OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Data Structures and Algorithms/Introduction
## Algorithm definition

An algorithm is a set of instructions to be done sequentially. Any work to be done can be thought as series of steps. For example, to perform an experiment, one must do some sequential tasks like
* Set up the required apparatus
* Do the process required
* Note any observations
* Summarize the results
These tasks accomplish an experiment. This is a raw example of an algorithm. Let us see where such sequential steps are employed.
A computer or other electronic device which accomplishes a logic task is not actually logical but is simply following a series of programmed, sequential instructions. A computer algorithm consists of a series of well-defined steps given to the computer to follow.

## Algorithm example

Euclid described a recursive means for determining the greatest common divisor of two numbers, say 135 and 63.
Thus, gcd(135, 63) = gcd(63, 9) = gcd(9, 0) = 9. If we divide 135 by 9, the quotient is 15; while 63 divided by 9 yields 7. Since 7 and 15 have no common factors except 1, it is clear that 9 is indeed the greatest common divisor of 135 and 63. An algorithm such as gcd can readily be implemented as part of a computer program and may be written as source code in a variety of computer languages.
# Data Structures and Algorithms/Hash Tables

A hash table is a data structure. A hash table has a corresponding hash function that it used to access the data in the hash table. Analogous to how you can access and array value if you know its key (i.e. array index), even hash tables have keys. These keys are passed to the hash function, which then returns the address of the corresponding value. The key to a hash table's performance lies in its hash function. Unlike arrays which always have only 1 value per key, hash values allow a many-to-one relation between keys and values, i.e. each key points to a bucket, which can store multiple values using data structures like linked lists. Hash tables can thus provide for nearly fixed average time for insertion, deletion and accessing data, even for large amounts of data.
# Data Structures and Algorithms/PyramidSelectionSort
## Description

PyramidSelectionSort get first pair of values, compare it and save minimal value (index) to new array. Repeat for all pair, create row 0. Repeat for row 0, create row 1... Find minimal value. Create tournament table of winners. Then remove minimal and rebuild pyramid branch (where minimal figured) and again find minimal value.
| Category | Sorting algorithm |
| Sub category | Selection sort |
| Name | PyramidSelectionSort |
| Data structure | Array |
| Comparations | $O(n\log n)$ |
| Timing | $O(n\log n)$ |
| Spacing | $2*n+n$ (input + output + index table) |
| Stability | Stable algorithm |
# Data Structures and Algorithms/SortedListMergingSort
## Description

| Category | Sorting algorithm |
| Sub category | Merge sort |
| Name | SortedListMergingSort |
| Data structure | Array |
| Comparations | $O(n\log n)$ |
| Timing | $O(n\log n)$ |
| Spacing | $2*n(+n)$ (input + output (+ index table)) |
| Stability | Stable algorithm |
How it work? SortedListMergingSort merge sorted list. First, you must detect sorted sub-arrays (by compare values on positions 0-1, 1-2, 2-3...). Or, we can say, always have sorted array size=1. Then merge two arrays (best, arrays with the smallest size) to one. Repeat merging. Trick lies in it, sorted array can compare from top, smaller value move to save, not need more compare with any value in any in this two arrays.
Properties: Algoritm need extra memory (copy from array 1 to array 2 and back). Ist fast. Stable. Can be modified to multi-thread. Version with detect sorted sub-arrays can be modified, return ascendecy (asc), descendency (desc) array as $O(n)$. Can save longer from one of asc or desc sub-arrays.
Note: Merging sorted arrays use TimSort, WikiSort.
# Federal Writers' Project – Life Histories/2020/Fall/105/Section059

This project is associated with English 105.059 at the University of North Carolina.

## Project

Students in the course have studied the Federal Writers' Project Papers at UNC's Wilson Library. Each student has chosen an individual to research and record on our class website.

