OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Barbatus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
BARBA'TUS (πωγωνίας). Wearing the beard of its natural length, as was frequently practised by the Greeks, until the age of Alexander, and universally by the Romans, until the year B.C. 300 (Plin. H. N. vii. 59. Compare Liv. v. 41. and Cic. Cael. 14.), whence the Latin writers commonly use the word to describe the rude and unpolished manners of the early ages (Cic. Mur. 12. Id. Sext. 8.), when beards were worn like that in the example (Barbatus/1.1) from an engraved gem, supposed to represent Numa Pompilius, from the resemblance it bears to the profile upon some coins which have the name of Numa inscribed upon them.
2. Barbatus bene. Having the beard neatly clipped and trimmed, so as to give it an artificial kind of beauty; a practice which came into fashion amongst the young exquisites towards the latter days of the republic (Cic. Cat. ii. 10.), and was generally adopted by the emperors from the time of Hadrian, as in the annexed bust (Barbatus/2.1) of Antoninus Pius, from an engraved gem.
* Barbatus/1.1
* Barbatus/2.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Barbitos

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
BAR'BITOS and BAR'BITON (βάρβιτος, βάρβιτον, and βαρύμιτον. Jul. Poll. iv. 59.). A stringed instrument belonging to the class of lyres; but which was of a larger size and had thicker strings (Pollux, l. c.), and, therefore, produced louder and fuller notes than the usual instruments of that kind. In other respects, it was played in the same manner as they were, with the fingers and the plectrum, or quill (Claud. Proem. ad Epith. in Nupt. Hon. et Mar. 9. Auson. Epigr. 44.); and thus it may be regarded as an instrument which bore the same analogy to the lyre as our violoncello does to the violin. All these particulars make it highly probable that the figure (Barbitos/1.1) here introduced affords an authentic specimen of the ancient barbitos. It is copied from a Pompeian painting, where it stands by the side of Apollo, resting on a knob, like our bass viol, upon the ground, and reaching as high as half way up the figure.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Barca

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
BAR'CA. A boat employed for discharging a cargo, and transporting it to the shore. When the vessel put to sea, it was shipped on board, and only lowered down again when its services were required. Isidor. Orig. xix. 1. 19. Not. Tir. p. 77.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Bardocucullus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
BARDOCUCUL'LUS. A hood or cowl (cucullus), which, if we might judge from the name, was peculiar to the Bardaei, a people of Illyria (compare Capitol. Pertin. 8.); but Mart. (Ep. i. 54., compare Juv. Sat. iii. 145.) attributes it to the Gauls, and in another passage (Ep. xiv. 128.) he clearly indicates that it was an outer garment worn by the common people of that country, and bearing some sort of resemblance to the Roman paenula. Thus it was probably a cloak of coarse materials, with a hood to it, which covered the whole body, like the one worn by the carter in the annexed engraving (Bardocucullus/1.1), which is copied from a sepulchral bas-relief found at Langres, in France. It has sleeves, which the paenula had not; but there is a slit at the side (just near the right foot), the same as in the paenula, only not so long; and it is precisely these resemblances and discrepancies which account for the juxtaposition of the two words in Martial.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Baris

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
BA'RIS (βᾶρις). A flat-bottomed boat used upon the Nile, for the transport of merchandise, and more especially for conveying a dead body across the river to the place of sepulture, in the funeral procession. (Herod. ii. 96. Diodor. i. 96.) The illustration (Baris/1.1) shows one of these boats with a mummy placed in it, from an Egyptian painting. When Propertius (iii. 11. 44.) applies the name to the war vessels of Antony and Cleopatra, it is to be understood in a sense of extreme irony and contempt.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Bascauda

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
BASCAU'DA. The Welsh "basgawd," and English "basket." These articles of ancient British manufacture were imported, together with their name, into Rome (Mart. Ep. xiv. 99.), where they werer employed amongst the table utensils and held in much esteem. Juv. Sat. xii. 46. Schol. Vet. ad l.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Basilica

