OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# EuroLex/E/Gap

* Original language: English
* Original form and meaning: 1.) 'a wide divergence in views, sympathies, development etc.', +2.) 'a wide divergence in technology (e.g. missile gap) and economy' [+ stands for additional meanings that are not English in origin (semantic pseudo-anglicisms)]
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | gap [= Engl. pron.] | 1990s | meaning +2; status: restricted to technical use | | DEA* |
| English | gap [gæp] | 14c, from O.N. gap 'chasm', related to Swedish gap, Danish gap 'open moth, opening' | meanings: originally 'a break or opening in a wall, fence, etc.', broader sense is 16c: 'a break in a continuity; interruption', 'a break in a line of hills, or mountains affording a route through', (chiefly U.S.) 'a gorge or ravine', 'a divergence or difference; disparity', (Electronics) 'a break in a magnetic circuit that that increases the inductance and saturation point of the circuit' | | Collins English Dictionary (4th ed.), Etymonline |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| French | gap [gap] | 1950s | meaning +2; status: restricted use, obsolescent | | DEA* |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | gap | 1960s | meanings 1 and +2; status: restricted to journalese, less frequent than Lücke | | DEA* |
| Hungarian | gap [= Engl. pron.] | 1970s | meaning +2; status: restricted to computer technology | | DEA* |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | gap [gεp] | 1960s | meanings 1 and +2; status: restricted to technical use | | DEA* |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | not known, native kløft used instead | - | - | - | DEA* |
| Polish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | gap [gap] | 1980s | meanings 1 and +2; status: restricted to technical use | | DEA* |
| Swedish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |

### Information on Other Languages

* Greek: not known, native khasma used instead ,
# EuroLex/E/Garden party

* Original language: English
* Original form and meaning: 'a social event held on a lawn in a garden' [source: ]
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | garden parti | 20c | meaning: 'a social event held in a garden'; status: fully accepted but still marked as English | dito | DEA* |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| English | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| French | garden-party [gardεnpaRti] | end19c | meaning: 'a social event held in a garden'; status: fully accepted but still marked as English | dito | DEA* |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Gartenparty ['gartnpati] | end20c | meaning: 'a social event held in a garden'; status: not (or no longer) recognized as English | dito | DEA* |
| Hungarian | garden party [= Engl. pron.] | beg20c | meaning: 'a social event held in a garden'; status: fully accepted but still marked as English/obsolete | dito | DEA* |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | garden party ['garden 'parti] | end19c | meaning: 'a social event held in a garden'; status: restricted use | dito | DEA* |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | garden party [= English pronunciation] | mid20c | meaning: 'a social event held in a garden'; status: restricted use, less common than hageselskap | dito | DEA* |
| Polish | garden party [garden parti] | end20c | meaning: 'a social event held in a garden'; status: fully accepted but still marked as English, restricted to colloquial use | dito | DEA* |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | garden party ['garden 'parti] | end19c | meaning: 'a social event held in a garden'; status: restricted use: archaic | dito | DEA* |
| Swedish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
# EuroLex/E/Gardenia

* Original language: English/Neo-Latin (with Latin ending -ia)
* Original form and meaning: 'a shrub with large white or yellow flowers and a fragrant scent', named after the Scottish naturalist Alexander Garden (died 1791) [source: DEA*/CODEE**]
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | gardenia [pronunciation like spelling suggests] | ? | see above; status: restricted use | dito | DEA* |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | gardenia | mid20c | see above; status: not (or no longer) recognized as English, use restricted: technical | dito | DEA* |
| English | gardenia | 18c | see above | dito | CODEE**/DEA* |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | gardenia | ? | see above; status: not (or no longer) recognized as English | dito | DEA* |
| French | gardénia [gaRdenja] | end18c | see above; status: not (or no longer) recognized as English, restricted use: technical | dito | DEA* |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Gardenie [garde:njə] | 19c | see above; status: not (or no longer) recognized as English, restricted use: technical | dito | DEA* |
| Hungarian | gardénia ['garde:nia] | end19c | see above; status: not (or no longer) recognized as English, restricted use: technical | dito | DEA* |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | gardenia [gardεnia] | beg19c | see above; status: not (or no longer) recognized as English | dito | DEA* |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | gardenia [gar'de:nia] | 19c | see above, status: not (or no longer) recognized as English | dito | DEA* |
| Polish | gardenia [gardenia] | beg20c | see above; status: restricted use: technical | dito | DEA* |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | gardenia [gar'denia] | 19c | see above; status: not (or no longer) recognized as English | dito | DEA* |
| Swedish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
This word has largely lost his "Englishness" due to the neo-Latin ending and the pronunciations according to national conventions.
# EuroLex/E/Game Boy

