OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nonlinear finite elements/Homework 9
## Problem 1: Total Lagrangian

Consider the tapered two-node element shown in Figure 1. The displacement field in the element is linear.
* Figure 1. Tapered two-noded element.
The reference (initial) cross-sectional area is
    $A_{0}=(1-\xi )~A_{01}+\xi ~A_{02}~.$
Assume that the nominal (engineering) stress is also linear in the element, i.e.,
    $P=(1-\xi )~P_{1}+\xi ~P_{2}~.$
* Using the total Lagrangian formulation, develop expressions for the internal nodal forces.
* What are the internal nodal forces if the reference area and the nominal stress are constant over the element?
* Assume that the body force is constant. Develop expressions for the external nodal forces for that case.
* What are the external nodal forces if the reference area and the nominal stress are constant over the element?
* Develop an expression for the consistent mass matrix for the element.
* Obtain the lumped (diagonal) mass matrix using the row-sum technqiue.
* Obtain the lumped (diagonal) mass matrix using the row-sum technqiue.
* Find the natural frequencies of a single element with consistent mass by solving the eigenvalue problem
    $\mathbf {K} ~\mathbf {u} =\omega ^{2}~\mathbf {M} ~\mathbf {u}$
    with
    $\mathbf {K} ={\cfrac {E(A_{01}+A_{02}}{2l_{0}}}{\begin{bmatrix}1&-1\\-1&1\end{bmatrix}}$
    where $E$ is the Young's modulus and $l_{0}$ is the initial length of the element.

## Problem 2: Updated Lagrangian

Consider the tapered two-node element shown in Figure 1.
The current cross-sectional area is
    $A=(1-\xi )~A_{1}+\xi ~A_{2}~.$
Assume that the Cauchy stress is also linear in the element, i.e.,
    $\sigma =(1-\xi )~\sigma _{1}+\xi ~\sigma _{2}~.$
* Using the updated Lagrangian formulation, develop expressions for the internal nodal forces.
* Assume that the body force is constant.Develop expressions for the external nodal forces for that case.

## Problem 3: Modal Analysis

* Consider the axially loaded bar in problem VM 59 of the ANSYS Verification manual. Assume that the bar is made of Tungsten carbide.
** Find the fundamental natural frequency of the bar.
** Find the first three modal frequencies for a load of 40,000 lbf.
* Consider the stretched circular membrane in problem VM 55 of the ANSYS Verification manual. Assume that the membrane is made of OFHC (Oxygen-free High Conductivity) copper.
** Find the fundamental natural frequency of the bar.
** Find the first five modal frequencies for a load of 10,000 lbf.
# Prejudice/Keywords/Definitions/Words

* Aversive racism
* Categorisation
* Confirmation bias
* Contact hypothesis
* Discontinuity effect
* Discrimination
* Ingroup favouritism
* Ingroup members
* Minimal group effect
* Outgroup homogeneity bias
* Outgroup members
* Prejudice
* Racism
* Realistic conflict theory
* Salience
* Scapegoat theory
* Self-defeating prophecy
* Self-fulfilling prophecy
* Self-serving bias
* Social categorisation
* Stereotype threat
* Stereotypes
* Stigma by association
* Stigmas
* Subtypes
* Superordinate goals
# Prejudice/Keywords/Categories
## Definition

* ABC = Affect (predjudice), Behaviour (discrimination), Cognition (stereotype)

## In-groups and out-groups

* Contact hypothesis
* Discrimination
* In-group favouritism
* Minimal group effect
* Out-group homogeneity bias
* Super-ordinate goals

## Inter-group conflict

* Overcoming prejudice and stereotypes
** Conscious override
** Contact
*** Equal status
*** Positive
*** Outgroup members must be perceived as typical
** Discrimination in reverse
** Motives for overcoming prejudice
*** Internal
*** External
** Superordinate goals

## Stereotypes

* Rationalisation for oppression
* Heuristics

## Theories / Causes

* Confirmation bias
* Competition (Realistic conflict theory (Frustration-aggression))
* Discontinuity effect (groups are more hostile than individuals)
* Heuristics (Cognitive shortcuts / Cognitive miser)
* Ignorance (Contact theory)
* Salience
* Scapegoat theory
* Self-categorisation theory
* Social categorisation
* Social identity theory
* Self-esteem
* Self-fulfilling prophecy
* Self-defeating prophecy / Stereotype threat
* Self-serving bias
* Stress

## Types

* Ageism
* Anti-gay / homophobia
* Ethnocentrism
* Weightism
* Racism
** Aversive racism
* Religious
* Sexism
* Stigma
** Stigma by association
** Types
*** Overweight
*** Mental illness
*** Sickness
*** Poverty
*** Physical blemishes / disability
# Preferential arrangements of set partitions

