# Indus Script

Welcome to Indus Script.
A collaborative project to decipher the Indus script.
Dravidian is the prime candidate for the elite language of the Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), known in Mesopotamia as Meluḫḫa.
Traces of the Meluhhan language are attested as loan words in Mesopotamia, including words for IVC imports such as pīlu (ivory) and eḷḷu (sesame oil), cognates with Dravidian. Dravidian loan words are also found in the Rig Veda, which was composed in north west India circa 1500-1000 BCE.
The word Meluḫḫa (also pronounced melukhkha) is possibly cognate with the words mleccha and milakkha, words initially used by Indo-Aryan speakers to refer to foreign speech. Later literature explicitly relates milakkha languages with Dravidian languages such as Tamil.
Following the pioneering works of Steven Bonta and Bahata Ansumali Mukhopadhyay, the Indus Script is unlikely to encode normal human language, and most probably encodes metrology related information. Readers are recommended to familiarise themselves with the works of both these scholars.
Despite this, individual symbols are still likely to have linguistic meaning. This project aims to collate all plausible meanings of the various Indus symbols and to correlate them with known Dravidian words.
Link to full corpus of symbols
Project coordinator - Dr. Karan Damodaram Pillai (School of Oriental and African Studies).

## Asko Parpola (Deciphering the Indus Script) sign list
### Sign 1

Sign 1 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |
| | Porter, carrier, bearer, kāvaṭi, man carrying two burdens | kā 1417 Ta. kā pole with ropes hung on each end, used to carry loads on the shoulder; lever or beam for a well-sweep, lever of a steelyard; kāvaṭi pole used for carrying burdens; kāvu (kāvi-) to carry on the shoulder (as a palanquin, a pole with weight at each end), bear anything heavy on the arms or on the head; kāvuvōr palanquin-bearers. Ma. kāvu, kāvaṭi split bamboo with ropes suspended from each end for carrying burdens; kāvuka, kāvikka to carry on a pole. Ka. kāgaḍi, kāvaḍi bamboo lath or pole provided with slings at each end for the conveyance of pitchers, etc. Tu. kāvaḍi split bamboo with ropes suspended from each end for carrying burdens across the shoulders. Te. kāvaṭi, kāvaḍi yoke or pole with a sling attached to each end, placed upon the shoulder for carrying burdens; kã̄ḍi, (VPK) kāḍi, kāḍimānu, kāḍimāku, kāṇḍi, kāṇi, kāni, kāvaḍi yoke of plough, etc. Kol. (Kin.) kāvaṛi carrying yoke. Pa. kāñ- to carry with carrying yoke; kācal carrying yoke. Ga. (Oll.) kã̄j-, kāñ- to carry with carrying yoke; (S.) kānj- to carry on the shoulders; (Oll. S.) kāsal carrying yoke. Go. (Tr. Ph. SR.) kānjānā, (G. Mu. Ma. Ko.) kānj- to carry on the shoulders (Voc. 624); (Y.) kāvṛi, (Ma.) kāveṛi, (G.) kāviṛ(i), (Ko.) kāveṛ, (A.) kāhaṛi carrying yoke (Voc. 660). Konḍa (Sova dial.) kāsa the shaft of a kāvṛi; (BB) kānj carrying yoke. Pe. kavṛi id. Manḍ. kavṛi id. Kui kāsa pole or stick carried on the shoulder from the ends of which loads are suspended and carried; (K., Mah. p. 77) kānju carrying yoke. Kuwi (Su.) kānju (pl. kāska) id.; (F.) kāca banghi-pole; kānjū (pl. kāska) a banghi. ? Kur. xāxō a triangular frame made by folding a bamboo stem (used in pairs for carrying logs.) ? Malt. qowe to carry or lift on the shoulders. / Cf. Skt. kāca-, kāja-, Pali kāca-, kāja-, Pkt. kāa- a yoke to support burdens; Pkt. kāvaḍa- carrying yoke, kāvaḍia- one who carries burdens with yoke; H. kāwaṛ, etc. carrying yoke; Turner, CDIAL, nos. 3009, 3011, and (part of) 2760. DED (S, N) 1193. Kanwaati (Sindhi) Bearer: 4565 Ta. poṟu (-pp-, -tt-) to bear, sustain, endure, tolerate, excuse, take responsibility, wear; be patient; poṟuti patience, pardon; poṟuppi (-pp-, -tt-) to cause to rest on, prop, sustain, cause to bear; poṟuppu pressure, burden, prop, responsibility, patience; poṟumai self-control, patience, endurance; poṟai burden, load, weight, patience, meekness, pregnancy; poṟaimai patience; poṟaiyaṉ sustainer; poṟāmai envy, jealousy, impatience. Ma. poṟukka to bear, sustain, tolerate, pardon, abide, stay, recover, heal; poṟuti patience, endurance, pardon, subsistence, cohabitation, relief; poṟuppikka to render tolerable, alleviate, sustain (as a wife); poṟuma patience; poṟāyma impatience, eagerness; pōṟu bearing. Ko. por- (poṯ-) to carry or take in arms, (water) bears up (something), obey the words of; porv- (port-) to endure; or- (oṯ-) to carry, undertake, obey; porla·r- (porla·ry-) to be able to endure; per burden. To. pïṟ- (pïṯ-) to carry; pïṟf- (pïṟt-) to endure, be patient; wïṟ- (wït-) to undertake, hold, carry (< Badaga); paṟ a load. Ka. poṟ (pott-) to take upon or bear on the head, bear (as a burden), carry, support, hold up, undertake, endure; poṟige act of taking upon the head, etc., undertaking, burden, business; poṟe a load, burden, measure, size. Koḍ. porï- (porïp-, porït-) to carry; pore a load; porïd- (porïdi-) to undertake an office (mudre). Tu. pudè load, burden. Go. (G.) por- to load (Voc. 2401). Cf. 4446 Ta. piṟakku. DED(S, N) 3729. |

