# Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Infinite Hierarchical Nesting of Matter

This page is an essay by Sergey Fedosin, a Russian physicist and academic, and represents his original research and personal opinions. It should not be taken as representing standard scientific understanding, but is presented here for discussion and review.
note by editor user:Derenek: While this is most definitely not a widely accepted scientific paradigm, it is an excellent example of the difference in the accepted methods of scientific writing and discourse between western scholars and Russian academics. The inclusion of historical, philosophical, and religious importance as integral parts of the theory are considered more acceptable and often found necessary by the typical Russian audience. This lies in stark contrast to the strict separation of disciplines usually found in standard western science literature.

## Introduction

The proposed theory Infinite Hierarchical Nesting of Matter is a cosmological framework that suggests that matter can be divided or reduced infinitely, as opposed to atomism. As such it lies in stark contrast to standard model making it an alternative philosophical, physical and cosmological theory. This concept is based on inductive logic and reaches conclusions about structure of observed universe. Metaphysical schools studying this theory focus on fundamental organizing principles of nature. Initial versions of this theory were known as Discrete Fractal Paradigm, and subsequently Discrete Self-Similar Cosmological Paradigm .

## Core claims of the theory

Discrete Self-Similar Cosmological Paradigm focuses on nature’s fundamental organizing principles and symmetries. It emphasizes nature’s hierarchical organization of systems from smallest observable subatomic particles to largest superclusters of galaxies. It introduces a paradigm which also highlights the theory that nature’s global hierarchy is highly stratified into discrete scales or levels. Some of which we can currently observe, such as Atomic, Stellar, and Galactic Scales. The third primary principle of the paradigm is that cosmological Scales are universally self-similar. Which indicates that for each class of objects or phenomena on any given Scale there is analogous class of objects or phenomenon on every other cosmological Scale. These parallel analogues from different Scales have strongly analogous morphologies, kinematics and dynamics. From a purely physical point of view these similar relations lead to similarity of matter levels and SPФ symmetry, which asserts invariance of physical laws operating on different levels of matter.

### Individual observations and claims

* In this theory there are no elementary particles of matter (see preon, parton, electron, quark, Action/Reaction Theory); instead it claims that matter is infinitely divisible. This claim lies in contrast to the theory of atomism, which assumes existence of units of matter that possess a minimum size.
* Universe consists of an infinite number of enclosed levels of matter. Each level possesses characteristics similar to each preceding level. This leads to a similarity of cosmic systems; including similarity of shapes, sizes, masses, rates of processes, and equations of motion.
* Each level of matter includes carriers with a specific spectrum of sizes and masses. Additionally, matter is self-organized in stable conditions and is under influence of fundamental forces and interactions with objects of different systems.
* Distribution of cosmic objects by levels of matter, which are steps of an infinite hierarchy of cosmic systems, is carried out on the basis of geometric progression.
* The passage of time, in terms of speed of similar events, is much faster at the microlevel and slower at the macrolevel.
* Each type of "elementary" particles (electrons, nucleons, etc.) does not depend on strictly identical mass nor the size of particles.
* Universe is eternal, while carriers of matter are constantly being born and then transformed into carriers of their own and/or other levels. Thus, the theory goes beyond not only atomism, but also Big Bang in cosmology, which limits the history of universe to the moment of its creation.
* Dimensionality of space-time is determined by structure of matter. Time in this theory is a coordinate independent of space, which is a derivative of speed of movement and development of matter. Four-dimensional space-time, consisting of three spatial dimensions and time, is widely used in science. The theory of infinite nesting of matter proves existence of a fifth, scale dimension.
* Action of forces of gravitation and electromagnetism can be explained by a modified Le Sage's theory of gravitation. Objects of different levels of matter generate radiation in form of fluxes of particles and field quanta, which together lead to formation of fundamental forces acting on objects of other levels of matter. It is possible that gravitational field is also a specially ordered electromagnetic field of underlying level of matter and is reduced to action of charged particles of vacuum field, which is the content of electrogravitational vacuum.
* There is a difference between concepts of "quantity of matter" and gravitational mass, implying that under certain conditions, different amount of substance may possess the same gravitational properties. This follows from dependence of gravitational forces on velocity of bodies, and from dependence of gravitational mass of a body on density of substance of this body, which in turn depends on speeds of motion of particles of the body.
* Inertial mass as a measure of inertia on the level of elementary particles is determined by strong gravitation, and at the macro level – standard gravitation, and is a function of amount of interactions of particles of vacuum field with matter. From point of view of field theory, all fields present in physical system contribute to inertial mass of the system.
* Distribution of systems consisting of living beings among cosmic systems have the same laws inherent to systems with non-living matter.

