OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Music/Software/Lilypond
## Two versions of LylyPond
### Lilypond.org (GNU)]

    This "GNU" version is the stronger of the two, with documentation so well written that users of the weaker and more restricted WMF version can glean useful information:
   * https://lilypond.org/manuals.html
   * Brief introduction to LilyPond
   * Manuals (available in three convenient formats)
    The editor Frescobaldi is essential for this version. For a Windows machine, downloading instructions are available at:
   * lilypond.org/doc/v2.23/Documentation/learning/graphical-setup-under-windows

### Wikimedia Foundation (WMF)

    A restricted version of LilyPond has been installed for use by the Wikimedia Foundation. Two good resources for this version can be found at:
   * Wikipedia:Help:Score
   * Wikisource:Help:Sheet music
[http:// wave convert MIDI
* Bulleted list item
linked page 周哓远【MIDI广告】
    The simple approach to sound used by the WMF version is described at Wikipedia's Help:Score#MIDI_instruments. As shown in the figure to the right, editors have the option of including a tab that not only plays the sound, but also allows readers to modify the playback speed, as well as download a MIDI sound file. The methods described by Wikipedia:Help:Score create what looks like an image from Wikimedia Commons. But it is actually hypertext markup.
    The Lilypond.org (GNU) version is also suitable for WMF editors, provided adjustments are made to the muscore3 editor. These adjustments include changing the ouput format from wave to an muscore xml image.

## Musical instruments available through the MIDI sound option

To hear a MIDI sound file for each of the 128 "instruments" available on LilyPond vist:
* Music/Software/Lilypond/MIDI
This link allows you to play short riffs that samples the sound of these instruments at various tempos and pitches. Stravinsky's riff was deliberately made unmusical, with the last fermata extra long so that the listener can hear both rapid, as well as sustained notes. For example, if the MIDI instrument selection is #"bassoon", the corresponding WMF LilyPond script, score, and audio are:
The purpose of the \cadenzaOn command was to remove all bar lines from the printed score. It has no effect on the tempo. Since three tempos are given for each "instrument", this code had to be written in 384 times, each with small changes in the parameters. The python code that performed this feat is documented at:
* Python/LilyPond

### Modifying the tempo

The tempo of the passages can be changed by replacing the text \set Staff.midiInstrument by \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4 = 40 to obtain:

### Glockenspiel's strange harmonics

I noticed that the glockenspiel plays strange harmonics and subharmonics. In this passage all values of C are half-notes.
    List of subpages
* ↑ I had trouble doing this on my Windows machine. See lilypond.org/doc/v2.23/Documentation/learning/graphical-setup-under-windows and
* ↑ w:special:permalink/1118265754#Hiding_tempo
* ↑ We also replaced the last note by a4 since the slower pace does not need such a long note at the end.
# Part I
## Systems of Linear Equations

* Introduction (pdf)
* Row Reduction (A.pdf, B.pdf)
* Matrices Operations (pdf)
* Elementary Matrix (pdf)
* Determinants (pdf)
* LU Factorization (pdf)

## Vector Spaces (I)

* Euclidean Vector Space (pdf)
* Matrix Transformation (pdf)
* General Vector Space (pdf)
* Fundamental Matrix Spaces (pdf)
* EigenSpaces of a Matrix (pdf)
* Fundamental Spaces Note (H1.pdf)
* Projection Theorem Note (H2.pdf)
q & a (pdf)

## Inner Product Spaces
# Part II
## Systems of Linear Equations

* Solving Systems of Linear Equations (pdf)
* Reduced Row-Echelon Form (pdf)
* Types of Solution Sets
* Homogeneous Systems of Equations
* Nonsingular Matrices

## Vector Spaces

* Vector Spaces
* Subspaces
* Linear Independence
* Spanning Sets
* Bases
* Dimension
* Properties of Dimension

## Representations

go to [ Electrical_&_Computer_Engineering_Studies ]

## External Links

* Paul's Online Math Notes
* First Course in Linear Algebra
# PHP/25 Essential Functions

This is a list of 25 interesting PHP functions that are useful in a variety of situations. Please do not make changes to the actual set of functions without first discussing them on the talk page.

