OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pecuarius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PECUA'RIUS. A Roman grazier upon a very extensive scale, who farmed the public pastures, upon which he raised and grazed large herds of cattle. Cic. Verr. ii. 6. Liv. x. 23. Compare Varro, R. R. iii. 1. 8.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pedica

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PED'ICA (πέδη). A general term for any snare or gin by which birds and wild animals are caught by the leg (Virg. Georg. i. 307. Liv. xxi. 36.); and sometimes applied to a fetter for men (Plaut. Poen. iii. 1. 11.).
2. Pedica dentata (ποδάγρα, ποδοστράβη). A particular kind of trap, employed by the ancient huntsmen for taking wild deer (Grat. Cyneg. 92.), an account of which is given by Xenophon (Cyneg. ix. 12 — 20. Cyrop. i. 6. 28.), and Pollux (v. 32 — 34.) It consisted of a circular wooden frame, set round with teeth of wood and iron, within which a slip noose was fitted, with a heavy log of wood attached to its opposite extremity. The trap was set in a hole dug for the purpose, and covered over with earth, and the log concealed in another one at a little distance off. When the stag trod on the trap, the spikes pricked his foot, which induced him to withdraw his leg with a jerk, and thus upset the trap. That action slipped the noose on to his foot, and consequently fixed the clog to his leg, which by trailing along the ground, displacing stones, and marking the earth along the course taken in his flight, put the huntsman upon his track, whilst it also materially checked and hampered his speed; for if it got fixed on a front leg, it would fly upwards with every bound, and strike against his breast, neck, or face; if on a hind leg, it would keep knocking against his thighs or belly; and sometimes, by getting wedged amongst stones or stumps, would bring him up to a complete stand-still. A trap very closely resembling this description is used for a similar purpose by the modern Arabs (Wilkinson, Manners and Customs of Ancient Egyptians, vol. iii. p. 6.), which is supposed to be an old Egyptian invention; so that we may conclude it to have been common to several nations of antiquity.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pedisequi

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PEDIS'EQUI. Slaves of both sexes, whose duty it was to attend upon their masters and mistresses whenever they went abroad. They formed a distinct class, and had peculiar services for their own to perform, different for instance, from the anteambulones and nomenclatores, who were not pedisequi, though they likewise followed their masters abroad. Nepos, Att. 13. Plaut. As. i. 3. 32.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pedum

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PEDUM (κορύνη, λαγωβόλον). A shepherd's crook, for catching sheep and goats by the leg; always represented, in works of art, as a simple stick bent into a curve at one end, like the annexed example (Pedum/1.1), from a Pompeian painting, where it is carried by Paris, the Phrygian shepherd; and in this form it is ascribed by poets and artists to the pastoral deities, Pan, the Fauns, and the Satyrs, and to the Muse who presided over pastoral or comic poetry, Thalia. (Festus, s. v. Virg. Ecl. v. 88. Serv. ad l.) An implement of the same description, but rather shorter and stouter, was also employed by the ancient sportsmen and rustics as a throw-stick for casting at hares (Theocr. Id. iv. 49. vii. 129.), from which practice it received the last of the two Greek names bracketed above; and consequently in works of art it is appropriately given in that form to the Centaurs, who are often represented with a dead hare in one hand and a short pedum in the other, to denote the fondness which that race was supposed to cherish for the sport of hunting.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pegmares

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PEGMA'RES. Gladiators introduced into the amphitheatre upon a pegma, which was then made to undergo some sudden change, such as turning into a den filled with wild beasts, amongst which they would be precipitated. (Suet. Cal. 26.) But as the word only occurs in this passage, and the reading is regarded as doubtful, the explanation of it can only be received as a conjectural probability.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pegma