### Sign 2

Sign 2 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |
| | kāvaṭi - 3 legged variant | See sign 1. |

### Sign 3

Sign 3 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |
| | Sign 1 + Sign 189 combined (kāvaṭi + arrow) | See signs 1 and 189. |

### Sign 4

Sign 4 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |
| | Sign 1 + Sign 311 combined (kāvaṭi + jar) | See signs 1 and 311. |

### Sign 5

Sign 5 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 6

Sign 6 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 7

Sign 7 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |
| | Buffalo head Deity | Kaṇṭaṉ/kaṇṭi (Warrior/Buffalo bull) DEDR 1173 (1) kaṇṭaṉ (p. 111) kaṇṭaṉ 1173 Ta. kaṇṭaṉ warrior, husband; kaṇṭi buffalo bull; kaṇavaṉ husband; keṇṭaṉ robust, stout man; kiṇṭaṉ fat man, strong person. Ma. kaṇṭan the male, esp. of cat; kaṇavan husband; kiṇṭan big; a stout, bulky fellow; kiṇṭappan a stout and robust person. Ko. gaṇḍ male. To. koḍṇ Badaga husband. Ka. gaṇḍu strength, manliness, bravery; the male sex, a male, man; gaṇḍa a strong, manly male person, a husband; strength, greatness; gaṇḍasa, gaṇḍasu, gaṇḍusa, gaṇḍusu male person; gaṇḍike prowess; gaṇḍiga a valiant man; (Hav.) geṇḍã husband; geṇḍu male. Koḍ. kaṇḍë male (of dogs and other animals, mostly wild; not of cats). Tu. gaṇḍu male, valiant, stout; gaṇḍusu husband; gaṇḍůkāyi, gaṇḍůstana, gaṇḍastana manliness; garṇḍāḷů a stalwart man, giant; kaṇḍaṇi, kaṇḍaṇye husband; gaṇṭè, gaṇṭapuccè male cat; (Bhattacharya, brahmin dial.) kaṇṭe id. Te. gaṇḍu bravery, strength, the male of the lower animals; gaṇḍũḍu, gaṇḍãḍu a brave, strong man; gaṇḍ-āḍu to copulate. Nk. gaṛek (pl. -er) man, male. Malt. geṇḍa male. / Cf. Skt. (lex.) gaṇḍa-, gaṇḍīra- hero. DED(S) 986. Compare with Nīlakaṇṭha (Sanskrit) an alias of Shiva. This deity has been identified convincingly by Iravatham Mahadevan as Proto-Shiva. kompaṉ n. id. [M. kom-pan.] 1. Tusked or horned animal; கொம்புள்ளவிலங்கு. 2. Clever man, used ironically; |

