OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Rhetoric and Composition I

Literary Studies > Rhetoric and Composition I
Please see Template_talk:Unit_boilerplate for more information.

## Unit Summary

* Course code: ALTU101
* Suggested Prerequisites: High school english
* Time investment:
* Assessment suggestions:
* Faculty: Arts
* School: School:Language and Literature
* Department: Topic:Literary Studies
* Stream
* Level: First year undergraduate

## Content summary

Welcome to English 1101: Rhetoric and Composition I. This course will prepare you for academic writing in college. You will learn the skills required to be an effective college writer. You will learn to think rhetorically and thereby tailor your writing to accommodate your audience and the context in which your writing will be read and evaluated. You will learn the formal process of planning, drafting, editing, reviewing, and revising. You will learn how to examine sentences to see how you can make them clearer and/or more persuasive.
This course will include information about research; however, English 1102: Rhetoric and Composition II is intended to provide a more complete introduction to research. English 1101 is more concerned with the fundamental concepts of focus, development, organization, style, and academic conventions. Understanding these concepts is a prerequisite to English 1102.

## Intended outcome

This course will help you refine four vital skills necessary for a good job in today's economy: Abstraction, System Thinking, Experimentation, and Collaboration. Instead of learning rules or formulas, you will develop your own methods and define a methodology. You will not always know everything you need to know before starting a project--you must learn along the way, adapting what you have learned to address new projects. Instead of working alone, you will work others to manage projects. You will learn how to provide evidence for your arguments and present them in an innovative and effective manner to your colleagues and professional audiences. This course will prepare you for argument and research-based writing in all academic settings. You will compose multiple drafts with careful revision and editing and complete numerous style exercises to sharpen your editorial skills.

## Unit materials

* Study guide:

### Other sample syllabi

Use these syllabi and course schedules to help you plan your progress through this course. Teachers are invited to copy and adapt these syllabi for use in their writing classes.
* Matt Barton's English 191 Syllabus
* Matt Barton's English 191 Schedule

### Texts

* Rhetoric and Composition (incomplete please help)

### Lessons

Please donate your knowledge now!
# Rheumatoid arthritis
## What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Rheumatoid arthritis, or RA for short, is a chronic inflammatory disease. It is also thought to be an autoimmune disease. Its exact cause is unknown. It mainly affects the synovium, the membrane surrounding the movable joints of the skeleton. However it can also affect other organs, such as the skin, lungs, nerves, blood vessels and heart. The inflamed membrane eventually forms pannus tissue. This invades the bone and cartilage, damaging and deforming it.
RA mainly affects joints in the wrist (the metacarpal phalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints), and those in the foot. it also affects the joints of the wrist, elbow, shoulder, neck, jaw, hip, knee and ankle.
In about 10% of cases, the onset of RA is sudden and severe. This is called acute onset.
In 20% of cases, RA develops relatively quickly over a few weeks. This is called sub-acute onset.
In the majority of cases, (approximately 70%), the conditions develop more slowly, over a long period of time. This is called insidious onset.
Incidence
Approximately 0.8% of the U.K.'s adult population have rheumatoid arthritis. other sources have estimated about 400,000 people with the condition in the country.
Approximately 12,000 children under 16 have JIA (Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis).
It most frequently occurs between the ages of 35 and 45, and affects women more than men, in the ratio of 3:1.
Genetic Factors
Genetic factors have been linked to incidence of rheumatoid arthritis. RA tends to run in families. the condition is often linked with the gene HLA-DR4. However this gene occurs in about 20-30 per cent of the population, and so is thought to make one only more susceptible to an external trigger that sets off the disease.
# Reviewing My Semester with the FUN WITH ENGLISH 7A & 8A Textbooks/Notebooks

| Number: | Dates: | # of Pages: | Description: |
| 1 | 1 - 20 Sep 2009 | | Small A5 "Comix: Simplify your office life!" notebook with a pink cover. |
# Revocable Sequence Maturity Contracts

