# Motivation and emotion/Book/2023/Active transport motivation

* Multimedia presentation (3 min)

## Overview

* Scenario
* Figure 1. Example of Active Transportation
* Consider GreenVille, a suburban neighbourhood where families and individuals go about their everyday lives. GreenVille is distinguished by its peaceful streets, green parks, and a mix of residential neighbourhoods and small businesses. Most inhabitants currently rely on automobiles for mobility, adding to traffic congestion and air pollution. Local government and community leaders are eager to encourage active transportation, such as walking and cycling, in order to improve GreenVille's general health, environment, and sense of community.
This chapter will look at how psychological theories and research may help us better understand what motivates individuals to select more active modes of transportation such as walking or cycling over sedentary ones like driving. We will also discuss the social benefits of active transportation to our communities and the wider community.
Active transportation, which includes walking, biking, and other human-powered transportation, is gaining popularity as a healthy substitute instead of sedentary modes of transportation. In order to understand why people prefer active transportation over more passive choices such as driving or taking public transportation, this chapter will investigate the psychological theories and research underpinning the decision to engage in active transportation. Additionally, we investigate ways to encourage and promote active commuting to enhance societal and individual well-being. Active transport motivation refers to the aspects, reasons, and factors that motivate people to select active modes of transportation, such as walking, cycling, or other non-motorised means, for their everyday commuting or travel requirements. Common motivators to engage in active transportation include, health advantages, environmental concerns, convenience, and personal preference.
Active transportation can have a significant influence on communities, society, and our individual decisions. By discussing how active transportation may lessen traffic congestion, improve air quality, and improve general public health, we must examine the social contribution component of this form of transportation. This chapter will further investigate how societal norms and neighbourhood support contribute to the promotion of active transportation.
Understanding active transportation motivation is critical for devising effective strategies and interventions that promote people to use more active modes of transportation in the context of urban planning, public health, and environmental sustainability. This has the potential to enhance human well-being, and reduce air pollution, traffic congestion, and carbon emissions in metropolitan areas.
* Key points
* Environmental sustainability:
* Active transportation contributes to a community's dedication to preserving the natural environment and green spaces.
* Community connection & social interaction:
* Pedestrian and cyclist-friendly streets and walkways offer safe locations for people to interact and engage.
* Traffic congestion and parking pressure are reduced:
* Active transportation decreases traffic congestion, making streets safer and less stressful for everybody.
* Less reliance on automobiles lessens the demand for large parking lots, freeing up space for green spaces or public services.
* Focus questions:
* Tell me about a time when you enjoyed walking or cycling. What was the experience like, and how did it make you feel?
* How do you think using active transportation, such as walking or cycling, could positively impact your local community or neighbourhood?
* What are some simple ways you could incorporate more walking or cycling into your daily routine? How do you think these changes might affect your daily life?
* Imagine a city where walking and cycling were the preferred modes of transportation. How do you think this would change the way people interact with each other and with the city itself?
* Happy Answering!

## What does it mean by Active Transportation?

Active transportation, which includes walking, biking, and other human-powered means of transportation, is gaining popularity as a healthy substitute for sedentary modes of transportation[factual?]. In order to understand why people prefer active transportation over more passive choices like driving or taking public transportation, this chapter dives into the field of psychology. We investigate the complicated web of reasons and emotions that underlie this decision by applying psychological theories and research. Additionally, we go through ways to encourage and promote active commuting as a way to enhance societal and individual wellbeing. Active transport motivation refers to the aspects and reasons that motivate people to select active modes of transportation for their everyday commuting or travel requirements, such as walking, cycling, or other non-motorised means. This phrase refers to the many factors that lead individuals to choose physical activities as a mode of transportation over motorised vehicles. Health advantages and environmental concerns, as well as convenience and personal preferences, can all be motivators.

