OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Loricatus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LORICA'TUS (τεθωρακισμένος). Armed with a cuirass, corselet, or coat of mail, as described in the various paragraphs of the last article, and shown by the woodcuts, pp. 144. 159. 178. 330., and many others in the course of these pages.
2. Loricatus eques. (Liv. xxiii. 19.) Same as CATAPHRACTUS.
3. Loricatus elephas (Hirt. B. Afr. 72.) An elephant equipped for battle, by having a breast-work, or tower for armed men upon his back, like the annexed example (Loricatus/3.1), from an engraved gem. It is obvious that the almost impenetrable hide of this animal would not require the assistance of armour, like the horse; and Polybius (Fr. Hist. 22.) uses the diminutive θωράκιον (loricula) for the breast-work of a tower on an elephant's back.
4. Coated with cement. Varro, R. R. i. 57. 1.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Loricula

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LORI'CULA (θωράκιον). Diminutive of LORICA; especially a slight breast-work or fortification. Hirt. B. G. viii. 9. Veg. Mil. i. 57.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Lorum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LORUM (ἱμάς). In general, any strap or thong of leather; whence applied more specially in the following senses:
1. The rein of a bridle for riding or driving. Virg. Ov. Juv. See FRENUM, HABENA.
2. A long rein or rope with which the ancient huntsman used to keep in his dog, whilst tracking the lair of a wild beast. Its object was to prevent the hound from ranging, from starting his prey too soon, and from closing with it before the huntsman could come up to his assistance. It was of considerable length, which is indicated by the coils in the annexed example (Lorum/2.1), from a sepulchral marble in the Museum of Verona; and the dog by this means also led on his master at a convenient distance to the lair, which he traced by scent. Plin. H. N. viii. 61. Grat. Cyneg. 213. Senec. Thyest. 497.
3. The leathern bulla and thong which attached it to the neck; worn by the children of plebeians. Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 4. Juv. v. 164. See BULLA, 4.
4. The thong by which a lectica was suspended upon the poles (asseres), which rested upon the shoulders of the bearers (Mart. ii. 57.), as explained and illustrated s. ASSER, 1.; also by which any burden was suspended from the phalanga (Vitruv. x. 3. 7. and 8.), as explained and illustrated s. PHALANGA and PHALANGARII.
5. The leather thong by which a boxing glove was fastened round the arm. Prop. iii. 14. 9. and illustration s. CAESTUS.
6. A thong of twisted leather with which slaves were punished (Plaut. Ps. i. 2. 13. Ter. Ad. ii. 1. 28.) by the LORARIUS; which see.
7. The girdle of Venus. Mart. vi. 21. Same as CESTUS.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Lucerna

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LUCER'NA (λύχνος). An oil-lamp, as contradistinct from candela, a candle; generally made of terra-cotta or bronze, with a handle at one end, a nozzle (myxa) for the wick (ellychnium) at the other, and an orifice in the centre for pouring in the oil; and when in use intended to be placed upon some other piece of furniture, or on a tall upright stem (CANDELABRUM 2.), or suspended by chains from a lampholder (LYCHNUCHUS), or from the ceiling. Of course they were made in a great variety of shapes and patterns, according to the nature of the materials and the taste of the artist who designed them; but however much ornamented, or enriched by fanciful adjuncts and details, they generally preserve more or less of the characteristic form of a boat-shaped vessel, exhibited by the annexed example (Lucerna/1.1).
2. Lucerna bilychnis (δίμυξος). A lamp provided with two wicks, and consequently with two nozzles, from each of which a separate flame would issue, as in the annexed illustration (Lucerna/2.1) from an original of bronze. Pet. Sat. xxx. 2.
3. Lucerna polymixos (πολύμυξος). A lamp with several nozzles or wicks. (Mart. xiv. 41.) The annexed example (Lucerna/3.1) from an original of terra-cotta contains four; but others with five, six, seven, eight, and even twelve and fourteen, have been found in the excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii.
4. Lucerna pensilis. A lamp suspended by a chain (instead of being placed upon a stand, candelabrum, like the example No. 2.) from a supporter with branches, or from the ceiling. Pet. Sat. 30. 3. and illustrations s. LYCHNUCHUS and LYCHNUS.
* Lucerna/1.1
* Lucerna/2.1
* Lucerna/3.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Luctator

