OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cherishing awe/Benefits of awe

Awe is an intense emotional experience that can be triggered by encountering something vast, stunning, or profound, such as a breathtaking natural scene, a majestic piece of music, or an act of kindness. While awe is a complex emotion that involves a range of cognitive, emotional, and physiological processes, it is believed to have some evolutionary advantages that have contributed to its preservation throughout human history.
One of the most prominent theories about the adaptive value of awe is that it promotes a sense of connection with something larger than oneself. Awe can make us feel small and insignificant in the face of the vastness and complexity of the world, but it can also inspire a sense of awe and wonder that helps us transcend our immediate concerns and feel part of something greater. This feeling of connection can be a source of meaning, purpose, and motivation, and it may have helped our ancestors to feel more connected to their communities, their environments, and their spiritual beliefs.
Awe has also been linked to a range of positive outcomes that may have enhanced human survival and reproduction. For example, awe can reduce stress and promote relaxation, which may have helped our ancestors to recover from physical and emotional challenges. Awe can also enhance creativity and curiosity, which may have helped our ancestors to adapt to new environments and find novel solutions to problems. Additionally, awe can promote prosocial behavior and cooperation, which may have helped our ancestors to build stronger social bonds and alliances.
Overall, while the evolutionary advantages of awe are still being studied, it is clear that this emotion has played a significant role in human evolution and continues to shape our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors today.
# Experiential learning

Experiential learning is about acquiring new knowledge and skills through doing (or "learning by doing"), which is often contrasted with rote- or didactic or passive-style learning (e.g., it contrasts with Paulo Freire's banking education).
Experiential learning philosophies and principles are often cited as underlying various forms of active learning such as outdoor education.
Experiential learning concepts and terminology were significantly formalised by John Dewey, such as in his book "Experience and Education".

## Examples of arguably synonymous terms

* Active learning
* Experiential education
* Learning by doing
* Learning for doing
# Experimental business stream

This is an experimental stream.
* w: Marketing
* w: Procurement
* w: Pilot plant
* w: Internal audit
* w: Incoterm
* w: Audit committee
* w: Internal control
* w: Financial audit
* w: Business process
* w: Business model
* w: Marketing strategy
* w: International trade
* w: List of international trade topics
* w: List of human resource management topics
* w: Builder's risk insurance
* w: Marketing mix
* w: Packaging and labelling
* w: Predictive analytics
* w: Underwriting
* w: All commodity volume
* w: List of business law topics
* w: Financial regulation
* w: Letter of credit
* w: List of production topics
* w: List of economics topics
* w: List of marketing topics
* w: List of management topics
* w: List of accounting topics
* w: Adhocracy
* w: Consensus decision-making
* w: List of employer associations
* w: Graphic design
* w: Marketing effectiveness
* w: List of real estate topics
* w: Category:Lists
* w: Marketing communications
* w: Communication design
* w: Industrial design
* w: Aesthetics
* w: Design elements and principles
# Experiment

In scientific research, an experiment is a method of investigating causal relationships among variables, or to test a hypothesis. An experiment is a cornerstone of the empirical approach to acquiring data about the world and is used in both w:natural sciences and social sciences. An experiment can be used to help solve practical problems and to support or negate theoretical assumptions. An important aspect of experiments is random assignment.

## By type
### Psychology

* Single case experiments (N = 1):
** Focus on behaviour of a single person rather than average behaviour of a group.
** Record baseline observations, compare with behaviour after treatment.
** Manipulate IV – therefore more control than a case study
** Often used in applied behaviour analysis
* Quasi-experiment (Wikipedia)
* Posttest design
* Pretest-posttest design
* Solomon four-group design (Wikipedia)
* Repeated measures

### Biology

* In vitro
* In silico, and In papyro
* In vivo
* Ex vivo

## Scientific method

* Hypothesis
* Random assignment
* Research questions

## Readings
### Wikipedia

* Design of experiments
* Experimental design (Template)
* List of experiments
* Scientific model
* Scientific method
* Statistics (Template)
# Experimental Architectural Design Lab

