OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Opioid use disorder

* [Replace this text with the URL Multimedia presentation (3 min)]

## Overview

* What are Opioids?
* What is Opioid Use Disorder?
* What current treatment plans exist to treat Opioid Use Disorder?
* What challenges are faced before, during and after treatment?
* Focus questions:
* What is the Opioid Use Disorder?
* How can it be treated?
* What challenges are there in treating Opioid Use Disorder?

## What is Opioid Use Disorder?

Opioids
* react to receptors in the brain to reduce pain. Other side effects can include drowsiness, feelings of euphoria, confusion.
** Primary use in post operative care, palliative care, acute pain recovery and end of life respite
** Can be natural or synthetic
** Types of Opioids include:
*** Fentanyl,
*** oxycodone (OxyContin®)
*** hydrocodone (Vicodin®),
*** codeine
*** morphine
* High dosages can be fatal as opioids cause respiratory issues
* Synthetic Opioids accounted for the deaths of 30,000 Americans in 2017
Definition of Opioid Use Disorder, its prevalence, history and effect - https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/addiction/opioid-use-disorder/opioid-use-disorder
* Opioids are highly addictive, with dependence occurring within 4-8 weeks
* DSM-V defines Opioid Use disorder by the following symptoms
** Taking larger amounts or taking drugs over a longer period than intended
** Persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control opioid use
** Spending a great deal of time obtaining or using the opioid or recovering from its effects
** Craving, or a strong desire or urge to use opioids
** Problems fulfilling obligations at work, school or home.
** Continued opioid use despite having recurring social or interpersonal problems.
** Giving up or reducing activities because of opioid use.
** Using opioids in physically hazardous situations.
** Continued opioid use despite ongoing physical or psychological problem likely to have been caused or worsened by opioids.
** Tolerance (i.e., need for increased amounts or diminished effect with continued use of the same amount)
** Experiencing withdrawal (opioid withdrawal syndrome) or taking opioids (or a closely related substance) to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms.

## How can it be treated?

Current methods of treatment and areas of future study - Motivation
* MAT - Medication-assisted Treatment
** Combines behavioral therapy with medication - medication can assist in both the relieving withdrawals and assisting healthy brain chemistry
* Cognitive Behavioral Therapies
* Contingency management
* Motivational Interviewing

## What Challenges are there in treating Opioid Use Disorder?

Challenges in treatment -
* 1 in 4 have access to MAT
** recovery requires long term support
** access to medication and treatment
** access to support services

## Conclusion

* What is Opioid Use Disorder?
* How is it effectively treated (based on psychological theory and research)?
* What more can be done?
# Many-worlds interpretation

Welcome to the Wikiversity learning project for the Many-worlds interpretations of quantum mechanics.

## Introduction

The many worlds interpretations of quantum mechanics suggest that there are many "parallel worlds" to our own. Many worlds interpretations are based on the idea that quantum uncertainty generates multiple alternative universes. Critics of the many worlds interpretation such as Asher Peres have asked if the many worlds interpretation adds anything useful to science. The multiple alternative universes are "non-communicating"; if there is no information exchange between the multiple universes, how can their assumed existence be demonstrated or have practical implications for us?

## Reading and discussion

Reading: The cosmological model of eternal inflation and the transition from chance to biological evolution in the history of life by Eugene V Koonin in Biology Direct (2007); 2: 15.

### Discussion

Q1. Do you agree with one of the reviewers of Koonin's article that it is "vastly metaphysical"?
Q1a. Is the "many worlds in one" multiverse idea a falsifiable concept? Does Koonin defend the idea that a many worlds interpretation is scientific or does he just assume that it is?
Q2. Do you agree with the reviewer who says that Koonin's approach might open too broad an avenue to the supporters of intelligent design? Related reading: The concept of irreducible complexity.
Q3. One of the reviewers makes the point that if translation arises by anthropic selection with probability = 1, then even more complex biological systems can too (for example, see Boltzmann brain). Intelligent design advocates have argued that many biological systems cannot have evolved by natural selection. If Koonan's theory of the origin of translation by anthropic selection is a scientific explanation, what prevents all theories of intelligent design from being labeled as scientific explanations?
Q4. In the context of the anthropic principle Koonin mentions Dan Dennett and the book, Darwin's Dangerous Idea. Related reading: read Dennett's book, "Darwin's Dangerous Idea", particularly Chapter 7. Does Dennett conclude that random chemical events could have produced molecular replicating systems that could have become life as we know it? Does Dennett agree with the idea that "anthropic selection" is needed to explain such a chemical origin of life?
Q5. Koonin says that the "specific parameters" of the observable universe could have been such that life would have been impossible. He also says that the "many worlds in one" point of view easily accounts for "complex systems that would have to be considered virtually impossible" without MWO. How does he know this?
Q6. Koonin suggests that the origin of molecular replication is part of "the hardest problem in all of biology". Is the origin of molecular replication a problem of biology or a matter of non-biological chemistry? Where is the boundary between pre-biological chemical processes and biological processes that characterize living systems?
# Mandarin/Mandarin One/Lesson Two 第二课
## Numbers 1-10