This article is foremost a supplement to Formulas in predicate logic, because a formula with an n-place predicate is essentially a PA of an n-set together with a Boolean value.
Intuitively a preferential arrangement (PA) of a partition of a set is a ranking of the partition's blocks in a hierarchy (where several blocks may be in the same level of the hierarchy). (As there is no risk of confusion, a PA of a partition of a set is simply called a PA of a set here.)
More abstractly: a PA of the set {1...n} is a partition of {1...n} with k parts, a partition of {1...k} with i parts and a permutation of (1...i)
- or in other terms: a partition of {1...n} with k parts and an ordered partition of {1...k}. (So the PA correspnding to the finest partition 1∣...∣n are simply the ordered partitions of {1...n}.)
In the following illustrations for n=3 and n=4 every combination of a red partition, a green partition over it and a blue permutation left of it is a PA:

## Number of PA

There are  A083355(n) PA of an n-set. The illustrations above indicate two ways to order them by a second property:  A232598(n,k) = S2(n,k) * oB(k) is the number of n-set PA with k blocks.  A233357(n,i) = S2$^2$(n,i) * i! with S2$^2$= A039810 is the number of n-set PA with i levels.
# Preliminary WikiJournal of Business and Economics

This is the WikiJournal of Business and Economics. This journal is meant to publish original research related to educational facets of business and economics.
Research related to ideas involved with business, such as profit can be created and disseminated here. Please keep what is here in line with what might typically be accepted for publication in academic business journals.
| Research questions Can a revenue sharing social media site be used to implement a form of basic income? Can cryptocurrencies be used to implement a basic income for all humans? Where does futurism, business, and economics intersect? In what ways? How? Research ideas Social organizing: In many cities you see that people are collaborating on platforms like Part-up (www.part-up.com). Can we start a journal about social organizing? You could start Preliminary WikiJournal of Progressive Sociology or Preliminary WikiJournal of Community Organizing and Development - College of New Jersey links to PROGRESSIVE SOCIOLOGISTS NETWORK. Seems research, discourse, and writings related to progressive sociology could be something that could fit with in the scope of this site. Community Planning, Organizing & Development can be focused on at University of Chicago. Social media sites, email, and an Internet search engine can potentially function as a way to initiate a basic income. These could integrate with a credit union. Perhaps one can have one account per telephone number. Text messages can be used to verify users potentially. Basic income cryptocurrency (this is most related to economics) Cryptoeconomics | Potential upcoming articles Revenue sharing social media site as form of basic income What might be the Netflix of social media? Netflix does not show advertisements. Can a social media site thrive without showing advertisements? Can a social media site use a freemium model to not show advertisements to paying users? Crowdfunding a method of starting a revenue sharing social media site Should equity crowd funding be utilized? Should a revenue sharing social media site be a benefit corporation, or a pure not for profit organization? Social media sites without advertising Could a social media site take the place of Facebook, Twitter, Reddit, Instagram, and LinkedIn? Could such an organization be a not for profit organization, or a benefit corporation? A not for profit social media site distributing revenue back to users Forming a nonprofit social media site/app that will distribute net advertising profits to charities and users/members - For profit social media companies currently earn large profits for shareholders by monetizing original content from the general public. Does this arrangement fairly benefit all? Can a nonprofit organization serve the business function of providing social media services, while benefiting more of the stakeholders involved? |
# Prejudice/Keywords

These are some prejudice keywords that you are likely to come across in tertiary-level study of social psychology (psychology).

## Keywords

* Keywords alphabetically (with definitions)
* Keywords by category (no definitions)
# Prejudice/Keywords/Definitions

* Aversive racism is simultaneously holding egalitarian values and negative feelings toward minorities.
* Categorisation is the natural tendency of humans to sort objects into groups.
* Confirmation bias is the tendency to focus more on evidence that supports one’s expectations than on evidence that contradicts them.
* Contact hypothesis is regular interaction between members of different groups reduces prejudice, providing that is occurs under favourable conditions.
* Discontinuity effect occurs when groups are more extreme, and often more hostile, than individuals.
* Discrimination is unequal treatment of different people based on the groups or categories to which they belong.
* Ingroup favouritism is preferential treatment of, or more favorable attitudes toward, people in one’s own group.
* Ingroup members are people who belong to the same group or category as we do.
* Minimal group effect occurs when people show favoritism toward ingroup members even when group membership is arbitrary or randomly determined.
* Outgroup homogeneity bias is the assumption that outgroup members are more similar to one another than ingroup members are to one another.
* Outgroup members are people who belong to a different group or category than we do.
* Prejudice is a negative feeling toward an individual based solely on his or her membership in a particular group.
* Racism is prejudiced attitudes toward a particular race.
* Realistic conflict theory occurs when competition over scarce resources leads to intergroup hostility and conflict.
* Salience is being obvious or standing out.
* Scapegoat theory is blaming problems and misfortunes on outgroups contributes to negative attitudes toward these groups.
* Self-defeating prophecy is a prediction that ensures, by the behaviour it generates, that it will not come true.
* Self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that ensures, by the behaviour it generates, that it will come true.
* Self-serving bias is the tendency for people to take credit for success but refuse to blame for problems and failures.
* Social categorisation is the process of sorting people into groups on the basis of characteristics they have in common.
* Stereotype threat is the fear that one might confirm the stereotypes that others hold.
* Stereotypes are beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits.
* Stigma by association is the rejection of those who associate with stigmatised others.
* Stigmas are characteristics of individuals that are considered socially unacceptable (e.g. being overweight, mentally ill, sick, poor, or physically scarred).
* Subtypes are categories that people use for individuals who do not fit a general stereotype.
* Superordinate goals are goals that can be achieved only by cooperating and working with others.
# Prejudice

