OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Fornix

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FORNIX. An arch; a mechanical construction in the form of a segment of a circle, formed by intrados and voussoirs which hold themselves together by mutual gravitation. (Cic. Top. 4. Seneca, Ep. 90.) Same as ARCUS, 4. which see.
2. An archway, erected by some individual to commemorate himself, and ornament the city (Cic. Verr. i. 7. ii. 63. Liv. xxxiii. 27. Id. xxxvii. 3.); but not a triumphal arch (arcus triumphalis), as is proved by the above passages from Livy; one of which has reference to an archway erected by Scipio Africanus before the commencement of a campaign, the other L. Stertinius at the conclusion of his command, which ended without a triumph. Thus the archway which forms one of the entrances into the Forum at Pompeii would be properly termed a fornix; that of Titus, of Septimius Severus, or of Constantine at Rome, an arcus; though the external appearance, in respect of ornament and design, was the same in both. See ARCUS, 5. and the illustration there given.
3. A vault, or vaulted chamber; especially of a confined and common description, such as was inhabited by slaves and poor people; hence, the cell of a common prostitute (Hor. Sat. i. 2. 30. Juv. xi. 171.), for at Rome such persons pursued their vocation in vaults of this description; which practice has given rise to the modern term fornication. The illustration (Fornix/3.1) represents a set of small rooms constructed in this manner amongst the ruins of a Roman villa on the bay of Gaieta. The doors and wall which closed them in front have perished; but the remains are sufficient to give a clear notion of the construction termed fornix.
4. A vaulted sally-port in the towers and walls of fortified places, by which the defenders might make a sudden irruption against their assailants. (Liv. xxxvi. 23.) The illustration (Fornix/4.1) represents one of the towers belonging to the walls of Pompeii, in its present state, with a sally-port, on the left, at the bottom; the two dark arches, exposed above, contain the staircases, and were concealed by the external wall, when the tower was in its original state.
* Fornix/3.1
* Fornix/4.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Fornus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FORNUS. Same as FURNUS. Varro, ap. Non. s. v. p. 531.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Forpex

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FORPEX. (Cato, R. R. x. 3. Suet. Aug. 75.) Same as FORFEX. A pair of tongs.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Fortax

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FORTAX. (Varro, R. R.. xxxviii. 4.) Applied to masses of chalk arranged together in the form of an arch (fornix) over the fire in a lime kiln, so as to support themselves by mutual gravity, and the whole mass above them in the kiln, while under the process of burning for making lime.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Forulus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FOR'ULUS. A dwarf bookcase, or cabinet for books (Juv. iii. 219.); not permanently fixed to the walls, like the armarium, but forming a small moveable repository (Suet. Aug. 31.), for a few favourite authors, like the example annexed (Forulus/1.1), from a bas-relief on a sarcophagus, now used as the receiving basin of a fountain in one of the streets at Rome.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Forus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FORUS. Same as FORUM. Lucil. Sat. iii. 23. Gerlach. Pompon. ap. Non. p. 206.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Fossor

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FOSSOR (ὀρύκτης). An excavator (Inscript. ap. Murat. 1970. 3.); or a miner (Stat. Theb. ii. 418.); i. e. a labourer who digs out, or deep into, the ground with a sharp-pointed instrument, like the mattock (dolabra fossoria), as shown by the annexed illustration (Fossor/1.1), which represents an excavator at work amongst the Roman catacombs, from a sepulchral painting of the Christian era. The lamp at his side indicates that the scene of his operations is laid underground.
2. But as the excavator made use of the spade (pala) to clear away the soil which had been loosened by his mattock (dolabra), the word is also employed to designate a digger, or agricultural labourer, who turns up or trenches the ground with a spade, (Virg. Georg. ii. 264. Pallad. i. 6. 11.) in the manner shown by the annexed example (Fossor/2.1), from a painting of the same description as the last.
* Fossor/1.1
* Fossor/2.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Fraces

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FRACES (στέμφυλα). The husks of the olive, after the juice had been extracted by bruising and squeezing the fruit. Cato, R. R. 56. 2. Id. 67. 2.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Framea

