OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Programming Fundamentals/Files/Swift
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Swift compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* paiza.IO
* repl.it
* Online Swift Playground

## See Also

* Apple: Swift Programming Language
# Programming Fundamentals/Functions/C
## Try It

Copy
* CodeChef
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* InterviewBit
* paiza.IO
* PythonTutor
* repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Wikibooks: C Programming
# Programming Fundamentals/Files/Pseudocode
## See Also

* Pseudocode
# Programming Fundamentals/Files/VB.NET
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own VB.NET compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* paiza.IO
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Wikibooks: Visual Basic .NET
# Programming Fundamentals/Functions/BASIC
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own BASIC compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* repl.it

## See Also

* Wikibooks: BASIC Programming
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/Paraesthesia

( To subpage for editing >> )
Parasthesia
Sensations arising spontaneously in a limb or other part of the body, e,g."pins and needles" or fluctuations of warmth or coldness.
The following references are relevant:-
Fuentes et al (2010) Restoration of locomotive function in Parkinson’s disease by spinal cord stimulation: mechanistic approach
Varanese et al(2010) Treatment of Advanced Parkinson's Disease
Ahlskog (2010) Seniors with Parkinson's Disease: Initial Medical Treatment
Further Research
References
* ↑ Fuentes, Romulo; Petersson, Per and Peterson, Miguel (2010) Full TextEur. J. Neurosci. 32 (7) 1100 –1 108. Restoration of locomotive function in Parkinson’s disease by spinal cord stimulation: mechanistic approach http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2998915/
* ↑ Varanese et al ,Sara: Birnbaum, Zoe; Rossi, Roger and Di Rocco, Alessandro (2010) Full TextParkinsons Dis. 2010: 480260. Treatment of Advanced Parkinson's Diseasehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3238088/
* ↑ Ahlskog, J. Eric (2010) Full TextJ. Clin. Neurol. 6 (4) 159 – 166.Seniors with Parkinson's Disease: Initial Medical Treatmenthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3024520/
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/Phantosmia

( To subpage for editing >> )
Phantosmia
Hallucinatory smells.
The following references are relevant:-
Hirsch (2008) Parkinsonism: the hyposmia and phantosmia connection.
Landis and Burkhard (2008) Phantosmias and Parkinson disease.
Aiello and Hirsch (2013) Phantosmia as a meteorological forecaster.
Further Research
References
* ↑ Hirsch A. (2008) Full text Parkinsonism: the hyposmia and phantosmia connection. http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1033344
* ↑ Landis, B. N. and Burkhard, P. R. (2008) Abstract Arch Neurol. 2001237 - 1239. doi: Phantosmias and Parkinson disease. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18779429
* ↑ Aiello, S.R. and Hirsch, A.R. (2013) Abstract Int. J. Biometeorol. 2013 Mar 1. [Epub ahead of print]Phantosmia as a meteorological forecaster. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23456373
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/Requip

( To subpage for editing >> )
REQUIP ® is a dopmine agonist that widely prescribed for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease symptoms.

## Active ingredients

Ropinirole hydrochloride

## Most common adverse reactions to REQUIP

Nausea
Vomiting
Stomach ache
Drowsiness
Swelling of arms and legs
Burning sensation in stomach if taken with alcohol

## Less common adverse reactions to REQUIP

Lowered blood pressure {leading to Slow pulse; Falls; Orthostatic hyotension; Fainting; Unsteadiness; Dizzines}
Somnolence (Extreme sleepiness)
Sudden sleep episodes {Narcolepsy}
Compulsive behaviour (e.g Sexual or gambling adiction}
If taken with levodopa
Dystonia (Jerky movements))
Hallucination
Confusion

## Further Reading

Position statement by the European Medicines Agency http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Position_statement/2009/12/WC500017653.pdf
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/Paresis

( To subpage for editing >> )

## Paresis

Partial paralysis.
The following references are relevant:-
Chao et al (2007) Surgical Management of Parkinson's Disease: Update and Review
Halett(2011) Psychogenic Parkinsonism
Armstrong et al(2011) Visual Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/Perseveration

