OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Building

Building, in architecture, is any human-made structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any continuous occupancy.
Buildings come in a wide amount of shapes and functions, and have been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors, from building materials available, to weather conditions, to land prices, ground conditions, specific uses and aesthetic reasons.
Buildings serve several needs of society – primarily as shelter from weather and as general living space, to provide privacy, to store belongings and to comfortably live and work. A building as a shelter represents a physical division of the human habitat (a place of comfort and safety) and the outside (a place that at times may be harsh and harmful).

## History

The first shelter on Earth constructed by a relatively close ancestor to humans is believed to be built 500,000 years ago by an early ancestor of humans.
# Buffer solutions

When a weak acid and its conjugate base are both present in solution, small amounts of acid or base will result in a smaller pH change than would result if the same amount of acid or base was added to a neutral solution. Thus, a combination of weak acid and conjugate base is said to "buffer" the pH of a solution and so the solution is known as a buffer. For a solution of the weak acid $HA$ and its conjugate base $A^{-}$, addition of base or acid would result in one of the following:
* $HA+B\rightleftharpoons HB^{+}+A^{-}$
* $HA+OH^{-}\rightarrow H_{2}O+A^{-}$
* $A^{-}+H^{+}\rightleftharpoons HA$
Using the example of an $HA/A^{-}$ solution, we have the following equilibrium-constant expression: $K_{a}={\frac {[A^{-}][H^{+}]}{[HA]}}$
Then, through algebraic manipulations, we have: ${\begin{array}{ccl}K_{a}&=&{\frac {[A^{-}][H^{+}]}{[HA]}}\\\log K_{a}&=&\log {\frac {[A^{-}][H^{+}]}{[HA]}}\\\log K_{a}&=&\log[A^{-}][H^{+}]-\log[HA]\\\log K_{a}&=&\log[A^{-}]+\log[H^{+}]-\log[HA]\\-\log[H^{+}]&=&-\log[K_{a}]+\log[A^{-}]-\log[HA]\\pH&=&pK_{a}+\log {\frac {[A^{-}]}{[HA]}}\\\end{array}}$
This equation is known as the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, and it serves as a good way to approximate the pH of a buffer solution. If the $K_{a}$ of the acid is small enough, then the final concentrations of acid and base will be close to the same after equilibrium has been reached, and so using initial concentrations instead of final concentrations in the equation above produces a good approximation.
# Building Automation

* Welcome to the Building Automation Wiki!
This project collects, standardizes and promotes knowledge about Building Automation. It’s intended as a self-learning educational resource for the industry professionals (entering or experienced), as well as a guideline for colleges and universities with Buildings Automation programs, either stand-alone or as part of other disciplines, such as HVAC engineering.
This page is a map of all the learning resources in this project.

## Prerequisites

* Completed high school education is highly recommended.
* However, the breadth of competencies required is pretty wide and people in Building Automation come from many walks of life. The most common ones are electronics, software, HVAC, and security.

## Goals

This project was created to:
* Define the knowledge areas required by Building Automation professionals.
* Define the level of competency in each knowledge area required by different Building Automation professionals
* Using the above, create industry recognized syllabuses for 2 year and 4 year Building Automation Professional programs, as well as programs for complementing other professions, such as HVAC Design Engineering, Building Management, Electronic Security Professionals, and Facility Energy Management.
* Gather references to educational resources so such programs can be easily and consistently implemented by colleges and universities.
* Standardize the building automation industry terminology and common knowledge needed for unambiguous interpretation and consistent implementation of Automation strategies. This would also allow for industry-wide cooperation projects.
* Be a self-learning resource for people from other industries who want to move into building automation.
* Be a structured and up-to-date repository of knowledge for building automation professionals.
As in any other industry, Building Automation professionals, by their function and experience require different depth in each knowledge area. For instance, they can be technicians or engineers; and in each they can be apprentices, regulars, seniors or supervisors; and they can be focused in design, programming, installation, field work, or service.
If you are interested in learning more about or contributing to this project, please see our History, Guidelines and Resources and our Template Page

## Knowledge Areas
### ESSENTIALS

All items are classified as either fundamental , intermediate or advanced .
Items in red text mean the resource hasn't been created yet.
Items in italic mean the resource is not completed yet.
# Buddhist Studies