A revocable sequence maturity contract is a special output script within a bitcoin transaction that allows a sender to be able to revoke a payment. The main use case for such a contract is within the Lightning Network in which the revocation of transactions is used in breach remedy transactions to be able to invalidate previously negotiated channel balance and commitment transactions.
The SigScript which encodes a RSMC looks like this:
The semantics of this script are that the output created by the transaction having this Script can only be spend by Bob after 144 blocks. If however if Alice and Bob work together providing their secrete key the output can be spent more quickly. In the case of the lightning network this SigScript will be one output in the. If a new balance is negotiated which means that a news commitment transaction is created the old one is invalidated by Bob sharing his secret revocation key with Alice.
The key alone is of no use for alice. Since she could only claim the output if Bob publishes his old commitment transaction. If he however does so in the frist 144 blocks after publishing Alice will control the unspent output of this commitment transaction.
# Rheumatology

Rheumatology the diagnosis and therapy of Rheumatic diseases. The term Rheumatology originates from the Greek word rheuma, meaning "that which flows as a river or stream" and the suffix -ology, meaning "the study of". Rheumatic problems involve joints, soft tissues and allied conditions of connective tissues.
Examples include:
* Rheumatoid arthritis
* Lupus
* Osteoarthritis
* Gout
* Ankylosing spondylitis
* Psoriasis
# PlanetPhysics/Table of Fourier and Generalized Transforms

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### Table of Fourier and generalized Fourier transforms

Fourier transforms are being very widely employed in physical, chemical and engineering applications for harmonic analysis, as well as for: processing acquired data such as spectroscopic, image processing (as for example in Astrophysics, elctron microscopy, optics), structure determination (e.g., X-ray, neutron, electron diffraction), chemical Hyperspectral Imaging (FT-NIR, FT-IR), and so on. Theoretical studies in quantum mechanics (QM ), QCD, QG, AQFT, quantum theories on a lattice (QTL ) also employ Fourier transforms.
Fourier-Stieltjes transforms and measured groupoid transforms are useful generalizations of the (much simpler) Fourier transform, as concisely shown in the following table.
\subsubsection*{Fourier Transforms and Generalized FTs}
| $f(t)$ | ${\mathcal {F}}{f(t)}={\hat {f}}(x)$ | Conditions* | Explanation | Description |
| Gaussian function | Gaussian function | general | In statistics, | and also in spectroscopy |
| Lorentzian function | Lorentzian function | general | In spectroscopy | experimentally truncated to the single exponential function with a negative exponent |
| step function | $sin(x)/x$ | general | FT of a square wave | `slit' function |
| sawtooth function | $sin^{2}(x)/x^{2}$ | general | a triangle | zero baseline |
| series of equidistant points .... | (inf.) group of equidistant planes | general | lattice of infinite planes | used in diffraction theory |
| lattice of infinite planes, (or 1D paracrystal) | series of equidistant points .... | general | one-dimensional reciprocal space | used in crystallography/diffraction theory |
| Helix wrapped on a cylinder | Bessel functions/ series | general | In Physical Crystallography | experimentally truncated to the first (finite) n-th order Bessel functions |
| $c$ | $({\sqrt {2\pi }})^{-1}c$ | Notice on the next line the overline bar placed above $t(x)$ | general | Integration constant |
| $f(t)$ | $\int {\hat {f}}(x){\overline {t(x)}}dx$ | $f(t)\in {L^{1}(G_{l})}$, with $G_{l}$ a | Fourier-Stieltjes transform | ${\hat {f}}(x)\in {C_{0}({\hat {G_{l}}})}$ |
| | | locally compact groupoid; | | |
| | | $\int$ is defined via | | |
| | | a left Haar measure on $G_{l}$ | | |
| ${\hat {m}}(x)$ | ${\check {m}}(t)=\int e^{itx}d{\hat {m}}(x)$ | as above | Inverse Fourier-Stieltjes | ${\check {m}}(t)\in {L^{1}(G_{l})}$, |
| | | | transform | (,). |
| ${\hat {m}}(x)$ | ${\check {m}}(t)=\int e^{itx}d{\hat {m}}(x)$ | When $G_{l}=\mathbb {R}$, and it exists | This is the usual | ${\check {m}}(t)\in {\mathbb {R} }$ |
| | | only when ${\hat {m}}(x)$ is | Inverse Fourier transform | |
| | | Lebesgue integrable on | | |
| | | the entire real axis | | |
*Note the `slash hat' on ${\hat {f}}(x)$ and ${\hat {G_{l}}}$.
# PlanetPhysics/Tau