## Function list

Following is the raw list of 25, in alphabetical order:
* ceil
* count
* die
* echo
* empty
* exit
* file_get_contents
* file_put_contents
* getenv
* header
* htmlentities
* include
* ini_set
* isset
* mail
* md5
* mkdir
* phpinfo
* preg_match
* print_r
* rand
* require
* str_replace
* str_len
* trim

## Ceil

float ceil (float value)
Rounds up the supplied float value to the next integer and returns the result.

### Practical applications

Can be used to check if a number divides evenly with another - for example:
$num1 = real line('enter the num1'); $num2 = real line('enter the num2'); $div = $num2 / $num1; if (ceil($div) == $div)
else

## Count

int count (mixed var)
Returns an integer value of the number of elements in the supplied variable - generally an array, as anything else will return 1.

### Practical applications

Handling every element of an array - for example:
Bear in mind that this could be done without count using the foreach case structure anyway.

## Die

void die ([string status])
Terminates the current script execution. If parameter 'status' is specified, also displays 'status' in an error message. Alias for exit.

### Practical applications

Terminating the script if a database connection cannot be opened.
# African Arthropods/Hymenoptera of South Africa
## South African wasps of Subtribe Larrina Latreille, 1810
### Genus Dicranorhina Shuckard, 1840

* Dicranorhina kohli (Brauns, 1899) (South Africa)

### Genus Larra Fabricius, 1793

* Larra extrema Dahlbom, 1845 (South Africa)
* Larra nigripes (Fabricius, 1793) (South Africa)
* Larra outeniqua Arnold, 1923 (South Africa)

### Genus Liris Fabricius, 1804

* Liris wasps hunt crickets
* Liris alaris felinus (Arnold, 1923) (South Africa)
* Liris antaka transvaalensis (Cameron, 1910) (South Africa, Ethiopia)
* Liris aterrimus (Smith, 1856) (South Africa)
* Liris atropos Gribodo, 1894 (Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe)
* Liris bembesianus (Bischoff, 1913) (Namibia, Zimbabwe, [South Africa?])
* Liris ciliatus (Smith, 1856) (South Africa)
* Liris denticulatus (Turner, 1920) (South Africa)
* Liris diabolicus (Smith, 1873) (Kenya, South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo)
* Liris haemorrhoidalis (Fabricius, 1804) (Old World)
* Liris memnonia (Smith, 1856) (South Africa, Afrotropics, Palearctic)
* Liris niger namana (Bischoff, 1913) (South Africa)
* Liris nugax (Kohl, 1894) (South Africa, Ethiopia, Malawi)
* Liris rufoscapus (Cameron, 1905) (South Africa)
* Liris sepulchralis (Gerstaecker in Peters, 1858) (South Africa, Afrotropics)
* Liris solstitialis (Smith, 1856) (Madagascar, South Africa, Tanzania)
* Liris subfasciatus (Walker, 1871) (South Africa, Afrotropics)
* Liris transvaalensis (Cameron, 1910) (South Africa)

## South African Philanthus species (Bee wolves).

There are 17 species in South Africa (Pulawski 2023):
* Philanthus bucephalus
* Philanthus capensis
* Philanthus fuscipennis
* Philanthus histrio
* Philanthus impatiens
* Philanthus loeflingi
* Philanthus major
* Philanthus melanderi
* Philanthus namaqua
* Philanthus natalensis
* Philanthus oraniensis
* Philanthus pilifrons
* Philanthus promontorii
* Philanthus rugosus
* Philanthus strigulosus
* Philanthus triangulum
* Philanthus turneri
All are described in Arnold (1925). However:
* Philanthus major is not in the key - Arnold (1925) merely presents the original description (Kohl, 1891) translated into English.
* Philanthus promontorii - only the male has been described; Arnold (1925) states that it is "closely allied to capensis Dahlb., and probably only a race of that species".
Review and key: Arnold, G. (1925). The Sphegidae of South Africa. Part VI. Annals of the Transvaal Museum, 11(3), 137-175. https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA00411752_704
# African Arthropods/Philanthus