* 1: yī 一 (1): yī 一 (help·info)
* èr 二 (2): èr 二 (help·info)
* sān 三 (3): sān 三 (help·info)
* sì 四 (4): sì 四 (help·info)
* wǔ 五 (5): wǔ 五 (help·info)
* liù 六 (6): liù 六 (help·info)
* qī 七 (7): qī 七 (help·info)
* bā 八 (8): bā 八 (help·info)
* jiǔ 九 (9): jiǔ 九 (help·info)
* shí 十 (10): shí 十 (help·info)
# Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule/2019

| Modules | Weeks | Lectures | Readings (Ch) | Quizzes | Tutorials | Assessment skills |
| 01 - Introduction | 01 | 01 - Introduction | UO, 01 | 01 | 01 - Introduction | Topic selection Basic wiki editing |
| 01 - Introduction | 02 | 02 - Historical development and assessment skills | 02, Assessment | 02 | 01 - Introduction | Topic selection Basic wiki editing |
| 02 - Needs | 03 | 03 - Brain and physiological needs | 03, 04 | 03, 04 | 02 - Needs | Topic development Collaboration |
| 02 - Needs | 04 | 04 - Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs | 05, 06 | 05, 06 | 02 - Needs | Topic development Collaboration |
| 03 - Goals and self | 05 | 05 - Implicit motives and goals | 07, 08 | 07, 08 | 03 - Goals and self | Topic development (due Week 5 Monday 9am) Literature searching |
| 03 - Goals and self | 06 | 06 - Mindsets, control, and the self | 09, 10, 11 | 09, 10, 11 | 03 - Goals and self | Topic development (due Week 5 Monday 9am) Literature searching |
| 04 - Emotion | 07 | 07 - Nature of emotion | 12 | 12 | 04 - Emotion | Images Tables |
| - | 08 | Mid-semester break | - | | - | - |
| 04 - Emotion | 09 | 08 - Aspects of emotion | 13 | 13 | 04 - Emotion | Images Tables |
| 05 - Individual emotions | 10 | 09 - Individual emotions | 14 | 14 | 05 - Individual emotions | Peer reviewing Wiki-blitz |
| 05 - Individual emotions | 11 | 10 - Unconscious motivation | 16 | 16 | 05 - Individual emotions | Peer reviewing Wiki-blitz |
| 06 - Growth and interventions | 12 | 11 - Growth psychology | 15 | 15 | 06 - Growth psychology | Book chapter (due Week 12 Monday 9am) Multimedia development Recording and sharing |
| 06 - Growth and interventions | 13 | 12 - Interventions and review | 17 | 17 | 06 - Growth psychology | Book chapter (due Week 12 Monday 9am) Multimedia development Recording and sharing |
| - | 14 | - | - | - | - | Multimedia presentation (due Monday 9am) |
| - | 15 | - | - | - | - | Quizzes (due Monday 9am) |
# Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule/2021