( To subpage for editing >> )
Perseveration
Abnormal continuation or repetition of nervous processes.
The following references are relevant:-
Rutledge et al (2009) Dopaminergic Drugs Modulate Learning Rates and Perseveration in Parkinson’s Patients in a Dynamic Foraging Task
Weintraub et al (2012) Alzheimer's disease pattern of brain atrophy predicts cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease
Pagonabarraga et al (2013) Pattern of Regional Cortical Thinning Associated with Cognitive Deterioration in Parkinson’s Disease
Further Research
References
* ↑ Rutledhe, Robb B.; Lazzaro, Stephanie C.: Lau, Brian; Myers, Catherine E: Gluck, Mark A. and Glincher, Paul (2009) Full TextJ. Neurosci. 29 (48) 15104 – 15114. Dopaminergic Drugs Modulate Learning Rates and Perseveration in Parkinson’s Patients in a Dynamic Foraging Taskhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3376711/
* ↑ Weintraub, Daniel: Dietz, Nicole: Duda, John E.; Wolk, David A.; Doshi, Jimit; Xie, Sharon X.: Davatzikos, Christos, Clark, Christopher M. and Siderowf, Andrew (2012) Full TextBrain 135 (1) 170 – 180 Alzheimer's disease pattern of brain atrophy predicts cognitive decline in Parkinson's diseasehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3316476/
* ↑ Pagonabarraga, Javier; Corcuera-Solano, Idoia; VivesGilabert, Yolanda; Llebaria, Gisela; Garcia-Sanchez, Carmen; Pascual-Sedano, Berta; Delfino, Manuel¨Kulisevsky and Gomez-Anson, Beatriz (2013) Full Text PLoS One. 2013; 8(1): e54980. Pattern of Regional Cortical Thinning Associated with Cognitive Deterioration in Parkinson’s Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3554657 /
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/Propranolol

( To subpage for editing >> )
PROPRANOLOL ® is occasionally prescribed for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease resting tremor. It is one of a group of drugs known as beta blockers.

## Active ingredients

Propranolol hydrochloride

## Inactive ingredients

Contents
Lactose
Manesium stearate
Maize starch
Stearic acid
Hypromellose (E464)
Coating
Polysorbate
Carmoisine (E122)
Titanium dioxide {E171)
Iron oxide - red {E172}
Hypromelose {E464}

## Most common adverse reactions to PROPRANOLOL

Less than 1 in 10 users
Tiredness, fatique
Cold extremities
Sleep disturbance
Slow or irregullar heartbeat
Raynaud's syndrome
Nightmares

## Less common adverse reactions to PROPRANOLOL

Uncommon (Less than 1 in 100 users)
Nausea, Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Rare (Less tha 1 in 1000 users)
Blood cell changes (Nosebleeds, Bruising, Sore throats, Infections)
Worsening of heart failure (Low blood pressure, Fainting on standing, Dizziness, Intermittent claudication)
Dermatological problems (Skin rash,soriasis, Hair loss, Dry flaky skin, red/itchy skin)
Neuroses (Hallucinations, Mood changes, Pinsand needles, Psychoses, Memory loss)
Difficulty in breathing
Dry eyes, Visual disturbances
Not known (cannot be estimated from availble data)
Hyperthyroidism
Changes in blood fats
Changes in kidney function
Changes in blood sugar levels
Fits (seizures)
Worsening of Angina, Headache, Depression, Confusion
Consti[ation
Dy mouth
Conjunctivitis
Changes in sex drive or potency
Joint pain

## Drug interactions

Verapamil or Diltiazem to treat heart disease}
Disopyramide or Quinidine or Amiodarone (to treat irregular heartbeat - arrhythmia)
Ergotamine< derivates (to treat migraine}
Adenaline {epinephrine used to treat anaphylactic shock)
Insulin and other medicines for the treatment of diabetes.
Lidocaine or Propafenine or Flecanide (used to treat irregular heartbeat or as a local anaesthetic}
Indometacin (A Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug- NSAID)
Digitalis glycosdes (such as digoxin, use to treat heart disease}
Chlorpromazine (for mental illness)
Cimetidine (for stomach ulcers)
Alpha blockersor Clonidine or Moxonidine or Methyldopa or Hydralaxine {for high blood pressure)
Monamine oxidase inhibitors or Imipramine or <Fluvoxamine (for depression)
Warfarin (to prevent clotting)
Rizatriptan (for migraine)
Rifampicin (to treat infection)
arbiturates (to combat severe insomnia)
Theophylline (for treating asthma and reversible airways obstruction)
Diuretics (to clear excess water from the body)
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/Propulsive gait

( To subpage for editing >> )
Propulsive gait
When walking, steps become faster and faster with progressively shorter steps that passes from a walking to a running pace
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/Resting Tremor

( To subpage for editing >> )
Resting Tremor
(See Tremor)
# Remedy/Plants/Adoxaceae

Adoxaceae, commonly known as the moschatel family, is a small family of flowering plants in the order Dipsacales, now consisting of five genera and about 150–200 species.