### Characteristics of Active Transportation

[APA style table caption goes here]
Characteristics of Active Transportation :
| Health and well-being benefits | Active transportation, such as walking, cycling, or other non-motorized means of transportation, has several health advantages[factual?]. Regular physical exercise via active transportation can help people maintain a healthy weight, increase cardiovascular fitness, build muscles and bones, and impro[missing something?] |
| Environmental sustainability | Active transportation helps the environment by lowering carbon emissions, air pollution, and traffic congestion[factual?]. Encouragement of active means of transportation is consistent with initiatives to reduce climate change, protect natural resources, and promote cleaner, more liveable urban settings. Raising knowledge about the environmental effect of various modes of transportation and providing incentives like as bike lanes, pedestrian-friendly routes, and bike-sharing programmes might encourage people to choose active transportation. |
| Economic and social benefits | Promoting active transportation may have a good economic and social impact on communities. Reduced reliance on motorised cars may save money on infrastructure, relieve strain on public health systems, and boost local economies by increasing foot circulation near companies. Furthermore, active transportation promotes social connections and a feeling of community by encouraging people to interact with their environment and other citizens. Promoting the economic and social benefits of active transportation, as well as supporting programmes that prioritise pedestrian-friendly urban development, can encourage individuals to choose this form of transportation.[factual?] |
| Urban planning and infrastructure investment | Active transportation is encouraged by the architecture and infrastructure of urban areas. Active transportation alternatives may be made more accessible and enticing in well-planned communities with pedestrian-friendly walkways, dedicated bike lanes, safe crosswalks, and efficient public transportation networks. Discussing the significance of urban planning and lobbying for infrastructure expenditures that prioritise active forms of transportation might encourage people to adopt them. Highlighting successful case studies of towns that have adopted such reforms, as well as demonstrating the beneficial effects on mobility and quality of life, may also be effective motivators. |

### What motivates use of active transport and how can people be encouraged to use it?

* Motivation for Using Active Transportation
* Health: Using active transportation increases physical health and wellbeing in general.
* Environment: It lowers carbon emissions and pollutants.
* Time: Shorter trips may be speedier and traffic-free.
* Community: Promotes interpersonal relationships and civic involvement.
* For quick journeys, it may be convenient.
* Mental Health: Lowers stress and elevates mood.
* Encouragement Techniques
* Infrastructure: Create a safe environment for bicyclists and pedestrians.
* Education: Spread knowledge of the advantages.
* Offer tax breaks, savings, or awards as incentives.
* Implement measures that encourage walkable communities.
* Engage the community through planning events and groups.
* Active mobility should be integrated with public transportation.
* Technology: Offer real-time information and route-planning applications.
* Peer support: Encourage commuters who are active to serve as advocates.
* Reward and recognise commuters who are active.
[factual?]

## Psychological Theories

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| | Psychological Theories |
| Self-Determination Theory (SDT): | Application: SDT may be used to comprehend the driving forces for adopting active transportation. According to this theory, people have both internal and extrinsic motives. Both internal motives (such as the pleasure of cycling or walking) and extrinsic motivations (such as environmental incentives) can have an impact on behaviour when it comes to active transportation.[factual?] Implication: To encourage active transportation, it is crucial to foster intrinsic motivations by making the experience pleasurable and rewarding. At the same time, it is important to consider the potential influence of extrinsic motivators such as incentives and awards.[factual?] |
| Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB): | Application: According to TPB, an individual's attitude, subjective norm (perceived social pressure), and perceived behavioural control (self-efficacy) all have an impact on their intention to engage in a behaviour, such as utilising active transportation.[factual?] Implication: Interventions can be more effectively designed by understanding how these characteristics affect people's intentions to use active transportation. It may be adopted, for instance, by fostering positive attitudes, altering subjective norms through social support, and improving perceived control.[factual?] |
| Health Belief Model (HBM): | Application: Health Behaviour Modelling (HBM) focuses on how perceptions of health benefits and dangers affect health-related behaviour. It can assist in determining how people perceive the health advantages and potential obstacles of active transportation.[factual?] Implication: By highlighting the health advantages of active commuting and removing perceived obstacles, interventions and messaging can help make it a more appealing choice.[factual?] |
| Social Cognitive Theory (SCT): | Application: SCT emphasises the importance of self-efficacy and observational learning in behaviour modification. Building self-efficacy for walking or cycling and witnessing others who utilise active transportation might be essential.[factual?] Implication: Promoting active transportation may be accomplished by developing role models, offering social support, and raising self-efficacy through skill-development initiatives.[factual?] |
| Ecological Systems Theory: | Application: This theory takes into account how people interact with their surroundings. It emphasises the significance of environmental elements, including as infrastructure and legislation, in influencing behaviour in the context of active transportation. Implication: Developing walkable, bike-friendly neighbourhoods, supporting legislation, and better infrastructure for pedestrians and cyclists may promote active transportation. |
| Cognitive Dissonance Theory: | Application: People suffer cognitive dissonance when their views or actions are at odds with one another. Encouragement of active transportation might be seen as a means of easing the tension that results from choosing a sedentary commute despite wanting to be healthy.[factual?] Implication: By emphasising how sedentary commutes conflict with health objectives, communication techniques might persuade people to choose active transportation as a way to bridge the gap. |
| Health Action Process Approach (HAPA): | Application: HAPA separates the volitional phase (action initiation and maintenance) from the motivational phase (intention development). Individualised treatments can be informed by an understanding of where people are in this process.[factual?] Implication: Interventions might focus on several phases of behaviour modification. For instance, some people might need more encouragement, while others would need help starting and sustaining active transportation habits. |

