OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Introduction to Italian/Lesson 9
## The Second Conjugation (-ere)

Infinitive verbs in the second conjugation all end in -ere. Most of them conjugate regularly (according to the chart below) but there are more irregularities than the first conjugation.
| | Suffix |
| Infinitive | -ere |
| First Person | -o |
| Second Person | -i |
| Third Person | -e |
| First Person (Plural) | -iamo |
| Second Person (Plural) | -ete |
| Third Person (Plural) | -ono |
Here is an example of how verbs ending in -ere conjugate.
| | Complete Word |
| Infinitive | leggere |
| First Person | leggo |
| Second Person | leggi |
| Third Person | legge |
| First Person (Plural) | leggiamo |
| Second Person (Plural) | leggete |
| Third Person (Plural) | leggono |

### Some Basic Verbs in the Second Conjugation

Here are a few basic -ere verbs to help build your vocabulary.
chiedere – to ask (for)
chiudere – to close conoscere – to know credere – to believe decidere di (+ infinitive verb) – to decide to do something (io decido di prendere un gelato – I’m deciding to get an ice cream) discutere (di) – to discuss (noi discutiamo di politica – we are discussing politics) leggere – to read mettere – to put, to place perdere – to lose prendere – to take, to have (as in have some food or have a drink), to get ricevere – to receive rispondere – to answer scrivere – to write spendere – to spend (money)
vedere – to see vendere – to sell
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# Virtues/Generosity
## Introduction:

Generosity is the virtue of being liberal in giving. Generosity is giving to another person something of yours as an act of freewill, without obligation. Generosity requires an awareness of your own freedom—I choose to give this gift—and the decision to make good use of that freedom—I choose to do good.
Although you may think first of generosity in monetary terms, often non-monetary gifts, such as time, encouragement, hope, laughter, hospitality, service, and forgiveness, may have the most value.
If you are giving to right a wrong then you are acting from justice, not generosity.
If you are giving out of a sense of obligation you are acting from reciprocity, not generosity.
If you are giving out of a sense of loyalty you are acting from solidarity, not generosity.
If you are giving out of a sense of self-interest, it is selfishness, not generosity.
If you are giving to someone you love, then you are acting from love, not generosity.
Generosity is your decision to act in opposition to hate, contempt, envy, anger, and even indifference.
Generosity keeps good company, as the following combinations of virtues show:
* Generosity + courage = heroism
* Generosity + justice = equity
* Generosity + compassion = benevolence
* Generosity + mercy = leniency
* Generosity + gentleness = kindness

## The Virtue of Generosity

In his book Ethics, Baruch Spinoza advises us to “act well and rejoice”
Aristotle describes generosity as the mean between wastefulness and stinginess.

## Religious Teachings

Generosity is a virtue that is often emphasized in various religions around the world. Different religious traditions offer teachings and guidelines on generosity as part of their moral and ethical frameworks.
Consider reading this essay on religious teachings regarding generosity.

## Everyday Generosity

* Help when you can.
* Perform random acts of kindness such as these examples.
* Give without hope of reward and without anticipation of gratitude.
* Enjoy the virtue of generosity.

## Assignment

Part 1: Perform some random act of kindness. Notice how it makes you feel.
Part 2: Study the module on Altruism in the course on What Matters.
# Polynomial/K/Interpolation/Fact

Let $K$ be a field, and let $n$ different elements $a_{1},\ldots ,a_{n}\in K$, and $n$ elements $b_{1},\ldots ,b_{n}\in K$ be given.
polynomial $P\in K[X]$ of degree $\leq n-1$, such that $P{\left(a_{i}\right)}=b_{i}$
$i$
# Geography/Capital cities

We will begin our study of geography by reviewing some important countries and capitals around the world. This will help you in geography!

## Most Famous Capitals

These capital cities, which are among the best known ones, are listed in alphabetical order. You should already know these.
* Argentina: Buenos Aires
* Australia: Canberra
* Brazil: Brasilia
* Canada: Ottawa
* China: Beijing
* Egypt: Cairo
* France: Paris
* Germany: Berlin
* India: New Delhi
* New Zealand: Wellington
* Russia: Moscow
* United Kingdom: London
* United States of America: Washington, D.C.

