# AP European History at GRCHS/The Second Quarter
### Unit 4
#### 4A

I. Scientific Revolution (1540-1700), The Century of Genius:
    a. The Scientific Revolution is
    b. Its Goal
    c. Its Big Question
    d. Its Developments
    e. It Began
II. Pre-Scientific Revolution Thought (Aristotelian-Ptolemaic Cosmology):
    a. Major Scholars
    b. Aristotle & the Geocentric Theory
    c. Ptolemy & the Perfect Spheres
III. Challenges to the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic Cosmology & the Birth of the Revolution:
    a. Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543), & the Heliocentric Theory (Copernican Astronomy)
          a. Concerning the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres (1543)
             i. Spheres
             ii. The Earth
             iii. The Solar System
             iv. The Universe
             v. Motion (Heliocentric Theory)
          b. Reality for Copernicus
    b. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601), Non-Linear Path of Knowledge, & Confusion
          a. A New Star (1573)
             i. Supernovas
             ii. Copernicus & Motion
             iii. Motion
          b. Reality for Brahe
    c. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) & Ellipses
          a. A New Astronomy (1609)
             i. Elliptical Orbit
             ii. Planetary Motion
          b. Reality for Kepler
    d. Galileo (1564-1642), Inertia, & Prosecution by the Church
          a. Dialogue Concerning Two World System – Ptolemaic & Copernican (1632)
             i. Inertia
             ii. Planets
          b. Reality for Galileo
    e. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) & the Scientific Method
          a. Of the Proficiency and Advancement of Learning (1605)
             i. Inductive Reasoning
             ii. Scientific Method
          b. Reality for Bacon
    f. Rene Descartes (1596-1650), Cartesian Dualism, & the Scientific Method
          a. Discourse on Method (1637)
             i. Deductive Reasoning
             ii. Cartesian Dualism (Cartesianism)
          b. Reality for Descartes
    g. Isaac Newton (1642-1727), The Universal Law of Gravitation, & the Ultimate Victory of Science
          a. Principia (1687)
             i. Calculus Theoretical Physics
             ii. Newtonian Synthesis/Thermodynamics/Gravity
          b. Reality of Newton
    h. Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564), Rejection of Galen, & Modern Biology
          a. Problems w/ Anatomy
          b. His Findings
IV. Diffusion of Scientific Thought:
    a. Culture of Science
          a. Royal Society for Improving Natural Knowledge (1662)
          b. French Royal Academy of Science (1666)
    b. Science, Religion, & Education
    c. Consequences of Scientific Revolution
V. The Enlightenment (1680-1800), The Age of Reason:
    a. The Enlightenment is
    b. Its Goal
    c. Its Big Question
    d. Its Developments
          a. (Classical) Liberalism
    e. It Began
VI. Pre-Enlightenment Thought (Absolutism & Thomas Hobbes):
    a. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), the Social Contract, & Leviathan (1651)
          a. His Social Contract
VII. Intellectual Influences on Enlightened Thought:
    a. John Locke (1632-1704), Natural Rights, & Tabula Rasa
          a. Two Treatises of Government (1689)
          b. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)
             i. Tabula Rasa (Blank Slate)
             ii. Born Good
             iii. Human Nature & Politics
             iv. Natural Rights
             v. His Social Contract
    b. Bernard de Fontenelle (1657-1757) & the Idea of Progress
          a. Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686)
             i. Religion & Absolute Monarchy
             ii. Knowledge & Progress
          b. Foundations
VIII. The Republic of Ideas/Letters & the Philosophes:
    a. Salons
    b. Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) & Separation of Powers
          a. The Spirit of Laws (1748)
             i. Laws
             ii. Constitutionalism
             iii. Separation of Powers
             iv. Authority of the King
             v. Government in France
    c. Voltaire (1694-1778)
          a. Candide (1759)
             i. Superstition & Fanaticism
             ii. Religion
             iii. Monarchs & Nobles
             iv. “Everything is for the best” & “Cultivate your own garden”
    d. Denis Diderot (1713-1784) & the Encyclopedia
          a. Encyclopedia (1751-1776)
    e. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) & the Social Contract
          a. Discourse on the Arts & Sciences (1762)
             i. Society & Corruption
             ii. Property
             iii. Republic & Voting
             iv. Legislatures
          b. The Social Contract (1762)
             i. Social Contract
             ii. Citizens
             iii. Common Good & General Will of the People
    f. David Hume (1711-1776) & Skeptical Philosophy
          a. A Treatise of Human Nature (1739)
             i. Skepticism
             ii. Impressions
    g. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) & German Idealism
          a. Critique of Pure Reason (1781)
             i. Ideas Over Emotion
             ii. German Idealism
IX. Economic Liberalism:
    a. Francois Quesnay (1694-1774) & the Physiocrats
          a. Economic Table (1758)
             i. Price Controls & Free Trade
             ii. Agricultural Science
    b. Adam Smith (1723-1790) & Laissez-Faire Economics
          a. Wealth of Nations (1776)
             i. Free Market
             ii. Invisible Hand & Market Forces