### Autonomy:

* Autonomy
* This concept is one of the main forces driving active transportation. A sense of control and self-determination are fostered by having the ability to select how one commutes. According to research, people are more likely to maintain their active transportation behaviour when they see it as a personal option rather than a must.[factual?]

### Competence:

* Competence
* A big factor in encouraging active transportation is feeling capable and competent. Self-efficacy rises when people feel they can effectively walk or cycle to their destinations, further encouraging them to use these means of transportation.[factual?]

### Relatedness:

* Relatedness
* Social ties and active transportation are frequently compatible. A sense of community and relatedness can be strengthened by going for a walk or a ride with friends, family, or other people in the area. This element is essential to the long-term sustainability of active transportation.[factual?]

## Research

Let's now explore the studies that supports our knowledge of motivation and active transportation. We'll look at the main conclusions from peer-reviewed research that investigate the psychological aspects affecting people's transportation decisions. We'll look at studies that show, for instance, how environmental elements like the presence of infrastructure designed for pedestrians might affect people's motivation to walk or bike. By analysing the benefits and drawbacks of these research, we will also show critical thinking and be able to reach more insightful judgements.
The relationship between psychological motives and active transportation is supported by a number of peer-reviewed research. For instance, Deci and Ryan's (1985) research revealed that people are more likely to continue their active transportation behaviour over the long term if they are motivated by intrinsic factors like enjoyment and personal satisfaction[Provide more detail].
Furthermore, Sallis et al.'s (2008) study found that people's decisions to start and stick with various forms of commuting are greatly influenced by their impression of a supportive social context in which friends and family support active transportation[Provide more detail].
Thought must be given to potential obstacles. The adoption of active transportation might be hampered by issues including safety worries, environmental circumstances, and time restraints, according to psychological studies. Promoting its usage requires first recognising and then removing these obstacles.[factual?]

## Case Study

* Case Study
* The Greenway Community, A case Study
* Background:
* The Greenway Community is a medium-sized urban neighbourhood that struggles with issues including sedentary lifestyles, pollution, and traffic congestion. The neighbourhood made the decision to encourage active transportation as a sustainable and beneficial form of transportation. Their efforts and results are highlighted in this case study.[factual?]

#### Benefits of Using Active Transportation

Health Benefits: The Greenway Community launched health awareness initiatives that highlighted the advantages of cycling and walking for both physical and mental health. The possibility of enhancing their general health and lowering their risk of chronic illnesses served as a motivator for the residents.[factual?]
Environmental Concerns: The neighbourhood raised awareness of how driving affects the environment, particularly in terms of air pollution and glasshouse gas emissions. To lower their carbon footprint, those who were driven by environmental sustainability started using active transportation.[factual?]
Cost savings: As the price of fuel and automobile ownership rose, many locals looked into more affordable options. Active transportation was viewed as a cost-effective mode of transportation.[factual?]
Building a feeling of community was a great way to inspire people. In order to promote social ties and encourage individuals to join their neighbours by using active transportation, the Greenway Community organised walking and cycling clubs.[factual?]
Infrastructure Improvement: The neighbourhood made investments in bike lanes and pedestrian-friendly pathways, making active transportation safer and more practical. Residents who had previously been discouraged by safety worries were now inspired by this infrastructural improvement.[factual?]

