OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Open science/Advantages and risks

On this page, you can discuss advantages and risks of open science.

## Advantages

* Open scientists get ideas from non-scientists and other scientists regarding their work. This creates the potential for enriching their scientific process.
* If open scientists write about their work in a way which is understandable by non-scientists, scientific results are given to the public. This may result in a change of the public's image of science.

## Risks

* Scientists often argue that publishing their work in progress would enable others to steal the ideas. But: If an open scientist writes about an idea, i.e. in his personal weblog, it is clear that he had the idea and when he had it. If other scientists read about his idea in the blog, they are obliged to reference the website.
* Writing about work in progress includes the risk of writing about erroneous thoughts. Open scientists make their mistakes public. But: Teachers tell their students in schools that they should understand mistakes as chances to learn. Wouldn't it be great if scientists would be models of learning from errors and reflecting on mistakes?

## Literature

* G. Reinmann contrasts the ideas of online publishing of scientific papers with claims of publishers, publishing companies etc. in her weblog, based on personal experiences of own research activities.
# Open science/Laws

Open science is discovery process conducted using methods widely employed in open source software development: all data and ideas are freely shared between participants and anyone may take part. These are summarised as six laws:
* All data are open and all ideas are shared
* Anyone can take part at any level of the project
* There will be no patents
* Suggestions are the best form of criticism
* Public discussion is much more valuable than private email
* The project is bigger than, and is not owned by, any given lab. The aim is to find a good solution to a problem, by whatever means, as quickly as possible.

## Acknowledgement

These laws are adapted from:
* Open Source Drug Discovery for Malaria, Matt Todd, The Synaptic Leap, 2011
* Open Source Drug Discovery (OpenWetWare)
# Open projects

This page is to facilitate learning about open projects that exist. An open project can be an open source project, and/or a project that many individuals are invited to participate in. For example, Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO's) are a relatively new form of organizational structure, and many DAO's invite open participation.

## Types of open projects

* Open design
* Open design vertical farm
* Open source design

## Learning resources
### Wikipedia

* Open design
* Open publishing
* Open standards
* Open source software
* Open source hardware
* Open standards
* Open specifications
* Open content
* Open access

#### Open projects

* Free Software Initiative
* GNU
* Jamendo
* LinuxBIOS
* Linux
* OLPC
* OpenCola
* OpenMoko
* OpenOffice
* PLoS ONE
* Penelope (e-mail client)
* RepRap_Project
* WikiMedia

## Local open projects

* cisLunarFreighter
* Lunar Boom Town
* Portal:Learning projects

## Discussion questions and essay ideas

* In what ways can projects be "open" projects?
* What are advantages to open projects versus closed projects?
* What might a "closed" project look like? Does a "closed" project imply private or confidential?

## On this wiki

Here are ideas about was to utilize Wikiversity to learn about and conduct research on open projects. Open projects could be examined from a variety of perspectives. Economists could study the economics of open projects; sociologists could study the way they affect society and the groups working on them interact. The dynamics of open projects could also be studied by psychologists, educators, business types, and probably from other perspectives as well.
If you would be interested in further utilizing Wikiversity as a tool to investigate open projects, you could do that by...
participating in or studying some active probably open, projects.

## Case study
### Air filter open project

* DIY Air Filters For Classrooms? Experts Are Enthusiastic — And A Citizen Scientist Makes It Easy
* Open Source Air Purifier
* The Homemade Air Purifier That’s Been Saving Lives During the Covid-19 Pandemic
* DIY box fan air filters – Corsi-Rosenthal box
* Corsi–Rosenthal Box (Wikipedia Reading) - "The Corsi–Rosenthal Box, also called a Corsi–Rosenthal Cube or a Comparetto Cube, is a design for a do-it-yourself air purifier that can be built comparatively inexpensively. It was designed during the COVID-19 pandemic with the goal of reducing the levels of airborne viral particles in indoor settings."
   * Minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) (Wikipedia Reading) - "Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value, commonly known as MERV, is a measurement scale designed in 1987 by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) to report the effectiveness of air filters in more detail than other ratings."
# Open publishing

This research resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
Open publishing is a process of freely and openly sharing content with readers.