## Sambucus callicarpa

The seeds of Sambucus callicarpa are poisonous and may cause vomiting or diarrhea.

## Sambucus mexicana

In August 1983, a group of 25 people in Monterey County, California, became suddenly ill by ingesting elderberry juice pressed from fresh, uncooked Sambucus mexicana berries, leaves, and stems.
The blue or Mexican elderberry, Sambucus mexicana, is now generally treated as one or two subspecies of Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis and Sambucus nigra subsp. caerulea.

## Sambucus nigra

The density of cyanogenic glycosides is higher in tea made from flowers (or leaves) than from the berries.

## Sambucus palmensis

The various species of Sambucus are commonly called elder or elderberry.
Although the cooked berries (pulp and skin) of most species of Sambucus are edible, the uncooked berries and other parts of plants from this genus are poisonous. Leaves, twigs, branches, seeds, roots, flowers, and berries of Sambucus plants produce cyanogenic glycosides, which have toxic properties. Ingesting a sufficient quantity of cyanogenic glycosides from berry juice, flower tea, or beverages made from fresh leaves, branches, and fruit has been shown to cause adverse events, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and weakness. The density of cyanogenic glycosides is higher in tea made from flowers (or leaves) than from the berries.

## Sambucus peruviana

The leaves, flowers and fruits have medicinal properties; analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, sudorific.

## Viburnum lentago

As suggested by the alternative name sweet viburnum, the fruit is (unlike that of many viburnums) edible.
# Resistor color codes

Color Codes :
| Number | Color | Tolerance |
| 0 | Black | 0% |
| 1 | Brown | ±1% |
| 2 | Red | ±2% |
| 3 | Orange | - |
| 4 | Yellow | - |
| 5 | Green | - |
| 6 | Blue | - |
| 7 | Violet | - |
| 8 | Gray | - |
| 9 | White | - |
| - | Gold | ±5% |
| - | Silver | ±10% |
| - | no band | ±20% |
    For example in this example , value of the resistor is ;
   * 1.Digit = Yellow = 4
   * 2.Digit = Orange = 3
   * Zeros = Red = 10^2
   * Tolerance
   ** Gold = ±5%
   ** Silver = ±10%
   ** No Band = ±20%
    R = (43 * 10^2) ±10% = 4300 ± 10% = 3870 ~ 4730 ohms
Practice:
* What is the resistance?
| red brown blue 21000000 ohms | green yellow yellow 540000 ohms | orange violet brown 370 ohms | green red red 5200 ohms |
Are these correct? Yes.

## External Link

* dot com [/nozomsite/resistor1.htm] - Resistance Color Codes Tutorial With Examples and Calculator.
# Resistance to World War I

This is the first step to chronicling various activities which were developed to resist the First World War

## Wikipedia pages

Clipstone Camp, Nottinghamshire, Demob mutinous riot

## UK Bibliography
### Everyday Resistance

* Ashworth A. E., (1968), 'The Sociology of Trench Warfare 1914-18' A. E. Ashworth The British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Dec., 1968), pp. 407-423

### Mutinies

* Douglas Gill; Gloden Dallas (1985), The Unknown Army, London: Verso, ISBN 0860911063, OCLC 13334508, 0860911063
* Leonard F. Guttridge (January 8, 2002), Mutiny, Berkley Trade, ISBN 9780425183212, OCLC 48083809, 0425183211
* Dave Lamb (1977), Mutinies, 1917-1920, Oxford: Solidarity (Oxford), OCLC 5076029 Online version
* Julian Putkowski (November 1998), British Army Mutineers 1914-1922, Francis Boutle Publishers, ISBN 9780953238828, OCLC 40800254, 0953238822
* Julian Putkowski (1989), The Kinmel Park Camp Riots, Clwyd, Wales: Flintshire Historical Society, ISBN 0951277618, OCLC 60089110, 0951277618
* Rothstein, Andrew (1980), The Soldiers' Strikes of 1919, London: Macmillan Press, ISBN 0333276930, OCLC 6973636, 0333276930

