OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Valvae

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
VALVAE (θύραι διάπριστοι). A door or window-shutter which folds up (Cic. Div. i. 34. Juv. iv. 63. Plin. Ep. ii. 17. 5.); that is, when made in several leaves and joints, so that when opened they fold back one behind the other, like a screen, or the shutters of a modern window, as shown by the annexed example (Valvae/1.1), from a painting of Pompeii, in which the door is formed of four pieces, two for each leaf. (Varro ap. Serv. ad Virg. Aen. i. 449. valvae, quae revolvuntur, et se velant. Isidor. Orig. xv. 7. 4.) In one of the houses at Pompeii a door of the same description, in four parts, was placed between the Atrium and Peristylium, as has been ascertained from the marks left by it on the threshold. Mus. Borb. vii. Tav. A.B. Scavi, p. 7.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Valvatus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
VALVA'TUS. Having doors or window-shutters, comprised in several pieces, which fold up behind each other in the manner explained and illustrated by the last example. Vitruv. iv. 6. 5. Id. vi. 3. 10. Varro, L. L. viii. 29.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Vanga

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
VANGA. (Pallad. i. 43. 3.) A spade with a cross-bar above the blade to rest the foot upon, in order that it might be driven deep into the ground; still used in Italy, and retaining the same name, "la vanga." It was also termed BIPALIUM, under which an illustration is given.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Vaporarium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
VAPORA'RIUM. A stove or furnace for heating apartments by flues (Cic. Q. Fr. iii. 1. 1.); same as HYPOCAUSIS, under which an explanation and illustration are given.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Vappa

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
VAPPA. Wine which has lost its flavour and become quite insipid, from having undergone excessive fermentation and subsequent exposure to the air (Plin. H. N. xiv. 25. Hor. Sat. ii. 3. 144.); whence the term is likewise used to designate a spendthrift, who wastes his means in folly. Hor. Sat. 1. 1. 104. Plin. l. c.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Vara

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
VA'RA (σταλίς). A stake with a fork or crutch at the top, employed by huntsmen to set their nets upon, when they had to enclose a tract of country, in the manner represented by the annexed engraving (Vara/1.1) from a marble bas-relief. Lucan. iv. 439.
2. (κιλλίβας). A horse or trestle; formed by two or more uprights converging from below to a point at the top, so as to form a frame within which any thing might be suspended (Vitruv. x. 13. 2.); or to make a stand upon which a cross-piece (vibia) might be supported (Columell. v. 9. 2.), such as used by painters, plasterers, paper-hangers, and carpenters, for a sawing-jack, which is represented by the annexed engraving (Vara/2.1) from a painting found at Herculaneum.
3. An andiron, across which the logs of wood are laid for a wood fire, or a spit (veru) supported for roasting meat. (Riddle's English-Latin Dictionary.) There is no actual authority extant for this usage of the word, but the annexed example (Vara/3.1), from an original of iron, discovered in a tomb at Paestum, proves that the ancients made use of andirons in the same manner as the moderns, while the form and use of the article correspond minutely with the other objects comprised under the same name. Two smaller specimens, believed to have been used for supporting a spit, have been excavated at Pompeii: they are made of bronze, and more ornamental in character, having the head of an animal as a termination to the extremity. Mus. Borb. x. 64.
* Vara/1.1
* Vara/2.1
* Vara/3.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Vascus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
VASCUS. See TIBIA, 4.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Vectiarius

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VECTIA'RIUS. The labourer who works the capstan (sucula) by means of a capstan-bar (vectis), which forces down the press-beam (prelum) in a wine or oil-press (torcular). Vitruv. vi. 6. 3.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Vectis

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
VECTIS (μοχλός). A strong and heavy pole or bar of wood or iron, employed for various purposes, as:
1. A lever or hand-spike, for placing under machines, or objects of very great weight, to assist in moving and turning them. Caes. B. C. ii. 11.
2. A crow-bar, for forcing open or beating down. Hor. Od. iii. 26. 7. Cic. Verr. ii. 4. 43.
3. A bar for fastening a door. Virg. Aen. vii. 609.
4. A pole for carrying burdens. Claud. iv. Cons. Honor. 573. Wood-cut s. FERCULUM, 2.
5. A capstan-bar, by which the cylinder is turned. Vitruv. vi. 6. 3.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Veha

