OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Phanerozoic/Mississippian Period

Rogelio Paz This page is under construction
The Mississippian Period takes place about 360 to 325 million years ago. A part of the Carboniferous Period, named so because of the unconformity and the rocks marking the unconformity are different then those in Europe and found mainly in the American state of Mississippi.

## Rocks

In the most part, coal was largely deposited during this time period. The rocks of the Mississippian Period are mostly limestones. Much of this was deposited as limy mud in the shallow seas.

## Mountain Building

The most notable occurrence of orogeny is the formation of the Appalachian Mountains, which were formed when continents of Laurasia crashed with Gondwanaland. What is now North America and Africa collided to form the southern Appalachian Mountains. The Appalachians formed due to three major orogenic events: the Taconic orogeny, Acadian orogeny, and Allegheny orogeny.

## Animal Life

This time period saw a reduction of trilobites and an increase in marine life such as corals and mollusks. The large amounts of Mississippian limestone found demonstrate the great diversity in crinoids. Sharks, acanthodians, and sarcopterygian fishes were diverse, while placoderms began to die out.
Fish had evolved into tetrapods such as ichthyostegas, during the Devonian period. These animals, although still fish, were one step closer to becoming land animals through the development of "arms and feet" like appendages. This led to amphibians which were making the transition from oceans to land. Labyrinthodonts were mainly swamp based animals who fed on insects, fish, and even each other. These animals lived mainly on solid land, returning to the water only to reproduce. The oldest fossils of amniotic animals can be found dated back the the Late Mississippian. This marked a significant achievement in the evolution of animals as they could finally reproduce without the need to return to water. These animals were reptiles such as the Petrolacosaurus.
# Phanerozoic/Jurassic period
## Overview of Jurassic Period

The Jurassic Period takes place after the Triassic Period and before the Cretaceous Period. This period is well known for the reign of the dinosaurs of its time and the global tropical landscape. The name Jurassic comes from the Jura Mountains located in Europe, near the border of France and Switzerland.
The Jurassic Period can be divided into three epochs:
* Lias (200-180 million years ago)
* Dogger (180-154 million years ago)
* Malm (154-145 million years ago)
# Power Generation/Steam Power/Part4B

The second Indirect Dry cooling method is called Jet cooled condenser.
Here the exhaust steam leaving the low-pressure turbine condensed by a jet spray of cold water. the resulting hot water collected is through heat exchangers in the cooling tower. The cooled water is sent back to the boiler. Notice that water consumption is equal to the previous cooling method.
* Water consumption
* ≈0.8lt / 1kWh
# Power Generation/Variable Load/Part1

| Maximum demand ( MD ): The greatest demand of load on the power station during a given period. The highest peak on the power station load curve. | Demand Factor ( Dem.F ): Ratio of maximum demand to connected load. this is usually less than 1. $Dem.F={\frac {MD}{Con_{.}Load}}$ | Average load ( MD ): This is the average of loads occuring on the power station in a given period. |
| Daily average load: Average of loads occuring on a power station in 1 day (24Hrs). $={\frac {Total_{.}of_{.}units(in_{.}kWh)}{24Hrs}}$ | Monthly average load: Average of loads occuring on a power station in 1 month (24Hrs x No. of days). $={\frac {Total_{.}of_{.}units(in_{.}kWh)}{24Hrs\times days}}$ | Yearly average load: Average of loads occuring on a power station in 1 year (8760Hrs). $={\frac {\sum Total_{.}of_{.}units(in_{.}kWh)}{8760Hrs}}$ |
| Load factor ( LF ): The ratio of average load to maximum demand. typical ≈ less than 1. This is the measure of the effective use of the power station. $LF={\frac {Load_{ave}}{MD}}={\frac {Output_{Annual}(in_{.}kWh)}{(Capacity_{Installed}\times 8760Hrs)}}$ High LF = Low MD = Low plant capacity = Low cost per unit generated. | Diversity factor ( DF ): The ratio of the sum of all individual maximum demands on the power station to the Maximum demand on the station. Consumer maximum demands donot occur at the same time thus maximum demand on power station will always be less than the sum of individual demands. $DF={\frac {MD_{individual}}{MD_{On_{.}station}}}$ High DF = Low MD = Low plant capacity = Low investment capital required. | Plant capacity factor ( PCF ): The ratio of actual energy produced to the maximum possible energy that could have been produced on a given period. $PCF={\frac {kWh_{perannum}}{Plant_{.}Capacity\times 8760Hrs}}$ This indicates the reserve capacity of a plant. From these we can see that: $Units_{.}generated=MD\times LF\times 8760Hrs$ |
# Power Generation/Steam Power/Part6