             iii. Social Happiness
             iv. Merchant Happiness
X. Enlightenment Ideas & Culture:
    a. Religious Enthusiasm
          a. John Wesley (1703-1791) & Methodism
             i. Methodism
    b. Diversity of Print
    c. Rococo Art Style (Late Baroque)
          a. Basic Themes
          b. Jean-Antoine Watteau (1684-1721)
             i. Pilgrimage to Cythera (1721)
          c. William Hogarth (1697-1764)
             i. Marriage a-la-mode (1743-1745)
XI. Unit 4 I.D. Terms:
1) Scientific Revolution:
2) Aristotelian-Ptolemaic Cosmology:
3) Nicholas Copernicus:
4) Heliocentric Theory:
5) Tycho Brahe:
6) Johannes Kepler:
7) Galileo:
8) Francis Bacon:
9) Rene Descartes:
10) Cartesian Dualism:
11) Isaac Newton:
12) Newtonian Synthesis:
13) Enlightenment:
14) Classical Liberalism:
15) Thomas Hobbes:
16) Baron de Montesquieu:
17) Voltaire:
18) Denis Diderot:
19) Jean-Jacques Rousseau:
20) Social Contract:
21) Economic Liberalism:
22) Francois Quesnay:
23) Adam Smith:
24) Laissez-faire Economics:
25) Rococo:

#### 4B

I. 18th Century Europe, The Age of Revolution:
II. The Social Order of 18th Century Europe:
    a. Nobility
          a. Barefoot Nobility
             i. Nobles & Sources of Revenue
    b. The Landed Elite (Gentry)
          a. Gentry & Sources of Revenue
    c. The “Middle Sort” (Bourgeoisie)
          a. Middling Sort & Sources of Revenue
    d. Clergy
    e. Peasantry
          a. Peasant Reality
          b. “Weapons of the Weak”
III. Economic Change through the Agricultural Revolution:
    a. Agricultural Revolution (1650-1750)
          a. Growth in Agriculture
             i. Fertilizers & Soil-Regenerating Crops
             ii. Crop Rotation
             iii. Enclosure Movement (System) of Common Lands
             iv. Animal Husbandry
             v. Land Reclamation
             vi. Results
                a. Most Productive Regions
                b. Agricultural Individualism (Commercial Agriculture)
    b. Population Growth (120 to 190 million)
          a. Reasons for Population Growth
          b. Disease & Famine
          c. Basic Sanitation
          d. War
          e. Marriage & Life Expectancy
             i. Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) & Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)
    c. Manufacturing: Guilds & Domestic Industry
          a. Decline of Guilds (18th Century)
          b. Cottage Industry (Proto-Industrialization) [Putting Out System]
             i. Results
    d. Inventions
          a. James Watt (1736-1819) & the Steam Engine
          b. Henry Cort (1740-1800) & the “Puddling Process”
          c. John Kay (1704-1764) & Flying Shuttle
          d. James Hargreaves (1720-1778) & Spinning Jenny
          e. Richard Arkwright (1732-1792), the Water Frame, & Factories
             i. Factories
             ii. Results
    e. Dominance of the British Economy
          a. Reasons for Dominance
    f. Expanding of the Continental Economy
          a. Reasons for Subservience
IV. Social & Cultural Change in 18th Century Europe:
    a. Growth of Towns & Cities (Urbanization)
          a. Cultural Attractions
          b. Consumer Revolution
    b. Social Movement within the Elite (The Triangle of Land-Ownership) [Middling Sort, Gentry, & Nobility]
          a. On Continental Europe
          b. In Great Britain
             i. Gentry
             ii. Nobility
             iii. Middling Sort
    c. Changing Conditions of the Poor
    d. Social Control
          a. Work Houses/Poor Houses
V. Politics of 18th Century Europe:
VI. Enlightened Absolutism (Enlightened Despots/Monarchs):
    a. Enlightened Absolutism in Reality
          a. Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) of Milan
             i. On Crime & Punishment (1764)
                a. People & the Law
                b. Punishment
                c. Utilitarianism
          b. Catherine II (the Great) of Russia (1762-1796)
             i. Educational Reforms
             ii. Financial Reforms
             iii. Cultural Reforms
             iv. Legislative Reform
             v. Legal Reforms
                a. Charter of the Nobility of 1785
             vi. Rebellions
                a. Pugachev’s Rebellion (1773-1774)
             vii. Reactions to Catherine’s Reforms
          c. Joseph II of Austria (1780-1790)
             i. Governmental Reforms
             ii. Financial Reforms
             iii. Educational Reforms
             iv. Legal Reforms
             v. Religious Reforms
                a. Edict of Toleration (1781)
             vi. Reaction to Joseph’s Reforms
          d. Frederick II [the Great] {Old Fritz} (1740-1786)
             i. Economic Reforms
             ii. Educational Reforms
             iii. Legal Reforms
                a. Prussian Civil Code (1794)
                b. Essay of the Forms of Government (1781)
             iv. Bureaucratic Reforms
             v. Reaction to Frederick’s Reforms
VII. The States System of 18th Century (Balance of Power):
    a. Warfare in the 18th Century
          a. Navies
    b. Global Rivalries
          a. Britain’s Empire
             i. British East India Company
          b. Spain’s Empire
          c. Dutch’s Empire
          d. France’s Empire
    c. Conflicts Between the Great Powers
          a. The Prussian-Austrian Dynastic Rivalries in Central Europe
             i. Charles VI of Austria (1711-1740) & Succession
             ii. Pragmatic Sanction (1713)
             iii. Maria Theresa (1740-1780), Daughter of Charles VI
             iv. Frederick II & His Reaction to Austrian Succession
