OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Engineering Projects/Truss Bridge Project

Group Members
* Nathan Minnick
* Melissa Chaput,
* Ruggieri Guillaume
* Abu Lamin
* Utsav Patel

## Goal

The goal is to design and build a draw bridge that will use truss members.

## Research

There are five different types of bridge designs.
Draw Bridge design
|Basic types of truss bridges or other bridges
pdf file of an explanation of the 5 common bridges
Bridge design

## Design

some ideas that the has came up with is to use:
Servo Motors
Hydraulic Systems We plan on using Hydraulic get our draw bridge to go up

## Bill of Materials

The bill of materials for the project will include the prices of the wood for the base and the sides of the truss. The syringes and plastic tubing for the hydraulic system.
Tools glue. Bill of Materials

## How We Made The New Bridge

After we reconstructed the first prototype gave us an idea of how we were gong to get the bridge to go up so instead of using the old prototype we create a new frame made out of white foam like material because it was easier to cut out of the cardboard, and instead of using a wooden block I decided to use a foam.
After doing this our next goal was to provide frames with support to hold it up. So we decided to make 4 stands (one for each side).

## Our Next Steps

We want to install a syringe under the bridge in order to move the bridge up.
Similar to this design
But we had to find a syringe that had enough presser to push the bridge upward.
So we found 60 ml syringe which can contain enough water to push the bridge upward picture.
We installed the bridge but we had to figure out what was going to hold the syringe in place so our group member, Melissa Chaput, suggested that we take piece of foam that could hold the syringe together.
Melissa pointed out that a rode will be needed to help move the bridge up and down and not get stuck in just one place like what would happen if glue was used. We decided to pierce a hole into the side of the stands to allow the rode to go through, and allow the bridge move up and down freely.

## Putting the materials together

So I insert the the rode into the hole into holes of the stands
# Controversies in Science/Are humans causing global warming/A critique of Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants

(Review Paper) Cited in Controversies in Science/Are humans causing global warming/A critique of Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants

### Global warming affects species.

Research indicates that due to changes in habitat, rapid temperature rise, and other stresses species may be changing their physical characteristics, becoming less connected as species, and possibly even extinct. Because there is a projection that the average global temperature will continue to rise, it has already risen 0.6 degrees Celsius in the last 100 years; there are continued concerns for species and their ecosystems.
       In the results they discuss all of the different aspects that are contributing to transformation of different species not just temperature change and disasters. Its discussed that they want to look at every thing that can play a role in global warming. The scientists want to look at it separately and then piece the whole picture together.
          It has been identified that species are running the risk of extinction, but there is no conclusive evidence as to how these changes in species are going to affect the human population. With species changing there characteristics in attempt to survive the rapid changes in temperature, are humans changing as well? Humans are a large contributor to the depletion of the ozone layer due to the increased CO2 emission that they produce. Therefore, we are contributing to the species habitat depletion and ultimately creating our own fate.

### Methods

A meta—analysis of 143 studies that monitored the changes in physical traits in species for at least 10 years, and had at least 1 trait change, and changes of temperature at study site were used.

### Results

The future of climate change is becoming more apparent as we are starting to recognize more stressors in our environment. A important issue is habitat destruction. In the past, climate changes affected many species showing a differential movement rather than shifting together. This evidence is different from hypothesis formed in the past. This could be a potential threat due to species being separated from their current ecosystem. Research and conservation needs stray from focusing on global warming as one issue, instead breaking down each individual stressor. Examples of said stressors include temperature change, and natural disasters. We still need to look at all the stressors in the big picture. By taking each individual stressor and relating it to the overall issue, it will give us greater detail on what is going on and why. Through documenting the changes we observe, we can modify the actions we take related to conservation for future planning of global warming and it's affect on habitat destruction.
# Controversies in Science/Are humans causing global warming/A critique of How Did Humans First Alter Global Climate?
### Global Warming Occurring Long Before Industrial Revolution

Ever since the human race invented agriculture around 11,000 years ago, concentrations of methane and CO2 have been steadily increasing. This is more so due to the innovations of deforestation and rice irrigation
# Controversies in Science/Are humans causing global warming/A critique of How Did Humans Fist Alter Global Climate?

(Review Paper) Cited in Controversies in Science/Are humans causing global warming/A critique of How Did Humans Fist Alter Global Climate?

### Global Warming Occurring Long Before Industrial Revolution

Ever since the human race invented agriculture around 11,000 years ago concentrations of methane and CO2 have been steadily increasing more so recently due to the innovations of deforestation and rice irrigation.
# Controversies in Science/Are humans causing global warming/A critique of Is Global Warming Mainly Due to Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions?