### Sign 8

Sign 8 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 9

Sign 9 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 10

Sign 10 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 11

Sign 11 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 12

Sign 12 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 13

Sign 13 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |
| | Person, Man | āḷ, āṇ āḷ 399 Ta. āḷ man, husband, servant, labourer, adult; āṇ male, manliness, courage, superiority, warrior; āṇaṉ manly person; āṇmai manliness, virility, courage; āṭavaṉ man, youth. Ma. āḷ a person, able person, servant, slave; āṇ male; āṇma bravery. Ko. a·ḷ man, servant, husband. To. o·ḷ man, Toda; o·ḷ coolie (< Ta.). Ka. āḷ servant, soldier, messenger, a grown person in general; āḷ, āṇ male; manliness, bravery; Koḍ. a·ḷï servant; a·ṇï, a·ṇ a·ḷï man, male; a·ŋuññi male child (< a·ṇï-kuññi). Tu. āḷů person, labourer, messenger; āḷmage servant; āṇů adj. male; āṇůjōvu, aṇjā̆vu a male, a man (jōvu child); (Bright and Ramanujan) āṇů boy. Kur. āl adult male, husband, servant, mankind; ālas an adult male person, husband, friend, servant, soldier. Malt. ál-urqe to grow up to maturity. Cf. 291 Ta. aḷ strength. DED(S) 342(a) |

### Sign 14

Sign 14 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 15

Sign 15 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 16

Sign 16 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 17

Sign 17 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 18

Sign 18 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 19

Sign 19 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 20

Sign 20 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 21

Sign 21 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 22

Sign 22 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 23

Sign 23 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 24

Sign 24 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 25

Sign 25 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 26

Sign 26 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 27

Sign 27 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 28

Sign 28 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 29

Sign 29 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 30

Sign 30 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 31

Sign 31 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 32

Sign 32 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 33

Sign 33 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 34

Sign 34 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 35

Sign 35 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 36

Sign 36 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 37

Sign 37 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 38

Sign 38 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 39

Sign 39 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 40

Sign 40 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 41

Sign 41 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 42

Sign 42 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 43

Sign 43 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 44

Sign 44 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 45

Sign 45 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 46

Sign 46 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |
| | Dog, Canine | nāy, nāi (p. 322) nāy, nāi 3650 Ta. nāy, nāi dog. Ma. nāy id. Ko. na·y id. To. no·y id. Ka. nāy, nāyi id.; nāyitana doggishness. Koḍ. na·y dog. Tu. nāyi id. Kol. a·te id.; resn a·te wild dog (i.e. *res na·te, with original initial n- preserved in this combination; see 817). Nk. āte dog. Nk. (Ch.) āte id. Pa. netta (pl. nettel) id.; iric netta wild dog. Ga. (Oll.) nēte, (S.) nette dog; (P.) kope nete wild dog. Go. (Tr.) nai, (W.) nāi, (M.) nāī, (A. Ma. Ko.) ney dog (Voc. 2030); (M.) rac nāī, (Ko.) rasi ney wild dog (Voc. 3010). Konḍa (BB; K., p. 181) nukuṛi dog. Pe. nekuṛ, nikuṛ id. Kui nakuṛi (pl. nakuṛaka, nahuṛka), nahoṛi (pl. nahoṛka, nahka) id. Kuwi (F.) neh'ūri (pl. neska), (S.) nehuḍí (pl. neska), (Su.) nih'uṛi (pl. neska), (Isr.) nehˀ uṛi (pl. -ka/neska) id. The element -kuṛi in Konḍa, etc. is probably to be connected with 2149 Ta. kur̤antai, etc., i.e. originally 'young of dog'. ? Cf. 2916 Ta. ñāḷi. / Cf. Nahali nāy dog. DED(S) 3022. |

### Sign 47

Sign 47 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 48

Sign 48 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 49

Sign 49 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 50

Sign 50 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 51

Sign 51 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 52

Sign 52 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 53

Sign 53 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 54

Sign 54 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 55

Sign 55 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 56

Sign 56 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 57

Sign 57 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 58

Sign 58 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 59

Sign 59 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 60

Sign 60 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |
| | Fish | mīṉ (p. 436) mīṉ 4885 Ta. mīṉ fish. Ma. mīn. Ko. mi·n. To. mi·n. Ka. mīn. Koḍ. mi·nï. Tu. mīnů. Te. mīnu. Pa. mīni (pl. mīnul). Ga. (Oll.) mīn (pl. mīnil). Go. (Tr. A. W. Ph. Mu. etc.) mīn (Voc. 2852). Konḍa (BB) mīn (pl. mīnga). Pe. min (pl. -ku). Manḍ. min (pl. -ke). Kui mīnu (pl. mīnga). Kuwi (F.) mīnu (pl. mrīka), (S.) mīnu (pl mīnka), (Su. P.) mīnu (pl. mnīka), (Isr.) mīnu/mṇīnu (pl. mṇīka). Malt. mínu. / Cf. Skt. mīna- fish; Turner, CDIAL, no. 10140a. DED(S) 3999. |