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LUCTA'TOR (παλαιστής). A wrestler. Gell. iii. 15. Senec. Ben. v. 3. Ov. Trist. iv. 6. 31. See the preceding article and illustrations.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Lucta

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LUCTA, LUCTA'MEN, LUCTA'TIO (πάλη, πάλαισμα). Wrestling, one of the games of the Greek palaestra, in which the combatants endeavoured to throw one another on the ground (Ov. Met. ix. 33 — 61. Stat. Theb. vi. 830 — 905.) by every means of bodily exertion, except striking, which was not permitted, or by any trick (Xen. Cyr. i. 6. 32.) which their ingenuity could devise. Grace, however, and elegance of attitude and motion were regarded as an important feature in the struggle. (Plato, de Leg. 796. Cic. Orat. 68.) The wrestling-ground was strewed with sand, and the bodies of the combatants were sprinkled over with fine dust (haphe), in order to give them a firmer hold upon their adversaries; which custom is alluded to in the following illustration, by the basket upset upon the ground.
The contest itself was of two kinds; the simplest and earliest in practice being termed stand-up wrestling (πάλη ὀρθή). Lucian. Lexiph. 5.); in which the contest was only carried on as long as both parties kept their footing, as represented in the annexed wood-cut (Lucta/1.1) from a bas-relief of the Vatican Museum; but if one was thrown, his antagonist permitted him to rise and recommence the struggle, until he met with three falls, which decided the victory. (Senec. Ben. v. 3.) The other kind, which was of later adoption, was termed ground wrestling (ἀλίνδηρις), and had a considerable resemblance to the pancratium, for the contest was continued on the ground after one or both parties had fallen, as exhibited by the annexed illustration (Lucta/1.2) from the Vatican Virgil, and until one of them, finding himself unable to rise again, was obliged to acknowledge himself beaten. Sen. l. c.
* Lucta/1.1
* Lucta/1.2
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Ludia

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LU'DIA. Originally designated a female who danced and acted in public, like the male ludius, in which sense it may be applied by Martial (v. 24.); but latterly it meant the wife of a gladiator (Juv. vi. 266.), as the school which he kept was termed ludus.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Ludimagister

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LUDIMAGIS'TER. A school-master, who kept a school in which young persons were instructed in the rudiments of literature. Ascon. in Cic. Div. Verr. 14. Cic. N. D. i. 26. Mart. ix. 69. x. 62. and illustration s. LUDUS.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Ludio

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LU'DIO and LU'DIUS (λυδίων). The original name for a stage-player or mimic dancer (Liv. vii. 2.); but afterwards connected with a sentiment of depreciation, such as is conveyed by our expression, strolling player; for the name is applied to those who danced and acted in the public streets (Ov. A. Am. 112.), or in the Circus, for the amusement of the populace (Suet. Aug. 74.), in which jugglers, fortune-tellers, tumblers, and persons of that class used to congregate, as they still do upon our race courses.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Luminar

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LU'MINAR. Probably a window-shutter (Cato, R. R. 14. Cic. Att. xv. 26); but the interpretation, as well as the readings, in both passages are uncertain.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Lunatus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LUNA'TUS. Ornamented with the senatorial luna; of the shoe (Mart. i. 50. pellis); of the foot (Id. ii. 29. 31. planta), as shown by the preceding illustration.
2. Shaped like a half-moon; of the Amazonian shield, which is hollowed into the form of a crescent (Virg. Aen. i. 490. and illustration s. PELTA); hence agmen lunatum (Stat. Theb. v. 145.), a body armed with such shields.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Luna

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LUNA (ἐπισφύριον). An ornament in the shape of a half moon, which the Roman senators wore upon their boots. (Juv. vii. 193. Stat. Sylv. v. 2. 28.) Considerable difference of opinion formerly existed amongst scholars respecting the actual meaning of this term; but it is now generally admitted to have been a buckle of ivory or silver, which joined together the sides of the shoe, just above the ankle (Viscont. Inscript. Triop. p. 83. seqq.), as the Greek name implies, and as shown by the right hand-figure in the annexed engraving (Luna/1.1), from a statue published by Balduinus (de Calceo, p. 69.), after Casali. The left-hand{TR: "right-hand" -> "left-hand"} figure is copied from an ivory ornament found in the Roman catacombs, which is believed to be an original senatorial luna.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Lunula

