OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Algonquian languages

Algonquian languages are a family of indigenous languages of North America that are part of the Algic languages family. The Algonquian family is divided into three main geographic groups: Plains, Central and Eastern. However, only Eastern Algonquian is a true genetic subgroup, the others being only geographical divisions (i.e. the languages were spoken in the same area, they are not more related to each another than languages from other groups). The Algonquian family includes around 30 languages.

## Eastern Algonquian

See detailed page: Eastern Algonquian
Eastern Algonquian languages are indigenous to the Atlantic coast of Canada and United States and the regions immediately inland from it. Prior to European contact it included at least 17 languages. On those, Mi'kmaq and Malecite-Passamaquoddy languages are the only two with a relatively appreciable number of speakers today. Some others still have a few speakers, but most Eastern Algonquian languages are extinct.
See the detailed page for the list of Eastern Algonquian languages.

## Central Algonquian

Central Algonquian languages include:
* Cree languages
** Atikamekw
** East Cree
*** Northern East Cree
*** Southern East Cree
** Innu
** Moose Cree
** Naskapi
** Plains Cree
** Swampy Cree
** Woods Cree
* Fox
* Kickapoo
* Mascouten (extinct and unattested)
* Menominee
* Miami-Illinois
* Ojibwe languages
** Algonquin
** Chippewa
** Central Ojibwe
** Eastern Ojibwe
** Northern Ojibwe
** Oji-Cree
** Ottawa
** Western Ojibwe
* Potawatomi
* Sauk
* Shawnee

## Plains Algonquian

Plains Algonquian languages are indigenous to the Great Plains of Northern United States and Southern Canada. Within the Algonquian languages family, Plains Algonquian languages are the ones that diverged the most from the common ancestor, Proto-Algonquian.
Plains Algonquian languages include:
* Arapahoan languages
** Arapaho
** Besawunena (extinct)
** Gros Ventre
** Ha'anahawunena (extinct)
** Nawathinehena (extinct)
* Blackfoot
* Cheyenne

## Revitalization projects

* Wampanoag language
# Algorithms

An algorithm is, in layman's terms, a method to go about achieving a particular task. Usually, this task is meant to be performed by a computer or other machine, like calculations and data analysis; however, its definition can be easily extended to tasks in everyday life and other situations.

## Resources and readings

* Overview
* Introduction to Algorithms

### Wikipedia

* Wikipedia: Algorithm

### Wikibooks

* Wikibooks: Algorithms

### External
#### Full Video Lecture Series

Each of these is a full series of lectures on algorithms, as well as some other course materials. These are designed as roughly third-year courses in computer science.
* MIT
* ArsDigita University
* IIT Bombay

#### Open source software

* Algorithmic projects at Sourceforge
* jSVR - GPL'd Java program that creates 3D models out of 2D images.
* Fast Genetic Algorithm Library 1.0.2
* Multicore Swarm - Libs for writing code for multi-core chips.

##### Data compression

* QUAD
* File-transfer
* ZZIPlib Library
* Dot 100 Audio Compression (1/100th)
* KGB Archiver

##### Document formats

* DjVuLibre

#### Related news

* March 30, 2007 - Better algorithms for image labeling created.

#### Miscellaneous

* Some papers on genetic algorithms

#### Learning videos

* The Most Important Algorithm Of All Time (Fast Fourier Transform)
# Algebraic Properties of Equality

The equal sign that depicts the fact that both sides of it are equal is a very strange symbol with many properties. It tells you various traits of each side, and it allows you to manipulate each side in specific ways. Here are the different properties of that sign:
| Property | Definition | Example |
| Reflexive | For all a, a=a |
| Symmetric | If a = b, then b = a |
| Transitive | If a = b & b = c, then a = c | If 8 = (4)(2) and (4)(2) = (2)(4), then 8 = (2)(4) |
| Substitution | If a = b, then one can replace a with b. | $x-6=14\,$ $x=20\,$ |
| Subtraction | You can subtract one number from both sides $x+6-6=14-6\,$ $x=8\,$ |
| Multiplication | You can multiply both sides by a same number $x=108\,$ |
| Division | You can divide both sides by a same number different from zero $x=3\,$ |
# Algebraic structures

Higher algebra studies the algebraic structures that arise in higher mathematics and unifies various themes that run throughout mathematical experience. Physicists may be most familiar with groups, but group theory pervades many parts of mathematics and arose to solve a primarily mathematical problem. Category theory is a relatively new topic that arose from the study of cohomology in topology but quickly broke free of its shackles to that area and became a powerful tool that currently challenges set theory as a foundation of mathematics, although category theory requires more mathematical experience to appreciate and cannot in its current state be reasonably used to introduce mathematics. It has also found many applications in the physical sciences.

