OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Latin II/Sport and leisure Lesson 1

Salvēte omnēs! Welcome back to Latin for Wikiversity. Today we'll learn vocabulary related to sports, games, and leisure activities. We'll use this vocabulary with grammar patterns we already know.

## New Words

| Latin | English | Audio (Classical) | Notes |
| pila, -ae (f.) | ball | | Used in many ball games |
| lūdus, -ī (m.) | game, sport | File:La-cls-ludus.ogg | Also means "school" |
| cursus, -ūs (m.) | race, running | File:La-cls-cursus.ogg | 4th declension |
| natātiō, -ōnis (f.) | swimming | File:La-cls-natatio.ogg | From natō (swim) |
| palaestra, -ae (f.) | gymnasium | File:La-cls-palaestra.ogg | From Greek παλαίστρα |
| sphaera, -ae (f.) | sphere, ball | File:La-cls-sphaera.ogg | Used in formal contexts |
| discus, -ī (m.) | discus | File:La-cls-discus.ogg | From Greek δίσκος |
| saltātiō, -ōnis (f.) | dancing | File:La-cls-saltatio.ogg | From saltō (dance) |

## Activity Verbs

| Latin | English | Notes |
| lūdō, -ere | play | Takes accusative for game played |
| natō, -āre | swim | Regular 1st conjugation |
| currō, -ere | run | Regular 3rd conjugation |
| saltō, -āre | dance | Regular 1st conjugation |

## New Sentences

| Latin | English | Notes |
| Pilā lūdere amō. | I love to play ball. | Ablative of means |
| In palaestrā exercēmus. | We exercise in the gymnasium. | Location with in + ablative |
| Mārcus bene natat. | Marcus swims well. | Using adverb |
| Hodiē cursum currēmus. | Today we will run a race. | Future tense |
| Discum iacere potest. | He can throw the discus. | Using possum |
| Puellae in viā saltant. | The girls are dancing in the street. | Present tense |
| Cum amīcīs lūdō. | I play with friends. | Ablative of accompaniment |
| In piscīnā natāre volunt. | They want to swim in the pool. | Infinitive with volō |
| Lūcia sphaeram magnā cum virtūte iecit. | Lucia threw the ball with great skill. | Perfect tense |
| Crās in palaestrā exercēbimus. | Tomorrow we will exercise in the gymnasium. | Future tense |

## Common Phrases

| Latin | English | Notes |
| Lūdāmus! | Let's play! | Hortatory subjunctive |
| Bene lūsistī! | Well played! | Perfect tense |
| Vincis! | You win! | Present tense |
| Iterum! | Again! | Common in games |

## Practice

Practice and learn the words and phrases in this lesson :
* Content not available on Memrise currently
* Note that the Memrise stage covers the content for all lessons in each stage. If you are skipping previous stages you may need to manually "ignore" the words in previous levels (use the 'select all' function) |
We hope you've enjoyed learning about sports and games in Latin! Remember to practice using these new words with the grammar patterns you already know. Valēte!
# Reading group

This page organizes meetings about the book The Divide, by Jason Hickel.
Here we organize ideas, questions, references, call to actions and meetings for a book club organized by The Left Berlin.

## Meetings

* Location: Nansenstraße 2, Berlin

## Section 2 | Concering Violence | 09.02.2025

Time: 19h - 21h
Questions
* Can someone talk more about the theory of unequal exchange and dependency theory?
Suggestions
Notes

## Section 1 | The Divide | 26.01.2025

Time: 19h - 21h
Questions
Suggestions
* Next time we use Wikiversity!
* Prep some questions
* Have a scribe to take notes
Notes
# Latin II/Superlatives/Reading 1
## Studiōsī Colloquuntur (Students Chat)
### Reading

Mārcus et Lūcia dē studiīs colloquuntur.
M: Salvē, Lūcia! Quōmodo studia prōcēdunt?
L: Melius quam mēnse ultimō! Nunc trēs hōrās cotīdiē studeō.
M: Ego plūrēs hōrās studeō, sed tū sapientiōrēs methodōs habēs.
L: Fortasse. Librōs legere facilius est māne. Vesperī dēfessa sum.
M: Ego pessimē māne studeō! Nocte maxima efficientia est mihi.
L: Quae disciplīna tibi difficillima est?
M: Mathēmatica. Tū optima es in mathēmaticā!
L: Sed tū melior es in historiā. Doctissimus es dē rēbus Rōmānīs.
M: Grātiās. Fortasse alter alterī auxilium dare possumus?
L: Optimum cōnsilium! Nam duo studiōsī fortiōrēs sunt quam ūnus.

