# Cosmic Influx Theory/Chapter 4
## Chapter 4: The Universal Influx in Cosmic Influx Theory
### Introduction

The Cosmic Influx Theory (CIT) postulates that a continuous, universal influx of energy permeates celestial bodies, contributing to mass-energy growth. This influx, conceptualized as a neutrino-like particle stream, interacts with matter, driving planetary and cosmological expansion. The measurable effect of this influx is ΔM$_{influx}$, a volumetric universal influx rate that governs mass accumulation.
By integrating relativistic corrections, such as the Lorentz Transformation of Mass-Energy (LTME), CIT proposes that mass growth follows a precise, quantifiable relationship. This chapter details the derivation of ΔM$_{influx}$, its role in gravitational interactions, and its implications for planetary and cosmic evolution.

### 4.1 The Volumetric Universal Influx Rate (ΔM$_{influx}$)
#### 4.1.1 Definition and Fundamental Equation

The volumetric influx ΔM$_{influx}$ represents the total energy influx passing through a celestial body’s surface. This influx is directly linked to gravitational acceleration, suggesting that gravity itself emerges from the influx dynamics.
The total influx rate is determined by the product of surface acceleration and the celestial body's total surface area:
$\Delta M_{\text{influx}}=4\pi R^{2}a_{p}$
where:
* R = Radius of the planet (for Earth: $6.371\times 10^{6}$ m),
* a$_p$ = Acceleration at the surface ($g=9.82$ m/s²),
* 4πR² = Surface area.

#### 4.1.2 Numerical Calculation for Earth

Using the known values for Earth:
$\Delta M_{\text{influx}}=4\pi (6.371\times 10^{6})^{2}\times 9.82$
$\Delta M_{\text{influx}}\approx 5.01\times 10^{15}{\text{ m}}^{3}/{\text{s}}^{2}$
This calculation implies that a volumetric influx of $5.01\times 10^{15}$ cubic meters per second squared continuously passes through Earth's surface.

### 4.2 Connection to the Lorentz Transformation of Mass-Energy (LTME)
#### 4.2.1 Relativistic Mass Growth via the Lorentz Factor

CIT integrates the Lorentz factor (γ) into the influx model, linking mass-energy growth to relativistic motion. The mass-energy influx is given by:
$\Delta M_{\text{influx}}=(\gamma -1)M$
where:
* M = Earth’s mass ($5.972\times 10^{24}$ kg),
* γ = Lorentz factor related to the root mean square velocity ($v_{RMS}$) in the solar system,
$\gamma ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v_{RMS}^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}$
where:
* v$_{RMS}$ = $1.2278\times 10^{4}$ m/s (average motion of solar system particles),
* c = $2.9979\times 10^{8}$ m/s (speed of light).

#### 4.2.2 Mass Growth Calculation

Substituting these values:
$\gamma -1={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {(1.2278\times 10^{4})^{2}}{(2.9979\times 10^{8})^{2}}}}}}-1$
$\gamma -1\approx 8.386\times 10^{-10}$
Thus, the influx-based mass increase per second for Earth is:
$\Delta M_{\text{influx}}=(8.386\times 10^{-10})\times (5.972\times 10^{24})$
$\Delta M_{\text{influx}}\approx 5.01\times 10^{15}{\text{ m}}^{3}{\text{s}}^{-2}$
This remarkable agreement with the volumetric influx equation demonstrates that gravitational acceleration and mass-energy growth share a common relativistic foundation.

### 4.3 Gravitational Constant as an Emergent Property of Influx
#### 4.3.1 The Relationship Between (γ−1) and Newton's G

CIT introduces an alternative interpretation of Newton’s gravitational constant (G) as a manifestation of the volumetric universal influx.
${\frac {\gamma -1}{4\pi }}=G$
${\frac {8.386\times 10^{-10}}{4\pi }}=6.674\times 10^{-11}{\text{ m}}^{3}{\text{kg}}^{-1}{\text{s}}^{-2}$
This result suggests that G is a natural consequence of the influx process, rather than an independent fundamental constant.

#### = 4.4.2 Equality of Influx and Gravity

In standard Newtonian gravity:
$a_{p}={\frac {GM}{R^{2}}}$
Substituting $G={\frac {(\gamma -1)}{4\pi }}$:
$a_{p}={\frac {(\gamma -1)M}{4\pi R^{2}}}$
Since this matches the gravitational acceleration equation, CIT concludes:
> Gravity and universal influx are the same physical phenomenon, viewed from different reference frames.

### 4.5 Implications for Planetary and Cosmic Expansion
#### 4.5.1 Expansion of Earth’s Radius

CIT suggests that mass growth due to influx leads to planetary expansion over time. The rate of expansion can be estimated as:
$\Delta R_{\text{radius}}={\frac {R}{T_{\text{Earth}}}}$
where:
* R = Earth's current radius ($6.371\times 10^{6}$ m),
* T_{\text{Earth}} = Earth's age ($4.54\times 10^{9}$ years = $1.43\times 10^{17}$ s).
$\Delta R_{\text{radius}}={\frac {6.371\times 10^{6}}{1.43\times 10^{17}}}$
$\Delta R_{\text{radius}}\approx 4.45\times 10^{-11}\,{\text{m}}\cdot {\text{s}}^{-1}$
This tiny but continuous expansion rate aligns with geological evidence of Earth expansion over geological timescales.