(Review Paper) Cited in Controversies in Science/Are humans causing global warming/A critique of Is Global Warming Mainly Due to Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions?

### Points Made

Scientist Richard Lindzen argues that global warming is not primarily anthropogenic, and that greenhouse gas is not as detrimental to the Earth’s cooling as previously believed.

### Methods

Lindzen does not believe that global warming is human caused, that the IPCC’s models and assessments are too simplified, or alternatively giving too much significance to greenhouse gases. Lindzen believes that greenhouse gas is more likely contributing to global warming approximately 30%, therefore not the main contributor to global warming. Lindzen believes that the IPCC is not considering data from other climatological events such as El Nino or the Little Ice Age, for example, which could be significantly affecting our current climate change.
The IPCC’s main support for anthropogenic climate change stems from the theory that thermal radiation is causing cooling on Earth’s surface and greenhouse gases are destructive to this cooling system, resulting in warmer temperatures. Lindzen, however, does not believe that thermal radiation is the only source of cooling. The IPCC believes that climate change is primarily anthropogenic because greenhouse gas has increased steadily in the past century. Lindzen argues that thermal radiation is not solely responsible for cooling Earth's temperature, and that heat travels away from Earth’s surface in an upward motion until the thermal radiation can escape into space, which Lindzen calls the “Characteristic Emission Level”. Warming at this level would be warmer than at Earth’s surface, approximately twice to three times as much. Statistics show that the warming trend in the Characteristic Emission Level in the troposphere is only at 0.1 degrees Celsius, so that would put the warming trend on the surface at approximately 0.033 degrees Celsius.

### Results

Because the estimated warming trend is 0.033, this is much lower than the IPCC's estimated warming trends of 1.8 - 4.0 degrees celsius on Earth's surface, which suggests that global warming is not primarily caused by greenhouse gas emissions, and therefore not caused by humans.
# Controversies in Science/Are humans causing global warming/A critique of Possible Impacts of Climatic Warming on Polar Bears

(Review Paper) Cited in Controversies in Science/Are humans causing global warming/A critique of Possible Impacts of Climatic Warming on Polar Bears

### Global Warming is Affecting the Polar Bears

Polar Bears are under a lot of stress due to the prolonged ice-free period which lasts four months. This in turn increases nutritional stress on the polar bear populations. This affects Polar Bears in numerous ways, examples are: declining body conditions, lowered reproductive rates, reduced survival of cubs, cause of collapse when it comes to polar bear maternity dens, which causes the deaths of the occupants.
# Controversies in Science/Are humans causing global warming/A critique of A mathematical analysis of the divergence problem in dendroclimatology

(Review Paper) Cited in Controversies in Science/Are humans causing global warming/A critique of A mathematical analysis of the divergence problem in dendroclimatology

### Points Made

Divergences appear across much of the upper northern hemisphere but are not limited to there. The growth of trees reduced in response to warmer temperatures in Alaska after 1950, Canada and Siberia after 1970. It was also found that in tundra areas the photosynthesis rate increased and in the forest areas the photosynthesis rate decreased in a study that was done between 1982 and 2003. The decrease was most likely due to moisture limitations at higher temperatures. Another point that was made is that trees may experience a decrease sensitivity to temperature or a negative response to warming because of reasons such as draught, frost damage, seasonal temperature patterns change, or a change in snow pack. The decreased sensitivity changes the growth rate, this cannot be automatically associated with the climate changes.

### Methods

Using a mathematical equation of r=mT+b (r=ring property, T=temperature, m&b = parameters) would provide a completely linear line on a graph, which is what has been assumed from the short calibration period they have to work with. However Loehle says there is no way this is possible! The graph would not be linear if all data was used. There are other contributing factors that play a role in the radius growth between tree rings from decade to decade. The mathematical equation they used to prove the linear line is neither reliable nor accurate.

### Results

This proves that there are other environmental factors outside of climate changes that effect tree growth. The other factors are things such as draught, frost damage, change in seasonal temperature patterns, and change in snow packs. We cannot assume that an equation built off a short period of time equates to a linear line for decades to come. The equation is misleading. Environmental factors play a huge role in the diversions that occur within tree growth.
    This is a very good point. Archaeologists use dendrochronology to look at past environments, however it is a vague measurement. To conclude something like humans causing global warming, there would need to be much more evidence than just analyzing trees. Cthom4751 (talk) 17:28, 13 April 2012 (UTC)
# Controversies in Science/Are humans causing global warming/A critique of Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feed backs in a coupled climate model

(Review Paper) Cited in Controversies in Science/Are humans causing global warming/A critique of Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feed backs in a coupled climate model

### Points Made

Current models fail to acknowledge the fact that CO2 concentration is in fact a part of a cyclical model, in which it moves through land and the atmosphere. With a new model in place, the effects on the climate are considered even more damaging than previously thought.
The model used in the research, is based on the assumption that CO2 emissions remain at a constant level. If CO2 emission were to increase the overall long term effect would be compounded.
In order to accurately predict climate change in the next 100 yrs, we would have to go back and analyze all the data using the model currently used in this research.