### Comprehension Questions

* Quot hōrās Lūcia nunc studet?
* Quandō Lūcia facilius legit?
* Quandō Mārcus optimē studet?
* Quis melior in mathēmaticā est?
* Quid Mārcus et Lūcia facere dēcernunt?

### Grammar Notes

* Notice comparative forms: melior, facilius, sapientiōrēs
* Superlative forms: pessimē, difficillima, optima
* Time expressions: māne, vesperī, nocte

### Grammar Focus

* Comparative adjectives (-ior/-ius)
* Superlative adjectives (-issimus)
* Uses of quam
* Present tense verbs
* Revision: 1st/2nd declension nouns

### Vocabulary Review

Links to prior lessons:
* Comparisons
* Superlatives
# Latin II/Superlatives

Salvēte omnēs! Welcome back to Latin for Wikiversity. Last time we learned how to compare two things using comparatives. Today we'll learn how to say something is "the best," "the tallest," or "the bravest" using superlatives.

## New Grammar

Making superlatives in Latin is simple! For most adjectives, add -issimus (-issima, -issimum) to the stem:
| Basic | Superlative | Meaning |
| longus | longissimus | longest |
| altus | altissimus | highest/tallest |
| clārus | clārissimus | most famous |
Just like with comparatives, some common adjectives have special forms:
| Basic | Superlative | Meaning |
| bonus | optimus | best |
| malus | pessimus | worst |
| magnus | maximus | biggest |
| parvus | minimus | smallest |
Remember: Superlatives are adjectives, so they must agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case:
    Templum altissimum = the tallest temple (neuter)
    Puella fortissima = the bravest girl (feminine)
    Puer optimus = the best boy (masculine)

## New Words

| Latin | English | Notes |
| clārus, -a, -um | famous, clear | |
| omnium | of all | Used with superlatives |
| urbs, urbis (f.) | city | |
| mons, montis (m.) | mountain | |

## New Sentences

| Latin | English | Notes |
| Rōma est urbs clārissima. | Rome is the most famous city. | Simple superlative |
| Mārcus est discipulus optimus. | Marcus is the best student. | Irregular superlative |
| Hic mons est altissimus omnium. | This mountain is the highest of all. | With omnium |
| Mater mea est fēmina fortissima. | My mother is the bravest woman. | With possession |
| Templum maximum in urbe est. | The biggest temple is in the city. | Place phrase |
| Liber pessimus omnium est. | It is the worst book of all. | Irregular with omnium |
| Pater tuus est vir sapientissimus. | Your father is the wisest man. | Family terms |
| Haec via est brevissima. | This road is the shortest. | Demonstrative |
| Rōma est urbs pulcherrima Italiae. | Rome is the most beautiful city of Italy. | Genitive of whole |
| Hic puer minimus classis est. | This boy is the smallest in the class. | Irregular superlative |

## Practice

Practice and learn the words and phrases in this lesson :
* Note that the Memrise stage covers the content for all lessons in each stage. If you are skipping previous stages you may need to manually "ignore" the words in previous levels (use the 'select all' function) |
Now you can express not just that something is "better," but that it's "the best"! Next time, we'll practice using comparatives and superlatives together. Valēte!
# Latin II/Irregular Comparisons

Salvēte omnēs! Welcome back to Latin for Wikiversity. Today we'll learn the special comparison forms for some of Latin's most common adjectives. These words are used so often that it's worth taking time to learn their unique patterns.