Part of the School of Architecture
Please help by expanding on this leading article and Resource Collection.
Experimental Architecture is as old as building itself and broadly characterises any studies of architecture, theoretical or practical/built, that diverge from the norm of the day. Many think of work by the group Archigram in the 1960's as the initial defining paradigm of Experimental Architecture. Some practitioners, patrons and critics hold that architecture can be considered experimental by nature.
Fundamental drivers in the public, university and private contexts seem to require at least some level of experimentation; as the adage has it, 'stagnate or die'. This is certainly the case in the current university context, where research (which many use as a thin veil for experimentation) is a core requirement imposed by the degree assessment bodies (RIBA/ARB).
Experimental Architecture in the university context is isolated but not entirely divorced from the endeavour in the context of practice (i.e. the architect's practice as it is traditionally known for taking on paid commissions from clients to design, sometimes procure and oftentimes oversee the construction of a building project).
Whilst this isolation of higher education's experimentation initially sounds problematic, it is effective and ultimately essential to remove some element of the research and experimentation gamut from the commercial pressures of traditional architecture practice. In this way, Experimental Architecture in the university context can be seen as a manifestation of the 'laboratory' metaphor in its truest sense, such that the output is an advancement of the field but not one that is necessarily commercially driven or marketable.
Commercial practice can be seen as the melting pot of inspiration, aspiration, research, experimentation, reality and the end user (either owners, tenants or simply 'beings' of one form or another - think of a zoo or aviary).
Current Experimental Design Resources include:
    - Lunar Boom Town Lunar Boom Town
    - AA (Architectural Association)
    - MIT EDG (Emergent Design Group - MIT)
# Experimental music
## Emotogenic Music

A project started in September 2005 by Sean Beckett, in which communication and message influences on primitive sections of the brain is being researched. The eventual goal is to create emotionally understandable music that does not contain words.
More simply, and extension of the "feeling" of wordless music into actual simplified message communication with the mind.

## DNA music

People have used DNA as a way of generating musical content.

### Pathogenica

Pathogenica is a relatively new form of experimental music, involving the use of genetic sequences of bacteria or viruses amongst other entities as the basis of note patterns in compositions.
These note patterns are typically translated by computers, before being played on electronic instruments or sequencers with additional effects being added after composition.

## Resources

* Experimental music at Wikipedia
# Experimental design

Wikiversity welcomes most types of learning materials that are not encyclopedia articles, textbooks, or source texts. Please note that Wikiversity is not a place for duplication of other Wikimedia projects.
Wikiversity has adopted a "learn by doing" model for online education and encourages the creation of learning activities for Wikiversity participants. Everyone is invited to help add useful content to Wikiversity. If you need help learning how to add content, see the editing tutorial and Welcome, newcomers. Visit the Colloquium if you have any questions.
# Honours thesis in psychology/Marking criteria guidelines
## Marking criteria guidelines

Examiners are asked to award a mark for each section, taking into account the dot points below.
Presentation /10
* Appropriate title
* APA format
* Expression, spelling, punctuation & grammar
* References in text in APA format
* Reference list in APA format
* Appropriate Appendices (e.g., questionnaire, detailed instructions to subjects)
* Overall impression
Abstract /4
* Concise summary of: problem, participants, method, results, conclusions
Introduction - Set up of problem /22
* Importance, relevance & context of issue established
* Theoretical or conceptual framework established
* Breadth of literature review
* Appropriateness of citations (current, major, original)
* Consideration of alternative perspectives
* Logic and clarity of argument leading up to hypotheses
* Appropriate formulation and clear presentation of hypotheses or statement of aim (for qualitative research)
Method /18
* Participants: appropriate and adequate sample on which to undertake research/test hypotheses; recruitment procedure and sample characteristics adequately described
* Materials/Measures: appropriate operationalisation of constructs; adequately described (format, measurement scale, reliability, etc)
* Procedure: appropriateness of method to address research question/test hypotheses, procedure fully described
* Design (optional): You may need to include a description of the overall design – this can be especially useful in experimental or complex studies)
Results - appropriate analysis approach and explanation /22 This section needs to be appropriate to research question/type of hypotheses, but is likely to include:
* Justification of approach (if necessary) and appropriate analysis for research question/hypotheses and participant group
* Depth of analysis adequate to fully test hypotheses / address research question
* Understanding of assumptions demonstrated
* Descriptive/preliminary statistics: full written description and appropriate graphs and tables in APA format
* Predictive or explanatory relationships: full written description and appropriate graphs and tables in APA format
Discussion - argumentation of results /24
* Summary of results
* Related back to research question/support for hypotheses
* Related back to theory
* Implications of findings
* Discussion of possible alternative interpretations of results
* Discussion of issues arising (explanation of unusual findings)
* Problems with current study
* Generalisation of results
* Implications for future research
* Logic, clarity, focus and expression
# Honours thesis in psychology/Timeline

The Gantt chart provides some indicative time ranges for the major thesis tasks. The following list provides a more detailed schedule. However, these are generic guidelines which should be negotiated between student and supervisor according to project-specific requirements and presented as part of the research proposal.
Table. Gantt chart showing indicative timeline for the major tasks involved in a one-year (35-week) Honours thesis
* Tasks
* Topic development
* Thesis proposal
* Ethics application
* Literature review
* Data collection
* Method
* Introduction
* Results
* Discussion
* Abstracts etc.
* Proofread
* Submit

## Semester 1
### Week 0

* Supervisor allocation

### Week 1 (Week 1/35)

* Initial meeting with supervisor
* Topic brainstorm

### Week 2-3 (Week 2-3/35)

* Topic refinement

### Week 4 (Week 4/35)

* Submit Proposal draft 1

### Week 5 (Week 5/35)

* Submit Proposal draft 2

### Week 6-7 (Week 6-7/35)

* Present Proposal for peer review
* Review proposal feedback with supervisor

### Week 8 (Week 8/35)

* Submit human research ethics application draft 1

### Week 9 (Week 9/35)

* Submit human research ethics application draft 2

### Week 10 (Week 10/35)

* Submit human research ethics application final

### Week 11 (Week 11/35)

* Submit Literature Review plan
* Prepare for data collection

### Week 12-13 (Week 12-13/35)

* Begin data collection
* Develop Literature Review draft 1

## Semester 1 Break
### Week 1-3 (Week 14-17/35)

* Develop Literature Review draft 1

## Winter Term

Week 1 (Week 18/35)
* Submit Literature Review draft 1

### Week 2 (Week 19/35)

* Submit Method draft 1

### Week 3-4 (Week 20-21/35)

* Develop Literature Review draft 2

### Week 5 (Week 22/35)

* Submit 2nd draft Literature Review

### Week 6-7 (Week 23-24/35)

* Develop syntax for data analysis
* Submit Results plan
* Finalise data collection
* Data screening

## Winter Term Break
### Week 1 (Week 25/35)

* Develop Results draft 1

### Week 2 (Week 26/35)

* Submit Results draft 1

## Semester 2
### Week 1 (Week 27/35)

* Develop Introduction draft 1

### Week 2 (Week 28/35)

* Submit Introduction draft 1

### Week 3 (Week 29/35)

* Develop Introduction, Method, and Results draft 2

### Week 5 (Week 30/35)

* Submit Introduction, Method, and Results draft 2
* Supervisor to nominate external examiner

### Week 6-8 (Week 31-33/35)

* Draft Discussion

### Week 9 (Week 34/35)

* Proofreading

### Week 10 (Week 35/35)

* Finalise human research ethics end-of-project requirements (e.g., electronic data storage)
* Compile penultimate draft
* Submit

### Week 16 (Week 41)

* Discuss examiner feedback
* Make plan for submission for publication

### Following 3-6 months

* Preparation manuscript for publication
* Submit for publication
# Honours thesis in psychology/Admin/Evaluation/2015
## Summary