* Original language: English
* Original form and meaning: proper noun 'a hand-held electronic device with a small screen, used to play cartridge computer games'
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | Game Boy [= English] | 1980s | the same as in English, see above; status: restricted use: technical | dito | DEA* |
| English | Game Boy (trademark) | 1980s | see above | dito | |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | Game Boy [= English] | 1980s | the same as in English, see above; status: restricted use: technical | dito | DEA* |
| French | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Game Boy [= English] | 1980s | the same as in English, see above; status: restricted use: technical | dito | DEA* |
| Hungarian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | Game Boy [= English] | 1990s | the same as in English, see above; status: fully accepted but still marked as English | dito | DEA* |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | Game Boy [= English] | end20c | the same as in English, see above; status: restricted use: technical | dito | DEA* |
| Polish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | Game Boy [= English] | 1990s | the same as in English, see above; status: restricted use: technical, modish | dito | DEA* |
| Swedish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
# EuroLex/E/Game

* Original language: English
* Original form and meaning: game (n.) a) 'activity engaged in for diversion or amusement'; b) 'the equipment for a game' [source: ]
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | gem | beg20c | meaning: 'a single section of play forming a scoring unit'; status: restricted use: technical | dito | DEA* |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | game [ge:m] | 1940s | meaning: 'a single section of play forming a scoring unit'; status: restricted use: technical | dito | DEA* |
| English | game | 13c (in the sense of 'organized amusement') | see above | Middle English, from Old English gamen; akin to Old High German gaman 'amusement'; 13c: 'organized amusement'; 13c: † 'sport derived from the chase, (hence) wild animals pursued for sport'; | CODEE**; |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | - | - | - | - | DEA* |
| French | game [= English pronunciation] | beg20c | meaning: 'a single section of play forming a scoring unit'; status: restricted use: technical/archaic | dito | DEA* |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | game | Known mainly to bilinguals; archaice; German Spiel is used instead; note: in Switzerland common in the sense of 'video game' | | | DEA* |
| Hungarian | game/gém [ge:m] | end19/beg20c | meaning: 'a single section of play forming a scoring unit'; status: restricted use: technical/archaic | dito | DEA* |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | game [geim] | 1930s | meaning: 'a single section of play forming a scoring unit'; status: restricted use: technical; = gioco | dito | DEA* |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | game [= English pronunciation] | 20c | meaning: 'a single section of play forming a scoring unit'; status: restricted use: technical; also as an adjective in the sense of 'spirited, eager', 1950s: not (or no longer) recognized as English, colloquial, but obsolete | dito | DEA* |
| Polish | gem [gem] | beg20c | meaning: 'a single section of play forming a scoring unit'; status: restricted use: technical | dito | DEA* |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | game ['geim] | 1970s | meaning: 'a single section of play forming a scoring unit'; status: restricted use: technical | dito | DEA* |
| Swedish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
# EuroLex/E/Gel

* Original language: English, from French gélatine, ultimately from Latin gelare 'to freeze' (cf. jelly from Old French gelée) *
* Original form and meaning: gel, noun, 1.) 'a semi-solid colloidal solution or jelly of a solid dispersed in liquid', 2.) 'a jelly-like substance used for setting the hair'
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | gel | ? | from French | | DEA* |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | gel [∫εl] | 1980s | meaning 1; status: fully accepted but still marked as English | dito | DEA* |
| English | gel [dƷεl] | 19c | see above | abbreviation of gelatin(e), from French gélatine, from Medieval Latin gelātina, from Latin gelāre 'to freeze' | Collins English Dictionary (4th ed.); DEA*; CODEE** |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | geeli | ? | meaning 1; status: not (or no longer) recognized as English | dito | DEA* |
| French | gel | ? | meaning 1 and 2; status: native (gélatine) | | DEA* |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Gel [ge:l] (in German-speaking Switzerland [ž(h)e:l]) | end20c | meaning 1 and 2; status: not (or no longer) recognized as English | | DEA* |
| Hungarian | gel | via German | meaning 1 and 2 | | DEA* |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | gel [= English] | mid20c | meaning 1 and 2; status: not (or no longer) recognized as English | | DEA* |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | gel [ge:l/gel] | 1980s | meaning 1 and 2; status: restricted to technical use, less frequent than gelé | | DEA* |
| Polish | ... | from French | '...' | '...' | DEA* |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | gel [xel] | mid20c | meaning 1 and 2; status: not (or no longer) recognized as English/from French | | DEA* |
| Swedish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
# Human and animal testing

Testing can be used in both teaching and research. Humans can be used as research subjects when done ethically. Animals can be used for research and testing.