## Historical background
### Quotations of famous philosophers and scientists

* That matter is divisible to infinity was claimed by Aristotle, Descartes, and also Gottfried Leibniz in his monadology.
* Isaac Newton wrote: "Nature is very similar to itself and is very simple, performing all the great movements of celestial bodies with the help of attraction, gravity ... and every small particle motion of these bodies – with the help of other attractive and repulsive forces binding particles."
* In each particle, no matter how small it is, "there are the cities occupied by people, cultivated fields, and the sun, the moon and other stars like ours" – claimed the Greek philosopher Anaxagoras in his work on gomeomeriya in V century BC.
The famous Russian poet Valery Bryusov. said:
    "Perhaps, these electrons
    Are the Worlds, where five continents,
    Arts, knowledge, wars, thrones
    And memory of forty centuries!"

### As Above So Below

Quod est inferius est sicut quod est superius
* This principle first uttered more than two thousand years ago, has been accepted as an axiom by followers of hermetic religious philosophy. From times of late antiquity, the Hermetic traditions began mystery schools from which, in Middle Ages alchemical science and other forerunners of modern mystery schools were born: notable groups being illuminatus, frank-macons, and rosicrucians.
* Many of foremost scientists of Middle Ages and present day have been connected with any of these movements, mainly because these organizations kept to themselves information inaccessible to any other. Hermetic scholars proposed the parallels between microcosm and macrocosm: in a religious sense, this analogy was understood as conformity to God with man created in his image and possessing similar divinity. However in science the statement about structural parallelism can be understood much more widely.
* Modern science increasingly confirms the truth and fundamentality of postulates set out in ancient philosophical texts. In particular, theory about similarity of processes occurring on both macro-and microlevels, is consistent with Hermetic belief. Study of extraordinary people's ideas lead to the same conclusions. Great researchers such as Leonardo da Vinci, possessed an uncanny ability to simultaneously perceive the whole and its parts; the principle of his research play prominently in analysis of and division of phenomena into improbably small components then to their synthesis in new configurations. Da Vinci designed the pyramid schema of mechanics, according to which: All natural forces – which he called the "four forces" – movement, mass, force and collision – are based on the system of the pyramids and follow naturally from one another. This principle of pyramid in which energy gathers and is then lost in a geometrical proportion, has been made a basis of mechanics. Albert Einstein's "Unified Field Theory" was aimed at establishing a correspondence between essence of all physical phenomena in Universe – from space-time up to atom
* On the other hand, inherent metaphorical qualities, in particular, the statement of Hermes about general parallelism, is the primary mode of thinking of pathbreakers and authors of ancient texts. “I wish to know ideas of the God, all rest – is details”, Einstein wrote. The central propositions on which the science is based, this aspiration to accuracy and unambiguity, also appear metaphorical.
This axiom regarding the similarity of all real communication between science, philosophy, and religion lies unchanged.

## Philosophical underpinnings
### Kant and Lambert

In cosmological representations of Immanuel Kant there was a recognition of existence of uncountable sets of star systems which could be united into systems of a higher order. At the same time each star with their planets and satellites forms a system of subordinated order. "The Universe, hence, not only is spatially infinite, but also structurally diverse, as its structure includes space systems of different orders and sizes." Putting forward this position, Kant came nearer to idea about structural infinity of Universe which has received fuller development in cosmological doctrine of contemporary of Kant, German scientist Johann Heinrich Lambert in 1761. Baruch Spinoza was an adherent of Infinite hierarchical model of Universe.

### Fournier D'Albe

Irish scientist Edmund Edward Fournier D'Albe has made the assumption, that hierarchical ladder also extends into matter, in direction of decreasing. According to Fournier D'Albe, a denominator of progression, that is, ratio of linear dimensions of a star and an atom, is expressed by number 10$^{22}$. Fournier D'Alba called the metagalactic level of matter the supra world, and he called the nucleonic level of matter the infra world. For an observer of the supra world, there are its own stars, with the size of metagalaxies, and its own atoms, with the size of the Sun and other stars, and ratio of their sizes is the number 10$^{22}$. Such parity of spatial sizes Fournier D'Albe distributed for time too. One second in our world in opinion of Fournier D'Albe is equivalent to hundreds of trillions of years in infra world, and a second in supra world is equal hundreds trillions of our years. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was familiar with works of Fournier D'Albe.