## Life Histories

Special:Prefixindex/Federal Writers' Project – Life Histories/2020/Fall/105/Section059/
Use the following to create a new life history subpage:
# Human vision and function/Part 1: How the eye works/1.3 Light stimulus and the eye/Answers

1. What happens when a photoreceptor absorbs a photon of light? A nerve impulse is triggered and the impulses are sent to the brain.
2. Apart from rods and cones, what other cells are found in the retina? Ganglion, Bipolar, Amacrine, Horizontal.
3. Which photoreceptor is most sensitive to light? Rod. They only need one photon of light to trigger a response and don’t differentiate different colours.
4. What three wavelengths of light are the cone photoreceptors sensitive to? Blue, green and red.
5. In what section of the retina are the cones mostly found and what is the impact of this distribution? Cones are most concentrated at the centre of the retina (at the macula). The further from the macula you go, there are less cone photoreceptors. The impact of this is that vision is most sensitive in the centre of the vision and less sensitive in the periphery.
6. What is the blind spot? This is the section of the eye where the optic nerve exits the eye at the retina. There are no photoreceptors here and this is why it’s called a blind spot.
7. What happens to the fibres of the optic nerve at the chiasm? Half the fibres (the nasal fibres of each optic nerve) cross over at the chiasm to the other side.
8. Vision is decoded in the occipital cortex. Where are movement and sensation decoded? Movement is decoded in the frontal lobe and sensation is decoded in the parietal lobe.
9. How is the receptive field of the retina organised? It has a centre and a surround. I can be “on centre off surround” field, or the opposite, “off centre on surround”.
10. Where in the brain does decoding of lines and edges occur? At the occipital lobe.
# Human vision and function/Part 1: How the eye works/1.2 Anatomy of the eye
## 1.2 Anatomy of the Eye

This topic introduces you to the anatomy of the human eye, focusing on the important structures from front (anterior) to back (posterior). After completing this section you should be able to label a schematic diagram of the human eye correctly.

### Task 1

Begin by watching the Anatomy of the Eye video. Once you have done this, use your knowlege of the structures to label the schematic diagram shown here (on the right of the screen) of the human eye. To check if you're correct, you can find the answers here.

### Task 2

Watch the video Cow's Eye Dissection. Once you have watched both videos (Anatomy of the Eye and Cow's Eye Dissection), answer the questions below.

### Supplementary reading

The links below redirect you to websites containing supplementary reading about anatomy of the eye.
National Eye Institute Diagram of the eye
Triad Publishing word glossary Eye and vision
Web MD Human eye anatomy
Web MD How the human eye sees

### Revision Questions

Answer the following questions after you have watched the videos and completed the supplementary readings. Discuss the answers to these questions on your group LMS forum.
* What is the function of the conjunctiva?
* Where can you find the meibomian glands and what do they do?
* What are the names of the 2 main eyelid muscles?
* Where are most of our tears produced?
* What are the 3 chambers of the eye?
* What is the function of the ciliary body?
* List the 3 sections of the lens.
* What main things should you look for when examining the retina?
* What are the light sensitive cells in the retina called?
* Name the 6 extra-ocular muscles.
* What is the function of the aqueous humour?
* Why are the cornea and lens transparent?
* Describe the shape and anatomical position of the lens.
* What could happen if the lens is not transparent?
* How will the shape of the lens influence refraction of light through the eye and why is the print magnified through the lens??
Answers
# Human vision and function/Part 1: How the eye works/1.4 Anatomy of the visual pathway
## 1.4 Anatomy of the visual pathway

After completing this topic, you will understand the components of the visual pathway and how a visual image travels from the eye to the occipital lobe of the brain

### Task

Watch these two lectorials as your introduction to the visual pathway.
Introduction to visual pathway
Visual nerve pathways

### Supplementary reading

Snell RS & Lemp MA (1998) Clinical Anatomy of the Eye. 2nd Ed. Blackwell Publishing. Chapter 13: The Visual Pathway.
Neuroscience Online Section 14.1 Measures of Visual Sensation

### Revision questions

Discuss the answers to these questions on your group LMS forum.
* Define “visual field”
* Define “visual pathway”
* What are the boundaries of the human visual field in on eye?
* What is the impact of the convex lens shape of the lens of the eye on how we see objects in our visual field?
* Describe what happens to the nerve fibres from the retina when they approach the optic chiasm.
* A tumour compressing the optic nerve from the temporal side of the left eye will affect the vision on which side of the visual field?
* At what structure does the optic tract terminate?
* What condition most commonly affects the optic radiations?
* Which part of a person’s visual field is most sensitive?
* Why is it important to accurately map a person’s visual field?
Answers
# Human vision and function/Part 1: How the eye works/1.4 Anatomy of the visual pathway/Answers

