OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Artificial Consciousness/Neural Correlates/Neural Models/Hebb Neuron
## The Hebb Neuron (Neural Network Model)

Although Hebb was by no means the discoverer of the Neuron, nor even the first scientist to attempt to model it, his model was easily understood, and translated well to computer programs, which made it easily used to simulate neural networks. A simple adjusted aggregation of synapses, the calculation translated out to a Weighted sum adjusted to fit the neural logarithmic curve, minus a threshold value that indicated neural sensitivity.
σΣ$(i*w)$$_j$-t
In his book Perceptron Marvin Minsky however leveled the devastating criticism that Hebbs Neuron did not adequately capture second order characteristics detected in natural neurons. Neural Network theory thereafter died its first death, and Neural Network Studies have since gone through a number of periods of popularity interspersed with temporary abandonment, only to be picked up again as newer better models were discovered.
The main problem with Neural Networks is simply we don't know enough to adequately model the neuron, so our models tend to be oversimplified, and easily shot down, when compared against the natural networks. It is important to note that Neural Networks are Simulations of Neural systems, and cannot be expected to adequately model them at this early stage in their development. The capability of the network models to capture some of the function of the neuron in its network, is what keeps attracting scientists back to them, no matter how many times they have been disappointed in the models capability.
# Artificial Consciousness/Neural Correlates/Neural Models/Weightless Neuron
## Weightless Neurons

A further abstraction of the Hopfield Neuron which created a neuron that had an output of 0 or 1, is the weightless neuron, which does away with the complexity of weights, and directly derives its output from the outputs of the previous layer of neurons. Because the model is simpler a much larger network of neurons can be implemented and the simulation will run faster. Dr. Aleksander at Imperial University works with a system called MAGNUS that simulates these weightless neurons.
The output of a Weightless Neuron is either 1 or firing, 0 or not firing or X, unknown which may fire or not despite the state of it's inputs. All neurons start in the unknown state and learn from their inputs whether or not to fire. Dr. Aleksander has been able to show that this system is capable of learning to represent the environment at a third person viewpoint level.
Because this model is so far abstracted from the real neurons, there has been some discussion about Dr. Aleksanders conceptualization of the neuron as a state machine. However there is evidence that even weighted neurons have states, even if they present their outputs as a real number output. Each synapse is either active, or inactive depending on the presence of its neurotransmitter signal, which qualifies as a state. It is how these states are interpreted that makes the weightless neuron so simple, and the weighted neuron so complex, and therefore confuses the output of the state machine in the case of weighted neurons.
It is important to realize however that things like synaptic connections and weights, while complicating the neuron also give us clues as to how it works, and so Dr. Aleksanders ability to get his model to represent 3rd person viewpoints using Iconic Learning does not necessarily mean that the brain uses iconic learning to achieve the same goal. However Dr. Aleksanders ability to get a neural network to represent the world in a clear fashion, indicates that there is a chance that neural networks with more complex models might be able to do the same.
# Artificial Consciousness/Neural Correlates/Neural Models/Hopfield Neuron
## The Hopfield Neuron (Neural Network Model)

The Hopfield Neuron, was an attempt to make neural networks compatible with computer systems, by creating a neural model that output in binary. Based loosely on the idea that what was important was whether or not a neuron fired, these network models used either binary, or an equivalent {1,-1} pattern as their output.
If the output was a 1 the neuron was said to have fired otherwise its value was -1 or 0.
Because the output was binary a Hopfield Neuron could be substituted for a Logic Gate in a computer system. While this was interesting to Artificial Intelligence researchers it did nothing much for Neuroscience, however research is ongoing on Hopfield Networks because they are so attractive to computer engineers.
# Artificial Consciousness/Neural Correlates/Neural Models/Multi-layer Network Model
## The Multi-Layer Network Model

