OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/EDUCATION/Education module links/Theoretical research modules/Authors´s guidelines for scientific publications

Open access journals are preferred, to give access to all users and researchers globally, also in low income countries.

## Open access journals (Free for users, none or small publication fees)

* Journalfinder
* Preventing Chronic Disease Letter https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/for_reviewers/checklists/letter.htm No publication fees, open access, and PubMed indexedhttps://www.cdc.gov/pcd/for_authors/general_information.htm
* International Maritime Health no publication fees, open access, and PubMed indexed
* International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health no publication fees, open access and PubMed indexed
* Indian Journal of Public Health 40-55 USD to publish, open access and PubMed indexed
* Indian Journal of Community Medicine 80 USD to publish, open access and PubMed indexed
* Medico Research Chronicles 150 USD to publish, open access and PubMed indexed )
* Medycyna Pracy Nofer Institute Łódź Poland 1400 USD, open access and PubMed indexed
* ARYA Atherosclerosis Journal 250 USD to publish, Open Access PubMed indexed
* Select Global Health Journals
* Santosh University Journal of Health Sciences (SUJHS) open access, peer-reviewed, not PubMed, free to publish
* Acta Medica Portuguesa PM index, no publ fees

## Authors´ guidelines

* Publishing ethics authors
* International Maritime Health
* Indian Journal of Public Health
* International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health
* Medicina Maritima
* Medico Research Chronicles
* Indian Journal of Community Medicine
* Preventive Health Science
* . Diabetes & Obesity Journal

## University agreement with Elsevier and Wiley publishers

* Marine Policy
* Agreement between SDU and Wiley
# Pakistan

Pakistan is an Islamic Republic.

## Geography

Pakistan is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and converges with Central Asia and the Middle East.It has a border with Afghanistan, Iran , India and the People's Republic of China. It's total area is about 803,940 km².

### Provinces
#### Punjab

It has the second largest city in Pakistan, Lahore. It is ranked 22nd in the Largest Cities of the World. It is the agriculture centre of the country.

#### Gilgit Baltistan

In Gilgit Baltistan there is the 2nd biggest mountain in the world called "Mt. Godwin Austin" or "K2".

#### Sindh

It has the largest city in Pakistan, Sindh. It is ranked 12th in the Largest Cities of the World.

#### Balochistan

Its biggest city is Quetta.

#### KPK

Khyber Pakhtunkhawa is the province of Pakistan. Peshawar is the big city and the capital of the province.

## History
### Independence from the United Kingdom

| Period | Dates |
| Dominion | 14 August 1947 |
| Islamic Republic | 23 March 1956 |
| Last polity withdrawn | 12 January 1972 |
| Current constitution | 14 August 1973 |

### Presidents

| President Name | Dates |
| Iskander Mirza | 23 March 1956 to 27 October 1958 |
| Ayub Khan | 27 October 1958 to 25 March 1969 |
| Yahya Khan | 25 March 1969 to 20 December 1971 |
| Zulfikar Ali Bhutto | 20 December 1971 to 30 August 1973 |
| Fazal Elahi Chaudhary | 14 August 1973 to 16 September 1978 |

## Facts

Pakistan has a census and an election every 5 years.

## Maps of Pakistan

Basic Map with Close Countries

## Learning resources

* Pakistan
* Pakistan a Brief History
* Wikipedia:Islamabad - Capital of Pakistan
* Wikipedia:Provinces of Pakistan
* Wikipedia:Cities of Pakistan
* Natural Resources
* Marriage

## Universities

* Universities in Pakistan
* Pakistan Academy of Sciences
* Pakistan Educational Research Network
* Higher Education Commission of Pakistan

## External Links

* Government of Pakistan
* The President of Pakistan
* Ministry of Education in Pakistan
* Higher Education Commission of Pakistan
* Federal Directorate of Education
* Pakistan Engineering Council
* Pakistan Medical & Dental Council
* The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
* Radio France International dossier on Pakistan - reports covering the political crisis of September 2007 and the election of February 2008
* 1 2 "List of largest cities". Wikipedia. 2020-12-28. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_cities&oldid=996755937.
* ↑ "Mirza, Maj.-Gen. Iskander, (13 Nov. 1899–12 Nov. 1969), retired". Who Was Who (Oxford University Press). 2007-12-01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u51095.
# Web Design/Accessibility

Web Design → Accessibility
This page is part of the Web Design project. :

## What Accessibility Is and Isn't

Accessibility focuses not only on people with disabilities, but on ANYONE who may experience difficulty in reading or navigating a website. For example, users with a very old computer system, a visually impaired user, or even down to someone with a broken arm who can't use a mouse! See Wikipedia's definition for one of the best explanations. w:Web_accessibility
Accessibility on the web is governed by the W3C and currently based on WCAG 1.0 (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) with WCAG 2.0 Working Draft closing on 22nd June 2006.
Usability is often confused with Accessibility. Although hard to define, it comes at a more general approach - ensuring everyone (disability, disadvantages, or totally able) is able to use the site in the most straightforward manner. This could include, having things that are easy to find in prominent spots, ensuring common or repeated tasks on a website can be shortcutted etc. You'll often hear about GUI (graphical user interface) and whenever I think of usability I think about improvements I would make to the GUI.
Methods of maximizing accessibility include progressive enhancement, where optional and more sophisticated site features are built on top of a widely compatible HTML-based site, and adaptive web design, where different web front ends are served based on devices' web browsing capability.
As a summary-
    Accessibility- ensuring information is physically retrievable to maximize outreach
    Usability- ensuring the information is retrieved in an easy and simplified manner

## Resources on Accessibility

* Assistive Technology
* Russ Weakley's Basic Webstandards Workshop
* A List Apart
       - Great collection of articles on accessibility on the web
* Accessites.org
       - A website that showcases 'accessible, usable web sites built with universality and standards in mind'. It also has a very detailed list of criteria which these sites have met and/or surpassed to received this recognition.
* Web Design References
       - A huge mega-reference (nearly 6,000 links) of information and articles about web design and development. It is dedicated to disseminating news and information about web design and development with sections on accessibility, books, tools, CSS, web standards, user experience, and much more.

## Resources to help make your site Accessible

* Techniques for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0
* Full Checklist for WCAG 1.0 Compliance

## Tools

* WebbIE, Speaking Browser
* Accessify
* The Web Standards Group
* Colour Contrast Check
* Accessibility Tools
* Accessibility Checker
* WAVE Toolbar
* Accessibility Insights
# Educational Technology/Asynchronous Learning

Asynchronous learning is a student-centered teaching method that uses online learning resources to facilitate information sharing outside the constraints of time and place among a network of asynchronous system of learning. It plays a vital role in engaging students learning. Asynchronous method of learning is easily available at online platforms.
Example: NPTEL, SWAYAM platforms which occurs with the pre-recorded sessions of the teacher and learner can listen to it whenever the individual is at leisure time

## Pros

* Discussion boards provide a social presence and opportunity for engagement based on the Community of Inquiry learning model.
* Public discussion boards may have more current and more relevant information, depending on the topic.
* Blogs provide one to many communication on a variety of information on topics.
* Wikis provide collaborative learning opportunities and enhance the communication of learners.

## Cons

* Blog and Wikipedia information is only as accurate as the sources, and may be outdated or abandoned.

## Examples

* Discussion boards
* Blogs
* Wikis

## Resources

* Blogger
* Canva
* Google Sites
* Piazza
* PortfolioGen
* Remind
* Striking.ly
* Weebly
* WordPress
* Weblium

## See Also

* Collaborative Learning
* Wikipedia: Asynchronous learning
# Space and Global Health/Equity in Health Care

In this resource for capacity building on Equity in Health Care in the context of Public Health is addressed. Health Equity is a broad and complex subject. It can be said that health equity strives to ensure that every human being is provided with the opportunity to attain their best health. However, the attainment of optimal health state is a complex process with a dynamic relationship between the physical, social, and contextual environment. Equity research is an area which has been addressed in the past through the Sustainable Development Goals has gathered some momentum owing to the public concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic. Much of this momentum can be attributed to the efforts by the global community to reveal hidden inequities in access, quality and affordability of healthcare through data analysis and scientific enquiry.

## Learning Objectives

* Understand the concept of health equity
* Study the different types of inequities in healthcare
* Explore the role of social determinants of health in the context of health inequity
* Identify the contributing factors to health inequity
* Consider the mechanisms of inequities in healthcare
* Explore the need for innovation in health equity research
* Identify collaborative activities of communities and civil society to reduce inequity in healthcare
* Explain the concept collaborative mapping and discuss possible applications in field of inequity in healthcare. What are the requirements and constraints in the context of ethics and privacy of collected data?

## Open Course

* OpenWHO Inequality Monitoring
# Algebra/Field/Direct/Definition

A set $K$ is called a field if there are two binary operations (called addition and multiplication)
    $+:K\times K\longrightarrow K{\text{ and }}\cdot :K\times K\longrightarrow K$
and two different elements $0,1\in K$ that fulfill the following properties.
* Axioms for the addition:
** Associative law: $(a+b)+c=a+(b+c)$ holds for all $a,b,c\in K$.
** Commutative law: $a+b=b+a$ holds for all $a,b\in K$.
** $0$ is the neutral element of the addition, i.e., $a+0=a$ holds for all $a\in K$.
** Existence of the negative: For every $a\in K$, there exists an element $b\in K$ with $a+b=0$.
* Axioms of the multiplication:
** Associative law: $(a\cdot b)\cdot c=a\cdot (b\cdot c)$ holds for all $a,b,c\in K$.
** Commutative law: $a\cdot b=b\cdot a$ holds for all $a,b\in K$.
** $1$ is the neutral element for the multiplication, i.e., $a\cdot 1=a$ holds for all $a\in K$.
** Existence of the inverse: For every $a\in K$ with $a\neq 0$, there exists an element $c\in K$ such that $a\cdot c=1$.
* Distributive law: $a\cdot (b+c)=(a\cdot b)+(a\cdot c)$ holds for all $a,b,c\in K$.
# Adjoint endomorphism/Introduction/Section
## Definition

Inner product/Adjoint endomorphism/Definition

## Lemma
### Proof

$\Box$
As in the proof of this theorem, we denote the adjoint endomorphism by $[[:Template:Op:Adjointendomorphism]]$. If we denote the assignment that sends a vector $w\in V$ to the linear form $v\mapsto \left\langle v,w\right\rangle$, by $\Theta$, then we have
    $[[:Template:Op:Adjointendomorphism]]=\Theta ^{-1}\circ {\varphi }^{*}\circ \Theta \,,$
where
    ${\varphi }^{*}\colon {V}^{*}\longrightarrow {V}^{*}$
is the dual mapping.

## Lemma
### Proof

$\Box$

## Lemma
### Proof

$\Box$
# Inner product/Adjoint endomorphism/Definition

Let $V$ be a ${\mathbb {K} }$-vector space, endowed with an inner product $\left\langle -,-\right\rangle$, and let
    $\varphi \colon V\longrightarrow V$
denate an
endomorphism. An endomorphism
    $\psi \colon V\longrightarrow V$
is called adjoint to $\varphi$, if
    $\left\langle \varphi (v),w\right\rangle =\left\langle v,\psi (w)\right\rangle \,$
holds for all $v,w\in V$.
# Isometry/Adjoint endomorphism/Example

For an isometry
    $\varphi \colon V\longrightarrow V$
on a Euclidean vector space, the inverse mapping $\varphi ^{-1}$ is the adjoint endomorphism. In this case, we have indeed
    $\left\langle \varphi (v),w\right\rangle =\left\langle \varphi ^{-1}(\varphi (v)),\varphi ^{-1}(w)\right\rangle =\left\langle v,\varphi ^{-1}(w)\right\rangle \,.$
# Homothety/Adjoint endomorphism/Example

For a homothety $V\rightarrow V$ with scaling factor $s\in {\mathbb {K} }$ on a ${\mathbb {K} }$-vector space $V$, endowed with an inner product, the homothety with scaling factor ${\overline {s}}$ is the adjoint mapping. Indeed, we have
    $\left\langle sv,w\right\rangle =s\left\langle v,w\right\rangle ={\overline {\overline {s}}}\left\langle v,w\right\rangle =\left\langle v,{\overline {s}}w\right\rangle \,.$
# Diagonal matrix/Orthogonal basis/Adjoint endomorphism/Example

Suppose that for the linear mapping
    $\varphi \colon {\mathbb {K} }^{n}\longrightarrow {\mathbb {K} }^{n},$
there exists an orthonormal basis (with respect to the standard inner product) $u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n}$ consisting of eigenvectors; that is, the describing matrix with respect to this basis is in diagonal form
    ${\begin{pmatrix}\lambda _{1}&0&\cdots &\cdots &0\\0&\lambda _{2}&0&\cdots &0\\\vdots &\ddots &\ddots &\ddots &\vdots \\0&\cdots &0&\lambda _{n-1}&0\\0&\cdots &\cdots &0&\lambda _{n}\end{pmatrix}}.$
Then the adjoint endomorphism is described by the complex-conjugated matrix
    $\psi ={\begin{pmatrix}{\overline {\lambda }}_{1}&0&\cdots &\cdots &0\\0&{\overline {\lambda }}_{2}&0&\cdots &0\\\vdots &\ddots &\ddots &\ddots &\vdots \\0&\cdots &0&{\overline {\lambda }}_{n-1}&0\\0&\cdots &\cdots &0&{\overline {\lambda }}_{n}\end{pmatrix}}\,.$
Indeed, on one hand we have
    $\left\langle \varphi (u_{i}),u_{j}\right\rangle =\left\langle \lambda _{i}u_{i},u_{j}\right\rangle =\lambda _{i}\left\langle u_{i},u_{j}\right\rangle \,,$
and on the other hand we have
    $\left\langle u_{i},\psi (u_{j})\right\rangle =\left\langle u_{i},{\overline {\lambda _{j}}}u_{j}\right\rangle =\lambda _{j}\left\langle u_{i},u_{j}\right\rangle \,.$
For $i\neq j$, we have $0$ on both sides, and for $i=j$, we have $\lambda _{i}$ on both sides.
# Vector space/Finite-dimensional/Inner product/Adjoint endomorphism/Existence/Fact

Let $V$ be a finite-dimensional ${\mathbb {K} }$-vector space, endowed with an inner product $\left\langle -,-\right\rangle$, and let
    $\varphi \colon V\longrightarrow V$
denote an endomorphism.
adjoint endomorphism
$\varphi$
# Vector space/Finite-dimensional/Inner product/Adjoint endomorphism/Existence/Fact/Proof

Let
    $\varphi \colon V\longrightarrow V$
be given, and let $w\in V$ be fixed. Then, the mapping
    $V\longrightarrow {\mathbb {K} },v\longmapsto \left\langle \varphi (v),w\right\rangle ,$
is a linear form on $V$. Therefore, there exists (due to fact in the real case; for the complex case see exercise) a right gradient $r=:{\hat {\varphi }}(w)$ in $V$ (uniquely determined by $\varphi$ and $w$) fulfilling
    $\left\langle v,{\hat {\varphi }}(w)\right\rangle =\left\langle \varphi (v),w\right\rangle \,.$
We have to show that the assignment
    $w\longmapsto {\hat {\varphi }}(w)$
is linear. We have
    ${\begin{aligned}\left\langle v,{\hat {\varphi }}(w_{1}+w_{2})\right\rangle &=\left\langle \varphi (v),w_{1}+w_{2}\right\rangle \\&=\left\langle \varphi (v),w_{1}\right\rangle +\left\langle \varphi (v),w_{2}\right\rangle \\&=\left\langle v,{\hat {\varphi }}(w_{1})\right\rangle +\left\langle v,{\hat {\varphi }}(w_{2})\right\rangle \\&=\left\langle v,{\hat {\varphi }}(w_{1})+{\hat {\varphi }}(w_{2})\right\rangle .\end{aligned}}$
As this holds for all $v\in V$, we have
    ${\hat {\varphi }}(w_{1}+w_{2})={\hat {\varphi }}(w_{1})+{\hat {\varphi }}(w_{2})\,.$
Moreover,
    ${\begin{aligned}\left\langle v,{\hat {\varphi }}(sw)\right\rangle &=\left\langle \varphi (v),sw\right\rangle \\&={\overline {s}}\left\langle \varphi (v),w\right\rangle \\&={\overline {s}}\left\langle v,{\hat {\varphi }}(w)\right\rangle \\&=\left\langle v,s{\hat {\varphi }}(w)\right\rangle .\end{aligned}}$
As this holds for all $v\in V$, we get
    ${\hat {\varphi }}(sw)=s{\hat {\varphi }}(w)\,.$
# Vector space/Finite-dimensional/Inner product/Adjoint endomorphism/Matrix/Fact

Let $V$ be a finite-dimensional ${\mathbb {K} }$-vector space, endowed with an inner product $\left\langle -,-\right\rangle$. Let
    $\varphi \colon V\longrightarrow V$
be an endomorphism, and suppose that it is described by the matrix $M$ with respect to the orthonormal basis $u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n}$.
adjoint endomorphism
${\hat {\varphi }}$
${{\overline {M}}^{\text{tr}}}$
# Vector space/Finite-dimensional/Inner product/Adjoint endomorphism/Matrix/Fact/Proof

Let $u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n}$ be the orthonormal basis, and let
    $M={\left(a_{ij}\right)}_{ij}\,$
and
    $N={\left(b_{ij}\right)}_{ij}\,$
be the matrices of $\varphi$ and of ${\hat {\varphi }}$ with respect to this basis. This means that we have in particular
    $\varphi (u_{i})=\sum _{k=1}^{n}a_{ki}u_{k}\,$
and
    ${\hat {\varphi }}(u_{i})=\sum _{k=1}^{n}b_{ki}u_{k}\,.$
Due to adjointness, the relation
    ${\begin{aligned}a_{ji}&=\sum _{k=1}^{n}a_{ki}\left\langle u_{k},u_{j}\right\rangle \\&=\left\langle \sum _{k=1}^{n}a_{ki}u_{k},u_{j}\right\rangle \\&=\left\langle \varphi (u_{i}),u_{j}\right\rangle \\&=\left\langle u_{i},{\hat {\varphi }}(u_{j})\right\rangle \\&=\left\langle u_{i},\sum _{k=1}^{n}b_{kj}u_{k}\right\rangle \\&=\left\langle u_{i},b_{ij}u_{i}\right\rangle \\&={\overline {b_{ij}}}\end{aligned}}$
holds. That is
    ${{\overline {N}}^{\text{tr}}}=M\,,$
and vice versa.
# Vector space/Finite-dimensional/Inner product/Adjoint endomorphism/Properties/Fact

Let $V$ be a finite-dimensional ${\mathbb {K} }$-vector space, endowed with an inner product $\left\langle -,-\right\rangle$. Then the adjoint endomorphism fulfills the following properties (here, $\varphi ,\psi$ denote endomorphisms).
    $[[:Template:Op:Adjointendomorphism]={\hat {\varphi }}+{\hat {\psi }}\,.$
    $[[:Template:Op:Adjointendomorphism]={\overline {s}}{\hat {\varphi }}\,.$
    $[[:Template:Op:Adjointendomorphism]=\varphi \,.$
    $[[:Template:Op:Adjointendomorphism]={\hat {\psi }}\circ {\hat {\varphi }}\,.$
# Vector space/Inner product/Self-adjoint endomorphism/Introduction/Section
## Definition

Vector space/Inner product/Endomorphism/Self-adjoint/Definition
This property simply means
    $\varphi ={\hat {\varphi }}\,.$
A homothety is self-djoint if and only if the scaling factor is real.

## Theorem
### Proof

$\Box$

## Lemma
### Proof

$\Box$
The following statement is called Spectral theorem for self-adjoint endomorphisms.

## Theorem
### Proof

$\Box$
# Endomorphism/Bilinear form/Introduction/Section

Let $V$ be a ${\mathbb {K} }$-vector space, endowed with an inner product. An endomorphism
    $\varphi \colon V\longrightarrow V$
induces, with the help of the inner product, a form $\Psi _{\varphi }$ defined by
    $\Psi _{\varphi }(v,w)=\left\langle \varphi (v),w\right\rangle \,.$
The following properties hold for this form.

## Lemma
### Proof

$\Box$
# Vector space/Inner product/Endomorphism/Sesquilinear form/Fact

Let $V$ be a ${\mathbb {K} }$-vector space, endowed with an inner product. Then the following statements hold.
* The assignment assigns to an endomorphism a sesquilinear form. Hence,
    $\varphi \longmapsto \Psi _{\varphi }$
    $\operatorname {End} _{\left(V\right)}\longrightarrow \operatorname {Sesq} _{\left(V\right)},\varphi \longmapsto \Psi _{\varphi }.$
* This assignment is linear; it is bijective if $V$ has finite dimension.
* Let $V$ be finite-dimensional. The endomorphism $\varphi$ is bijective if and only if $\Psi _{\varphi }$ is not degenerate.
* Let $V$ be finite-dimensional. The endomorphism $\varphi$ is self-adjoint if and only if $\Psi _{\varphi }$ is Hermitian.
# Vector space/Inner product/Endomorphism/Self-adjoint/Definition

Let $V$ be a ${\mathbb {K} }$-vector space, endowed with an inner product, and let
    $\varphi \colon V\longrightarrow V$
be an endomorphism. Then $\varphi$ is called self-adjoint if
    $\left\langle \varphi (u),v\right\rangle =\left\langle u,\varphi (v)\right\rangle \,$
holds for all $u,v\in V$.
# Vector space/Inner product/Endomorphism/Self-adjoint/Characterization with matrix/Fact

Let $V$ be a finite-dimensional ${\mathbb {K} }$-vector space, endowed with an inner product $\left\langle -,-\right\rangle$, and let
    $\varphi \colon V\longrightarrow V$
denote an endomorphism.
$\varphi$
self-adjoint if and only if it is described by an Hermitian matrix with respect to some (every) orthonormal basis
$V$
# Vector space/Inner product/Endomorphism/Self-adjoint/Characterization with matrix/Fact/Proof

If $\varphi$ is self-adjoint, then the statement follows from fact. If $\varphi$ is described by an Hermitian matrix $M$ with respect to a orthonormal basis, then, again by fact, the adjoint endomorphism ${\hat {\varphi }}$ is described by
    ${{\overline {M}}^{\text{tr}}}=M\,$
with respect to this basis. Therefore, it coincides with $\varphi$.
# Linear algebra (Osnabrück 2024-2025)/Vector space/Finite-dimensional/Inner product/Adjoint endomorphism/Matrix/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Lemma 41.6
# Vector space/Inner product/Endomorphism/Self-adjoint/Eigentheory/Fact

Let $V$ be a ${\mathbb {K} }$-vector space, endowed with an inner product, and let
    $\varphi \colon V\longrightarrow V$
be a self-adjoint endomorphism. Then the following statements hold.
* For a $\varphi$-invariant linear subspace $U\subseteq V$, also the orthogonal complement $U^{\perp }$ is $\varphi$-invariant.
* All eigenvalues are real.
* The eigenspaces for different eigenvalues are orthogonal to each other.
* Let $V$ be finite-dimensional. Then the characteristic polynomial of $\varphi$ splits into linear factors.
# Vector space/Inner product/Endomorphism/Self-adjoint/Spectral theorem/Fact

Let $V$ be a ${\mathbb {K} }$-vector space, endowed with an inner product, and let
    $\varphi \colon V\longrightarrow V$
be a self-adjoint endomorphism.
orthonormal basis of $V$ consisting of eigenvectors
$\varphi$
# Vector space/Inner product/Endomorphism/Self-adjoint/Spectral theorem/Fact/Proof

We do induction over the dimension of $V$. Because of fact (4), $\varphi$ has an eigenvector $v$; we may assume that this vector is normed. Due to fact (1), the orthogonal complement
    $W={\mathbb {K} }v^{\perp }\,$
is also invariant. Hence, we have a direct sum decomposition
    $V={\mathbb {K} }v\oplus W\,.$
The restriction of $\varphi$ to $W$ is also self-adjoint. Therefore, the induction hypothesis yields the claim.