## Scientific analysis
### Infinite Universes and photometric paradox of Olbers

Model of hierarchical structure of Universe, developed by Carl Ludwig Charlier based on idea of Johann Heinrich Lambert, was used to explain photometric paradox within the framework of classical cosmology. In 1908, Charlier published a theory of structure of Universe, according to which Universe is an infinite set of systems of increasing complexity that are included in each other. In this theory, individual stars form a galaxy of first order, a set of galaxies of first-order forms a galaxy of second-order, and so on to infinity. Based on this idea of structure of Universe, Charlier came to conclusion that in infinite Universe photometric paradox is eliminated if distances between equal systems are sufficiently large compared to their sizes. This leads to a continuous decrease in average density of cosmic matter as we move to higher-order systems. For elimination of paradox it is required, that mass density fall more quickly, than in inverse proportion to a square of distance from observer. Such dependence of density of matter in Metagalaxy is not observed, therefore modern explanation of Olbers paradox is based on other principles (for example, red shift, general relativity and so on). However, the very idea of complex structure of Universe and nesting of systems of different levels remains and develops. Albert Einstein and F. Selety discussed hierarchical model of Charlier in 1922 - 1924 years.

### Fractal cosmology

According to fractal cosmology, distribution of matter in cosmological systems occurs according to a certain law, depending on size of systems, taking into account principle of similarity occurring structures. Benoît Mandelbrot – in order to solve mathematical theorem about infinite hierarchical (recursive) self-similar sets, for description of the given systems creates a new term – fractal. Cosmological and philosophical views of Mandelbrot in historical aspect are well described in his unpublished paper " Two heirs to the Great Chain of Being " and in book of Yurij Baryshev and Pekka Teerikorpi . Baryshev applies fractal cosmological model with fractal dimension D = 2 in order to interpret redshift of galaxies as a result of gravity. This model with the help of dark matter can explain observed large-scale distribution of matter and associate it with background radiation.

## Experimental results

In 1937, Paul Dirac suggested that parameters of large cosmological systems can be connected with parameters of elementary particles with the help of some large coefficients. Hypothesis of large numbers was also considered by Hermann Weyl, Arthur Stanley Eddington, Oskar Klein, Pascual Jordan and others.
Gérard de Vaucouleurs in 1970 used hierarchical model to describe changes in density of galactic systems, depending on their characteristic size. Idea of nesting of matter was also considered by M.A. Markov and D.D. Ivanenko (maximon - hadron - Metagalaxy).
In 1978 Abdus Salam suggested that hadrons could be regarded as microuniverses in de Sitter space, with action of strong gravitation.

## Well known supporters

Hierarchical model of Universe is supported by large group of scientists: from Italy, among which Erasmo Recami, P. Caldirola, P. Castorina; Brazilian scientists W.A. Rodrigues, J.M. Martınez, V. Tonin–Zanchin, Slovak scientist M. Pavsic; A. Neil from U.K./Denmark; Indian scientists P. Ammiraju, K.P. Sinha, C. Sivaram, and others. They view elementary particles as microuniverses inside, and outside such objects like black holes. In this regard, hypothesis of large numbers was again considered.
In addition to application of ideas of general relativity to describe objects in microworld, another trend has emerged: use of quantum approach to predict the most probable orbits of planetary systems of stars. A review of some results is given in the article quantization of parameters of cosmic systems.

## Gaining popularity

In the late 1970s and 1980s, the idea that infinite nesting of matter was not only useful for explaining individual phenomena and making connections between micro and macrocosm, but that it could become a new scientific paradigm became increasingly widespread.
Another name for this paradigm — Discrete Self-Similar Cosmological Paradigm. It implies similarity between infinite numbers of discrete matter levels, and this cosmological paradigm assumes a unified description not only of large cosmological systems (stars, galaxies, metagalaxies, etc.), but also of smallest objects – molecules, atoms, elementary particles, etc. Due to this widespread support, in Russia, the theory of infinite nesting of matter is considered a full fledged theory in systems science and systems theory, which are intended to describe cosmic systems, their origin and evolution.
In presented cosmological paradigm, formal limitation of atomism on theoretical and experimental study of levels of matter that make up elementary particles is completely abolished. Infinite hierarchical nesting of matter claims unacceptability of general theory of relativity to describe entire Universe, and precludes Big Bang as a likely scenario of Universe's development. In addition, study of universal mechanisms of object formation, emergence of fields and forces, their origin and interaction at different levels of matter in infinite Universe is of great importance. An important result of the theory was substantiation of fifth, scale dimension of space-time.
Generalization and systematization of facts accelerated significantly at the beginning of 21st century thanks to artificial satellites, modern observation tools - infrared telescopes and computer analysis of accumulated material, as well as deepening of knowledge in the field of elementary particles. Main attention of the authors listed below was directed to formulation of theory of infinite nesting of matter as an independent and necessary area of research for further progress of science.