Welcome to the Wikiversity Department of Buddhist Studies The Department of Buddhist Studies is part of the School of Theology and is a content development project for learning resources related to Buddhist studies. It is not the intent of this department to preach about Buddhism, but embark on a scholarly studies of Buddhism as a subject. Buddha himself had played a role as an exemplar, guide and teacher for those sentient beings who must tread the path themselves, attain spiritual Awakening, and see truth and reality as they are. Here, we focus on critical examination of both the facts and myths, truths and legends, the implications and the philosophy resulting from the spread of Buddhism.
Embarking on a scholarly studies of Buddhism as a subject, requires an open mind. Buddha himself had played a role as an exemplar, guide and teacher for those sentient beings who must tread the path themselves, attain spiritual Awakening, and see truth and reality as they are. Here, we focus on critical examination of both the facts and myths, truths and legends, the implications and the philosophy resulting from the spread of Buddhism.
Ironically, the most important question in the study of Buddhism is whether or not it is accurate to think of Buddhism as a religion. Buddhism is best approached as a systematic social education. As such, the study of Buddhism is very much both about methodology as well as understanding the historical as well as current context. The rich spiritual tradition cannot be ignored. The main themes of Buddhist thought in its many forms, are identified and discussed. The enormous diversity of the spiritual tradition including its classical eastern manifestations are emphasised. Of interest is the recent growth of Buddhism in the West, and how it responds to contemporary needs.
You can begin the learning process at the coordinating page: Buddhism.

## The Department's Vision

The department is not out to write a text book of Buddhist Studies. We focus on writing classes in line with the Vision behind Wikiversity. This course is not simply a replica of information found elsewhere but a framework for our students to explore the web for resources.
Current authors in this department include: DErnestWachter, email:dewnada@icloud.com

## Conversion of Your Credit Hours to Diploma and Degrees

There are currently no plans for the conversion of the accumulated credit hours and grade point average to the appropriate diploma and degrees. Discussion is on-going at this moment (1 July 2005) and a decision is expected to be finalised by end-March 2006. And will be announced in this section.
# Colloquia familiara: a selection/Monitoria paedagogica: Text

Personae
Paedagogus Puer
Pae. Tu mihi videre non in aula natus, sed in caula, adeo moribus es agrestibus. Puerum ingenuum decent ingenui mores. Quoties alloquitur te quispiam, cui debes honorem, compone te in rectum corporis statum, aperi caput. Vultus sit nec tristis, nec torvus, nec impudens, nec protervus, nec instabilis, sed hilari modestia temperatus: oculi verecundi, semper intenti in eum, cui loqueris: iuncti pedes, quietae manus. Nec vacilles alternis tibiis, nec sint gesticulosae manus, nec mordeto labrum, nec scabito caput, nec fodito aures. Vestis item ad decorum componatur, ut totus cultus, vultus, gestus et habitus corporis ingenuam modestiam et verecundam indolem prae se ferat.
Pu. Quid si mediter?
Pae. Fac.
Pu. Siccine satis?
Pae. Nondum.
Pu. Quid si sic?
Pae. Propemodum.
Pu. Quid si sic?
Pae. Hem satis est; isthuc tene, ne sis inepte loquax aut praeceps. Nec vagetur animus interim, sed sis attentus, quid ille dicat. Si quid erit respondendum, id facito paucis ac prudenter, subinde praefatus honorem, nonnunquam et addito cognomento, honoris gratia: atque identidem modice flectas alterum genu, praesertim ubi responsum absolveris. Nec abeas, nisi praefatus veniam, aut ab ipso dimissus. Nunc age, specimen aliquod huius rei nobis praebe. Quantum temporis abfuisti a maternis aedibus?
Pu. Iam sex ferme menses.
Pae. Addendum erat, domine.
Pu. Iam sex ferme menses, domine.
Pae. Non tangeris desiderio matris?
Pu. Nonnunquam sane.
Pae. Cupis eam revisere?
Pu. Cupio, domine, si id pace liceat tua.
Pae. Nunc flectendum erat genu. Bene habet. Sic pergito. Quum loqueris, cave ne praecipites sermonem, aut haesites lingua, aut palato immurmures, sed distincte, clare, articulate consuescito proferre verba tua. Si quem praeteribis natu grandem, magistratum, sacerdotem, doctorem, aut alioqui virum gravem, memento aperire caput, nec pigeat inflectere genu. Itidem facito, quum praeteribis aedem sacram, aut imaginem crucis. In convivio sic te praebebis hilarem, ut semper memineris, quid deceat aetatem tuam: postremus omnium admoveto manum patinae. Si quid datur lautius, recusato modeste: si instabitur, accipe, et age gratias: mox decerpta portiuncula, quod reliquum est, illi reddito, aut alicui proxime accumbenti. Si quis praebibet, hilariter illi bene precator, sed ipse bibito modice. Si non sitis, tamen admoveto cyathum labiis. Arride loquentibus: ipse ne quid loquaris, nisi rogatus. Si quid obscoeni dicetur, ne arride, sed compone vultum, quasi non intelligas. Ne cui obtrectato, ne cui temet anteponito, ne tua iactato, ne aliena despicito. Esto comis, etiam erga tenuis fortunae sodales. Neminem deferto. Ne sis lingua futili. Ita fiet, ut sine invidia laudem invenias, et amicos pares. Si videris, convivium esse prolixius, precatus veniam, ac salutatis convivis, subducito te a mensa. Vide, ut horum memineris.
Pu. Dabitur opera, mi praeceptor. Numquid aliud vis?
Pae. Adito nunc libros tuos.
Pu. Fiet.
# Colloquia familiara: a selection/Salutandi formulae

