OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Crobylus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CRO'BYLUS (κρωβύλος or κρώβυλος). Designates a particular manner of arranging the hair, which was characteristic of the earliest inhabitants of Athens (Thucyd. i. 6.), and some uncivilized nations (crobylus barbarorum, Tertull. Virg. Veland. 10.). It was effected by drawing back the hair from the roots all round the head, and fastening it in a knot, or with a tie at the top; and the same fashion prevailed amongst both sexes of the Greeks: but the term crobylus had an especial reference to the men; corymbus, on the contrary, to the women. (Schol. ad Thucyd. l. c.) Yet Thucydides and Heraclides of Pontus (ap. Athen. xii. 5.) use the two words κρώβυλος and κόρυμβος as convertible terms, and both descriptive of the male adjustment. It is, moreover, an unfounded statement to say, as some of the interpreters have done, that the fashion was peculiar to "elderly persons." Thucydides, in narrating the progress of the Greeks towards civilization in dress and manners, remarks that certain antiquated customs, and amongst them that of the crobylus, had but lately been given up by some of the old people. But age is always the most averse to change, and the last to adopt new fashions; and many will remember a similar instance in modern Europe to that mentioned by Thucydides, where some few of the oldest people continued to wear their pig-tails long after they had been generally laid aside by the younger portion of the community. Besides, the Greek artists frequently give a coiffure of this kind to Apollo, Bacchus, and youthful persons, as in our example (Crobylus/1.1), from a bronze figure of a boy discovered at Herculaneum. The precise set of the hair is not given with sufficient distinctness; but in the original it is clearly seen to be turned back and tied up in the same manner as that more plainly shown by the head of the female illustrating the words CORYMBUS.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Crocota

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CROCO'TA (κροκωτόν). A rich saffron-coloured robe, or gala dress, worn by the Greek women at the Dionysiac festivals; and from them adopted by the ladies of Rome (Non. s. v. p. 549. Plaut. Fragm. ap. Non. s. Strophium, p. 538.); by the priests of Cybele (Apul. Met. viii. p. 172.); and also by some individuals who affected a feminine and foppish style of dress. Cic. Harusp. Respons. 21.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Crocotula

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CROCO'TULA (κροκώτιον). Diminutive of the preceding. Plaut. Epid. ii. 2. 49. Virg. Catalect. v. 21.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Crotalistria

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CROTALIS'TRIA. A female performer on the crotala. Prop. iv. 8. 39. See the next wood-cut.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Crotalium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CROTAL'IUM (κροτάλιον). Literally, a small rattle; a sort of pet or fancy name by which the Roman ladies designated a pendant to their ear-rings, when formed by two or more drop pearls (elenchi), sufficiently large to produce a sharp crackling sound (like that of the crotalum), when shaken against each other by the motions of the wearer. (Pet. Sat. 67. 9. Plin. H. N. ix. 56.) The example (Crotalium/1.1) represents an original ear-ring found at Pompeii.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Crotalum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CROT'ALUM (κρόταλον). A sort of musical instrument especially employed in the worship of Cybele (Apul. Met. viii. p. 170.), and frequently used to form an accompaniment for dancing. (P. Scipio ap. Macrob. Sat. ii. 10. Virg. Copa, 2.) It consisted of two split canes, or hollow pieces of wood or metal, joined together by a straight handle, as in the right-hand figure of the annexed engraving (Crotalum/1.1), from a mosaic pavement in a tomb excavated in the Villa Corsini. When played, one of these was held in each hand, and snapped together with the fingers, so as to produce a crisp rattling sound, like the castanets, as shown by the female figure in the illustration, from a bas-relief of the Villa Borghese.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Cruciarius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CRUCIA'RIUS. A criminal executed upon the cross (crux) by hanging (Pet. Sat. 112. 5. cruciarii parentes detraxerunt pendentem); hence, a worthless fellow, like our gallows-bird. Apul. Met. x. p. 215.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Crucifixus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CRUCIFIX'US. Or, separately, cruci fixus; nailed to the cross, in the manner we understand by the term crucified. Quint. vii. 1. 3. Plin. H. N. viii. 18.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Crumena