* USS 92%, GTS 58%, GSS 92%, OSS 75%, SES 83%
* 3 out of 5 USS indicators in this unit were higher than 80% and higher than the UC average, including, importantly, the Unit Satisfaction Scale (92% vs. 82%).
* However there were below 80% agreement ratings for Good Teaching (58%) and Overall Satisfaction (75%).
* All USS indicators were lower in 2015 compared to 2014.
* The open-ended USS comments and separate feedback from students indicated significant dissatisfaction with one thesis supervisor in particular. Action to rectify the problems with this particular supervisor were undertaken undertaken in conjunction with the Head of Discipline. This particular supervisor is no longer currently supervising Honours in psychology theses.
* There were a couple of difficult students in this cohort, who have now graduated; they may have contributed to the lower ratings in 2015 but there is no way of testing this.
* A Student-Supervisor Expectations document was introduced in Semester 1, 2016, to help make mutual expectations clear to both students and supervisors.
* Additional workshops have been added in 2016 in order to enhance the direct teaching component.

## Student evaluation ratings

Ratings from students in 2015 (N = 12 out of 28 (43%)):
| Unit Satisfaction Survey | % | ↑↓ 2014 | UC Avg % |
| Unit Satisfaction Scale | 92 | ↓ | 82 |
| Good Teaching Scale | 58 | ↓ | 77 |
| Generic Skills Scale | 92 | ↓ | 79 |
| Overall Satisfaction Scale | 75 | ↓ | 80 |
| Student Experience Scale | 83 | ↓ | 79 |
# Criminal law

Wikiversity welcomes most types of learning materials that are not encyclopedia articles, textbooks, or source texts. Please note that Wikiversity is not a place for duplication of other Wikimedia projects.
Wikiversity has adopted a "learn by doing" model for online education and encourages the creation of learning activities for Wikiversity participants. Everyone is invited to help add useful content to Wikiversity. If you need help learning how to add content, see the editing tutorial and Welcome, newcomers. Visit the Colloquium if you have any questions.
# Crisis bonding

SuttonClawson respectfully asks that people use the discussion page, their talk page or email them, rather than contribute to this page at this time. This page might be under construction, controversial, used currently as part of a brick and mortar class by a teacher, or document an ongoing research project. Please RESPECT their wishes by not editing this page.
Crisis bonding is a term to describe the unique human bonding phenomenon that occurs among strangers in a crisis situation involving unexpected man-made or natural disaster.

## Crisis and Trauma

"For crisis to be present, the individual's trauma perception must progress to a place of understood instability and disorganization due to an unresolved acute or chronic perceived stress". Intuitively, human bonding is a natural occurrence. In times of natural or man-made disaster, humans seek other humans for comfort, information sharing and to ultimately aid in the reduction of feeling pain and suffering from the unexpected event. While these ties are not necessarily chosen as a result of friendship and family kinship, they are however, experienced among complete strangers and motivated by mutual concern, compassion and help seeking/providing to cope with the crisis event.

## Definitions

Susan M. Sutton Clawson, Ph.D, M.P.H developed the theoretical term Crisis Bonding through years of extensive research on man-made and natural Wikipedia: disaster using real-time measurement in a crisis setting to specifically identify and describe the “unique human bonding phenomenon that occurs in the moment of unexpected disaster”. This body of work is helpful to gauge where in the disaster timeline that Wikipedia: Psychological First Aid will have the most profound impact to aid coping mechanisms of the traumatically effected.

## History

Dr. Sutton Clawson’s work tending to a myriad of trauma populations in real-time crisis at a Level 1 Trauma Center and through non-governmental organizations in the domestic and international arena necessitated formal research on this particular human bonding phenomenon. Her background in International Trauma Psychology and Public Health provides contextual richness to understanding the delicate experience of this human condition as it crosses class, race, ethnic and social barriers and creates solidarity. Her research findings provide social significance to qualify this unique human bonding phenomenon as the Crisis Bonding Theory. Dr. Sutton Clawson’s formal published articles on crisis bonding are forthcoming.
# Criterion validity

Criterion validity involves the correlation between the test and a criterion variable (or variables) which are taken as representative of the construct.
There are two types of criterion validity:
* Concurrent validity: Test data and criterion data are collected at the same time, e.g.,
** Self-report and observer measures collected at the same time
* Predictive validity: Test data is collected first in order to predict criterion data collected at a later point in time, e.g.,
** Employee selection tests are often validated against measures of job performance.
** Measures of risk of recidivism among those convicted of a crime can be validated against measures of recidivism.
# Criterion for Authentic Performance Objectives