## Less Famous Capitals

These are some capitals listed in there continents but are not very common, if you know some of these you are very smart!
| Continent | Countries/Capitals | Map |
| South America | Venezuela: Caracas Colombia: Bogota Ecuador: Quito Peru: Lima Uruguay: Montevideo Chile: Santiago | South America |
| Africa | Libya: Tripoli Algeria: Algiers Ethiopia: Addis Ababa Sudan: Kharthoum Nigeria: Abuja Democratic Republic of the Congo: Kinshasa Kenya: Nairobi South Africa: Pretoria/Cape Town/Bloemfontein | Africa |
| North America | Mexico: Mexico City Guatemala: Guatemala City Costa Rica: San Jose Nicaragua: Managua Cuba: Havana Haiti: Port-au-Prince Dominican Republic: Santo Domingo Jamaica: Kingston | North America |
| Europe | Spain: Madrid Italy: Rome Norway: Oslo Sweden: Stockholm Denmark: Copenhagen Poland: Warsaw Ukraine: Kiev Greece: Athens Austria: Vienna Serbia: Belgrade | Europe |
| Asia | Thailand: Bangkok Vietnam: Hanoi Laos: Vientiane Pakistan: Islamabad Iran: Tehran Saudi Arabia: Riyadh Israel: Jerusalem Turkey: Ankara South Korea: Seoul Japan: Tokyo Indonesia: Jakarta Philippines: Manila Lebanon:Beirut | Asia |

## Quiz 2

Complete Quiz 2.
# Internet vs World Wide Web
## Learning goals

* understand that the Internet and the world wide web are not the same
* understand how the world wide web was influenced by the internet
* be able to name the 3 principle building blocks of the world wide web
* understand the notion of an URI
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Solitaurilia

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SOLITAURI'LIA. See SUOVETAURILIA.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Solium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SOL'IUM (θρόνος). In the original and strict meaning, a square high-backed chair, with closed sides for arms, as if cut out from a block of solid wood, which was employed in early times for the king to sit in, that his person might have some protection against any sudden or secret violence from behind. (Serv. ad Virg. Aen. i. 506.) The example (Solium/1.1), which agrees exactly with the above description of Servius, represents the chair used by Latinus in the Vatican Virgil.
2. A chair of state, like our throne, upon which the gods, kings, and great rulers sat. (Virg. Aen. x. 116. Cic. Fin. ii. 21. Ov. Fast. vi. 353.) It differs from an ordinary chair (cathedra), in being made of more valuable materials and costly workmanship. In works of art it is mostly represented with a back, arms, and cushions, frequently covered with rich drapery; but always with a foot-stool in front (scabellum, scamnum) to indicate its height. The example (Solium/2.1) shows the solium of Venus in a painting of Pompeii.
3. A large arm-chair, in which the Roman lawyer used to sit and receive the clients, who came to consult them (Cic. Leg. i. 3. Id. Or. ii. 55.); whence the expression, a subselliis in otium soliumque se conferre (Id. Or. ii. 33.), means to retire from court to chamber practice; that is, from active pleading in court, where the advocates sat upon benches (subsellia), to the comparative leisure of attending consultations in an arm-chair (solium) at home.
4. Solium eburneum. An ivory chair (Claud. Laud. Stil. 199.); meaning thereby the Curule seat, which was decorated with ivory; — only a pompous expression for SELLA CURULIS.
5. A receptacle for the dead body, like what we now call a sarcophagus, that is, of an imposing character, made of valuable marbles (Suet. Nero, 50.), and enriched by sculpture; especially used as a deposit for kings and great personages (Curt. x. 10. Flor. iv. 11. 11.), of which the annexed illustration (Solium/5.1) affords a remarkable specimen, from an original in which the body of L. C. Scipio Barbatus was deposited.
6. The seat at the bottom of a circular warm-water bath, on which the bather sat and washed himself (Suet. Aug. 82. Festus, s. v.), usually made of the same substance as the bath itself (Pallad. i. 41.), but sometimes of wood (Suet. l. c.), and even of silver. (Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 54.) See the illustration s. BAPTISTERIUM, at the bottom of which a similar seat is exhibited. But in some of the above passages, as well as others (Celsus, vii. 26. 5. Sidon. Apoll. Ep. ii. 2., solii capacis hemicyclium), the word is used for the bath itself.
* Solium/1.1
* Solium/2.1
* Solium/5.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Sparsio

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SPAR'SIO. An artificial sprinkling, or mist (nimbus, Mart. Spect. 3. Id. v. 25.) of scented waters, made to fall over the interior of a theatre or amphitheatre by means of pipes and machinery. (Senec. Controv. v. Praef. Id. Ep. 90. Q. N. ii. 9.) This treat was not an ordinary occurrence, but given occasionally by the munificence of some individual; and consequently it was customary to announce it by an advertisement (album) posted in prominent parts of the city, such as the following found at Pompeii. — VENATIO . ATHLETÆ . SPARSIONES . VELA ERUNT. That is, "There will be a hunt of wild beasts, an exhibition of athletic contests, a discharge of perfumed waters, and an awning over the spectators."
2. A scattering of presents to be scrambled for by the people (Stat. Sylv. i. 6. 65. Compare Suet. Cal. i. 8. Dom. 4.); same as MISSILIA.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Spartea