## Medical journals with open access

| Journal or publisher | Publication fee | Impact | Other notes |
| Internet Scientific Publications | $275 | | Publisher of multiple medical journals whose title begins as "The Internet Journal of...", with multiple medical topics. |
| Wikiversity Journal of Medicine | 0 | Each included image gets over 50,000 views per month from Wikipedia readers | Gathering scientific works that can be used in Wikipedia, or that are notable in their own right. |
# Open science

Open scientists engage in making their work as transparent as possible by using the world wide web to:
* discuss own research ideas, methods and results with others
* keep a public lab notebook (cf. open notebook science)
* make their teaching open to public discussion
* blog about their scientific activity and while doing this not only reflect about their own action, but also encourage others
* make problems public they are actually working on, thus giving others the chance to participate actively in the problem-solving process (see Wikiversity: Open problem)
* submit articles to publication institutions which have set up a public review process
* assess articles for publication institutions which have set up a public review process
* write their scientific articles in public (e.g. in wikis like this) from the start or making preprints or peer-reviewed articles freely accessible (this latter point represents the classical "Open Access")
* make raw data and analytical tools (on which their works are based) freely accessible
Open scientists do not have to implement all of these points. Depending on how many of these aspects are taken into account, they are "more" or "less" open to the public. An important point is that not only products of scientific activity are published (all scientists do this), but that the process of scientific work is made transparent.
We are a community of open scientists. We want to create ideas how science can be made more open, and we discuss problems and limits of open science. Join our network and participate in our discussions!

## Overview

* Laws of open science
* List of open scientists and supporters
* Ideas for open scientists
* Advantages and risks of open science
* Related projects
* Related articles
* Links

## Self-understanding and support

We have a template set up, which you can find at: de:Vorlage:User public scientist (work is in progress to make it available here also). The template can be put on user pages. A guide is available on the template's page.
# Open science/Ideas
## Ideas for Open Scientists

How can scientists make their work process more public? Here you can add and discuss ideas which may include both research and teaching!
See also Christian Spannagel's talk about open science in the web 2.0 (in German).

#### Translating scientific results

Open scientists can describe the results of their work in the web, i.e. in a personal weblog. They must try to write in a way which is understandable by non-scientists. Using a weblog would offer the possibility for all people to comment on the texts of the open scientists and to start a discussion between the open scientist and non-scientists.

#### Inviting people to participate

An open scientist can invite people to participate in the scientific process by asking for ideas and comments in the web, i.e. in a personal weblog.

#### Online discussions of talks and presentations

After presentations of research results, normally discussions take place. Open scientists could create a wiki page in advance where the discussion could be summarized during the discussion (or only headwords are stored, and the statements could be written out after the discussion). This would enable all participants to continue the discussion later on, even days or months after the talk. Examples:
* Presentation of Christian Spannagel in Heerlen 2008 or
* Discussion of a talk given by Dieter Wunderlich in Leipzig in 2007.

#### Public reference lists

Open scientists can publish and share their lists of references in web 2.0 tools like CiteULike, bibsonomy, or connotea.

#### Publishing the philosophy of teaching

Open Scientists can make their philophy of teaching transparent by explaining their educational principles online. Example: Christian Spannagel's Philosophy of Teaching (German)

#### Online feedback on courses

Open Scientists can invite students to give feedback on their teaching on a website (wiki, for example). This would allow for discussing educational principles and possible improvements. Example: Discussion of Christian Spannagel's courses (German)
# Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/RESEARCH PROJECTS/Sharad Shresta et al. Risk assessment in the artisanal fisheries in developing and developed countries/Zoom meetings
##### Meetings

Next fri 22 jan 3 PM
Mon 7 Dec 10am
* next to prepare manuscript after IMH
Zoom meeting Monday Nov 27 at 6pm:
* IMH choice for publ journal
* manuscript draft after PRISMA
* references use Harv and change to Van before publication
* rules co-author in IMH aut guideline
* Next meeting xxxxx v 4pm
Zoom meeting Monday Nov 2 at 5pm: with S+O
* IMH choice for publ journal
* manuscript draft after PRISMA
* references use Harv and change to Van before publication
* rules co-author in IMH aut guideline
* Next meeting 27 Nov 4pm

##### Agenda

* Check out the Wikiversity page
* Start to add information in PRISMA forms based on tesis
* PRISMA Flow Diagram Word
* PRISMA Checklist Word
# Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/RESEARCH PROJECTS/Systematic review of occupational safety interventions in the fishing industry/Zoom meetings

Zoom 22 Sep 2020 at 3 pm DK time
* Participants: SS, OJ
* Agreements
* Goal: To produce a systematic review article based on SS Thesis to be published in 2021:
* Authors SS first, with OJ and DAB as co-authors
* Search for the most adequate journal and the requirements, number of words etc.
* Orientation in PRISMA and PRISMA Scope
* Next meeting Wed 30 3pm DK time
# Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/Standard Questionnaire Based studies
## Methods

Data will be collected with questionnaires to be answered electronically, by interview or self-contained. The questions will consist of three parts,
* One permanent introduction with the demographic information about the person and the ship/workplace
* The second and main part will be selected from the list of standard questionnaires below
* Extra questions for specific wishes

## Design

Repeated cross-sectional rounds in a prospective dynamic cohort design. The follow up with an analysis of any changes in the overall answers will be analyzed for more than one time responders. In each questionnaire, round the first time, respondents will constitute a new cohort.