This type of power station has very high energy losses due to great heat loss in the boiler and condensor. the following equation is used to calculate power station efficiency:
Thermal efficiency $={\frac {Mechnical_{.}energy_{t}o_{.}turbineshaft}{Heat_{.}of_{.}coal_{.}combustion}}$
the above can be re-written as follows:
The above generally works out to ±30% for steam power stations.
you can further calculate overall efficiency as follows:
${\eta }_{overall}={\frac {Heat_{.}equivelence_{.}of_{.}Electric_{.}power_{.}output}{Heat_{.}of_{.}coal_{.}used}}$
the above can be re-written as follows:
The above generally works out to ±29% ( 1% loss at the generator ) for steam power stations.
# Power Generation/Variable Load/Intro

Review: Lesson 6
The previous Lesson was about Gas turbine Power station. The student/User is expected to remember the following from the lesson 6.
* Basics:
* Arrangements:
* Advantages & Disadvantages:
Definition components that make up a gas turbine power station. How this station measures up
Preview: Lesson 6
This Lesson is about Variable loads on Power stations. The student/User is expected to understand the following at the end of the lesson.
* Definitions
* Load Curves
* Types of loads on a power station
* Selecting generation units for a power station
* Base & Peak loads
* Methods of meeting load
To begin this lesson we look at definitions that will be used. learn these well.
# Power Generation/Variable Load/Part3

A load curve is a graph showing the variation of load on the power station with respect to time. the following load curves are used in power stations:
Information obtained from load curves:
# Power Generation/Variable Load/Part2

Objectives of a Power station:
The power station is constructed, comissioned and operated to supply required power to consumers with generators running at rated capacity for maximum efficiency.
we saw in lesson one that the fundamental problem in generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy is the fact that electrical energy can not be stored. It must be generated, transmitted and distributed as and when needed.
This lesson looks at problems associated with variable loads on power stations, and discusses the complexities met in deciding the make, size and capacity of Generators (Generating units) that must be installed in a power plant to successfully meet these varying energy demands on a day to day basis.
Variable load:
The load on a power station varies from time to time due to uncertain demands of consumers. Energy demand of one consumer at any given time is distinct/differs from the energy demand of another consumer. This results in the total demand on the power station to vary over a given period of time and may necesitate the following:
In order to study the pattern and effect of the varying load, station engineers use load curves.
# Power Generation/Steam Power/Part4A

The first Indirect Dry cooling method is called Wet cooled condenser.
Here the condenser is still used to cool steam that is pumped back to the boiler. The hot water from the condensor is then pumped to Heat exchangers in the cooling tower and natural ventilation is used to cool the water which can then be pumped back to the condenser. Notice that water consumption here is double that consumed in the direct dry cooling method.
* Water consumption
* ≈0.8lt / 1kWh
# Power Generation/Steam Power/Part5

The following is a list of factors that influence the selection of site for constructing a Steam power station:
1. Supply of fuel:
2. Availability of water:
3. Transportation facilities:
4. Cost & type of land:
5. Distance from populated areas:
6. Nearness to load centers:
# Foundations of Functional Programming/Comparison of λ-calculi

