# Votian/Pronouns
## Pronouns
### Paradigm

Inflection of pronouns and pointers :
| | Interrogative | Interrogative | Distal demonstrative | Distal demonstrative | Proximal demonstrative | Proximal demonstrative | Alternative | Alternative | Indefinite | Indefinite | Negative | Negative | Universal | Universal |
| Adverbs |||||||||||||||
| manner ( instructive ) | kui (ku, ko) | how | nī (nennī, kannī, Eastern Votic dialect: kannīG) | so | | | muitē̮ | elsehow, in another way; (for nothing) | kuilēB | somehow | | | | |
| cause-purpose ( translative ) | mihsi (missi, mihē̮ , minē-peräs̄ , Mati dialect: mi) | why | senē perässä (senperäs̄ ) | therefor | | | muite̮z | otherwise; for no reason, for nothing | misselē Luuditsa dialect | for some reason or other | | | | |
| time ( essive) | ke̮nz (kē̮z, kē̮) | when | sīz (size̮ , siz) | then | nüD (nüttä, Jõgõperä dialect: nüt̄ ; para.iko) | now | muinā | other times - long ago | kē̮zlēB | sometimes | | | | |
| direction ( allative and illative ) | kuhē̮ | where (to) | sinne (Eastern Votic dialect: sinneG) | there (to) | tänne (Eastern Votic dialect: tänneG) | here (to) | muvvaлē̮ (mūvvaлē̮ , Luuditsa dialect: mujā) | elsewhere (to) | kuhē̮lēB | somewhere (to) | | | | |
| location ( adessive and inessive ) | kuza | where | siällä | there | tǟllä (kassenna) | here | muvvaллa | elsewhere | kuzalēB | somewhere | | | | |
| ablative-direction ( ablative and elative ) | kussa | where (from) | siältä | there (from) | tǟltä | here (from) | muvvaлta | elsewhere (from) | kussalēB | somewhere (from) | | | | |
| Numerals |||||||||||||||
| Cardinals |||||||||||||||
| Cardinal numeral ( singular nominative) | mitō ~ mittoma | how many | sitō ~ sittoma | that many | mitō sitō | quite many | | | me̮ni | some | eb ̮ ühsīD | none | je̮ka ~ ke̮ikki | every, all |
| Cardinal numeral ( singular genitive ) | mittomā | how many | sittomā | that many | mittomā sittomā | quite many | | | me̮nē̮ | some | | | | |
| Cardinal numeral ( singular partitive) | me̮nta | how many | sittomā | that many | mittomā sittomā | quite many | | | me̮nta | some | | | | |
| Ordinals |||||||||||||||
| Ordinal numeral ( singular nominative) | me̮ne̮iZ | which | | such | | | | | | | | | | |
| Nouns |||||||||||||||
| Singular |||||||||||||||
| Singular nominative | mi(kä) | what | se | that | kase̮ | this | mū | another, else | mikälēB | something | eb ̮ mikäiD | nothing | ke̮ikki | everything |
| Singular partitive | mitä | what | sitä | that | kasta | this | mūta | another, else | mitälēB | something | eb ̮ mitäiD | nothing | ke̮ikke̮a | everything |
| Singular genitive | minē | what | senē | that | kazē̮ | this | mū | another, else | minelēB | something | eb ̮ miz̆zeiD | nothing | ke̮ikē̮ | everything |
| Singular illative | mihē ~ minēsē | what | sihē | that | kasē̮sē̮ | this | muhū | another, else | mihelēB | something | eb ̮ miheiD | nothing | ke̮ikkē̮(sē̮) | everything |
| Singular inessive | minezä ? | what | senezä ~ sīnä | that | kaze̮za ~ kaze̮nna | this | mūza | another, else | minezälēB ? | something | eb ̮ minezäiD ? | nothing | ke̮ikke̮za | everything |
| Singular elative | minessä | what | senessä ~ sītä | that | kaze̮ssa ~ kaze̮nna | this | mūssa | another, else | minessälēB ? | something | eb ̮ minessäiD ? | nothing | ke̮ike̮ssa | everything |
| Singular allative | millē | what | senelē ~ sille | that | kaze̮лē̮ | this | mūлē̮ | another, else | millelēB ? | something | eb ̮ milleiD ? | nothing | ke̮ike̮лē̮ | everything |
| Singular adessive | millä | what | senellä ~ sillä | that | kaze̮ллa | this | mūллa | another, else | millälēB ? | something | eb ̮ milläiD ? | nothing | ke̮ike̮ллa | everything |
| Singular ablative | miltä | what | seneltä ~ siltä | that | kaze̮лta | this | mūлta | another, else | miltälēB ? | something | eb ̮ miltäiD ? | nothing | ke̮ike̮лta | everything |
| Singular translative | mihsi | what | senessi | that | kaze̮ssi | this | mūssi | another, else | missilēB ? | something | eb ̮ mihseiD ? | nothing | ke̮ike̮ssi | everything |
| Singular comitative | minēkā | what | senēkā | that | kazē̮kā | this | mūkā | another, else | minēkalēB ? | something | eb ̮ minēkaiD ~ eb ̮ miz̆zeit ̮kā ? | nothing | ke̮ikē̮kā | everything |
| Plural |||||||||||||||
| Plural nominative | miD | what | neD | those | kane̮D | these | mūD | another ones | mikälēB | something | eb ̮ mikäiD | nothing | ke̮ikki ? | everything |
| Plural partitive | mitä | what | nītä | those | kane̮ita | these | muita | another ones | mitälēB | something | eb ̮ mitäiD | nothing | ke̮ikkia | everything |