## Further research
### Robert L. Oldershaw

Robert L. Oldershaw, independent researcher of college Amherst (Massachusetts, USA) , in a number of works since 1978 developed models of cosmological self-similarity (The Self-Similar Cosmological Model). He has allocated three basic levels of matter – nuclear, star and galactic levels. According to his work, matter is concentrated to the given levels, basically in form of nucleons and stars, and stars also in majority are a part of galaxies. Oldershaw remarks, that overwhelming quantity of matter in space contains in lightest elements – hydrogen and helium, and at the level of stars – in dwarf stars with masses ranging between 0.1 – 0.8 solar masses. Besides this, there are many other examples of similarity:
* Rotation of carriers near each other under action of a force decreasing inversely proportional to square of distance.
* Often observable jets and emissions of matter of identical types form in stars and galactic systems.
* Ratio of sizes of largest atoms to size of nucleon is of the same order as ratio of size of large stellar systems to size of a neutron star.
* Dependencies between spin and mass, between magnetic moment and spin have identical form at nuclear and star systems.
* Rydberg atoms exhibit a relationship between radii and periods of oscillation of electron that is very similar to Kepler's law for planets.
Oldershaw determines coefficients of similarity in mass, size, and time of processes between atomic and stellar systems by comparing the Solar System and Rydberg atom with orbital number n = 168. In this case, hydrogen corresponds to stars with masses of about 0.15 solar masses. Additionally he claims the coefficients of similarity, in size and time are considered equal to each other and have the value of Λ = 5.2∙10$^{17}$, and coefficient of similarity in mass has the form Λ$^D$ = 1.7∙10$^{56}$, where exponent D = 3.174 . As a result of such comparison it begins to be possible to do exact predictions of mass and sizes of stars, galaxies, size of proton, periods of rotation of galaxies, etc. Oldershaw believes that elementary particles should be treated as charged and rotating black holes, whose radius in the first approximation can be estimated from Schwarzschild equation:
    $~R={\frac {2G_{\psi }M}{c^{2}}},$
where $~G_{\psi }$ is gravitation constant, acting on given level of matter, and $~\psi =-1$ for atomic level, $~\psi =0$ for level of stars, $~\psi =+1$ for level of galaxies.
Assuming that strong gravitational constant $~G_{-1}=2{.}18\cdot 10^{28}$ m$^3$•s$^{–2}$•kg$^{–1}$, Oldershaw calculates a matching radius of an electron being 4∙10$^{-19}$ m, and radius of proton 0.81∙10$^{-15}$ m. Stars and galaxies are assumed also to be objects like electrons and protons. In particular, at the level of stars, black holes are attributed to electric charge with value of up to 1.5∙10$^{18}$ C. At the level of galaxies globular clusters of stars correspond to an electron. Galaxies then correspond to proton and the more massive atomic nuclei. To estimate size of globular clusters and galaxies it then becomes necessary to multiply radius of electron and radii of atomic nuclei by the value of Λ$^2$. As can be seen from this comparison, there is no complete parallel, since black holes are only suspected in some globular clusters and galaxies, but do not obscure these objects completely. Therefore, for electron Oldershaw introduces concept of halo consisting of tiny particles that form matter of electron. This halo surrounds centre of electron, just as external stars in globular clusters surround nucleus of the cluster. According to Oldershaw, dark matter should consist of black holes.

### Sergey I. Sukhonos

Sergey I. Sukhonos in a number of works has shown existence of separate material formations located on axis by 13 discrete groups through equal intervals in logarithmic scale. Greatest discovered size belongs to Metagalaxy, the least – to a hypothetical particle called maximon, some twenty orders smaller then nucleon. Metagalaxies, nucleons, and maximons belong to basic levels of matter. Between them, are all known objects whose properties periodically repeat with ratio of sizes about 10$^{22}$. Sukhonos highlights fractal phenomena in nature, and also proves bimodality when objects show supplementary properties: spiral and elliptic galaxies; subdwarfs as primary stars of Galaxy with deficiency of heavy elements, and usual stars of main sequence; external and internal planets; processes of synthesis and division, monocentric and polycentric structures at different levels of matter. For an explanation of specified laws Sukhonos utilizes ideas about fourth, scalar dimension and corresponding interaction, and also wave representations. With the help of “stability wave” scale axis is divided into three major intervals − microinterval, macrointerval and megainterval (the word “micro” here means “small”, not millionths).