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
BASIL'ICA. A spacious public building erected in, or contiguous to the forum or market place, for the merchants and people of business to meet in, as well as for a court of justice; thus answering in many respects to our "Town Hall" and "Exchange." Cic. Verr. ii. 5. 58. Id. Att. ii. 14.
The internal construction of a basilica bore a very close resemblance to most of our old English churches. It consisted of a central nave and two side aisles, divided from it by a row of columns on each side, as shown on the annexed ground-plan (Basilica/1.1) of the Basilica at Pompeii. In this part of the building, the merchants and people of business congregated and transacted their affairs. At the further extremity of the principal nave, a portion was railed off (see the right hand of the preceding cut), like the chancel of a church, or a tribune was thrown out (see the next wood-cut), so as to form a recess apart from the noise and activity of the traffickers in the body of the building; and in these the judges sat, and the council pleaded. The whole of the interior was further surrounded by an upper gallery raised upon the columns which divided the aisles below, as represented in the annexed engraving (Basilica/1.2), which shows a longitudinal section and elevation down the centre of the ancient Basilica at Verona, as restored from its remains by the Count Arnaldi. These upper galleries were mainly intended for the accommodation of spectators and idle loungers; who were thus enabled to watch the proceedings going on without creating confusion, or disturbing the real business below. Vitr. v. 1.
2. After the introduction and establishment of Christianity by Constantine, many of the ancient basilicae were converted by him into places for religious worship, for which purpose their plan of construction was so well adapted; hence, amongst the ecclesiastical writer, after that period, the word is commonly used to designate a church (Sulp. Sev. Hist. Sacr. ii. 33. and 38.). Five of these edifices at Rome still retain their ancient name of basilicae; and moreover, preserve a record of their original purpose, by being kept open, like a court of justice, the whole day, instead of being shut at certain hours, like all the other churches.
* Basilica/1.1
* Basilica/1.2
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Basilicus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
BASIL'ICUS, sc. jactus. The name given to one of the throws on the dice. What combination of numbers was required to turn up the throw is not ascertained; but it was evidently a good cast, from the name, though below the Venus, which was the best of all. Plaut. Curc. ii. 3. 80. Becker, Gallus, p. 393. Transl.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Basternarius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
BASTERNA'RIUS. A slave who drove the mules, which carried a palanquin or basterna. Symm. Ep. vi. 15.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Basterna

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
BASTER'NA. A sort of palanquin, more especially appropriated to the use of females. (Poet. Incert. in Anthol. Lat. Ep. iii. 183.) It was a close carriage (Ammian. xiv. 6. 16.); and was borne by two mules, one before and one behind, each harnessed to a separate pair of shafts. (Pallad. vii. 2. 3.) The whole of this description corresponds so precisely with the annexed drawing (Basterna/1.1), from an old wood-cut of the 15th century, and with similar conveyances still in use in various countries, as to leave no doubt that the ancient basterna was formed upon a similar model.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Batillum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
BATIL'LUM or BATIL'LUS. A small shovel or fire pan, used as a chafing-dish, in which lighted charcoal was carried for the purpose of burning odoriferous herbs and frankincense. (Hor. Sat. i. 5. 36.) The example (Batillum/1.1) is from an original of bronze found at Pompeii.
2. A common shovel, or scoop for removing filth, rubbish, &c.; sometimes made of wood (Varro, R. R. i. 50. 2.), and sometimes of iron. Varro, R. R. iii. 6. 5.
3. A small and flattish pan, or dish, with a handle to it, employed as a crucible for assaying silver. (Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 44.) The example (Batillum/3.1) is copied from a bas-relief found on the Via Appia, the use of which is clearly identified in the original, by the representation of a bag of money beside it.
* Batillum/1.1
* Batillum/3.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Batiola

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
BATI'OLA. A sort of drinking cup of large dimensions and valuable materials; but of which the precise form and capacity are not known. Plaut. Stich. v. 4. 12.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Baxa