### Methods

For the research conducted, there were two models used to determine accurate effects of C02 absorption on land and in oceans. Using the Ocean Carbon-Cycle Model, 4 distinct ocean fields were utilized to measure the effect of C02 emissions on organisms in the ocean. In the Terrestrial Carbon-Cycle Model, various regions of the earth were used to measure the effect of C02 concentration in vegetation, plantation, and in soil over pre-defined periods of time.

### Results

The effects of the CO2 concentration in the ocean as well as terrestrial land are eventually fed back into the atmosphere, thus reinforcing the fact that the overall model they have used does prove that C02 moves in a cyclic fashion. In order to accurately predict the course of climate change over the next 100 years, sufficient historical data must be utilized within the Ocean and Terrestrial Carbon-Cycle Model.
# Controversies in Science/Are humans causing global warming/A critique of A CRITIQUE OF A METHOD TO DETERMINE LONG-TERM DECLINE OF CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEMS

(Review Paper) Cited in Controversies in Science/Are humans causing global warming/A critique of A CRITIQUE OF A METHOD TO DETERMINE LONG-TERM DECLINE OF CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEMS

### Coral Reef Depletion is NOT caused by Global Warming

People have linked the depletion of the Great Barrier Reef to Global Warming. Research done by PANS, claims that the Great Barrier Reef is 28-36% extinct due to Global Warming. This statistic is exaggerated due to inaccurate mathematic calculations. Other research shows different causes to depletion of Barrier Reefs.

### Methods

Ecosystems on the coral reef and amount of time between reef depletion stages are inaccurately displayed by the research conducted by PANS. Reefs are generally populated with various guilds (or life on the Great Barrier Reef), such as large and small herbivores, large and small carnivores, corals, suspension feeders, and seagrasses. The research claims that guilds on the Great Barrier Reef are of equal depletion value, or weight, this in fact is not the case. These guilds each have varying effects on the Barrier Reef.
The research also states that there are 5 stages of ecological depletion; pristine, abundant, depleted, rare, extinct. They claim that the time between each stage is equal to the next and is linked to Global Warming. More in-depth research shows that the time between each stage is varied and skews the conclusion of Global Warming being the only reason for reef depletion. This is shown by weighting statistics.
The scale in which they used to measure was not valid, causing distorted results of the condition of the reefs.

### Results

Each guild has a different effect on the Barrier Reef and these guilds are of varying populations. While the inaccurate research shows that each of the seven guilds cause equal in-habitation impact a 1/7 ratio is to be inferred, or a 14% impact. This ratio includes the coral itself, how can coral endanger itself? Further research states this ratio to be inaccurate as we only have six contributing damaging guilds. The actuality is that ecological damage due to large and small herbivores account for 35%, large and small carnivores account for 10%, seagrasses account for 2%, and suspension feeders account for 3%. Given the variation of guild effects they are causing more damage than implied by PANS research.
# Controversies in Science/Are humans causing global warming/A critique of Contributions of past and present human generations to committed warming caused by carbon dioxide

(Review Paper) Cited in Controversies in Science/Are humans causing global warming/A critique of Contributions of past and present human generations to committed warming caused by carbon dioxide

### Human generations are accumulating CO2 at an increasing rate which is causing global warming

For the past 150 years CO2 emissions have been analyzed and monitored to project future trends. A generation is defined in 25 year increments which has provided this study with six samples. From these six samples it is noted that CO2 emissions rise over each generation. The cause for concern is the continued increase of CO2 in the seas and in the atmosphere. That being said, CO2 does not decrease as quickly as it rises thus causing implications for an overabundance of CO2 in the future.

### Methods

The data collected in these six samples are computer simulated. The graphs referenced in this article depict the increase of CO2 levels. The equations were used to simulate an atmospheric CO2 level consistent with ice-core core data over the last few decades. Various scenarios are simulated to determine various CO2 output levels. Additionally, past generation levels are compared to current and future projected levels. Results have indicated that CO2 is removed from the seas and the atmosphere over time, while contrasting information indicates that a portion of CO2 is expected to remain in the atmosphere. As a result of these findings, it can be inferred that as generations evolve and grow (using more machinery, cars, houses, cows, etc.) there will continue to be an overabundance of CO2 with only low amounts depleting.

