OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A Course in Discrete Math/Chapter 1 Logic/Homework set 1
## Exercise 1

Identify which of these sentences are propositions.
* Every square is also a circle.
* x+1=2.
* Oh hello!
* Help me with the door, please.
* There's no business like show business.

## Exercise 2

Below is an association between propositional variables and specific propositions.
    r: You are root.
    g: You are in the management user group.
    i: You have privilege to install programs.
    m: You have a gym membership.
    d: You paid the gym day-pass fee.
    u: You may use the gym.
Translate the English sentences below into symbolic form, using the association above.
* You do not have privilege to install programs unless you are root.
* You have installation privilege only if you are root or are in the management user group.
* If you are root then you have installation privilege, but must not be in the management user group.
* To use the gym you must pay the day-pass fee, unless you have a gym membership.

## Exercise 3

With the same meanings of the propositional variables r, g, i, m, d, and u, translate the following symbolic expressions into natural English.
* $r\oplus (\neg g)$
* $i\leftrightarrow r$
* $\neg u\land \neg m$

## Exercise 4

Determine whether the following conditionals are true.
* "If 1+1 = 2 then 2+2 = 4."
* "If 1+1 = 1 then 2+2 = 4."
* "If 1+1 = 1 then 2+2 = 2."
* "2 > 3 if and only if 0 > 1."

## Exercise 5

Make up your own symbol key to symbolize the following propositions.
The choice of letter for each variable is not important, although it is standard to use a letter that is at least somewhat reflective of the proposition's content.
What is important, is that the meaning associated with each variable should not itself contain any propositional operators.
* To take calculus you must take algebra and geometry.
* To get the job, it is necessary but not sufficient to meet the educational qualifications.

## Exercise 6

Let n be any natural number, $1\leq n$. Argue that
    $\bigwedge _{i=1}^{n}p_{i}$
is true only on the row of the truth table where all variables $p_{1},p_{2},\dots ,p_{n}$ are all assigned to T.
Note: As this course progresses, we will develop proof writing skills. At this early stage, you are not expected to give fully professional proofs because we haven't yet developed that skill!
Therefore, your argument should be convincing, but it does not need to be formal in the way that we will require later in the course.
However, your argument should not be as simple as "$\bigwedge _{i=1}^{n}p_{i}$ just means that all the variables are true". It should be more like "If all the variables are assigned to T then ... (fill in this argument). But if some variable is not assigned to T then ... (fill in this argument)."
# Introduction to Italian/Lesson 1
## COME PRESENTARSI/HOW TO INTRODUCE YOURSELF

Ciao - Hi, hello Buon giorno - Good morning Buon pomeriggio - Good afternoon (less used) Buona sera - Good evening Buona notte - Good night Arrivederci - bye bye - see you soon
Addio - Goodbye, farewell (formal, denotes a goodbye forever)
Come ti chiami? - What's your name? Mi chiamo Marco - My name is Marco Chi sei? - Who are you? (informal) Chi è Lei? - Who are you? (formal) Sono Marco - I am Marco Molto piacere - Nice to meet you (more literally "Much pleasure [to meet you]") Come stai? - How are you? (informal) Come sta? - How are you? (formal) Bene - Well, fine Benissimo - Very well Abbastanza bene - Fairly well Male - Badly Malissimo - Very badly Così così - So-so Parli italiano? - Do you speak Italian? (informal) Parla italiano? - Do you speak Italian? (formal) Parlo un po' di italiano - I don't speak much Italian. Non parlo italiano - I don't speak Italian. Parlo italiano abbastanza bene - I speak Italian pretty well. Chi parla inglese? - Who speaks English? Mi piace... - I like...
Most Italian words end with a vowel. All the vowels must be pronunced. Most Italian words are stressed on the next-to-last syllable (as in "Arrivederci"). Double consonants are always pronounced (as in "Arrivederci"). There are a lot of regional dialects, so the pronunciation could be different by the local standard.
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# One man's look at wiki

This article by Dan Polansky looks at wikis, including Wikipedia. The material is going to be idiosyntactically selected and organized.