There are 17 species in South Africa (Pulawski 2023):
* Philanthus bucephalus
* Philanthus capensis
* Philanthus fuscipennis
* Philanthus histrio
* Philanthus impatiens
* Philanthus loeflingi
* Philanthus major
* Philanthus melanderi
* Philanthus namaqua
* Philanthus natalensis
* Philanthus oraniensis
* Philanthus pilifrons
* Philanthus promontorii
* Philanthus rugosus
* Philanthus strigulosus
* Philanthus triangulum
* Philanthus triangulum diadema on Sleepy Morning Waltheria indica
* Philanthus triangulum diadema
All are described in Arnold (1925). However:
* Philanthus major is not in the key - Arnold (1925) merely presents the original description (Kohl, 1891) translated into English.
* Philanthus promontorii - only the male has been described; Arnold (1925) states that it is "closely allied to capensis Dahlb., and probably only a race of that species".
Review and key: Arnold, G. (1925). The Sphegidae of South Africa. Part VI. Annals of the Transvaal Museum, 11(3), 137-175. https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA00411752_704
# C programming in plain view
## Part I : C Language

Visit [ C language in plain view ]
* Introduction
* Handling Repetition
* Handling a Big Work
* Handling Series of Data
    - Background
    - Basics
    - Applications
    - Examples
* Handling Various Kinds of Data
* Handling Low Level Operations
* Declarations
* Class Notes
See also https://cprogramex.wordpress.com/

## Part II : C Standard Library

Visit [ C standard library in plain view ]
* Character Processing
* String Processing
* Memory Allocations
* I/O Functions
* Memory Functions (in String Processing)
* Mathematical Functions

## Part III : Compiling & Linking

Visit [ Compiling & linking in plain view ]
* Compiling
* Linking and Loading
* ELF
* Binutil
* Make

## Part IV : Workings of gcc and ld

Visit [ Workings of gcc and ld in plain view ]
* Workings of the GNU Compiler
    - Overview
       Overview
    - Data Processing
       Access, Operators
    - Control
       Conditions, Control
    - Function calls
       Procedure, Recursion
    - Pointer and Aggregate Types
       Arrays, Structures, Alignment, Pointers
    - Integer Arithmetic
       Overview, Carry Flag, Overflow Flag, Examples, Borrow
    - Floating point Arithmetic
* Workings of the GNU Linker
    - Linking Libraries
       Static Linking, Shared Libraries, Dynamic Linking
    - Library Search Path
       Using -L and -l only, Using RPATH
    - Linking Process
       Object Files, Symbols, Relocation, Loading,
       Static Linking, Dynamic Linking, Position Independent Code
    - Example I
       Vector addition, Swapping array elements, Nested functions
    - Examples II
       analysis of static linking, dynamic linking, and PIC

## Part V : Workings of ELF files

Visit [ Workings of ELF files in plain view ]
* Executable and Linkable Format
    - Object Files
    - Program Loading and Dynamic Linking
    - C Library
* ELF Study
    - ELF Relocations
    - Relocation Examples

## Part VI : Assembly Programming

Visit [ Assembly programming in plain view ]
* GAS (GNU Assembler)
* GCC Inline Assembly
* NASM
* ld (Gnu Linker)
    - Linker Script

## Part VII : Debugging & Profiling

Visit [ Debugging & profiling in plain view ]
* Background
* Gnu Debugger
* Profiling
go to [ Electrical_&_Computer_Engineering_Studies ]
# Global Audiology/Europe/Germany

| Home | Africa | Americas | Asia | Europe | Oceania |
| Belgium | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Czech Republic | France | Isle of Man | Italy | Luxembourg | Malta | Norway | Russian Federation |

# History of Audiology

The development of Audiology in Germany as a scientific discipline started in the 19th century. An important milestone was the publication by the German physicist and physician Hermann von Helmholtz entitled "On the sensations of tone as a physiological basis for the theory of music" in 1863. Today, the scientific Audiology is represented by the German Audiological Society (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Audiologie, DGA).

