# Honours thesis in psychology
## Finding and working with a supervisor

Different institutions adopt different approaches to allocating students to research project supervisors. Usually your preferences will be taken into account but without any guarantee that you'll get your first preference. You can follow the processes of the institution and see what you end up with and/or be more proactive and approach supervisors whose work or style is of particular interest.
Some supervisors will offer more pre-defined projects within their specific areas of expertise and interest; others be more open to negotiation. There are pros and cons to each approach. Don't get too hung up and getting exactly the supervisor or project you want. There is plenty to learn about how to do research from any project and supervisor.
Have an initial discussion with your supervisor about how you will work together, including what you expect of each other, when and how you are going to meet, what collaborative tools will be used, and swap contact details. Some student-staff partnerships may go so far as to discuss and co-sign an agreement about mutual expectations. Regardless, the desired nature of the student-staff supervisory relationship should be part of ongoing discussions in addition to necessarily focusing on the details of the specific project.

## Developing a topic

In the initial stages, don't be in too much of a hurry to nail down a specific topic. Ideas, options, pros, and cons need to be well explored before refining the focus. But then, it becomes imperative to make decisions and be very specific about the project aims, research questions, and hypotheses.
Following something like these steps, with supervisor guidance, will increase the likelihood of developing a mature, well-considered research focus:
* Generate (brainstorm) possible topics - use blue sky thinking; focus on "why" and "what", don't worry about "how"
* Phrase the topics as research questions
* Consider pros and cons of each question, including conceptual and methodological issues
* Narrow the selection of topics (e.g., by merging or grouping some questions, dropping questions, or writing new, improved questions) to no more than three
* Do some background reading (e.g., identify a few key articles)
* Decide on final topic - express it as a clear research question(s)
* Identify independent and dependent variables
* Draft hypotheses

## Preparing a research proposal

Developing a research proposal and having it academically reviewed before implementation is strongly recommended for scientific research projects, especially for student research projects. It is much better to find out about potential research design flaws early on, while they can still be addressed, than to find out later (e.g., from examiners).

### Format

A research proposal can take different forms. For example, it might be an oral or poster presentation at a meeting of academic staff and/or fellow students.
Expect to speak about the proposal with some audiovisual material (such as visual slides or a poster) and be prepared to answer questions about the proposal. You might also like to prepare some questions for the reviewers ahead of time, to seek their advice about areas of concern.
Here's are some ways of presenting research proposals and gathering feedback:
* Presentation share about the key points in the proposal verbally and visually with reviewers and fellow students at a live in-person or virtual gathering, or pre-record the presentation
* Discussion share proposal electronically with peers and create a discussion thread with questions
* Hard-copy poster. Provide easy-to-read, key details about about the proposed study to help reviewers understand the study and provide critique. Keep it simple (no need for glossy printing or lamination) e.g., 9 x A4 sheets (in a 3 x 3 layout) using large font (min. 18 pt) bullet-points could be very effective
Also include copies of relevant additional information (e.g., draft survey).
Reviewers will ask questions, discuss your proposal with you, and provide some written feedback for further discussion with your supervisor. You should obtain at least two reviews from academic staff. Fellow students may provide additional feedback. If appropriate, make adjustments to the study's focus and design.

### Sections

These sections are recommended for research proposals (check with your supervisor for further advice):
* Title page
** Working title
** Student name
** Supervisor name
** Date
* Introduction: A brief review of the literature and justification for why the topic is important.
* Aims & Hypotheses: Concise statement of research question(s) (aims) and briefly how these aims fit into the literature area (justification of your aims). Clearly state the study’s hypotheses (Note: Hypotheses need to be testable – see also Analyses).
* Method:
** Design: Describe the research design (e.g., experimental, quasi-experimental, or non-experimental, between-subjects or within-subjects, etc.). Consider potential confounds and how they will be dealt with (internal validity).
** Participants: Consider the target population, sampling frame, sampling technique, anticipated return rate, sample size and power (demonstrate how the sample size is adequate for your design). Note whether you or your supervisor have a dependent relationship with this target population. Describe how participants will be recruited.
** Materials/Measures: Describe how the independent and dependent measures are to be operationalised and the psychometric properties of proposed measures.
** Procedure: How will the study be carried out? How will the data be collected? What steps will be followed with participants? What will be done with the data?
** Ethical issues: Summarise potential ethical issues and explain how they will be dealt with. Consider whether approval is required from the University’s Committee for Ethics in Human Research or any other organisation.
** Costs: Provide details of any project costs, such as equipment, and how these will be paid. Where possible, students are encouraged to use free materials.
* Analyses: Summarise the planned data analytical techniques for addressing the hypotheses.
* Timeline: Outline key project milestones and their due dates, including ethical clearances. See timeline for more information.
* References
* Appendices: e.g., a copy of the instrumentation to be used, participant information and informed consent statement