#### Encouragement Techniques

Education and Awareness: To inform locals about the advantages of active transportation and how to properly incorporate it into their daily routines, The Greenway Community held workshops and seminars.[factual?]
Programmes that offered incentives to active commuters at nearby companies encouraged more individuals to walk or ride bicycles. These incentives gave people an instant incentive to choose active transportation.[factual?]
Community Events: Ongoing neighbourhood celebrations, such as "Car-Free Sundays," were planned to foster a joyous culture that praised active travel. These activities developed a feeling of community and compelled locals to take part.[factual?]
Infrastructure Development: To increase and enhance the bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure, the community collaborated closely with the local government. This improvement made active transportation more convenient and safe, which enhanced its popularity.[factual?]

#### Outcome

* The Greenway Community had a high rise in the use of active transportation during a two-year period:[factual?]
* On the newly redesigned lanes and walkways, the quantity of bicycles and pedestrians increased by double.[factual?]
* The neighborhood's air quality rose as the number of cars fell.[factual?]
* There was a clear sense of community togetherness, since inhabitants frequently took part in activities with other people.[factual?]
* Positive trends were seen in health indicators such as declining obesity rates and rising levels of physical exercise.[factual?]
The example of the Greenway Community shows how active transportation can be successfully promoted and embraced as a sustainable and healthy commuting option by addressing various motivations and utilising a combination of education, incentives, community building, and infrastructure development.[factual?]

## Encouragement Strategies

Several tactics may be used to promote active transportation:

### Information and education:

Giving people knowledge about the advantages of active transportation and advice on overcoming obstacles will enable them to make wise decisions.[factual?]

### Infrastructure and policy:

Investing in bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure and putting these modes of transportation first can increase the accessibility and popularity of active transportation.[factual?]

### Social promote:

Fostering social relationships and creating supportive communities can help build a network of people who promote active transportation.[factual?]
Financial incentives can encourage people to select active means of transportation, such as discounts on public transit or grants for buying bicycles.

## Active Transportation's Impact on Motivation

Motivating factors may be greatly influenced by active transportation, which includes walking, cycling, and other human-powered modes of transportation[Example of overly repetitive statements]. A variety of factors influence one another in the complex interaction between motivation and active transportation. Examining how motivation may be affected by active transportation [missing something?]

### Physical Health and Well-being:

Increased Energy Levels:
Enhanced Physical Fitness and Enhanced Energy Levels: Using active transportation, such as walking or cycling, can enhance physical fitness. People are frequently more inspired to partake in other activities, both physically and psychologically, when they feel healthier and more energised.[factual?]
Stress Reduction:
Regular physical exercise, such as using active transportation, can lower stress and elevate mood. Through the reduction of mental obstacles that can prevent people from following their objectives, lower stress levels might increase motivation.[factual?]
Enhanced Self-Esteem:
Using active transportation to reach physical fitness objectives can increase self-esteem and self-confidence. A stronger sense of self-worth can inspire people to take on new challenges and pursue personal development.[factual?]

### Environmental Impact:

Environmental Concerns:
Environmental issues can be a driving force for choosing active transportation over motorised choices. Active commuting may provide intrinsic incentive for people who want to lessen their carbon footprint and support environmental sustainability.[factual?]
Sense of Purpose:
Individuals may feel inspired to carry out this sustainable behaviour if they are aware that their mode of transportation is helping to make the world cleaner and healthier.[factual?]

### Cost Savings

Financial Motivation:
Cost-effective commuter options include using active transportation. People may be encouraged to continue utilising various means of transportation by the ability to save money on gasoline, parking, and public transit, especially during difficult economic times.[factual?]
Time Management:
For some people, especially for quick trips, physical transportation might be a time-efficient option. A sense of success and incentive to keep up this practise might come from saving time by avoiding traffic and not having to look for parking.[factual?]
Goal Achievement:
Setting and accomplishing individual objectives for using active transportation, such riding a particular distance or doing a certain amount of daily steps, may be quite motivating. Reaching these goals can provide one a sense of success that can be carried over into other aspects of life.[factual?]

### Autonomy in Transportation:

People who use active transportation feel more independent and have more options for their commute. Choice-making is consistent with self-determination theory and can inspire people by satisfying their need for autonomy.[factual?]