Tau is a lepton just like electron and Muon. It is considered to be a point-like particle since it doesn't have internal structure, as far as it's known. Taus have a mass of 1777 MeV which is about 3500 times more than an electron. They are also twice as heavy as protons. Being so massive meant that they were not easily discoverable because energies of 1.7 GeV or greater were needed. Finally in experiments that ran in 1974-7, some 40 years after discovery of muon, taus were discovered by a group of experimentalists at SLAC.
Taus are able to decay into hadrons via weak interaction, and this makes them unique in the leptonic world. Taus are very unstable, thus they have a very short lifetime of $3\cdot 10^{-13}$s
As a member of the 3rd leptonic group taus have an anti-particle partner anti-tau, and also two neutrinos, a tau Neutrino and anti-tau neutrino.
# PlanetPhysics/Telegraph Equation

Both the electric voltage and the current in a double conductor satisfy the telegraph equation
   ${\begin{matrix}f_{xx}''-af_{tt}''-bf_{t}'-cf=0,\end{matrix}}$
where $x$ is distance, $t$ is time and\, $a,\,b,\,c$\, are non-negative constants.\, The equation is a generalised form of the wave equation.
If the initial conditions are\, $f(x,\,0)=f_{t}'(x,\,0)=0$\, and the boundary conditions \,$f(0,\,t)=g(t)$,\, $f(\infty ,\,t)=0$,\, then the Laplace transform of the solution function \,$f(x,\,t)$\, is
   ${\begin{matrix}F(x,\,s)=G(s)e^{-x{\sqrt {as^{2}+bs+c}}}.\end{matrix}}$
In the special case\, $b^{2}-4ac=0$,\, the solution is
   ${\begin{matrix}f(x,\,t)=e^{-{\frac {bx}{2{\sqrt {a}}}}}g(t-x{\sqrt {a}})H(t-x{\sqrt {a}}).\end{matrix}}$
Justification of (2).\; Transforming the differential equation (1) gives $F_{xx}''(x,\,s)-a[s^{2}F(x,\,s)-sf(x,\,0)-f_{t}'(x,\,0)]-b[sF(x,\,s)-f(x,\,0)]-cF(x,\,s)=0,$ which due to the initial conditions simplifies to $F_{xx}''(x,\,s)=(\underbrace {as^{2}+bs+c} _{K^{2}})F(x,\,s).$ The solution of this ordinary differential equation is $F(x,\,s)=C_{1}e^{Kx}+C_{2}e^{-Kx}.$ Using the latter boundary condition, we see that $F(\infty ,\,s)=\int _{0}^{\infty }e^{-st}f(\infty ,\,t)\,dt\equiv 0,$ whence\, $C_{1}=0$.\, Thus the former boundary condition implies $C_{2}=F(0,\,s)={\mathcal {L}}\{g(t)\}=G(s).$ So we obtain the equation (2).
Justification of (3).\; When the discriminant of the quadratic equation \,$as^{2}\!+\!bs\!+\!c=0$\, vanishes, the roots coincide to\, $s=-{\frac {b}{2a}}$,\, and\, $as^{2}\!+\!bs\!+\!c=a(s+{\frac {b}{2a}})^{2}$.\, Therefore (2) reads $F(x,\,s)=G(s)a^{-x{\sqrt {a}}(s+{\frac {b}{2a}})}=e^{-{\frac {bx}{2{\sqrt {a}}}}}e^{-x{\sqrt {a}}s}G(s).$ According to the delay theorem, we have ${\mathcal {L}}^{-1}\{e^{-ks}G(s)\}=g(t-k)H(t-k),$ wnere $H$ is Heaviside step function.\, Thus we obtain for ${\mathcal {L}}^{-1}\{F(x,\,s)\}$ the expression of (3).
# PlanetPhysics/Tensor

Tensors are another abstract mathematical tool at our disposal for solving problems from rotating rigid bodies to the structure of the Universe. Not only does the use of tensor notation clean up complex equations, but also allows us to embody the invariance of physical quantities within tensors. This is worth repeating: we can use tensors to write physical equations independent of the choice of coordinate systems.
In the most general way we define a tensor $T$ based on how it behaves under coordinate transformations
   ${\bar {T}}_{j_{1},j_{2},\cdots j_{q}}^{i_{1},i_{2},\cdots i_{p}}=T_{s_{1},s_{2},\cdots s_{q}}^{r_{1},r_{2},\cdots r_{p}}{\frac {\partial {\bar {x}}^{i_{1}}}{\partial x^{r_{1}}}}{\frac {\partial {\bar {x}}^{i_{2}}}{\partial x^{r_{2}}}}\cdots {\frac {\partial {\bar {x}}^{i_{p}}}{\partial x^{r_{p}}}}{\frac {\partial x^{s_{1}}}{\partial {\bar {x}}^{j_{1}}}}{\frac {\partial x^{s_{2}}}{\partial {\bar {x}}^{j_{2}}}}\cdots {\frac {\partial x^{s_{q}}}{\partial {\bar {x}}^{j_{q}}}}$
where the tensor rank is $n=p+q$, the contravariant rank is $p$ and the covariant rank is $q$. Note that rank is also referred to as the tensor order.
Although Eq. (1) can be intimidating at first, one can familiarize themselves by working simple examples and pulling from experience with scalars, vectors and matrices. A scalar quantity such as temperature or density is invariant under coordinate transformation and is labeled as a tensor of rank zero. The next step is a tensor of rank 1. If $p=1$ and $q=0$, then $n=1$ and we have a contravariant vector
   ${\bar {T}}^{i_{1}}=T^{r_{1}}{\frac {\partial {\bar {x}}^{i_{1}}}{\partial x^{r_{1}}}}$
If $p=0$ and $q=1$, then $n=1$ and we have a covariant vector
   ${\bar {T}}_{j_{1}}=T_{s_{1}}{\frac {\partial x^{s_{1}}}{\partial {\bar {x}}^{j_{1}}}}$
It is important to realize the differences between Eq. (2) and Eq. (3), i.e. Eq. (2) can represent the transformation of familiar vectors, while Eq. (3) can represent the transformation between basis vectors. This can best be illustrated with the simple examples of the transformation between cartesian coordinates and polar coordinates and the transformation between cartesian basis vectors and polar basis vectors.
# PlanetPhysics/Taylor Series