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CRUME'NA (βαλάντιον). A leathern pouch for carrying money, slung over the neck by a strap (Plaut. Asin. iii. 3. 67 Id. Truc. iii. 1. 7.), so as to hang in front of the person, or at his back; whence Ballio, in Plautus (Pseud. i. 2. 38.), tells the slave to walk in front, that he might keep an eye upon the crumena, which was slung behind him. It was from the practice of carrying money about in this manner, that the Greek expression βαλαντιότομος, equivalent to our cut-purse, derived its origin and meaning. The illustration (Crumena/1.1) is from a figure on a bronze lamp.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Cruppellarius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CRUPPELLA'RIUS. A Celtic word employed by the Gauls to designate a particular class of men who fought as gladiators, clothed from head to foot in an entire suit of armour. (Tac. Ann. i. 43. Lamprid. Alex. Sev. 56.) Men thus accoutred were termed cataphracti or clibanarii by the Persians, and cruppellarii by the Gauls. See the illustration s. CATAPHRACTI.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Crusmata

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CRUS'MATA or CRU'MATA (κρούματα or κρούσματα). Castanets; in ancient times, as well as our own, peculiarly characteristic of the Spanish nation (Mart. Ep. vi. 71.), though the same instruments were also played by the women of Greece and Italy, as is proved by the annexed illustration (Crusmata/1.1), from a fictile vase; and by a bas-relief of the Capitoline Museum (iii. 36.), in which a female is represented with the same instrument in her right-hand, and the scabillum under her left foot.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Crustae

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CRUS'TAE. Figures or images in low-relief, embossed upon plate, as contradistinguished from emblemata, which were in high-relief. Cic. Verr. ii. 4. 23. Paul. Dig. 34. 2. 33.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Crustarius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CRUSTA'RIUS. An artist who designed, and modelled crustae for gold and silver plate. (Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 55.) They were sold at Rome in shops appropriated for that particular branch of trade, called crustariae tabernae. Festus, s. v.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Crustularius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CRUSTULA'RIUS. One who makes and sells crustula. Senec. Ep. 56.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Crustulum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CRUS'TULUM. Diminutive of CRUSTUM. Any small piece of pastry or cake, such as a pastrycook's tart; especially given to children. Hor. Sat. i. 1. 25. Juv. Sat. ix. 5. and Schol. Vet. ad l.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Crustum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CRUS'TUM. A fragment, or broken piece of bread, cake, or pastry. Hence the English crust. Hor. Ep. i. 1. 78. Virg. Aen. vii. 114.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Crux

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CRUX. One of the machines or contrivances employed by the ancients for inflicting capital punishment upon criminals and slaves. It was made and applied in two different ways. Originally, it was an upright pole with a sharp point at the top (Greek σταυρός, σκόλοψ), upon which the victim was impaled, as still practised in the East; a mode of punishment indicated by the expression in crucem suffigere (Justin. xviii. 7. Hirt. B. Afr. 66.), or in crucem sedere (Maecen. ap. Senec. Ep. 101.); but, subsequently, it was fitted with a transverse piece of wood, like our cross, upon which the condemned was fastened with nails, or bound with ropes, and then left to perish, a mode of execution expressed by such phrases as cruci figere, or affigere, and the like. (Tac. Ann. xv. 44. Pet. Sat. iii. 5.) It would also appear from other passages (Plin. H. N. xiv. 3. pendere in cruce, Pet. Sat. 112. 5.), that criminals were likewise hung upon it, as upon a gibbet, or gallows.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Cryptoporticus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CRYPTOPOR'TICUS. The term always employed by the younger Pliny when speaking of a structure similar to what is described under the last word. It appears to have been only another name, more fully descriptive, for CRYPTA; or, if there was any real distinction between the two, it may be, that when the gallery had windows on both sides, as was the case with those in Pliny's villas, it possessed a considerable resemblance to the colonnade (porticus), and was consequently distinguished by the name crypto-porticus; when there were windows only on one side, and a blank wall on the other, such as those represented in the two preceding illustrations, it would be more appropriately designated by the name of crypta simply. Plin. Ep. ii. 17. 16. seqq. Id. v. 6. 27 — 28. Id. vii. 21. 2. Id. ix. 36. 3.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Ctesibica machina