## Follow-up of the cohorts

For each of the questionnaire rounds, there will be a question about the completion of a similar questionnaire before. And thereby comparison by groups of workers like specific job positions, type of ship, etc. The objective is to identify trends of risky work indicators, wellbeing, and health claims.

## Data content

The target study populations are maritime schools and maritime workers organizations. For each round, one standard questionnaire or part of it and some specific items are used e.g.
* General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12)
* Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire(NMQ)
* Nordic Safety Climate Scheme (NOSACQ-50)
* Copenhagen Psycho-Social Social Questionnaire (CoPSQ)
* Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire (NOSQ-2002)
* Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ)
* Self-Reported Injury at work
* Objective and subjective assessments of workplace and hazards exposures
* European Working Conditions Surveys (EWCS) part of can be used
* Permanent variables: age, nationality gender, height, weight, smoking, general health, officer/not officer, job/workplace, ship type&size
# Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/RESEARCH PROJECTS/Sharad Shresta et al. Risk assessment in the artisanal fisheries in developing and developed countries 2020-21
## Zoom meetings

Title: Risk assessment in the artisanal fisheries in developing and developed countries Authors: Sharad, Olaf, Despena

## Theoretical Modules

* Start and complete a research project
* Electronic Research tools_1
* Electronic Research tools 2
* Reading of scientific articles
* Theoretical epidemiology and biostatstics
* Checklists manuscript

##### References

How to write articles
# Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/RESEARCH PROJECTS/Sheila Siame et al. Systematic review of occupational safety interventions in the fishing industry 2020-21
## Systematic review Article
#### Title

Systematic review of occupational safety interventions in the fishing industry ...

#### Authors

Sheila, Olaf, Despena

#### THEORETICAL MODULES (open)

* Start and complete a research project
* Electronic Research tools_1
* Electronic Research tools 2
* Reading of scientific articles
* Theoretical epidemiology and biostatstics
* Checklists manuscript

##### References

How to write articles
# Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/RESEARCH PROJECTS/Sheila Siame et al. Systematic review of occupational safety interventions in the fishing industry 2020-21/Zoom meetings

Zoom meeting 10 Nov at 3pm Danish time
contact failed - well find a new day
Zoom meeting 10 Nov at 3pm Danish time
* With SS, OJ and DAB
* selection of good journal,
* manuscript preparation PRISMAe)
* Plagiarism just to mention
* Sheila will announce next meeting

#### Zoom meeting 27 Oct at 3pm Danish time

* With SS, OJ and DAB
* selection of good journal,
* manuscript preparation PRISMAe)
* Sheila will announce next meeting
Zoom 22 Oct 2020 at 4 pm DK time
* New articles will be added to the manuscript dissertation
* DAB is with us
* I invite
Zoom 7 Oct 2020 at 4 pm DK time
* New articles will be added to the manuscript dissertation
* Next meeting 22 Oct at 4pm Danish time
Zoom 30 Sep 2020 at 3 pm DK time Participants: SS, OJ Agreements:
* PRISMA and use IMH Journal
Zoom 22 Sep 2020 at 3 pm DK time Participants: SS, OJ Agreements
* Goal: To produce a systematic review article based on SS Thesis to be published in 2021:
* Authors SS first, with OJ and DAB as co-authors
* Search for the most adequate journal and the requirements, number of words etc.
* Orientation in PRISMA and PRISMA Scope
* Next meeting Wed 30 3pm DK time
# Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/RESEARCH PROJECTS/Systematic review of occupational safety interventions in the fishing industry - Sheila Siame et al. 2020-21/Zoom meetings

Zoom 22 Sep 2020 at 3 pm DK time
* Participants: SS, OJ
* Agreements
* Goal: To produce a systematic review article based on SS Thesis to be published in 2021:
* Authors SS first, with OJ and DAB as co-authors
* Search for the most adequate journal and the requirements, number of words etc.
* Orientation in PRISMA and PRISMA Scope
* Next meeting Wed 30 3pm DK time
# Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/RESEARCH PROJECTS/Sharad Shresta et al. Risk assessment in the artisanal fisheries in developing and developed countries

