OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Orthostata

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
ORTHOS'TATA (ὀρθοστάτης). Literally, which stands upright; whence employed by architects to designate the front or facing of a wall, composed of different materials from the internal part of it; viz. of regularly laid bricks or ashlar outside an irregular mass of rubble (fartura), as in the annexed specimen (Orthostata/1.1) of Roman building. Vitruv. ii. 8. 4.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Oscillatio

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
OSCILLA'TIO (αίώρα). A swing, or game at swinging (Pet. Sat. 140. Hygin. Fab. 130. Festus s. Oscillum. Serv. ad Virg. Georg. ii. 389.); a favourite amusement with the ancients, and practised much in the same manner as now, excepting that the swing had four legs to stand upon the ground like a chair, and was suspended by four ropes instead of two, as indicated by the example (Oscillatio/1.1), which represents a Greek lady swinging, from a design upon a fictile vase. The entire composition, in the original, contains another figure standing on the ground behind the swing, with her arms extended, in the attitude of one who has just pushed the swing forward, and awaits its return, to repeat the operation.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Oscillum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
OSCIL'LUM. Diminutive of OS; a small mask or image of the face; more especially of Bacchus, which the country people suspended in a vineyard in such a manner that the mask turned round and fronted different directions, as it was impelled by the action of the wind; it being a current belief that the district became fruitful towards which the aspect of the god was directed. (Virg. Georg. ii. 388 — 392. Macrob. Sat. i. 7.) The illustration (Oscillum/1.1) represents several of these oscilla suspended on a tree, from an engraved gem; and an original marble mask of Bacchus, in the British museum, with a ring at the top for hanging it up.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Ossarium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
OSSA'RIUM and OSSUA'RIUM. A case of marble, stone, or other material within which a more valuable vase, containing the bones and ashed of the dead were frequently enclosed, when deposited in the sepulchral chamber. (Inscript. ap. Grut. 1043. 1. Ib. 915. 3. ossuarium viva sibi fecit. Ulp. Dig. 47. 12. 2.) The example (Ossarium/1.1) represents the original case, in which the cinerary urn of Agrippina was enclosed when deposited in the mausoleum of Augustus, as testified by the inscription upon it; and is now preserved in the Capitol at Rome.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Ostiarius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
OSTIA'RIUS (θυρωρός). The door keeper or house porter; a slave who sat in the porter's lodge (cella ostiaria. Pet. Sat. 29. 1.), or in ancient times was chained himself by the side of the entrance (Id. 28. 8. Suet. Rh. 3.), to take cognizance of all who entered. Same as JANITOR.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Ostium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
OS'TIUM (θὔρα). In strictness, designates a door within the house, as the door of a room contradistinguished from the street door (janua). (Isidor. Orig. xv. 7. 4. Vitruv. vi. 3. 6.) This distinction is clearly drawn in a passage of Plautus (Pers. v. 1. 6.), ante ostium et januam; and is aptly illustrated by the annexed engraving (Ostium/1.1), representing the door-way of a house at Pompeii, to which the ceiling and doors are restored, for the purpose of making the subject more clear and comprehensible. The janua is the door flush with the external wall of the house, which gives admission to an entrance hall or passage (prothyrum), at the further end of which is another door, the ostium, half closed in the engraving, which shuts off the atrium, or the aula of a Greek house, from the entrance passage. Vitruvius styles both these duas januas (vi. 7. 1.); because the distinction above mentioned, though doubtless an accurate one, was seldom observed, the word ostium being commonly used as synonymous with janua, for any front or entrance door, and especially for the entrance to a temple (Vitruv. vi. 3. 6.), an example of which is introduced p. 342.
2. The door which closed the front of the stalls in which the chariots and horses were stationed at the Circus (Auson. Ep. xviii. 11.); as shown by the annexed example (Ostium/2.1), from a bas-relief in the British Museum.
3. The mouth or entrance to a port. (Virg. Aen. i. 400.) See the illustration s. PORTUS.
* Ostium/1.1
* Ostium/2.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Ovile