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# Extraterrestrial life/Astrobiology

Department of Astrobiology
Astrobiology (or exobiology) is the study of the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe. Earth is the only place in the universe known to harbour life. However, advancements in the fields of astrobiology, observational astronomy and discovery of large varieties of extremophiles with extraordinary capability to thrive in the harshest environments on Earth, have led to speculation that life may possibly be thriving on many of the extraterrestrial bodies in the universe. This interdisciplinary field encompasses the search for habitable environments in our Solar System and habitable planets outside our Solar System, the search for evidence of prebiotic chemistry, laboratory and field research into the origins and early evolution of life on Earth, and studies of the potential for life to adapt to challenges on Earth and in outer space.[2]
This discipline could include
Journals
* Astrobiology
* International Journal of Astrobiology
Theoretical Related Approaches
# Extraterrestrial fiction/Purplonian

A Purplonian is a resident of Purplonia, a fictional planet. Native Purplonians have purple skin, though there are many Lodonian-Purplonians who have green skin, as well as Purplonian and Lodonian hybrids who are typically covered with spots.

## History

Purplonia was a rather peaceful planet. The native Purplonias were of a monoethnicity, tended to be passive, and espoused rugged individualism. There were very few homicides, replication tentacle assaults, and substance abuse cases. Then came the Lodonian invasion. Many native Purplonians were enslaved and they were subject to a genocide attempt. However, a small core of native Purplonians fought back and prevailed over the green invaders. Most of the green invaders were driven to a single continent. Others attempted to assimilate into purple culture, while yet others formed green enclaves in predominantly purple areas.
Since then, those of Lodonian descent have claimed to be held back, robbed of opportunities, subject to racism, and pushed into lives of crime. After the quelling of the Lodonian invasion, substance abuse, the trafficking of sentient beings, prostitution, and murder for hire have been on the rise.
The Cyanians are a blue race of sentient beings who also live on Purplonia. They claim to be Xygon's Chosen Few. Critics theorize and allege that the Cyanians are behind nearly every conspiracy on Purplonia, including the Lodonian Invasion. Cyanian leaders refute that by saying that such speculations are anti-Cyanic and made by racist purple nationalists.

## Anatomy and Physiology

Native Purplonians are purple humanoids with numerous scalp tentacles that can be styled. They apparently have at least some genetic compatibility with Lodonians as evidenced by the appearance of some of the offspring.

## See Also

Portal: Extraterrestrial Studies
# Extraterrestrial fiction

An extraterrestrial or alien is any extraterrestrial lifeform; a lifeform that did not originate on Earth. The word extraterrestrial means "outside Earth". The first published use of extraterrestrial as a noun occurred in 1956, during the Golden Age of Science Fiction.
Extraterrestrials are a common theme in modern science-fiction, but also appeared in much earlier works such as the second-century parody True History by Lucian of Samosata.

## Purpose of Extraterrestrial Fiction

This fiction is mostly for entertainment purposes, though it can also be used for satire, propaganda, education or political commentary.
In discussions about race, it is common to propose other colors of people to illustrate dynamics, educate about racism, or even to deny allegations of racism (eg., "I could care less if they were green!") It is unlikely that these proposed people are actually intended to be from outer space. They are likely just hypothetical or straw man human races.

## Resources

* Cyanians -- A tiny Blue minority on Purplonia who are accused of controlling everything.
* Dicephalous aliens -- Two-headed ETs.
* Lodonians -- Green ETs who enslaved the Purplonians and still blamed for social decay.
* Purplonians -- Residents of Purplonia who have outlasted the Lodonian Invasion.
* Slimacians -- Slime-producing ETs.
* Spottians -- Spotted ETs.
* Tentacletians -- Tentacle-covered ETs.

## See Also

* Portal:Extraterrestrial Studies
* Fiction
* Wikipedia: Extraterrestrials in fiction
# Extraterrestrial life

Extraterrestrial life
* Astrosociobiology
* Astrosociology
* Intelligent aliens
* Astrobiology
* Xenolinguistics
* Search for life on Mars