## General notes

Wikis are pure genius: The use of plain text enables some of the best diff determination/calculation available. The plain text is reasonably human legible, which is much less true of e.g. LaTeX markup. At the same time, the preview and the final form is good-looking HTML. The inline referencing facility is very convenient, as is templating and even Lua programming. Editors can prepare their page changes offline using a plain text editor of their choice. Editors can easily produce some wiki content programmatically, e.g. a wiki table from some data source.
Not all wikis use the same governance model as Wikipedias and their ilk. For instance, Czech medical doctors and medical students operate a wiki called Wikiskripta (I think), in which not everyone can edit (I think) and some editors appear to be more important than the others. And that does not need to be a bad thing; it is not the MediaWiki technology that enforces particular governance model. Of course, there is the failed fork Citizendium with its failed governance model.

## Angophone vs. Czech wiki culture

Let me note some differences I observed:
* In Czech wiki projects, editors are often asked on their talk page to use preview function and avoid saving many intermediate revisions. I don't recall seeing this in an Anglophone project, though it may exist; if it does, it is not widespread.
* In Czech wiki projects, editors are often asked on their talk page to provide an edit summary for each edit. Unless I am mistaken, editors who repeatedly refuse to comply are blocked for a short time. I have seen nothing of the sort in the English Wiktionary or the English Wikiversity; as for the English Wikipedia, I am rather inactive.
* In Czech wiki projects, people often address each other kolego and kolega (colleague), which reminds me of soudruhu (Comrade). In the Anglophone wikis, I did not notice any similar term of address.
* In Anglophone wikis, use of vulgarities by administrators is relatively common; it is unacceptable in the Czech Wikipedia.
# Tornado

A tornado is a tube of violently spinning air that touches the ground. Wind inside the tornado spins fast, but the actual 'circle' of wind around them is massive. This makes tornadoes dangerous. Tornadoes are especially dangerous to people in cars or mobile homes.
Tornadoes mostly happen during strong thunderstorms called supercell storms. They cause a lot of damage to anything in the path. Tornadoes are ranked on the Fujita scale, from F0 to F5. The F0 has the lowest wind speed, and the F5 has the highest one.
Tornadoes can happen in nearly any part of the world. In the United States, a tornado has been created in all states. The middle part of the United States is nicknamed 'Tornado Alley' for the large number of tornadoes created there.
A tornado does not necessarily need to be visible; however, the extremely low pressure caused by the high wind speeds and rapid rotation usually causes water vapor in the air to condense into a visible condensation funnel. The tornado is the vortex of wind, not the condensation cloud.
A single storm may produce multiple tornadoes and mesocyclones. Tornadoes produced from the same storm are referred to as a tornado family. Sometimes multiple tornadoes from distinct mesocyclones occur at the same time.

## Tornado outbreak

Occasionally, several tornadoes are spawned from the same very large storm. If there is no break in their activity, this is considered a tornado outbreak, although there are various definitions. A period of several successive days with tornado outbreaks in the same general area (spawned by multiple weather systems) is a tornado outbreak sequence, occasionally called an extended tornado outbreak.
# COVID-19/All-cause deaths/Brazil

Monthly all-cause deaths in Brazil, based on World Mortality Dataset data, world_mortality.csv:
Above, the last two months available from the source data were excluded to prevent the worst effect of registration delay.
All-cause death excess percentage in Brazil, year by year, based on the same data as above:
Above, the minimum over previous last 3 years is taken as the baseline against which the excess is calculated, and the last year is dropped as incomplete.
Script oneliner to update the chart:
* plotWmd.py world_mortality.csv BRA
* plotWmd.py world_mortality.csv BRA --ep 3
See also:
External links:
* World Mortality Dataset at akarlinsky, hithub.com
* W:COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, wikipedia.org
# Meteorological Piracicaba/October 11, 2024 Bow Echo