| Module | Week | Lecture | Readings (Ch) | Quizzes | Tutorial | Assessment |
| 01 - Introduction | 01 | 01 - Introduction | UO, 01 | 01 | 01 - Topic selection | - |
| 01 - Introduction | 02 | 02 - Historical development and assessment skills | 02, Assessment | 02 | 02 - Wiki editing | - |
| 02 - Needs | 03 | 03 - Brain and physiological needs | 03, 04 | 03, 04 | 03 - Physiological needs | - |
| 02 - Needs | 04 | 04 - Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs | 05, 06 | 05, 06 | 04 - Psychological needs | - |
| 03 - Goals and self | 05 | 05 - Implicit motives and goals | 07, 08 | 07, 08 | 05 - Functionalist theory and self-tracking | Topic development (due Monday 9am) |
| 03 - Goals and self | 06 | 06 - Mindsets, control, and the self | 09, 10, 11 | 09, 10, 11 | 06 - Learned optimism | - |
| 04 - Emotion | 07 | 07 - Nature of emotion | 12 | 12 | 07 - Core emotions | - |
| 04 - Emotion | 08 | Mid-semester break | - | - | - | - |
| 04 - Emotion | 09 | 08 - Aspects of emotion | 13 | 13 | 08 - Measuring emotion | - |
| 05 - Individual emotions | 10 | 09 - Individual emotions | 14 | 14 | 09 - 20 emotions | - |
| 05 - Individual emotions | 11 | 10 - Unconscious motivation | 16 | 16 | 10 - Time perspective | - |
| 06 - Growth | 12 | 11 - Growth psychology | 15 | 15 | 11 - Positive psychology | Book chapter (due Monday 9am) |
| 06 - Growth | 13 | 12 - Interventions and review | 17 | 17 | 12 - Review | - |
| - | 14 | - | - | - | - | Multimedia presentation (due Monday 9am) |
| - | 15 | - | - | - | - | Quizzes (due Monday 9am) |
# Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule/2024

| Week | Module | Lecture | Reading (Ch) | Quiz | Tutorial | Assessment |
| 01 | 1 - Introduction | 01 - Introduction | UO, 01 | 1 | 01 - Topic selection | - |
| 02 | 1 - Introduction | 02 - Historical development and assessment skills | 02 | 1 | 02 - Wiki editing | Topic selection Mon 9am 5/8 |
| 03 | 2 - Needs | 03 - Brain and physiological needs | 03, 04 | 2 | 03 - Physiological needs | Topic development Fri 9am 16/8 |
| 04 | 2 - Needs | 04 - Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs | 05, 06 | 2 | 04 - Psychological needs | Quiz 1 Mon 9am 19/8 |
| 05 | 3 - Goals and self | 05 - Implicit motives and goals | 07, 08 | 3 | 05 - Functionalist theory and self-tracking | - |
| 06 | 3 - Goals and self | 06 - Mindsets, control, and the self | 09, 10, 11 | 3 | 06 - Learned optimism | Quiz 2 Mon 9am 2/9 |
| 07 | 4 - Emotion | 07 - Nature of emotion | 12 | 4 | 07 - Core emotions | - |
| 08 | 4 - Emotion | Mid-semester break | - | 4 | - | Quiz 3 Mon 9am 16/9 |
| 09 | 4 - Emotion | 08 - Aspects of emotion | 13 | 4 | 08 - Measuring emotion | - |
| 10 | 5 - Individual emotions | 09 - Individual emotions | 14 | 5 | 09 - 20 emotions | - |
| 11 | 5 - Individual emotions | 10 - Unconscious motivation | 16 | 5 | 10 - Time perspective | Academic integrity module Mon 9am 7/10 Book chapter Mon 9am 7/10 Quiz 4 Mon 9am 7/10 |
| 12 | 6 - Growth | 11 - Growth psychology | 15 | 6 | 11 - Positive psychology | |
| 13 | 6 - Growth | 12 - Interventions and review | 17 | 6 | 12 - Review | Quiz 5 Mon 9am 21/10 |
| 14 | - | - | - | - | - | Multimedia presentation Mon 9am 28/10 |
| 15 | - | - | - | - | - | Quiz 6 Mon 9am 4/11 |
# Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule/Embed

