# Gene transcriptions/Elements

A gene transcription element is a DNA nucleotide sequence that is a part or aspect of a promoter, especially one that is essential or characteristic for a specific gene or related genes.

## Theoretical gene transcription elements

Def. one "of the simplest or essential parts or principles of which anything consists, or upon which the constitution or fundamental powers of anything are based" is called an element.

## Angiotensinogen core promoter elements

Angiotensinogen core promoter element 1 (AGCE1) is an example of a core promoter element that may occur in a DNA sequence for only one gene (the human angiotensinogen gene angiotensin).

## X core promoter elements

The core promoter element X core promoter element 1 (XCPE1) directs activator-, mediator-, protein-dependent but TFIID-independent RNA polymerase II transcription from TATA box-less promoters.
This promoter element appears to be exclusively human such as the group in the image at the right.

## Metal responsive elements

Metal responsive elements (MRE)s, or TGC boxes, may occur in the core promoter of some human DNA genes.
Notation: let the symbol MT stand for metallothionein.
"The metallothionein (MT) genes provide a good example of eucaryotic promoter architecture. MT genes specify the synthesis of low-molecular-weight metal-binding proteins. They are transcriptionally regulated by the metal ions cadmium and zinc (11), glucocorticoid hormones (18), interferon (14), interleukin-1 (22), and tumor promoters (2). The metal ion regulation of MTs is conferred by a short sequence element called the metal-responsive element (MRE [21]) or TGC box (31, 34), which functions as a metal ion-dependent enhancer."

## cAMP response elements

"cAMP-response-element modulator (CREM), a transcription factor responsive to the cAMP signal transduction pathway, drives expression of key testis-specific genes."
"Transcription factors of the cAMP-response-element binding protein (CREB)–CREM family target genes with cAMP response elements (CREs) constituted by the palindromic consensus sequence TGACGTCA (Sassone-Corsi et al. 1988)."
"Within the activation domain is the P-(phosphorylation) box containing the target residue for PKA phosphorylation, among other phosphoacceptor sites."

## EIF4E basal elements

The EIF4E basal element, also eIF4E, (4EBE) is a basal promoter element for the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E. "Interactions between 4EBE and upstream activator sites are position, distance, and sequence dependent."

## GAAC elements

The GAAC element is usually a core promoter element containing guanine (G), adenine (A), and cytosine (C), "able to direct a new transcription start site 2-7 bases downstream of itself, independent of TATA and Inr regions."

## Motif ten elements

The motif ten element (MTE) "promotes transcription by RNA polymerase II when it is located precisely at positions +18 to +27 relative to A$_{+1}$ in the initiator (Inr) element."

## Factor II B recognition elements

"The B recognition element (BRE) is a DNA sequence found in the promoter region of most genes in eukaryotes and Archaea."
"The BRE is a cis-regulatory element that is found immediately upstream of the TATA box, and consists of 7 nucleotides."
In the archaean from the Dead Sea imaged at the right, "We have completely fragmented their DNA. I mean we have completely destroyed it by bombarding it with [radiation]. And they can reassemble their entire chromosome and put it back into working order within several hours."

## Downstream TFIIB recognition elements

The downstream B recognition element designated as the BRE$^d$, or dBRE, is an additional core promoter element that occurs downstream of the TATA box and is recognized by general transcription factor II B.

## Initiator elements

In the biosynthesis of any human protein, the gene that contains the nucleotide sequence which is translated into that protein must be transcribed. For RNA polymerase II holoenzyme to transcribe the gene, the gene's promoter must be located. After the promoter is located, the transcription start site (TSS) is pinpointed by using nucleotide sequences that include the TSS. Within the promoter, most human genes lack a TATA box and have an initiator element (Inr) or downstream promoter element instead.

## Downstream core elements

The downstream core element (DCE) is a transcription core promoter sequence that is within the transcribed portion of a gene.

## Downstream promoter downstream promoters

The figure on the right is an overview of four core promoter elements: the B recognition element (BRE), TATA box, initiator element (Inr), and downstream promoter element (DPE), showing their respective consensus sequences and their distance from the transcription start site.
"The downstream promoter element (DPE) is a core promoter element ... present in other species including humans and excluding Saccharomyces cerevisiae."
"Like all core promoters, the DPE plays an important role in the initiation of gene transcription by RNA polymerase II."

## Hypotheses

* No gene transcription element is used to transcribe A1BG.