## New Grammar

These important adjectives don't follow the regular -ior/-issimus patterns. Instead, they have their own special forms:
| Basic | Comparative | Superlative | Meaning |
| bonus | melior | optimus | good, better, best |
| malus | pējor | pessimus | bad, worse, worst |
| magnus | major | maximus | big, bigger, biggest |
| parvus | minor | minimus | small, smaller, smallest |
| multus | plūs | plūrimus | much/many, more, most |
| senex | senior | --- | old, older, (oldest) |
| juvenis | junior | --- | young, younger, (youngest) |
Note that senex and juvenis rarely use superlatives - Romans used maximus nātū (greatest in birth) for "oldest" and minimus nātū for "youngest."

## New Words

| Latin | English | Notes |
| multus, -a, -um | much, many | |
| senex, senis | old (of people) | |
| juvenis, -e | young | |
| nātū | by birth | Used with major/minor |

## New Sentences

| Latin | English | Notes |
| Vīnum melius quam cervīsia est. | The wine is better than the beer. | Food/drink comparison |
| Hic liber pējor quam ille est. | This book is worse than that one. | With demonstratives |
| Fīlius major quam fīlia est. | The son is bigger than the daughter. | Family terms |
| Pater senior quam māter est. | Father is older than mother. | Age comparison |
| Multī librī bonī, plūrēs malī sunt. | Many books are good, more are bad. | Using plūrēs |
| Servus junior dominum optimum habet. | The younger slave has the best master. | Multiple forms |
| Rōma est urbs maxima Italiae. | Rome is the biggest city of Italy. | Geography |
| Frāter minimus familiae sum. | I am the smallest brother in the family. | Family position |
| Plūrimī discipulī linguam amant. | Most students love the language. | With plūrimī |
| Major nātū frāter doctior est. | The older brother is more learned. | Age with nātū |

## Practice

Practice and learn the words and phrases in this lesson :
* Try this Reading exercise
* Note that the Memrise stage covers the content for all lessons in each stage. If you are skipping previous stages you may need to manually "ignore" the words in previous levels (use the 'select all' function) |
Now that you know both regular and irregular comparisons, next time we'll practice using them together in more complex sentences. Valēte!
# Endomorphism/Restriction to generalized eigenspace/Nilpotent/Example

Let $K$ denote a field, and let $V$ denote a $K$-vector space of finite dimension. Let
    $\varphi \colon V\longrightarrow V$
be a linear mapping. For an eigenvalue $\lambda \in K$, the generalized eigenspace $H=\operatorname {GeEig} _{\lambda }(\varphi )$ has the property that the restriction of $\varphi -\lambda \operatorname {Id} _{V}$ to $H$ is nilpotent.
# Nilpotent endomorphism/Jordan normal form/Mapping lemma/Fact/Proof