# References

| | Contributor to the original text |
| Ulrich Hoppe | Contributor to the original text |
# Obstetrics and Gynecology/Ectopic Pregnancy

Ectopic Pregnancy is a life-threatening condition characterised by the implantation of an embryo outside the uterine cavity, usually in the fallopian tube.

## Epidemiology

The incidence of ectopic pregnancy is increasing in the UK and currently stands at 1 in 100 pregnancies.
Risk Factors
* Increased maternal age
* Smoking
* Previous tubal surgery
* Prior recurrent spontaneous miscarriages
* Prior surgical termination of pregnancy
* Pelvic inflammatory disease
* Previous use of an intrauterine device
* History of infertility
Prior oral contraception use can reduce the risk of ectopic pregnancy.

## Etiology and Pathogenesis

When the ovum is released by the ovary, it travels along the fallopian tube (where it is fertilized) in the direction of the uterus. The resulting embryo does not reach its destination, however, as it implants into the wall of the fallopian tube. The subsequents trophoblastic proliferation causes erosion and bleeding. Unlike the uterus, the fallopian tube's muscle layer does not undergo hypertrophy, so rupture into the lumen and peritoneal and retroperitoneal cavities occurs.

## Clinical Features

History
* Severe lower abdominal colicky pain
* Vaginal bleeding after a missed period
* Shoulder tip pain
* Dysuria
* Shock
Examination
* Signs of early pregnancy
* Mass on vaginal examination
* Soft, enlarged uterus
* Cervical excitation
* Abdominal tenderness
Investigations
* Pregnancy test and serum β-hCG
* Ultrasound scan - trans-vaginal

## Treatment

Treat these patients as resuscitation patients. Give oxygen and gain IV access. Cross-match blood and request Rhesus status. Surgery is avoided initially using IV methotrexate and hCG monitoring. If the pregnancy continues, surgical intervention is required.
# Computer-aided design

Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of a wide range of computer-based tools that assist engineers, architects and other design professionals in their design activities (Wikipedia).

## Learning

* History, Present and Future
* Software
* Advanced software
* Principles and terminology
* Objects
* Practical lessons
* AutoCAD introduction
* 2D modeling
* 3D modeling
* Engineering drawings
* AutoCAD 2D
* Basics
* Computer Aided Drafting
* BIM
# Polynomial/K/Interpolation/Fact/Proof

We prove the existence and consider first the situation where $b_{j}=0$ for all $j\neq i$ for some fixed $i$. Then
    $(X-a_{1})\cdots (X-a_{i-1})(X-a_{i+1})\cdots (X-a_{n})$
is a polynomial of degree $n-1$, which at the points $a_{1},\ldots ,a_{i-1},a_{i+1},\ldots ,a_{n}$ has value $0$. The polynomial
    ${\frac {b_{i}}{(a_{i}-a_{1})\cdots (a_{i}-a_{i-1})(a_{i}-a_{i+1})\cdots (a_{i}-a_{n})}}(X-a_{1})\cdots (X-a_{i-1})(X-a_{i+1})\cdots (X-a_{n})$
has at these points still a zero, but additionally at $a_{i}$, its value is $b_{i}$. We denote this polynomial by $P_{i}$. Then
    $P=P_{1}+P_{2}+\cdots +P_{n}\,$
is the polynomial looked for, because for the point $a_{i}$, we have
    $P_{j}(a_{i})=0\,$
for $j\neq i$ and $P_{i}(a_{i})=b_{i}$.
The uniqueness follows from fact.
# Electrostatic fields
## A static field

We call a field static field when it does not change with time explicitly. Electric fields due to static or stationary charge distributions are electrostatic fields. For example, if we have a charge held fixed somewhere in the space, it creates an electrostatic field. And when it is moving, it creates an electrodynamic field (the charge distribution changes with time explicitly). But when I have a static current of charges in a wire, it creates an electrostatic field (and later it will be seen that moving charges create magnetic field too) because although the charges are moving, the charge distribution in the space is not changing with time as we have a fixed current.
The idea of static field must not be confused as it is the same always. Sometimes in electrostatics we encounter problems when the charge distribution do change but we wish to study the final theme when everything is static (as example, when we place a small charge near a conducting surface, it creates induced charges on the conducting surface and thus changes the charge distribution; but in study of electrostatics we are concerned about what the ultimate charge distribution or field will be there and not about what was happening when the charge distribution was changing).