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CTESIB'ICA MACH'INA. A double-actioned forcing-pump, invented by Ctesibius of Alexandria, who lived in the age of Ptolemy Euergetes (Vitruv. ix. 8. 2. Plin. H. N. vii. 38.), and constructed upon the principle now employed for our fire-engines. The machine is described at length by Vitruvius (x. 7.), from the writings of its inventor, which are now lost; and a pump of similar character, but improved construction, probably after a model of Hero, the pupil of Ctesibius, was discovered near Civita Vecchia, in the last century; but as that does not contain all the parts mentioned by Vitruvius, a representation of it is inserted under its Greek name SIPHO, where the component parts of which it consists are explained from the description of Hero. In this place, only a conjectural diagram (Ctesibica_machina/1.1) of the machina Ctesibica is introduced, designed by Perrault in accordance with the account of Vitruvius; but it will enable the reader, from a comparison of the two together, to form an accurate idea of the nature of these machines, and the difference between them. The parts mentioned by Vitruvius are: — catinus, the cup, A, which was not employed by Hero, who, instead of it, uses an upright tube (σωλὴν ὄρθιος); modioli gemelli, B B, the two boxes, or cases, in which the pistons (regulae) act, corresponding with the δύο πυξίδες of Hero; emboli masculi, two suckers (C C), same as ἐμβολεῖς, Hero; fistulae in furcillae figura, two connecting pipes in the form of a fork, which in the pump of Hero are supplied by a single horizontal tube (δωλήν); and paenula, the cowl (D), placed over the cup to compress the water at the foot of the hose; not used by Hero. The operation of the machine is easily understood. It was placed over the reservoir, and both pistons worked together, the one being depressed while the other was drawn up; as the sucker (C) rises, it draws up a supply of water through an opening at the bottom of the cylinder (B), which is furnished with a moveable lid (marked by dotted lines in the engraving), that opens as the water flows in, but closes of its own accord immediately that the piston is pressed down again; and this pressure forces the water through the forked pipe into the catinus (A), the bottom of which, in like manner, is furnished with moveable lids over each pipe, alternately opening and shutting with each stroke of the pistons, which, as they move alternately up and down, force up the water in a continuous stream through the paenula (D) into a pipe or hose affixed to the top of it, and made to any length required.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Cubicularius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CUBICULA'RIUS. A slave whose service was confined to the sitting and dwelling-rooms (cubicula) of a Roman house; he waited in the antechamber, and announced his master's visitors, &c. Cic. Verr. ii. 3. 4. Id. Att. vi. 2.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Cubiculum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CUBIC'ULUM. Literally, a room furnished with a sofa or bed; whence it became a general term for any such room in a private house, whether used as a sitting or sleeping-room (Plin. Ep. i. 3. 1. cubicula nocturna et diurna, Id. ii. 17. 21. Plaut. Most. iii. 2. 7.); for the Romans were much in the habit of reposing upon sofas in the day-time at their studies, meals, siestas, and receptions.
2. The emperor's box at the Circus or amphitheatre, wherein he reclined in state to view the games (Suet. Nero, 12. Plin. Paneg. 51), instead of sitting on the open podium, as was usual in more simple times.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Cubile

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CUBI'LE (κοίτη). In general, any place to lie down in, as a bed, or the room in which the bed is: whence more especially used to designate the marriage-bed (Virg. Aen. viii. 412. Eur. Med. 151.); a sleeping-room (Cic. Cat. iv. 8. Suet. Nero, 25.); and, indeed, like cubitorium, any one of the small apartments in a private house usually occupied by the master or his family. Plin. H. N. xv. 10. salutatorium; Plin. Paneg. 63. 3.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Cubital