Any power series represents on its convergence domain a function.\, One may set a converse task:\, If there is given a function $f(x)$, on which conditions one can represent it as a power series; how one can find the coefficients of the series?\, Then one comes to Taylor polynomials, Taylor formula and Taylor series.
Definition. \, The Taylor polynomial of degree $n$ of the function $f(x)$ in the point\, $x=a$\, means the polynomial $T_{n}(x,a)$ of degree at most $n$, which has in the point the value $f(a)$ and for which the derivatives $T_{n}^{(j)}(x,a)$ up to the order $n$ have the values $f^{(j)}(a)$.
It is easily found that the Taylor polynomial in question is uniquely
   ${\begin{matrix}T_{n}(x,a)\;=\;f(a)+{\frac {f'(a)}{1!}}(x\!-\!a)+{\frac {f''(a)}{2!}}(x\!-\!a)^{2}+\ldots +{\frac {f^{(n)}(a)}{n!}}(x\!-\!a)^{n}\end{matrix}}$
When a given function $f(x)$ is replaced by its Taylor polynomial $T_{n}(x,a)$, it's important to examine, how accurately the polynomial approximates the function, in other words one has to examine the difference $f(x)\!-\!T_{n}(x,a)\;:=\;R_{n}(x).$ Then one is led to the\\
Taylor formula. \, If $f(x)$ has in a neighbourhood of the point\, $x=a$\, the continuous derivatives up to the order $n\!+\!1$, then it can be represented in the form
   ${\begin{matrix}f(x)\,=\ f(a)\!+\!{\frac {f'(a)}{1!}}(x\!-\!a)\!+\!{\frac {f''(a)}{2!}}(x\!-\!a)^{2}\!+\ldots +\!{\frac {f^{(n)}(a)}{n!}}(x\!-\!a)^{n}\!+\!R_{n}(x)\end{matrix}}$
with $R_{n}(x)\;=\;{\frac {f^{(n+1)}(\xi )}{(n\!+\!1)!}}(x\!-\!a)^{n+1}$ where $\xi$ lies between $a$ and $x$.\\
If the function $f(x)$ has in a neighbourhood of the point\, $x=a$\, the derivatives of all orders, then one can let $n$ tend to infinity in the Taylor formula (2).\, One obtains the so-called Taylor series
   ${\begin{matrix}\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {f^{(n)}(a)}{n!}}(x\!-\!a)^{n}\;=\;f(a)+{\frac {f'(a)}{1!}}(x\!-\!a)+{\frac {f''(a)}{2!}}(x\!-\!a)^{2}+\ldots \end{matrix}}$
\htmladdnormallink{theorem {http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Formula.html}.}\, A necessary and sufficient condition for that the Taylor series (3) converges and that its sum represents the function $f(x)$ at certain values of $x$ is that the limit of $R_{n}(x)$ is 0 as $n$ tends to infinity.\, For these values of $x$ on may write
   ${\begin{matrix}f(x)\;=\;f(a)+{\frac {f'(a)}{1!}}(x\!-\!a)+{\frac {f''(a)}{2!}}(x\!-\!a)^{2}+\ldots \end{matrix}}$
The most known Taylor series is perhaps $e^{x}\;=\;1+{\frac {x}{1!}}+{\frac {x^{2}}{2!}}+\ldots$ which is valid for all real (and complex) values of $x$.\\
There are analogical generalisations of Taylor theorem and series for functions of several real variables; then the existence of the partial derivatives is needed.\, For example for the function $f(x,y,z)$ the Taylor series looks as follows: $f(X,Y,Z)\;=\;f(a,b,c)+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left[{\frac {1}{n!}}\!\left((X\!-\!a){\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}+(Y\!-\!b){\frac {\partial }{\partial y}}+(Z\!-\!c){\frac {\partial }{\partial z}}\right)^{n}\!f\right]_{(x,y,z)=(a,b,c)}$
# PlanetPhysics/Temperature

Temperature, $T$, is a scalar Thermodynamic variable related to the amount of kinetic energy that a system of either atoms/molecules or spins have. The proportionality constant, $k$, beween the kinetic energy and temperature $T$ of the system is called the Boltzmann constant .
For an atomic or molecular system, $T$ is usually measured with a calibrated thermometer; in the case of an ensemble or system of spins, $T$ is called the spin temperature of the system, and is typically measured through magnetization transfer experiments at equilibrium. The absolute temperature, or Kelvin scale, has only values that are greater than, or equal to, zero. One notes, however, that according to quantum mechanics, even at zero degrees Kelvin there are still motions present in any atomic or molecular system--the zero-point vibrations, yielding an absolute minimum zero-point vibration energy $E_{o}^{v}>0$.
For crystalline systems, their entropy--which is a measure of the degree of disorder present in any thermodynamic system-- tends to zero when temperature tends to absolute zero (the Third Law of Thermodynamics).
# Southeast Asian Languages/Philippine Languages/Lesson:Introducing Yourself
## Kumusta?

    How are you?

## Mabuti.

    Fine.

## Ako si ____.

    My name is ____. (literally I am ____.)

## Anong pangalan mo?

    What is your name?
Back to main page.
# Southeast Asian Languages/Philippine Languages/Filipino One
## Learning Project Summary

* Project code:
* Suggested Prerequisites:
    Introduction to Southeast Asian Languages
* Time investment: 1 month
* Assessment suggestions:
* Portal: Humanities
* School: Language and Literature
* Division: Southeast Asian Languages
* Department: Philippine Languages
* Level: Beginner

## Content summary

This learning project will provide an introduction to Filipino.