## Ethical approval

Before doing research, permission is needed from an appropriate human or animal research ethics authority in the local jurisdiction. Universities have special committees to consider whether research is ethically sound. When the research is on humans, such committees are called a "Human Research Ethics Committee" (HREC) or "Institutional Review Board" (IRB). For animal research, the committee is called something like the "Animal Research Ethics Committee" (AREC). These committees typically have their own application forms for describing the proposed research.
In addition, it may be necessary to get the permission of outside agencies who will be involved (e.g., a hospital review board).
The research supervisor(s) should help in the preparation of the ethics application. There may also be classes which provide guidance about ethical principles for research.
For more information, see:
* Australian code for the responsible conduct of research
* Human ethics (University of Canberra)
* Some general advice on how to respond to ethics committee requests for changes

## Sections

A traditional Honours thesis in psychology typically has the following sections:
| Section | Word count |
| Title page | |
| Abstract | 150-250 |
| Acknowledgments | 1 page max. |
| Table of contents | |
| Lists of tables and/or figures and/or appendices | |
| Introduction | 2400-3000 |
| Method | 1400-1750 |
| Results | 1800-2250 |
| Discussion | 2400-3000 |
| References | |
| Appendices (if required, e.g., copy of questionnaire/materials) | |
| Total | 8000-10000 |

## Developing a literature review

The Introduction section should provide a critical review of academic literature about the topic.

### What is a literature review?

A literature review identifies a particular research question, establishes its importance, and summarises, reviews, and critiques key theory and research. Finally, the literature review weighs the strengths and limitations of the existing literature and recommends future directions.
Present an APA style manuscript which presents a review of key theoretical and research literature about the topic/problem and which is ready for submission to a journal for publication.

### Drafting process

Here is a suggested stage-by-stage drafting process:

#### Topic development

* Specify and clarify the final topic in conjunction with the project supervisor.
** Brainstorm (cast the net widely initially).
** Sort through, merge, discard, and prioritise these ideas.
** Whittle down
* Express the topic as a:
** research question
** draft title
* The topic should be unique. The review should:
** identify a gap/problem
** contribute a useful review to the existing literature

#### Guided reading

* Reading can go on forever, so it is important to become systematic and selective
* Develop a bibliography of key references about the topic
* Identify, say, the most important 20 references. These citations should probably include:
** Major literature reviews (especially recent systematic and meta-analytic reviews)
** Highly cited, peer reviewed, published articles relevant psychological theory and specific research studies
* Access these references
* Read the references, making notes about key points relevant to the topic

#### Plan

Develop a 2 to 3 page outline of the chapter and discuss with the thesis supervisor:
* Example plan
* Develop a 2 to 3 page plan for the literature review, structured in a logical, unfolding sequence. The structure should include:
** Title
** Abstract
** Major headings (and possibly sub-headings)
*** Aim for approximately 3 to 6 major headings (each with 2 to 5 sub-headings (if used)) including:
**** General introduction (heading not used in APA style)
***** ~2-3 pages or 300-500 words
***** Introduce and describe the topic/problem, establish its importance, familiarise the reader with key terminology/concepts, show familiarity with the key literature, establish the research question, and orient the reader to the direction of the review.
***** Include major citations
***** By the end of this section a reader should be clear about the purpose, need for, and focus of the review.
**** Major content headings which will provide a critical review of key theory and research
**** Conclusion
** Word-count: Allocate an estimated word count for each of the major sections and overall
*** This will help to ensure a balanced plan which will fit into the overall word count
*** It also helps with "chunking" the drafting process into smaller sections
*** Draft literature reviews are often overly long and then need to be revised down to a shorter length; having a plan for sections, key points, and approximate word count before drafting can minimise this problem
** References
** Indicate any questions about aspects of the plan which you'd like to flag for discussion.
* It can be helpful to model the literature review on a favourite article (or thesis) - have a close look at the heading structure.
* Consider using the '' in which the review starts broadly and gradually narrows down to focus on a specific problem.
* Seek feedback about the plan for the thesis supervisor, discuss, and revise the plan.

#### 1st draft

* Turn the plan into a first draft by fleshing out the dot points into paragraphs.
* Aim for a "Pass" standard.
* May include specific comments or questions students want to address to supervisor.
* Seek supervisor feedback.

#### 2nd draft

* Turn the 1st draft into a 2nd draft by rewriting, addressing supervisor feedback.
* Aim for a "Credit" standard.
* Seek supervisor feedback via electronic Comments and Tracked Changes.

#### 3rd draft

* Turn the 2nd draft into a 3rd draft by rewriting, addressing supervisor feedback.
* Aim for a "Distinction" standard.
* Seek peer/other feedback via electronic Comments and Tracked Changes.