Five excerpts are presented here:
* In primo congressu
* Bene precandi formulae
* Vale, in digressu
* Alia
* Male valere
A full transcription can also be found at Latin Wikisource.
# Colloquia familiara: a selection/Monitoria paedagogica: Questions about the text

* Name three things the boy is told to do when addressed by someone of high status. What are three things he should not do?
* When the boy is required to speak, what does his teacher say specifically about his diction?
* What is the boy told to do when he passes a church?
* When he is offered food at a party, what should he do?
* Should he stay up late at the party?
* Does the boy live with his parents? How do you know? Where do you think he lives?
* What's your opinion about the teacher? Does he seem like a nice or an unkind person?
* What do you think of the lessons the boy is getting?
* Make up your own dialogue between a grownup and a child, where the grownup is trying to teach the child good manners (be sure to act out the expressions and gestures!)
* Make up your own dialogue between two children, talking about a lesson in manners they just got from their teacher.
# Colloquia familiara: a selection/Vale, in digressu

Valete omnes. Bene vale. Cura, ut quam rectissime valeas. Valetudinem tuam cura diligenter. Iubeo te bene valere. Iam me tempus alio vocat, tu valebis. Valeto quam optime. Vale pancratice aut si mavis athletice. Vale, ut dignus es. Vale ut meritus. In hoc biduum valebis. Si me dimittis, valebis in crastinum. Num quid vis? Est aliud quod me velis? Resp. Nihil, nisi ut prospere valeas. Da operam, ut sis prospera valetudine. Age curam valetudinis tuae. Habe curam salutis tuae. Fac ut proximo congressu te laetum ac nitidum videamus. Iubeo te curare cuticulam. Cura, ut sit mens sana in corpore sano. Da operam, ut totus valeas, tum corpore, tum animo. Resp. Dabitur quidem opera. Valebis tu quoque. Tibi vicissim precor prosperam valetudinem.
# BCP/Helianthus microcephalus/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for Helianthus microcephalus (Woodland Sunflower). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

### Logs
#### 2008 Logs

* (no archived logs yet)
Found the small woods sunflower growing in a woods within walking distance from my house. I did cut a few stalks of the flowers to enjoy inside. They have keep well inside.
Location: East of Indianapolis (Greenfield)
# BCP/Helianthus tuberosus/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for the plant Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem Artichoke). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

##### Recent Logs

* SBJ 11:00, 15 August 2007 (UTC)
* Luai lashire 18:04, 15 August 2007 (UTC)
* --Luai lashire 02:13, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny 13:12, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 02:47, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

##### Archived Logs

(If there are more than 5 signatures under the recent logs heading, move the oldest logs to under this heading (generally leave the 3 most recent).
* (no archived logs yet)
# BCP/Helianthus x laetiflorus/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for Helianthus x laetiflorus (Sunflower). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

### Logs
#### 2008 Logs

* (no archived logs yet)

##### Recent Logs

* SB Johnny-LM 10:38, 14 August 2007 (UTC) (cv. 'Lemon Queen)
* SB Johnny-LM 10:35, 25 August 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:16, 1 September 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 07:20, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:27, 29 July 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny 08:43, 15 August 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny 08:29, 24 September 2008 (UTC)
# BCP/Helianthus salicifolius/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for the plant Helianthus salicifolius (Willow-leaf Sunflower). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

##### Recent Logs

* SBJ 09:08, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

##### Archived Logs

(If there are more than 5 signatures under the recent logs heading, move the oldest logs to under this heading (generally leave the 3 most recent).
* (no archived logs yet)
# BCP/Helianthus microcephalus

Helianthus microcephalus
| Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Helianthus microcephalus (Woodland Sunflower) Identifying Characteristics Habit:Herbaceous forbFlowers:They bear several to many wide, terminal capitula (flower heads), with bright yellow ray florets at the outside and maroon disc florets inside. These flower heads follow the direction of the sun, going from east to west during the day. Flowers are scarcely one inch across.Foliage:Opposite, lanceolate.Growing Conditions:Open woodsLife Cycle: PerennialSimilar Plants:Helianthus divaricatus Found the small woods sunflower growing in a woods within walking distance from my house. I did cut a few stalks of the flowers to enjoy inside. They have keep well inside. Location: East of Indianapolis (Greenfield) (view all logs) |
Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Mid Summer, Late Summer, Early Fall, Mid Fall
Regional data:
Additional images:
# BCP/Helianthus tuberosus