| Week | Module | Lecture | Reading (Ch) | Quiz | Tutorial | Assessment |
| 01 | 1 - Introduction | 01 - Introduction | UO, 01 | 1 | 01 - Topic selection | - |
| 02 | 1 - Introduction | 02 - Historical development and assessment skills | 02 | 1 | 02 - Wiki editing | Topic selection Mon 9am 5/8 |
| 03 | 2 - Needs | 03 - Brain and physiological needs | 03, 04 | 2 | 03 - Physiological needs | Topic development Fri 9am 16/8 |
| 04 | 2 - Needs | 04 - Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs | 05, 06 | 2 | 04 - Psychological needs | Quiz 1 Mon 9am 19/8 |
| 05 | 3 - Goals and self | 05 - Implicit motives and goals | 07, 08 | 3 | 05 - Functionalist theory and self-tracking | - |
| 06 | 3 - Goals and self | 06 - Mindsets, control, and the self | 09, 10, 11 | 3 | 06 - Learned optimism | Quiz 2 Mon 9am 2/9 |
| 07 | 4 - Emotion | 07 - Nature of emotion | 12 | 4 | 07 - Core emotions | - |
| 08 | 4 - Emotion | Mid-semester break | - | 4 | - | Quiz 3 Mon 9am 16/9 |
| 09 | 4 - Emotion | 08 - Aspects of emotion | 13 | 4 | 08 - Measuring emotion | - |
| 10 | 5 - Individual emotions | 09 - Individual emotions | 14 | 5 | 09 - 20 emotions | - |
| 11 | 5 - Individual emotions | 10 - Unconscious motivation | 16 | 5 | 10 - Time perspective | Academic integrity module Mon 9am 7/10 Book chapter Mon 9am 7/10 Quiz 4 Mon 9am 7/10 |
| 12 | 6 - Growth | 11 - Growth psychology | 15 | 6 | 11 - Positive psychology | |
| 13 | 6 - Growth | 12 - Interventions and review | 17 | 6 | 12 - Review | Quiz 5 Mon 9am 21/10 |
| 14 | - | - | - | - | - | Multimedia presentation Mon 9am 28/10 |
| 15 | - | - | - | - | - | Quiz 6 Mon 9am 4/11 |
# Motivation and emotion/About/Textbook

The required textbook is "Understanding motivation and emotion" by Johnmarshall Reeve, published by Wiley.
* Reeve, J. (2018). Understanding motivation and emotion (7th ed.). Wiley. The School Locker. Google Books. Instructor companion site. UC Library. ISBN: Paperback 978-1-119-36760-4, E-text 978-1-119-36765-9. E-Book.
Access options include:
* Paperback ~168 AUD from The School Locker.
* E-book ~76.00 AUD from Wiley
* E-book rent ~40.00 AUD for 150 days from VitalSource
* UC Library has 3 paperbacks and 3 e-books
Earlier editions can be used, but lectures and quizzes are based on the 7th edition.
# Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule/2020

| Modules | Weeks | Lectures | Readings (Ch) | Quizzes | Tutorials | Assessment skills |
| 01 - Introduction | 01 | 01 - Introduction | UO, 01 | 01 | 01 - Topic selection | Topic selection |
| 01 - Introduction | 02 | 02 - Historical development and assessment skills | 02, Assessment | 02 | 02 - Wiki editing | Basic wiki editing |
| 02 - Needs | 03 | 03 - Brain and physiological needs | 03, 04 | 03, 04 | 03 - Physiological needs | Topic development |
| 02 - Needs | 04 | 04 - Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs | 05, 06 | 05, 06 | 04 - Psychological needs | Collaboration |
| 03 - Goals and self | 05 | 05 - Implicit motives and goals | 07, 08 | 07, 08 | 05 - Goals | Topic development (due Week 5 Monday 9am) |
| 03 - Goals and self | 06 | 06 - Mindsets, control, and the self | 09, 10, 11 | 09, 10, 11 | 06 - Self | Literature searching |
| 04 - Emotion | 07 | 07 - Nature of emotion | 12 | 12 | 07 - Core emotions | Images |
| 04 - Emotion | 08 | Mid-semester break | - | | - | - |
| 04 - Emotion | 09 | 08 - Aspects of emotion | 13 | 13 | 08 - Measuring emotion | Tables |
| 05 - Individual emotions | 10 | 09 - Individual emotions | 14 | 14 | 09 - 20 emotions | Peer reviewing |
| 05 - Individual emotions | 11 | 10 - Unconscious motivation | 16 | 16 | 10 - Time perspective | Wiki-blitz |
| 06 - Growth | 12 | 11 - Growth psychology | 15 | 15 | 11 - Self-actualisation | Book chapter (due Week 12 Monday 9am) Multimedia development |
| 06 - Growth | 13 | 12 - Interventions and review | 17 | 17 | 12 - Review | Multimedia recording and sharing |
| - | 14 | - | - | - | - | Multimedia presentation (due Monday 9am) |
| - | 15 | - | - | - | - | Quizzes (due Monday 9am) |
# Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule/2022