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
OVI'LE. Literally, a fold or pen for sheep or goats; thence used to designate an enclosure in the Campus Martius, in which each of the tribes and centuries was separately mustered, before the members proceeded to give their votes (Liv. xxvi. 22. Lucan. ii. 197. Juv. vi. 527.); so called because it was partitioned off with a railing, like a sheep pen, which is indicated by the palisade at the bottom of the annexed engraving (Ovile/1.1), from a coin of Nerva; the figures above are intended to represent the voters as they come out of the ovile, and pass over the bridge (pons suffragiorum), to throw their balloting cards (tabellae) into the balloting basket (cista).
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Ovum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
OVUM. An egg; applied specially to a number of conical balls, like eggs, which were placed on the top of a slab supported by columns, on the barrier (spina) of a race-course (circus), in order to inform the spectators of the number of circuits round the goals which had been run in each race. As a single race comprised seven circuits round the course, and the eagerness and interest taken by the populace in these exhibitions amounted to a sort of phrenzy, some contrivance became necessary for showing the number of rounds that had been made, in a manner which would at once preclude the possibility of dispute. This was effected by the plan shown in the annexed illustration (Ovum/1.1), representing seven egg-shaped balls supported upon four columns, as they appear upon the spina of a Roman bas-relief, on which a chariot race is sculptured. The form of the object was selected in honour of Castor and Pollux; and one of these eggs was either put up immediately that each round was completed by the leading chariot, until the whole courses had been run; or the entire number of seven eggs were put up at the commencement of each race, and one taken down, as each circuit was made. Considerable doubt and contradiction exist representing which of these two methods was adopted; but the object and effect would be the same in either; perhaps, the practice varied at different periods, or in different towns. Liv. xli. 27. Varro, R. R. 1. 2. 11. Cassiodor. Var. Ep. iii. 51. Dio. xlix. p. 417.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Oxybaphus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
OXYB'APHUS (ὀξυβάφον). (Rhemn. Fann. de Pond. 75. Isidor. Orig. xvi. 27.) A liquid measure containing fifteen drachms; properly, a Greek form, for which the Latin word is ACETABULUM; which see.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Paedagogiani

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PAEDAGOGIA'NI, sc. pueri. Young slaves selected for their personal beauty, and brought up in the houses of great people under the empire, to act as companions and attendants for their master's children, in place of the paedagogus of earlier times. (Ammian. xxvi. 6. 15. xxix. 3. 3.) The name, as well as the custom, in some measure, has passed down through the middle ages to the present day; for the modern name of "page" is an evident corruption of the old Latin term.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Paedagogium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PAEDAGO'GIUM. The division or department in great houses where young slaves were trained up for the service of pages (paedagogiani), apart from the rest of the slave family. Plin. Ep. vii. 27. 13.
2. A page. (Senec. Vit. Beat. 17. Id. Ep 123. Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 54. Compare Suet. Nero, 28.) See PAEDAGOGIANI.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Paedagogus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PAEDAGO'GUS (παιδαγωγός). A slave of the better class, whose peculiar duty it was to superintend the morals habits of his master's son, accompany him in his walks, conduct him to and from school, and perhaps also to give instruction at home. (Cic. Am. 20. Senec. Ira, ii. 22. Quint. i. 1. 8. Id. i. 2. 10.) He thus occupied a position somewhat, though not exactly, analogous to that of tutor amongst us; but resembled more closely the "tutore" of modern Italy, who is generally an "abbate," and accompanies his charge about upon all occasions, even when he goes to pay a visit, precisely like the pedagogue of ancient Greece and Italy. The figure introduced at p. 407. s. MANICA, 1. is believe to be intended for the paedagogus of one of Niobe's children; the style of the head and drapery are evidently meant to characterize a foreigner.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Paenularius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PAENULA'RIUS. One who makes or sells paenulae. Inscript. ap. Grut. 646. 5.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Paenulatus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PAENULA'TUS. (Cic. Mil. 10. 20.) Wearing the paenula, as explained and illustrated under that word.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Paenula