On the evening of October 11, 2024, the city of Piracicaba was impacted by an arc-shaped storm, characterized as a bow echo. The event, which occurred in the midst of a severe weather wave that affected the state of São Paulo, had wind gusts of up to 84.2 km/h recorded by the Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET), heavy rain and small, localized hail. This study analyzes the meteorological factors that led to the formation of the storm, its chronology and characteristics.
Formation of the Storm
The sequence of events that culminated in the storm of October 11, 2024 began on October 9, when Piracicaba began to experience a combination of meteorological factors. The entry of a cold front, an area of low pressure coming from Paraguay, the persistence of heat, most humid air and the formation of an atmospheric trough contributed to an environment conducive to atmospheric instability. The rains that occurred on October 10 raised the humidity of the air, setting the stage for convective development.
On the 11th, the entry of a cold front associated with an extratropical cyclone met with the heat air mass, whose temperature reached 31°C, and the accumulated humidity in the region. In the afternoon, several convective cells began to form in the state of São Paulo due to thermodynamic instability, driven by a jet stream at low levels of the atmosphere and the entry of an atmospheric trough.
Chronology and Characteristics of the Storm
The storm began to intensify as the cold front's squall line advanced, reinforcing convective cells and forming mesoscale convective complexes (MCC). Around 6 pm, an arc-shaped storm formed west of Piracicaba, moving towards the city.
At 7:10 pm. The storm began to affect Piracicaba, bringing intense winds and heavy rain. At 7:15 pm, the city was under the influence of the gust front, with the intensification of precipitation. At 7:22 pm, small hail began to be reported in parts of the city, lasting approximately three minutes. The hailstones fell irregularly and in sequence, coinciding with the intensity of the rain, while the storm's downdrafts pushed the hail toward the ground.
At 7:30 pm, the storm ended, with wind gusts reaching 84.2 km/h and total precipitation of 6 mm, according to data from the INMET station. The hail was an isolated phenomenon, as Piracicaba was the only city in the state of São Paulo to register the occurrence at that time.
Features of a bow echo
The storm exhibited typical bow echo features, including the curved echo, strong and sudden winds, hail, and radar behavior. Although the storm line was initially nearly straight, it curved as it moved.
# The 2024 Missouri abortion amendment

The 2024-10-08 episode of Radio Active Magazine on KKFI, the Kansas City affiliate of the Pacifica radio network, featured an interview with Emily Wales, President and CEO of Planned Parenthood Great Plains (PPGP), about the 2024 Missouri Constitutional Amendment 3. This amendment would legalize abortion in Missouri before fetal viability.
Lisa Loving with Pacifica requested a 10-minute version of that interview. That 10-minute podcast is included with this article to make it more accessible to others.
# Palestinian campus occupations of 2024

2024_University_of_Oregon_pro-Palestinian_campus_occupation. President Scholz on May 1st 7th May Statement from Ducks for Israel, Hillel, Chabad, jewish federation of Lane County 9th May statement from UofO negotiators, will not boycott or divest, but will fund viisting scholar program. Endorses statement by AAUP Daily Emerald coverage ASUO Senate BDS resolution UO Palestine Coalition response
2024 Portland State University pro-Palestinian campus occupation
ASOSU BDS resolution
2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses
* ↑ "Addressing free speech, safety, and current events | Office of the President". president.uoregon.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
* ↑ "Instagram". www.instagram.com. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
* ↑ "UO response to encampment demands | UO Free Speech and Safety at UO". freespeech.uoregon.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
* ↑ newsletter (2024-05-03). "United Academics statement on Campus Protests". The Duck & Cover. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
* ↑ Emerald, Daily (2023-11-27). "Encampment". Daily Emerald. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
* ↑ "Divestment Resolution". Google Docs. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
* ↑ "Instagram". www.instagram.com. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
* ↑ "BDS resolution". Google Docs. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
# Linear algebra (Osnabrück 2024-2025)/Part II/Lecture 35

    Angle-preserving mappings
Euclidean spaces/Angle-preserving mappings/Section
    Distances between sets
Euclidean space/Distances/Subsets/Introduction/Section
# C/Multiplication/Real/Angle-preserving/Example