## Electric Field

The electric force acting on a charged object can be interpreted as being produced by some property of the space where that object is located. That property of space that leads to forces over the electrostatic charges is called Electric field denoted as E
In mathematical terms, the electric field can be defined precisely in the following way: at any point in space the electric field is a vector ${\vec {E}}$ obtained by dividing the force ${\vec {F}}$ acting on a point charge $q_{0}$ placed in that point, over the value of the charge:
${\vec {E}}={\frac {\vec {F}}{q_{0}}}$
With
    ${\vec {E}}$ Vector Electric field
    $F$ Electric force
    $q_{0}$ Point charge

## Electric Potential

The source of the electric field can be either other electrostatic charges, or a varying magnetic field. If the field is produced by static electric charge distribution, it is called electrostatic field. In that case, it can be shown that it is a conservative field; namely, the path integral of the field between two points is independent of the path. As a consequence, it is possible to define a potential function: the potential in any point of space $(x,y,z)$ is equal to the path integral of the electrostatic field from an arbitrary reference point $P_{0}$ until the point $(x,y,z)$.
$V(x,y,z)=-\int _{P_{0}}^{(x,y,z)}{\vec {E}}\cdot d{\vec {l}}$
Thus, the electrostatic potential (also known as voltage) is a scalar field and it can be proved that the gradient of that scalar field is equal to minus the electrostatic field:
${\vec {E}}=-{\vec {\nabla }}V$
# Linear subspace/Sum and intersection/Dimension/Fact

Let $K$ denote a field, and let $V$ denote a $K$-vector space of finite dimension. Let $U_{1},U_{2}\subseteq V$ denote linear subspaces.
    $\dim _{K}{\left(U_{1}\right)}+\dim _{K}{\left(U_{2}\right)}=\dim _{K}{\left(U_{1}\cap U_{2}\right)}+\dim _{K}{\left(U_{1}+U_{2}\right)}\,.$
# Linear subspace/Sum and intersection/Dimension/Fact/Proof

Let $w_{1},\ldots ,w_{k}$ be a basis of $U_{1}\cap U_{2}$. On one hand, we can extend this basis, according to fact, to a basis $w_{1},\ldots ,w_{k},u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n}$ of $U_{1}$, on the other hand, we can extend it to a basis $w_{1},\ldots ,w_{k},v_{1},\ldots ,v_{m}$ of $U_{2}$. Then
    $w_{1},\ldots ,w_{k},u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n},v_{1},\ldots ,v_{m}$
is a generating system of $U_{1}+U_{2}$. We claim that it is even a basis. To see this, let
    $a_{1}w_{1}+\cdots +a_{k}w_{k}+b_{1}u_{1}+\cdots +b_{n}u_{n}+c_{1}v_{1}+\cdots +c_{m}v_{m}=0\,.$
This implies that the element
    $a_{1}w_{1}+\cdots +a_{k}w_{k}+b_{1}u_{1}+\cdots +b_{n}u_{n}=-c_{1}v_{1}-\cdots -c_{m}v_{m}\,$
belongs to $U_{1}\cap U_{2}$. From this, we get directly $b_{i}=0$ for $i=1,\ldots ,n$, and $c_{j}=0$ for $j=1,\ldots ,m$. From the equation before, we can then infer that also $a_{\ell }=0$ holds for all $\ell$. Hence, we have
linear independence. This gives altogether
    ${\begin{aligned}\dim _{K}{\left(U_{1}\cap U_{2}\right)}+\dim _{K}{\left(U_{1}+U_{2}\right)}&=k+k+n+m\\&=k+n+k+m\\&=\dim _{K}{\left(U_{1}\right)}+\dim _{K}{\left(U_{2}\right)}.\end{aligned}}$
# Linear subspace/Intersection/Dimension estimate/Fact/Proof