1. Define “visual field”.
An area in space perceived by the eye/total area we are able to see.
2. Define “visual pathway”
Wiring from the eye to the brain, with the destination being the occipital cortex (primary visual cortex)
3. What are the boundaries of the human visual field in on eye?
50-60 degrees sup, 60 deg nasally, 70-75 degrees inferiorly, 90-110 degrees temporally
4. What is the impact of the convex lens shape of the lens of the eye on how we see objects in our visual field?
The lens inverts images as they enter the eye so objects on the right hand side are processed by the left side of each eye.
5. Describe what happens to the nerve fibres from the retina when they approach the optic chiasm.
The nasal fibres (from the nasal retina) cross over at the chiasm but the temporal fibres (from the temporal retina) remain on the same side.
6. A tumour compressing the optic nerve from the temporal side of the left eye will affect the vision on which side of the visual field?
The right visual field will be affected.
7. At what structure does the optic tract terminate?
At the Lateral Geniculate nucleus
8. What condition most commonly affects the optic radiations?
Stroke
9. Which part of a person’s visual field is most sensitive?
The centre of the visual field – where the macula is located.
10. Why is it important to accurately map a person’s visual field?
To detect ocular pathology early and to demonstrate changes to the field over time.
# Human vision and function/Part 1: Perception of objects/Additional reading: Light and the electromagnetic spectrum

Light is electromagnetic radiation that the human eye can see. Here is a great link to give you an overview of What is Light. This page also gives you additional information about the Wave and Particle theories of light.
# Human vision and function/Part 1: Perception of objects/Answer questions about light and vision

Questions
* What is light?
* What is the visible light spectrum and what colours are represented?
* Using only a couple of sentences briefly describe wave theroy and particle theory as they relate to the behaviour of light. (More will be covered on this topic later).
* What is vision?
* Describe the processed involved in perceiving an object or scene from the time you first look at it until you make your decision about what you have seen.
* What is the general term given to cells in the eye that are sensitive to light?
Resources Here are some resources that can help you answer the questions above. Of course you will also need to find your own materials. Don't forget that the La Trobe University Library has a vast range of excellent resources.
* Emerald Robinson. What is light?
* The Visible Spectrum
* Visual Perception
* How the eye sees
# Human vision and function/Part 1: Perception of objects/Bovine (cow) eye dissection activity

For this activity, you will be using your observations to make inferences from the audio-visual material and your own experimentation that will enable you to consider:
* Describing the orientation within the body and central nervous system (CNS)
* Anatomy of the eye
* The refractive surfaces of the eye, including density and curvature
* Sensitivity of sensory cells within the eye
Watch the video Cow's Eye Dissection. Once you have watched the dissection, answer the questions below.

## Orientation of structures within the body and Central Nervous System

First question to consider: Why might a systematic language be necessary to describe orientation within the body and CNS? Consider this image of the human anatomy planes. The pre-reading from topic 1 will help you answer this.

## Anatomy of the eye and the refractive surfaces of the eye (including their density and curvature)

The video “Cow's Eye Dissection” demonstrates the three-dimensional structure of the cow eye; highlighting similarities & differences with the human eye.
The external structures described include the:
* cornea
* sclera
* periorbital fat
* extraocular muscle attachment
* optic nerve
The internal structures described include the:
* posterior chamber (vitreous humour & tapetum)
* anterior chamber (aqueous humour, ciliary body & iris)
The functions of the lens are demonstrated:
* magnification of print
* accommodation (increasing curvature of the lens)

## Questions

Answer the following questions after watching the video:
* What are the horizontal & vertical dimensions of the cow eye and how do they differ from the human eye?
* Which structures are found at the front (ventral) surface of the eye?
* The sclera is opaque and the cornea and lens are transparent. Why is this the case?
* Describe the shape and anatomical position of the lens. What could happen if the lens is not transparent?
* How will the shape of the lens influence refraction of light through the eye and why is the print magnified through the lens??
# Human vision and function/Part 1: How the eye works/1.2 Anatomy of the eye/Answers