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PAE'NULA (φαινόλης). An article of the outer apparel belonging to the class of garments termed vestimenta clausa, or close dresses. It was a round frock, with a hood, and opening at the top for the head, but otherwise entirely closed down the front; or sometimes with a slit reaching half way up from the bottom of the skirt in front, so that the flaps might be taken up and turned over the shoulder, in the manner shown by the right-hand figure in the annexed wood-cut (Paenula/1.1); but in all cases without sleeves, whence those who wore it are said to be entangled, constrained, and, as it were, enclosed in their paenulae (irretiti; adstricti et velut inclusi. Cic. Mil. 20. Auct. Dial. de Orat. 39.). It was worn over the tunic; particularly on journeys, and in the city during very cold or wet weather (Quint. vi. 3. 66. Lamprid. Alex. Sev. 27.); occasionally by women (Quint. viii. 3. 54.); and was either made of cloth with a very thick and long nap (Mart. xiv. 145.), or of leather (Id. xiv. 130.). The illustrations exhibit a front and back view of the article, from statues engraved in the treatise of Bartholini, de Paenula.
2. A particular part of the forcing pump invented by Ctesibius of Alexandria, and called after him CTESIBICA MACHINA, under which its character is illustrated by the part marked D. Vitruv. x. 7.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Paganica

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PAGA'NICA, sc. Pila. A particular kind of ball, stuffed with down, and covered with leather, originally used by the country people (pagani), from whom it received the name, though subsequently adopted by the more refined inhabitants of the city. It was larger and softer than the trigon, but smaller and of more consistency than the follis. Mart. xiv. 45. Id. vii. 32.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pagina

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PA'GINA. Is either synonymous with scheda; that is, a sheet of paper composed of a number of strips of the inner bark of papyrus (philyrae), a number of which, when glued together, formed a book or roll (liber, volumen); or it signifies one of the written columns upon the sheet, as seen in the annexed example (Pagina/1.1); thus corresponding pretty nearly with our page, which seems the best interpretation. Plin. H. N. xiii. 24. Cic. Q. Fr. i. 2. 3.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pagus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PA'GUS (πάγος). A Greek word, signifying literally a mountain peak, in which sense it was adopted by the Romans to designate any strong position in the midst of the open country, but more fortified by nature than art, like the top of a precipitous hill, to which the rural population of the surrounding district could retreat with their families, cattle, and property, as to a place of security, upon the occasion of any sudden incursion or razzia so frequent during the barbarous methods of warfare which characterized the earlier periods of Roman history. (Dionys. ii. 76. iv. 15.) And as each of these positions naturally formed the nucleus of a village, much in the same ways as many of the towns in modern Europe have sprung up, from the tendency of the industrious classes to establish themselves within the protection of a baronial castle, the name of pagus was given to the village and district immediately surrounding it, like our hundred or parish, and the name of pagani to the peasantry spread over it, expressly to distinguish them from the military. Varro, L. L. vi. 24. 26. Virg. Georg. ii. 328. Ov. Fast. i. 669. Tac. Ann. i. 56. Cic. Dom. 28. Suet. Aug. 27.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Palaestra