This page compares λ-calculi according to various interesting properties they have. We give a table which concisely lays out all of the information for the calculi we discuss, followed by an explanation of each property featured in the table.
| System | Implicit types? | Polymorphic types? | Type constructors? | Dependent types? | ${\text{Type}}:{\text{Type}}$ property? | Turing complete? | Normalizing? | Consistent? | Type checking decidable? | Typability decidable? | Types unique? | Subject reduction theorem? |
| Untyped λ-calculus | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Implicitly simply typed λ-calculus | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Explicitly simply typed λ-calculus (λ→) | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Implicitly typed second-order λ-calculus | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes |
| Explicitly typed second-order λ-calculus (λ2) | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Hindley-Milner type theory | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| λP | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| λP2 | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| λω | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| λω | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| λPω | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Calculus of constructions (λPω) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Naïve type theory (λ*) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
# Foundation in construction

A foundation is a lower portion of building structure that transfers its gravity loads to the earth. Foundations are generally broken into two categories: shallow foundations and deep foundations. A tall building must have a strong foundation if it is to stand for a long time.
To make a foundation, we normally dig a trench in the ground, digging deeper and deeper until we come to subsoil, which is more solid than the topsoil that is used to grow plants and crops. When the trench is deep enough, we fill it with any strong, hard material we can find. Sometimes we pour in concrete into the trench, which we strengthen even more by first putting long thin round pieces of steel into the trench. When the concrete dries, the steel acts like the bones in our body to tie the foundation together. We call this reinforced concrete.
Once the foundation has been packed down tightly, or dried hard, we can begin to build the building superstructure.
# Course Content

The planned content of the course week by week. In previous years, quantum mechanics preceded classical physics. For a didactic point of view, it has changed.
* Introduction and Basic Concepts of Classical Statistical Mechanics
* Statistical Mechanics of Interacting Particle Systems
* The Boltzmann Equation
* H Theorem and Thermodynamic Irreversibility
The rest is about quantumphysics
* Introduction to Quantum Mechanics
* Quantum and Classical Molecular Dynamics
The rest three sections are about quantum many electron problems
* Properties of Many-Electron Systems, Hartree-Fock Approximation
* Free Electron Gas
* Density Functional Theory

# About
## What is this

This note is support the lecture held at FAU by Michael Zaiser. This note is intended to develop collaboratively, therefore if you have any questions or notes (on the grammar, content or anything), feel free to let us know, or edit the page directly. The idea is to make this content better year by year (starting date is 2015), for what it is desirable to have feedback from the audience.
The purpose of this note is to better understand the slides shown during the lectures, and include more content, for what time is not always available. This note is intended to be complete, i.e. the whole lecture could be understood based on only this source.
The basis of this material is the slides of the course, extended with lecture notes and further sources. It is not guaranteed that all the material here is correct, some of them may not even seen by any kind of lector.

## Course organisation

* The course language is English
* 2 hours of lectures and tutorials are alternating, exception is the first two weeks, when only lectures are held
* The purpose of tutorials is to deepen conceptual understanding, some tasks containing programming and numeric solutions or analytical work.

## How to use this?

To display equations in a better way,
* For Firefox users, install the [MathML-fonts]
* For Chrome users, install [MathJax addon]
and then set the Preferences -> Appearance -> Math to 'MathML with SVG or PNG fallback'.
Here are two examples:
* The N-particle density function is $\rho \left({{\mathbf {r} }_{1}},{{\mathbf {r} }_{2}},...,{{\mathbf {r} }_{n}},{{\mathbf {p} }_{1}},{{\mathbf {p} }_{2}},...,{{\mathbf {p} }_{n}}\right)$ where ${{\mathbf {r} }_{i}}$ is the position and ${{\mathbf {p} }_{i}}$ is the impulse of the ith particle.
* Another example from complex calculus: $f\left(a\right)={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\oint _{\gamma }{{\frac {f\left(z\right)}{z-a}}dz}$
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Determinant/Expansion for arbitrary row or column/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 26.13
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Continuous function/R/Intermediate value theorem/0-version/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Corollary 11.2
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Continuity/R/x sine 1 over x/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 16.25
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Continuous function/Closed bounded interval/Maximum is attained/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Theorem 11.13
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Continuous function/R/Intermediate value theorem/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Theorem 11.1
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Determinant/Field/Upper triangular matrix/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Lemma 26.8
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Complex numbers/Rules for modulus/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 5.36
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Determinant/Diagonal block matrix/Left lower block 0/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 26.9
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Convergent power series/R/Primitive function/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Lemma 19.11
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Decimal sequence/Primary school/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 18.19
# Public Health Policy/Individual video