1. What is the function of the conjunctiva? To protect the surface of the eye and prevents objects from entering the eye.
2. Where can you find the meibomian glands and what do they do? Found on the inner surface of the eyelids. They assist with lubricating the eye by secreting oil into the tear film, this helps to limit evaporation of tears.
3. What are the names of the 2 main eyelid muscles? Orbicularis Oculi (controlled by Cranial Nerve VII) and Levator palpebrae (controlled by Cranial Nerve III).
4. Where are most of our tears produced? In the lacrimal gland.
5. What are the 3 chambers of the eye? Vitreous chamber, posterior chamber, anterior chamber.
6. What is the function of the ciliary body. Pulls on the lens via the zonules which attach to the lens of the eye. This changes the focusing power of the lens.
7. List the 3 sections of the lens. Capsule, cortex and nucleus.
8. What main things should you look for when examining the retina? Macular, Fovea, optic disk and arteries and veins.
9. What are the light sensitive cells in the retina called? Rods and cones (photoreceptors).
10. Name the 6 extra-ocular muscles 4 rectus muscles (superior, inferior, lateral and medial), these attach at the Annulus of Zinn. 2 oblique muscles (superior and inferior)
11. What is the function of the aqueous humour? To provide nutrients to the anterior section of the eye, especially the cornea.
12. Why are the cornea and lens transparent? Light needs to enter the eye through the cornea and lens. If these structures are not clear, light will not be able to pass through it to the retina.
13. Describe the shape and anatomical position of the lens. The lens is round but flat. It is found between the anterior and posterior chambers and is held in place by the zonule fibres.
14. What could happen if the lens is not transparent? Light will not be able to enter the eye and stimulate the rod and cone photoreceptors therefore a person’s vision will be affected.
15. How will the shape of the lens influence refraction of light through the eye and why is the print magnified through the lens?? The lens focuses light in the eye and works as a magnifier.
# Human vision and function/Part 1: Perception of objects

The aim of this topic is to help you understand about light, the theories of light and how light is important for vision. You will also be able to observe first hand the sensitivity of the visual system. This subject is designed so that each topic takes you approximately 1 week to complete. It's most logical if you maintain the order of the topics as they are presented.

### 1: Vision - What is it?

* Watch the playlist to complete the Introductory Activity
* Reading and questions about light and vision
* Pre-reading for Topic 2
* Topic 1 revision questions

### 2: Vision - What and how?

* Watch this playlist which contains the lecture material for week 2
* Additional reading: Light and the electromagnetic spectrum
* Bovine (cow) eye dissection activity
* Sensitivity of the sensory cells within the eye
* Pre-reading for Topic 3
* Topic 2 revision questions

### 3: The eye and the visual pathway

* Anatomy & physiology of the eye and visual pathway
* Topic 3 revision questions
# Heresy and the Church in the Mediterranean world/Andrea Arrivabene

* googlebook Alcoran, Andrea Arrivabene, 1547.
* The Biographical Dictionary of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (1844) entry on Arrivabene, Andrea.
# Heron's method/Program/Natural register/Exercise

Write a computer-program (pseudocode) for the computation of rational approximations for the square root of a rational number using Heron's method.
The initial configuration is
    $(a,b,c,d,e,0,0,\ldots )$
with $b,c,e\neq 0$. Here, $a/b$ is the number from which we want to compute the square root, $x_{0}=c$ is the initial value and $d/e$ is the wished-for accuracy. The program shall compute and print the Heron-sequence $x_{0},x_{1},x_{2},\ldots$ (the numerators and denominators are printed successively) and it shall stop when the member $x_{n}$ printed last fulfills the property
    $\vert {x_{n}^{2}-{\frac {a}{b}}}\vert \leq {\frac {d}{e}}\,.$
# Here I Stand (Game)/metrics
### 2012-2013

| Metrics | Total | Daily Peak |
| April, 2012 | n/a | n/a |
| May, 2012 | 97 | 40 |
| June, 2012 | 24 | 5 |
| July, 2012 | 15 | 3 |
| August, 2012 | 43 | 18 |
| September, 2012 | 42 | 16 |
| October, 2012 | 35 | 3 |
| November, 2012 | 25 | 2 |
| December, 2012 | 66 | 17 |
| January, 2013 | | |
| February, 2013 | | |
| March, 2013 | | |
| Total | | |
# Heresy and the Church in the Mediterranean world