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
VEHA or VEA. A rustic or provincial pronunciation of VIA. Cato, R. R. i. 2. 14.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Vehela

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
VEHE'LA. Said to be another form of Veha, an Oscan word for PLAUSTRUM. Festus, s. v. Capitol. Maxim. 13.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Vehes

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
VEH'ES or VEHIS. A cart-load of any thing, as of dung (Columell. xi. 2. 13.); hay (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 24. § 3.); wood (Cato ap. Charis, p. 55.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Vehiculum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
VEHIC'ULUM. A vehicle; as a general term, for any sort of contrivance by which things are transported by land (Suet. Aug. 49. Cic. Pis. 25.) or by water (Id. Att. x. 10.); but here the reading is doubtful.
2. Vehiculum manibus actum. A go-cart, or invalid's chair, drawn on or pushed forward by the hands of a slave. (Aurel. Med. i. 5. ii. 1.) Also termed CHIRAMAXIUM.
3. A threshing-truck used in Gaul. Pallad. vi. 2. 2. See VALLUM, 3., where the machine is described.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Velamentum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
VELAMEN'TUM. Same as VELAMEN. Senec. Cons. ad Marc. 15.
2. Velamenta (ἱκετήρια). Objects borne in the hands by suppliants as a symbol of their condition; amongst which are included the olive-branch, caduceus, and woollen fillets, &c. Liv. xxiv. 30. Tac. Hist. i. 66. Ov. Met. xi. 278.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Velamen

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
VELA'MEN. A general term for any loose covering or clothing, which, as it were, veils the person. Virg. Ov. Tac. &c.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Velarium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
VELA'RIUM. An awning spread over the uncovered part of a theatre or amphitheatre (Juv. iv. 124.), where the spectators sat, and which was otherwise open to the sky. It was made to draw by means of ropes and pullies fixed to a number of masts (wood-cut s. MALUS, 2.), planted round the outside wall; and it was not always drawn, but only on certain occasions, announced by an affiche or notice (album) chalked up in prominent parts of the town. Inscript. s. SPARSIO.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Velatus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
VELA'TUS. Veiled (Cic. N. D. ii. 3. Sen. Octav. 702.); that is, wearing the loose outer drapery, or amictus, arranged over the head like a veil, in the manner exhibited by the two figures (Velatus/1.1) on the top of the following column; the left one from a bas-relief, the other from a painting of Pompeii. It was usual for both sexes to arrange their external drapery in this manner, more especially at religious ceremonies and when in mourning.
2. Clothed or draped, in our sense of dressed; and applied indiscriminately to both sexes and to every kind of dress, whether in the nature of an amictus or an indumentum; as to the toga (Liv. iii. 26.), the tunica (Ov. Fast. iii. 645.), the stola (Hor. Sat. i. 2. 71.).
3. Encircled round the brows with a chaplet (Ov. Pont. iv. 14. 55. CORONA), riband (Id. Met. v. 110. VITTA), woollen fillet (Liv. i. 32. INFULA), &c.
4. Hung with drapery (vela) or festoons (serta), as applied to streets, houses, temples, &c., which were thus decorated upon days of solemn festivity along the line of streets where a procession passed. Ov. Am. iii. 13. 12.
5. Bearing symbols of supplication (velamenta) in the hands; such as branches of olive, woollen bands, &c. Plaut. Amph. 1. 1. 104. Virg. Aen. xi. 101. Servius ad l.
6. Velati, in the army, supernumeraries who accompanied the troops in order to fill up vacancies in the ranks occasioned by death or wounds. Amongst these were comprised the Accensi, Ferentarii, and Rorarii, who were all so termed, because they were merely draped in a tunic (velatus, 2.), without any body armour or defensive weapons (Festus, s. v. Id. s. Adscripticii), as exhibited by the annexed figure (Velatus/6.1) from the column of Trajan.
* Velatus/1.1
* Velatus/6.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Velites