### Sign 61

Sign 61 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 62

Sign 62 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 63

Sign 63 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 64

Sign 64 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 65

Sign 65 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 66

Sign 66 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 67

Sign 67 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 68

Sign 68 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 69

Sign 69 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 70

Sign 70 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 71

Sign 71 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 72

Sign 72 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 73

Sign 73 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 74

Sign 74 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 75

Sign 75 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 76

Sign 76 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 77

Sign 77 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 78

Sign 78 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 79

Sign 79 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 80

Sign 80 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 81

Sign 81 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 82

Sign 82 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 83

Sign 83 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 84

Sign 84 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 85

Sign 85 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 86

Sign 86 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 87

Sign 87 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |
| | Bent Skeletal body, Emaciated person, Dead person, Sitting | Mahadevan identifies it as a curled up skeleton of the dead. He thinks this is "Murugan", and cites the following: Ta. muri (-v-, -nt-) to bend, lack in strength, be gentle; n. curve, bend; murimuri (-v, -nt-) to curve, bend; murivu contracting, fold, laziness; mūri laziness, indolence; shaking off laziness; mūri nimir (-v-, -nt-) to stretch oneself as from laziness. Ma. muruṭuka to pluck by twisting (as coconuts); mūri numbness, apathy, stiffness; mūruka, mūri niviruka to stretch oneself. Ko. muniv- (munivd-) to stretch and groan when one wakes; mu·nj- (mu·nj-) to jerk spasmodically and groan in sleep. To. müry fuṛy- (fuṛs-) to stretch the body in yawning. Ka. muri to bend, be bent, grow crooked, wind, meander, stretch oneself with windings of the limbs; bend, turn round or twist (as the whiskers); n. state of being bent, curved, etc., a bend, winding course of a river, ring; murike bending, crooking by straining; murige bending, twisting, a twist; muripu to turn round or whirl the fist; murivu bending or twisting, a bend, winding course of a river; surrounding; murucu to turn round, twist; muruḍisu to pluck up by twisting; muruhu a bend, curve, winding course of a river, a surrounding place, crookedness of mind, a crooked object, a pervert; turn, repetition; (PBh.) muruḷ crooked; (Gowda) murṇṭu to become crooked; mor(a)ku to be turning round or be giddy from pride; morahu a bend, winding course of running water. Tu. muri curve, circle, ring, twist, the creases of the hand, windings of a conch, etc.; murigè twist, entanglement; murlu stretching of a limb; murluni to be stretched as the limbs; mūri stretching oneself. Te. murincu to turn (tr.). Pa. murg- to be bent; murgal hunchback. Ga. (S. P.) murg- to bend (while peeping); murgēn bent; (S.3) murg- (murug-) to bend down. Go. (Tr.) muṛītānā to be dislocated (Voc. 2923); (Tr.) mur-jupnī aiānā to be crooked (Voc. 2909); (LuS.) moorga humpbacked. Kuwi (Isr.) murli kriyũ deformed ear. / Cf. Pkt. muria- twisted; OMar. (Master) muraḍ- to turn, twist. DED(S) 408 4972 Ma. muraṭuka to shrivel; muraḷuka id., decay. Ka. muruṭu, muraṭu, muruṇṭu to be bent or drawn together, contract, shrink, shrivel; muruṭu contracting, shrinking, state of being contracted, etc.; muruṭuha contracting, shrinking, that contracts. Tu. muruṇṭu, nuruṇṭu shrunk, shrivelled; muruṇṭuni, nuruṇṭuni to shrink, shrivel. Nk. mural- to wither. Go. (Ch.) murs-, muṛs- to be dried up and hard (Voc. 2920). Kur. murdnā to become perfectly dry, be dried to excess; murda'ānā to dry to the inside, dry to excess; murjhārnā to get quite dry. (Hahn) dry up, wither; murjha'ānā to scorch, parch. DED 4075, DEDS 799. I (the editor) this it refers to a spirit, with a reading of "pey": 4438 Ta. pēy devil, goblin, fiend; madness (as of a dog), frenzy; wildness (as of vegetation); pēyaṉ demoniac, madman; pēytti, pēycci, pēcci demoness, woman under possession of a demon. Ma. pē, pēyi demon (fem. pēcci); rage, madness, viciousness; pēna ghost, spirit; pē-nāyi mad dog. Ko. pe·n, pe·nm possession of woman by spirit of dead; pe·y demon. To. ö·n the god of the dead. Ka. pē, hē madness, rage, viciousness; growing wild (as plants), worthlessness; pētu, hēde demon; pēṅkuṇi, pēṅkuḷi, hēkuḷi demon; madness, fury (for -kuḷi, cf. 1918 Ta. kūḷi); hēga a mad, foolish man. Tu. pēyi demon. Go. (Tr.) pēn (pl. -k), (Y. D. Mu. S.) pēn, (Ph.) pen, ven, (Ma.) pēnu god; (L.) peṇ (pl. peṇḍku) idol, god; (G.) pēnvor priest (Voc. 2364). Pe. pen (pl. -ku) god. Kui pēnu (pl. pēnga), vēnu (pl. vēnga) a god, a spirit. Kuwi (F.) pēnū, (Su.) pēnu (pl. pṇēka), (Isr.) pēnu (pl. pēṇka/pṇēka) god; (S.) pēnu (pl. pēnka) devil; (S.) pēne'esi, (Isr.) pēneˀ esi deceased person. ? Malt. peypeyre to feel fervent or animated. Cf. 5530. Pa. vē̃did. DED(S, N) 3635. |