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FRAM'EA. The spear used by the Germans, which had a short, but very sharp iron head, and was employed both as a pike at close quarters, and as a missile for hurling (Tac. Germ. 6.), in which manner it is used by the annexed figure (Framea/1.1), representing a German warrior, on the Column of Antoninus.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Frenum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FRENUM (χαλινός). A horse's bridle, including the bit, head-piece, and reins. (Cic. Hor. Virg.) The example (Frenum/1.1) is copied from the arch of Septimius Severus.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Frigidarium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FRIGIDA'RIUM. A cool place or larder for preserving meat. Lucil. Sat. viii. 7. Gerlach.
2. One of the chambers mentioned by Vitruvius, as connected with the bathing department of a gymnasium (Vitruv. v. 11. 2.); the actual use and precise nature of which he does not state, nor is it easy to determine. However, it was certainly distinct from the cold-water bath (frigida lavatio), with which it is enumerated, but situated in an opposite angle of the edifice, and adjoining the oiling room (elaeothesium), precisely as represented in a painting from the Thermae of Titus, introduced at p. 142. Reasoning from analogy and the sense in which the term is used by Lucilius (see No. 1.), we might fairly conclude that it was a chamber which did not contain a bath, but was merely kept at a low temperature, in order to brace the body after the exhaustion of the Laconicum, or vapour bath, by a process less violent than that of plunging immediately into cold water — a common practice amongst the ancients. The difficulty experienced in attempting to establish a distinction between the two expressions frigidarium and frigida lavatio, in the passage of Vitruvius above cited, has induced Marini, and Professor Becker with him, to alter the former reading into tepidarium; but the painting referred to, from the Thermae of Titus, which shows a frigidarium adjoining the elaeothesium, as Vitruvius directs, is sufficient to establish the original reading as genuine.
3. Ahenum, or vas. The vat or cistern containing cold water in a set of baths. (Vitruv. v. 10.) The ingenious manner in which the ancients uniformly contrived to arrange the different coppers and vats required for the supply of their baths, so as to incur the least possible waste of water and fuel, is very clearly exhibited by the annexed woodcut (Frigidarium/3.1), from a painting in the Thermae of Titus at Rome. The boiler for the hot water (caldarium) was placed immediately over the furnace; above that, or at a greater elevation from the fire, was another copper (tepidarium), which immediately supplied the vacuum created in the boiler as the hot water was drawn off, by an equal quantity of fluid already raised to a moderate temperature; and was itself, in like manner, filled up directly from the cold cistern (frigidarium), which, as shown by the engraving, was completely removed from the heat of the furnace.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Fritillus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FRITIL'LUS (φιμός). A dice-box; of similar construction to those still in use, with graduated intervals on the inside to give the dice a rotatory motion during their descent, as shown by the annexed example (Fritillus/1.1) and section of an original found in an excavation at Rome. Juv. xiv. 5. Mart. iv. 14. Id. xiv. 1.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Frons

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FRONS. Applied to books; mostly in the plural, frontes geminae (Ov. Trist. i. 1. 11. Tibull iii. 1. 13.); the two outside surfaces or bases of a roll of papyrus, &c. when it was rolled up so as to form a volume (volumen), and which were smoothed and polished with pumice stone, and dyed black, when the roll was completed. The illustration (Frons/1.1) represents a box of books, from a Pompeian painting, in which there are eight rolls, each with one of their frontes uppermost.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Frontale