### Yun Pyo Jung

Yun Pyo Jung from Korea criticizes theory of Big Bang in connection with logical contradiction – on greater scales nearby space objects never will make more than one orbit near each other because of the constant expansion of Universe, despite of gravitational communication between them. Based on the idea of recursive cosmology, by comparing sizes of galactic nuclei and atomic nuclei, galaxies and atoms, clusters of galaxies and molecules, coefficient of similarity in size is determined, with a value of approximately 10$^{30}$. The same value is deduced for coefficient of similarity in time, connecting duration of similar processes in nuclear and galactic systems.

### Sergey G. Fedosin

Sergey G. Fedosin , the physicist and philosopher from Perm, Russia, mathematically has successfully calculated basic features of the theory, having passed from qualitative conclusions to quantitative results in his monograph on theory of similarity.
Eighteen levels of matter from preons to metagalaxies were divided into basic and intermediate according to their masses and sizes, and similarity ratios were derived between them. The main scales in this range of levels of matter are the level of elementary particles and the level of stars. At these levels there are many of the most stable and long-lived carriers; such as nucleons and neutron stars containing maximum quantity of composite particles and having maximum density of matter and energy. Matter of these carriers is degenerate, so their constituent particles are in quantum states with nearly the same energy, and therefore states of such matter are described by the laws of quantum mechanics. In this case a neutron star contains about Φ = 1.62•10 $^{57}$ nucleons, and by induction it can be assumed that the same quantum particles are contained in nucleon. As a consequence of similarity of the atomic level and the level of stars quantization of parameters of cosmic systems is found.
Determination of coefficients of similarity in mass Φ, in size P, and speed S, through duration of similar processes Π is made by means of hydrogen system. At the level of atoms hydrogen system is a hydrogen atom, and at the level of main-sequence stars − corresponding planetary system consists of a star of minimum mass and a planet as analogue of electron. Degenerate compact stars like white dwarfs and neutron stars possess their own coefficients of similarity, based on ratio comparing parameters of proton. For magnetars as analogues of proton electric charge with value of 5.5∙10$^{18}$ C and magnetic moment of 1.6∙10$^{30}$ J / T are predicted.
Ratio of radius of a neutron star to radius of a proton gives coefficient of similarity of P = 1.4 •10$^{19}$. Total energy of a neutron star without taking into account rest energy is defined by expression E$_s$ = M$_s$C$^2$, where C= 6.8•10$^7$ m/s – characteristic speed of particles of the neutron star, M$_s$ – mass of the star. Similarly for a nucleon total energy E$_n$ = M$_n$c$^2$, where c = 2.9979•10$^8$m/s – speed of light and characteristic speed of particles in matter of nucleon, M$_n$ – mass of nucleon. Ratio of speed C to speed of light c gives coefficient of similarity on speed S = 0.23. Coefficient of similarity on time is Π = P /S = 6.1•10$^{19}$. By calculation it then follows, that processes at the level of nucleon matter proceed in Π time more quickly, than at the level of neutron stars.
By comparing abundance of stars of different masses with abundance of atomic nuclei, discreteness of stellar parameters and one-to-one correspondence between chemical elements and stars are proven. Theory of similarity predicts, that among stars the lightest are stars with mass of 0.056 solar mass. Such stars are now discovered and are called brown dwarfs or L-dwarfs. The Solar System contains as many planets as an oxygen atom contains electrons. In addition, the Sun's mass exceeds mass of lightest stars just as mass of an oxygen atom exceeds mass of a hydrogen atom. The Milky Way Galaxy, together with such galaxies as the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud, form a cluster of galaxies similar in mass ratio to the water molecule H$_2$O. Our Galaxy is significantly more massive than the Magellanic Clouds and plays the same role as oxygen atom in water molecule. Around of the given cluster of three large galaxies are orbiting about 14 dwarf galaxies which can be named galactic analogues of electron. Predicted values of typical parameters of dwarf galaxies were also confirmed, with mass of 4.4 ∙ 10$^6$ solar masses and radius of up to 371 pc.
On both mass axis and size axis, all natural bodies are arranged in discrete groups. Ratio of mass between any of next groups can be seen as the same number. Hence, mass increase of objects occurs on a geometrical progression, the same is true concerning sizes of objects. It allows an observer to compare coefficients of similarity between various levels of matter and by that in advance to predict still more about investigated badly objects. As a consequence, SPФ symmetry is proved between basic levels of matter. An analogue of similar symmetry is CPT symmetry used in quantum field theory.
In addition, Fedosin found a connection between mass and energy of space objects, corresponding to Einstein's formula (mass–energy equivalence), identified stellar constants, such as stellar Planck constant, stellar Dirac constant and stellar Boltzmann constant, calculated angular momentum and radius of the proton as well.
Explanation of red shift in spectra of remote galaxies and cosmic microwave background radiation from the concept of expanding Universe seems inadequate, and invites other explanations. It leads to idea of cosmic red shift and microwave background radiation as a consequence of interaction between photons and previously unknown particles – nuons. At the level of stars analogues of the nuons are white dwarfs, whose number exceeds number of neutron stars. Fedosin shows that overall mass of nuons in Universe of the same order as mass of all the known nucleons. Thus the problem of invisible dark matter may be solved. A question must be raised about need for existence of dark energy. In particular, effect of attenuation of radiation from distant supernovas is considered to be consequence of scattering of photons on the nuons, but not result of dark energy activity.
Fedosin using Le Sage's theory of gravitation based on the notion of gravitons derived formula for Newton's gravity, found energy density and penetrating power of gravitons in matter, and explained the origin of mass and inertia. In a similar way he derived formula for Coulomb force between electric charges, energy density and penetrability of charged particles of vacuum field in matter. Based on parameters of particles of electrogravitational vacuum it was possible to explain principle of operation of a spaceship engine that draws energy from the vacuum.
