OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Insile

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
IN'SILE. (Lucret. v. 1352.) The real meaning of this word is doubtful. Some think that it expresses the same object as the "treadle" of a modern loom, which is pressed down by the foot of the weaver to work the leash rods or "heddles," and make them decussate the warp. Schneider, on the contrary (Index. Script. R. R. s. Tela), considers it to mean the heddles themselves, which move up and down as they open the warp. In both cases it is derived from insilio; and must have reference to a horizontal loom, and not an upright one, which does not require any treadle, and in which the heddles do not move up and down, but backward and forward; but, though a horizontal loom of a very primitive kind, and doubtless of a very ancient model, is still used in India, all the representations which remain to us of Egyptian and Roman looms are upright ones.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Instita

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
IN'STITA. An ornament attached to the stola of a Roman matron (Hor. Sat. i. 2. 29. Ov. A. Am. i. 32.); supposed to have been a sort of broad fillet, similar to the flounce of modern times, sewed on to the bottom skirt of the outer tunic, which, with this adjunct, then became a stola. It is not, however, visibly expressed upon any work of painting or sculpture which has reached us; unless, perhaps, and that is not improbable, the number of thick folding plaits in the annexed (Instita/1.1) and many other figures, similarly draped in the stola, are intended to represent this flounce, though its juncture with the tunic is concealed under the loose drapery of the amictus, which covers the lower part of the under garment, as it here does, in all the statues and figures which are pourtrayed in a corresponding costume to the present one.
2. A fillet, or riband, which it was usual to tie round the top of the thyrsus under the foliaged head (Stat. Theb. vii. 654.), as in the annexed example (Instita/2.1), from a Pompeian painting.
3. In the plural; the bands or cords interlaced across the frame of a bed or couch, to make a support for the mattress (Pet. Sat. 97. 4.); as in the annexed example (Instita/3.1), from a terra-cotta lamp.
4. Also, in a general sense, anything which serves as a band or bandage. Pet. Sat. xx. 3.
* Instita/1.1
* Instita/2.1
* Instita/3.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Institor

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
IN'STITOR (παλιγκάπηλος). One who sells goods of any description on account of another person, or, as we should say, by commission, whether as a retail shopkeeper and agent, or as a traveller and hawker. Liv. xxii. 25, Ov. A. Am. i. 421. Ulp. Dig. 14. tit. 3.
# Endomorphism/Real/Two-dimensional invariant/Fact/Proof

We may assume $V=\mathbb {R} ^{n}$, and that $\varphi$ is described by the matrix $M$ with respect to the standard basis. If $\varphi$ has an eigenvalue, then we are done. Otherwise, we consider the corresponding complex mapping, that is,
    $\varphi \colon \mathbb {C} ^{n}\longrightarrow \mathbb {C} ^{n},$
which is given by the same matrix $M$. This matrix has a complex eigenvalue $a+b{\mathrm {i} }$, and a complex eigenvector $v\in \mathbb {C} ^{n}$. In particular, we have
    $Mv=(a+b{\mathrm {i} })v\,.$
Writing
    $v=v_{1}+{\mathrm {i} }v_{2}\,$
with $v_{1},v_{2}\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}$, this means
    $Mv_{1}+{\mathrm {i} }Mv_{2}=Mv=(a+b{\mathrm {i} }){\left(v_{1}+{\mathrm {i} }v_{2}\right)}=av_{1}-bv_{2}+{\mathrm {i} }(av_{2}+bv_{1})\,.$
Comparing the real part and the imaginary part we can deduce that $Mv_{1},Mv_{2}\in \langle v_{1},v_{2}\rangle$. Therefore, the real linear subspace $\langle v_{1},v_{2}\rangle$ is invariant.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Instragulum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
INSTRAG'ULUM. A coarse and common counterpane for a bed. Cato, R. R. x. 5. xi. 5.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Insubulum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
INSUB'ULUM (ἀντίον). The cloth-beam of a weaver's loom, round which the cloth is rolled, when woven to a greather length than the height of the loom. It goes by a similar name in Italy at the present day, where it is called "il Subbio." It was sometimes placed at the top of the loom, as in the annexed example (Insubulum/1.1), from an Egyptian painting, where it is seen with the cloth rolled under it under the yoke (jugum); and sometimes at the bottom, accordingly as the woof was driven upwards or downwards, by the comb or batten (pecten, sphata), both of which modes were practised by the ancients. Isidor. Orig. xxix. 1. Gloss. Philox. Pollux. vii. 36. x. 125. Eustath. in Hom. Od. xiii. 107. Aristoph. Thesm. 822.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Insularii