                a. Others Joining In
                b. The Act of War (Invasion of Silesia)
          b. War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)
             i. Also Called King George’s War (North America) & included the War of Jenkins Ear
             ii. Maria Theresa & Internal Problems
             iii. Maria Theresa & External Problems
             iv. Maria Theresa & Her Plea to the Hungarian Diet (1740)
             v. Maria Theresa & Alliances
                a. King George’s War
                b. War of Jenkins’ Ear
             vi. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)
          c. Prelude to the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)
             i. Diplomatic Resolution of 1756
             ii. The Act of War (1756)
          d. The Seven Years’ War
             i. Alliances for Prussia
             ii. Alliances against Prussia
             iii. Fighting in North America (French & Indian War [1754-1763])
             iv. Fighting in India
             v. Fighting in Central Europe
             vi. Losses for Prussia
             vii. A Surprising Ally in Peter III of Russia (1762)
                a. Catherine II & Peter III
             viii. Peace in the Works
             ix. Treaty of Paris (1763)
                a. France Loses
                b. Great Britain Gains
                c. Spain Gains
          e. War of Bavarian Succession (1778-79)
VIII. Political Changes in Great Britain:
    a. The Stuarts in Great Britain
          a. Act of Succession (1701)
          b. William III (of Orange) Death in 1702
          c. Anne I (1665-1714) & Problems w/ the Jacobins
             i. Queen Anne’s War (War of the League of Augsburg (1790’s)
             ii. Act of Union (1707)
          d. Anne’s Death in 1714, Rise of the Hanoverian House in Great Britain
    b. The House of Hanover
          a. George I (1714-1727)
          b. Scottish Uprising by the Jacobins & James II [The Pretender] (1715)
          c. George II (1727-1760) [son of George I]
             i. Bonnie Prince Charlie [Charles Edward Stuart] (1720-1788) & the Last Jacobin Uprising (1745-1746)
             ii. War of Jenkins’s Ear (1739-1748)
             iii. King George’s War (1740-1748)
    c. Expansion of the Central Government under George II
          a. Financial Crash & the South Sea Company Bubble (1719-1720)
             i. The Problem
             ii. The Crash (1720)
          b. Robert Walpole (1676-1745), [W] First Prime Minister (1715-1742), & Recovery
             i. His Reforms
             ii. Loss of Political Clout
    d. Role of the House of Commons in the 18th Century
          a. Loss of Confidence in the House of Commons
          b. Whigs vs. Tories in the Commons
          c. George III (1760-1820) & Loyal Parliamentary Opposition
             i. Whig Opposition
          d. Edmund Burke (1729-1797), Member of Parliament
    e. Rise of British Nationalism in the 18th Century
IX. Challenges to Established Authorities:
    a. British Radicals in Great Britain
          a. They Called For
    b. John Wilkes (1727-1797), the Original Radical in British Politics (1760’s)
          a. His Main Complaint
          b. Significance
    c. American Revolutionaries in the Colonies
          a. Colonial Leaders
          b. British Radicals & American Independence
          c. British Government Response
          d. War of American Independence
             i. Oddity of This Event
             ii. The War
          e. Results
    d. Parlement and the French Monarchy (1750’s to 1780’s)
          a. Parlement in Reality
          b. Jansenists Power in Parlement
          c. Trouble w/ Taxation
             i. Louis XV & Parlement (1771)
          d. Public Opinion on the Dissolution of Parlement
          e. Results
          f. Economic Revelation for Louis XV
          g. Louis XVI (1774-1793)
             i. The Final Act of French Economic Collapse
X. Fading Powers in Europe: The Ottoman Empire & Poland:
    a. Decline of Ottoman Turkish Power in Europe
          a. Internal Problems
          b. External Problems
          c. “The Sick Man of Europe”
    b. The Disappearance of Poland
          a. War of Polish Succession (1733-1735)
             i. Results
          b. First Partition of Poland (1772)
          c. Second Partition of Poland (1793)
          d. Third Partition of Poland (1795)
XI. Unit 4 I.D. Terms:
1) Agricultural Revolution:
2) Enclosure Movement:
3) Commercial Agriculture:
4) Cottage Industry:
5) Richard Arkwright:
6) Enlightened Absolutism:
7) Cesare Beccaria:
8) Catherine II:
9) Pugachev’s Rebellion:
10) Charter of the Nobility:
11) Joseph II:
12) Frederick II:
13) Prussian Civil Code:
14) Pragmatic Sanction:
15) Maria Theresa:
16) War of Austrian Succession:
17) Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle:
18) The Seven Years’ War:
19) Treaty of Paris:
20) Anne I:
21) Act of Union:
22) Hanoverians:
23) Robert Walpole:
24) Louis XV:
25) The Partitions of Poland:

### Unit 5
#### 5A

I. French Revolution (1789-1799), End of the Ancien Regime:
    a. Modern Questions – rights of the people, the role of the state in society, democratic values, role of religion in society,
the ideas of economic freedom, sanctity of property, duties of a citizen, the idea of nation (nationalism)
    b. The French Revolution was
    c. The Ancien Regime was
    d. Causes of the French Revolution
          a. Enlightenment Ideas
          b. Inequalities in Society
             i. First Estate
             ii. Second Estate
             iii. Third Estate
                a. What was the Third Estate?