two minute elevator pitch
20%
4 June 2015
# Public Health Policy/Mid-term paper

* Prepare final draft of mid-term paper
* Attend 29 April workshop (face-to-face or online) and discuss policy issues and theory.
* Based on class feedback finalise and submit midterm paper 30 April 2014 17:00.
# Public Health Policy/Policy interviews

Watch interviews with policy makers and reflect on their style and approach of policy issues – throughout the semester.
And also watch Ted Schrecker's inaugural professorial address on global health inequities and politics here
# Public Health Policy/Theory

* Watch video on policy theory and download the notes
* Read literature, e.g., Breton & De Leeuw for a very brief introduction and the much more thorough work by Nowlin. Also refer to the required books for the subject.
* Attend 8 April workshop (face-to-face or online)
* Read further literature
* Submit mid-term paper title and outline
# Public Health Policy/Instruments

* Watch the policy instruments video.
* Read literature
* Attend 13 May workshop (face-to-face or online) and work through policy brief feedback
* Read further literature
* Finalise and submit policy brief 14 May 2014 17:00.
# Public Health Policy/Individual paper

On policy issue and theory
3000 words / 40%
16 April 2015
For the individual mid-term paper (due 30 April) students are to select a policy issue close to their heart. They are to write an academic-level, fully referenced and well structured (headings, paragraphs, figure and table captions where necessary) report on the policy issue determining existing problems, current policies, prevalent politics and governance determinants, and reflect on political theory that would enhance the possibility of new policy being formed for this particular issue. Students who do not immediately find a policy issue close to their heart may be inspired by using the ‘issue selector’ as outlined in the introductory lecture (watch video):
Based on the submissions, the subject coordinator will form groups of like-minded students who will join in developing a policy brief on a given (and similar to individual policy issue) topic. This policy brief will be submitted by group (see assignment 2)
Based on these submissions students will develop a 30 second ‘elevator pitch’ (see assignment 3).
# Public Health Policy/Organisation & expectations

* Test access to websites and communications channels
* Watch the introduction and expectations video here, and download the lecture notes for future reference.
* Reflect on health policy in your local government area and country
* Attend 12 March workshop (face-to-face or online)
# Public Health Policy/Political thought

* Watch video on political thought and political science and download the notes
* Read literature
* Attend 1 April workshop (face-to-face or online)
* Read further literature
* Start mid-term paper using the topic selector (as introduced in the very first lecture)
# Public Health Policy/Tuesday Workshop Sessions

Tuesday 1 April on campus workshop video available to anyone.
Tuesday 8 April on campus video
Tuesday 15 April on campus video
# Public Health Policy/Monday Collaborate Sessions

Monday 31 March 2014 Collaborate Session only for students enrolled at La Trobe PHE5POL
Monday 7 April 2014 Collaborate Session
Monday 14 April 2014 Collaborate Session
Monday 5 May 2014 Collaborate Session
# Radio Discussion/Living on Earth/2008.1.18

This show was first broadcast on January 18, 2008. Audio downloads and a transcript are available on this website:
The links for this week's show were provided by:
* User:SB_Johnny
* User:Gbaor
* User:Mu301
Participant feedback will be in Category:Radio Discussions feedback/Living on Earth/2008.1.18

## Biofuel the Best Bet?

Biofuels are controversial because they use the same resources as the human food supply.

## A Spoonful of CAFÉ

Corporate Average Fuel Economy regulations in the United States.