## Discussion questions

* How is testing useful when teaching material?
* How can testing be utilized in research settings?
# Human brain

This psychology resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
The human brain usually weighs 3lb (1.4kg) and is made up of wet tissues. The function and importance of the brain was widely unknown until recent centuries, Aristotle, thought the brain was a radiator for cooling the blood.
The human brain is made up of many parts, including: The Frontal-Polar Cortex, which is the most recently evolved part of the prefrontal cortex. This area of the brain assists in forward planning, and controlling other parts of the brain. The Frontal Lobe, which is the largest of the brains lobes, and the latest to evolve. The back of the frontal lobe mainly controls precise movements, and the front area, controls high-level planning. The Cortex is heavily folded, creating a large surface area.
On a cellular level, the human brain consists of about 86 million neurons, or brain cells. Every part of the human brain can be put into two classifications, grey matter and white matter. Grey matter consists of a neuron's dendrites, or tendrils. Grey matter is where neurons meet and interact. White matter is made out of the cell's body and is responsible for a brain signal staying intact and preserving the ionic energy that later gets transferred by grey matter.

## See Also

* School:Neuroscience
# Human anatomy quizzes/Shoulder muscles
## Muscles of the shoulder joint

The muscles of the shoulder joint below include, amongst others, the rotator cuff, composed of supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis.
# Human evolution
## External resources

* Genetic Anthropology, Ancestry, and Ancient Human Migration - Human Genome Project
* The Genographic Project Public Participation Mitochondrial DNA Database
* Arguments for the theory of evolution
# Human eye development

Welcome to the Wikiversity learning project about human eye development.
Embryonic development of the eye is of interest both for how the retina forms from the neural tube and for how axons grow from the eye to carry visual information to the parts of the brain that process it and respond to it.

## Retina

During embryonic development the retina forms from the brain. The part of the neural tube that forms the retina folds over another nearby part that forms the retinal pigment epithelium. The rods and cones are metabolically very active and they shed a large part of their structure every day. The adjacent cells of the pigment epithelium act like a garbage disposal to phagocytize the discarded chunks of the visual cells. Thus, it is very useful to have the photo-detector cells "inside". The other cells of the retina are essentially transparent, so it hurts nothing to have them on the "outside", with light having to pass through most of the retina to get to the light-sensitive part.

### Optic nerve

It is a simple matter for axons of the optic nerves to follow the "stalk" of the retina back to the rest of the brain. In an animal like humans with over-lap in the visual fields of the two eyes, not all of the axons in the optic nerves cross to the other side of the brain. This allows information from the two eyes about the same object to be combined in the brain.

### Visual cortex

The target for the axons of the optic nerves is not the back of the brain. The lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus is a major target for retinal axons in humans. In evolutionary terms, it was a later "invention" to send additional axons to the back of the brain and use for vision the vast amount of cerebral cortex that is available there.

### Your turn

Read this and then edit this page to add more information about eye development.
# Federal Writers' Project – Life Histories/2020/Fall/105i/Section 52

This project is associated with English 105i.052 at the University of North Carolina.

## Project

Students in the course have studied the Federal Writers' Project Papers at UNC's Wilson Library. Each student has chosen an individual to research and record on our class website.

## Life Histories

Special:Prefixindex/Federal Writers' Project – Life Histories/2020/Fall/105i/Section 52/
Use the following to create a new life history subpage:
# Federal Writers' Project – Life Histories/2020/Fall/105i/Section 52/Arthur J. Moore
## Overview

Arthur J. Moore was an African American man living in Charlotte, North Carolina in the 1900s. Moore worked as a pressing club owner for a laundry company. He had a wife and three sons.

## Biography

Arthur J. Moore grew up on a small farm in Riverton. He attended a local school through the high school level and went on to college. After two terms, Moore dropped out of school to begin working. He met his wife while working as a presser for a cleaning company, and followed her to Mooresville where he got his first job in a pressing club. Moore and his wife got married and had their first son. Moore bought a house in Mooresville, and started a major renovation project on it with his wife. Soon after the Great Recession hit, Moore had a hard time paying the bills for his house and the renovations, and his wife took up work as a house cleaner for a wealthy white family. Even with the extra source of income, Moore could not pay for the house, and it was put on the market. Moore and his family moved back to Riverton to live in his parents' home until he could afford a small apartment in town. He got a job at another cleaning and pressuring laundry shortly after moving back. Moore and his wife had two other sons, who all got educations up to at least the middle school level. Moore spent the rest of his life running the pressing club, attending church regularly, and getting involved in his church community.

## Social Issues
### The National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA)

In 1933 congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act, also known as NIRA, which required companies to write codes of fair competition as a form of self-regulation. Work-sharing shortened work hours and distributed them to employees in an attempt to maintain employment rates. Wages and prices were raised in the economy to promote economic stability in growth. But since work-sharing decreased work hours, the wage increases did little to promote buying and selling in the economy because prices had also been increased.