One way of capturing the complexity of the dendritic mass, is to develop a model, that simulates the integration that happens in the dendrites, as if it were a neuron. This technique is often called the Hidden Layer technique, in that the dendritic complexity is hidden in the physical neuron, but needs to be dealt with if we want a valid model. We build the complexity into the network by adding hidden layers to the network, to simulate the dendritic complexity of the natural neurons.
A single layer of neurons in a biological system, would therefore require a minimum of three layers in the Multi-layer Network model to simulate it. The first layer or input layer gives us the interface to the network, the hidden layer/s give us the dendritic complexity, and the output layer gives us the Neural Integration. If we base our neurons on the HH model we get the second order or spiking output.
This is all we need to simulate the Network connections that make up a neural structure, however, it is important to realize that it is not all we need to adequately simulate a real neuron. One of the most important additions to this structure, is some sort of learning rule that sets the weights for the synapses. Although early learning rules were based on the Delta rule, which required an error function to determine how to set the weights, current models tend to have both a pre-synaptic rule and a post-synaptic rule that influence the weights.
Depending on whether you want a Biological Model of the brain, or whether you want to capture the flexibility of Neural Networks for some other reason, Neural Network theory, splits at this point, into two separate families of technology. Biological Neural Networks, simulate neurons and Artificial Neural Networks are an offshoot of Artificial Intelligence.
# Analogies for Sustainable Development/Transfer of learning as evolutionary information processing

   “Human cognition is a natural information processing system, and as such it shares common characteristics with other natural information processing systems …. Evolution by natural selection is also an example of a natural information processing system. Because natural information processing systems share common characteristics and because evolution by natural selection drove the evolution of human cognitive architecture, in effect, the processes of human cognition mimic the processes of evolution.” - Clark, Nguyen & Sweller (2006)
# Analogies for Sustainable Development/by Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)

Analogies by SDG[edit] SDG 1 - No Poverty SDG 2 - Zero Hunger Insect agriculture as human agriculture SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-Being Health as homeostasis SDG 4 - Quality Education SDG 5 - Gender Equality SDG 6 - Clean Water and Sanitation SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy SDG 8 - Decent Work and Economic Growth SDG 9 - Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure Innovation as emergent property SDG 10 - Reduced Inequalities SDG 11 - Sustainable Cities and Communities Cities as superorganisms SDG 12 - Responsible Consumption and Production SDG 13 - Climate Action SDG 14 - Life Below Water SDG 15 - Life on Land SDG 16 - Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions Corruption as cancer SDG 17 - Partnerships for the Goals
# Analogies for Sustainable Development/homo economicus

Homo economicus is a term economists created to refer to their rational actor theory of human behavior.
# Analogies for Sustainable Development/by conceptual theme
## Analogies by Conceptual Theme

These conceptual themes were developed as part of the GlobalESD.org project and are intended to frame foundational concepts for understanding sustainability discourse.

### Transfer of Learning

All learning as transfer of learning Transfer of learning as evolutionary information processing Knowledge transfer as transfer of learning in the collective brain Biomimicry as analogy Concepts as species

### Evolution, Cognition, and Multilevel Cooperation

Adaptive flexibility as musical instrument Adaptive flexibility as grass in the wind Evolutionary process as Immune system Evolutionary process as Innovation Evolutionary process as Learning Major transitions as a boat race Selection as winnowing Multilevel selection as fans on a billiard table Ecosystem as organism Earth as organism (Gaia hypothesis) Human society as organism Human society as beehive Organism as multi-cellular society Brain as collective action Brain as evolutionary ecosystem Brain as garden Brain as onion Brain as common pool resource Neural networks as telephone wires Neural networks as road networks Social learning as collective brain Social Learning as a Jazz Band Social Learning as bees Parable of the Commons Parable of the New Pastures Cancer Corruption as cancer Humans as cancer Homeostasis as mental health Homeostasis as group design principles

### The Moral Brain

Brain as dual mode camera Brain as moral tongue Elephant and the Rider System 1- System 2 Sacred circling & moral magnetism Tribalism as politics, as football teams 90% Chimp, 10% Bee, 100% Human

### Nature of Science and knowledge

Children as scientists Knowledge as bricks Scientific disciplines and theories as islands in an Ivory Archipelago Scientific disciplines and theories as languages Species of thought
# Analogies for Sustainable Development/cancer

Cancer is used as an analogy across many contexts.
# Analogies for Sustainable Development/how to contribute

There are two main ways to contribute to this Wikiversity Learning Project.