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
VE'LITES (γροσφομάχοι). The skirmishers or light-armed infantry of the Roman armies, who did not form part of the regular legion, nor occupy a fixed position in the battle array, but fought in scattered parties amongst the cavalry or infantry, wherever their services were required. They had no body armour beyond a scull-cap of leather, without a ridge-piece (galea, cudo), but were provided with a round shield (parma), a short Spanish sword (gladius Hispaniensis), and several spears with light shafts and very long acuminated blades (hasta velitaris), intended to be used as missiles, but not fitted for stationary combat. (Liv. xxxviii. 21. xxx. 33. Polyb. vi. 22.) The example (Velites/1.1), from the arch of Septimius Severus, combines all these peculiarities with the exception of the missile, an object frequently omitted in sculpture on account of the difficulty it presents in execution, and its unpicturesque effect; but the character of its blade may be seen by referring to the illustration s. HASTA, 4.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Venabulum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
VENA'BULUM. A hunting-spear (Cic. Fam. vii. 1.); a powerful weapon, with a long and broad iron head (Mart. xiv. 31. Virg. Aen. iv. 131.), generally of a lozenge shape, and sometimes furnished with a cross-tree (mora) to prevent the point from penetrating too far (Grat. Cyneg. 108 — 110.) The object itself is shown by the annexed wood-cut (Venabulum/1.1), from a fresco painting in the sepulchre of the Nasonian family on the Flaminian way near Rome. It also exhibits a singular method adopted by the ancient huntsmen for entrapping wild beasts by means of a mirror set up over the front of a cage; but the ordinary manner of using the hunting-spear, which was rearely or never employed as a missile, is also shown by the subsequent illustration, and by the first wood-cut on the following page.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Venatio

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VENA'TIO (θήρα). A hunt, or hunting of wild beasts. (Cic. Sen. 16.) The illustration (Venatio/1.1), from a painting of the Nasonian sepulchre, represents a wild-boar hunt, which appears, from the numerous representations left of similar scenes, to have been a very favourite sport amongst the Romans. It likewise exhibits all the objects usually mentioned in connexion with the sport — the hunting-spear (venabulum), the bow (arcus), three hounds (canes venatici), one of which, on the right side, is held back by a leash or a slip (copula, lorum), the hunter (equus venator), and seven huntsmen (venatores), including the attendants.
2. A fight of wild beasts with men (Cic. Fam. vii. 1.), or with one another (Suet. Claud. 21.); both of which were commonly exhibited as a game in the Roman amphitheatre and circus, and are exhibited by the illustrations (Venatio/2.1) annexed; the one on the left hand representing a combat between a gladiator and wild beast, from a sepulchral bas-relief on a monument in the street of the tombs at Pompeii; the other, a contest between a bear and a rhinoceros, from a terra-cotta lamp found at Labicum.
* Venatio/1.1
* Venatio/2.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Venator

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
VENA'TOR (θηρατὴς, κυνηγέτης). A huntsman who follows the chase or the sport of killing wild animals, such as tigers, bulls, boars, deer, &c., with dogs and spears, on foot or on horseback (Cic. Tusc. ii. 17. Hor. Od. i. 1. 26.), as exhibited by the illustration (Venator/1.1) on the following page, from a painting at Pompeii, representing a huntsman with his dog, and a boar at bay, wounded in the back by one spear, and pierced through the forehead by another, which is held by the huntsman at close quarters.
2. (θηριομάχης). A gladiator who fought in the amphitheatre with wild beasts instead of men (Apul. Met. iv. p. 72. Cassiodor. Var. Ep. v. 52.), as shown by the last wood-cut but one; more usually termed BESTIARIUS.
3. Venator equus. A hunter, or horse trained for the chase. Stat. Theb. ix. 685. VENATIO, 1.
4. Venator canis. A hound trained for the chase. Virg. Aen. xii. 751. VENATIO, 1., and last wood-cut.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Venatrix