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
INSULA'RII. Persons who live in hired lodgings (insulae). Pet. Sat. 95. 8.
2. Slaves belonging to the owners of house property (Pompon. Dig. 50. 16. 166.); they performed the duties of house-agents and lodging-house keepers, and collected the rent for which they were liable to their masters, the landlords, if the tenant defaulted. Pompon. ib. vii. 8. 16.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Insula

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
IN'SULA. A house, or a cluster of contiguous houses, having a free space all round the collective pile, so that they formed a single and isolated mass of building, like an island in the water (Donat. ad Ter. Ad. iv. 2. 39. Festus, s. v. Cic. Off. iii. 16.) But as the houses composing an insula were let out in flats to different families, or comprised several distinct shops and tenements, the word came to be used in a less definite sense for any hired lodging (Pet. Sat. 95. 3.), or house occupied by more than one family, as contradistinguished from domus, the private house or mansion only tenanted by a single person, the owner or his lessee. (Tac. Ann. vi. 45. Suet. Nero, 16. 38. 44. Id. Jul. 41.) The ground-plan, which occupies the second column at p. 250., affords an example both of an insula and a domus; being an isolated patch of buildings surrounded on all sides by streets, and containing one private mansion, and eleven separate shops and tenements, each of which was occupied by a different tenant, as will appear by referring to the description there given.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Intercolumnium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
INTERCOLUM'NIUM (μεσοστύλιον). The intercolumnation, or space between one column and another in a colonnade (Cic. Verr. ii. 1. 19.); which the ancient architects distributed at five different intervals, called respectively araeostylos, diastylos, eustylos, systylos, pycnostylos; each of which is explained under its own name.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Intermetium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
INTERME'TIUM. The long, low barrier between the goals (metae) of a race course (Gloss. Philox.), which divided the course into two parts, as will be seen by referring to the ground-plan of the Circus of Caracalla, p. 165., on which it is marked B. One side of the course, with an elevation of the intermetium and metae at the back, is shown by the annexed illustration (Intermetium/1.1), from an engraved gem. The word, however, is only found in the Glossary above quoted; but Visconti (Mus. Pio Clem. v. p. 244.) thinks that it was the name originally employed before the more modern one SPINA was adopted, and again revived after that had fallen into disuse or received a different application.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Interscalmium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
INTERSCAL'MIUM. The space between thowl and thowl (scalmus) on the side of a vessel (Vitruv. i. 2. 4.); consequently, represented on the outside by the space between one oar, or oar-port, and another. The illustration (Interscalmium/1.1) is from an ancient Roman fresco painting discovered in the Farnese gardens.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Intertignium

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INTERTIG'NIUM. The space between the ends of the tie beams (tigna, BBB. in the example (Intertignium/1.1)) which rest upon the architrave (trabs, A) in the timber-work of a roof. (Vitruv. iv. 2. 2. and 4.) Six of these are here shown; and in the earliest buildings these intervals were left open; but, subsequently, they were covered over with slabs of marble, so as to form part of a continuous frieze (zophorus), or to form a metope (metopa) in the Doric order.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Interula

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
INTERULA. Seems to be identical with SUBUCULA, the innermost tunica (interior or intima), worn next the skin; and is applied indiscriminately to both sexes. (Apul. Flor. ii. 9. Id. Met. viii. p. 159. Vopisc. Prob. 4.) See the illustrations s. INDUTUS and SUBUCULA.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Intestinarius