This psychology resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
Prejudice is a valenced (i.e., can be positive or negative) attitude that is unwarranted (Allport, 1954). Although prejudice is often regarded as morally wrong, sorting members of a social group into a negative category may simply be part of a natural tendency towards social categorisation. (Augoustinos, 1994).

## Contact theory

Allport specified four conditions for optimal intergroup contact:
* equal group status within the situation,
* common goals,
* intergroup cooperation and
* authority support.
Intergroup contact theory suggests that quality contact (i.e., contact that facilitates effective interaction) can reduce negative attitudes by eliciting positive emotions (Pettigrew, 1998).
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses Organized by STEM Category/Biology/Animal Parasitology

Topics
Parasite Distribution
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses Organized by STEM Category/Biology/Aquatic Entomology

Topics
Understanding Populations
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses Organized by STEM Category/Biology/Microbiology

Topics
Chemiosmosis in Eukaryotes
Genetic Engineering Using Bacteria/
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses Organized by STEM Category/Biology/Nutrition

Topics
Enzymes
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses Organized by STEM Category/Chemistry

--Courses--
Chemical Reactions
Electrochemistry
Enviromental Chemistry
Gravity and Atmospheric Pressure
Limiting Reagent: Theoretical Yield
Magic Blue Bottle
Molecular Structure (James Bullard)
Molecular Shapes as Applied to Organic Chemistry (Hari D. Mandal)
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses Organized by STEM Category/Biology/Botany

Topics
Nutrient Transport, Cycling and Storage
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses Organized by STEM Category/Biology/Microbiology/Genetic Engineering Using Bacteria

Topics
Biotechnology
Chemiosmosis in Eukaryotes
Genetic Engineering Using Bacteria
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses Organized by STEM Category/Biology/Comparative Embryology

Topics
Birth Defects and Their Causes
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses Organized by STEM Category/Biology/Life Sciences, Survey of

Topics
Genetics
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses Organized by STEM Category/Biology/Organic Chemistry

Topics
Chromatography
Redox of Organic Molecules
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Therapy/Symptomatic Relief/Festination
## Background

Festination is a common PD symptom, which consists of taking very short rapid paces and sometimes breaking into a run. it arises from a postural defect. The body bends forward shifting the centre of gravity so that the patient takes an instinctive small step forward in order to maintain balance.

## Research

2010
Morris et al evaluate the best options in physiotherapy for the treatment of gait disorders arising from PD. They concluded:-
   Comprehensive, client-centered physical therapy for people with PD is based on compensatory strategies to bypass the defective basal ganglia, strategies to improve motor learning and performance through practice, management of secondary sequelae affecting the musculoskeletal and cardiorespiratory systems, and fall education, as well as on assisting people to make lifelong changes in physical activity habits. The extent to which strategies, exercises, and health education are used varies according to individual needs and changes over time as the person ages and the disease progresses. Overall, the aim is to enable the person with PD to live well by providing effective physical therapy interventions at optimal times to promote health and well-being and by educating the individual regarding long-term self-management strategies.

## Further Reading

Today
   Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Vitamin_E.
   This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
Pubmed (abstracts)
Pubmed_Central (Full_Text)
Google_Scholar
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Therapy/Symptomatic Relief/Akinesia
## Background

Freezing or akinesia is a symptom experienced by many PD patients. It takes the form of a sudden inability to initiate movement, such as crossing the threshold into a room.The phenomenon is also referred to as Freezing Of Gait or FOG.