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CUBITAL' (ὑπαγκώνιον). A bolster or cushion for the elbow to rest upon, when the figure is otherwise in a recumbent position, such as was used for the convenience of invalids (Hor. Sat. ii. 3. 255.), or by persons when reclining at their meals (see ACCUBO). The illustration (Cubital/1.1) is from a figure on the top of an Etruscan tomb.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Cubitoria

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CUBITO'RIA, sc. vestimenta. (Pet. Sat. 30. 11.) Same as COENATORIAE vestes.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Cucullio

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CUCUL'LIO or CUCU'LIO. Diminutive of CUCULLUS; the diminutive expressing inferiority of quality, rather than of dimensions. Lamprid. Elag. 32. mulionico; Capitol. Ver. 4. vulgari viatorio; Cato, R. R. ii. 3.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Cucullus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CUCUL'LUS. A piece of paper rolled into the shape of a funnel, in which the chemists and other tradespeople of Rome used to wrap the powders and drugs bought by their customers (Mart. Ep. iii. 2.), precisely as the grocer and chandler's shopkeeper do at the present day.
2. From similarity in form to the preceding, a hood or cowl attached to some other garment, such as the lacerna, sagum, paenula, &c., which could be drawn up over the head, to serve instead of a hat; and was commonly worn by slaves, rustics, fishermen, and persons whose occupations exposed them to the weather at all seasons, like the cowl of the Capuchin friars, and modern Neapolitan fishermen. (Columell. xi. 1. 21. Mart. Ep. xi. 98. 10. Juv. vi. 118. Pallad. i. 43. 4.) The above illustration (Cucullus/2.1) is from a painting at Pompeii, representing a group of common people drinking in a tavern (caupona). When it was desired to uncover the head, the cowl was pushed back, and rested on the upper part of the back, in the manner shown by the second engraving (Cucullus/2.2), representing another of the figures in the same group. The first of these illustrates Cicero's description of M. Antony (Phil. ii. 31.), domum venit capite involuto; the latter one, the caput aperuit, of the same passage.
3. Cucullus Bardaicus (Jul. Cap. Pertinax, 8.); same as BARDOCUCULLUS.
4. Cucullus Liburnicus (Mart. in Lemmate, xiv. 139.); same as BARDOCUCULLUS.
5. Cucullus Santonicus (Juv. viii. 145.); same as BARDOCUCULLUS; from the town of Saintes in France, where the manufacture of these articles was introduced from Illyria.
* Cucullus/2.1
* Cucullus/2.2
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Cucuma

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CUC'UMA. A vessel employed for boiling water, making decoctions, and similar purposes, the precise form and character of which there are no materials for determining. (Pet. Sat. 135. 4. Id. 136. 2.) The word, however, is still retained in the colloquial language of the modern Romans, in which "la cucuma" means a vessel for boiling water.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Cucurbita

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CUCUR'BITA and CUCURBIT'ULA (κολοκύνθη, σικύα). A pumpkin, or gourd; thence, a cupping-glass, which the ancients made out of those fruits (Juv. Sat. xiv. 58.), as well as of horn or bronze. (Celsus, ii. 11.) The example (Cucurbita/1.1) represents an ancient original made out of a pumpkin, now preserved in the Vatican Library, and published by Rhodius.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Cudo

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
CU'DO or CU'DON (καταῖτυξ, λιτός περικεφάλαιος). The simplest form of helmet, consisting of a mere scull-cap, without any ridge-piece (apex) or crest (crista) (hence, ἄφαλος τε καὶ ἄλοφος, Hom. Il. x. 258.), made out of leather or the skin of wild animals (Sil. Ital. viii. 493.), and fastened under the chin by a thong (ὀχεύς). It was worn by some of the Roman light-armed troops (Polyb. vi. 22.); is ascribed to Diomedes by Homer, and is frequently seen in Greek representations of that hero, from one of which in bronze the annexed example (Cudo/1.1) is taken.