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LU'NULA. Diminutive of LUNA. A small ornament in the form of a half moon, worn by women suspended from their necks (Isidor. Orig. xix. 31. Tertull. Cult. Foem. 10.); and by children as a token, amulet, or plaything. Plaut. Ep. v. 1. 33. and illustration s. CREPUNDIA, where it is seen amongst other objects round a child's neck.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Lupanar

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LUPA'NAR and LUPANA'RIUM (πορνεῖον). A receiving-house for the accommodation of immoral characters. Quint. v. 10. 39. Juv. vi. 121. Ulp. Dig. 4. 8. 21.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Lupatum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LUPA'TUM (στόμιον πριονωτόν). (Pollux. x. 56.) A very severe kind of snaffle-bit surrounded with pricks or jags (ἐχῖνοι, τρίϐολοι. Pollux, i. 148.), like the teeth of a wolf, from which it took the name (Serv. ad Virg. Georg. iii. 208.); and, in consequence, usually characterised by the epithet durum. Virg. l. c. Ov. A. Am. i. 2. 15. Hor. Od. i. 8. 6. Stat. Theb. iv. 730.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Lupus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LUPUS (λύκοσ). Same as LUPATUM. Ov. Trist. iv. 6. 4. Stat. Ach. i. 281. Plut. ii. 641. F.
2. A small straight-handled saw. Pallad. i. 43. 2. Same as SERRULA MANUBRIATA.
3. Lupus ferreus. A sort of grappling iron, employed in the defence of fortified places to seize upon the beam of a battering-ram (aries), and break the force of its blow by diverting it from the proper direction. Liv. xxviii. 3. Veg. Mil. ii. 25. iv. 23.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Lura

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LURA. Properly the mouth of the large leathern sack or skin, called culeus, in which wine and oil were transported from place to place, as exhibited in the annexed cut (Lura/1.1) from a Pompeian painting; or of a common wine skin (UTER, and the illustration there given); whence it was also used to signify the skin itself, or a leathern bag. Festus s. v. Auson. Perioch. Od. 10.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Lustrum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LUSTRUM. A solemn purification or expiatory offering, made by the censors every five years, upon their retirement from office, on behalf of the whole people; at which a sow, a sheep, and an ox, were conducted three times round the assembled multitude in the Campus Martiius, and afterwards sacrificed. Liv. i. 44. xxxv. 9. xlii. 10.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Lychnuchus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LYCHNU'CHUS (λυχνοῦχος). Properly a Greek word, which in that language appears to have designated more particularly a contrivance in the nature of our candlesticks, viz. a stand into which a candle or torch was inserted in order to keep it in an elevated and upright position (CANDELABRUM, 1.); or a lantern in which an oil lamp (lucerna, λύχνος) was placed for the convience of transport (LATERNA); for the passages which allude to the manner of using it express the action of putting the light in or taking it out of a stand or case — ἐνθεὶς τὸν λύχνον, Pherecr. Δουλ. 5. ἐξελὼν ἐκ τοῦ λυχνοῦχον τὸν λύχνον Alex. Κηρυττ. 1.
2. The Latin word lychnuchus has a signification somewhat differing from its Greek original, and contradistinct from CANDELABRUM, being used to designate a lamp-stand adapted for holding many lamps (Suet. Jul. 47. Id. Dom. 4. Cic. Q. Fr. iii. 7.); whereas the candelabrum only supported one. A great number of contrivances of this kind have been discovered in the excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii, of various forms and designs, from one of which the annexed example (Lychnuchus/2.1) is copied; but they all possess this characteristic feature, that the lamps are suspended from them by chains, as in the example, instead of being placed upon a flat plate (superficies), as in the case with the candelabra. This peculiarity may also be taken into account as marking a difference between the two objects, and the words by which they were respectively named.
3. Lychnus pensilis. A stand supporting several lamps, suspended, like our chandeliers, from the ceiling. (Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 8.) The illustration (Lychnuchus/3.1) represents the upper surface of one of these pendant lamp stands of marble, in the Villa Borghese, which carried eight lamps at least, one from each of the cross-hooks round its margin. The surface is flat, and without any orifice. The small circle in the centre shows a small portion still remaining of the iron bar, by which it was suspended; and the eight other projecting points may have served for placing additional lamps upon, when required; or these, as well as the cross-hooks, may also have had chains attached to them, which assisted in supporting the piece of furniture.
* Lychnuchus/2.1
* Lychnuchus/3.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Lychnus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LYCH'NUS (λύχνος). Properly a Greek word which in that language signifies any portable light, including also the stand or case, a candlestick or lamp for instance, in which it was placed. (Herod. ii. 62. 133. Aristoph. Nub. 56.) But the Romans appear to have adopted the word in a more special sense, to indicate a light or lamp suspended from the ceiling, as in the annexed example (Lychnus/1.1), from a painting discovered in the villa Negroni at Rome; for the lychnus is expressly mentioned as a pendant light by most of the writers who use the term. Ennius ap. Macrob. Sat. vi. 4. dependent lychni laquearibus; copied by Virgil, Aen. i. 730. Lucret. v. 296. pendentes lychni; Stat. Theb. i. 521. tendunt vincula lychnis, &c.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Lyra