| Plural genitive | minē | what | ninnē | those | kane̮jē | these | mud́d́ē | another ones | minelēB | something | eb ̮ miz̆zeiD | nothing | ke̮ikkī | everything |
| Plural illative | mihē ~ minēsē | what | nīsē ? | those | kane̮isē̮ ? | these | muisē̮ | another ones | mihelēB | something | eb ̮ miheiD | nothing | ke̮ikkīsē̮ ? | everything |
| Plural inessive | minezä ? | what | nīzä | those | kane̮iza | these | muiza | another ones | minezälēB ? | something | eb ̮ minezäiD ? | nothing | ke̮ikkiza ? | everything |
| Plural elative | minessä | what | nīssä | those | kane̮issa | these | muissa | another ones | minessälēB ? | something | eb ̮ minessäiD ? | nothing | ke̮ikkissa ? | everything |
| Plural allative | millē | what | nīlē | those | kane̮iлē̮ | these | muiлē̮ | another ones | millelēB ? | something | eb ̮ milleiD ? | nothing | ke̮ikkiлē̮ ? | everything |
| Plural adessive | millä | what | nīllä | those | kane̮iллa | these | muiллa | another ones | millälēB ? | something | eb ̮ milläiD ? | nothing | ke̮ikkiллa ? | everything |
| Plural ablative | miltä | what | nīltä | those | kane̮iлta | these | muiлta | another ones | miltälēB ? | something | eb ̮ miltäiD ? | nothing | ke̮ikkiлta ? | everything |
| Plural translative | mihsi | what | nīssi | those | kane̮issi | these | muissi | another ones | missilēB ? | something | eb ̮ mihseiD ? | nothing | ke̮ikkissi ? | everything |
| Plural comitative | minēkā | what | ninnēkā ? | those | kane̮ikā ? | these | mud́d́ēkā | another ones | minēkalēB ? | something | eb ̮ minēkaiD ~ eb ̮ miz̆zeit ̮kā ? | nothing | ke̮ikkīkā ? | everything |
| Adjectives |||||||||||||||
| Singular |||||||||||||||
| Singular nominative | miltin | what kind of | seллain | that kind of | kammuga | this kind of | mū (? te̮ize̮̮ллain ) | another kind of | miltinlēB | some kind of | eb ̮ mi·ltineiD ? | no kind of | ke̮ike̮ллain | every kind of |
| Singular partitive | miltissä | what kind of | seллaissa | that kind of | kammugā | this kind of | mūta | another kind of | miltissälēB ? | some kind of | eb ̮ mi·ltissäiD ? | no kind of | ke̮ike̮ллaissa | every kind of |
| Singular genitive | miltizē | what kind of | seллaizē̮ | that kind of | kammugā | this kind of | mū | another kind of | miltizelēB ? | some kind of | eb ̮ mi·ltizeiD ? | no kind of | ke̮ike̮ллaizē̮ | every kind of |
| Singular illative | miltisē(sē) | what kind of | seллaisē̮(sē̮) | that kind of | kammugāsē̮ | this kind of | muhū | another kind of | miltiselēB ? | some kind of | eb ̮ mi·ltiseiD ? | no kind of | ke̮ike̮ллaisē̮(sē̮) ? | every kind of |
| Singular inessive | miltizezä | what kind of | seллaize̮za | that kind of | kammugaza | this kind of | mūza | another kind of | miltizezälēB ? | some kind of | eb ̮ mi·ltizezäiD ? | no kind of | ke̮ike̮ллaize̮za | every kind of |
| Singular elative | miltizessä | what kind of | seллaize̮ssa | that kind of | kammugassa | this kind of | mūssa | another kind of | miltizessälēB ? | some kind of | eb ̮ mi·ltizessäiD ? | no kind of | ke̮ike̮ллaize̮ssa | every kind of |
| Plural |||||||||||||||
| Plural nominative | miltizeD | what kind of | seллaize̮D | that kind of | kammugaD ? | this kind of | mūD | another kind of | miltized ̮ lēB ? | some kind of | eb ̮ mikäiD ? | no kind of | ke̮ike̮ллaize̮D | every kind of |
| Plural partitive | miltisītä | what kind of | seллaisīta | that kind of | kammugia | this kind of | muita | another kind of | miltisītälēB ? | some kind of | eb ̮ mitäiD | no kind of | ke̮ike̮ллaisīta | every kind of |
| Plural genitive | miltisī(jē) | what kind of | seллaisī(jē) | that kind of | kammugiē | this kind of | mud́d́ē | another kind of | miltisilēB ? | some kind of | eb ̮ miz̆zeiD | no kind of | ke̮ike̮ллaisī(jē) | every kind of |
| Plural illative | miltisīsē | what kind of | seллaisīsē̮ ? | that kind of | kammugīsē̮ ? | this kind of | muisē̮ | another kind of | miltisīselēB ? | some kind of | eb ̮ miheiD | no kind of | ke̮ike̮ллaisīsē̮ | every kind of |
| Plural inessive | miltisīzä | what kind of | seллaisīza | that kind of | kammugīza | this kind of | muiza | another kind of | miltisīzä lēB ? | some kind of | eb ̮ minezäiD ? | no kind of | ke̮ike̮ллaisīza | every kind of |
| Plural elative | miltisīssä | what kind of | seллaisīssa | that kind of | kammugīssa | this kind of | muissa | another kind of | miltisīssälēB ? | some kind of | eb ̮ minessäiD ? | no kind of | ke̮ike̮ллaisīssa | every kind of |
* All the forms marked with ? are yet nothing but hypothetical constructions.