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PALAESTRA (παλαίστρα). Properly, a Greek word, often used in the same sense as GYMNASIUM; or the distinction between the two terms may consist in this, that the palaestra originally and properly speaking was the place were the athletes who contended at the public games were trained and exercised in the art of boxing, wrestling, &c.; the gymnasium, on the contrary, an establishment in which the youth of Greece enjoyed the recreation of juvenile sports and gymnastic exercises; the palaestra being that particular department of it in which the gymnastic discipline was undergone. (Plaut. Bacch. iii. 3. 23. Catull. lxiii. 60. Vitruv. v. 11.) See GYMNASIUM.
2. The Romans, when they applied the word specially, used it to designate a particular part of their villas fitted up for the purpose of active games and exercises. Cic. Q. Fr. iii. 1. 2.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Palaestricus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PALAES'TRICUS (παλαιστρικός). In a general sense, one who is skilled in, or addicted to, the exercises of the palaestra. (Quint. i. 11. 15.) But the same name was more frequently used in a special sense, to designate a person who acted in a capacity something between our drill master and dancing master, whose particular province it was to teach the young men of Greece and Italy how to avoid awkwardness or rusticity of manner, to acquire an elegant deportment and graceful carriage, as well as ease and propriety of attitude and gesture (Quint. i. 11. 16. Id. ii. 8. 7. Id. xii. 2. 12.); for, amongst the Greeks more especially, who were devoted admirers of the beautiful under every form and combination, grace was regarded as an essential requisite, even in the violent contests of the palaestra; hence palaestrici motus (Cic. Off. i. 36.) mean the motions and gestures acquired from these masters, which Cicero very properly condemns when carried to excess, or, as we should say, savouring of the dancing master.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Palaestrita

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PALAESTRI'TA (παλαιστρίτης). One who exercises himself in the palaestra. Cic. Verr. ii. 2. 14. Mart. iii. 58. 25.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Palanga

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PALAN'GA. See PHALANGA.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Palaria

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PALA'RIA. Neuter plural. The exercise of tilting, practised by recruits of the Roman armies, against a stake (palus) set up in the ground as a manikin, by which they learnt to go through their exercise. Charis. i. 21. Compare Veg. Mil. i. 11. Id. ii. 23.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pala

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PA'LA. A spade, with an iron blade (Columell. x. 45.), employed both in gardening and husbandry. (Id. v. 9. 8. Varro, L. L. v. 134. Liv. iii. 26. fossam fodiens palae innisus.) The ancient spade was, however, not so heavy an implement as the one now in use, having a longer handle, and smaller, as well as pointed blade, as exhibited by the annexed example (Pala/1.1), from a sepulchral painting of the Christian era. The modern Romans make use of a spade of precisely the same form, which they designate by its ancient name "la pala."
2. (πτύον). A wooden spade, or shovel of the same form as the iron one, employed for winnowing corn, in the same manner as still practised both in Italy and Greece. (Cato, R. R. xi. 5.) It is made use of on the threshing floor, and in the open air when the wind sets in with a moderate freshness. The labourer takes up a shovel-full from the heap of corn already threshed out, and throws it to a considerable distance into the air across the direction of the wind, which separates and carries away with it the lighter particles of chaff and refuse, leaving the heavier grain to fall back upon the floor. The illustration (Pala/2.1) represents an Albanian peasant winnowing corn with a pala in the Etesian wind.
3. (μάνδρα, σφενδόνη, πυελίς). The bezil of a ring. (Cic. Off. iii. 9.) Same as FUNDA, 4. where an illustration is given.
* Pala/1.1
* Pala/2.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Palearium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PALEA'RIUM. A loft, for the stowage of fodder straw, or chaff (palea). Columell. i. 6. 9.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pale

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PAL'E (πάλη). (Stat. Ach. ii. 441.) Properly, a Greek word, for which the Latin expression is LUCTA.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Palimpsestus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PALIMPSES'TUS (παλίμψηστος). Parchment from which former writings have been erased to make room for fresh ones. (Cic. Fam. vii. 18. Catull. xxii. 5.) Hence the name of palimpsest is given by learned to those manuscripts, which, though of themselves of a respectable antiquity, are found to have been written over others still older. It is probable that this practice of obliteration and rewriting upon the same skin was sometimes pursued by the Greek and Roman booksellers, in cases where the original composition was of little interest or value; but none of those now actually in existence are believed to possess a higher date than the ninth century; and it is often found that works of superior merit have been washed out, in order to receive other matter; the original writing underneath being still discoverable, and even legible. Thus Cicero's treatise de Repub. was found, and deciphered by A. Maio, under a commentary of St. Augustin on the Psalms.