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PEGMA (πῆγμα). Literally, anything made of boards joined together; whence, in a special sense, a machine introduced upon the stage, in the amphitheatre, or upon other occasions where pageants were exhibited, for the purpose of representing any sudden or miraculous change of scenic effect. The apparatus was made of wood, and so constructed, by means of springs and weights in the internal machinery, that it would open and shut, expand or contract, increase or diminish in height, or change of itself into a form altogether different from the original one; like the contrivances employed at our theatres for producing the tricks and changes in a pantomime, of which the pegma was the prototype. Senec. Ep. 88. Claud. Mall. Theod. 325. Phaedr. v. 7. 7. Suet. Claud. 34.
2. In a private house, the term pegma was given generally to several pieces of furniture, as, the case in an atrium in which the ancestral portraits (imagines majorum) were deposited, a bookcase, cupboard, &c., whether fixtures or not. Auson. Epigr. 26. Cic. Att. iv. 8. Ulp. Dig. 33. 7. 12.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pelecinon

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PELECI'NON. One of the may kinds of sun-dials constructed by the ancients, supposed to have received the name from bearing a resemblance to the form of a "dove-tail" in carpentry, and thus to be derived from the Greek word πελεκῖνος, which has that signification; a conjecture rendered highly probable by the annexed example (Pelecinon/1.1), published by Lambecccio (Append. ad Lib. IV. Comment. p. 282.); the top of which is formed exactly like a dove-tail.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pellex

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PELLEX (παλλακή). A woman who lived in a state of immoral intercourse with a married man, or with one who had contracted the sort of alliance termed concubitus with another female. Dig. 50. 16. 144. Becker, Gallus.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pelliculatus

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PELLICULA'TUS. Covered with skin or leather, especially with reference to a bottle or a jar in which fruits, preserves, and other articles requiring the air to be excluded were kept; as in the annexed example (Pelliculatus/1.1), from a Pompeian painting, in which the edges of the leather cap are seen protruding from underneath the lid, which is tied down by cords passing through the handles. Columell. xii. 46. 5. Ib. 39. 2. and 46. 1.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pellitus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PELLI'TUS. Clad in fur or skins; a common style of clothing amongst the northern nations, the Greeks of the heroic ages, and Romans of primitive times, and which continued in use at a subsequent period for the peasantry, and others subjected to the exposure of a country life, such as hunters, fowlers, &c. (Liv. xxiii. 40. Ov. Pont. iv. 8. 83. Prop. iv. 1. 11.) Clothing of this nature is frequently met with on works of art in the form of an exomis; but the annexed figure (Pellitus/1.1), representing a fowler from a statue at Naples, wears a tunic, with an amictus over it, both made of fur.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pelluvia

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PELLU'VIA or -UM (ποδανιπτήρ). A foot-pan, or basin for washing the feet in, as opposed to malluvium, a basin for washing the hands. (Festus, s. v.) The illustration (Pelluvia/1.1), from a Pompeian painting, represents Cupid preparing a foot-bath for Adonis, who, in the original composition, is sitting in front of the vessel; and a bas-relief in Winkelmann (Mon. Ined. No. 161.) exhibits the old nurse washing the feet of Ulysses in a vessel of similar form and character.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Peltasta

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PELTAS'TA (πελταστής). In a general sense, one who wears the light shield called pelta; but the name was also specially given to a particular class of the Greek soldiery who were equipped with this defence (Liv. xxviii. 5. xxxi. 36.), composed originally of Thracian mercenaries, but subsequently adopted into the regular army by Iphicrates the Athenian. (Xen. Hell. iv. 4. 16. v. 12. seq.) In addition to the pelta, they carried a knife or dirk, but had no body armour (Herod. vii. 75.), and thus occupied an intermediate grade between the heavy-armed troops (ὁπλῖται) and those who were altogether unprovided with protective arms (ψιλοί). (Polyb. v. 22. Ib. 23. Ib. 25.) The left-hand figure of Priam in the annexed illustration (Peltasta/1.1), from a marble bas-relief, exhibits and Asiatic peltasta, whose costume corresponds very closely with the description of Herodotus (l. c.); and the right-hand one, from a terra-cotta lamp, represents a gladiator of the class called Thracians (Thraces), who were equipped in the same style as the soldiers of that country; and, consequently, may be received also as an exemplification of the accoutrements and general appearance presented by the military belonging to the corps in question.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Peltata