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FRONTA'LE (ἄμπυξ). A frontlet, or head-band, placed across the foreheads of horses (Plin. H. N. xxxvii. 74.), as seen in the annexed example (Frontale/1.1), from a fictile vase. It sometimes consisted of a plate of gold (Hom. Il. v. 358.), and, amongst persons of regal state, was often enriched with precious stones. Plin. l. c.
2. The Greek writers also make use of the same word to designate a bandeau placed in a similar manner over the forehead of females, more especially of Divinities (Hom. Il. xxii. 469. Hes. Theogn. 916.); as shown in the annexed woodcut (Frontale/2.1), from a fictile vase.
3. (προμετωπίδιον. Gloss. Vet.) A plate of metal, placed as a defence over the forehead and frontal bone of horses belonging to the heavy cavalry of the Greeks and Romans. (Arrian. Tact. p. 15. Xen. Cyr. iv. 1. Id. Anab. i. 7.) This practice was introduced by the Medes or Persians; and elephants, when caparisoned for action, were provided with a defence of the same nature. Liv. xxxvii. 40.
* Frontale/1.1
* Frontale/2.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Fucatus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FUCA'TUS. Rouged or painted, as explained in the next paragraph.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Fucus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FUCUS (φύκος). Rouge; an article frequently employed by the Greek and Roman women, as it is by those of modern Europe, in order to give the appearance of a brilliant or youthful tint to a complexion already used up or naturally sallow. (Plaut. Most. i. 3. 118. Prop. ii. 18. 31.) It was prepared from a certain kind of moss (Lichen roccella L.), and was laid on with a brush, as in the annexed example (Fucus/1.1), from a fictile vase; or with the finger, as exhibited in other designs of the same nature.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Fulcrum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FULCRUM. A stay or support upon which any thing rests; as a staff or walking-stick (Ovid. Pont. iii. 3. 14. BACULUS); the foot of a sofa, couch, or bed (Suet. Claud. 32. Prop. iv. 8. 68. CLINOPUS), whence sometimes put for the bed itself (Prop. iv. 7. 3.); and, in later times, the high pummel in front of a riding-saddle, made upon a tree. (Sidon. Apoll. Ep. iii. 90. SELLA EQUESTRIS.)
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Fullonius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FULLO'NIUS or FULLO'NICUS. Applied to any of the implements or articles used by fullers; as pila or creta fullonica (Cato R. R. x. 5. Plin. H. N. xvii. 4.), fuller's earth; saltus fullonius (Seneca Ep. 15.), the jumping and stamping which fullers practise in scouring clothes, as represented by the last woodcut, and explained by the text which accompanies it.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Fullo

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FULLO (κναφεύς). A fuller, a cleaner and scourer of cloth. (Mart. xiv. 51.) The fullers, who formed a very important body of tradesmen, were extensively employed in the same capacity as are our washerwomen, for cleaning and whitening garments after they had been worn; an operation which was effected by treading the clothes in large vats of water mixed with urine (Plin. H. N. xxviii. 18.), collected from vessels exposed in corners of the streets for the purpose. (Mart. vi. 93.) The cloth was then dried and bleached upon a semicircular frame (cavea viminea), placed over a pot of sulphur; after which it was hung up, and had the nap loosened and laid with brushes, or with a thistle (cardo fullonicus), from which it was removed to the press (pressorium), where it was finally smoothed and condensed by the action of the screw. The illustration (Fullo/1.1) represents a fuller at work in his tub, from a painting in the Fullonica at Pompeii.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Fulmenta

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FULMEN'TA (κάσσυμα). An abbreviation of fulcimenta, used to designate a thick, or probably extra, sole attached to a shoe or boot. (Lucil. Sat. xxviii. 40. Gerlach. Plaut. Trin. iii. 2. 94.) In the example (Fulmenta/1.1), from a Greek statue of Minerva, three soles are observable, one above the other, which, when thus conjoined, are termed fulmentae, in contradistinction to the ordinary sole of one piece (solea), for in the passages where the word occurs, it is constantly used in the plural number. They were made of cork, and were employed by the Greek and Roman ladies as a protection against damp in winter, as well as from motives of vanity, to give them an appearance of being taller than they really were. Plin. H. N. xvi. 13.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Fumariolum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FUMA'RIOLUM. Diminutive of FUMARIUM. The vent or aperture in a volcanic mountain, through which the smoke and vapour make their egress. Tertull. Poen. 12.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Fumarium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FUMA'RIUM. The smoke-room; a chamber in the upper part of a house in which the smoke from the kitchen fires, or from the furnaces of the bath-rooms, was allowed to collect itself before finding a vent into the air; and which was also used as a storeroom for ripening wine (Mart. x. 36. Compare Hor. Od. iii. 8. 11.); and for drying the moisture out of wood, in order to make it fit for fuel. Columell. i. 6. 19.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Funale