#### 4th draft

* Turn the 3rd draft into a 4th draft by rewriting, addressing peer/other feedback.
* Aim for a "High Distinction" standard.

#### Tables and figures

* Use of tables and figures to illustrate theories or conceptual ideas can be an effective, powerful way to communicate (e.g., Example conceptual path diagram)

### Marking criteria

* Consider the draft against the marking criteria e.g.,:
** Presentation 10%
*** Quality of written expression, spelling, punctuation, and grammar
*** APA style
*** Overall impression
** Title/Abstract 5%
*** Appropriate title
*** Concise summary of problem, relevant literature, and conclusions
** Critical review of relevant theory 40%
*** Importance, relevance, and context of issue established
*** Theoretical or conceptual framework established
*** Appropriate scope (depth and breadth)
*** Appropriate quality and quantity of citations
*** Consideration of alternative perspectives
** Critical review of relevant research 40%
*** Appropriate emphasis on the most important and relevant research
*** Appropriate scope (depth and breadth)
*** Appropriate quality and quantity of citations
*** Critical interpretation of the research and its implication
** Summary/conclusion 5%
*** Summary of literature
*** Implications and recommendations
* Make revisions to more clearly address the marking criteria.

### File management

* Smart word-processing techniques from the outset will pay off down the track.
* Folder structure: Use a systematic folder structure for each step/part of the thesis; e.g.,
** 00 Proposal
** 01 Ethics
** 10 Literature review
** 11 Research article
** 20 Appendices
** 30 Final version
* Versioning
** Prepare the thesis sections as separate documents, with major drafts saved as different files using a systematic numbering system e.g.,
** Literature review 1.docx, Literature review 2.docx etc. or
** Literature review_2016_04_21, Literature review_2016_05_04 etc.
* Backup, backup, backup
** Make sure there are external copies around in case something goes pear-shaped.
** e.g., use automated cloud-based backup storage or manually email your latest versions to peers and/or supervisor

### Word processing

* Use word processor style settings from the outset - spend time researching and reading about this and trying it out - it will pay off in the long-run; mainly this will involve
** Using Heading 1, 2, 3 etc. styles for headings (this will facilitate consistent styling and generation of Tables of Contents)
** Similarly, style-based captions for Tables and Figures could be used.
* Consider using a downloadable APA style template e.g., Paul Rose

### Citation management

* Source citations and reference list generation can be done manually or use citation management software; regardless, be organised and systematic from the outset in collecting, using, citing, and referencing key sources.

## Developing a research article

This workshop discusses development of the main sections and content for a publication-ready psychological research study manuscript.

### General tips

* Model the manuscript on one or more top-level examples
* Get peer-review e.g.,:
** Supervisor
** Fellow students
** Family
** Online social networks
** Studiosity
* Pay attention to the marking criteria

### Structure and content

This section covers the key components of a research manuscript.

#### Formatting

Use APA style, paying particular attention to:
* Page orientation and margins
* Running head and page numbering
* Font type and size
* Heading styles
* Paragraph style
* Quality of written expression
* Spelling and grammar
* Citation style
* Tables and Figures
* References

#### Title page

* Provide an APA style Title page for the manuscript (a separate title/cover page is needed for the whole thesis)
* Use student number instead of author name (for blind review)
* Strive for an accurate, cogent 10-15 word title

#### Abstract

* Probably the most important yet poorly written section of a manuscript
* Like the first few seconds of a job interview, the Abstract makes an early impression on the reader
* Deserves more drafting than any other section
* 150 - 250 words
* An Abstract reader should be able to walk away with a clear understanding of the study, its findings, and the implications.
* Keywords - include up to 5

#### Introduction

* General introduction
** ~1 page introduction to, and overview of, the topic/problem, explaining key constructs and their possible relations.
* Body
** May be organised with several headings
** Critical review of key theory and research with regard to a problem or question
** Avoid extraneous matters - provide a disciplined focus around a central purpose
** Set up a narrative that leads logically into the research question and hypotheses
* Conclusion and hypotheses
** Conclude the critical review narrative
** Consider clearly stating a research question
** Propose and outline rationale for hypotheses to be tested

#### Method

* Participants
** A common problem is a pedestrian description of the sample
** Strive to offer clear insight into who participated in the study
** A litmus test is whether someone on the other side of the world in 50 years time will understand what kind of responses were in the sample
* Materials
** Provide clear, sufficient description of the materials that allow:
*** Understanding of results and their interpretation
*** Replication
** Avoid extraneous detail
* Procedure
** Provide clear, sufficient description of the procedure that allows:
*** Understanding of results and their interpretation
*** Replication
** Avoid extraneous detail
* Design or Analysis
** Optional - usually only for complex designs or unusual analytic techniques