## Readings

* Wikipedia: Group theory
* Wikipedia: Ring theory
* Wikipedia: Field theory
* Wikipedia: Category theory
* Wikipedia: Representation theory
* Wikipedia: Non-associative algebra
* Wikipedia: Multilinear algebra

## Resources

* Group theory
* Category theory
* Representation theory
# Algic languages

Algic languages are a family of indigenous languages of North America. The Algic family includes the Algonquian languages family as well as the Wiyot and Yurok languages.
All Algic languages still spoken are endangered or vulnerable.
There are 41 living Algic languages,, with a total of about 138,000 speakers.

## Family

Algic
* Algonquian (40)
** Blackfoot [bla] (A language of Canada)
** Cheyenne [chy] (A language of United States)
** Menominee [mez] (A language of United States)
** Miami [mia] (A language of United States)
** Shawnee [sjw] (A language of United States)
*** Arapaho (2)
**** Arapaho [arp] (A language of United States)
**** Gros Ventre [ats] (A language of United States)
*** Cree-Montagnais (9)
**** Atikamekw [atj] (A language of Canada)
**** Cree, Moose [crm] (A language of Canada)
**** Cree, Northern East [crl] (A language of Canada)
**** Cree, Plains [crk] (A language of Canada)
**** Cree, Southern East [crj] (A language of Canada)
**** Cree, Swampy [csw] (A language of Canada)
**** Cree, Woods [cwd] (A language of Canada)
**** Montagnais [moe] (A language of Canada)
**** Naskapi [nsk] (A language of Canada)
*** Eastern Algonquian (12)
**** Malecite-Passamaquoddy [pqm] (A language of Canada)
**** Micmac [mic] (A language of Canada)
**** Mohegan-Pequot [xpq] (A language of United States)
**** Narragansett [xnt] (A language of United States)
**** Powhatan [pim] (A language of United States)
**** Wampanoag [wam] (A language of United States)
***** Abenaki (2)
****** Abenaki, Eastern [aaq] (A language of United States)
****** Abenaki, Western [abe] (A language of Canada)
***** Delaware (2)
****** Munsee [umu] (A language of Canada)
****** Unami [unm] (A language of United States)
***** Nanticoke-Conoy (2)
****** Nanticoke [nnt] (A language of United States)
****** Piscataway [psy] (A language of United States)
*** Fox (2)
**** Kickapoo [kic] (A language of United States)
**** Meskwaki [sac] (A language of United States)
*** Ojibwa-Potawatomi (9)
**** Algonquin [alq] (A language of Canada)
**** Chippewa [ciw] (A language of United States)
**** Ojibwa, Central [ojc] (A language of Canada)
**** Ojibwa, Eastern [ojg] (A language of Canada)
**** Ojibwa, Northwestern [ojb] (A language of Canada)
**** Ojibwa, Severn [ojs] (A language of Canada)
**** jibwa, Western [ojw] (A language of Canada)
**** Ottawa [otw] (A language of Canada)
**** Potawatomi [pot] (A language of United States)
*** Unclassified (1)
**** Lumbee [lmz] (A language of United States)
** Ritwan (2)
*** Wiyot [wiy] (A language of United States)
*** Yurok [yur] (A language of United States)
# English-Pinyin/Chinese Mainland

Chinese Mainland is a region of China excluding Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. It is governed by the government of the People's Republic of China.
Zhongguor Dahluh shih Zhongguor de yigeh dihqu, bu baokuoh Xianggaang, Aohmern her Tairwan. Ta your Zhonghuar Rernmirn Gohngherguor zhehngfuu guaanlii.
# English-Pinyin/Common language

A common language is a language that is used between persons who have not the same mother tongue.
Gohngtorngyuu shih zaih muuyuu butorng de rern zhijian shiiyohng de yuuyarn.
# English-Pinyin/Cauliflower contains nutrients which helps to fight against toxin

Cauliflower contains nutrients which helps to fight against toxin.
Yecaihhua harnyoou yoouzhuhyur duihkahng duirsuh de yirngyaangsuh.
# English-Pinyin/Cauliflower is rich in fiber and helps digestion