## Basic Template for analogy articles

* Analogy title
* Related analogies
* Quotes
* Analogy map
* Analogy map discussion
       Applied educational value
       Criticisms
* Connections to sustainable development
* References

## Analogy Ranking and Review Template

To facilitate quality and resource development, each analogy article will have a quality ranking box that characterizes the quality of both the analogy, and the article resource itself.
* Analogy Ranking and Review
* Analogy Characteristics
* Analogy, Metaphor, Parable, Model?
* Directionality uni or bi
* Analogy Quality
* Scientific Rigor
* Popularity
* Practical or Theoretical value?
* Article Quality
* Peer review current?
* Wikimedia Commons resource base?
* References complete?
* Analogy map complete?
For example:
* Analogy Ranking and Review
* Analogy Characteristics
* Style: Analogy
* Directionality: bi-directional
* Analogy Quality
* Rigor: Minimal
* Popularity: High
* Value: Moderately useful in practice
* Article Quality
* Peer review: Recent
* Resource base: ?
* References: Incomplete
* Analogy map: Missing
# 1000 Songs/Praise the Lord How good it is to sing praises to our God Ps 147

Praise the Lord How good it is to sing praises to our God Ps 147
1000 Songs
# 1000 Songs/Out of the Depths I Cry (Martin Luther)

Out of the depths I cry (Martin Luther)
1000 Songs

## Text
### Author

Martin Luther (1483-1546) wrote this particular hymn in 1524. A good resource for Luther's hymnal writings can be found here.

### Translations/Challenges

This hymn was originally written in German, however there are a couple of translations into English that can be found. The translation done by Catherine Winkworth can be found here, whereas the translation by Gracia Grindal can be found here.

### Editor's Choice

Out of the depths I cry to Thee
O Lord, now hear me calling
Incline Your ear to my distress
In spite of my rebelling
Do not regard my sinful deeds
Send me the grace my spirit needs
Without it I am nothing
Thou grantest pardon through Thy love
Thy grace alone availeth
Our works could ne’er our guilt remove
Yea, e’en the best life faileth
For none may boast himself of aught
But must confess Thy grace hath wrought
Whate’er in him is worthy
It is in God that we shall hope
And not in our own merit
I rest upon His faithful Word
To them of guilty spirit
That He is merciful and just
Here is my comfort and my trust
His help I wait with patience

## Music
### Tune

The tune to this hymn is called Aus Tiefer Not.

### Arrangements

There are two arrangements of this hymn that differ slightly. This one is from the "Hymanl 1982: according to the Episcopal Church." This one is from the "Lutheran Service Book." There are slight wording changes as well as the Lutheran arrangement having two extra verses not included in the Hymnal 1982.
# 1000 Songs/Out of the deeps of long distress

From The Psalms of David: Imitated in the language of the New Testament, and applied to the Christian state and worship.
A CM setting of Psalm 130 Isaac Watts (1719)
1.Out of the deeps of long distress,
The borders of despair,
I sent my cries to seek thy grace,
My groans to move thine ear.
2. Great God, should thy severer eye,
And thine impartial hand,
Mark and revenge iniquity,
No mortal flesh could stand.
3. But there are pardons with my God
For crimes of high degree;
Thy Son has bought them with his bleed,
To draw us near to thee.
4. I wait for thy salvation, Lord,
With strong desires I wait;
My soul, invited by thy word,
Stands watching at thy gate.
5. Just as the guards that keep the night
Long for the morning skies,
Watch the first beams of breaking light,
And meet them with their eyes;
6. So waits my soul to see thy grace,
And, more intent than they,
Meets the first openings of thy face,
And finds a brighter day.
7. Then in the Lord let Isr'el trust,
Let Isr'el seek his face;
The Lord is good as well as just,
And plenteous is his grace.
8. There's full redemption at his throne
For sinners long enslav'd;
The great Redeemer is his Son,
And Isr'el shall be sav'd.
A LM setting of Psalm 130 Isaac Watts (1719)
1. From deep distress and troubled thoughts
To thee, my God, I rais'd my cries;
If thou severely mark our faults,
No flesh can stand before thine eyes.
2. But thou hast built thy throne of grace
Free to dispense thy pardons there,
That sinners may approach thy face,
And hope and love, as well as fear.
3. As the benighted pilgrims wait,
And long, and wish for breaking day,
So waits my soul before thy gate;
When will my God his face display?
4. My trust is fix'd upon thy word,
nor shall I trust thy word in vain;
Let mourning souls address the Lord,
And find relief from all their pain.
5. Great is his love, and large his grace,
Through the redemption of his Son;
He turns our feet from sinful ways,
And pardons what our hands have done.
# 1000 Songs/PASSION CHORALE (Hans Leo Hassler)