Helianthus tuberosus
| Heads Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem Artichoke) Identifying Characteristics Recent Logs SBJ 11:00, 15 August 2007 (UTC) Luai lashire 18:04, 15 August 2007 (UTC) --Luai lashire 02:13, 23 August 2007 (UTC) --SB_Johnny 13:12, 9 September 2008 (UTC) Jomegat 02:47, 23 October 2009 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data:
Regional data: Southeastern Pennsylvania: (cultivated) August, September
Additional images:
# BCP/Helianthus x laetiflorus

Helianthus x laetiflorus
| Head Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Helianthus x laetiflorus (Sunflower) Identifying Characteristics Habit:erect, clump-forming Recent Logs SB Johnny-LM 10:38, 14 August 2007 (UTC) (cv. 'Lemon Queen) SB Johnny-LM 10:35, 25 August 2007 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 10:16, 1 September 2007 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 07:20, 1 October 2007 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 10:27, 29 July 2008 (UTC) --SB_Johnny 08:43, 15 August 2008 (UTC) --SB_Johnny 08:29, 24 September 2008 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Mid Summer, Late Summer, Early Fall, Mid Fall
Regional data: Southeastern Pennsylvania: (cultivated) July, August, September, October
Additional images:
# BCP/Helianthus divaricatus

Helianthus divaricatus
| Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Helianthus divaricatus (Woodland Sunflower) Identifying Characteristics Habit:Herbaceous forbFlowers:Several to many wide, terminal capitula (flower heads), with bright yellow ray florets at the outside and maroon disc florets inside. Flowers are 5-8 cm across.Foliage:Opposite, lanceolate.Stem:To 2 metersGrowing Conditions:Open woodsLife Cycle: PerennialSimilar Plants:Helianthus microcephalus Recent Logs Jomegat 02:32, 11 July 2010 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Mid Summer, Late Summer, Early Fall, Mid Fall
Regional data: New Hampshire: (native) July, August , September, October
Additional images:
# BCP/Helianthus divaricatus/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for Helianthus divaricatus (Woodland Sunflower). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

### Logs
#### 2008 Logs

* Jomegat 11 July 2008 (from photos)
* Jomegat 2 August 2008 (from photos)
* Jomegat 23 August 2008 (from photos)
* Jomegat 00:27, 30 August 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 21:48, 1 September 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 13:20, 11 September 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 18:09, 7 October 2008 (UTC)

#### 2009 Logs

* Jomegat 23:07, 29 July 2009 (UTC)
* Jomegat 03:49, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

##### Recent Logs

* Jomegat 02:32, 11 July 2010 (UTC)
# BCP/Helianthus salicifolius

Helianthus salicifolius
| Illustration Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Helianthus salicifolius (Willow-leaved sunflower) Identifying Characteristics Recent Logs SBJ 09:08, 16 October 2007 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data:
Regional data: Southeastern Pennsylvania: (cultivated) October
Additional images:
# Assistant teacher program/News
## News

* The Subdivision was founded. --Fasten 22:16, 31 December 2007 (UTC)
* Individual curriculum is now a mandatory course phase. --Fasten 13:22, 17 March 2008 (UTC)
* The Research forum has been added. --Fasten 10:08, 17 April 2008 (UTC)
# Assistant teacher program/Partner school program/Invitation

Topic:Assistant teacher program/header
Wikiversity Topic:Post-information society
The Wikiversity assistant teacher program is looking for partner schools!
The Wikiversity assistant teacher program is a yet unproven program that aims to turn pupils into pedagogues and mentors. Pupils in the grades eight to ten are invited and motivated to progress at their own pace and to qualify as assistant teachers, tutors and mentors in three distinct steps. The program currently includes:
* a teacher's handbook
* an instructors' guide
* a three week preparatory course (work in progress) and
* a book project for the participants
The program offers a public forum and a research forum.
# Assistant teacher program/Further reading

* Basic Search
* Advanced Search
* Search & Browse the Thesaurus
# Assistant teacher program/Forum/Starting a new school
## Starting a new school

People interested in establishing a new school with the Wikiversity assistant teacher program as a relevant component of the school program are welcome to request help or announce their project ideas here. The foundation of international schools can for instance be guided by International Schools Services or the Council of International Schools. The possibilities for the implementation of ideas from the Wikiversity assistant teacher program have, however, in both cases not yet been discussed with these organizations sufficiently.
# Assistant teacher program/Further reading/reviewed

reviewed
# Assistant teacher program/Further reading/unreviewed

unreviewed