Cauliflower is rich in fiber and helps digestion.
Yecaihhua fuhharn xianweir, bangzhuh xiaohuah.
# English-Pinyin/China

China is in the east of Asia. It includes the Chinese Mainland, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
Zhongguor weihyur Yahzhou dongbuh. Ta baokuoh Zhongguor Dahluh, Xianggaang, Aohmern, her Tairwan.
# English-Pinyin/Chinese

Chinese is the common language in China.
Hahnyuu shih Zhongguor de tongyohng yuuyarn.
# English-Chinese/There are many cardiovascular diseases involving the blood vessels

There are many cardiovascular diseases involving the blood vessels. They are known as vascular diseases.
有许多涉及血管的心血管疾病。 它们被称为血管疾病。
# English-Chinese/There are different kinds of chest pain

Chest pain can present with different types of pain and associated symptoms which may vary with a person's age, sex, and previous medical conditions.
胸痛可伴有不同类型的疼痛和相关症状，这些症状可能因人的年龄，性别和既往疾病而异。
# English-Chinese/There aren't any pencils left

There aren't any pencils left, not even one.
没有任何铅笔，一枝都没有。
# English-Chinese/There are soft, firm, or extra firm doufu

There are soft, firm, or extra firm doufu.
有柔软，坚实或特别坚固的豆腐。
# English-Chinese/There are many different reasons for psychosis

There are many different reasons for psychosis. These include mental illnesses such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, insomnia, certain diseases, certain medications, and drugs such as alcohol or marijuana.
思觉失调有许多不同的原因。 这些包括精神疾病，如精神分裂症或躁郁症，失眠，某些疾病，某些药物，以及酒精或大麻等药物。
# English-Chinese/There are many diseases, disorders, and age-related changes that may affect the eyes and surrounding structures

There are many diseases, disorders, and age-related changes that may affect the eyes and surrounding structures.
有许多疾病，障碍和与年龄有关的变化可能会影响眼睛和周围的结构。
# English-Chinese/There are red berries on the tree

There are red berries on the tree.
树上 有 红色的 浆果。
# English-Chinese/There are scars on the back

There are scars on the back.
背面有伤疤。
# English-Chinese/There is a direct relationship between high levels of alcohol consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease

There is a direct relationship between high levels of alcohol consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease.
高水平饮酒与心血管疾病风险之间存在直接关系。
# English-Chinese/There are many cardiovascular diseases that involve the heart

There are many cardiovascular diseases that involve the heart. They are also called heart diseases.
有许多涉及心脏的心血管疾病。 它们也被称为心脏病。
# B is the new C

Welcome to B is the new C. This learning project allows Wikiversity participants to explore ways to use wiki technology as a tool to allow them to pursue their personal learning goals.

## True or False

We all develop strategies for learning. Some strategies for learning that work in other environments may not work at Wikiversity. How can we best make use of wiki technology and collaborative webppage editing to promote learning by Wikiversity participants?

### Reading assignment

* The Answer is NOT always C.
* Wikiversity learning model
* Superstition in the pigeon

### Discussion

Discuss wiki editing as a method of learning.

### Video

Special Report about Web 2.0 and why you should edit Wikiversity webpages. Ogg Video format --> Web 2.0 video, 9.3 Mb download. (Help with Ogg video file play.)