| Module | Week | Lecture | Readings (Ch) | Quizzes | Tutorial | Assessment |
| 1 - Introduction | 01 | 01 - Introduction | UO, 01 | 1 | 01 - Topic selection | - |
| 1 - Introduction | 02 | 02 - Historical development and assessment skills | 02, Assessment | 1 | 02 - Wiki editing | - |
| 2 - Needs | 03 | 03 - Brain and physiological needs | 03, 04 | 2 | 03 - Physiological needs | - |
| 2 - Needs | 04 | 04 - Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs | 05, 06 | 2 | 04 - Psychological needs | Topic selection (due Mon 9am 22/8) Quiz 1 (due Mon 9am 22/8) |
| 3 - Goals and self | 05 | 05 - Implicit motives and goals | 07, 08 | 3 | 05 - Functionalist theory and self-tracking | Topic development (due Mon 9am 29/8) |
| 3 - Goals and self | 06 | 06 - Mindsets, control, and the self | 09, 10, 11 | 3 | 06 - Learned optimism | Quiz 2 (due Mon 9am 5/9) |
| 4 - Emotion | 07 | 07 - Nature of emotion | 12 | 4 | 07 - Core emotions | - |
| 4 - Emotion | 08 | Mid-semester break | - | 4 | - | Quiz 3 (due Mon 9am 19/9) |
| 4 - Emotion | 09 | 08 - Aspects of emotion | 13 | 4 | 08 - Measuring emotion | - |
| 5 - Individual emotions | 10 | 09 - Individual emotions | 14 | 5 | 09 - 20 emotions | - |
| 5 - Individual emotions | 11 | 10 - Unconscious motivation | 16 | 5 | 10 - Time perspective | Quiz 4 (due Mon 9am 10/10) |
| 6 - Growth | 12 | 11 - Growth psychology | 15 | 6 | 11 - Positive psychology | Book chapter (due Mon 9am 17/10) |
| 6 - Growth | 13 | 12 - Interventions and review | 17 | 6 | 12 - Review | Quiz 5 (due Mon 9am 24/10) |
| - | 14 | - | - | - | - | Multimedia presentation (due Mon 9am 31/10) |
| - | 15 | - | - | - | - | Quiz 6 (due Mon 9am 7/11) |
# Motivation and emotion/About/Schedule/2023

| Week | Module | Lecture | Reading (Ch) | Quiz | Tutorial | Assessment |
| 01 | 1 - Introduction | 01 - Introduction | UO, 01 | 1 | 01 - Topic selection | - |
| 02 | 1 - Introduction | 02 - Historical development and assessment skills | 02 | 1 | 02 - Wiki editing | - |
| 03 | 2 - Needs | 03 - Brain and physiological needs | 03, 04 | 2 | 03 - Physiological needs | Topic selection Mon 9am 14/8 |
| 04 | 2 - Needs | 04 - Extrinsic motivation and psychological needs | 05, 06 | 2 | 04 - Psychological needs | Quiz 1 Mon 9am 21/8 Topic development Fri 9am 25/8 |
| 05 | 3 - Goals and self | 05 - Implicit motives and goals | 07, 08 | 3 | 05 - Functionalist theory and self-tracking | - |
| 06 | 3 - Goals and self | 06 - Mindsets, control, and the self | 09, 10, 11 | 3 | 06 - Learned optimism | Quiz 2 Mon 9am 4/9 |
| 07 | 4 - Emotion | 07 - Nature of emotion | 12 | 4 | 07 - Core emotions | - |
| 08 | 4 - Emotion | Mid-semester break | - | 4 | - | Quiz 3 Mon 9am 18/9 |
| 09 | 4 - Emotion | 08 - Aspects of emotion | 13 | 4 | 08 - Measuring emotion | - |
| 10 | 5 - Individual emotions | 09 - Individual emotions | 14 | 5 | 09 - 20 emotions | - |
| 11 | 5 - Individual emotions | 10 - Unconscious motivation | 16 | 5 | 10 - Time perspective | Quiz 4 Mon 9am 9/10 Book chapter Mon 9am 9/10 |
| 12 | 6 - Growth | 11 - Growth psychology | 15 | 6 | 11 - Positive psychology | |
| 13 | 6 - Growth | 12 - Interventions and review | 17 | 6 | 12 - Review | Quiz 5 Mon 9am 23/10 |
| 14 | - | - | - | - | - | Multimedia presentation Mon 9am 30/10 |
| 15 | - | - | - | - | - | Quiz 6 Mon 9am 6/11 |
# Motivation and emotion/About/Staff