In order to describe nuclear forces in gravitational model of strong interaction he introduces concept of gravitational torsion field and uses strong gravitation, as constituent parts of strong interaction between elementary particles. Strong gravitational constant which is equal to $~\Gamma =1.514\cdot 10^{29}$ m$^3$•s$^{–2}$•kg$^{–1}$, can be calculated through coefficients of similarity between atomic and stellar systems.
Idea of infinite nesting of matter was basis for construction of substantial electron model and explaining electronic spin. Substantial photon model considers a photon consisting of praons, while neutrinos are assumed to consist of graons. Model of quark quasiparticles shows that quarks can be represented as a combination of two phases of hadronic matter and therefore, they are quasiparticles. In this case, composition of hadrons can be reduced to quarks only for the purpose of formally describing properties of hadrons, and real reason for emergence of idea of quarks is discreteness and quantization of properties of elementary particles and resulting symmetries of their interactions in fundamental fields. In particular, in substantial neutron model and substantial proton model it is found that mass of nucleons is in a narrow range of masses as a consequence of equation of state of hadronic matter and its evolution in field of strong gravitation. Electric charge of proton appears in reactions of weak interaction in neutron matter during beta decay and reaches a maximum when density of zero electromagnetic energy becomes comparable to energy density of strong gravitation. Analysis of electric and magnetic polarizabilities of nucleons shows that they can be understood without invoking the idea of quarks.
In concept of general field it is shown that gravitational and electromagnetic fields, acceleration field, pressure field, dissipation field, fields of strong and weak interactions, and other force fields can be combined into one. General field is universal in the sense that it operates at all levels of matter and allows us to describe equation of motion of any object with the help of one tensor equation. The article shows that cosmological constant must have different values in cosmic space, inside a neutron star and inside a proton. This allows us to solve cosmological constant problem, arising in general theory of relativity in Lambda-CDM model due to significant difference between density of zero vacuum energy and observed value of rest energy density of matter in cosmic space. Metagalaxy, neutron star and proton, considered as relativistic uniform system, turn out to be extreme objects in terms of dependence of their gravitational field on radius.
Study of origin of fundamental gravitational and electromagnetic interactions in articles leads to following picture of disposition of basic levels of matter: level of graons – level of praons – level of nucleons – level of stars – level of supermetagalaxies. Distribution of material objects in Universe is described with the help of scale dimension, which extends over all levels of matter. Due to similarity of matter levels, each basic level of matter consists of objects of underlying basic level of matter. Hence it follows that protons, neutrons, electrons, and all elementary particles consist of neutral and positively charged praons and negatively charged praelectrons. In turn, main components of praons must be graons, in which smaller particles can also be found. This is how principle of nesting of matter is realized and the substance is found that material objects at all levels of matter are built of. This substance is a multicomponent structure consisting of objects of basic levels of matter, which appear to be the most dense and stable due to balance of corresponding fundamental forces. Carriers of the substance are graons, praons, nucleons, neutron stars and other similar objects with highest energy density.
Detailed philosophical analysis of theory of infinite nesting of matter was carried out by Sergey Fedosin in 2003. At each level of matter, characteristic basic carriers and boundary points of measurement are allocated. Transitions from one level of matter to another are carried out according to the law of transition of quantity into quality, when number of carriers in an object exceeds permissible limits of measure typical for a given object. Examples of fractal structures at various spatial levels of matter are given. Due to hierarchical structure of Universe, consisting of similar objects and field particles, repeatability of elements of natural phenomena, unity and integrity of Universe is supported, and symmetry of similarity are realized. Theory of infinite nesting of matter is substantiated by the law of similarity of carriers of different scale levels.
In addition to infinite nesting of physical material objects of different levels, an infinite nesting of living beings is also found. Thus, within autonomous living organisms of one level, from the smallest prions to whales, there are living structures of ever-decreasing sizes and lower scale levels. At the same time, there is interpenetration of living and non-living matter, and a clear correlation between sizes and masses of living carriers and corresponding values of physical objects at different levels of matter. Nesting of living matter in natural systems is manifested as distribution of organisms of different species by scale levels according to masses and sizes, as well as infinite internal nesting of levels of living structures in each individual organism. As an illustration, it is known, that in human body there is so much bacteria that their total mass may be up to 0.2 kilograms.
Infinite nesting of living beings is in agreement with living systems theory of James Grier Miller, which considered many living systems, in order of increasing size, and identifies his subsystems in each. He came to following conclusion: non-random accumulations of matter and energy in physical space-time are organized into interacting, interdependent living subsystems or components. In such complex structures, he identified eight "nested" hierarchical levels, including a cell, organ, organism, group, organization, community, society, and supranational system. Nesting is understood here as the fact that an organ consists of many cells, and an organism - of many organs, etc. In addition to such qualitative conclusions, in the theory of infinite nesting, quantitative patterns are also determined using similarity of matter levels. For example, coefficients of similarity by mass are found, allowing one to estimate critical quantities of living entities that differentiate between different levels of organization of life.