Let $\varphi ^{s}=0$ and suppose that $s$ is minimal with this property. We consider the linear subspaces
    $V_{i}:=\operatorname {kern} \varphi ^{i}\,.$
Let $U_{s}$ be a direct complement for $V_{s-1}$, therefore,
    $V=V_{s-1}\oplus U_{s}\,.$
We have
    $\varphi (U_{s})\cap V_{s-2}=0\,,$
because the elements $\neq 0$ from $U_{s}$ are not mapped to $0$ under $\varphi ^{s-1}$ Therefore, there exists a linear subspace $U_{s-1}$ of $V_{s-1}$ with
    $V_{s-1}=V_{s-2}\oplus U_{s-1}\,$
and with
    $\varphi (U_{s})\subseteq U_{s-1}\,.$
In this way, we obtain linear subspaces $U_{i}\subseteq V_{i}$ such that
    $V_{i}=V_{i-1}\oplus U_{i}\,$
and
    $\varphi (U_{i})\subseteq U_{i-1}\,.$
Morover,
    $V=U_{1}\oplus \cdots \oplus U_{s}\,,$
since we refine the preceding direct sum decomposition in every step. Also, $\varphi$, restricted to $U_{i}$ with $i\geq 2$ is injective. For $v\in U_{i}\cap \operatorname {kern} \varphi =U_{i}\cap V_{1}\subseteq U_{i}\cap V_{i-1}$, it follows
    $v=0\,$
by the directness of the composition. We construct now a basis with the claimed properties. For this, we choose a basis ${\mathfrak {u}}_{s}$ of $U_{s}$. We can extend the (linearly independent) image $\varphi ({\mathfrak {u}}_{s})$ to get a basis ${\mathfrak {u}}_{s-1}$ of $U_{s-1}$, and so forth. The union of these bases is then a basis of $V$. The basis element of ${\mathfrak {u}}_{i}$ for $i\geq 2$ are sent by construction to other basis elements, and the basis elements of ${\mathfrak {u}}_{1}$ are sent to $0$. To get an ordering of the basis, we choose a basis element from ${\mathfrak {u}}_{s}$, together with all its successive images, then we choose another basis element of ${\mathfrak {u}}_{s}$, together with all its successive images, until the ${\mathfrak {u}}_{s}$ is exhausted. Then we work with ${\mathfrak {u}}_{s-1}$ in the same way. In the last step, we swap the ordering of the basis elements just constructed.
# Latin II/Household Lesson 3/Reading exercise/Answer key
### Comprehension Questions

* Cornēlia est amīca Claudiae
* Quia pugnant/Sabīna et Lūcius pugnant
* Garum in placentās dulcēs pōnit
* Cornēlia placentam gustat et sapōrem malum invenit
* Vīnum sine garō cupit
* In ludō cum magistrō verba Graeca scrībet/In scholā manēbit
* Quia pater sevērus est et virgam habet

### Grammar Practice

Complete:
* In manū meā est domus
* Mārcus rēs malās facit
* Puerī in cubiculum eunt
* Māter cum virgā venit
* Puerī in ātrium currunt
* Amīcae meae placenta nōn placet
Translations:
* Māter Mārcō īrāta est
* Puerī in cubiculum currunt
* Nōn intellegō cūr malus est
* Placentae dulcēs sunt sed garum habent
* Nōs puerī meliōrēs erāmus quam hī
* Venī celeriter ad triclīnium!
Word Order:
* Mārcus in culīnā malus est
* Garum in placentās dulcēs pōnit
* Cornēlia mox ad triclīnium venit
* Domus in manū meā est
# Indigenous Women's History on Wikipedia Lab/Content

| Início | Activities | Content | Resources | Talk Page |
Main topics edited and created in the Lab activities :
| Name | Type | Project | Action |
| Damiana da Cunha | biography | pt.wikipedia | created |
| Marquesa Ferreira | biography | pt.wikipedia | created |
| Bartira | biography | pt.wikipedia | edited |
| Clara Camarão | biography | pt.wikipedia | edited |
| Catarina Paraguaçu | biography | pt.wikipedia | edited |
| Violante do Céu Soares de Souza | biography | pt.wikipedia | created |
| Glicéria Tupinambá | biography | pt.wikipedia | created |
| Igreja de São Lourenço dos Índios | heritage | pt.wikipedia | created |
| Araribóia | biography | pt.wikipedia | edited |
| Indigenous history | knowledge | pt.wikipedia | created |
| Indigenous history | knowledge | pt.wikiquote | created |
| Tupinambá cloak | object | pt.wikipedia | edited |
| Maria Felipa de Oliveira | biography | pt.wikipedia | edited |
| Pullman Strike | object | en.wikipedia | edited |
* Images associated with the Lab's work
* Painting depicting Catarina Paraguaçu
* Facade of São Lourenço dos Índios Church
* Statue of Araribóia
* Tupinambá cloak in the "Queen of America" procession, in 1599
* Statue in honor of Maria Felipa
* Team
* ElisaFGarcia (IHT-UFF), Head teacher
* CalliandraDysantha (WMB / WM+), Voluntary Wikimedian
* Pollyana Feitosa (UFF), PIBIC scolarship holder and Wikimedian trainee
# Indigenous Women's History on Wikipedia Lab/Resources

| Início | Activities | Content | Resources | Talk Page |
# Latin II/The more the merrier

Salvēte omnēs! Welcome back to Latin for Wikiversity. Now that we know both regular and irregular comparisons, let's see how we can use them together in more interesting ways. We'll also learn some special phrases Romans used for making comparisons.

