OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Jugarius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
JUGA'RIUS. A rustic slave, who attended to the stalling, feeding, and dressing of the plough oxen. (Columell. i. 6. 6.) The Tuscan peasantry dress their oxen daily with the brush and currycomb, as we do our horses; and it may be inferred from the above passage of Columella that the Roman jugarius did the same.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Jugatio

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
JUGA'TIO. Implies the training of vines to a rail or trellis, which was practised in two ways; either in single lines, like an espalier, then termed jugatio directa, or over a frame with uprights and tierbars at the top, like the annexed example (Jugatio/1.1), from a painting in the Nasonian sepulchre, which was then called jugatio compluviata. Varro, R. R. i. 8. 2.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Jugumentum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
JUGUMEN'TUM. The lintel of a doorway. (Cato. R. R. xiv. 1. ib. 4.) From the use of the word ζύγωμα, applied to the gates of the citadel at Sardis by Polybius (vii. 16. 5.), Schneider would infer that the jugumentum was something in the nature of a fastening affixed to the outside of a door or gate; but it remains to be proved that the Greek word corresponds with the Latin one, which is certainly used by Cato to designate a component part of a doorcase, whether made of wood or of stone, as in the example (Jugumentum/1.1) which represents a doorway at Pompeii; for in the first passage he mentions it as one of the three members of a wooden doorcase, limina, postes, jugumenta; and in the second, as part of the doorway in a wall, caeteros parietes ex latere, jugumenta, et antepagmenta.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Junones

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
JUNO'NES. Fairies or guardian spirits of the female sex, one of which was believed to be born with every female, to attend and watch over her through life, and expire with her at her decease, precisely as the GENIUS with males. They are represented as young girls, with the wings of a bat or a moth, and entirely draped, as shown by the annexed example (Junones/1.1) from a Pompeian painting; whereas the male spirit was usually represented naked or nearly so, and with the wings of a bird. Plin. H. N. ii. 5. Senec. Ep. 110. Tibull. iv. 6. 1.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Labarum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LAB'ARUM. The imperial standard carried before the Roman emperors from the time of Constantine. In form it resembled the vexillum of the cavalry, consisting of a square sheet of silk attached by a cross bar to the shaft, richly ornamented with gold and embroidery, and emblazoned with the figure of a cross and a monogram of Christ (Prudent. in Symmach. i. 487.), as shown by the annexed example (Labarum/1.1), from a medal of Constantine. The name is probably formed from the Gaulish, lab, to raise; for Constantine was educated in Gaul.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Labellum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LABEL'LUM. Diminutive of LABRUM. Columell. xii. 43. 1. Cato. R. R. x. 2. and Cic. Leg. ii. 26., where it is an ornamental vase over a grave (tumulus).
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Labrum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LA'BRUM. A general name given to any vessel which is formed with a full round brim, turning over on the outside like the human lip, from which similitude the name arose. The more special uses to which such vessels were applied are the following:
1. A large flat basin containing water, which stood upon the floor at the circular end of the thermal chamber (caldarium), in a set of baths, in an isolated position, and with sufficient room all round it to accommodate the different bathers who stood round and sprinkled themselves with the water it contained, whilst they scraped off the perspiration from their bodies, engendered by the high temperature of the room. (Vitruv. v. 10. 4. Cic. Fam. xiv. 20. Marquez. Cas. Rom. § 316. seqq.) Most of these particulars are exemplified by the illustration (Labrum/1.1) from a fictile vase, which shows a slave (aquarius) filling the labrum with water; one person scraping himself with a strigil (strigilis), and another dipping his hands into the basin for the purpose of sprinkling the water over his person. The engraving on page 363. s. v. LACONICUM, exhibits a vase of the same kind as it now stands at one end of the thermal chamber in the baths of Pompeii.
2. An ornamental basin of the same form, intended to receive the water which fell from the jet of an artificial fountain (Plin. Ep. v. 6. Ulp. Dig. 19. 1. 15.), as exhibited by the annexed example (Labrum/2.1), representing a fountain now remaining in the Fullonica of Pompeii, in which only the water has been restored to show the action.
3. A large flat vessel or pan made of stone or earthenware (Cato. R. R. xii. 15. 2.), which was employed in the cella olearia for holding the oil after it had been removed from the lacus. Cato, R. R. xii. 50. 10. Id. xiii. 2.
4. (χέρνιβον, περιῤῥαντήριον). A holy water font, of stone or marble, placed at the entrance of a heathen temple, to contain the lustral water (Herod. i. 51.) into which the hands were dipped as a purification before sacrifice. The illustration (Labrum/4.1) represents an original font of white marble which served for this purpose at Pompeii; and the manner of placing it in front of a temple is exhibited by a bas-relief of the Vatican. (Mus. Pio-Clem. v. 33.) The composition of the holy water was the same as that now adopted in Roman Catholic countries, a mixture of salt with common water. (Theocr. Id. xxiv. 95. Durant. de Rit. i. 21.) The word labrum is not met with in any Latin writer in the sense here mentioned; but the Greek names are well authenticated, as well as the object itself; and the form is precisely that of which the name in question is characteristic.
5. The ditch or trench on the outside of an agger, or of a wall of fortification. Auson. Clar. Urb. v. 9.
* Labrum/1.1
* Labrum/2.1
* Labrum/4.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Labyrinthus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LABYRIN'THUS (λαβύρινθος). A labyrinth; under which term the ancients understood not only an intricate design containing many passages and windings within a small space, such as we make in our gardens (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 19. § 2.), but more especially a large mass of building connected with innumerable subterraneous caverns, streets, and passages, like the catacombs at Rome for example, out of which it was next to impossible for a person who had once penetrated into them to return back again without a guide. The original of the name is thought to be Greek, and akin to λαύρα, a narrow passage; — a supposition sufficiently probable, since the greater portion of a labyrinth consisted in underground works, though it was surmounted by numerous architectural elevations also of complicated designs, so that a stranger could not find his way about them. Herod. ii. 184. Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 19. § 1 — 4. Virg. Aen. v. 588. Ov. Met. viii. 159. seqq.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Lacernatus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LACERNA'TUS. Wearing the lacerna, as described and represented in the preceding article and illustration. Paterc. ii. 80. 3.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Lacerna