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INTESTINA'RIUS. A mechanic employed in making what are now called the fittings in the interior of a house; a carpenter and joiner. Cod. Theod. 13. 4. 2. Inscript. ap. Mur. 929. 6. ap. Orelli. 4182.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Intonsus

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INTON'SUS (ἀκερσεκόμης). Unshorn; i. e. wearing long hair; with an implied sense of youthfulness; for both the Greeks and Romans cropped their hair upon arriving at the age of puberty, after which period long hair was regarded as unmanly; excepting with reference to certain deities, such as Eros, the god of love, represented in the example (Intonsus/1.1), from a bronze of Herculaneum, Apollo, and Bacchus, to whom it is attributed as a sign of perpetual youth. Ov. Trist. iii. 1. 60. Prop. iii. 13. 52. Tibull. i. 4. 36.
2. (ἄκουρος). Unshaven; i. e. wearing the beard at its natural length, which was the custom of the earlier ages, as in the annexed example (Intonsus/2.1), from an engraved gem, intended to represent Numa; whence, in after times, when shaving had become a general fashion, the word implies a rude, uncouth person, of antiquated manners. Hor. Od. ii. 15. 11. Tibull. ii. 1. 34. Ov. Fast. ii. 30. Liv. xxi. 32.
* Intonsus/1.1
* Intonsus/2.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Intusiatus

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INTUSIA'TUS. The reading of some editors instead of INDUSIATUS; which see.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Intestinum

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INTESTI'NUM, sc. opus. The fittings of wood in the inside of a house, such as doors, window frames, and shutters; or carpenter and joiner's work. Vitruv. v. 2. Varro, R. R. iii. 1. 10. Plin. H. N. xvi. 82.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Intusium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
INTU'SIUM. The reading adopted by some instead of INDUSIUM; in which case the word would be derived from intus, and not from induo; and then the meaning, according to this derivation of Varro (L. L. v. 131.), would be, an inner tunic over an under one (subucula), but itself under some other garment; which is not very intelligible.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Irpex

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
IRPEX. A heavy rake set with a number of teeth (regula cum pluribus dentibus. Varro, L. L. v. 136. Festus, s. v.), which was drawn by oxen over the ground, like a harrow, to tear up the weeds.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Iselastici ludi

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
ISELAS'TICI LUDI. The games exhibited at the four great Grecian festivals; viz. the Olympian, Isthmian, Nemean, and Pythian, which were so termed because the victors at them (hieronicae) were conducted home with much pomp and ceremony to their native towns, which they entered in a triumphal car (εἰσήλασαν) drawn by four horses, and crowned with chaplets. Subsequently, however, other games besides these four were honored with the same name. Vitruv. Praef. ix. 1. Plin. Ep. x. 118. Compare Suet. Nero, 25.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Iselasticum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
ISELAS'TICUM. The reward or stipend bestowed by the Roman emperors upon the champions at the Iselastic games. Trajan. ad Plin. Ep. x. 119.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Isodomos

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
ISOD'OMOS (ἰσόδομος). One of the styles of masonry adopted by the Greek architects in which every stone was cut and squared to the same height, so that when laid, the courses were all regular and equal. (Vitruv. ii. 8. 6. Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 51.) A specimen is exhibited by the annexed woodcut (Isodomos/1.1), representing a fragment of the old wall which formed the substruction of the Capitoline temple; consequently, dating as far back as the legendary era of the Roman monarchy.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Jactus

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JACTUS. A throw of the dice. Each throw was distinguished by a particular name, according to the amount or nature of the numbers turned up; as, Canis or Canicula, Venus, Vulturius, Seniones. Liv. iv. 17. Ov. A. Am. iii. 353.
2. A cast of the net; i. e. the quantity of fish taken in it. Val. Max. iv. 1. 7. extr.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Jaculatores