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FUNA'LE. A link, torch, or taper, made of the papyrus, or the fibres of other plants twisted together like a rope (funis), and smeared with wax or pitch, as exhibited in the annexed woodcut (Funale/1.1), from a sepulchral marble preserved in the church of St. Justina, at Padua. Isidor. Orig. Cic. Sen. 13. Virg. Aen. i. 731.
2. A contrivance for holding torches of this description, upon which many of them were lit and burnt at the same time, like our chandeliers. Isidor. Orig. xx. 10. 5. Ov. Met. xii. 247.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Funalis

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FUNA'LIS sc. Equus (παρήορος, σειραφόρος). An out-rigger or trace-horse in a carriage drawn by more than two horses. (Stat. Theb. vi. 462. Isidor. Orig. xviii. 35. funarius.) The traces were made of ropes, as is still the practice in Italy, which gave rise to the term. When the carriage had four horses attached, there were two out-riggers, one on each side of the yoke horses (jugales); and then the one on the right, or off horse, was called dexter jugalis (δεξιόσειρος); the left hand one, or near horse, sinister or laevus funalis (Suet. Tib. 6. Auson. Epitaph. xxv. 9.). The illustration (Funalis/1.1) is taken from a painting at Herculaneum.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Funambulus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FUNAM'BULUS (σχοινοβάτης). A rope dancer. (Terent. Hecyr. Prol. i 4. Compare Hor. Ep. ii. 1. 210.) The illustration (Funambulus/1.1), which represents one of nine figures, dancing on the tight rope, from a painting at Herculaneum (all of whom are in different attitudes, and exhibiting some characteristic feat), indicates the general degree of perfection to which the ancients had carried this art, as the figure is playing upon the double pipes, while he dances on the rope to his own music.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Funda

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FUNDA (σφενδόνη). A sling, for discharging stones, or leaden plummets (glandes); a weapon commonly used in warfare by the Spaniards, Persians, Egyptians, and other foreign nations; and also occasionally by the Romans, as is shown by the annexed figure (Funda/1.1), representing a Roman soldier in the army of Trajan, from the column erected in honour of that emperor. Plin. H. N. vii. 37. Virg. Georg. i. 309. Serv. ad l. Id. Aen. ix. 586. FUNDITORES.
2. (ἀμφίβληστρον). A casting-net; employed, like our own, for taking fish in rivers (Virg. Georg. i. 141. Servius ad l. Isidor. Orig. xix. 5. 2.); but apparently cast from behind, and over the right shoulder (instead of being discharged from the left shoulder, and in front of the person throwing it, as is now the practice); that is, if the annexed figure (Funda/2.1), from a mosaic in the Thermae of Titus, affords a faithful representation of the manner in which it was thrown. The expression of Virgil, however, verberat amnem, gives an exact description of the manner in which the casting-net falls upon the waters.
3. A bag or pack slung over the shoulders, for the convenience of carrying money, or any other small articles (Macrob. Sat. ii. 4.); probably so called because, with the straps which fastened it, it had the appearance of a sling, as shown by the annexed example (Funda/3.1), from the device on a bronze lamp.
4. (σφενδόνη, πυελίς). The bezil of a ring; that is, the rim in which the gem is set; and which holds it as a sling does its stone; more especially so called when the setting is transparent, or au jour. (Plin. H. N. xxxvii. 37. and 42.) The example (Funda/4.1) is from an original.
* Funda/1.1
* Funda/2.1
* Funda/3.1
* Funda/4.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Fundibalus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
FUNDIB'ALUS and FUNDIB'ALUM. A military engine for discharging stones, belonging to the class of Ballistae; but the distinctive characteristics are unknown, further than, as the name implies, that its action was that of a sling.