             iv. Reality of the Estates System
          c. Financial Crisis
             i. Problems w/ Agriculture
             ii. Problems w/ War
             iii. Problems w/ Public Confidence
             iv. Problems w/ Parlement
II. First Stages of the French Revolution:
    a. Calling of the Assembly of Notables (1787)
          a. The 1st & 2nd Estates
          b. The 3rd Estate
          c. Louis’ Reaction
    b. “Revolt of the Nobility”, in Parlement (1788)
    c. Estates General (June 1789) & the Paper Revolution
          a. Decision on Voting Reform
          b. Decision on Representative Body
          c. Decision on the List of Grievances
          d. Louis’ Reaction to the 3rd Estate
          e. Locked Out (July 1789)
          f. The Tennis Court Oath & the National Assembly
             i. The Paper Revolution
    d. The People of Paris
          a. The Storming of the Bastille (July 14th, 1789)
             i. The Bastille
             ii. Destruction of the Bastille
                a. Acceptance of Violence
    e. The Countryside’s Revolt & the Great Fear
          a. The City vs. the Countryside
III. Consolidation of the Revolution under the National Assembly (Moderate Phase):
    a. Creation of the Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen (August 1789)
          a. Its Ideas
          b. The Problem
    b. Popular Resentment
          a. Jean-Paul Marat (1743-1793) & The Friend of the People
    c. The March to Versailles (October 1789)
          a. It Began
          b. It Became
          c. It Ended
          d. Significance
    d. Reform of the Church
          a. Church Property
             i. Aristocratic Flight
          b. Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790)
             i. It Said
             ii. Discontent by the Countryside & Thoughts of Counter-Revolution
    e. Constitution of 1791
          a. It Said
    f. Growth of Politics in Paris
          a. Main Individuals in Parisian Politics
             i. George-Jacques Danton (1759-1794)
             ii. Olympe de Gouges (1755-1793)
                a. Declaration of the Rights of Women
             iii. Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794)
             iv. Jean-Paul Marat
          b. Main Political Club (Jacobins)
          c. Main Parisian Group (Sans-Culottes)
             i. Their Name
                a. Their Ideas
IV. Growing Radicalism of the Revolution under the Legislative Assembly:
    a. Louis’ Flight to Varennes (June 1791)
          a. National Assembly’s Reaction
          b. Significance
    b. Dissolution of the National Assembly, Creation of the Legislative Assembly (Sept. 1791)
          a. Left-Right Politics
             i. Left
             ii. Right
    c. Reactions to the French Revolution in Europe
          a. Persecution of Radicals
          b. Edmond Burke
             i. Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790)
          c. Thomas Paine (1737-1809)
             i. The Rights of Man (1791-1792)
          d. Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)
             i. Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)
    d. Austria’s (Leopold II, Marie’s brother) & Prussia’s (Frederick William II) Reaction to the Revolution
          a. Declaration of Pillnitz (August 1791)
          b. Legislative Assembly’s Response
    e. The Brunswick Manifesto (July 1792)
          a. It Said
    f. The Second Revolution (August 1792)
    g. Prussia’s & Austria’s invasion of France (Sept. 1792)
          a. Marat’s Influence
          b. The September Massacres (1792)
V. The National Convention during the Radical Phase:
    a. Dissolution of the Legislative Assembly, Creation of the National Convention (Sept. 1792)
          a. The Problem w/ the Convention
          b. Preemptive Declaration of War on Great Britain & the Dutch Republic
             i. The Revolutionary Wars & First Coalition against France (Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, D.U.P)
          c. End of Monarchy, Rise of Republic (January 1793)
          d. Division in the Convention
             i. Girondins
             ii. Jacobins
    b. Military Woes (March 1793)
    c. Counter-Revolution Begins (Summer 1793)
    d. Start of the Reign of The Terror (June 1793)
          a. Those Accused
          b. Revolutionary Tribunal
          c. Committee of Public Safety
             i. Law of Suspects (Sept. 1793)
    e. Societal Changes to France during the Reign of Terror
          a. De-Christianization
          b. The Cult of the Supreme Being & the Republic of Virtue
          c. Revolutionary Calendar
    f. Call to End to the Terror (April 1794)
    g. The Great Terror
VI. Final Stages of the Revolution:
    a. The Thermidorian Reaction (July 1794)
    b. Dissolution of the National Convention, Creation of the Directory (1794-1799)
          a. Reforms
          b. Problems
          c. Abbe Sieyes & His Prediction
    c. Second Coalition Against France (Russia, Great Britain, Austria) [1798]
    d. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
    e. The 18th of Brumaire (18th of October)
VII. Unit 5 I.D. Terms:
1) French Revolution:
2) Ancien Regime:
3) Louis XVI:
4) First Estate:
5) Second Estate:
6) Third Estate:
7) Assembly of Notables:
8) Estates General:
9) Tennis Court Oath:
10) National Assembly:
11) The Bastille:
12) Great Fear:
13) Declaration of the Rights of Man:
14) Civil Constitution of the Clergy:
15) Constitution of 1791:
16) Jacobin Club:
17) Maximilien Robespierre:
18) Sans-Culottes:
19) Legislative Assembly:
20) Declaration of Pillnitz:
21) Brunswick Manifesto:
22) September Massacres:
23) National Convention:
24) The Revolutionary Wars:
25) Reign of Terror:
26) Revolutionary Tribunal:
27) Committee of Public Safety:
28) Thermidorian Reaction:
29) Directory:
30) Napoleon Bonaparte:

#### 5B

I. Napoleonic Era (1799-1815):
    a. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), A Star Rising
          a. Military Accomplishments
          b. Involvement w/ the Directory
          c. Coup d’état of the Directory (October 1799), Creation of the Consulate
          d. Structure of the Consulate
             i. Napoleon as First Consul
             ii. Council of State
             iii. Tribunate
                a. Senate
             iv. Legislative Body
             v. Districts & Perfects
          e. Reforms of the Consulate
             i. Peace w/ the Catholic Church (Concordat of 1801)
                a. Catholicism
                b. Bishops
                c. Church Property
                d. Clergy
                e. Minister of Religion
             ii. End of the Revolutionary Wars
                a. Treaty of Luneville (1801)
                b. Treaty of Amiens (1802)
                c. Imperial Recess of 1803
             iii. Louisiana Purchase (1803)
    b. The French Empire under Emperor Napoleon I (1804-1815)
          a. Basic Reforms of the Empire
             i. Council of State
                a. New Powers
             ii. Bank of France
             iii. Expansion of Schools
             iv. Napoleonic Code (Civil Code of 1804)
                a. Basic Ideas
             v. Social Hierarchy
             vi. Military Recruitment
                a. Legion of Honor
    c. The Napoleonic Wars (1805-1813)
          a. Napoleonic Warfare
          b. Napoleonic Tactics
          c. Napoleonic Battles
          d. Third Coalition against France (1805)
             i. Battle of Trafalgar (1805)
             ii. Battle of Ulm (October 1805)
             iii. Battle of Austerlitz (December 1805)
             iv. Confederation of the Rhine (1806)
                a. Francis II of Austria & Death of the Holy Roman Empire
             v. Battle of Jena (1806)
             vi. Battle of Friedland (1807)
             vii. Treaty of Tilsit (1807)
                a. It Said
             viii. Battle of Wagram (1809)
             ix. Outcome of the early Napoleonic Wars
                a. Nepotism in Europe
    d. The Tide Turns Against Napoleon
          a. Continental System (1806)
             i. What it did
             ii. Problems from Great Britain
             iii. Problems with France
             iv. British Retaliation under the Orders of Council (1807)
                a. Purpose
             v. French Retaliation under the Milan Decrees (1807)
                a. Purpose
             vi. Failure by 1811
          b. The Spanish Ulcer, the Peninsular War (1808-1813)
             i. Spanish Rebellion
             ii. Portuguese & British Support
          c. Nationalism in Napoleonic Europe
             i. Creation of a National Identity
          d. Napoleon’s Treatment of Conquered Lands
          e. Military Reforms in Prussia & Austria
             i. Reforms
             ii. Baron Heinrich Karl vom und zum Stein
    e. Empire’s Decline & the Russian Invasion (1812-1813)
          a. Internal Opposition under Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
          b. External Opposition
             i. Napoleon’s Response
          c. The Russian Campaign (June 1812-March 1813)
             i. Reasons for Failure
                a. Scorched Earth Policy
                b. The Russian Winter
             ii. Napoleon’s Retreat (March 1813)
          d. The Fourth Coalition (1813) against France
             i. Battle of the Nations (March 1813)
          e. Napoleon’s Forced Abdication (April 6, 1814)
    f. The Bourbon Restoration under Louis XVIII (1814)
          a. Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)
          b. Treaty of Paris (1814)
          c. Louis XVIII (1814-1815, 1815-1824)
             i. Constitutional Charter
             ii. Problems w/ Louis XVIII
    g. Napoleon’s Return & the One Hundred Days (1815)
          a. Allied Response
          b. Battle of Waterloo (May 1815)
II. Legacy of the French Revolution & Napoleonic Era:
    a. French Revolution Post-Mortem
    b. Napoleonic Era Post-Mortem
III. Unit 5 I.D. Terms:
1) Napoleonic Era:
2) Consulate:
3) Concordat of 1801:
4) Emperor Napoleon I:
5) French Empire:
6) Napoleonic Code:
7) Napoleonic Wars:
8) Confederation of the Rhine:
9) Treaty of Tilsit:
10) Nepotism:
11) Continental System:
12) Peninsular War:
13) Russian Campaign:
14) Battle of the Nations:
15) Bourbon Restoration:
16) Louis XVIII:
17) Constitutional Charter:
18) Treaty of Paris (1814):
19) One Hundred Days:
20) Battle of Waterloo:

### Unit 6
#### 6B

I. Revolutions of 1848:
    a. Initial Success of the Revolutionaries
    b. Problem with Success
    c. Ultimate Failure
II. The February Revolution in France, the Overthrow of the July (Orleanist) Monarch:
    a. The February Revolution
          a. Louis Philippe’s Response
          b. Louis Philippe’s Response to the Protestors
    b. Declaration of the Second French Republic
    c. Internal Divisions in the Provisional Government
          a. Legitimists:
          b. Orleanists:
          c. Supporters of Louis Napoleon (1808-1873):
    d. European Reactions
    e. April Election Results
    f. Crisis in France & the June Days
          a. Government’s Response to the June Days
    g. Candidates for the Election in November
          a. Louis Napoleon
          b. Louis Cavaignac (1802-1857)
          c. Alexandre-Auguste Ledru-Rollin (1807-1874)
    h. December Election Results
    i. The Agony of the Second French Republic
          a. Louis Napoleon’s Reforms
    j. Death of the Second French Republic & Rise of the Second French Empire (November 1851)
          a. Louis Napoleon’s Call for Legitimacy & the People’s Plebiscite Vote
          b. Declaration of the Second French Empire under Napoleon III (January 1852)
III. Revolution in the German Confederation, Prussia & the Frankfurt Parliament:
    a. Causes of Revolution in the German States
    b. March Revolutions
    c. Revolution in Bavaria
          a. Ludwig I’s (King of Bavaria) Response
    d. Revolutions in Saxony & Hanover
    e. Revolution in Prussia under Frederick William IV
          a. Frederick William IV’s Response
          b. The March Days
          c. United Assembly of Prussia (March 1848)
    f. The Frankfurt Parliament (German Constituent National Assembly) & Attempted Unification
          a. Elections for the Frankfurt Parliament
             i. Important Questions include what type of GOV will the nation have, who will have the right to vote, will PRU or AUS go along w/ this plan, which state/King will accept the title of King of Germany if they want a Constitutional Monarchy
          b. Two Major Ideas Behind Germain Unification
             i. Kleindeutsch:
             ii. Grossdeutsch:
          c. The Frankfurt Parliament’s 1st Decision on Unification
          d. The Frankfurt Parliament’s 2nd Decision on Unification, Basic Rights of the German People (December 1848)
          e. The Frankfurt Parliament’s 3rd Decision on Unification
             i. Significance
          f. Collapse of the Revolution in Berlin
          g. End of Revolutions in Germany
    g. Prussian-Austrian Rivalry
IV. Revolution in Austria:
    a. Causes for the Revolutions
    b. Start of the Revolution, the Hungarian Revolt
          a. March Laws
    c. Revolutions within Hungary, Revolt of the Croats, Serbs, & Slovenes
          a. Reason for Internal Revolts
    d. Revolution in Vienna
          a. Ferdinand I’s, King of Austria, Response
    e. Revolution in Bohemia
          a. Czech Revolutionary Goal
    f. Revolution of the Austrian Germans
    g. Revolution in Italy
    h. Counter-Revolution in Habsburg Central Europe
          a. Abdication of Ferdinand I, Coronation of King Francis Joseph I (1848-1916)
          b. Prince Felix zu Schwarzenberg (1800-1852)
          c. Austrian Counter-Attack in Bohemia
             i. German Revolutionaries’ Response:
          d. Austrian Counter-Attack in Vienna
          e. Austrian Counter-Attack in Hungary, Support from Russia & the Croats
             i. Joseph Jelacic (1801-1859):
          f. Restoration of Habsburg Control
V. Revolution in Italy:
    a. Rival Powers in Italy
          a. Piedmont-Sardinia & the House of Savoy
    b. The Five Glorious Days, Attack on Milan
          a. Divisions on Unification & Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia (1831-1849)
          b. Divisions on the Government of (Attempted) United Italy
    c. Revolution in Rome
          a. Foreign Intervention
          b. Battle for Rome (June)
    d. Joseph Radetzky (1766-1858) & the Austrian Counter-Attack in Italy
          a. Results of Radetzky’s Campaign
          b. Abdication of Charles Albert, Coronation of Victor Emmanuel II (1849-1861)
VI. The Legacy of the Revolutions of 1848:
VII. Unit 6 I.D. Terms:
1) Revolutions of 1848:
2) February Revolution:
3) Second French Republic:
4) June Days:
5) Louis Napoleon:
6) Second French Empire:
7) Napoleon III:
8) March Revolutions:
9) Frederick William IV:
10) March Days:
11) Frankfurt Parliament:
12) Kleindeutsch:
13) Grossdeutsch:
14) March Laws:
15) Ferdinand I:
16) Franz Joseph I:
17) Piedmont-Sardinia:
18) Charles Albert:
19) Joseph Radetzky:
20) Victor Emmanuel II:

#### 6C

I. Era of National Unification:
II. Political Unification of Italy under Piedmont-Sardinia:
    a. Leadership of Italian Unification
          a. King Victor Emmanuel II
          b. Camillo di Cavour (1810-1861), Chief Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia
    b. Alliances & Warfare for Italian Unification (Jan. 1859)
          a. Why France & Napoleon III?