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SPAR'TEA. See SOLEA, 2.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Sparum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SPAR'UM or -US. A weapon, properly speaking, peculiar to the agricultural population (agrestis sparus, Virg. Aen. xi. 682.; telum rusticum, Serv. ad l.), which had a wooden shaft (hastile, Nepos, Epam. 9.), and an iron head with a curved blade attached to it (in modum pedi recurvum, Serv. l. c.), but also ending in a sharp point, to fit it for being discharged as a missile (Nepos, l. c. Sisenn. ap. Non. s. v. p. 555.) It was used in hunting (Varro, ap. Non. l. c.); and sometimes in warfare; but in that case it is not to be regarded as a regular weapon; only such as might be adopted by rude levies of the peasantry, or in sudden risings, where every man arms himself as he best can. (Sall. B. Cat. 59.) The annexed figure (Sparum/1.1) is copied from a bas-relief in the collection at Ince-Blundell, where it is used at a hunt; and as the very peculiar form of its head agrees so characteristically with the description collected from the various incidental passages cited above, it does not appear that any doubts can be entertained respecting the name and quality of the object it was intended to represent.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Spathalium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SPATHAL'IUM (σπαθάλιον). An ornament worn by women round the wrist (Plin. H. N. xiii. 52. Tertull. Cult. foem. 13.); which is supposed to have had small bells attached as pendants to it, as in the example (Spathalium/1.1), from an original discovered in a Roman sepulchre; and to have received its name from the resemblance it bore to a branch of the palm-tree with its pendant capsule (spatha) containing the flower and fruit.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Spatha

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SPATH'A (σπάθη). A batten; a flat wooden instrument used in weaving, for the purpose of driving home the threads of the woof or tram (subtemen, trama) so as to knit the whole closely and compactly together (Senec. Ep. 90.); probably similar to the instrument still employed for the same object in Iceland, where the manner of weaving is extremely primitive, and which is represented by the figure annexed (Spatha/1.1).
2. A broad and flat wooden spatula, employed for stirring, mashing, and mixing medicines or other ingredients. Columell. xii. 41. 3. Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 26. Celsus, vii. 12.
3. A large, broad, and long, two-edged sword, with a sharp acuminated point (Veg. Mil. ii. 15. Tac. Ann. xii. 35. Apul. Met. i. p. 3.); as shown by the annexed example (Spatha/3.1) from the sarcophagus of Alexander Severus. In length it reaches from the ground to the top of the wearer's hip.
4. A wooden implement employed by surgeons in replacing a dislocated shoulder. Celsus, viii. 15.
* Spatha/1.1
* Spatha/3.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Specillum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SPECIL'LUM (μήλη). A surgeon's probe, for sounding wounds, and other purposes. (Cic. N. D. iii. 22. Celsus, vii. 8. Id. vi. 9.) The example (Specillum/1.1) is from an original of iron, six inches long, which was found in the house of a surgeon at Pompeii.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Specularia

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SPECULA'RIA. Window panes; made of thin plates of talc (lapis specularis); a transparent substance, which the ancients employed for the above purpose, before the invention of glass, both as a closing over the aperture of a window (Senec. Ep. 90. Ib. 86. Q. N. iv. 13.), and for covering conservatories, garden frames, &c. Plin. H. N. xix. 23. Columell. xi. 3. 52.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Speculatores

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SPECULA'TORES. Lookers-out; a term applied generally to any persons who acted the part of scouts or spies (Liv. xxii. 33. Sall. Jug. 114.); but specially to a small number of men attached to each Roman legion (Tac. Hist. i. 25. Hirt. B. Hisp. 13. Inscript. ap. Grut. 520. 5. Appian. B. C. v. 132.), whose duty it was to collect information respecting the numbers and motions of the enemy, and to act as aides-de-camp to the general in transmitting his orders to the different divisions of the army. Hirt. B. Afr. 31.
2. Under the Empire, the name was given to a select body of men retained for the service of the prince's person, as a sort of detective force and body guard. (Tac. Hist. i. 24. Ib. ii. 11. Suet. Cal. 44. Claud. 35.) They were armed with a lance (lancea, Suet. l. c. id. Galb. 18.); and are frequently represented on the columns of Trajan and Antoninus in attendance upon the emperor, or keeping guard before his tent, in the manner shown by the example annexed (Speculatores/2.1).
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Specula