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PELTA'TA. In a general sense, any female who bears the small light shield called pelta; but more especially used to designate a female warrior of Amazonian race, to whom it is universally attributed by poets and artists as the national arm of defence. Ov. Her. xxi. 117. Am. ii. 14. 2. Mart. ix. 102. Compare Stat. Theb. xii. 761., where peltifera is used in the same sense. The illustration (Peltata/1.1) represents two Amazons, from a marble bas-relief; the one on the left hand, with a lunated pelta of the most usual form, the other of a cylindrical figure, which is of much rarer occurrence.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pelta

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PELTA (πέλτη). A small and light shield made of the same materials as the cetra (Liv. xxviii. 5.); viz. wood or wicker-work covered with leather, but without any metallic rim. In shape it was sometimes elliptic, like the example borne by one of the female figures in the following page; but more commonly truncated at the top, and indented by one or two semicircular incavations, like the annexed specimens (Pelta/1.1), from ancient monuments, whence it is characterised by the epithet lunata (Virg. Aen. 1. 490. Compare Varro, L. L. vii. 43.); and in this form it is more especially characteristic of the Amazons and Asiatic races (Quint. Smyrn. i. 147 — 149.); for the Thracian shield, to which the name of pelta was also given (Herod. vii. 75.), because made of the same light materials, possessed a square and imbricated figure, like the Roman scutum, but upon a smaller scale. See PARMA, 2. and the right-hand figure in the next wood-cut.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pelvis

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PELVIS (πέλις). A basin, in the same extensive meaning as our own term; meaning thereby a large vessel of circular form and open circumference (hence patula, Juv. iii. 277.), intended to hold water for washing for all general purposes, whether persons or things; thus, as a generic term, including the special varieties, although they might be designated by an appropriate name of their own; as the hand-basin (malluvium, where see the illustration), the foot-basin (pelluvium, where an example is also given), and various others enumerated in the Classed Index. Non. Marc. s. v. p. 543. Varro, L. L. v. 119. Pet. Sat. 70. 8. Juv. vi. 441.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Penates

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PENA'TES. Household gods, who were believed to be the creators and dispensers of all the well-being and gifts of fortune enjoyed by a family, as well as an entire community, which it was the object of the guardian spirits (lares) to protect and preserve. It is not clear whether all, or which of the gods, were venerated as penates; for many are mentioned of both sexes, Jupiter, Juno, Minerva, Vesta, Neptune, Apollo, &c.; but every family worshipped one or more of these, whose images were kept in the inner part of the house, the tablinum, situated beyond the atrium. (Cic. N. D. ii. 27. Macrob. Sat. iii. 4. Varro, ap. Arnob. iii. 123. Serv. ad Aen. ii. 296. and 325.) They are represented in various ways on coins and medals; but in the annexed illustration (Penates/1.1), from the Vatican Virigil, which has the name inscribed over them, they appear as old men with their heads veiled, like a priest when officiating at the sacrifice.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Penicillum