          b. Treaty of Plombieres (Savoy & Nice)
             i. Napoleon III’s Belief
             ii. Austria’s Response to the Alliance
             iii. Cavour’s Response to Conscription
             iv. Austria’s Response to Cavour’s Decree
                a. German States’ Response to Austria’s Aggression
             v. Austria’s Ultimatum
             vi. France’s Response
    c. Italian War of Unification (1859)
          a. Battles of Magenta & Solferino (June 1859)
          b. Napoleon III’s Fear & Withdrawal
             i. Armistice at Villafranca (July 1859)
          c. Treaty of Turin (March 1860)
    d. The Liberation of Southern Italy (1860) by Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882)
          a. Garibaldi & Southern Italy
          b. April 1860 Revolt in the Kingdom of the Two Siclies (Naples & Sicily)
             i. Garibaldi, His “Red Shirts”, & Palermo
             ii. Invasion of Naples
             iii. Cavour & Garibaldi
          c. North & South Unite with a Plebiscite Vote (November 1860)
             i. Results of the Vote for Unification
    e. The Nation of Italy (March 1861)
          a. Venetia (1866)
          b. Rome (1870)
             i. Law of Papal Guarantees (May 1871)
    f. Limits of Unification
          a. Regional Differences
          b. North vs. South
          c. Economic Woes & the North-South Gap
          d. Emigration to the United States
          e. Papal Resistance
          f. The Mafia in Sicily
III. Political Unification of Germany under Prussia:
    a. Advantages in the German States
          a. German Confederation
          b. Zollverein (1819) & Frederick List (1789-1846)
             i. Significance
          c. Prussia
    b. Leadership of German Unification
          a. William I (1797-1888)
          b. Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898), Iron Chancellor of Prussia (1862-1890)
             i. Realpolitik (Statecraft)
    c. Prussian Constitutional Crisis
          a. The Crisis Was
          b. The Solution, Otto von Bismarck as Chancellor (1862)
             i. The Loophole
             ii. Significance
    d. Alliances & Warfare for German Unification
          a. His Plan for Eliminating External Blocks
          b. Friendship with Russia & the Polish Revolt (1863)
             i. The Results
    e. The Danish War (1864), the Pretext for War with Austria
          a. Claim of German Oppression Schleswig & Holstein (1864)
          b. German Response
          c. Treaty of Vienna (1864)
    f. Bismarck & the European Stage (1865)
          a. France & Austrian Humiliation
          b. Italy & Venetia (Prussian-Italian Alliance)
          c. German Confederation & a National Parliament
    g. The Conflict over Schleswig & Holstein & the Seven Weeks’ War [Austro-Prussian] (1866)
          a. Austria’s Response
          b. The War
          c. Treaty of Prague (August 1866)
    h. The North German Confederation, the Framework for German Unification
             i. Significance
             ii. Expansion of the Zollverein
    i. The Conflict with France & the Final Step to German Unification (1870)
          a. Political Isolation of France
             i. Austria
             ii. Italy
             iii. Russia
          b. The Calls for War Boil with a Conflict over Spanish Succession (1870)
             i. The Effect
          c. The Ems Dispatch (Telegraph) (July 1870)
             i. The Effect
          d. Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
             i. Treaty of Frankfurt (January 1871)
             ii. Territorial Gains & Indemnity
          e. Declaration of the German Empire (January 1871)
             i. State Structure
    j. Politics of the German Empire
          a. Kulturkampf (1873) & the War on Catholicism
             i. Reforms Against Catholicism
             ii. End of Kulturkampf
          b. Problems with the Social Democratic Party
             i. Reforms Against the Social Democrats
          c. William II (1888-1918), son of William I
             i. Resignation of Bismarck as Chancellor (1890)
             ii. Germany Without Bismarck
IV. National Awakening in Habsburg Lands:
    a. Advantages from Regionalism
          a. Habsburg Monarchy
          b. Officials & Languages
          c. Ethnic Nobility
          d. Catholicism
          e. Local Control
    b. Constitutional Reforms
          a. October Diploma of 1860
          b. February Patent of 1861
          c. Compromise of 1867, the Dual Monarchy, & the Austro-Hungarian Empire
             i. What It Did
V. Unit 6 I.D. Terms:
1) Unification :
2) Italian Unification:
3) Camillo di Cavour:
4) Treaty of Turin:
5) Giuseppe Garibaldi:
6) Law of Papal Guarantees:
7) German Unification:
8) William I:
9) Otto von Bismarck:
10) Realpolitik:
11) Schleswig & Holstein:
12) Austro-Prussian War:
13) North German Confederation:
14) Zollverein:
15) Ems Dispatch:
16) Franco-Prussian War:
17) Treaty of Frankfurt:
18) Kulturkampf:
19) William II:
20) Compromise of 1867:

#### 6D

I. Dominant Powers in the Age of Liberalism:
II. The Victorian Age in Great Britain:
    a. The Victorian Consensus under Queen Victoria (1819-1901) & Prince Albert (1819-1861)
          a. Entrepreneurial Ethnic
          b. Involvement of the State
          c. Morality
          d. The Family
    b. The Liberal Era of Victorian Politics (19th Century)
          a. Liberal Dominance post-1832 Reform Bill & Whig Divisions
             i. Liberal Party
                a. It Drew Support From
                b. Strong In
                c. Party Leader in William Gladstone (1809-1898)
          b. Conservative Opposition
             i. Conservative Party
                a. It Drew Support From
                b. Strong In
                c. Party Leader in Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881)
          c. The Politics of Voter Reform
             i. The Liberal Reform Bill
                a. What It Did
                b. Liberal Support
                c. Conservative Opposition
                d. Result
             ii. The Conservative Reform Bill (The Reform Bill of 1867)
                a. What It Did
                b. Liberal Support
                c. Conservative Support
                d. Result
          d. Irish Home Rule & the Pacification of Ireland
             i. The Irish Land Act of 1870
             ii. Irish Land League (1879)
             iii. Charles Parnell (1846-1891) & Home Rule
             iv. Irish Republican Brotherhood (1879)
             v. Divisions in Parliament & the Liberal Party (1879-1882)
                a. Why Try?
