OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Phalanga

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PHALAN'GA or PALAN'GA (φάλαγξ). A strong round pole employed by porters to assist them in carrying heavy weights, the ends being rested on their shoulders and the load suspended from it between them at the centre of gravity, as in the annexed example (Phalanga/1.1), which represents two of the soldiers on Trajan's column making use of the contrivance in question. Vitruv. x. 3. 7, 8, and 9.
2. A wooden cylinder or roller intended for placing under objects of great weight to assist in moving them, as, for instance, under the bottom of a vessel, whilst being hauled on shore, or launched from the beach. Non. s. v. p. 163. Varro, ap. Non. l. c. Caes. B. C. ii. 10.
3. Pieces of valuable wood, such as ebony for example, cut into truncheons or cylinders, as objects of merchandise. Plin. H. N. xii. 8.
4. A truncheon employed as a weapon in warfare, the origin of which is attributed to the Africans during their contests with the Egyptians (Plin. H. N. vii. 57.). These were probably cut out of some strong and heavy kind of wood; but an instrument of iron, corresponding with the form and name of the weapon, has been discovered, amongst many other objects of an unique character, in a tomb at Paestum, together with a painting on the walls of the sepulchre, which represents a Greek warrior on horseback, carrying the truncheon and a shield suspended from his spear, as shown by the annexed illustration (Phalanga/4.1). The implement itself, which is engraved at the bottom of the woodcut, is rather more than two feet long, not including the ring at the end; and the manner in which it and the shield are carried in the picture above, renders it probable that they were represented as a trophy, which the owner of the tomb had really taken from some enemy in battle. The object and the painting identify the instrument with its name, which hitherto had not been accomplished.
* Phalanga/1.1
* Phalanga/4.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Phalangites

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PHALANGI'TES (φαλαγγίτης). A soldier armed and equipped in the same manner as those of the Macedonian phalanx. Liv. xxxvii. 40. xlii. 51.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Phaleratus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PHALERA'TUS. Wearing bosses (phalerae) of the precious metals, as a decoration to the person; a practice originally characteristic of foreign nations (Suet. Nero, 30.), but adopted from Etruria by the Romans (Florus, i. 5, 6.), amongst whom they were chiefly employed as a military decoration for distinguished services, and worn in front of the chest (phaleris hic pectora fulget Sil. Ital. xv. 255.), attached to a broad belt, fastened over the bust, as exemplified by the annexed figure (Phaleratus/1.1), representing the portrait of a centurion in his military accoutrements, from a carving on his tomb; seven phalerae are exhibited on his person, three down the front of the breast, and two, the halves only of which appear in the drawing, on each side.
2. When applied to horses (Liv. xxx. 17. Suet. Cal. 19. Claud. 17.), it designates an ornament of similar description, sometimes affixed to the headstall or to a throat collar, as in the example (Phaleratus/2.1) from a fictile vase, or to a martingale over the chest, as in the woodcuts at p. 264.; where they hung as pendants (Plin. H. N. xxxvii. 74. Compare Claud. iv. Cons. Honor. 549.), shaking and shining with every motion of the animal.
* Phaleratus/1.1
* Phaleratus/2.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pharetratus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PHARETRA'TUS. Carrying a quiver (Virg. Hor. Ovid. &c.); which was practised amongst the ancients in three different ways: — 1. by suspending it horizontally between the shoulders and at the back, as shown by the right-hand figure of the first woodcut (Pharetratus/1.1), so that the arrow was drawn out over the right shoulder. 2. By suspending it low down the back so that the mouth came on a level with the left hip, as in the left-hand example, when the arrow was extracted by passing the hand across the belly. Both these figures personify the goddess of the chase, the first from a medal, the other from a terra-cotta lamp. 3. Or lastly, by slinging the quiver across the back, with its mouth towards the right elbow, so that the arrows were taken out by passing the right hand behind the back, in the manner exhibited by the annexed example (Pharetratus/1.2), from a Greek marble, representing a Phrygian archer. The three figures will also explain many passages, more especially in the Greek poets, where the epithets used distinctly imply one or other of the different arrangements exhibited above.
* Pharetratus/1.1
* Pharetratus/1.2
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pharetra