### Discuss the video

* What is Web 2.0?
# Bacillus cereus

Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive bacteria sporulate. It is an opportunistic pathogen which is a close relative to Bacillus anthracis, the bacteria that causes anthrax, a severe disease. B. cereus is present in soil, water, plants, and food, especially dry food like rice, dry milk, vegetables and spices. It is a problem to the food industry because spores form a biofilm over the production line. This microorganism causes intestinal and non-intestinal clinical infections: local infections of the eye and traumatic or postsurgical wounds; bacteremia and septicemia; meningitis; endocarditis and pericarditis; and food poisoning: emetic and diarrheagenic syndromes. Both foodborne diseases, emetic and diarrhoeal, are mild and self-limiting, although more serious cases have occurred. The symptoms of the emetic syndrome are nausea and emesis. The incubation time is from 0.5 h to 6 h and the duration is 6 to 24 h. Besides, the diarrheal syndrome presents abdominal pain, watery diarrhea and occasionally nausea and emesis. The incubation time is in the range of 8 h -16 h and the duration is not more than 24 h. Moreover B. cereus produces several toxins: cereulide, the emetic toxin; haemolysin BL, a tripartite enterotoxin; nonhaemolytic enterotoxin, another three-component toxin; cytotoxin K and hemolysin II, a β-barrel pore-forming toxins; phospholipase C (phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidilcholine), proteases and hemolysin IV (Hly-IV), which has a strong effect on plasma membranes with a wide range of compositions. Traditionally the pathogenesis of B. cereus has been associated with the production of exocellular factors. Interestingly, the ability of this microorganism to attach to and invade enterocytes and disrupt the cytoskeleton could increase its pathogenic potential. Thus, B. cereus gastroenteritis may be multifactorial.
* ↑ Kramer, J. M and Gilbert, R. J. Bacillus cereus Gastroenteritis. Chapter 6 in Food Poisoning. Handbook of Natural Toxins. Volume 7. Ed. by A. T. Tu. Marcel Dekker, Inc. NY, 1992. p. 119-153.
* ↑ 2. Stenfors Arnesen, L. P.; Fagerlund, A. and Granum, P. E. 2008. From Soil To Gut: Bacillus cereus And Its Food Poisoning Toxins. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 32: 579-606
* ↑ 3. Beecher, D. J. and Lee Wong, A. C. 2000. Cooperative, Synergistic And Antagonistic Haemolytic Interactions Between Haemolysin BL, Phosphatidylcholine Phospholipase C And Sphingomyelinase From Bacillus cereus. Microb. 146: 3033-3039.
* ↑ 4. Minnaard J, Lievin-Le Moal V, Coconnier M, Servin A, Pérez P (2004) Disassembly of F-Actin cytoskeleton after interaction of Bacillus cereus with fully differentiates human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Infect Immun 72:3106-3112
# Background astronomy/Quiz

Background radiation astronomy, or background astronomy is a lecture that is part of the radiation astronomy department's radiation astronomy project. It has been included since the 2016 fall version of principles of radiation astronomy as a lecture.
You are free to take this quiz based on background radiation astronomy at any time.
To improve your scores, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{principles of radiation astronomy}} templates. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.
As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.
Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.
To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* Sometimes the apparent background is actually the signal.
# Electrotechnology

Electrotechnology is used to describe the physics of electrical circuits, electromagnetism and corresponding application in both electrical engineering and electronic engineering.
Electrotechnology can encompass specialisms such as; Electrical engineering, Electronic engineering, Instrumentation engineering, Telecommunication engineering, and Computer engineering.
# Elementary Arabic I/Lesson:Beachhead

There are many words in Arabic that are used to greet each other, whether it being an acquaintance, friend, family, collegue, etc. Mainly, words such as "Ahlan" and "Marhaba". However, in arabic societies where it is heavily influenced by Islam, a formal greeting is used by saying, "As-salaamu alaykum"—which means Peace be upon you ... it is customarily and respectful to respond back by saying, "Wa alaykum as-salaam"—meaning, And upon you be peace. Some Muslims reserve the greeting to fellow Muslims, so knowing the appropriate answer is always good, but with some people a non-Muslim should not initiate this exchange, but use "Ahlan" and "Marhaba".
# Electronics Fundamentals/Lecture Transformers and Analysis

* EE112 Edit/View
* Electronic Engineering
* EE Electronics_fundamentals
* Lecture, Resistors and Ohms law
* Lecture, Basic Resistive Circuit Analysis
* Lecture, Capacitors and Analysis
* Lecture, Inductors and Analysis
* Lecture, Transformers and Analysis
* Lab, Transformer design for Mains use
* Lab, Inductor design for SMPS use
* Lab, Transformer design for SMPS use
* Lab, Inductor design for RF use
* Mid-term Exam
* filters
* Diodes
* Transistor switch
* JFET and MOSFET switch
* TRIAC
* Final Exam
# Elementary Arabic I

| Arabic I This is an introductory course on the Arabic Language. Students will be introduced to some of the basic grammatical rules and vocabulary of Modern Standard Arabic. Feel free to add yourself to the list of participants. | Arabic I This is an introductory course on the Arabic Language. Students will be introduced to some of the basic grammatical rules and vocabulary of Modern Standard Arabic. Feel free to add yourself to the list of participants. | Lessons الدرس الأول(Lesson 1): Saying Hello الدرس الثاني(Lesson 2): The Alphabet |
# Elementary Arabic I/Participants