### Sign 88

Sign 88 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |
| | Crab, Pincers, Seize | |

### Sign 89

Sign 89 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 90

Sign 90 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 91

Sign 91 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |
| | Crop, Wheat, Ear of Grain | Wheat was the staple crop in IVC. *Kōlum - PDr 1906 Konḍa kūli paddy. Pe. kūli id. Manḍ. kūli id. Kui kūḍi grain, paddy, seed. Kuwi (Su. P. F. S.) kūli paddy. ? Ta. kūlam grains, esp. of 18 kinds, viz. nel, pul, etc. ? Br. xōlum wheat (or with DBIA 123, < Skt. godhūma-). (Ta. Br., comm. by Kamaleswaran.) DEDS(N) 278. 1194 Ta. katir ear of grain, spear of grass. Ma. katir ear, spike of corn; katirkka to shoot into ears; katirppu a sprout, shoot. Ka. kadir spike of corn, ear. Koḍ. kadï ear (of paddy, wheat, etc.). Tu. kadirů ear of corn; kadpu ear of ripened corn. DED 1002. |

### Sign 92

Sign 92 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 93

Sign 93 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 94

Sign 94 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 95

Sign 95 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 96

Sign 96 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 97

Sign 97 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 98

Sign 98 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 99

Sign 99 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 100

Sign 100 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 101

Sign 101 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 102

Sign 102 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 103

Sign 103 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 104

Sign 104 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 105

Sign 105 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 106

Sign 106 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 107

Sign 107 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 108

Sign 108 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 109

Sign 109 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 110

Sign 110 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 111

Sign 111 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 112

Sign 112 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 113

Sign 113 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 114

Sign 114 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 115

Sign 115 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 116

Sign 116 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 117

Sign 117 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 118

Sign 118 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 119

Sign 119 :
| Sign | Object meaning | Dravidian words |

### Sign 120

Sign 120 :
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| | Bow, Bow and arrow | vil (p. 492) vil 5422 Ta. vil bow; villaṉ, villavaṉ, villōṉ, villi archer; villār, villōr bowmen; villiyar id., Iruḷas; villimai, viṉmai skill in archery. Ma. vil, villu bow; villan, villi archer. Ko. viḷy bow. To. pïs̱ id. Ka. bil, billu id. Koḍ. billï id. Tu. billu, biru id. Te. vilu, villu (pl. viṇḍlu) id.; vilukã̄ḍu bowman. Kol. (Hislop) vil bow. Pa. vil id. Ga. (Oll.) vinḍ, (S.) vinḍu id. Go. (M.) vīl, (G. Mu. Ma. Ko.) vil id. (Voc. 3256). Konḍa (BB) vil id. Pe. vil (pl. -ku) id., bowlike instrument for carding cotton. Manḍ. vil (pl. -ke) bow. Kui viḍu, vilu id. Kuwi (F.) vellū, (Su. P.) vellu, (Isr.) velu (pl. in all velka) id. Br. bil id. / Cf. Sgh. vil, vili id. DED(S) 4449. Rebus alternative meaning: vil (viṟp-, viṟṟ-) 5421 Ta. vil (viṟp-, viṟṟ-) to sell, put on sale, be sold; vilai selling, sale, price, cost, value; viṟṟal, viṟpaṉai selling, sale. Ma. vila sale, price, value; vilkka to sell; vilpana sale; vilpikka to cause to sell. Ko. vel price, cost. To. pïl price. Ka. bil, bili to sell, buy; bili, bele price, cost. Koḍ. bele cost. Tu. bilè, belè price, value, worth. Te. vil(u)cu to sell, buy; viluva, vela price, value, cost. DED 4448. |