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
VENA'TRIX (κυνηγέτις). A huntress, who follows the chase with the bow and hounds (Virg. Aen. i. 319.); more especially used to designate Diana, the goddess of the chase (Ov. Met. ii. 454. Juv. xiii. 80.), who is represented in that character by the annexed figure (Venatrix/1.1), from a terra-cotta lamp.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Ventilabrum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
VENTILA'BRUM (θρῖναξ). A winnowing-fork; employed for separating the grains of corn, beans, and other leguminous plants from the straw and stalks, when the crop was threshed out together with them; and, consequently, had been reaped in the common manner, with a sickle (falx), instead of having the ears or pods only nicked off from the standing plant by a comb (pecten), or a hand-fork (merga), as was a frequent practice with the ancient farmers (Columell. ii. 10. 14. Compare ii. 20. 3 — 5.) The instrument was a fork with three or four prongs, with which the labourer raked out the straw, and tossed it up to a considerable distance from him through the air, so that the breeze, which for the operation was required to be pretty stiff, would carry off the chaff and straw, while the heavier grain fell back upon the ground, and could be finally cleansed by a wooden shovel (pala lignea) or a winnowing-van (vannus). The practice is still pursued in Spain, where the instrument employed is designated by a similar name, aventador, which, like the Latin one, refers to the action of the wind, so necessary for its efficient use. Townsend's Itinerary, vol. 3. p. 314.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Ventilator

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
VENTILA'TOR. One who winnows with the ventilabrum, as explained in the last article. Columell. ii. 10. 15.
2. A juggler, who tosses his balls into the air, as the winnower does his corn. Quint. x. 7. 11.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Ventrale

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
VENTRA'LE (κοιλιόδεσμος). A belly-band, formed by an oblong-square piece of cloth tied round the loins, and over the abdomen, as exhibited by the annexed figure (Ventrale/1.1), from a bas-relief upon a marble candelabrum. In the present instance, it is worn over the tunic, but its usual place was next the skin, either underneath the tunic, or upon the body, when in other respects entirely naked, as seen upon the statue of a fisherman (Visconti, Mus. Pio-Clem. iii. tav. A, 6.); which also proves that it was not the same as the subligaculum, nor worn for the sake of decency, for it there leaves the person completely exposed, as indeed would be the case with our example if the tunic were removed. It was sometimes used for medicinal purposes (Plin. H. N. viii. 73. xxvii. 28.), and as a convenience for carrying money or other small articles about the person (Ulp. Dig. 48. 20. 6.), when otherwise divested of clothing, and in the water (Lucil. Sat. vi. 1. cum bulga lavat). Hence it is frequently seen on statues of fishermen, as in the one already quoted, and another of the Vatican (Mus. Pio.-Clem. iii. 32.), erroneously restored for Seneca, but having the central part of the ventrale filled in with plaster of Paris in a manner which entirely alters the genuine character of the object.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Venus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
VEN'US (Ἀφροδίτη). The Venus, or best throw of the dice (tesserae), or dibs (tali); so called when all the numbers came up different. Prop. iv. 8. 45. Suet. Aug. 71. compared with Mart. xiv. 14.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Verber

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
VERBER. The thong of a whip for scourging slaves (Terent. Andr. i. 2. 28. Tibull. i. 9. 22. FLAGELLUM, 1.); of a driving-whip (Virg. Georg. iii. 106. Ov. Met. xiv. 821. FLAGELLUM, 2.); of a sling (Virg. Georg. 1. 309. FUNDA, 1.); of a machine by which large stones or other missiles are forcibly projected (Lucret. iii. 469.).
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Veredarius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
VEREDA'RIUS. A government messenger, who carried the public dispatches in a light cart drawn by swift horses (veredi), which were stationed for relays along the public roads (Sidon. Ep. v. 7. Festus, s. Veredus. Suet. Aug. 49.), believed to be represented by the annexed example (Veredarius/1.1), from a bas-relief on the monument at Igel.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Veredus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
VERE'DUS. A horse of fast paces; employed as a hunter (Mart. xii. 14. xiv. 86.), and a post-horse (Festus, s. v. Imp. Jul. Cod. 12. 51. 4.) Compare VEREDARIUS.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Vermiculatus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
VERMICULA'TUS. See PAVIMENTUM, 4.