             vi. Violence & the Coercion Act (1882)
             vii. Joseph Chamberlain (1836-1914) & the Liberal Party Split (1885)
             viii. Home Rule Bill & Failures (1886 & 1893)
             ix. Passage of Home Rule (September 1914) & Ulster
    c. New Contours in British Political Life, King Edward VII (1901-1910)
          a. New Unionism
             i. Black Monday (1887)
             ii. Taff Vale Decision (1901)
          b. Rise of the Labour Party (1890’s)
          c. Conservative Decline (1890’s-1910’s)
          d. Liberal & Labour Government (1910’s)
             i. Trade Disputes Act of 1906
             ii. Parliament Bill of 1911 & George V (1911-1936)
             iii. William Lloyd George & the Last Liberal Majority (1910’s-1920’s)
III. Reform, Expansion, & Revolution in Tsarist Russia:
    a. The Crimean War (1853-1856), the Shattering of Concert Europe
          a. It Started
          b. It Became
          c. War Breaks Out (1853)
          d. The War Ends
             i. Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)
             ii. Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892) & The Charge of the Light Brigade
          e. Peace of Paris (1856)
    b. Stirrings of Discontent in Russia
          a. Westernizes vs. Slavophiles
             i. Westernizers
             ii. Slavophiles
                a. Vissarion Belinsky (1811-1848)
                b. Alexander Herzen (1812-1870)
                c. Nikolay Gogol (1809-1852)
             iii. Pan-Slavism
    c. Czar Alexander II (1855-1881) & Emancipation of the Serfs
          a. Serfdom in Russia
          b. Emancipation of the Serfs (April 5, 1861)
             i. The Problem
          c. Other Reforms of Alexander II
             i. Creation of Zemstvos
             ii. Dumas
             iii. Creation of the Judicial Branch (1864)
             iv. The Army
             v. Third Section
    d. Expansion of the Russian Empire under Alexander III (1881-1894), son of Alexander II
          a. Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878)
             i. Treaty of San Stefano (1878)
          b. The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
             i. Nicholas II (1894-1917)
             ii. It Started
             iii. The War
             iv. Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)
    e. The Revolution of 1905
          a. Protests at St. Petersburg (January 1905)
          b. Czar Nicholas II’s Response & Bloody Sunday (January 22nd)
          c. Czar Nicholas II’s Response & the Duma (National Parliament)
          d. October Manifesto of 1905
          e. Sergey Witte (1849-1915) & Resolution
          f. Dissolution of the Duma (April 1906)
             i. Significance
IV. Reforms of the Second Empire & Rise of the Third Republic:
    a. The Authoritarian Empire
    b. Economic Growth in France
          a. Construction Projects
             i. Construction of the Suez Canal (1869)
          b. Significance
    c. Foreign Policy of the Second Empire
          a. Mexico & Cinco de Mayo (1867)
          b. Italian War of Unification (1859)
          c. Franco-Prussian War and the Siege of Paris (1870-1871)
             i. Significance
    d. Declaration of the Third Republic (Sept. 4, 1870)
          a. Provisional Government
    e. Parisian Revolt & the Paris Commune (March 1871)
          a. The Paris Commune (March 1871)
          b. End of the Paris Commune (May 1871)
    f. The Chamber of Deputies & the Third Republic
          a. Structure of the Third Republic
    g. Anti-Semitism in the Third Republic & the Dreyfus Affair (1894)
          a. Captain Alfred Dreyfus (1859-1935)
          b. The Dreyfus Affair
          c. Dreyfus’ Release (1899)
V. Unit 6 I.D. Terms:
1) Victorian Consensus:
2) Liberal Party:
3) William Gladstone:
4) Conservative Party:
5) Benjamin Disraeli:
6) The Reform Bill of 1867:
7) Irish Home Rule:
8) Labour Party:
9) Parliament Bill of 1911:
10) Crimean War:
11) Westernizers:
12) Slavophiles:
13) Alexander II:
14) Alexander III:
15) Nicholas II:
16) Russo-Japanese War:
17) Revolution of 1905:
18) Third French Republic:
19) Paris Commune:
20) Dreyfus Affair: