OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# American Football

American football (referred to as football in the United States and Canada, also known as gridiron elsewhere) is a sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end.

## Background

American Football is a sport played by two teams, consisting of 11 players each. It is played on a rectangular field, which measures exactly 120 yards long and 53.33 yards wide. At each end, there is a goalpost.
Each competing team is divided by an offense(11 players) and a defense (11 players).
The offense goal is to advance the ball down the field into the opponents area by running or passing it. the offense has four downs, meaning four attempts, to advance the ball at least 10 yards. the defense of the opponent tries to stop them. If the offense succeeds, they get another set of four downs to continue the drive. If they fail, there will be a turn over. the opponent then gets the ball and competes with his offense team.
If the offense can make it into the end zone of the opponents team, a touchdown is scored and will be rewarded with six points. the offense has now a chance, to make an extra point by kicking the bal through the opponent's goalpost. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins.

## Teams

Denver Broncos

## See Also

* Wikipedia: American football
# American Revolution
## Introduction

Welcome to Wikiversity's course on the American Revolution (HIST-AM-203). This course follows the content timeline of most college-level United States history courses on this topic. We will begin with the social and political state of the American colonies in the two decades prior to the American Revolution and end with the foundations of the modern federal government. This is a self-study course; the student is expected to progress through the material at their own pace, testing themselves as necessary. This course is, as well, part of the Topic:North American History.
This course will draw heavily on material contained within Wikipedia. Whenever appropriate, the instructor has provided links for additional reading. The instructor will also recommend readings for enrichment outside of the wikipedia domain. Please be patient with the addition of material. While I enjoy this topic, I have a full-time job that keeps me very busy, even when not at work.
Note on Sources
This Wikicourse draws information from three types of sources. Primary sources are those written by someone during the time of the historical event. A letter from Abigail Adams to her husband, John, is an example. Secondary sources are those written by a later scholar using primary sources as their reference points. A contemporary analysis of colonists' opinions regarding the Stamp Act taken from Boston newspapers is an example. The third type of reading in this course is a narrative, the instructor's commentary on historical events.:)))
When source information is available, it will be provided. :)))

## Table of Contents

    Waiting for you to create one. Wikiversity is a developing project, and depends on its contributors (anyone can contribute) for its content. Whether you call it a "course" or a "learning project", you can organize it here. Courses/Learning projects can be organised from a new "Portal" page, or in "Draft" space, or sometimes directly in the Main namespace (ie without any prefix). We encourage you to take the initiative and add your materials here!
    Follow these links to learn how: Intro to Learning Projects • The Main Learning Projects Page • Credentials, diplomas & provenance • Policies • Learning • Education
Chapter 1: The English Colonies in 1750
Chapter 2: The Colonists in 1750
Chapter 3: French and Indian War
Chapter 4: British Imperialism
Chapter 5: Growing Unrest
Chapter 6: War in the Northern and Middle Colonies
Chapter 7: War in the Southern Colonies
Chapter 8: The End of the Revolution
Chapter 9: Articles of Confederation
Chapter 10: Constitutional Convention

## See Also

The Great American Paradox

## External Links

* Google Map of The American Revolution: Follow this course by zooming in close on the battlefields, forts, arsenals, grist mills and iron furnaces of the American Revolution and the impact on it by the early stages of the U.S. Industrial Revolution.
* Teaching American History, Constitutional Convention
# American Revolution/Chapter 1: The English Colonies in 1750
## Learning Objectives

* Lesson 1: Outline the seminal points in English colonial history, including the founding of each colony.
* Lesson 2: Discuss the political, religious, and social activities of western Europe during the 1700s.
* Lesson 3: Describe the political and geographical organization of the North American continent in 1750.
# Czech Language

Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers; it is the majority language in the Czech Republic and spoken by Czechs worldwide. The language was known as Bohemian in English until the early 20th century. Czech is similar to and mutually intelligible with Slovak, the Sorbian languages and, to a lesser extent, with other Slavic languages.