## Goals

This learning project offers learning activities to enable you to:
* Learn the pronunciation of Filipino

## Lessons

* Overview: Filipino
* Lesson 1: Filipino/Background
* Lesson 2: Filipino/Pronunciation
* Lesson 3: Filipino/Numbers
# Southern Quechua Sprachausbau
## Computer-related words used by Microsoft Windows 8 Quechua translation

Microsoft Windows has a Quechua translation. This is probably quite groundbreaking in terms of computer terminology in Quechua because it is perhaps the only desktop operating system with a GUI translated into Quechua (at least, Ubuntu and Mac OS X do not have Quechua translations as of May 2013). As such, it is appropriate to document the precedents set by it.
Note that many of these words are very obvious to use, for example "maskay" - "to search" for searching.
Also, the Windows translation is not 100% complete as of April 2013, and many words were borrowed from Spanish.
Look here for Quechua version of this, with table.

### General

* akllana - option
* chaylla yaykuna - shortcut
* chiru - icon
* computadora (borrowed from Spanish) - computer
* hanpara - desptop
* harkasqa - security
* hatun llinpinachiq - theme
* hatunyachiy - to maximize (a window)
* kallpa - power (to turn on, off, restart)
* kipu - file
* kawsachisqa - on (of an option)
* kuchuy - to cut
* kunayachiy - an update
* laqay - to paste
* llamkana - program (literally "tool")
* llika - network
* llinpi - colour
* lista (borrowed from Spanish) - list
* maskay - to search
* mirachiy - to paste
* munasqakuna - favorites (list of favorite locations in file explorer)
* purichiy - to play (music, video)
* reqsichiy - edit (dropdown menu from top bar)
* qawana - display (settings)
* qaway - view (option to change how something is displayed, for example in file explorer)
* qillqa willakuquna - documents (media library)
* qunakuy - to share (content on the web)
* rikchaq - format (for file)
* rikchaykuna - pictures (media library)
* rurana - task
* ruwaq - user
* sayachiy - to cancel
* taki - song, piece of music
* tupachiy - settings (used in the search)
* uchuyachiy - to minimize (a window)
* uraykaychikuna - downloads (folder)
* yapay - add (to a list)
* wañuchisqa - off (of an option)
* waqaychana - folder
* waqaychay - to save
* wichqay - to close (a program)
* willana - notification
* yachay taqikuna - media libraries
* yanapay - help (dropdown menu from top bar)

### Windows-specific features and apps

* kamachina qata - control panel
* kaylla ruyru - local disk
* kipukuna maskana - file explorer
* qallariy - "start", start screen
* tupuq - calculator
* uchuy word - wordpad
* warmakuna harkaq - family safety (the setting)
* wasihuñu - homegroup
* willakuykuna qellqana - notepad (the program)
# Soviet montage
## Soviet Montage Lesson

Kuleshov, Vertov, and Eisenstein are the giants of the Soviet Russian film world. In this unit we will explore the role these three individuals played in developing the film industry in Russia and how their work changed cinema globally.
Lesson Learning Objectives:
* Identify the major players in the development of Russian Cinema
* Differentiate the uses of Soviet Montage including documentary and propaganda
* Recognize the influence of Soviet Montage on global cinema
* Compare Soviet Montage with modern cinema editing techniques

## Learning Activities

* Read the brief biography of the following filmmakers:
** Lev Kuleshov
** Dziga Vertov
** Sergei Eisenstein
* View the PBS Crash Course video on Soviet Montage. For optional additional information please view Man with a Movie Camera by Dziga Vertov.
* In your weekly discussion post share a link to a film created in the last 10 years that you believe represents modern use of Soviet Montage techniques. In the text of your post tell us about the film, what Soviet technique it resembles, and why you chose that particular clip.

## See Also

* Wikipedia: Cinema of the Soviet Union