## New Grammar

Here are some useful patterns for making complex comparisons:
1. "Much" with comparatives: Using multō:
* Multō melior = much better
* Multō fortior = much braver
2. "The more... the more..." using quantō... tantō:
* Quantō altior, tantō melior = The higher, the better
3. "As... as possible" using quam + superlative:
* Quam optimus = as good as possible
* Quam fortissimus = as brave as possible

## New Words

| Latin | English | Notes |
| multō | by much | Used with comparatives |
| quantō | by how much | With tantō |
| tantō | by so much | With quantō |
| sapiēns, -entis | wise | |

## New Sentences

| Latin | English | Notes |
| Hic liber multō melior est. | This book is much better. | multō + irregular |
| Via brevior sed multō perīculōsior est. | The road is shorter but much more dangerous. | Multiple comparisons |
| Quantō doctior, tantō sapientior. | The more learned, the wiser. | Parallel comparison |
| Puer quam fortissimus esse vult. | The boy wants to be as brave as possible. | With infinitive |
| Templum et altius et pulchrius est. | The temple is both higher and more beautiful. | Double comparative |
| Urbs nostra multō major quam vestra est. | Our city is much bigger than yours. | With possession |
| Quantō plūs discis, tantō plūra scīs. | The more you learn, the more you know. | With irregular forms |
| Fīlius nātu maximus optimus dux est. | The oldest son is the best leader. | Multiple irregulars |
| Haec via multō brevior sed pessima est. | This road is much shorter but the worst. | Mixing forms |
| Quam maximās grātiās tibi agō. | I give you as many thanks as possible. | Common phrase |

## Practice

Reading, writing and speaking :
| Step one | Try this Reading exercise |
Practice and learn the words and phrases in this lesson :
* This content is not currently available on Memrise
* Note that the Memrise stage covers the content for all lessons in each stage. If you are skipping previous stages you may need to manually "ignore" the words in previous levels (use the 'select all' function) |
You can now make all kinds of sophisticated comparisons in Latin! Notice how mixing regular and irregular forms lets you express complex ideas clearly. In our next lesson, we'll start learning about special uses of cases with comparatives. Valēte!
# Latin II/The more the merrier/Reading/Answer key

I'll help you generate the answer key for this grammar exercise. I'll provide the solutions along with brief explanations to help reinforce the grammar concepts.

### Grammar Exercise
#### Fill-in the Blank

1. sapientior
* Uses comparative form of sapiens (wise)
* Translates "wiser than"
2. pessima
* Superlative form of malus (bad)
* Translates "worst of all"
3. fēlīcior
* Comparative form of fēlīx (happy)
* Translates "happier"
4. meliōrēs
* Comparative plural form of bonus (good)
* Translates "better than"
5. sevērissimus
* Superlative form of sevērus (strict)
* Translates "most strict"

#### Matching

I'll convert this into a Wikimarkup table:
| Latin Form | English Meaning |
| melior quam | better than |
| optimē | very well |
| difficillimus | most difficult |
| pejor quam | worse than |
| pessimus | worst |

#### Translations

1. Magister melior quam Mārcus est.
* Uses comparative of bonus with quam
* "The teacher is better than Marcus"
2. Librī Paulae sunt magis interēssantēs quam meī.
* Uses comparative of interesting with quam
* Uses possessive genitive (meī = mine)
3. Fēlīcior quam herī sum.
* Comparative of happy
* Uses herī (yesterday)
4. Haec lēctiō facilior quam illa est.
* Uses comparative of facilis (easy)
* Demonstrates demonstrative pronouns (haec/illa)
5. Mārcus est pigerrimus omnium discipulōrum.
* Uses superlative of piger (lazy)
* Uses genitive partitive (omnium discipulōrum = of all students)
# Latin II/The more the merrier/Reading
## Novum Scholae Gymnasium