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PENICIL'LUM or -US (probably ῥαβδίον. Clearch. ap. Athen. xv. 35.) A painter's brush or pencil for laying on the colour (Cic. Or. 22. Quint. ii. 21. 24.); some of which were made of hair (Plin. H. N. xxviii. 71.), and others of the long pointed fibres of a sponge (Plin. H. N. ix. 69.) The illustration (Penicillum/1.1) represents part of a female figure in a Roman bas-relief, presenting a paint-brush to M. Varro, in allusion to one of his works, which he illustrated with the portraits of celebrated men. The true meaning of the Greek word bracketted as synonymous admits of doubt, and has received various interpretations; but, as it is applied to Parrhasius in a paragraph treating of the effects of colour, which even in some of the encaustic processes was laid on in a liquid state with a brush (see ENCAUSTICA), it is highly probable that the right meaning is alleged.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Peniculamentum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PENICULAMEN'TUM. The end or pointed extremity of a loose garment, such as the chlamys or pallium, which hangs down like the tuft end of a tail. Ennius. Lucil. Caecil. ap. Non. s. v. p. 149.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Peniculus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PENIC'ULUS. A paint-brush. (Plin. H. N. xxxv. 36. § 11.) Same as PENICILLUM, which some editions have in the passage cited.
2. A brush for dusting, made out of the tuft of a cow's tail. Plaut. Men. i. 1. 1. Ib. ii. 3. 45.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Penna

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PENNA. A quill, or large feather growing from the wing or tail, as contradistinct from pluma, the small feather composing the general plumage of the body (Columell. viii. 2. 10.); employed for various purposes, the whole feather for sweeping and dusting out confined or intricate recesses (Pallad. Nov. viii. 1.); the quill part for making tooth-picks (Mart. xiv. 22.); the feather end for making a wing (ala) to the arrow (Ov. Met. vi. 258.), which kepts its head straight, and directed its course through the air. SAGITTA.
2. A pen for writing (Isidor. Orig. xiv. 3.), made of a quill, as shown by the annexed example (Penna/2.1), from the Columns of Trajan and Antoninus, on both of which it appears in the hands of a female figure, personified as Victory, and occupied in recording the military successes of those emperors. The use of the quill, as an implement for writing upon parchment or paper, is, however, of a comparatively late period, the reed or cane (arundo, calamus) being solely employed for that purpose in early times. Beckman assigns the fifth century as the period of its introduction (History of Inventions, vol. i. p. 408. London, 1846); but he was only cognizant of one instance where it is represented on works of art — the marble of the goddess Egeria (Gronov. Thesaur. Antiq. Gr. 2. n. 28.), in which he suggests the probability of the pen having been added by a subsequent hand. Admitting that to be an established fact, instead of a supposition, the two instances quoted above will still remain to be disposed of; and as the object in question appears on both of them about midway up the columns, that is, at an elevation of nearly sixty-four feet above the ground, it would be mere folly to suppose that a scaffolding of that height was ever erected for the useless purpose of making any such addition. It is, therefore, obvious that quill pens were made as early at least as the commencement of the second century, when the Column of Trajan was executed, though they may not have come into general or common use until a much later period.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pennipes

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PEN'NIPES. Having feathers or wings attached to the feet; an epithet given to Mercury and Perseus. (Catull. lxv. 24.) Same as ALIPES, which see.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pensilis

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PEN'SILIS. See HORREUM and HORTUS, 3.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pensum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PEN'SUM. That which is weighed out as a task; more especially applied to the labour of females, because a certain quantity of wool was weighed out daily to each of the female slaves in an ancient household, which she was expected to spin into thread for her day's work. Justin. i. 3. Plaut. Virg. Ov. and LANIPENDIA.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pentaspastos

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PENTASPAS'TOS (πεντάσπαστον). A pulley case, containing a set of five pullies (orbiculi) for raising weights, like the example s. ORBICULUS, only more powerful from its increased action. Vitruv. x. 2. 3.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Pentathlum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PENTATH'LUM (πένταθλον). A word merely translated from the Greek, for which the genuine Latin expression is QUINQUERTIUM.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Penteloris

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PENTELO'RIS, sc. vestis. A garment ornamented with five bands of gold embroidery or purple, as explained under the word PARAGAUDA. Aurel. Vopisc. 46.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Penteris

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PENTE'RIS (πεντήρης). A word merely translated from the Greek, for which the genuine Latin term is QUINQUEREMIS.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Penula

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
PE'NULA. See PAENULA.