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
BAX'A and BAX'EA. A light sort of slipper, or sandal, or shoe, made of fibres, leaves, or willow strips platted together by the Romans (Isidor. Orig. xix. 34. 6. and 13.), and of the palm leaf, or the papyrus, by the Egyptians. (Apul. Met. ii. 39.) They were worn on the Comic stage (Plaut. Men. ii. 3. 40.), and by philosophers who affected simplicity of dress. (Apul. Met. xi. p. 244.) The example (Baxa/1.1) is from an original of papyrus in the Berlin collection. They are sometimes indicated on the feet of Egyptian statues, and many originals have been discovered in the Egyptian tombs; some made with close sides and upper leather, like a shoe; others with a leaf forming a mere strap, like a clog, across the instep; and others, like the specimen here engraved, with a band across the instep, and another smaller leaf in the fore part of the sole, intended to pass the great toe through.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Benna

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
BEN'NA. A Gaulish word, used to designate a four-wheeled cart or carriage made of wicker-work, and capable of holding several persons, as seen in the example (Benna/1.1) copied from the Column of Antoninus. Festus, s. v. Scheffer, Re Vehic. ii. 21. Compare Cato, R. R. 23. 2. where, however, Schneider reads Maena.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Bestiarius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
BESTIA'RIUS (θηριομάχης). One who was trained and hired to fight with wild beasts at the Circensian games, in the Roman amphitheatre, or upon any particular occasion when shows of this nature were exhibited to the people. (Cic. Sext. 64. Id. Q. Fr. ii. 6.) The Bestiarii were distinct from the gladiators, and altogether regarded as an inferior class of combatants (Pet. Sat. 45. 11.); nevertheless, they were at first fully protected, like them, with defensive and offensive armour; viz. a helmet, shield, knife or sword, and defences for the legs; most of which particulars are shown in the illustration (Bestiarius/1.1), forming part of a bas-relief let into the wall of the Palazzo Savelli, now Orsini, at Rome, and which is built upon the ruins of the theatre of Marcellus; at the dedication of which 600 wild beasts were killed, a slaughter commemorated, no doubt, by the bas-relief here introduced. But latterly they became more distinct in their accoutrements and mode of fighting, having no body armour beyond bandages on their legs and arms; and for offensive weapons, carrying only a spear or a sword in one hand, and a piece of coloured cloth, like the Spanish matador, in the other; as shown by the annexed example (Bestiarius/1.2), from a tomb at Pompeii. This custom was first introduced in the reign of Claudius. Plin. H. N. viii. 21.
* Bestiarius/1.1
* Bestiarius/1.2
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Bes

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
BES. Eight-twelfths, or two-thirds of anything; as, for instance, one of the fractional parts of the As; but not used in actual coinage as a piece of money. Varro, L. L. v. 172.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Bibliopola

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
BIBLIOPO'LA (βιβλιοπώλης). A bookseller; whose trade consisted in collecting MSS. (Mart. Ep. iv. 72.); advertising them by catalogues affixed to the outside of his shop (Mart. Ep. i. 118. 11. Hor. Sat. i. 4. 71. Id. A. P. 373.); multiplying copies by the employment of various hands to transcribe them (Mart. Ep. ii. 8. Compare Ep. vii. 11.); and disposing of the same by sale (Plin. Ep. ix. 11.)
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Bibliotheca

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
BIBLIOTHE'CA (βιβλιοθήκη). A library; i. e. the apartment or building in which a collection of books is preserved. (Cic. Fam. vii. 28.) A room fitted up as a library was discovered in one of the houses at Herculaneum, in the year 1753, which contained 1756 MSS. exclusive of many destroyed by the workmen before their value was known. They were arranged in shelves, or presses, round the room, to the height of nearly six feet; and in its centre, there was also an isolated case, formed by a rectangular column, which fronted each way, and was filled in the same manner as the other shelves. Iorio, Officina de' Papiri.
2. A library; i. e. the collection of books contained in a library. Cic. Fam. xiii. 77. Festus, s. v.
3. A book-case, or set of book shelves. Paul. Dig. 30. 1. 41. Ulp. Dig. 32. 3. 52. § 8.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Bibliothecula

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
BIBLIOTHE'CULA. A small library. Symm. Ep. iv. 18.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Biclinium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
BICLIN'IUM. A sofa, or couch, adapted for two persons to recline on at their meals, &c. (Plaut. Bacch. iv. 3. 84. and 117.) It is a hybrid word, half Latin and half Greek, (Quint. i. 5. 68.) The example (Biclinium/1.1) is from a Roman bas-relief.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Bidens