### Declension
#### Numerals

mitō sitō - are declined like the XIII Declension: -m stems .
me̮ne̮iZ - is declined like the kūvve̮iZ .
me̮ni - is declined like the X Declension: -e stems .
Cases of me̮ni may be used instead of those of me̮ne̮iZ .
paĺĺo ["many"] - is declined like the III Declension: -o stems .
vähǟ ["few"] - has no cases but instructive .
An adjective vähäin [" scarce "] - may be used instead it and declined like the XII Declension: -nen stems .
je̮ka [" each "] - is not declined.
An adjective je̮kain [" each "] - may be used instead it and declined like the XII Declension: -nen stems .
koko [" whole "] - is not declined.

#### Syntax

* A simple descriptive question may be composed starting a sentence with an interrogative word. Often you may answer with one word or phrase.
** kuhē̮ ke̮rjazit tširvē ? 'Where did you hide the ax?' Luuditsa dialect
** sinne . 'Over there.'
You may answer with more informative words, than the general ones displayed in the table above.
* mitō 'how many' (? <* mitton <* mittom <* mittoma)
** mitō ussa "How many doors?"
** mito entšiä, nī me̮nta end́ē māta, nī me̮nē̮ end́ē mā "How many persons (how many souls can feed themselves on it), so many plots of allotment (so many soul-plots) there are, plots of so many souls." Mati dialect
** mittoma süöjɛä, sittoma luzikkā "How many eaters, so many spoons (are there)." Pummala dialect
** mittomaлta sittomaлta on tšüzüttü "Quite many people were asked." Kattila dialect
** ve̮ttaka sittömǟ silmiä ja mittömǟ miĺĺonia "Take so many eyes and many millions!" Jõgõperä dialect
** me̮nta päivǟ e̮li, sitō päivǟ i ōtte̮li "How many days he spent there, as many days he was waiting."
** me̮ni suv̆vāb jūvva ūsia munnē̮ "Some people like to eat fresh eggs." Mati dialect
** me̮ne̮d bābuškat, tšed jumalā pitiväD, e̮livat ke̮лme̮t päivǟ sǖmättä "Some grannies, who believed in God, did not eat three days." Jõgõperä dialect
** me̮nikkāl̄ pokoinikal̄ me̮nt entšiä idge̮p ǟleltä "Someone, who has passed away, will be mourned aloud by many people." Kattila dialect
** kui me̮ne̮лt virstaлt tuлe̮B "Comes from miles away!" Lempola dialect
** se pū me̮nī satoita vuosīta viez lieb e̮ллu "This tree seems to be laying in water several hundreds of years." Lempola dialect
** tämä e̮li jo kui me̮ne̮z ̮ vē̮raZ "Who knows how many guests had came before her already." Lempola dialect

## Exercises

* 1. Compose questions and answers using the examples of the Syntax chapter.