Next meeting Fri 12 feb at 4pm
We revise Table 1-3 oj take table 1

## Zoom meetings
##### Title

Risk assessment in the artisanal fisheries in developing and developed countries

##### Authors

Sharad, Olaf, Despena

#### THEORETICAL MODULES (open)

* Start and complete a research project
* Electronic Research tools_1
* Electronic Research tools 2
* Reading of scientific articles
* Theoretical epidemiology and biostatstics
* Checklists manuscript

##### References

How to write articles
# Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/RESEARCH PROJECTS/Systematic review of occupational safety interventions in the fishing industry
## Theoretical Modules

* Start and complete a research project
* Electronic Research tools_1
* Electronic Research tools 2
* Reading of scientific articles
* Theoretical epidemiology and biostatstics
* Checklists manuscript

##### References

How to write articles
# Matrix/2x2/Invers/1/Exercise

Let
    $M={\begin{pmatrix}11&-20\\6&-11\end{pmatrix}}\,.$
a) Show
    $M^{2}=E_{2}\,.$
b) Determine the inverse matrix of $M$.
c) Solve the equation
    $M{\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}4\\-9\end{pmatrix}}\,.$
# Matrix/3x3/Eigenvector/Check/2/Exercise

Check whether the vector ${\begin{pmatrix}7\\2\\3\end{pmatrix}}$ is an eigenvector of the matrix
    ${\begin{pmatrix}2&-4&-9\\-2&7&-2\\-1&-1&0\end{pmatrix}}.$
In this case, determine the corresponding eigenvalue.
# Matrix/2/Square roots of identity matrix/Exercise

Find, appart from the matrices ${\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&1\end{pmatrix}}$ and ${\begin{pmatrix}-1&0\\0&-1\end{pmatrix}}$, four more matrices $M$ fulfilling the property $M^{2}={\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&1\end{pmatrix}}$.
# Matrix/2x2/Shearing/Characteristic polynomial/Example

We consider the $2\times 2$-shearing matrix
    $M={\begin{pmatrix}1&a\\0&1\end{pmatrix}}\,,$
with $a\in K$. The characteristic polynomial is
    $\chi _{M}=(X-1)(X-1)\,,$
so that $1$ is the only eigenvalue of $M$. The corresponding eigenspace is
    $\operatorname {Eig} _{1}{\left(M\right)}=\operatorname {ker} {\left({\begin{pmatrix}0&-a\\0&0\end{pmatrix}}\right)}\,.$
From
    ${\begin{pmatrix}0&-a\\0&0\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}r\\s\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}-as\\0\end{pmatrix}}\,,$
we get that ${\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}}$ is an eigenvector, and in case $a\neq 0$, the eigenspace is one-dimensional (in case $a=0$, we have the identity and the eigenspace is two-dimensional). So in case $a\neq 0$, the algebraic multiplicity of the eigenvalue $1$ equals $2$, and the geometric multiplicity equals $1$.
# Matrix/1562 57-4-3 00-28 0019/Trigonalizable/Exercise

Determine whether the real matrix
    ${\begin{pmatrix}1&5&6&2\\5&7&-4&-3\\0&0&-2&8\\0&0&1&9\end{pmatrix}}$
is trigonalizable or not.
# Matrix/3x3/Eigenvector/Check/3/Exercise

Check whether the vector ${\begin{pmatrix}6\\-5\\8\end{pmatrix}}$ is an eigenvector of the matrix
    ${\begin{pmatrix}-8&0&-1\\2&4&-5\\-3&7&2\end{pmatrix}}.$
In this case, determine the corresponding eigenvalue.
# Matrix/3x3/Eigenvector/Check/1/Exercise

Check whether the vector ${\begin{pmatrix}3\\1\\-1\end{pmatrix}}$ is an eigenvector for the matrix
    ${\begin{pmatrix}-2&-5&1\\0&-2&2\\4&-3&5\end{pmatrix}}.$
In this case, determine the corresponding eigenvalue.
# Matrix/2 0 5 0 -1 0 8 0 5/Eigenspaces/Exercise

Determine the eigenvalues and the eigenspaces of the linear mapping
    $\varphi \colon \mathbb {R} ^{3}\longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ^{3},v\longmapsto Mv,$
given by the matrix
    $M={\begin{pmatrix}2&0&5\\0&-1&0\\8&0&5\end{pmatrix}}\,.$
# Matrix/3 5 0 3/Jordan/Exercise