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| Indus sign 193 | Weight, Metrology | |

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| | Hoe | |

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| | Volume | SUCESSFULLY DECIPHERED. Combination of `V' signs and linear strokes were used to indicate volumes. |

### Sign 297

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| | Jar | |

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| | Chakra, (Spoke-wheel not present during IVC times) | Iravatam Mahadevan:  5517 Ta. vē (vēv-/vēkuv-, vent-) to burn, be hot (as the weather), be scorched, be boiled, cooked (as rice), be refined (as gold), be distressed by grief or passion, be angry; vēkkāṭu burning, boiling, cooking, inflammation as of the stomach; burn, scald, heat; vēṭai heat, intense dryness, season of drought, hot season; vētu heat, warmth; vēvam distress; vēvu burning, boiling; vēvai that which is boiled or cooked; vēṉal heat, hot season, anger; vēṉil heat, hot season, mirage; vental that which is overboiled or charred; venti (-pp-, -tt-) to be hot, get angry; ventippu heat, anger; ventai anything cooked in steam; ven-nīr hot water; vekkai heat, sultriness; veccu heat; vecc-eṉal, veccu-vecc-eṉal being hot, becoming heated, being harsh; vecc-eṉavu heat; vecavi hot weather; vetumpu (vetumpi-) to become warm, be partially withered (as flowers), be hot, boil, be enraged; vetuppu (vetuppi-) to warm, heat gently, make red-hot; n. warmth, fever; vetuppam warmth; vetuvetu (-pp-, -tt-) to be parboiled or half-cooked, become lukewarm, be partially withered; vetuvetuppu lukewarmness; veppam, veppu heat, fever, indignation, spite, sorrow; veppar heat, hot food; veppi (-pp-, -tt-) to heat, infuriate; veppuḷ, veppuṟu heat; vempal tropical heat, wrath; vempu (vempi-) to be very hot, be dried with heat, fade, rage, be distressed in mind, desire; vemmai heat, glow, anger, desire, valour, severity; vey(y)il heat of sun; veytu that which is hot, heat, sorrow; veyya hot, fierce, desirable; veyyatu that which is hot, cruel, or unbearable; veyyōṉ cruel person, sun; vevvar heat; vevvitu that which is hot or cruel. Ma. vēka (vent-) to be hot, burn, seethe, boil, (heart) burns; vēvu combustion, boiling, heat, dry rot; vēvikka to boil, seethe, cook (tr.); boil inwardly; vētu what is hot; vēnal heat, hot season; vekka to cook; n. heat; vekkuka to heat, make warm; veṅṅuka to grow hot; veppu cooking; veppan cook; vetumpuka to be gently heated; vetumpikka to make warm; vetuppu gentle heat; vetuppuka to warm, be gently heated; vetuveta warmly; veppu, vempal heat; vempuka to be very hot, be burnt, shrivel; vemma heat; ven-nīr hot water; veyil heat of sun. Ko. vey- (vedy-) to be burned, be burned up, (broth) boils; veyc- (veyc-) to burn up, cook; vet- (vety-) to weld (i.e. make red-hot); vek hot; ve(n) ni·r hot water; vi·l sunshine, heat of sun; ve·ci·g hot, rainless season (February to middle of June). To. pöy- (pöd-) to burn (intr.), be hot; pöky lukewarm; warmth; pöt ïn- (ïḏ-) (house) is warm; pi·s̱ sun, sunlight; pe·soxy, pi·so·y hot season (< Badaga); ? pü·ł̣ hot weather, summer (December-February) (? < *vey(y)<-> uḷ). Ka. bē, bēyu, beyyu (bend-) to be burnt up, be scorched by the sun's heat, etc., be prepared by boiling, be cooked, burn with a fever, grief, etc., bē̆yisu, bēsu