### Executions

* Piet Chielens (2000), Unquiet graves, London: Francis Boutle, ISBN 1903427002, OCLC 44604047, 1903427002
* Gerard Oram (November 1998), Worthless Men, Francis Boutle Pub, ISBN 9780953238835, OCLC 40646642, 0953238830 {{citation}}: Check |author= value (help)
* Oram, G., (2000),"What alternative punishment is there?”: military executions during World War I. PhD thesis, The Open University
* Julian Putkowski (1992), Shot At Dawn, London: L. Cooper, ISBN 0850522951, 0850522951

### Pacifisim/concientious objectors

* Kennedy, Thomas C. (1981), The Hound of Conscience, Fayetteville, Ark: University of Arkansas Press, ISBN 0938626019, OCLC 7170089, 0938626019

### Home Front

* Bernard Waites (1987), A Class Society at War, Leamington Spa: Berg, ISBN 0907582656, OCLC 63926175, 0907582656
* Ken Weller (1985), Don't Be a Soldier, London: Journeyman Press, ISBN 0904526569, OCLC 19513173, 0904526569

## French Bibliography

* Une nouvelle histoire des mutineries de 1917 by Romain Ducoulombier

## Other reading lists

* List of books on military executions in World War I (Wikipedia)
* IV: Disaffection and Dissent in the British Armed Forces
# Resistor Reduction

This is a techniques for dealing with more complex circuit arrangements. Consider this problem: Based on what we have learned in the previous lectures this circuit is solvable. All we have to do is follow the reduction algorithm:
* 1 If any two or more resistors are in series combine them together and then replace it with an equivalent resistance.
* 2 If any two or more resistors are in parallel combine them together and then replace it with an equivalent resistance.
* 3 Continue doing this until you are left with only one resistor.
* 4 Solve for the source current/voltage (whichever is unknown)
* 5 systematically unwrap the circuit solving as you go along.

## First example

Lets go through this example assume we want to know the current through each resistor given that R1=5ohms, R2= 20ohms, R3=20 ohms, and the source is producing 20 volts:
* Step 1 Can not be done because there are no series resistors
* Step 2 Can be done R1 can be combined with R2 to make an effective resistance. R1|R2 is a way of saying R1 in parallel with R2. In this case its is equal to 4 ohms:
* Step 3 Well were not down to one resistor so we start again we combine the series resistors and get a 24 ohm equivalent resistance.
* Step 4 So we know the voltage and the equivalent resistance lets calculate the current. By V=IR we get 5/6 amps.
* step 5 Now we start to expand the circuit
* Since we know the current for the combined resistance and the other resistor is in series we know the current through R3 is equal to 5/6 Amps.
* Step 5 now we unwind the circuit completely and get the final result
* V=IR, V=(5/6)(4)=20/6. So R1's current is equal to 20/6 divided by 5 which is 2/3 amps. And R2 is 20/6 divided by 20 which is equal to 1/6.

## Review

So we see the goal of the technique. We can apply it to any number of circuit problems. Be forewarned this is a hard techniques to master. It is recommend that the student goes through many examples. Remember the basic steps. Combine all the resistors into one resistor. Solve for the current/voltage of that one resistor and then unreduce the circuit solving for each resistor along the way.
# Resonance

In physics, resonance is the tendency of a system to vibrate with increasing amplitudes at some frequencies of excitation. These are known as the system's resonant frequencies (or resonance frequencies).
An example of useful effect of resonant frequency is a guitar string which makes a characteristic noise when it is touched. The noise depends on how thick or slack the string is.
In earthquake engineering, on contrary, any possibility of a resonance is detrimental for the building structure.

## Other pages

* Vibration control
# How things work college course/Python journal

Today I will go through Python as the novice that I am and record my experience.

## Python/Introduction_and_Setup
### I did not get the three dots here

Another important thing to know is that the prompt changes to three periods (...) if you enter in a command with indentations. Overall, you'll need to be careful not to mistake the prompt for actual Python code.
       I didn't get the three dots here. I assume that is not a problem--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 22:59, 2 April 2015 (UTC)

### Confused about my operating system's shell

Before you we go ahead, you should open up the python prompt in your operating system's shell. Simply open up a new shell and type python into it. Congratulations, you now have a working Python interpreter.
       I will have to ask our IT guys about the shell. I am only vaguely aware of DOS commands and never use them.--Guy vandegrift (discuss • contribs) 22:59, 2 April 2015 (UTC)
# How things work college course/Nuclear power quizzes/NUCLEAR POWER PLANT - NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION

1) LEDE-HISTORY 2) NUCLEAR POWER PLANT - NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION
Two quizzes on Nuclear power (Wikipedia permalink). The un-shuffled version of this quiz serves as a good pre-reading activity for the article. For information on how to print out test copies (and other questions) see How to use testbank.
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT - NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION (part 2) Testbanks: ..printable pdf ..mirror ..Quiz extension
# How things work college course/Turing machine quiz

Template:EduV/announcement
This quiz covers Wikipedia's Computer (Wikipedia permalink) and its links: w:Turing machine * w:Busy beaver * w:Halting problem * w:Bombe. For another quiz on this topic, see Computer quiz.
The un-shuffled version of this quiz serves as a good pre-reading activity for the article. For randomized versions of this quiz, use the testbank. For information on how to print out test copies (and other questions) see How to use testbank.

### Turing machine: 2-state 2-symbol busy beaver

The 2-state 2-symbol busy beaver starts with all zeros and proceed as follows:
* If head reads 0 and
** In State A: Print 1. Move head Right. Go to State B.
** In State B: Print 1. Move head Left. Go to State A.
* If head reads 1 and
** In State A: Print 1. Move head Left. Go to State B.
** In State B: Print 1. Move head Right. Go to State H (Halt).
The following table should be made available to students as they take the quiz:
| | A | B |
| 0 | 1RB | 1LA |
| 1 | 1LB | 1RH |
# Special relativity (MIT)
### Class number

This Wikiversity course is a guide for the traditional university course MIT 8.033.

### Mathematical background

To study this material, you will need to understand basic algebra.

### Study hints

The key to understanding special relativity is to master the space-time diagram and think of the metric between the points as a "weird distance." Pretty much any problem in special relativity can be solved by graphing it on a piece of graph paper.
Another fundamental key when dealing with special relativity problems is remembering that when anything moves at high speed with respect to you, all its parts -along the direction of its movement- are in a different time. For example, if a mother gave birth to triplets in a train moving at a very high speed, and each one was sitting in a different rail car, for you (standing outside the train) the one in the last car would be more grown up than the one in the middle car, and this one would be more grown up than the one in the first car. The trick is that what is simultaneous for you isn't simultaneous for them.

### Resources

http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/relatvty.htm
http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/8-033Fall2003/CourseHome/index.htm
Relativity

### Recommended Texts

* Taylor and Wheeler. (1992). Spacetime Physics W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0716723271 - One of the great things about this text is that it uses real problems, ie., it refers the reader to several research papers in reference to the problems given as exercises, and yet the exercises do not need anything more than a basic high school education to solve. An amazing accomplishment.
* Special Relativity text. A good introduction and orientation.
# Spearman's rank correlation coefficient

This statistics resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
Alternate terms: Spearman's rank correlation, Spearman rank-order correlation, Spearman's rank order correlation, Spearman's rho.
Converts data to ranks, then calculates Pearson's product-moment correlation.
# Special number/Exercise

A natural number is called special if it fulfills a specific explicit property. $0$ is special, as the neutral element of the addition, and $1$ is special, as the neutral element of the multiplication. $2$ is the first prime number, $3$ is the smallest odd prime number, $4$ is the first true square number, $5$ is the number of fingers of one hand, $6$ is the smallest number composite of different prime numbers, $7$ is the number of dwarfs in the fairy tale, etc., so these numbers are all special. Does there exist a number which is not special? Does there exist a smallest number which is not special?
# Spatial Epidemiology
## Early Warning and Automated Response System

Early Warning and Automated Response System (EWARS) is a system to support spatial decision support. Spatial pattern of risk and spatial allocation of resources according to risk is a primary objective

## Mathematical Analysis and Processing of spatial Pattern and Processes

For spatial decision support the following basics are recommended for your learning steps:
* Moving Average is used to smooth spatial data. For this learning objective it is necessary to examine the the moving average in discrete and continuous setting and on image processing as a first step.
* (Health Maps and Animation) Analyse how to create a webbased heatmap with Leaflet of OpenLayers for visualize spatial pattern of high risk areas for communicable diseases.

## Learning Task

* (Capacity Building) Learn about international approaches to combine Capacity Building and Open Educational Resource for Global Health. Apply the ideas to Spatial Epidemiology and learning resource in sense of Think globally - act locally!
* (Spatial Risk Map) Analyse the COVID-19 outbreak 2019/20 and check how a spatial risk map can be created by using webbased technology (see COVID-19/Time Series and COVID-19 Data).