## Language Reference
### Pronunciation

* Pronunciation

### Vocabulary

* Animals
* Body Parts
* Cardinal Numbers
* Colors
* Days of the Week
* Family Members
* Months and Dates
* Ordinal Numbers
* Pronouns
* Vocabulary Resources

### Grammar

* Grammar Resources
* Noun Declension
* Verbs

## See Also

* Wikipedia: Czech language
* Topic: Czech
# Czech Language/Colors

barva = color

## Names of Colors
### Primaries

* červená = red
* modrá = blue
* žlutá = yellow

### Secondaries

* zelená = green
* oranžová = orange
* růžová = pink
* fialová = purple
* hnědá = brown
* béžová = beige

### Tints

* bílá = white
* černá = black
* šedá = grey
* tmavá (tmavě šedá) = dark (dark grey)
* světlá (světle šedá) = light (light grey)

### Metals

* zlatá = gold
* stříbrná = silver

## Phrases About Color

* What color is it? = Jakou to má barvu? (with regard to the color of the object indicated.)
* What color is this? = Jaká je to barva? (in the sense: "What is the name of this color?")
* What color is (the car)? = Jakou má (to auto) barvu?
* What colors do you like? = Jaké barvy se ti líbí?
* Which color do you like? = Která barva se ti líbí? (in the sense "Which of these colors do you like?")
* What is your favorite color? = Jaká je tvoje nejoblíbenější barva?
# Czech Language/Days of the Week
## Days of the Week in Czech

| Čeština | Locative ("on ...") | English | Etymology |
| pondělí | v pondělí | Monday | po (after) + neděle (Sunday) |
| úterý | v úterý | Tuesday | from vterý (old Czech) = second (day of the week) |
| středa | ve středu | Wednesday | from střed = middle |
| čtvrtek | ve čtvrtek | Thursday | from čtvrtý = fourth |
| pátek | v pátek | Friday | from pátý = fifth |
| sobota | v sobotu | Saturday | = Sabbath |
| neděle | v neděli | Sunday | ne (neg.) + dělat (do, work) |

## Related Vocabulary

* den = day
* týden = week
* dnes = today
* včera = yesterday
* zítra = tomorrow
* předevčírem = the day before yesterday
* pozítří = the day after tomorrow
* tento týden = this week
* minulý týden = last week
* příští týden = next week

## See Also

* Months and Dates
# Czech Language/Body Parts

This vocab resource includes a detailed list of parts of the human body and other anatomical features.

## General Anatomical Vocab

kloub = joint končetina = limb kost = bone krev = blood kůže = skin orgán = organ prst = digit (a finger or toe) sval = muscle

## List of External Body Features
### Top-down (en-cs)

* head = hlava
** hair = vlasy
** ears = uši
* face = tvář
** brow = čelo/obočí
** cheeks = líce
** eyes = oči
** jaw = čelist
** mouth = ústa
*** lips = rty
*** teeth = zuby
*** tongue = jazyk
** nose = nos
* neck = krk
** throat = hrdlo
* shoulders = ramena
* arms = paže/ruce
** elbows = lokty
** forearms = předloktí
** wrists = zápěstí
* hands = ruce
** fingers = prsty
** thumb = palec
* chest = hruď
** breasts = prsa
* abdomen = břicho
** navel = pupek
* pelvis = pánev
** hip = bok
* groin = slabina
** penis = pyj/penis
** vagina = pochva/vagína
* back = záda
** backside = zadek
** buttocks = hýždě
* legs = nohy
** thighs = stehna
** knees = kolena
** ankles = kotníky
* feet = nohy [same as legs]
** heels = paty
** toes = prsty [same as fingers]

### Alphabetical (cs-en)

* bok = hip
* břicho = abdomen
* čelist = jaw
* čelo = brow
* hlava = head
* hrdlo = throat
* hruď = chest
* hýždě = bottom, bum
* jazyk = tongue
* kolena = knees
* kotníky = ankles
* krk = neck
* líce = cheeks
* lokty = elbows
* nohy = legs, feet
* nos = nose
* obočí = brow, eye-brows
* oči = eyes
* palec = thumb
* paty = heels
* pánev = pelvis
* paže = arms
* penis = penis
* pochva = vagina, vulva [also means "sheath" or "scabbard"]
* prsa = breasts
* prsty = fingers, toes, digits
* pupek = navel
* pyj = penis
* rty = lips
* ruce = hands, arms
* slabina = groin
* stehna = thighs
* tvář = face
* uši = ears
* ústa = mouth
* vagína = vagina
* vlasy = hair(pl)
* záda = back
* zadek = backside
* zuby = teeth

## List of Internal Organs
### cs-en

* mozek = brain
* plíce = lung
* srdce = heart
* žaludek = stomach
* dvanáctníku = duodenum
* lačník = jejunum
* ileum = ileum
* tenké střevo = small intestine
* tlusté střevo = large intestine
* tračník = colon
* Sigmoideum = sigmoid colon
* konečník = rectum
* řiť = anus
* játra = liver
* slezina = spleen
# Cymraeg Un/Lesson:Simple Conversation of Welsh

hi how are you what are you up to on this fine sunny day my freind
# Cytogenetics/Quiz

Cytogenetics is an effort, in a lecture format, to describe the components of cytogenetics.
You are free to take this quiz based on the lecture cytogenetics at any time.
To improve your score, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{gene project}} template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.
As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.
A suggestion is to have the lecture available in a separate window.
To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* The genes responsible for cytogenesis are probably universal to all life forms except viruses.
# Adobe Photoshop/Color Replacement Tool

Colour replacement tool - You can change or replace a selected colour with a new colour.
# Adobe Photoshop/Background Removal
## Background Removal

In Photo editing a fair amount of what people do on a daily basis is removing the background of a picture or image. This can be accomplished many ways, but this lesson discusses only 4.

## Easy Methods

2 of the easiest ways to remove a background are using "wizard" tools and using the lasso tool.

### Wizard Tools

Wizard tools are very useful if you want to remove the background of something with a solid background. Lets say we want to remove the blue background of the following image:
First, get out the magic wand tool. It can be found next to the lasso tool and below the move tool. Then look at the background. If it is 100% one color, set the Tolerance to 0 (If you don't know what that means, please refer to the basics tutorial) Otherwise, set it slightly higher (use this method only on solid or mostly solid backgrounds)
# Adobe Photoshop/Blur Tool

The Blur Tool is used to paint a blur effect. Each stroke made using the Blur Tool will lower the contrast between affected pixels, making them appear blurred.
The context-sensitive Options Bar, usually located at the top of your workspace, will display all relevant options related to the Blur Tool.
The brush option allows you to alter the size and hardness of the brush. The hardness of the brush affects how soft or feathered the edges of the brush are. A soft blur brush will alter pixels at varying strengths, stronger in the center turning weaker towards the edges. It will make a stroke that blends well into the surrounding pixels. A harder blur brush will alter pixels at the given strength so that all affected pixels are blurred to the same degree. It will make a stroke that stands out against its neighboring pixels.
In the latest edition of Adobe Photoshop there are seven blur tool modes:
* Normal blur strokes affect all pixel information creating a standard blur.
* Darken blur strokes blur dark pixels into lighter neighboring pixels darkening the image.
* Lighten blur strokes blur light pixels into darker neighboring pixels lightening the image.
* Hue blur strokes blur variations in hue but not saturation or luminosity.
* Saturation blur strokes blur variations in saturation but not hue or luminosity.
* Color blur strokes blur variations in color (hue and saturation) but not luminosity.
* Luminosity blur strokes blur variations in luminosity but not hue or saturation.
The Strength option allows the user to choose to what extent their blur strokes blur the affected pixels. A lower strength percentage will not blur the pixels as noticeably as a higher strength percentage.
You can save your Blur tool settings for future ease of use. Click on the arrow next to the blur tool icon in the options bar and then click on the 'new' button below the right pointing arrow. Give it a name and press OK. For future use just return to the blur tool and click on the arrow next to the blur tool icon in the options bar to see a list of saved Blur tool pre-sets.
# Adobe Photoshop/Background Eraser Tool

When a picture file (.jpeg, .PNG, .GIF, .BMP or any image file format) is opened in Photoshop, the layer palette will display it as the back ground layer. If you try to erase part of the image, the selected background colour will be filled to that area. That means you won't get transparent background
But with the Background Erase tool you can erase the background layer & the erased portion will be transparent!
# Adobe Photoshop/Converting a Color Image to Black & White

A Black and White photograph is not a grayscale photograph, or a desaturated photograph.
In order to convert a color digital image to Black and White each color channel (red, blue and green) Must be converted individually.
In Adobe Photoshop CS4 and above there is an automated process for this, using other editing software a Black and White image must first be made for each color channel (RGB) and layered together to form a true B&W photograph. Citation Citation
Below are Methods for creating a grayscale image.