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JACULATO'RES. Javelin men; furnished by the allies to the Roman armies, and so termed from the dart (jaculum), which they used, in contradistinction to the slingers and archers (funditores, sagittarii); though all three were classed amongst the light-armed troops, and were employed in the same service, to commence a battle by annoying the enemy with showers of their missiles. Liv. xxi. 21. xxxvi. 18.
2. Fishermen who use the cast net (jaculum). Plaut. ap. Isidor. Orig. xix. 5. 2.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Jaculum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
JAC'ULUM. A javelin or dart; which is thrown at a distance, not held in the hand for thrusting (Varro, L. L. vii. 57.); whence the name seems to be given indiscriminately by the Latin authors to many kinds of missiles, even to a spear when discharged from the hand, as a missile. Liv. xxvi. 4. Cic. Tusc. 1. 42. Virg. Aen. ix. 52. with Serv. ad l.
2. A cast-net used for taking fish (Ovid. A. Am. i. 763.), which differed in some manner from the funda; for Ausonius (Epist. iv. 54.) mentions both these articles as a necessary part of a fisherman's fit out, but without affording any clue by which the difference can be traced.
3. The net used by the retiarius (Isidor. Orig. xviii. 54.), who hampered his opponent by throwing it over his head, and dispatching him with his trident, as shown and explained s. RETIARIUS.
4. Jaculus. A long rope with a noose at the end, like the lasso, employed for catching steers out of a herd, when it was required to bring them into the homestead, and break them to the plough. Columell. vi. 2. 4.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Janitor

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
JA'NITOR (θυρωρός). The doorkeeper or porter; a slave who kept the keys of the street door (janua), and sat in the porter's lodge at the entrance of a house. Cic. Verr. ii. 3. 2. Plaut. Men. iv. 2. 115.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Janitrix

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
JA'NITRIX. A duenna. (Plaut. Curc. i. 1. 76.) Böttiger and other writers infer from the above, and some passages of Tibullus (i. 6. 61. and i. 8. 76.), that female slaves were employed as doorkeepers, and ushers in the ante-rooms of their mistress's house. But such a notion is absolutely inconceivable; the word is merely used in an allusive sense, as explained.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Janua

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
JA'NUA (αὔλειος θύρα). Strictly, the front or street door of a private house (Cic. N. D. ii. 27. Serv. ad Virg. Aen. i. 449. Vitruv. vi. 7. 1.), as constradistinguished from porta, the gate of a town, &c., and from ostium, a door in the interior; but these nice distinctions are not always observed. The illustration (Janua/1.1) represents a doorway belonging to one of the houses at Pompeii, with the door itself, and panelling restored from a marble door in the street of the tombs, carved in imitation of wooden panels. The whole design consists of the following component parts; the sill, or threshold, raised a step above the pavement (limen); the lintel above (supercilium, jugumentum or limen superum); the door posts which support it (postes); the door leaves (fores), each of which is composed of the following parts; two uprights, one on each side of the leaf, technically termed the "stiles" by our carpenters (scapi); four transverse pieces, which our carpenters call the "rails" (impagines), dividing the whole into three separate panels (tympana).
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Jentaculum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
JENTAC'ULUM (ἀκράτισμα). A break-fast; the earliest of the daily meals. (Nigid. ap. Isidor. xx. 2. 10.) It was taken at various hours, according to the habits of each individual; by labourers very early in the morning; and, in general, appears to have consisted of light and digestible food. Suet. Vit. 13. Mart. xiv. 223. Compare viii. 67. Apul. Met. i. p. 14.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Jugalis

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JUGA'LIS, sc. Equus (ζύγιος Ἱππος). A draught-horse; but especially one which draws by a yoke (jugum) attached to the pole, as contradistinguished from funalis, which drew from traces (Virg. Aen. vii. 280. Sil. Ital. xvi. 400.), as shown by the annexed example (Jugalis/1.1), from an Etruscan painting.
2. Jugalis tela. See TELA.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Jugamentum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
JUGAMENTUM. See JUGUMENTUM.