Let
    $\varphi \colon \mathbb {C} \longrightarrow \mathbb {C}$
be a $\mathbb {C}$-linear mapping that is given by the multiplication with the complex number
    $w=a+b{\mathrm {i} }\neq 0\,.$
With respect to the real basis $1,{\mathrm {i} }$ of $\mathbb {C} =\mathbb {R} ^{2}$, this mapping is described by the real $2\times 2$-matrix
    ${\begin{pmatrix}a&-b\\b&a\end{pmatrix}}.$
We write this matrix as
    ${\begin{pmatrix}a&-b\\b&a\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}{\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}}}&0\\0&{\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}}}\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {a}{\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}}}}&-{\frac {b}{\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}}}}\\{\frac {b}{\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}}}}&{\frac {a}{\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}}}}\end{pmatrix}}\,.$
Therefore, we have a composition of an isometry (a plane rotation) and of a homothety with the scalar factor
    $\vert {w}\vert ={\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}}}\,;$
in particular, this is an angle-preserving mapping.
# Euclidean space/Distances/Subsets/Introduction/Section
## Definition

Metric space/Distance/Subsets/Infimum/Definition
We will apply this concepts for normed vector spaces and for Euclidean vector spaces. For two points $P,Q\in V$, the distance between the sets $\{P\}$ and $\{Q\}$ equals $d(P,Q)$.
We will mainly work in situations where the infimum is obtained, that is, the infimum is also a minimum. This is the typical behavior for linear objects.

## Lemma
### Proof

$\Box$
In this context, $p_{U}(v)$ is also called the dropped perpendicular foot of $v$ on $U$.

## Corollary
### Proof

$\Box$

## Corollary
### Proof

$\Box$
These considerations do also hold for affine subspaces.

## Lemma
### Proof

$\Box$
In the previous statement, the points where the minimum is obtained, are not unique determined; for example, think about two parallel lines in the plane. If the intersection of the linear spaces corresponding to $E,F$ equals $0$, then we have uniqueness. This is true in the case of skew lines.

## Corollary
### Proof

$\Box$
# Metric space/Distance/Subsets/Infimum/Definition

For two nonempty subsets $A,B\subseteq M$ in a metric space $M$,
    $d(A,B):=[[:Template:Op:Infimum]]\,$
is called the distance of the subsets $A$ and $B$.
# States and Capitals of the USA/Southwest
## States

* Texas
* Oklahoma
* New Mexico
* Arizona

## Capitals

* Austin, Texas
* Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
* Santa Fe, New Mexico
* Phoenix, Arizona

##### See also

* States and Capitals of the USA/Northeast
* States and Capitals of the USA/Midwest
* States and Capitals of the USA/West
* States and Capitals of the USA/Southeast
# Wikiphilosophers/Money

A perfect world is equal in all respects towards humans and society, nature, everything. Yes, everything! But money means inequality. When we all strive to make society better and work toward that perfect global state, we involuntarily waste time and effort. That will never be possible with the advent of some things. Take money for example. Money...Read more
# Wikiphilosophers/Past lives

The concept of past lives, often associated with reincarnation, suggests that an individual's soul or consciousness has lived previous lives in different bodies before the current one. Do people have past lives? And will people have next lives? What are past lives for? And can you ever get out of this life cycle?
Read users' philosophical views below.
* S. Perquin argues that the existence of past and future lives is plausible due to the improbability of experiencing life at this exact moment and suggests that near-death experiences indicate personalized afterlife experiences. Read more...
* Elías believes that there is no reincarnation, but mental illusions of the perception of ourselves, the world around, our experiences all make some believe otherwise. Elías believes the world repeats itself...Read more
# Wikiphilosophers/Universe