Dramatis personae: Mārcus, Lūcia, Paula
Lūcia: Salvēte! Quid agitis? Ergō, quālēs erant probātiōnēs?
Paula: Optimē! Ego tōtum annum bene labōrāvī et nunc laetissima sum. Librōs plūrēs quam librōs Mārcī lēgī.
Mārcus: Nōlī crēdere! Ego habeo methodum faciliōrem.
Paula: Quae est haec methodus facilior?
Mārcus: Diē ante probātiōnem labōrāre est melius. Novissima memoria est fortissima memoria! Et ālea est optima - meliōrēs sunt magnae sponsiōnēs quam omnēs librī.
Lūcia: (rīdēns) Stultissimus es, Mārce! Et quōmodō hoc tibi prōdest?
Mārcus: Pater meus pecūniam dat scholae. Novum gymnasium aedificābit! Est optima methodus omnium! Probātiōnēs superō!
Paula: Sed nihil discis, Mārce. Ego discere amō, sed magistrī malī sunt pejōrēs quam labōrēs difficilēs.
Lūcia: Paula sapientior quam Mārcus est. Librī et labōrēs sunt meliōrēs quam pecūnia! Mārcus fortasse probātiōnēs superat, sed scientiam vēram numquam habēbit.
Mārcus: (rīdēns) Sed gymnasium novum habēbimus!
Paula: Tū es maximus stultissimusque glōriōsus omnium, Mārce! Levare, volvere, mittere tibi sunt foedissima et vilissima - praeter āleam!

### New Words

* probātiō, probātiōnis (f.) - test, exam
* plūrēs - plural of ¨plus¨
* methodus, methodī (f.) - method, way
* memoria, memoriae (f.) - memory
* novissimus - newest, latest
* prōdest - it helps, it benefits
* gymnasium, gymnasiī (n.) - gymnasium, school
* ālea, āleae (f.) - dice, gambling
* sponsiō, sponsiōnis (f.) - bet, wager
* glōriōsus - boastful, show-off

### Comprehension Questions

* Cūr Mārcus diē ante probātiōnem labōrat?
* Quae est optima methodus secundum Mārcum?
* Quid Paula dē magistrīs dīcit?
* Quis est sapientior, Paula an Mārcus?
* Answer key

### Grammar Exercise

Complete each sentence with the correct comparative or superlative form:
1. Paula ______ (sapiens) quam Mārcus est. 2. Methodus Mārcī est ______ (malus) omnium. 3. Ego sum ______ (fēlīx) cum bene labōrō. 4. Librī sunt ______ (bonus) quam pecūnia. 5. Hic magister est ______ (sevērus) in scholā.

#### Match the comparisons:

| # | Latin Form | English Meaning |
| 1 | melior quam | most difficult |
| 2 | optimē | worse than |
| 3 | difficillimus | better than |
| 4 | pejor quam | worst |
| 5 | pessimus | very well |

#### Translate to Latin using comparatives:

* The teacher is better than Marcus.
* Paula's books are more interesting than mine.
* I am happier than yesterday.
* This lesson is easier than that one.
* Marcus is the laziest student of all.
* Answer key

### Grammar Notes

* Uses comparative forms with quam (melior quam)
* Superlative forms in -issimus (stultissimus)
* Irregular comparisons (melior/optimus, pejor/pessimus)
* Previous grammar includes present tense verbs and cases from Latin I
# Latin II/Time Lesson 3/Reading exercise/Clavīs Responsōrum
## Clavīs Responsōrum
### Comprehension Questions:

* Hōrā quārtā.
* Ante templum.
* Paula carnem in caupōnā cupit.
* Quod nōn satis pecūniae habent.
* Līberī pānem, caseum, olīvās, crustula et māla portant.

### Exercitium Grammaticum

* sum
* erō
* ambulō
* veniam
* dormit

### Exercitium Locōrum

* ad
* cum
* ad
* ex
* in