## Research

2001
Giladi et al carried out a detailed evaluation of freezing in a cohort of 800 PD patients. Among their observations:-
   Freezing of gait is directly related to duration of PD. Risk factors at onset of disease are the absence of tremor and PD beginning as a gait disorder. The development of freezing of gait in the course of the illness is strongly associated with the development of balance and speech problems, less so with the worsening of bradykinesia, and is not associated with the progression of rigidity. These results support the concept that the freezing phenomenon is distinct from bradykinesia. Deprenyl , in the absence of l-dopa, was found to be an effective prophylactic treatment and should be considered for patients with PD who have an onset of gait difficulty.
2008
Honga and Earharta experimented with the use of a rotating treadmill in treating two PD patients who froze when they attempted to turn round. Both patients evidenced more freezing when turning left than right. After 10–15 minutes of training leftward turning on a rotating circular treadmill 1) neither subject froze during leftward turns, 2) muscle activity normalized, and 3) turning times decreased for leftward turns.
   We hypothesize that training on the rotating treadmill may help to reinforce normal motor patterns for turning, whether it be by helping to standardize step length and reduce the sequence effect, counteracting baseline asymmetries in gait, and/or making turning more automatic and facilitating the voluntary generation of turning patterns. This work is important because it demonstrates the feasibility of successfully using such a device in PD and lays the groundwork for future work with larger samples.
2012
Niu et al measured the effects of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on freezing. Their conclusion:-
   STN-DBS improved FOG in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. The significant reduction in levodopa dosage and improvement in neuropsychological function may be the reason for the therapeutic effect seen with STN-DBS.
Today
   Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's freezing.
   This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
Pubmed (abstracts)
Pubmed_Central (Full_Text)
Google_Scholar

## Further Reading

2010
Morris, Meg E.; Martin, Clarissa L. and Schenkmann, Margaret L. Full Text Phys. Ther. 90 (2): 280–288.
Striding Out With Parkinson Disease: Evidence-Based Physical Therapy for Gait Disorders
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2816030/?tool=pmcentrez
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Therapy/Transplantation

< Back to Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research
See the Magazine Section article Cell transplantation
You could help to build this page by researching the literature on this topic. Click on this box:
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Therapy/Symptomatic relief

This is a stub page
< Back to Therapy
# South Africa Workshop for Social Entrepreneurship - 2008/Reflections/Group A Inspiration

The Revolution
Facilitator: Steve Carver
Imagine if:
* …we could scratch the value-for-value concept
* …we could all make a difference
* …we could have a network of social entrepreneurship hubs
* …every student was inspired to give something back to the community
* …we could stimulate communities
* …everyone could make a contribution to innovation
* …everyone could make a difference by being part of the solution
* …there was no poverty
* …we had an AIDS-free generation
* …we could create a social stock exchange through BBBEE
* …we could have a TV channel showcasing student entrepreneurship success stories
* …we could have corruption-free leaders
* …we had a halo brand
* …we had a matrix team
# South Africa Workshop for Social Entrepreneurship - 2008/Reflections/Group B Inspiration

Facilitator: David Germond
Imagine if:
* we are able to create entreprenauts
** the world is our intergalaxy
* the star is the student
** we could all make a difference
* let us make SSE a living tangible thing
** we could have a facilitated forum
* establish a body of knowledge on WIKEPEDIA
** we could stimulate communities
* include partnerships with all stakeholders
** include donors, NGOs, and governments
** everyone could make a contribution to social entrepreneurship
** everyone could make a difference by working together
* we need to provide incentives for academics to engage in community work
** we need to include research and teaching to produce a product that could be measured
* we need to identify the positive
** we need to design and develop interventions in partnership with communities
* we need to make a positive impact on communities
** students rise to the stars and reap the rewards and
** we all work together
# South Africa Workshop for Social Entrepreneurship - 2008/Reflections/Group C Inspiration

The Right Way to Connect with Communities
Facilitator: Bob Hawkins
* we must be conscious of the fact that the community has its own ideas and dreams
* we need to provide resources to assist communities to help themselves
* funders can provide resources
* corporates can provide good markets for products
* communities have indigenous knowledge
* we are people who have rights
* lets all work together but we must respect each other
* you may come with resources and offer assistance but you must respect the community.
# Transmission Control Protocol
## Learning goals
## Associated units

* understand which problems of IP will be solved with the transmition control protocol
* be aware of the limitations of the internet protocol and the internet architecture
* get to know the end to end principle and in which only sender and receiver take care that communication works properly
* understand the concept of a logical connection (virtual communication channel) between two computers on the internet
* understand the importance of acknowledging received messages
* be able to understand the process of establishing a tcp / connection
* understand the concept of a socket in a TCP/IP package
* understand that ports are part of the TCP header
* be able to explain the difference between solicited and unsolicited TCP/IP traffic
* understand how ports can be used for multiplexing internet connections
* understand the concept of windowsize and sliding window
* understand how flow control can prevent TCP connections to overload link layer protocols and slow networks