OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Siparium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SIPA'RIUM. A folding-screen, employed at the theatre, and consisting of several leaves, which could be opened out or folded together (Apul. Met. i. p. 7. siparium complicato. Id. x. p. 232., complicitis sipariis) like a modern screen. Some antiquaries think that the siparium was the drop-scene used only in comedy, and the aulaeum only in tragedy. But Apuleius speaks of both as used together; while his language implies that the aulaeum was let down (subductum) under the stage when the play commenced, and the siparium folded up (complicatum) at the same moment. He represents this as taking place upon the presentation of a pantomimic ballet, descriptive of the judgment of Paris; and as it is known that in some of the large theatres of the Macedonian era, the part of the orchestra situated between the front of the regular stage (proscenium) and the altar of Bacchus (thymele) was converted into a lower stage, upon which the mimes and dancers performed (Muller, Hist. of Greek Literature, vol. i. p. 299.), it may be fairly inferred that the siparium was intended to conceal this lower stage; and that it was folded up to reveal the dancers upon it, at the moment when the aulaeum was let down to show the scenery upon the regular stage.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Siphonarii

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SIPHONA'RII. Firemen; or, as the French language more closely renders the term, pompiers, who worked the engines (siphones) kept for extinguishing conflagrations. They formed part of the cohort of watchmen (vigiles) established by Augustus. Inscript. ap. Mur. 788. 3.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Siphunculus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SIPHUN'CULUS. Diminutive of SIPHO. A small pipe or tube through which water is discharged to form a jet d'eau. Plin. Ep. v. 6. 23. and illustration s. SIPHO, 1.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Sirpea

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SIR'PEA. See SCIRPEA.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Sirpicula

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SIRPIC'ULA. See SCIRPICULUS.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Sistratus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SISTRA'TUS. One who carries the Egyptian rattle (sistrum); thence, by implication, a priest or priestess of Isis, who made use of that instrument in their religious ceremonies, holding it up and shaking it with the right hand, in the manner exhibited by the annexed figure (Sistratus/1.1) from a Pompeian painting, in which various classes of the Egyptian priesthood are represented. Mart. xii. 29.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Sistrum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SIS'TRUM (σεῖστρον). A sort of rattle, used by the Egyptians in the religious ceremonies of Isis (Ov. A. Am. iii. 635. Met. ix. 783.), and in war instead of the trumpet. (Virg. Aen. viii. 696. Prop. iii. 11. 43.) It consisted of a number of metal rods (virgulae) inserted into a thin oval frame (laminam angustam in modum baltei recurvatam) of the same material (Apul. Met. xi. p. 240.); to this a short handle was attached, by which it was held up and rapidly shaken, so as to make the rods give out a sharp and rattling noise. The example (Sistrum/1.1) is from an original of bronze.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Sitella

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SITEL'LA. Diminutive of SITULA. A vessel with a full belly and narrow throat, employed at the Roman Comitia for the purpose of drawing by lot the names of the tribes or centuries, in order to fix the rotation in which they were to vote. The lots (sortes), made of wood, were dropped into this vessel, which was filled with water, so that when shaken only one of them could present itself at a time, in consequence of the narrowness of the throat, through which it had to be drawn out. (Plaut. Cas. ii. 4. 17. Ib. ii. 5. 34. Liv. xxv. 3.) The example (Sitella/1.1) is copied from the device upon a coin of the Cassian gens.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Siticen

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SIT'ICEN (τυμβαύλης). A musician who performed at funerals, upon a particular kind of straight horn (tuba) (Capito. ap. Gell. xx. 2.), the characteristics of which are not however explained.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Situla

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SIT'ULA. A bucket for drawing water out of a well (Isidor. Orig. xx. 15. Plaut. Amph. ii. 2. 47. Paul. Dig. 18. 1. 40.); made with a pointed bottom, to facilitate immersion, as shown by the annexed example (Situla/1.1) from an original of bronze. The same outline is constantly observed in the ancient representations of wells with a windlass and bucket; in a fragment of fresco-painting preserved in the British Museum, and in the wood-cut s. GIRGILLUS.
2. A vessel used for drawing lots. (Plaut. Cas. ii. 6. 6. Cic. Verr. ii. 2. 51.) Same as SITELLA.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Situlus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SIT'ULUS. (Cato, R. R. x. 2. Vitruv. x. 4. 4.) Same as SITULA.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Soccatus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SOCCA'TUS. Wearing the shoe or slipper termed soccus. Sen. Ben. ii. 2.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Soccifer