The universe is all of space and time and their contents. What does the universe consist of? And is there something behind the universe? Is there more than we can see? How did the universe form and how will the universe ever end?
Read users' philosophical views below.
* S. Perquin posits that the universe is eternal and cyclical, with recurring Big Bangs and Big Crunches, resulting in a closed universe where traveling far enough in one direction would bring you back to your starting point. Read more...
* Elías believes that the universe is so large that humans will never know nor get to its limits. Not even light can/has travelled the entire universe and probably never will, even in an infinite amount of time. The universe is infinite...Read more
# XML

XML, or eXtensible Markup Language, is a markup language oriented around storing data. It is similar to HTML (for they derive from the same markup language), in that it uses tags, elements and attributes. However, XML doesn't use predefined tags; in other words, you make your own tags. Because of this, it is relatively easy to learn.

## Prerequisites

XML uses CSS to style itself, and is commonly used alongside HTML and JavaScript. Otherwise, XML is a text-based computer language, which be made and run by children that understand the alphabet and symbols (Age: 6+).

## Parsing

HTML automatically cleans up documents, and will attempt to continue if an error occurs. However, XML does not do this, so that code can be read clearly. You shouldn't worry about this, as the two simple rules are:
* Tags and elements are case-sensitive; a parser will refuse something such as: <element>This is an element.<Element>.
* Tags and elements cannot start and have no end, and vice versa, like so: <neverEnd>This element never ends..

## Basic Structure

As an example, here is a template for a book in a catalogue using tags and elements:
The tag, book, is what contains all the elements. Think of it like a box: all the information is inside it. Note that each tag and element ends with a backslash at the start of the name. This is what indicates the end of an element.
Then, we can add some attributes to add more information:
The <book> and <title> elements now have attributes, describing different things in a way similar to tags. Note that comments in XML are stated with similar starting and closing tags that elements use: /* This is a comment. */ .
XML tags can also be in another tag, as shown here:
XML also has a declaration, which gives information about the document:
This declaration tag does not end, and is the only tag in XML that does so. The XML declaration tag has a few attributes of information:
* version: Defines the version of the tag. This is necessary, and the XML will not be able to be parsed.
* encoding: Defines what text encoding it uses. UTF-8 is the default standard. This is not necessary, and the XML can be parsed without it.
* standalone: Defines if the XML document includes an outside Document Type Declaration (DTD). If so, put no. Otherwise, or if you are unsure, put yes. This is not necessary, and the XML can be parsed without it.

## Final Document

With all rules put into place, a final-draft XML document should look something like this:
# Wikiphilosophers

Welcome to Wikiphilosophers!
Wikiphilosophers is a project aiming to provide an overview of philosophical ideas from new philosophers and thinkers. On Wikiphilosophers, you can articulate all your philosophical views under the lemma to which they belong. In this way, we collect hundreds of philosophies from today's thinkers! Explore, develop and exchange countless philosophical ideas!

## Getting started

What do you think you know for sure? And what assumptions are you making? What are you not quite sure about yet? Try to sort this out for yourself before you get started, by thinking about what philosophical ideas you would like to write about.
What is the topic of your philosophical idea about in one or two words? Once you know this, create a new topic page via the button below or go to the existing topic page if it already exists.
After that, you can write out your own philosophical view via Wikiphilosophers/<name of topic>/<username>. Preferably as short and concise as possible, so that one does not have to read extensive texts.

### Starting dialogues

When reading other people's philosophical views, it is possible to start a dialogue on the discussion page. Ask questions if something is not clear to you, preferably through the Socratic method. This creates the opportunity for the writer to develop his philosophical views more deeply. If you understand each other better, you can additionally get inspiration from each other. Just make sure that you always ask questions and don't try to explain your own philosophical views on the discussion page. Because you can do this on your own page.

## Topics
### Epistemology

* Foundational beliefs

### Ontology

* What there is

### Metaphysics

* Universe
* Extraterrestrial life
* Paranormality
* Past lives

### Philosophy of mind

* Consciousness
* Free will

### Ethics

* Goodness
* Meaning of life
* Moral Reasoning

### Psychology

* Happiness
* Self-improvement

### Eternalism

* Time

### Economics

* Money