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LACER'NA. An article of dress, which appears to have been borrowed from the Gauls. (Cic. Phil. ii. 30.) It consisted of a loose mantle, not closed all round, like the paenula, but open in front, and fastened by a buckle or brooch (fibula) under the throat. It was, moreover, sufficiently ample to be worn over the toga (Juv. ix. 28.), or any other garment; and had a hood (cucullus. Mart. xiv. 132. 139.), which could be raised over the head when the wearer wished to conceal his features, or avoid the sight of any unpleasant object. (Hor. Sat. ii. 7. 55. Paterc. ii. 70. 2.) It came first into use towards the latter end of the republic; but became very general under the empire, being used by all classes, civil as well as military. (Suet. Aug. 40. Claud. 6.) All these particulars seem to be distinctly exhibited in the mantle worn by the annexed figure (Lacerna/1.1), from the column of Trajan; and as it presents a characteristic dress, which can be ascribed to no other name in the language, it may be confidently taken as affording the model of a lacerna.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Lacernula

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LACER'NULA. Diminutive of LACERNA. Arnob. ii. 56.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Lacinia

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LACI'NIA (κροκύς). In its primary sense, a flock of wool, not twisted into a fringe (fimbria), but in its natural form of a knot or tuft, such as we often see left upon the surface of blankets and other woollen fabrics. Hence the term was transferred to many other objects both animate and inanimate which bore a resemblance to the pointed and globular form of that object; as, a small projecting headland (Plin. H. N. v. 43.); a leaf (Id. xv. 30.); and the two drop-like excrescences, growing like warts under the jowl of a she-goat (Id. viii. 76.), which the ancient artists likewise appended to the necks of their fauns and young satyrs, in order to indicate their libidinous propensities, when they represented them without horns, as in the annexed example (Lacinia/1.1), from a statue found at Herculaneum.
2. From the resemblance above mentioned, the name was given to a sort of drop, frequently left on to the corners of various articles of dress; the chlamys (Plaut. Merc. i. 2. 29.), pallium (Pet. Sat. xii. 2.); toga (Suet. Cal. 35.), and tunica (Pet. Sat. xii. 6.), where it served the double purpose of use and ornament, being weighted with lead inside, so that it kept the ends down in a graceful and steady position. It is seen upon each corner of the side slit in the tunic worn by the annexed figure (Lacinia/2.1), from an equestrian statue of N. Balbus discovered at Herculeaneum; upon the pallium, in the first illustration to that word; upon the chlamys, at pp. 154, 155. 178.; upon the toga of the Etruscan figure, with the right arm extended, s. TOGA, though it is lost in our engraving from the reduced size of the drawing; and on those of the figures in Mus. Borb. vi. 41. Mus. Pio-Clem. iii. 19. v. 32. and many other statues. Now as the lacinia always depended from the extreme corner of the skirt, it will be readily understood how it came to signify in general language the angular extremity of the dress itself; which sometimes hung down near the ground, and sometimes was taken up and thrown over the shoulder (ANABOLIUM), so that one person catches another by the lacinia, to stop him and arrest his attention (Suet. Claud. 15. Pet. Sat. 100. 5.), like our "button holders;" or uses it as a handkerchief to wipe his face (Plaut. Merc. i. 2. 16.); or, to hold any thing (Cic. Fam. xvi. 21.); while Apuleius frequently uses the word in a more general sense, for the entire garment to which laciniae were appended.
* Lacinia/1.1
* Lacinia/2.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Laconicum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LACO'NICUM (πυριατήριον). The semicircular end of the thermal chamber (caldarium) in a set of baths, so termed because it originated with the Lacedaemonians. (Mart. vi. 43. 16.) One end of the caldarium contained a bath of warm water (alveus), and the other the Laconicum, consisting of a semicircular alcove, heated by a furnace and flues (hypocausis) under its floor and percolating its walls, which were made hollow for the purpose. In the centre was placed a flat vase (labrum), containing water for the bather to sprinkle over himself as he scraped off the perspiration engendered by the high temperature at which the place was kept; and immediately over it was a circular opening (lumen), which could be closed or opened by means of a metal disk (clipeus), accordingly as it was required to raise or lower the degree of heat. (Vitruv. vii. 10. v. 10.) The illustration (Laconicum/1.1) represents the Laconicum in the baths at Pompeii, with its labrum in the centre, and the circular aperture over it, which was closed by a metal disk, suspended by chains, for which the fastenings were discovered affixed to the walls. The three square windows above were made air-tight by being closed with glass or lapis specularis. The manner in which the apparatus of the clipeus acted is explained at p. 179; and a different explanation, which some scholars wish to attach to the word Laconicum, will be found at p. 180. The relative situation which the Laconicum, as here interpreted, occupied with respect to the other apartments, and its own position in the thermal chamber, may be seen on the ground-plan, p. 74. letters D. i.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Lactarius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LACTA'RIUS. A sort of pastry-cook, who made sweet things (opus lactarium), with milk, meal, fruit, and honey. Lamprid. Elag. 27. and 32.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Lacunar