PASSION CHORALE (Hans Leo Hassler)
1000 Songs
# 1000 Songs/Pass me not O gentle Savior (William H. Doane)

Pass me not O gentle Savior (William H. Doane)
1000 Songs

## Text

Born: February 3, 1832, Preston, Connecticut. Died: December 23, 1915, Rhode Island. Buried: Spring Grove Cemetery and Arboretum, Cincinnati, Ohio
The Text was written by Fanny J. Crosby, while the music was written by William Howard Doane. The song comes from Genesis 18:3 where it says, ”…My LORD, if now I have found favour in thy sight, pass not away, I pray thee, from thy servant.”

## Music

1. Pass me not, O gentle Savior, Hear my humble cry; While on others Thou art calling, Do not pass me by. o Refrain: Savior, Savior, Hear my humble cry, While on others Thou are calling, Do not pass me by. 2. Let me at a throne of mercy Find a sweet relief; Kneeling there in deep contrition, Help my unbelief. 3. Trusting only in Thy merit, Would I seek Thy face; Heal my wounded, broken spirit, Save me by Thy grace. 4. Thou the spring of all my comfort, More than life to me, Whom have I on earth beside Thee, Whom in Heav’n but Thee.
Here is a PDF file of the sheet music.

## Background

For a quick biography on William Howard Doane follow this link.
# 1000 Songs/Only-begotten Son and Word of God

Only-Begotten Son and Word of God
1000 Songs

## Text

Only Begotten Son, and Word of God, Immortal Who didst vouchsafe for our salvation to take flesh of the Holy Mother of God and ever Virgin Mary, and didst without change become man, and wast crucified, Christ our God, and by death didst overcome death, [Being One of the Holy Trinity, and glorified together with the Father and the Holy Ghost, save us.]
* Translation by John Brownlie in Hymns of the Apostolic Church, 5th series (Paisley: Alexander Garner, 1909), 37.

### Author

[[[Wikipedia:Emperor Justinian I|Byzantine|Emperor Justinian I]]] (483-565)

### Translations/Challenges

I found an English translation in "A Survey of Christian Hymnody" by William J. Reynolds

## Music
### Editor's Choice

Click here to see the score

## Background
### Author biography

[[[Wikipedia:Emperor Justinian I|Emperor|Justinian I]]]

### Historical setting

* Fourth and Fifth Centuries
* Troparion - the earliest type of Byzantine hymn; a single-stanza prayer in response to the psalms.
* "Only Begotten Son, and Word of God" is the most famous example of troparion hymnody.

### Cultural setting

* Fourth and Fifth Century Roman Empire
* 330 A.D. Emperor Constantine moved the seat of Government to Byzantium. This Divided the Church as well as the empire into Eastern and Western areas.
* Byzantine hymnody was born out of this split.
* Influenced by Jewish and Syrian tradition, this was an acapella monophonic chant which was mainly diatonic and followed the rhythm of the text.
# 1000 Songs/Open now thy gates of beauty (Benjamin Schmolck)

Open now thy gates of beauty (Benjamin Schmolck)
1000 Songs
# Bloom Clock/Keys/New Hampshire/October/Black Flowers/DPL

This list is used to create a key. DPL code on this page runs off of Category:BCP/NHAMP/10.
* BCP/Viola tricolor
* BCP/Rosa
* BCP/Helianthus divaricatus
# Bloom Clock/Keys/New Hampshire/October/Blue Flowers