--68.181.238.22 04:05, 31 March 2009 (UTC)JakeKennPlease sign below with your signature:
* –mmkgny: interested in learning Arabic, no prior Arabic experience.
* ...JCabrera1885- Hello. I am a language enthusiast wanting to learn arabic better. I speak Spanish, French, Japanese, Russian and Portuguese.
* ^^^User:DarkangelDani^^^: hola, Im just a beginner on Arabic, but I looove the language, & I hope I'll be able to speak it very soon. I also know Spanish & some Italian.
* nippp: Hello all! I've just started a Beginners Arabic class, we started with the Alphabet and are now writing words. I don't know any vocabulary or grammar yet though. =)
* --RodrigoGregori 17:10, 2 January 2009 (UTC) Hi, I'm also a language enthusiast and I'm very interested in learning also arabic!
––ashiqulkitab: hi. i actually know how to read and write in arabic but i want to learn conversational arabic; i know very little and i have a lot to learn
Boxie 07:30, 4 April 2010 (UTC) I hope to learn arabic I am just starting to learn arabic. --CtrlaltdelLorna (talk) 08:52, 6 August 2012 (UTC)
* Learnerktm (discuss • contribs) 14:29, 16 August 2016 (UTC)
* Charon.taylor I need to reinstall Arabic into my head. Why waste a good thing.
# Electroweak interaction/Quiz

Electroweak interaction is a lecture about the application of laboratory and theoretical physics to astronomical phenomena.
You are free to take this quiz based on electroweak interaction at any time.
To improve your score, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{charge ontology}} template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.
As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.
Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.
To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* The electroweak interaction like the other interactions is a manifestation of a general electromagnetic type interaction.
# Elementary Arabic I/Lesson:The Alphabet
## Letters

| Letter | Name | Pronunciation (IPA) |
| ا | Alif | Example |
| ب | Baa | [b] Like "b" as in "bat" or "cab." |
| ت | Taa | [t] Like "t" as in "ten" or "trout." |
| ث | Thaa | [θ] Like "th" as in "thick" or "empathy." |
| ج | Jiim | [dʒ] Like "j" as in "jug" or the j- or g-like sounds in the words "pleasure" and "azure" (varies regionally). |
| ح | Haa | [h] Like "h" in "hat" but constrict your throat muscles more. |
| خ | Khaa | [x] Guttural sound hardly heard in English, like "ch" in "loch." |
| د | Daal | [d] Like "d" as in "dad." |
| ذ | Dhaal | [ð] Like "th" as in "this" or ‌‌‌‍‍"them." like the Greek delta. |
| ر | Raa | [ɾ] Rolled "r" like in Spanish. Like "r" in "very" if pronounced "veddy." |
| ز | Zeiy | [z] Like "z" as in "zip." |
| س | Siin | |
| ش | Shiin | Example |
| ص | Saad | Example |
| ض | Daad | Example |
| ط | Taa' | Example |
| ظ | Dhaa' | Example |
| ع | Aeyn | Example |
| غ | Ghaeyn | Example |
| ف | Faa' | Example |
| ق | Qaaf | Example |
| ك | Kaaf | Example |
| ل | Laam | Example |
| م | Miin | Example |
| ن | Nuun | Example |
| ه | Haa' | Example |
| و | Waaw | Example |
| ي | Yaa' | Example |
| ى | Alif Maq-Suura | Example |
| ة | Taa' Marbuu-Ta | Example |
# Fire and emergency management/Leadership II: Strategies for Personal Success (H804)

Return to Wikiversity:School of Fire and Emergency Management
About Open Source Learning Project
Course Instructions
Managing Multiple Roles as the Company Officer
Creativity
Enhancing Your Personal Power Base
Ethics
# Fire and emergency management/Leadership III: Strategies for Supervisory Success (H805)

Return to Wikiversity:School of Fire and Emergency Management
About Open Source Learning Project
Course Instructions
Situational Leadership
Delegating
Coaching
Discipline at the Company Level
# Fire and emergency management/Leadership I:Strategies for Company Success (H803)

About Open Source Learning Project
Course Instructions
Decision-Making Styles
Problem-Solving I: Identifying Needs and Problems
Problem-Solving II:Solving Problems
Running a Meeting