Suppose that a linear mapping
    $\varphi \colon \mathbb {R} ^{2}\longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ^{2}$
is given by the matrix
    ${\begin{pmatrix}3&5\\0&3\end{pmatrix}}$
with respect to the standard basis. Find a basis, such that $\varphi$ is described by the matrix
    ${\begin{pmatrix}3&1\\0&3\end{pmatrix}}$
with respect to this basis.
# Measure Theory/Properties of General Integrals
## Properties and Convergence of General Integrals

Recall the definition of the length-measure integral of a measurable function $f:E\to {\mathbb {R}}$,
    $\int _{E}f=\int _{E}f^{+}-\int _{E}f^{-}$
and recall the definitions
    $f^{+}=\max\{f,0\},\quad f^{-}=\max\{-f,0\}$
In this lesson, assume
* $f,g,f_{n}:E\to {\mathbb {R}}$ are measurable functions
* $f_{n}\to f$
* $c,d\in {\mathbb {R}}$
* $|f_{n}|\leq g$ for all $n\in {\mathbb {Z}}^{+}$

#### Exercise 1. Consistency

Explain why the check for consistency, which we have done for previous generalizations of integral definitions, is trivial in this case.

#### Exercise 2. Basic Properties of General Integrals

Prove the basic properties of general integrals: Linearity, order-preserving, triangle inequality, the ML bound, and finite additivity.
Note: What is the positive part of $f+g$ in terms of $f^{+},f^{-},g^{+},g^{-}$?

### Lebesgue's Dominated Convergence Theorem

Here resides the last (or, depending on how you count, the penultimate) of the great and famous convergence theorems of measure theory.
Definition: dominated sequence
Let $\langle f_{n}\rangle$ be a sequence of functions $f_{n}:A\to {\mathbb {R}}$ and $g:A\to {\mathbb {R}}$ another function. If for all $n\in {\mathbb {Z}}^{+}$ we have $|f_{n}|\leq g$ then we say that g dominates the sequence $\langle f_{n}\rangle$.
Besides the assumptions at the top of this page, further assume that g is integrable.
Lebesgue's Dominated Convergence Theorem then states that the swaparoo follows.
    $\lim _{n\to \infty }\int _{E}f_{n}=\int \lim _{n\to \infty }f_{n}=\int _{E}f$
# Measure Theory/Properties of Simple Integrals
## Properties of Simple Integrals

The properties of simple integrals are not truly interesting for their own sake -- as far I know, anyway.
But rather they are tools that we will be happy to have, when we prove the corresponding facts for length-integrals. For example, we will prove that if two simple functions satisfy $\varphi \leq \psi$ then the simple integrals satisfy $\int \varphi \leq \int \psi$. This will allow us to prove that if two measurable function satisfy $f\leq g$ then the length-measure integrals satisfy $\int f\leq \int g$, and this is the result that is truly of interest.
Throughout this lesson we will assume that whenever a simple function is given, it is given in canonical form.
We will also assume that the functions are non-zero on a set of finite measure. That is to say, we will assume for every simple function, $\psi$, in this lesson,
* there is some $E\in {\mathcal {M}}$ such that $\lambda (E)<\infty$
* for all $x\in E^{c},\quad \psi (x)=0$.

### Linearity

We will prove that simple integration distributes over sums and scalar multiples.
Let $\varphi =\sum _{i=1}^{m}c_{i}\mathbf {1} _{E_{i}},{\text{ and }}\psi =\sum _{i=1}^{n}d_{i}\mathbf {1} _{F_{i}}$ be any two simple functions. (Assume that $G\in {\mathcal {M}}$ has finite measure and outside of G, both of these functions are identically zero.)

#### Exercise 1. Constrained Simple Integrals Exist

Show that $\int \varphi$ is a finite real number.

#### Exercise 2. Linearity of Simple Integration

Show, using an earlier exercise about the sum of simple functions, that $\int (\varphi +\psi )=\int \varphi +\int \psi$.
Also show that if $c\in {\mathbb {R}}$ then $\int c\varphi =c\int \varphi$.
Infer linearity:
    $\forall c,d\in {\mathbb {R}},\quad \int (cf+dg)=c\int f+d\int g$

### Inequality Preserving

With $\varphi ,\psi$ as above, suppose further that $\varphi \leq \psi$.

#### Exercise 3. Prove Inequality Preserving

Prove that $\int \varphi \leq \int \psi$.
Hint: From $\varphi \leq \psi$ infer $0\leq \psi -\varphi$. Now use this to argue that $0\leq \int (\psi -\varphi )$ and from there, infer the desired result by appealing to linearity.