#### 4.5.2 Mass Growth Across Geological Epochs

By integrating influx effects over Earth's history, mass increase follows:
$\Delta M_{\text{mass}}=4\pi R^{2}\rho \Delta R_{\text{radius}}$
where:
* ρ = Earth's average density ($5515$ kg/m³),
* ΔR$_{radius}$ = expansion rate ($4.45\times 10^{-11}$ m \text{ s}^{-1}).
This framework allows for calculating mass increase during any epoch, supporting an expanding Earth model.

### 4.6 Conclusion: Influx as the Driver of Mass-Energy Growth

The Cosmic Influx Theory proposes that:
* A volumetric influx (ΔM$_{influx}$) permeates all celestial bodies, transferring mass-energy.
* This influx is responsible for mass growth, planetary expansion, and gravitational acceleration.
* The Newtonian gravitational constant (G) emerges naturally from relativistic corrections.
* Earth's mass and radius increase predictably over geological timescales, aligning with observed expansion evidence.

## Looking Back in Time

Throughout the 20th century, theories of Earth expansion and expansion tectonics were widely debated. Expansion can be mathematically inferred from the split gravitational constant and observed in certain natural phenomena, though these changes are subtle and difficult to measure. However, on a cosmic scale, the expansion of the universe is unmistakable. Distant galaxies are receding due to cosmic expansion, and their light, stretched by this motion, allows us to observe the past directly. The deeper we look into space, the further back in time we see, revealing the evolution of the universe itself. Even looking at a person in front of you involves a tiny delay due to the finite speed of light, meaning you always perceive them just a fraction of a moment younger than they truly are.
The farther an object is from us, the longer its light takes to reach us. When observing nearby objects, such as the Moon, we see them as they were in the past—just over one second ago in the Moon’s case. If the Sun were to suddenly extinguish, it would take 8 minutes for us to notice, as that is the time required for its last emitted light to reach Earth.
For more distant celestial bodies, this time delay increases dramatically. Light from stars visible to the naked eye has often traveled tens to hundreds of years before reaching us. Astronomers use light-years to measure these vast distances, with one light-year equating to 9.46 trillion kilometers.
The Hubble Space Telescope can observe galaxies hundreds of millions to billions of light-years away, allowing us to see them as they existed at the time their light was emitted. A galaxy 100 million light-years away appears to us as it was when dinosaurs roamed Earth. Observing distant galaxies provides a direct view of the early universe, enabling the study of galaxy formation and evolution over cosmic time.
In simple terms, the observable universe is a time capsule. If an object is D light-years away, we are seeing it as it was D/c seconds in the past, where c is the speed of light. Even the seemingly distant edge of the observable universe—13.8 billion light-years away—represents our very own location in space, as it existed 13.8 billion years ago.
This perspective reshapes our understanding of space and time, illustrating that the past is not lost—it is simply waiting to be observed.

### Illustration

The observable universe can be visualized in a logarithmic scale, where our Solar System appears at the center, surrounded by progressively larger cosmic structures. This includes the inner and outer planets, the Kuiper Belt, the Oort Cloud, Alpha Centauri, the Perseus Arm, the Milky Way Galaxy, the Andromeda Galaxy, nearby galaxies, the Cosmic Web, the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation, and ultimately the inobservable plasma from the Big Bang. Celestial bodies appear enlarged for clarity.
(*Description adapted from Wikipedia, Image by Unmismoobjetivo, CC BY-SA 3.0.*) ---

## Reversing Our Perspective: Looking Back from the Primordial Energy Field

Mostly we use Earth as our reference frame. However, let us shift our perspective to the primordial energy field—the state of the universe before galaxies, stars, and planets formed. This energy field (at the edge of this image) gradually transformed into the universe as we know it, including our galaxy and solar system.
If we could observe from this primordial energy field—13.8 billion years ago—what would we see? Our familiar Milky Way and Solar System would not yet exist. Instead, everything would contract into a hot, dense energy state. After 380,000 years, the first electrons and protons would emerge, forming vast, spiraling clouds of ionized gas—the precursors to galaxies.
This fundamental process aligns with observations such as those from the ESO telescopes, which detect planetary formation within swirling disks of gas and dust.

## The Expanding History of the Universe

This history is not distant—it is here, at our very location in space. 13.8 billion years ago, the primordial energy field was where we are now. In fact, every location in the universe was once this energy field, meaning every observer, no matter their position, would perceive themselves at the center of expansion.
The expansion of the universe can be described through the split Gravitational Constant, which governs the conversion of energy into mass:
$G_{N}=c^{2}\times \left({\frac {\kappa }{8\pi }}\right)$
where:
* G_N is the gravitational constant,
* c^2 represents the squared speed of light [m²/s²],
* κ is the Einsteinian fundamental proportionality factor with the value 1.866335976883950E-26 [m/kg],
* 8π appears due to the mathematical formulation of spacetime curvature.

## A New Perspective on the Observable Universe

I invite you to examine the image of the Observable Universe once again. Better yet, view the original and enlarge it. As you explore the intricate structures of galaxies, nebulae, and cosmic filaments, consider this: you are witnessing our history—our expanding history.
This unified influx model provides a compelling alternative to static planetary models, offering testable predictions for planetary formation, gravitational interactions, and cosmological expansion.
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