Due to fact, we have
    ${\begin{aligned}\dim _{K}{\left(U_{1}\cap U_{2}\right)}&=\dim _{K}{\left(U_{1}\right)}+\dim _{K}{\left(U_{2}\right)}-\dim _{K}{\left(U_{1}+U_{2}\right)}\\&=n-k_{1}+n-k_{2}-\dim _{K}{\left(U_{1}+U_{2}\right)}\\&\geq n-k_{1}+n-k_{2}-n\\&=n-k_{1}-k_{2}.\end{aligned}}$
# Meitei

Meitei is a small group known as a tribe from Manipur State living in northeastern India. They have their language, Gods, lands, lakes, people, many peoples, different types of people from various religions who only want to see the truth, speak, hear, or say as every human brings.
Literally, the word ''Mei" means Fire, and "tei" can be used to mean or describe the poetic nature of the Mei. Usually "tei" is used when something is attached to something in the Meitei Language. Naturally, Most of the Meitei words were poetic in writing or naming things to know the words separately or to feel or memorize the words' meaning of the things in their language.
# The Varanasi Heritage Dossier

The Varanasi Heritage Dossier
Sharing knowledge
and promoting participation for the candidature of the Ghats of Varanasi in the World Heritage list
Preface Summary Identification Justification Description History and Development Management & Conservation Pressures and heritage scenario The Ganga river system: natural and cultural heritage Varanasi: the mosaic of Indian culture
Detailed description of each heritage Site
* Assi Ghat to Pancakota Ghat
* Prabhu Ghat to Kedara Ghat
* Chauki Ghat to Chausatthi Ghat
* Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat
* Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat
* Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat
* Prahalad Ghat to Raj Ghat
* Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Gha
* The Core: Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra
* Other Heritage Property across the Ganga river
_______________
The PIL Public participation for Heritage Conservation and Management - work in progress Varanasi Chronology Varanasi Bibliography
# Bengali Language/Asking Questions

Here are some questions in Bengali:
* What is your name? -> Apnar naam ki? (আপনার নাম কি?)
* How are you? -> Apni kemon achen? (আপনি কেমন আছেন?)
* What time is it? -> Ekhon somoy koto? / Koyta baje? (এখন সময় কত? / কয়টা বাজে?)
* How old are you? -> Apnar boysh koto?/ Koto boysh? (আপনার বয়িস কত? / কত বয়িস?)
# Wikiphilosophers/Goodness

Goodness refers to the quality of being morally right or virtuous. What is goodness? When are you good? Can you not be good even while trying to seek goodness?
Read users' philosophical views below.
* S. Perquin believes that everyone is inherently good, driven subconsciously to strive for their best, and that bad influences or desperate actions do not negate a person's fundamental goodness, fostering a positive perception and understanding of humanity. Read more...
* User:lbeaumont defines the virtue of good at some length, and summarizes it as attaining maximin over Maslow’s needs hierarchy.
# Trade Finance

| Trade Finance | Introduction | M.1 Political and Economic Risk | M.2 Risk Mitigation Techniques | M.3 Commercial Risk | M.4 Payment Methods | M.5 Selecting Payment Methods | M.6 Financial Plan | M.7 Short-term Financing | M.8 Medium- and Long-term Financing |

## Learning Project Introduction

Welcome to Trade Finance. The objectives of this learning project are to help you:
* Evaluate financial risks and methods.
* Select and implement most favorable methods of payment to support global activities and ensure that all related costs are included at the time of quotation.
* Evaluate quantity and source of finance necessary to implement global activities.

## Resource Sections

* Module 1: Political and Economic Risk
* Module 2: Risk Mitigation Techniques
* Module 3: Commercial Risk
* Module 4: Payment Methods
* Module 5: Selecting Payment Methods
* Module 6: Financial Plan
* Module 7: Short-term Financing
* Module 8: Medium- and Long-term Financing

## Resource References

* International Business and the Certified Global Business Professional (MSU Global)
* NASBITE CGBP (National Association of Small Business International Trade Educators- Certified Global Business Professional)

## About this Resource

These resources were developed by MSU Global with funding provided by a U.S. Department of Education, Business in International Education Title VIB grant.