### Tegmark M.

Max Tegmark classifies different types of simultaneously existing universes, depending on their possible properties. Under these universes he understands objects with dimensions close to the size of our Metagalaxy. It is assumed that such neighboring universes are autonomous and independent from each other, and they may have even other physical laws, or other elementary particles and physical constants.

### Leonard N. Plyashkevich, Mira L. Plyashkevich

Leonard N. Plyashkevich and Mira L. Plyashkevich in their work considered basic postulates of a variant of cosmology, as an alternative hypothesis of Big Bang. The authors attempted to identify a unified principle of structure of micro and macrocosm. To achieve this goal, methods of transforming similarity and dimensions of physical quantities are used. Gravitational field is considered in terms of Faraday-Maxwell field. Rejection of the Big Bang hypothesis and interpretation of red shift in spectra of distant galaxies as Doppler effect allows for development of a hierarchical model of Universe. Problem of coexistence of ordinary matter and antimatter is mentioned. The purpose of the work is to demonstrate, without plunging into abyss of metric theories, the right to existence and development a hierarchical model.

### Boris M. Sirotenko (Boris Antsis)

Unified structure of Universe. About similarity micro-and a macrocosm.

### Salzman L.I.

Zaltsman presented system of Universe, published in the book book "Rise of the Worlds" (2003). The system covers the Being of both inert and living matter. The Universe is presented as a dynamic hierarchy of particular Worlds. Daughter structures of inert matter arise from elementary particles of parent structure by means of their gravitational condensation in accordance with the theory of Jeans. It is proved that only approximately half of the particles are involved in condensation. The rest, having a high escape velocity, remain dispersed in space and serve as material for a multitude of potential fields. It is proved that substance of all particular Worlds, starting with microworld, acquires properties of superfluidity, superconductivity, etc. The macroworld is considered to be the last in already existing hierarchy. Scale constants are given that connect sizes and masses of particles, as well as energy densities and relaxation times of particular Worlds. It is proved that, despite the infinite number of particular Worlds, all the basic parameters of Universe are finite. Fundamental possibility of existence of life in each particular World is proved, and it is considered why nature needed to create highly intelligent creatures.