## Waste Not....Here

Yucca Mountain (radioactive waste storage site)

## Cloned Little Piggies Going to Market?

Meat from cloned animals.

## From Toilet to Tap

Recycled drinking water.

## Water Calculator

Water use calculator.

## Cool Fix For a Hot Planet

Tips for reducing your carbon footprint and conserving water.
# Radio Discussion

Welcome to the Radio Discussion resource! Participants in Radio Discussions create online reading materials to compliment radio programs, which serve as "lectures". A number of radio program sources can be used, such as shows from w:Public Radio and other media outlets that host in-depth stories and discussions.

## Science

* The Science Show: The Science Show (ABC), about science
* Living on Earth: Living on Earth (PRI), about environmental issues

## Religion

* Speaking of Faith: Speaking Of Faith (PRI), about religion and spirituality

## Media Studies

* On the Media: On The Media (NPR), about the news media
# Radio Discussion/Living on Earth

Living on Earth is a weekly 1-hour show from PRI which discusses environmental issues. Podcasts are available both through the website (http://www.loe.org) and on iTunes.

## January, 2008

* Show broadcast January 18, 2008

## February, 2008

* Show broadcast February 1, 2008
# Radio Discussion/Living on Earth/2008.1.18/Feedback
## Segment 2
### Was the Wikipedia article on Corporate Average Fuel Economy informative?

| The participants below said the article was informative: User:SB Johnny/Radio Discussion feedback - Living on Earth | The participants below said the article was not informative: No pages meet these criteria. |

### Do you think the Wikipedia article on Corporate Average Fuel Economy is biased?

| The participants below said it has an environmentalist bias: No pages meet these criteria. | The participants below said it has a neutral point of view: No pages meet these criteria. | The participants below said it has an anti-environmentalist bias: No pages meet these criteria. |

### If you own a vehicle, does it get at least 35 MPG, as the new standard will require?

| The participants below said yes: No pages meet these criteria. | The participants below said no: User:SB Johnny/Radio Discussion feedback - Living on Earth | The participants below said they don't have a vehicle: No pages meet these criteria. |

## Segment 5
### Are there water shortages where you live?

| The participants below said they live where there are water shortages: User:SB Johnny/Radio Discussion feedback - Living on Earth | The participants below said they do not live where there are water shortages: No pages meet these criteria. |

### Would you be comfortable drinking recycled tap water?

| The participants below said it does make a difference: User:SB Johnny/Radio Discussion feedback - Living on Earth | The participants below said it does not make a difference: No pages meet these criteria. |

### Does pumping the water into the aquifer for a year before use make it any more palatable?

| The participants below said it does make a difference: No pages meet these criteria. | The participants below said it does not make a difference: User:SB Johnny/Radio Discussion feedback - Living on Earth |
# Radio
## Main Topics

* Please help develop and classify this resource
* Learn how you can develop this resource to teach participants about Radio. Choose a subject, education level, and resource type to classify the resource by. You may learn more about the topic to help you develop and classify the resource from:
# Radio Discussion/Living on Earth/2008.1.18/Segment 2

A Spoonful of CAFÉ

## Wikilinks

* Corporate Average Fuel Economy
* Barrel -- what we mean when we discuss "barrels" of oil
* Clean Air Act
* Hybrid electric vehicle
* Chamber of commerce
# Radio Discussion/Living on Earth/2008.1.18/Segment 1

Biofuel the Best Bet?

#### Biofuels

Biofuels are controversial because they use the same resources as the human food supply.

##### Wikilinks

* Biofuel
* Virgin Atlantic Airways
* Jatropha (detropha and getropha seem to be common synonyms)
* Jatropha oil
* Biofuels in India
* (more articles on w:Category:Biofuels by country)
* Flora of Indonesia
* Palm oil
* Forests Now Declaration
* Canola
* Soybean
* Maize
* Cellulosic ethanol
* Woodchipper

##### Questions

* Do you use biofuels?
* Should biofuels be made from food crops?