Unit convener, lecturer, & tutor: Dr. James Neill

## Contact

* Email: james.neill@canberra.edu.au
* Phone: +61 2 6201 2536

## Social media

* LinkedIn
* Wikiversity
* X

## Teaching philosophy

Drop-in:
* 4 hours of virtual and on-campus drop-in consultation available each teaching week (Weeks 1-7, 9-13)
* 30 mins before and after lectures and tutorials
Times:
* Wed
** 10:00 – 10:30 - Virtual Room
** 12:30 – 13:30 - Virtual Room
** 14:30 – 15:00 - Virtual Room
** 17:00 – 17:30 - Virtual Room
** 18:30 – 19:00 - Virtual Room
* Thu
** 12:30 – 13:30 - On-campus, 12B16
** 14:00 – 14:30 - On-campus, 12B16
# Motivation and emotion/About/Timetable

* See timetable 2024
* Enrol in a tutorial group (live virtual, live on-campus, or live asynchronous/recorded)
# Introduction to Political and Economic Risk/Activities

| Unit 1.1-Introduction to Political and Economic Risk | Introduction | Cultural Issues | Corporate Risks | Country-Related Risks | Economic Risks | Cultural Risks | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 1.1 | Unit 1.2 | Unit 1.3 Return to Trade Finance Module 1: Political and Economic Risk |

## Activity

The purpose of this activity is to promote discussion and understanding of the differences and similarities of risks of slow or non-payment from domestic and international trade situations.
As a class or in smaller student groups, present ways you would respond to the following situations covering the risk and the possible mitigation of that risk.
Your customer has failed to obtain an import license. Evaluate:
* the disposition of the goods and related costs
* international risk of payment or recovery of the goods
* the ability to acquire the license after the fact
Your customer is located in a land-locked country. The closest port is in a country that is at war. Evaluate:
* alternative distribution channels and logistics
* the use of insurance if the goods might be confiscated, embargoed, or destroyed by activities associated with a war
* the financial impact of delays in delivery caused by the war or by alternative routes
Your customer is located in a country that has an unstable government. Evaluate:
* the impact of foreign currency fluctuations and the use of hedging mechanisms to overcome them
* an alternative form of payment to be employed such as bartering
* the risk of nationalization by the government of private industries
Your customer is located in a country that has hyper-inflation and anyone who has liquid assets and the ability to move those assets out of the country is doing so. Evaluate:
* the impact on the value of the currency in the open markets
* the impact on the foreign currency reserves of the country
* the impact of the central bank restricting payments outside their country under these circumstances
Your customer sends you a financial statement prepared by a local accounting firm. Evaluate:
* the translation risk of the foreign assets and the impact of a major currency fluctuation against those assets
* whether generally-accepted accounting practices apply internationally as well as domestically
* the ability to get credit information on the company and from what sources
Your sales department has communicated with a new customer by fax and e-mail. The customer needs your company to start work on building a unique piece of machinery. The down payment and the purchase order will follow shortly. Evaluate:
* the payment vehicles that could or should be employed before the manufacturing process begins
* the need for an underlying contract to bind the parties in the transaction
* the potential for miscommunication on the required needs or functionality of the machinery being ordered
# Introduction to Political and Economic Risk/Cultural Issues

| Unit 1.1-Introduction to Political and Economic Risk | Introduction | Cultural Issues | Corporate Risks | Country-Related Risks | Economic Risks | Cultural Risks | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 1.1 | Unit 1.2 | Unit 1.3 Return to Trade Finance Module 1: Political and Economic Risk |

## Cultural Issues

Anthropologists view culture as “the sum total of the beliefs, rules, techniques, institutions, and artifacts that characterize human populations”$^1$. Cultural differences can be a significant barrier to understanding and can lead to risks for both buyer and seller. You must explore some of the more common problems that arise in cross- border transactions as different languages, business practices, religions, histories, and ways of doing business collide. You will need the ability to identify and to find sources of information to determine what the level of risk may be in conducting cross-border transactions so that you can protect against some of these risks. For example, the size, shape, language, color, material content and price of a product to be sold are impacted by socio-cultural forces. These forces play an integral part in the decisions of buyers. Neglecting to evaluate the way buyers will respond to the product can be very costly for a manufacturer.