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SOC'CIFER. Same as the preceding.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Socculus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SOC'CULUS. (Sen. Ben. ii. 12. Suet. Vit. 2.) Diminutive of SOCCUS.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Soccus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SOC'CUS. A loose slipper, or shoe without any tie to it, but which completely covered the foot, so that a person wearing it is said to be soccis indutus (Cic. Or. iii. 32.), or soccis calceatus. (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 4. § 13.) Amongst the Greeks it was commonly worn by both sexes (Cic. Rab. Post. 10. Terent. Heaut. i. 1. 72.); but at Rome its use was strictly confined to females (soccus muliebris, Suet. Cal. 52.), and to actors on the comic stage, in order to form a contrast with the high-soled boot (cothurnus) of the tragic drama (Hor. A. P. 80. Ov. Pont. iv. 16. 29. Quint. x. 2. 22.); so that whenever an instance occurs of the soccus being worn by a Roman off the stage, it is recorded as a singularly anti-national affectation, and reprobated accordingly. (Sen. l. c. Suet. l. c. Plin. H. N. xxxvii. 6.) The example (Soccus/1.1) here introduced is worn by a comic dancer in an ancient painting.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Solarium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SOLA'RIUM (σκιάθηρον). A sun-dial; a general term, including many different kinds and forms of the same instrument, with distinct and appropriate names, enumerated in the Classed Index, and described, each one under its own special denomination. Varro, L. L. vi. 4. Plin. H. N. vii. 60.
2. Solarium ex aqua. A water-glass, which performed the uses of a clock; showing the hours by the decrease of water contained in it, against a certain number of spaces (spatia, Sidon. Apoll. Ep. ii. 9.) partitioned off on the body of the vessel from which it escaped, or of the one into which it distilled. (Cic. N. D. ii. 34.) In this passage Cicero uses the term solarium both for a sun-dial and for a water-clock; but distinguishes them by calling the former solarium descriptum, the latter solarium ex aqua.
3. (ἡλιαστήριον). A terrace on the top of a house built with a flat roof, or over a porch, surrounded by a parapet wall, but open to the sky, to which the inhabitants retired to enjoy the sunshine and fresh breezes in fair weather, as is still a common practice at Naples and in the East. (Isidor. Orig. xv. 3. 12. Suet. Nero, 16. Plaut. Mil. ii. 4. 25.) A terrace of this kind was discovered on the second story of a house excavated at Herculaneum, of which a description is given at p. 251. and a plan of the same, on which it is marked G. Subsequently, however, the solarium was covered with a roof (Inscript. ap. Fabrett. p. 724. n. 443.) as a protection against the sun, and formed, in fact, the upper story of a house, open to the air on all sides, except the top, as in the example (Solarium/3.1), representing Dido's palace, from the Vatican Virgil. When thus constructed it was employed in hot weather as a coenaculum, or refreshment room. Inscript. l. c.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Soldurii

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SOLDU'RII (εὐχωλιμαῖοι). Properly a Gallic word, employed by the ancient Gauls (Caes. B. G. iii. 22.) in a sense somewhat similar to our vassals or retainers, thereby intending to designate a body of men attached to some chieftain, whom they served with the utmost fidelity and devotion.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Solearius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SOLEA'RIUS. One who makes soleae. Plaut. Aul. iii. 5. 40.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Soleatus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SOLEA'TUS. Wearing soleae, as shown by the wood-cut s. SOLEA, 1. When the word is used with reference to the Romans, it is indicative of a person being in-doors, or in dishabille; as these articles were considered unbecoming for out-door use, and to betoken affected manners or a foreign style of dress. Senec. Ira. iii. 18. Castric. ap. Gell. xiii. 21. Cic. Verr. ii. 5. 33. Pis. 6.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Soliferreum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SOLIFER'REUM or SOLLIFER'REUM. A sort of javelin made of solid iron, both head and shaft. Liv. xxxiv. 14. Festus, s. Sollo.
# Introduction to Italian/Exam 1

This test is meant to help you determine where you are in Italian and if you need to go back and review. Hover over a question with your mouse to see the answer. Below are links to every lesson if you decide you need to review some.