to burn up, prepare by boiling, bake, pain, afflict; bēge fire, heat, wild fire in jungles; bēne pain, sickness; bēvasa sorrowful thought, grief, anxiety; bēsage, bēsaki, bēsige hot season; beṅki, beṅke, beṅge heat, fire; beccage, beccane, beccige heat, warmth; hot, warm; beccanna warm; ben, bem heat; ben-nīr hot water; besaḷige fire-pan; bisil, bisal, bisul heat and glare of the sun, sunshine; bisi, bisu, bisupu heat. Koḍ. be·y- (be·v-/be·yuv-, beñj-) to be warmed, burned, warm oneself, (rice) cooks; bey- (bepp-, becc-) to cook (rice); bekke warmness, heat; bodï, (central dialect) bedï heat of sun; be·nï ka·la hot season. Tu. bēyuni to boil, seethe, be cooked, baked; bēpini, bē̆yipini to boil (tr.); be boiled, seethed, cooked; bēpāvuni to boil (tr.), seethe, cook; bēnkè heat, sultriness; becca heat, warmth; hot, warm; hotly, warmly; beccana warmth; beccanè hotly, warmly; beppu lukewarmness, feverishness; lukewarm, feverish; beyipelů boiling, boiled; besiyuni, beseyuni to get hot, get angry or haughty; bisi heat, warmth esp. of sun; bisulu sunshine; bisalè, bisaḷè an earthen vessel. Kor. (M.) bijila, (T.) bijili sunlight. Te. vē̃gu to be fried, grieve, sorrow, be very anxious; vē̃cu to fry, grill, oppress, persecute; vē̃gincu, vē̃pu to fry, grill; vē̃ki fever; vē̃ḍi heat, warmth; hot, warm; vē̃ḍimi heat, warmth; vēṇḍramu heat, pungency; vē̃puḍu frying, that which is fried, fried; vēsavi summer; vekka heat; vecca heat, warmth; hot, warm; veccana heat, warmth; veccani hot, warm; veccu to be heated; n. heat; veta pain, distress; veppu heat; vemmu to be heated; ven-nīru hot water. Kol. ve·ndi, (Kin.) vēndi, (P.) vēnḍi hot; ve·nd i·r hot water; vessa fever; (Kin.) vey- to be on fire, burn; vey gal- to cook; (SR.) vely- to burn; vey- to prepare bread; vā̆igl- to boil, cook; (Pat., p. 159) viyeng to light fire; (p. 167) viyyeng to cook. Nk. vī- to burn (intr.); vīp- id. (tr.); vēnḍi hot; vecca (c = ts) fever. Nk. (Ch.) vey- to burn (intr.); vayip- id. (tr.). Pa. vēp- (vēt-) to be warm; vēdi lukewarm; vey boiled rice; (S.) vey- (rice) is boiled; (S.) veypip- (veypit-) to boil (rice). Ga. (Oll.) veytal nīr hot water; (S.) vē, vey- to be burnt; (S.3) veyci hot. Go. (Tr.) wēīānā, wēānā to be cooked, boiled, scalded; wēīstānā to boil (tr.); (Ph.) vaiyānā to burn, cook; (SR.) veyānā to burn; (Ma.) vē- to be boiled, cooked; vēˀ - to burn (tr.); (S.) vey- to be cooked (Voc. 3307). Konḍa vey- (vet-) to be burned (forest, fuel); (BB) ves- (-t-) to be hot; vesni hot; vēk- (-t-) to fry. Pe. ve- (-t-) to be cooked; vēza sweat. Manḍ. veh- to be hot; vehen hot; vēja sweat. Kui vēva (vēt-) to be cooked, well cooked or boiled, (forest) to be fired, burned; veha cooked rice; vehpa (veht-) to be hot (liquids, cooked food); (K.) ve- (-t-) to be burnt. Kuwi (F.) veyali (vet-) to catch fire; vehini hot; (S.) wespini, wehini warm; weh'nai to oppress; (Su.) veh- (-it-) to be hot; ve- (-t-) to be burnt; vese lēska summer season (i.e. hot months); (Isr.) ve- (-t-) to be burnt, cooked; vēh- (vēst-) to become hot; (S.) wehu ray (wēḍa wehu). Kur. bi'inā (bicc-) to be cooked, baked, boiled, parched in heat; bīta'ānā to cook, broil, bake, dry in heat; bisālī earthen vessel for scalding paddy; bassnā to consume to ashes, (man) destroys by fire. Malt. bice to be cooked, be heated; bite to cook; béru sun |