### Method #1

* Open the photo you want to convert.
* Choose Image > Mode > Grayscale
* When asked if you want to discard color info, click OK. Photoshop converts the colors in the image to black, white, and shades of gray. (this is called a grayscale image)

### Method #2

Use Photoshop's Desaturate command.
A color image is considered saturated with color. When you desaturate an entire image you remove the color and create a grayscale image.
* Open the photo you want to convert.
* Choose Image > Adjustments > Desaturate or
* Use the keyboard shortcut: "Shift+Ctrl+U" to Desaturate the image.
One advantage of the Desaturate command is the ability to perform this command on a specific area of the image. For instance, you can use the Marquee Tool to select the part of the image to be desaturated (grayscale) while leaving the rest of the image in color (or whatever the original was).
# Adobe Photoshop/Creating A New File

Obviously, the first step for working in Photoshop is to Create A New File. To do this, click on the file menu and select "New...". You can also use the keyboard shortcut: CTRL+N

## New File Dialog

Name This box is simply where you enter a title for your image, the default title is "Untitled"
Preset By pressing this drop-down box, you can see a variety of available presets. These include common paper sizes and screen resolutions. You can add custom presets to this menu by pressing the "Save Preset" button to the right of the dialog box.
# Adobe Photoshop/Brush Tool

The brush Tool is used to paint strokes over image and layers.
# Adobe Photoshop/Clone Stamp Tool

With the clone stamp tool you can pick up (or clone) a sample area of an image and copy it to another part of the image. For example you can copy an area of sky and lay it over a cable in your image, thereby causing the cable to disappear. Place the cursor on the area you wish to copy from, hold down ALT, and click. You have selected the area to copy from. Now move the cursor to the area you wish to paint over. Left click and hold and paint over the area you wish cover.
# Art practices/Quantum Lettrism

Technique of the psychic workers

## Lettrist Entaglement

Creating organisational forms to follow those of institutions where proletarian interventions are being sought.
eg
* DAMTP via the DAMTP Congress with Department of Applied Maths and Theoretical Physics

## Lettrist Superposition

When activated the entanglement allows coherent superimposition onto the others' activities.
# Art practices/Multiple-use name/Tae Ateh/Become Tae Ateh

I are we am Tae Ateh. Become Tae Ateh. Tae Ateh has been given to us by the words of the trees and the song of the heart beating like a train. Tae Ateh has been selected for a new multiple identity project in the tradition of Monty Cantsin, Karen Eliot and Luther Blissett. The Tae Ateh moniker has the advantage of being one that might belong to either a male of a female since Tae as a first name does not appear to be gender specific.
At the same time it is distinctly female as Ateh in some languages refers to an older female of the family. It is also distinctly non European. As such it is a double whammy against the twin monsters of Eurocentricity and Patriarchy. In this way it is superior to any previous multiple identity we are aware of.Even more Tae Ateh refers not only to human, but also to non-human beings and so revolutionize stuck into anthropocentrism multiple identity project(s) of previous attempts. Tae Ateh is a name plant that calls another plant and refers to the inner materiality vibrations leading to resonance. Tae Ateh is a name for butterfly‘s wings effect.
Tae Ateh is a name that refers to an animist depths of personhood individual human which enables any individual human or non-human being to be anyone or anything. Tae Ateh therefore is anthropogenic as it was initiated by humans so to be done only what is necessary in order for non-humans to be treated like humans. There is included the sharpest critique of eurocentrism as privatising the notion of being human so diverging it to supremacy, sexism and racism. In this way Tae Ateh is a name for a new working class sobjectivity (the weeping of parting and the weaping of reuniting) wahdat in kathiral and kathiral in wahdat.
The name is fixed, the people using it aren’t. The name Tae Ateh can be strategically adopted for a series of actions, interventions,exhibitions, texts, etc. You can use the name Tae Ateh when involved in any form of psychic or physical production. The purpose of many different people using the same name is to create a situation for which no one in particular is responsible and to practically attack western philosophical notions of identity, individuality, originality, value, humanism and truth.
Anyone can become Tae Ateh simply by adopting the name. When one becomes Tae Ateh one’s previous existence consists of the acts other people have undertaken using the name. When one becomes Tae Ateh one has no family, no parents, no birth, no culture. Tae Ateh was not born, s/he was materialised from animist social forces, constructed as a means of entering the shifting terrain that circumscribes the ‘individual’ and society. Tae Ateh is a transsexual transnational transhuman collective phantom.
# Art practices/Single person association