The plants pictured below have been recorded as blooming during the month of October in New Hampshire.
Hydrangea macrophylla
| Lacecap flower type Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Hydrangea macrophylla (Bigleaf Hydrangea) Identifying Characteristics Habit:Multistemmed shrubFoliage:Opposite, simple Recent Logs Jomegat 12:57, 25 June 2010 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Early Summer, Mid Summer, Late Summer, Early Fall, Mid Fall
Lobelia siphilitica
| Inflorescences Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Lobelia siphilitica (Blue Lobelia) Identifying Characteristics Recent Logs --Jomegat 19 July, 2008 (from photo) --Jomegat 26 July, 2008 (from photo) Jomegat 20:32, 9 August 2008 (UTC) --SB_Johnny 22:36, 9 August 2008 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Mid Summer, Late Summer, Early Fall, Mid Fall, Late Fall
Aster cordifolius
| Illustration Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Aster cordifolius (Blue Wood Aster) Identifying Characteristics This page contains recent bloom logs for the plant Aster cordifolius (Blue Wood Aster). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant. Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today. Recent Logs SB Johnny-NHAMP 09:05, 9 October 2007 (UTC) Archived Logs (If there are more than 5 signatures under the recent logs heading, move the oldest logs to under this heading (generally leave the 3 most recent). (no archived logs yet) (view all logs) |
Global data:
last updated 11:40, 31 October 2007 (UTC) with 3 plants
# Bloom Clock/Keys/New Hampshire/October/Green Flowers

The plants pictured below have been recorded as blooming during the month of October in New Hampshire.
Chenopodium album
| Flowering branch Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Chenopodium album (Lambsquarters, Goosefoot) Identifying Characteristics Habit:erect herbaceous plantStem:ridged, glaucusLife Cycle: perennial Recent Logs Jomegat 04:08, 10 June 2009 (UTC) Jomegat 00:23, 15 July 2009 (UTC) Jomegat 00:47, 22 July 2009 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Mid Summer, Late Summer, Early Fall, Mid Fall, Late Fall
Mollugo verticillata
| Mollugo verticillata Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Mollugo verticillata (Carpetweed) Identifying Characteristics Habit:CreepingFlowers:5 petals, white to greenish white.Foliage:Whorled leaves, typically 30 mm long, 5 mm wide.Life Cycle: AnnualSimilar Plants:Galium triflorum (Fragrant bedstraw) which is very similar, but the flowers have four petals instead of five. Recent Logs Jomegat 30 June, 2008 Jomegat 22:38, 1 July 2008 (UTC) Jomegat 02:53, 15 July 2008 (UTC) Jomegat 17:02, 28 July 2008 (UTC) Jomegat 00:54, 2 August 2008 (UTC) --SB_Johnny 11:23, 10 August 2008 (UTC) Jomegat 23:29, 4 September 2008 (UTC) --SB_Johnny 09:12, 5 September 2008 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Early Summer, Mid Summer, Late Summer, Early Fall, Mid Fall
last updated 11:41, 31 October 2007 (UTC) with 2 plants
# Bloom Clock/Keys/New Hampshire/October/Maintenance

This page is used to track missing identification data for plants blooming in October in New Hampshire.

## Leaf Arrangement

DynamicPageList tracking using:
The pages below do not have leaf arrangement defined:
* BCP/Lepidium densiflorum
* BCP/Hypericum perforatum
* BCP/Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium
* BCP/Capsella bursa-pastoris
* BCP/Malva neglecta
* BCP/Calystegia sepium
* BCP/Oenothera biennis
* BCP/Potentilla norvegica

## Leaf Complexity

DynamicPageList tracking using:
The pages below do not have leaf complexity defined.
* BCP/Lepidium densiflorum
* BCP/Hypericum perforatum
* BCP/Prunella vulgaris
* BCP/Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium
* BCP/Capsella bursa-pastoris
* BCP/Malva neglecta
* BCP/Calystegia sepium
* BCP/Oenothera biennis

## Using old templates

No pages meet these criteria.