#### Results

* Data screening
** Provide a brief, high-level overview of the process using to screen the data
* Analyses for each hypothesis
** Generally, avoid presenting extensive descriptive statistics etc. which are not tied to addressing specific hypotheses
** Use the hypotheses as the key organising structure
** Explain how each analysis was conducted and why and present and explain the results in a clear, understandable way
** Avoid interpretative discussion

#### Discussion

* The Discussion book-ends the article, along the the Introduction. It should be possible to read from the Introduction and into the Discussion, skipping the technical Method and Results sections, and be able to understand the research study, its findings, and implications.
* A common problem is quickly-written, insufficiently drafted, a|nd somewhat pedestrian or immature Discussion sections.
* While some summary of results is appropriate, focus on the forest rather the trees, and interpret the results in light of the theories and previous research considered in the Introduction.
* Include a conclusion, with recommendations about practical implications and future research directions

#### References

* Check that all citations are referenced and all references are cited.
* Use APA style, including the latest doi formatting.

#### Appendices

* Optional, use sparingly (e.g., for measurement items that haven't previously been published)
* Only include what a journal would realistically consider publishing
* More extensive appendices can be included for the thesis itself, but not for the research article manuscript (e.g., a full copy of a questionnaire)

## Thesis preparation

This workshop discusses the final stages of thesis preparation, including overall thesis structure, marking criteria, submission, examination, and the publication process.

### General tips

* Develop the pre-pages, literature review, research article, and any thesis appendices as separate documents, then put together as a single PDF at the end. Consider:
** What PDF merging software are you going to use? Practice using it, so you don't have last minute technical problems. Options:
*** PDF Split and Merge
*** Online PDF merger (Google search)
* Consider printing out the penultimate draft and reviewing - this will likely help to identify areas for improvement that wouldn't have been identified electronically
* Ask the supervisor to have a look over the final package
* Seek peer review from as many others as possible - consider providing targeted questions to reviewers to help get focused reviews. For example, some reviewers might be best used by focusing on spelling and grammar etc., others may scrutinise use of APA style, and others may be able to provide bigger picture feedback about how easy the concepts are to understand.
* Self-examine the thesis against the marking criteria. In general, the correlation between self-marking and examiner-marking is reasonably high if you try to be objective. Chances are, if you make objective use of the marking criteria, you will be aware of the main areas of strength and weakness in the thesis.
* Decide whether to:
** embed Tables and Figures (involves more work in order to avoid splitting across pages and later in moving to the end of the manuscript prior to journal submission)
** place tables and figures at the end (as per APA style, but maybe not as user friendly for a reader)
* Submission documents - don't underestimate the time involved in preparing for what's required at the point of submission:
** Coversheet (as a single PDF document)
** Thesis (as a single PDF document; use your student number instead of your name; the name of the files should be the title of the thesis)
** A word processing copy of the thesis file(s) so that the word count can be checked
** Evidence of HREC-compliant institutional data file storage and archiving (to allow verification of analysis). This could include confirmation from the HREC that the project completion checklist has been completed or an email from the supervisor stating the data has been appropriately stored as per the HREC application description
** Output file(s) (to allow verification of analysis, in pdf or spv or data+syntax)
* Also:
** Provide receipts and request for reimbursement via email to the Honours Course Convenor by the thesis due date/time. Details of this process are available on the Thesis Submission module on Canvas.
** In addition, there are human research ethics committee requirements to finalise a project, which include ensuring your supervisor has read/write access to the ethics submission and has copies of relevant documents, removing raw data from any other locations (e.g., survey hosting sites, talk to your supervisor first), contacting any participants who wanted further information with a summary of the project, and ensuring any prize draws etc. have been completed and allocated.

### Structure

It is important to be clear about the overall thesis structure and purpose of each section:
* Pre-pages
** Thesis title page
** Acknowledgements
** Table of contents
* Research article (an APA style manuscript)
* Appendices (optional)

### Post-submission

* Make an appointment with the thesis supervisor for as soon as possible after marks and feedback are released to debrief the project and plan next steps towards submitting for publication
* Thesis marks and feedback for on-time submissions by the original due date will be provided on the official Semester 2 university results release day
* Consider depositing the thesis into the university research repository so that it is publically available and has a permanent URL. This does not undermine or preclude journal publication.
* Consider applying for a psychology Honours thesis publication award by submitting the research article for publication within the next six months:
** Identify a target list of peer-reviewed academic journals and rank them
** Revise the research article (and/or literature review) based on examiner feedback, debrief with supervisor, and target journal author requirements
** Submit the literature review and/or research article to a journal for publication
** Apply for a thesis publication award by 30 May in the year following thesis enrolment
* Provide feedback about your experience of this course via the Student Experience Survey

## Accessing past theses

To access past theses, options include:
* Ask your supervisor, or other supervisors, who may be able to share electronic copies of past theses