## Case Study 2

* Case Study 2
* Case Study: Copenhagen, Denmark
* Copenhagen is often hailed as one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world. The city has successfully motivated a significant portion of its population to use active transport, particularly cycling, as a primary means of commuting[factual?]. Here are some motivators and strategies employed in Copenhagen:

#### Motivators:

Infrastructure and safety: To ensure the safety of bicycles and pedestrians, Copenhagen made significant investments in the construction of a vast network of designated bike lanes and pedestrian routes. People are encouraged to prefer cycling over other modes of transportation by the existence of safe infrastructure.[factual?]
Short Commuting Distances: Compact urban development is a key component of Copenhagen's urban design. Most sites, including companies, schools, and retail centres, are accessible by bike or foot. Active transport is a practical choice for travelling shorter distances.[factual?]
Environmental Concerns: Environmental sustainability is highly valued in Danish society. Concerns about lowering air pollution and glasshouse gas emissions in Copenhagen are motivating inhabitants to embrace active transportation.[factual?]

#### Encouragement Techniques:

Infrastructure Investment: To make it simple and secure for citizens to commute by bike, the city continuously extends and enhances its bicycle infrastructure. This pertains to the city's bike lanes, bike-sharing programmes, and bike racks.[factual?]
Cycling is accepted as a common and respectable form of transportation in Copenhagen. Cycling is well accepted in culture, which encourages more individuals to start doing it.[factual?]
Education and Awareness: To increase public understanding of the advantages of riding, safety, and bike maintenance, the city runs educational initiatives and programmes. Schools frequently instruct kids on how to bike safely.[factual?]
Support for Policy: Copenhagen has put in place measures like congestion pricing, which raises the cost of driving in the city centre. These regulations encourage individuals to choose active transportation.[factual?]
An interesting example study is Copenhagen's effectiveness in encouraging active transportation, especially cycling. The city has inspired a sizable section of its people to adopt active transportation as a sustainable and healthy mode of transportation through fusing infrastructure investments, cultural acceptability, education, policy support, and community involvement.[factual?]

## Key points

* Key points
* 1. Health and well-being benefits:
* Walking and cycling, for example, encourage physical exercise and contribute to general health.
* Cardiovascular fitness increases, lowering the risk of heart disease and other health problems.
* Endorphins released through physical activity provide mental health advantages such as reduced stress and enhanced mood.[factual?]
* 2. Environmental sustainability:
* Active transportation minimises carbon emissions, reducing transportation's influence on climate change.
* Reduced air pollution leads to better air quality, which benefits public health and reduces respiratory ailments.
* Reduced reliance on vehicles makes it easier to preserve natural spaces and promote sustainable urban development.[factual?]
* 3. Economic and social benefits:
* Individuals and governments may save money by using active transportation since it reduces fuel and healthcare expenses.
* Increased foot traffic around businesses due to active commuting supports vibrant local economies.
* Social isolation is lessened, which improves communal well-being and general quality of life.[factual?]
* 4. Urban planning and infrastructure investment:
* Active transportation is prioritised in well-designed urban landscapes with designated pedestrian paths and bike lanes.
* Multimodal commuting is encouraged through investments in bike-sharing programmes and public transit infrastructure.
* Cities with efficient public transportation and pedestrian places, for example, serve as inspiration for other regions.[factual?]
* Active Tranport on Health

### Quiz

Choose your answers and click "Submit": (Hint: Only 1 right answer)

## Conclusion

Psychological motives firmly founded in autonomy, competence, and relatedness have an impact on active transportation. Recognising and addressing these psychological factors while also minimising barriers are necessary to promote the usage of active transportation. We may build an atmosphere where active transportation becomes the prefered and sustainable alternative by encouraging autonomy in choosing, improving perceived competence, and encouraging a sense of relatedness. Active transportation benefits people by improving their physical health and well-being, but it also helps society as a whole by lowering carbon emissions and congested metropolitan areas. Understanding and using the psychology of active transportation is a critical first step in our pursuit of more sustainable and healthful societies.You'll have a thorough knowledge of the psychology of motivation and emotions in relation to active transportation at the end of this chapter. You'll also recognise the huge social benefits that selecting active transportation can make in the effort to create communities that are more connected, sustainable, and healthy.