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LYRA (λύρη). A lyre; a small and very ancient stringed instrument, the invention of which is fabulously attributed to Mercury, though it was undoubtedly introduced into Greece through Asia Minor from Egypt. The cords were open on both sides, without any sounding-board, and varied in number from three to nine. It was sounded with both hands, one on each side; or with a quill (plectrum) in one hand and the fingers of the other; being placed upon the knees if the player was in a sitting position, or suspended by a band over the shoulder if erect. The form of the frame would naturally be varied according to the taste or fancy of the maker; but without destroying the leading characteristics of the instrument, as shown by the difference in the two examples annexed (Lyra/1.1), both of which are from sepulchral paintings; the one on the left representing a tetrachord, i. e. with four strings, the other, a hexachord, with six.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Lyricen

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LYR'ICEN. Same as LYRISTES.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Lyristes

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LYRIS'TES (λυριστής). One who plays upon the lyre (Plin. Ep. i. 15.); which was done either by twanging the strings with both hands, like a harp in the manner represented by the left-hand figure in the illustration (Lyristes/1.1) from a statue of Apollo in the Vatican; or by striking them with a small quill (plectrum) held in one hand, and the fingers of the other, as performed by the female figure on the right-hand of the illustration, from a Roman fresco painting, also preserved in the Vatican. The female player was termed Lyristria. Schol. Vet. ad Juv. xi. 162.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Macellarius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
MACELLA'RIUS (ὀψοπώλης). A victualler, or one who kept a cook's shop, as contradistinct from Lanio, the meat-purveyor. (Varro, R. R. iii. 2. 11.) He dealt in provisions of every description, flesh, fish, and fowl (Suet. Vesp. 19. Compare Plaut. Aul. ii. 8. 3 — 5.), which he sold ready cooked (Suet. Jul. 26.). His shop was termed taberna macellaria, and his trade regarded as one of the lowest (sordidissimae mercis). Val. Max. iii. 4. 4.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Macellum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
MACEL'LUM (μάκελλον). An enclosure or building which served as a market, in which all kinds of provisions, fish, flesh, poultry, game, and vegetables were sold (Varro, L. L. v. 147. Plaut. Aul. ii. 8. 3. Suet. Jul. 43.), and probably ready dressed; for in early times when cooks were not regularly kept in private families, each person hired one from the macellum when his services were required. (Plin. H. N. xviii. 28.) It differs, however, from the forum, which was an open area surrounded by colonnades, and in which the market was held upon stated days in each week, and supplied with various kinds of manufactured articles, as well as all descriptions of agricultural produce. There were two edifices appropriated for this purpose in the city of Rome, one on the Esquiline, called Macellum Livianum; the other on the Caelian, called Macellum Magnum, surrounded with two stories of columns, and covered in the centre with a high dome (tholus, Varro, ap. Non. s. Sulcus, p. 448.), which is represented by the annexed woodcut (Macellum/1.1) from a medal of Nero, by whom it was, perhaps, restored, or decorated, or enlarged. The square platform in front upon two legs represents a tray or stand (mensa) upon which the provisions were set out; and the two objects upon it, on either side, which in our engraving look like balusters, from imperfect delineation, are in the original clearly meant for a pair of scales.