. An instrument used by bricklayers for chopping lime and mixing mortar (Vitruv. vii. 7. Pallad. i. 14.), as in the example (Ascia/3.1) from Trajan's Column, which represents part of a figure employed in the process described.
4. A short-handled hoe, used by gardeners, agricultural labourers, &c. for breaking up the ground, excavating earth, and similar purposes. (Pallad. i. 43.) The illustration (Ascia/4.1) is from the Column of Trajan, and resembles both in use and form the zappa, or short hoe of the modern Italian peasant.
* Ascia/1.1
* Ascia/2.1
* Ascia/3.1
* Ascia/4.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Ascio

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
AS'CIO (σκεπαρνίζω). When applied to wood-workers, to chop, form, or fashion with a carpenter's adze (ascia), an operation which the ancients performed with one hand, and upon surfaces placed in an upright position, as shown by the cut (Ascio/1.1), which represents one of the workmen of Daedalus employed in this manner, from a bas-relief of the Villa Albani.
2. When applied to builders, to stir up and mix mortar with a plasterer's hoe, as in the illustration to ASCIA, No. 3.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Ascopera

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
ASCOPE'RA (ἀσκοπήρα). A large bag, or knapsack, made of undressed leather, in which foot-travellers carried their necessaries, as contradistinguished from hippopera, the horseman's saddlebags. (Suet. Nero, 45.) The illustration (Ascopera/1.1) is selected from an ancient fresco painting representing a landscape scene.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Asinarius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
ASINA'RIUS. A farm servant who had the charge of feeding, driving, and tending the asses belonging to the farm. Varro, R. R. i. 18. 1.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Asserculum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
ASSER'CULUM and ASSER'CULUS. Diminutive of Asser; any small pole or stake, and so used for a broom-handle. Cato, R. R. 152. Wood-cut s. AEDITUUS.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Asser

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
ASSER. In general, a small wooden beam, pole or post fixed in or upon anything (Liv. Caes. Tac.); whence the following more special meanings are deduced: —
1. The pole by which a palanquin (lectica) was carried on the shoulders of its bearers. (Suet. Cal. 58. Juv. iii. 245. Id. vii. 132. Mart. ix. 23. 9.) It was entirely separate from the conveyance, and must not be confounded with the shafts (amites), which were permanently affixed to the body of the carriage, or at least only removable upon occasion. The asser was passed under a thong (lorum, struppus) attached to these shafts, like the backband in single harness, and then raised upon the shoulders of the bearers (lecticarii), so that the whole weight of the carriage was suspended upon it. The subjoined engraving (Asser/1.1), which represents a Chinese sedan, from Staunton, will make the matter perfectly clear, in the absence of any known ancient example. It is assumed to coincide with the Roman model, from the light it throws upon the different terms employed in connection with these conveyances, and the simple and natural explanation it affords upon those points which scholars have failed to reconcile; besides that a moment's reflection will convince any one that a sedan could not be carried by six or eight men, as was frequently the case (hexaphoros, octaphoros), by any device so convenient as the one depicted.
2. An iron-headed beam suspended and worked like a ram on board ship, to damage the enemy's rigging. Veget. Mil. iv. 44.
3. Asser falcatus. A long pole, with a sharp and crooked iron head, used in sieges to mow down the garrison on the walls. Liv. xxxviii. 5.
4. Asseres. In architecture, the common rafters of a timber roof, over which the tiles are laid; marked h h in the plan which illustrates the word MATERIATIO. Externally they are represented by the ornaments called dentils DENTICULUS, 2.) in Ionic and Corinthian elevations. Vitruv. iv. 2. 1. and 5.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Assis

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
ASSIS (σανίς). A flat board or plank. Caes. Plin. Columell. Vitruv.
2. A valve in a water pipe, or water-cock, by the turning of which the liquid is drawn off from, or retained in, the pipe. (Vitruv. x. 7. 1.) The example (Assis/2.1) represents an original bronze cock, discovered in the island of Capri; the contrivance for turning the valve is distinctly apparent at the top.