### Results

The results of this study indicate that CO2 emissions will continue to rapidly increase over time due to an overabundance of CO2 in the seas and atmosphere.
CO2 emissions have increased as generations progress substantially. Based on these scientific findings it is evident that these increases in emissions are linked directly to a different type of commitment other than natural factors (Volcanic activity), and the cleared definitive culprit is human energy sources and practices. These scientific calculations illustrate that the CO2 levels are being inherited through previous generations and the levels are growing as time progresses. Based on the results the majority of anthropogenic CO2 injected into the atmosphere over the past 25 years would take nearly a century to be removed..
# Data Networking/Fall 2014/Shalini
## LINUX GROUP PROJECT- DATA NETWORKING
### The Project Team

* Shalini Kommajosyula
* Mounika Poddaturi
* Vivek Dutta
* Pranay Harinarthini

### Objective of the project

Everybody does not have the resources to implement what they have in mind. Small companies especially, might not have the capital to invest in creating a high-level, sophisticated network design. As a solutions engineer, it is required to build the proposed network in the simplest and most feasible way using basic elements of a network and meeting the specifications.

### Elements of the network

The network consists of these main elements-
* DHCP
* DNS
* WEBSERVER AND FIREWALL

### Algorithm & Flow Chart

The implementation of the network is based on the following Algorithm and Flow Chart.
* Algorithm
* Flow chart

### Add Ons implemented

* VPN
* NIS
* Web Server Backup

### Future Improvements

* Support for IPv6 version in DHCP, DNS and web server.
* Handling IPv6 and IPv4 versions simultaneously.
* Enhancement in firewall rules
* Configuration of secondary DNS server for load balancing.

### Citation
#### Books

* Computer Networking A TopDown Approach by KUROSE and ROSS
* The DHCP Handbook by Ralph Droms and Ted Lemon
* DNS and BIND by Cricket Liu and Paul Albitz (OReilly)

#### Online

* https://help.ubuntu.com/community/BIND9ServerHowto
* https://help.ubuntu.com/10.04/serverguide/
* http://httpd.apache.org/docs/
* https://help.ubuntu.com/community/isc-dhcp-server
* https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UncomplicatedFirewall
* https://help.ubuntu.com/community/VPNclient
# Data Networking/Fall 2014/Shalini/VPN
### Virtual Private Network (VPN)

VPN is a service that authorizes us to access a private network from outside that is Internet . A user from outside can access the private network with same priorities as are given to a root user in a private network. The VPN is established when the remote client when it enters the SSID and the password of the access network. Therefore, we can say that VPN is accessed with a secured connection.

#### VPN Configuration

1. Installating the pptp server
2. Coniguring the pptpd file
In this file we need to update the IP of the server and the IP of the client
3.Configuring the DNS server
The DNS is configured for the scenario when the clients try to connect to pptp server.
4. Updating the VPN users in the chap-secrets file
5. On configuring the pptp server,it has to be restarted so that all the settings can take effect.

#### Testing the VPN configuration

Start a VPN connection and check that remote client is getting the DNS records from the private network. Once the connection is established, check the IP address of pptp server using the command
# Data Networking/Fall 2014/Shalini/Algorithm
## Algorithm

The algorithm for the project is as follows:
1.The client tries to connect to the network.
2. Client must obtain IP address.
3. Client sends request to DHCP.
4.Client wants to access webserver.
5.Client accesses the web server.
# Data Networking/Fall 2014/Shalini/NIS
### Network Information System (NIS)

Network Information System is used for smaller networks. It is used to name the network and for the administration of the system. NIS enables the client and server to have the information about entire system. Applications and files on the network are accessible by the user having the SSID username and password. On a broader view, NIS works in a similar way like DNS and the only difference is that NIS is used for smaller networks. The servers used in the NIS conatin the programs and some administrative tools required for the network.

#### Configuration of NIS

1. Configuration of NIS server
in this file add the following
2. Installation of NIS
3.Modifying the portmap file
Replace the line with the following ARGS=”-i 127.0.0.1"
4. Modifying the NIS file
The following line NISSERVER line is changed to NISSERVER = master
5. Modifying the yp.conf file
Here we add a server line which is as:
6. Modifying the Makefile
Here the value of MINDGID is set to 1
7.Modifying the securenets file
A line is added here to restrict the access to domain numbers. Here after adding the line make sure that u have removed the 0.0.0.0 line.
8. Building the Database
9. Finally restart the portmap and NIS server