## Lessons

* Lezione Uno: Common Phrases
* Lezione Due: The Italian Alphabet
* Lezione Tre: Some Simple Words
* Lezione Quattro: Nouns and Articles
* Lezione Cinque: Verbs
* Lezione Sei: Preposition Contractions
* Lezione Sette: Adjectives
* Lezione Otto: C’è, Ci Sono, and Ecco
* Lezione Nove: The Second Conjugation (-ere)
* Lezione Dieci: Some New Nouns

## Avere

* What is the second person conjugation of avere?
* What is the first person conjugation of avere?
* What is the third person conjugation of avere?
* How would you say I want... using an avere idiomatic expression?
* How would you say I need... using an avere idiomatic expression?

## Essere

* What is the third person conjugation of essere?
* What is the third person plural conjugation of essere?
* What is the first person conjugation of essere?

## Preposition Contractions

Give the contraction for given preposition and definite article pair.
* di and il
* in and la
* su and i

## Possessive Adjectives

Give the definite article and possessive adjective for the following objects (translated noun is given in the answer but not necessary).
* Your dog.
* Your car.
* Your mother.
* Their cat.
* Their famous sandwiches.

## Conjugating Verbs

Conjugate the following infinitives in the third person:
* mangiare
* cercare
* prendere
* leggere
Conjugate the following infinitives in the first person:
* chiamare
* ascoltare
* credere
* scrivere

## Translation

Translate the following sentences into Italian.
* This is a black dog.
* There are many books at the library.
* I like to eat apples.
* My father is a big man.
* My mother is a small woman.
* There is a banana in the car.
* There's my pencil!
* Hi, my name is Giorgio.
Translate the following sentences into English.
* Questo è il cellulare di Lorenzo.
* Io porto una gonna.
* Lui mangia un tramezzino al prosciutto.
* Noi abbiamo un uccello piccolo. Lei canta.
* Loro sono studenti all'università di Berkeley.
* Io ho un caffè per te.
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# Introduction to Italian/Lesson 10

Here are a few new nouns to help expand you vocabulary.

## Places

una città – a city un ristorante – a restaurant un parco – a park una biblioteca – a library una scuola – a school un’università – a college un negozio – a shop un mercato – a market un supermercato – a supermarket fuori città – outside the city un bar/un caffè – used interchangeably to mean café
un cinema – a movie theater (the masculine article is used because cinema is an abbreviation of cinematografo)
un teatro – a theater (for plays)
una discoteca – a dance club una farmacia – a pharmacy una chiesa – a church

## Furniture

un tavolo – a table una sedia – a chair una porta – a door una finestra – a window un gabinetto – a toilet un letto – a bed un lavandino – a sink

## Countries and Continents
### (l')Europa – Europe

(l')Italia – Italy (la) Gran Bretagna/(il) Regno Unito – Great Britain/the United Kingdom (l')Inghilterra – England (la) Scozia – Scotland (il) Galles – Wales (l')Irlanda del Nord – Northern Ireland (l')Irlanda – Ireland (la) Francia – France (la) Svizzera – Switzerland (la) Spagna – Spain (il) Portogallo – Portugal (la) Germania/(l')Alemagna – Germany (la) Svezia – Sweden (la) Norvegia – Norway

### (l')Asia – Asia

(la) Cina – China (il) Giappone – Japan

### (l')Africa – Africa

(il) Sudafrica – South Africa

### (le) Americhe – Americas
#### (l')America del Nord/(il) Nordamerica – North America

(gli) Stati Uniti – the United States (il) Canada/(il) Canadà – Canada (il) Messico – Mexico

#### (l')America del Sud/(il) Sudamerica – South America

(il) Brasile – Brazil (l')Argentina – Argentina

### (l')Oceania – Oceania

(l')Australia – Australia (la) Nuova Zelanda – New Zealand

## Studies

biologia – biology chimica – chemistry fisica – physics geografia – geography scienze naturali – natural sciences filosofia – philosophy religione – religious studies letteratura – literature lingue straniere – foreign languages scienze politiche – politcal science storia – history matematica – mathematics informatica – computer science
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# Introduction to Italian/Lesson 12

This section will deal with past tense verbs.