This resource will identify and study sources on heretics and inquisitors in the Mediterranean world, and will provide opportunity for discussion. We will create subpages on notable individual heretics and Church personalities, taking as a starting place the page list for ereticopedia.org. The primary subpages we create should be written like encyclopedia articles, reliably sourced and neutral. Additional material may be added as subpages underneath these, if appropriate, such as original research not reliably published. Pending the creation of pages in English here or elsewhere, we may cite and study sources in Italian, subject to permissions (i.e, copyright), or link to other sources as needed.
Should unresolved conflict appear on the primary subpages, we may fork them, arranging the forks as attributed essays or draft articles underneath the primary subpage.
Discussion should take place on attached Talk pages.

## List of pages

As this may be large, subpages will be linked from the List subpage.

## Participants

* Abd (discuss • contribs) 19:07, 10 May 2014 (UTC)
* dsantare7 (discuss • contribs) 20:15, 10 May 2014 (UTC)
# Heresy and the Church in the Mediterranean world/An authentick narrative of the Original Establishment and Progress of the Inquisition (1748)

ereticopedia page
Comment there: The book played an important role in the construction and dissemination of so-called "black legend" of the Inquisition. However, the text has been almost completely ignored by historians of the Inquisition.
# Heron's method/7/Start member 3/3 Steps/Exercise

Do the first three steps in Heron's method to compute the square root of $b=7$ with initial value $x_{0}=3$ (so the approximations $x_{1},x_{2},x_{3}$ for ${\sqrt {7}}$ shall be computed; these numbers have to be given as fractions reduced to lowest terms).
# Heritage Language
## Definition

The term heritage language is used to identify any languages other than the dominant language(s) in a given social context Other researchers defined the term heritage language as the language associated with one's cultural background and it may or may not be spoken in the home Van Deusen-Scholl (2003) states that the term heritage language cannot be identified in a static, definitive sense; rather, it is more a metaphor in relation to the structuring of attitudes, beliefs, and assumptions that enable or constrain linguistic practices.
There have been critical views on the use of the term heritage language. Despite the term heritage language, heritage language speaker, and heritage language learner are gaining currency, the concept remains ill defined and is sensitive to a variety of interpretations within a social, political, regional, and national contexts
Using the label heritage itself has been challenged by many and has been regarded as extremely negative -even offensive- by some and counterproductive by others. Baker and Jones state that the term heritage language points more to the past and less to the future, to traditions rather to the contemporary so that the danger is that the term becomes associated with ancient cultures, past traditions and more "primitive times" and so may fail to give the impression of a modern language that is of value in a technological society
Alternative terms for heritage language proposed by researchers and used or preferred in different countries and contexts are:
* native language
* minority language
* ancestral language
* immigrant minority language
* allochthonous language
* home language
* language of origin
* community language
Though some of these terms are equally problematic as heritage language. For example, native language is also problematic because we cannot assume that the language does not necessarily students' native language. Those students may have a limited knowledge of the language or simply may not speak it at all. Ancestral language also conveys a negative connotation that it belongs to the distant past or a previous generation which does not have a present or future affiliation.

## Heritage Language Learners

Valdés provided three main criteria to identify heritage language learners. According to the proposal, heritage language learners are individuals who:
* are raised in homes where a non-English language is spoken
* speak or merely understand the heritage language
* are to some degree bilingual in English and the heritage language
We have to keep in mind that heritage language learners are not a monolithic group so that we cannot assume or overgeneralize their proficiency. Rather, degree of heritage language fluency, proficiency, cultural background, connection or knowledge are widely varied among students. For example, heritage language learners include students of fluent native speakers to nonspeakers who may be generations removed but who may feel culturally connected to a language (Van Deusen-Scholl, 2003).
# ICT in Education/Completed Change Projects

Completed change projects by year and group
2013 A
2013 B
2013 C