### Leonard Malinowski

Leonard Malinowski coined the term Scalativity (or Scale Relativity) to distinguish his approach from the work of French physicist Laurent Nottale and his Scale Relativity. According to Scalativity, there is no absolute level of matter, all levels of matter are relative. An observer measures properties of Universe relative to units of mass, size, and time chosen by him, which may be taken by others and are therefore relative.
In Scalativity currently observable Universe and all its contents such as particles (proton, neutron, electron, photon, neutrino), cosmic objects (galaxies, stars, planets and so on ) and electric field lines, are all presented as completely fractal. A truly Fractal Universe must incorporate infinity completely into Physics as well as Scale Relativity, with understanding that there must exist self-similarity between levels of matter. It is supposed that neutron is composed of 1.2 x 10$^{57}$ subquantum scale (sqs) Hydrogen atoms; an electron is composed of 1.2 x 10$^{52}$ sqs-Iron atoms with an excess of 2.1 x 10$^{40}$ sqs-electrons and a photon is composed of 4.5 x 10$^{80}$ sqs-photons.
It is supposed that vast majority of stars are cosmic scale nuclei in the process of cosmic scale (cs) beta decay. The sum of electromagnetic and neutrino radiation emitted by a star over its life time is one cs-antineutrino. Our Solar System is may be a cs-neutron in the process of cs-beta decay. The iron/nickel cores of planets are expected to form one cs-electron of mass 1.084 x 10$^{27}$ kg. After decay the Sun will be left with 2.1 x 10$^{40}$ positive ions on its surface. The 2.1 x 10$^{40}$ ionized electrons will adhere to the cs-electron. The mass of mostly stable cosmic scale nuclei should range from 1 solar mass to 238 solar masses.
According to Malinowski, Big Bang Universe is fractally self-similar to a cosmic scale 500 Megaton Uranium 235 fission explosion. Spiral galaxies are self-similar to nuclear explosion particles forming and Elliptical galaxies are self-similar to drops of water in nuclear cloud capturing many cs-neutrons.
With just two postulates, that the pre-solar system mass is mass of a cosmic scale neutron and that a cosmic scale neutron is composed of 100% Hydrogen atoms, Scalativity can calculate fractal chemical compositions and binding energies of all nuclei. It is fascinating that to obtain mass of the very stable nuclei Iron 56 by this method, one must fuse all the quantum scale Hydrogen and quantum scale Helium available in 56 separate protons and neutrons completely to 100% qs-Iron 56. There are many other quantum scale - cosmic scale self-similarities identified at www.scalativity.com.

### José Díez Faixat

In several of his works José Díez Faixat reveals existence of a very precise spiral rhythm in emergence of evolutionary leaps that mark the history of universe.
Fitting his ‘periodic table’ of rhythms to date of appearance of matter – Big Bang– and of organic life, he find that every single instant of emergence of successive taxonomic degrees of human phylogeny is marked out with absolute precision: Kingdom: animal, Phylum: chordata, Class: mammal, Order: primate, Superfamily: hominoid, Family: hominid and Genus: homo. The same then occurs with all the stages of maturation of our primitive ancestors: H. habilis, H. erectus, archaic H. sapiens, H. sapiens and H. sapiens sapiens. Once more, precision of the hypothesis is repeated in successive transformations that humanity has experienced in its more recent history: the Neolithic, Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Modern Age and the emergent Postmodern Age. The ‘periodic table’ of rhythms may also provide the key to glimpse the successive phases yet to be deployed in the years to come in an ever-accelerating process that will eventually lead to a moment of infinite creativity –Omega– within a couple of centuries.
This same hypothesis, which accurately describes the processes of global evolution, also accurately describes development of an individual human being. Again, the same models of unfolding and folding are used, passing through the same phases of development. At the same time, the ‘periodic table’ of rhythms marks, step by step, the nodal points of embryology. This confirms the old idea of phylogenetic and ontological parallelism, supported by many psychologists and various scientists, and gives an example of a fractal and holographic universe.

## Cosmology of Raël

Raelian cosmology is based on similar cosmological sights at the structure of Universe.

## Theory in pop culture

* YouTube|cNV9FEKi9FQ|Intro to cartoon serial Simpsons – The Ziff Who Came to Dinner. The episode the first time is shown 14.03.2004 (to the 125 anniversary from the date of Albert Einstein's birth).
* The ending of film of Steven Spielberg " War of the worlds " (War of the worlds, 2005) – http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0407304/
* Song Moby – We are all made of stars, 2002
* The Dark Tower – a series of novels of Stephen King
* Final in film " People in black " (1997) / Men In Black – one of the best screen versions of given article.