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PHAR'ETRA (φαρέτρα). A quiver, or case for arrows only, in contradistinction to corytus, a bow case, but which sometimes held the arrows as well as the bow. See the three following illustrations.
2. A particular kind of sun-dial, which from its designation is supposed to have borne some resemblance to a quiver; but in the absence of any known example representing such a figure, the interpretation can only be regarded in the light of a conjecture. Vitruv. ix. 8.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pharetriger

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PHARET'RIGER. Sil. Ital. xiv. 286. Same as PHARETRATUS.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pharmacopola

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PHARMACOPO'LA (φαρμακοπώλης). One who makes and vends quack medicines (Hor. Sat. i. 2. 1.); not a legitimate dealer or practitioner, but one of the class of mountebanks, still common in Italy and other countries, who frequent the public market places (Cic. Cluent. 14. circumforaneus), where they hold forth the virtues of their nostrums in a loud and fluent discourse (Cato ap. Gell. i. 5. 3.) to the ignorant multitude.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pharos

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PHAR'OS and PHAR'US (φάρος). A light-house, so termed after the celebrated tower built by order of Ptolemy Philadelphus, on the island of Pharos, at the entrance to the port of Alexandria, which became a general model for most others (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 18. Solin. 32. Suet. Tib. 74. Stat. Sylv. iii. 5. 100.) The illustration (Pharos/1.1) represents a light-house on a medal of the Emperor Commodus, composed of a circular tower; others are met with of a square form; and the Roman light-house at Dover Castle, of which considerable remains are still visible, is of an octagonal figure; but they all present the same general features of a tall tower in several stories, diminishing upwards, with windows turned towards the sea, at which torches were kept burning for beacons during the night.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Phaselus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PHASE'LUS. See FASELUS.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Phiala

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PHIAL'A (φιάλη). Only a Greek word Latinized, for which the genuine Latin term is PATERA, where an explanation and illustration are given.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Philyra

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PHIL'YRA or PHIL'URA (φιλύρα). A thin strip cut from the inner coat of the papyrus, in order to make a sheet of writing paper. This was effected by glueing together a number of these strips, sufficient for the size of the sheet required, and then consolidating it by a number of similar layers fastened cross-ways at the back, which gave the requisite texture to the whole, and prevented the sheet from splitting in the direction of the fibres. Plin. H. N. xiii. 23.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Phimus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PHI'MUS (φιμὸς), Hor. Sat. ii. 7. 17. The Greek name for a dice-box Latinized, for which the genuine Latin term is FRITILLUS, under which the word is explained and illustrated.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Phlebotomus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PHLEBOT'OMUS (φλεβοτόμος). A lancet or fleam for blood-letting. Veg. Vet. i. 19.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Phonascus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PHONAS'CUS (φωνασκός). One who teaches the art of regulating the voice; as a singing-master (Varro ap. Non. s. Suscitabulum. Suet. Nero, 25.); or as a master of elocution. (Suet. Aug. 84. Quint. ii. 8. 15. xi. 3. 19.)
2. In later times the leader of a chorus or band of singers (Sidon. Ep. iv. 11.), for which the proper word is PRAECENTOR.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Phrygio

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PHRYG'IO. An embroiderer, for which art the Phrygians were much renowned. Plaut. Aul. iii. 5. 34. Men. ii. 3. 77. Serv. ad Virg. Aen. iii. 484.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Phrygionius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PHRYGIO'NIUS. Embroidered. Plin. H. N. viii. 74.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Phylaca

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PHYL'ACA (φυλακή). Plaut. Capt. iii. 5. 93. A prison or place of custody; it is only a Greek word Latinized. See CARCER and ERGASTULUM.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pictor