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| | Inner place, Same symbol in Old cuneiform means Heart, Same symbol in Egyptian Hieroglyphs means Enclosure, Palace, Tomb and Temple. | This symbol is noted to be the alpha of the Indus script. It is the most common initial sign in Indus texts, and often precedes the ' marker suggesting that it may be a centre of authority. The word Akam in Dravidian covers both meanings of inner place and heart. 'Akattiyar' (trans. Respected person from Akam/respected householder) is a name for both a Rig Vedic sage, and the mythical learned leader of the Velir who migrated to Tamilakam from Dvārakā, Indus Valley Civilisation in the protohistoric period. Akattiyar is also noted to be the mythical father of Tamil language which is directly descended from Indus Dravidian. 1) akam (p. 3) akam 7 Ta. akam inside, house, place, agricultural tract, breast, mind; akattāṉ one who is in, householder; ōr-akatti, ōr-akattāḷ husband's brother's wife [i.e. she who is in one and the same house with oneself]; akakkār̤, akaṅkār̤ heart of a tree; akaṅkai, aṅkaipalm of the hand; aka-ppaṭu to be included, be obtained; akaṭu interior, belly, middle, impartiality; akaṇi inside, interior, agricultural tract; akappu depth (or with 11 Ta. akar̤); akampu inside; akal inner part of town or village; akavai inside, age within a certain limit: a locative ending; akalam breast; ākam body, breast, mind, heart; āyam secret. Ma. akam inside, abode, house, room; akattu within, in the house; akattān master of the house; akattāḷ mistress of the house; akattōn indoor servant; fem. akattōḷ; akaṅkai palm of hand; akaṅkāl sole of foot; akā, akāyi inside of house, room; akaṭu, akiṭu udder; aka-ppeṭuka, āppeṭuka to get into, be caught, befall; akappeṭukka to catch. Ko. aŋga·linstep. To. o·poṛ- (o·poṭ-) to be caught, be got; o·poṛc- (o·poṛč-) to catch, get; wïrxity husband's brother's wife. Ka. ōragitti, vāragitti id.; aṅ-gāl sole of the foot; aṅ-gey palm of the hand; āge, āga in, into; āya the inside, privacy, secret, private parts, a vital part of the body, particulars, details, a part of the body, the breast. Koḍ. aŋgay palm of hand; aŋga·lï sole of foot. Tu. aṅgārů sole of the foot; aṅgai palm of the hand. Te.agapaḍu to appear, be observed, perceived; akku the breast or chest; āyamu a vital part of the body, private parts. Kol. opaḍ- (opaṭ-) to be found, met, (fish) are caught; oparip- (opaript-) to find. Nk. ōbaṛ- (ōbaṭ-) to be got. ? Go. (Mu.) akna (pl. -ŋ) room of a house (Voc. 8). DED (N) 8, 888. INDO-ARYAN 49 agaru m.n. ʻ fragrant Aloe -- tree and wood, Aquilaria agallocha ʼ lex., aguru -- R. [← Drav. Mayrhofer EWA i 17 with lit.] Pa. agalu -- , aggalu -- m., akalu -- m. ʻ a partic. ointment ʼ; Pk. agaru -- , agaluya -- , agaru(a) -- m.n. ʻ Aloe -- tree and wood ʼ; K. agara -- kāth ʻ sandal -- wood ʼ; S. agaru m. ʻ aloe ʼ, P. N. agar m., A. B. agaru, Or. agarū, H. agar, agur m.; G. agar, agru n. ʻ aloe or sandal -- wood ʼ; M. agar m.n. ʻ aloe ʼ, Si. ayal (agil ← Tam. akil). 50 agásti m. ʻ the tree Agasti grandiflorum ʼ Suśr. [← Drav. Burrow BSOAS 12, 365; Agásti -- m. ʻ nom. prop. ʼ perh. from this, Mayrhofer EWA I 17] Pk. agatthi -- , ˚iya -- m. ʻ a partic. tree ʼ; H. agtī, aktī f. ʻ the tree Sesbana or Aeschynomene grandiflora ʼ; G. agthiyɔ m. ʻ a partic. tree ʼ. 51 ágāt ʻ has come ʼ RV. [√gā] Kho. aii, hai pret. of gīk ʻ to come ʼ, see gāˊti. apāˊgāt, vyágāt. 52 agāra n. ʻ house ʼ ĀśvGr̥., āgāra -- Mn. [Prob. ← Drav., Mayrhofer EWA i 17 with lit.] Pa. ā̆gāra -- , ˚aka -- n., Pk. āgāra -- , ag˚, gāra -- n. |

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