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
BIDENS (δίκελλα, σμινύη). A strong and heavy two-pronged hoe (Ov. Fast. iv. 927), employed in various agricultural purposes; such as, for hoeing up the soil instead of ploughing; for breaking the clods of earth turned up by the plough; for loosening and clearing the earth about the roots of the vine, &c. (Virg. G. ii. 355. 400. Tibull. ii. 3. 6. Columell. iv. 17. 8.) The example (Bidens/1.1) is from an engraved gem, which represents Saturn in the character of an agricultural slave, in allusion to the Saturnalian festival.
2. As an adjective, it is descriptive of things which are formed with two prongs, blades, or teeth; as forfex or ferrum bidens (Virg. Cat. 8. Id. Cir. 213.); a pair of shears (cut of FORFEX); bidens ancora (Plin. vii. 57.), an anchor with a double fluke, for in early times they were only made with a single one. Cut of ANCORA.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Bidental

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
BIDEN'TAL. A small temple or shrine, consecrated by the augurs, and enclosing an altar erected upon any spot which had been struck with lightning (puteal); so called because it was customary to sacrifice a sheep of two years' old (bidens) at such places. (Festus s. v. Hor. A. P. 471. Apul. Deo Socr. p. 677.) The illustration (Bidental/1.1) affords a view of the remains of a bidental at Pompeii. The altar is seen in the centre, and parts of the columns which enclosed it are standing in their places; the roof and superstructure may be easily imagined.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Biforis

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
BIF'ORIS and BIF'ORUS (δίθυρος). Bivalve; applied to windows and doors, to indicate those which open in two leaves, instead of all in one piece, similar to what we call French windows and folding-doors. (Ovid. Pont. iii. 3. 5. Vitruv. iv. 6. 6.) See the illustration to ANTEPAGMENTUM.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Bifrons

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
BIF'RONS (διμέτωκος). Having two fronts or faces looking both ways; a type attributed to Janus, as illustrative of his great sagacity, and emblematic of his knowledge of the past and future, — the known, which, as it were, lies before, and the unknown, which is behind. (Virg. Aen. vii. 180.) Busts of this kind, with the likenesses of different persons turned back to back, were much used by the ancients to ornament their libraries and picture galleries; they were frequently placed on the top of a square pillar at the meeting of cross-roads; and very generally as a termination for the top of a post forming the upright to a garden railing, or other ornamental enclosure; for which purpose an object presenting a front or complete view all round is especially adapted. The illustration (Bifrons/1.1) is from the Capitol at Rome; it presents two female busts, of the same likeness, a rare coincidence; for busts of this kind mostly represent male heads of different persons, very generally philosophers, or of the Indian Bacchus, united with some mythological or other personage.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Bigatus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
BIGA'TUS, sc. nummus, or argentum bigatum. (Liv. xxxiii. 23.) A silver denarius; one of the earliest Roman coins (Liv. xxiii. 15. Tac. Germ. 5.), which bore the device of a biga, or two-horse car, on the reverse (Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 13.), from which it received its name. The example (Bigatus/1.1) is from an original in the British museum, and drawn of the actual size.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Biga

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
BI'GA (συνωρίς). A pair of horses yoked together; which was effected by a cross-bar resting on their withers, like our curricle-bar, as is very plainly shown by the illustration (Biga/1.1), from a Pompeian painting. In this sense the plural, bigae, is generally and most appropriately used. Plin. H. N. vii. 57. Virg. Aen. ii. 272. Catull. lv. 26.
2. In the singular, more accurately, though the plural is also used, a car drawn by a pair of horses; a two-horsed carriage (Suet. Tib. 26. Tac. Hist. i. 86.), and equally applied to a war-car, or racing chariot, which latter is represented by the engraving (Biga/2.1) from a fictile lamp.
* Biga/1.1
* Biga/2.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Bijugis

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
BIJ'UGIS and BIJ'UGUS. The same as BIGA, in both senses.