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PICTOR (γραφεύς). A painter or artist who exercises any branch of the pictorial art. (Cic. Acad. iv. 7. Hor. A. P. 9.) The illustration (Pictor/1.1) represents a portrait painter taking the likeness of a person who is sitting before him, from a design on the walls of a house at Pompeii, which, though a palbable caricature affords a very good idea of the interior of a Roman artist's studio. He sits upon a low stool in front of his easel, with a tray of colours beside him, and a pot of water to cleanse the only brush he uses; both which circumstances indicate an artist in water-colours, or in that style of encaustic painting in which the colours were laid on with a liquid brush (see ENCAUSTICA). Fronting him is the sitter, and behind, at the further end of the room, a pupil drawing on his board; while two assistants are engaged on the right in preparing the colours, probably mixed with wax, in a shallow pan placed over some hot coals, a further indication of the encaustic process. The heated coals, observable in the original, are lost in our engraving, from the inadvertance of the draughtsman, or in consequence of the very reduced scale upon which the drawing is executed. It will be remarked that the artist does not use a palette, which would not be required for either of the styles mentioned; but other examples amongst the Pompeian paintings exhibit a palette in the left hand (Mus. Borb. vi. 3.), of similar form to those used at the present day. Nevertheless, it is extremely probable that this article was not much employed by the ancient painters, as no name for it is known to exist either in the Greek or Latin language.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Picturatus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PICTURA'TUS. Painted in colours; and, when applied to drapery, embroidered. Virg. Aen. iii. 483.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pictura

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PICTU'RA (γραφή). A drawing or painting with lines or colours; thence the object itself so drawn or painted, a picture; of which the following kinds are enumerated.
1. Pictura in tabula. (Cic. Verr. ii. 4. 1. Quint. vi. 1. 32.) A painting on wood or panel, mostly on a slab of larch, and frequently fitted with two folding doors to shut in the picture and preserve it from dust and dirt, as shown by the annexed example (Pictura/1.1), from a design at Pompeii, representing a picture on panel suspended over a doorway, and also illustrating the method in which such works were hung.
2. Pictura in linteo, or, in sipario. (Plin. H. N. xxxv. 38. Quint. l. c.) A painting on canvas, a material probably brought into use at a much later date than wood; but clearly represented by the annexed example (Pictura/2.1), from a design at Pompeii, which also shows the frame upon which it was stretched very similar to those now employed for embroidery and worsted working.
3. Pictura inusta. (Plin. H. N. xxxv. 39. Ib. 31.) A painting in coloured wax, burnt in by the action of heat, descriptive of one of the processes employed in encaustic painting. See ENCAUSTICA.
4. Pictura udo tectorio. Vitruv. vii. 3. 6. A fresco-painting; that is executed upon a wall coated with very fine cement, made of marble dust and chalk, and painted while the cement is still wet.
5. Pictura textilis. (Cic. Verr. ii. 4. 1. Lucret. ii. 35.) A picture worked in embroidery; a very early invention, for which the natives of Phrygia were celebrated; hence acu pictus means embroidered.
* Pictura/1.1
* Pictura/2.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pila (first syllable long)

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PI'LA, with the first syllable long (ἴγδη). Properly a deep mortar (alta, Ov. Ibis, 573.), in which things were brayed and pounded into an impalpable substance (Plin. H. N. xviii. 29. § 2.), by beating down with a pestle of great size and weight (see PILUM 1.); whence the Greek terms ἴγδις and ἴγδισμα also designate a dance, accompanied with much stamping of the feet. The annexed example (Pila/1.1) is from an original discovered at Pompeii; and is thus distinguished from mortarium, a mortar of smaller dimensions, in which ingredients were kneaded and mixed together; but the distinction is not always observed with accuracy.
2. (πεσσός). A pillar, or pier of an oval-shaped form, such as employed under water for supporting the superstructure of a bridge (Liv. xl. 51. Suet. Claud. 20. Senec. Q. N. vi. 30.); as a monument to receive an inscription (Nep. Alc. 4.); in front of a bookseller's shop, on which the catalogues were exposed to view (Hor. Sat. i. 4. 71.); or other purposes of a congenial nature.
3. (ἐνδόμησις). A pier or breakwater (Virg. Aen. ix. 711.), which is always rounded at the end, and in its entire mass from the base to the top at low water presents a figure of nearly similar form to the other objects expressly characterized by the same term.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pilani