A single person association is an organisation which sets the maximum size of membership as one.
One example is a Corporation sole which has often been used as regards church property. In advertising for Clint eastwood's film The Outlaw Josey Wales, the slogan ". . . an army of one" was used
However, here we are focussing on Art practices of the Avant-garde.
As such single person associations are used by certian Art movements:
* Neoism
* Psychic workers
In many ways this complements the Multiple-use name. But is also associated to the practices of:
* Psychogeography
* Situography
# Art practices/Psychogeography
## Introduction

Psychogeography was originally conceived by the Lettrist International - an off shoot of the Lettrist movement. It was later defined by the SI as above. Although psychogeography started out as an art practice in the 1950s, it has since been adopted as means of researching the urban environment in a broader context.
It can be seen as part of art practices but has also been used in the disciplines of geography, media studies, literature and others.

## Psychogeographical exercises

1. Continuous drift - see dérive

## Psychogeographical games

1. The Joker - WNLA

## Psychogeographical maps
### Exercise 1:

Using a map of one city to navigate another city This was a method used by the Lettrists and Situationists

### Exercise 2: Psychogeographs

This method was developed by the LPA in some newsletters and maps which combined the cartographies of 2 or more different places in one metagraph or psychogeograph.
London exercise: Using http://antisystemic.org/jpg/psychogeograffyx/tube2002.gif and http://antisystemic.org/jpg/psychogeograffyx/center00.gif

## Algorythmic Psychogeography

Using algorithms to navigate a drift/ derive. This method was developed in 2001 by Wilfred Hou Jebek in Amsterdam as part of the Hot summer of psychogeography in 2002.
Algoriths used:
* /Algorithmic Psychogeography
* /Quantum algorythmic psychogeographic experiment
In 2016, Karen Karnak issued a call for an international drift game: /UNREAL NON-REALITY

## Psychogeographical situations

* Urs
* Monstration

### Situations for discussion

These situations made by psychic workers and psychogeographical groups
Can you identify in each video:
* The parameters in space, time and class
* The organiser of the situation?
# Art practices/Psychogeography/Unreal Non-Reality
## Responses to the call

Also see responses
* Tae Ateh Drift Report
* /NXTPA Drift Report
# Art practices/Single person association/Outer Spaceways Incorporated

OSI practices psychogeography
See /Notice to Quit
# Art practices/Multiple-use name/Tae Ateh

Tae Ateh is a Multiple-use name adopted in 2015 in Belarus, Lithuania, England, Italy and Germany. Contact dx at antisystemic dot org for a list of usernames and passwords

## Tae Ateh texts:

* /Become Tae Ateh
* /The Secrets of Tae Ateh
# Electronic Communications/Communication and Technology

| Unit 4.9-Electronic Communications | Introduction | Communication and Technology | Communicating Methods | Guidelines and Standards | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 4.1 | Unit 4.2 | Unit 4.3 | Unit 4.4 | Unit 4.5 | Unit 4.6 | Unit 4.7 | Unit 4.8 | Unit 4.9 Return to Trade Finance Module 4: Payment Methods |

## Communication and Technology

As technology continues to play an ever larger role in every business transaction, an international manager must learn its applications and uses in international business in order to maintain a competitive edge. One of the first uses of technology for business has been communication first by telex, then fax, and now the internet. These developments have allowed companies to communicate details of sales agreements, including methods of payment and shipping dates as well as transmission of banking and shipping documents. These capabilities have led to the development of guidelines by which communication and transmission are acceptable and verifiable.