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LACU'NAR (φατνώμα). A coffer or panel in a flat ceiling, formed by the beams and rafters supporting the roof or flooring of an upper story, which cross each other at right angles, and, when they are left exposed, are seen to divide the whole soffit into a number of square compartments, like a pit or lake (lacuna, lacus), from which appearance the name arose. (Vitruv. vii. 2. 2. Cic. Tusc. v. 21. Hor. Od. ii. 18. 2.) The illustration (Lacunar/1.1) represents a flat ceiling of this description from the Vatican Virgil; but, as it was customary to imitate wood-work in brick and masonry, coffers of a similar description are often formed in arched or domed ceilings of which the Pantheon at Rome affords an example.
2. A particular kind of sun-dial (Vitruv. ix. 8.), which may be readily imagined from the name, although no specimen of it is known to exist; as a dial sunk in a slab, like the coffer in a ceiling.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Lacuna

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LACU'NA. A pit sunk underneath the fire of a lime-kiln to receive the ashes which dropped from it, when the kiln was constructed with only one entrance (praefurnium) to its furnace. If there were two entrances, the ashes were removed, when necessary, through one of them, and in that case no lacuna was required. But if there was only a single entrance, such a contrivance was indispensable, because the ashes could not be cleared away without extinguishing or diminishing the fire; and it is a requisite in making lime that the heat should be kept up at a regular and continuous temperature, from the time the furnace is kindled until the whole mass is sufficiently baked. Cato. R. R. 38.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Lacusculus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LACUS'CULUS. Diminutive of LACUS; and especially, a bin in a granary; or in a store house for olives, in which the fruit was deposited as it was picked, and kept until it could be put into the press. Columell. xii. 50. 5.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Laena

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LAE'NA (χλαίνα). A term used to designate not so much any particular description of robe, as a peculiar kind of woollen cloth, with a long loose nap (Strabo, iv. 4. 3.), which was employed for varous kinds of garments belonging to the outward apparel (amictus), such as the pallium, sagum, ricinium, lacerna, &c. But the name was also specially given to the amictus worn by the Flamines at the sacrifice; which in early times was made of this cloth, and put on double, like the Greek diplois. Varro, L. L. v. 133. Festus, s. v. Serv. ad Virg. Aen. iv. 262. Cic. Brut. 57. Juv. iii. 283. Mart. xiv. 136.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Lagena

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LAGE'NA (λάγηνος). A large earthenware vessel, chiefly intended for holding wine, but sometimes used for other purposes, such as keeping fruit, &c. (Hor. Sat. ii. 8. 41. Columell. xii. 45.) It is described as having a full and swelling body, like a gourd, a short neck, and a foot to stand upon. (Apul. Met. ii. p. 31. Columell. x. 383 — 7.) All these particulars are exhibited by the annexed example (Lagena/1.1), from an original of baked clay; which also closely resembles the lagena, on an engraved gem, which the stork in the fable (Phaedr. i. 26.) puts before reynard the fox, in return for his tantalizing her with an invitation to eat out of a patina.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Lamiae

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LAM'IAE (λαμίαι). Vampires; believed to be malignant spirits of the female sex, who wandered about at night in the guise of old hags, sucking the blood, and devouring the flesh of human beings, more especially of young children. This superstition originated in Egypt, whence it was adopted into Greece and Italy. Hor. A. P. 340. Apul. Met. i. p. 13. Id. v. p. 96. Quaranta. Mus. Borb. xi. 53.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Lampas

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LAMPAS (λαμπάς). A general term for any thing which shines or gives light; as a torch (Virg. Aen. ix. 535. FAX); a lamp (Juv. iii. 285. LUCERNA); but, especially, a light which was carried by the youth of Athens in a race called λαμπαδηδρομία, at which the winner had to outstrip his competitors without extinguishing his light. It is represented by the annexed example (Lampas/1.1), from a Greek coin, and resembles a candlestick with a handle under the bottom, and a large disk above, to protect the hand from the gutterings of the pitchy or resinous matter of which the torch consisted.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Lancearius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
LANCEA'RIUS (λογχόφορος). A lancer; that is one who is armed with the particular kind of spear termed lancea, which is described and illustrated under the preceding word. Ammian. xxi. 13. 16.