## More Avere Phrases

In Northern Italy and especially in informal and spoken Italian the past tense is formed using the verb avere (have) and the past participle in the same way as the English present perfect tense (have + past participle). Note, however, that some verbs are not used with avere but are instead used with essere (be). Typically the English phrases I ate 10 scones or I have eaten 10 scones would translate as Io ho mangiato dieci foccacine. Forming the past tense in this way is the easiest way for non-natives because it requires only knowing the present tense forms of avere (or in some cases essere) and the past participle of the verb you're using. There is also a separate past tense which is more common in written Italian and Southern Italy.

## Conjugating in the Past Tense

When conjugating an -are verb in the past tense, use the appropriate present tense avere conjugation followed by the verb you are using. Append the suffix -ato. Per essemple: Io ho mangiato una foccacina. Tu hai mangiato una foccacina. Lui ha mangiato una foccacina. Noi abbiamo mangiato una foccacina. Voi avete mangiato una foccacina. Loro hanno mangiato una foccacina. In a sense it's basically a different infinitive.

## IMPERFECT PAST VERB TO BE

Io ero. Tu eri. Lui era. Noi eravamo. Voi eravate. Loro erano.

## PAST TENSE VERB TO BE

Io sono stato. Tu sei stato. Lui è stato. Noi siamo stati. Voi siete stati. Loro sono stati.

## IMPERFECT PAST VERB TO HAVE

Io avevo. Tu avevi. Lui aveva. Noi avevamo. Voi avevate. Loro avevano.

## Past tense, verb "to have"

* Io ho avuto.
* Tu hai avuto.
* Lui ha avuto.
* Noi abbiamo avuto.
* Voi avete avuto.
* Loro hanno avuto.

### Conjugating Other Verbs in the Past Tense

At the time of writing I am unaware of any rule for conjugating -ere and -ire verbs in the past tense. I believe it works only on a word-by-word basis. That being said, I will certainly update this if I discover otherwise.
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# Introduction to Italian/Lesson 13
## I mesi dell'anno – Months of the year

gennaio – January febbraio – February marzo – March aprile – April maggio – May giugno – June luglio – July agosto – August settembre – September ottobre – October novembre – November dicembre – December
Remember: the months in Italian are usually written in lower case (but they can be written in upper case, too, though it happens more rarely)

## I giorni della settimana – Days of the week

lunedì – Monday martedì – Tuesday mercoledì – Wednesday giovedì – Thursday venerdì – Friday sabato – Saturday domenica – Sunday

## Le stagioni – Seasons

Primavera – Spring Estate – Summer Autunno – Autumn Inverno – Winter

## I colori – Colors

rosso – red verde – green giallo – yellow rosa – pink nero – black bianco – white blu – blue marrone – brown viola – purple arancione – orange azzurro or celeste – light blue grigio – grey

## Le Regioni d'Italia – Regions of Italy

* (l')Abruzzo/(gli) Abruzzi
* (la) Basilicata
* (la) Calabria
* (la) Campania
* (l')Emilia-Romagna
** (l')Emilia
** (la) Romagna
* (il) Friuli-Venezia Giulia
** (il) Friuli
** (la) Venezia Giulia – Giulian Venice
* (il) Lazio
* (la) Liguria
* (la) Lombardia – Lombardy
* (le) Marche
* (il) Molise
* (il) Piemonte – Piedmont
* (la) Puglia – Apulia
* (la) Sardegna – Sardinia
* (la) Sicilia – Sicily
* (la) Toscana – Tuscany
* (il) Trentino-Alto Adige – Südtirol
** (il) Trentino
** (l')Alto Adige
* (l')Umbria
* (il) Veneto
* (la) Valle d’Aosta – Aosta Valley
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# Introduction to Italian/Lesson 3
## Basic Vocabulary

There are a few very important words in Italian that you will definitely need to know. They are classified here by part of speech.

### Pronouns

io - I tu - you lui/lei - he/she (lei can also be the formal version of tu) noi - we voi - you (collective; used for addressing multiple people directly) loro - they
In elementary schools when you start studying verb tenses, the third person singular and third person plural are translated with "egli" and "essi", which are personal pronouns too, the use is still quite common in written Italian but rarely in spoken Italian.

### Simple prepositions

con - with in - in (don't forget to pronounce it differently than English even though it's spelled the same) su - on a - at, to di - of da - from per - for tra - within (used interchangeably with fra)

### Conjunctions

e - and (ed when followed by a noun that begins with a vowel) ma - but o/oppure - or
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