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SPEC'ULA (σκοπιά, σκοπή). A watch-tower, on which guards were regularly stationed to keep a look-out and transmit signals. (Varro, L. L. vi. 82. Liv. xxii. 19. Cic. Fam. iv. 3. Id. Verr. ii. 5. 35.) The illustration (Specula/1.1) represents a coast view, from a painting of Pompeii, with five watch-towers situated upon as many eminences, very similar to those with which the Italian coasts of the Mediterranean are now furnished.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Speculum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SPEC'ULUM (ἔνοπτρον, κάτοπτρον). A mirror; originally made of white metal, formed by the admixture of copper and tin (Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 45.), but afterwards of silver (Plin. l. c. Plaut. Most. i. 3. 111.), which is less brittle; the surface being kept bright by the use of pounded pumice-stone and a sponge, usually fastened to the frame by a short string. Glass was also employed at a later period for the mirror. The annexed wood-cut represents two originals (Speculum/1.1) of silver, both found at Pompeii, one of a circular shape, the most usual one, with a short handle for holding it up, when used, in the manner exhibited by the female figure (Speculum/1.2), from a painting in the same city; the other, of an oblong square form, intended to be held by one slave before her mistress, whilst others adjusted the toilette, as is often represented on Greek vases and other works of art; but the ancient dressing-mirror was never made in a frame to stand upon the table, as a piece of furniture, like the modern ones.
2. A looking-glass (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 66.), covered at the back with tin and lead (Beckman, History of Inventions, vol. ii. pp. 69 — 76.), and employed as a piece of ornamental furniture, like our pier-glass, consisting of a mirror as tall as the human body (Senec. Q. N. i. 17.), sometimes permanently fixed to the wall (Ulp. Dig. 34. 2. 19. § 8.), at others arranged in such a manner that it could be drawn up and down to different levels, like a sash. Vitruv. ix. 8. 2.
* Speculum/1.1
* Speculum/1.2
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Specus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SPEC'US (σπέος). Literally, a cave or cavern; whence transferred to the dark, covered channel which forms the water-way in an aqueduct (Front. Aq. 17. 21. 91.) Vitruv. viii. 7.), as shown by the part marked A in the illustration (Specus/1.1), representing a portion of the Alexandrine duct now existing at Rome. It was sometimes tunnelled through a hill, at others raised upon one or more tiers of arches, accordingly as the level of the source, or the undulating nature of the country required; and in some cases two, and even three, of these channels were carried, one above the other, over the same file of arches.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Sphaeristerium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SPHAERISTE'RIUM (σφαιριστήριον). An apartment for playing the game at ball, attached to the Gymnasia, Thermae, and other places of public resort, as well as to the private mansions of wealthy people; and as the players at this game were usually stripped, it was frequently warmed by flues from a furnace (hypocausis) underneath the floor. Plin. Ep. ii. 17. 12. Id. v. 6. 27. Suet. Vesp. 20. Lamprid. Alex. Sev. 30.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Sphaeromachia

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SPHAEROMACH'IA (σφαιρομαχία). A match at the game of ball. Senec. Ep. 80. Stat. Sylv. iv. Praef.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Spica testacea

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SPI'CA TESTACEA. An oblong brick, employed by the Romans for making floorings (Vitruv. vii. 1. 5.); so termed because each one was arranged in such a manner as to imitate the setting of the grains in an ear of corn (spica), as shown by the example (Spica_testacea/1.1), from an ancient flooring in the Thermae of Titus. A pattern of this description was termed spicata testacea (Vitruv. vii. 1. 4. Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 62.), which answers to our expression herring-boned; for we, as well as the modern Italians, who call it a spina di pesce, deduce the resemblance from the set of the bones in a fish's back.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Spiculum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
SPI'CULUM (λόγχη). The barbed head of an arrow or spear (Ov. Met. viii. 375. Hor. Od. i. 15. 17. Celsus, vii. 5. 2. Ammian. xxv. 1. 13.) which presents several jagged points like those in an ear of corn (spica), as exemplified by the annexed example (Spiculum/1.1) from the arch of Constantine. Hence the Latin and Greek words are frequently used in the plural to include the point with its barbs.
2. In later times synonymous with PILUM. Veg. Mil. ii. 15.
3. (σαυρωτήρ, οὐρίαχος, στύραξ). The point attached to the butt-end of a lance or spear (Gloss. Vet. ap. Alstorp. de Hast. p. 68.), which served for fixing it upright in the ground (Virg. Aen. xii. 130.), or might be used offensively, if the regular point (cuspis) got damaged or broken off. (Polyb. vi. 25.) We have no express authority, beyond that of the glossary cited, for this usage of the term in Latin; but the Greek names are thoroughly authentic, as well as the object itself, which is represented at large by the top figure in the annexed wood-cut (Spiculum/3.1), from a fictile vase; while the lower one shows the spear complete, with its regular head on the left end, and pointed butt on the right. In early times the Roman lance had no adjunct of this kind; but they adopted it after coming in contact with the Greeks (Polyb. l. c.); which may perhaps account for the circumstance of there not being any distinct term in the Latin language to designate it.
* Spiculum/1.1
* Spiculum/3.1