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PILA'NI. The original name by which the soldiers composing the third line or division of the old Roman legion were distinguished, because they alone at that time were armed with the heavy javelin or pilum, the other two using the spear or hasta. But when the pilum was adopted for all the three divisions, the title of Triarii was substituted for that of Pilani, with which it becomes thenceforth synonymous (Varro, L. L. v. 89. Paulus ex Fest. s. v. Ov. Fast. iii. 129.). Subsequently, however, to this period, and towards the close of the republic, when the custom obtained of drawing up an army by lines in cohorts, the distinctive character, as well as the name of Pilani or Triarii was abandoned, because it no longer represented any real distinction.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pilarius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PILA'RIUS. One who exhibits feats of dexterity with a number of balls, similar to the Indian juggler (Quint. x. 7. 11. Inscript. ap. Fabrett. p. 250. n. 2.), by throwing them up with both hands, catching them on, and making them rebound from, the inner joint of the elbow, leg, forehead, and instep, so that they kept playing in a continuous circle round his person without falling to the ground, as minutely described by Manilius (Astron. 169 — 171.), and as exhibited by the annexed figure (Pilarius/1.1) from a Diptych in the Museum at Verona. The player is exhibiting with seven balls, in a handsome building (the scena pilariorum of Quint. l. c.), whilst a number of boys and other persons stand round, and look on. Two figures in precisely the same attitude, and with the same number of balls each, are sculptured on a sepulchral marble in the collection at Mantua. Labus. Antich. di Mantova. tom. ii.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pileatus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PILEA'TUS (πιλοφόρος). Bonnetted; that is, wearing a felt-cap termed pileus, the ordinary headcovering of sailors, fishermen, and artisans, as well as of the twin brothers, Castor and Pollux, who are thence styled fratres pileati (Catull. 37. 2.); amongst the Greeks and Romans usually worn without strings, and put on in such a manner as to leave the ends of the hair just visible all round its edges, as exhibited by the annexed example (Pileatus/1.1), representing Ulysses on an engraved gem. Liv. xxiv. 16., and PILEUS.
2. Pileata Roma, — pileata plebs, — pileata turba. Expressions employed to indicate the period of the Saturnalian festival, or carnival of ancient Rome; because at that fête all the people wore caps as a token of the general liberty permitted during those days of revelry and rejoicing, and in allusion to the custom of presenting a pileus to the slave who had regained his liberty. Mart. xi. 6. Suet. Nero, 57. Sen. Ep. 19.
3. Pileati servi. (Aul. Gell. vii. 4.) Slaves whose heads were covered with a pileus, when put up for sale, as a token that their owners could not warrant them.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pilentum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PILEN'TUM. A state carriage used by the Roman matrons and ladies of distinction on gala days and festivals, instead of the Carpentum, which they used on ordinary occasions. (Liv. v. 25. Virg. Aen. viii. 666. Festus s. v.) We have not sufficient data for deciding the precise character of this conveyance, further than what is collected generally and by implication from the terms in which it is spoken of; whence it appears to have been raised to a stately height, of easy motion, with a cover over head, but open all round, and, sometimes, if Isidorus (Orig. xx. 12.) be correct, furnished with four wheels. The figure in the illustration (Pilentum/1.1), from a medal of the Empress Faustina, agrees with many of these particulars; and although it cannot be pronounced authoritatively as an accurate representation of the carriage in question, may serve to convey a notion of what it was like, and how it differed from the ordinary carpentum. The circumstance of being drawn by lions instead of horses or mules, may be a piece of mere artistic exaggeration; but under the extravagant habits of the empire, we meet with various instances of wild animals being tamed and yoked to the draught.