OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# ICT in Education/Teacher Training/Primary Education

Teacher Training in Primary Education

### Cambodia

>>Primary Education

### Uganda

TITLE OF THE PROJECT:Using ICT knowledge and skills to enhance quality learning in Bushenyi Core Primary Teachers'College.
CHANGE AGENT: JUSTUS ELIEZA MURAMUZI
BACKGROUND Uganda considers ICT as one of its priorities for sustainable human development .The National ICT policy envisions access to ICT as a drive towards sustainable development.Ministry of Education and Sports has several strategies towards mainstreaming ICT in teaching and learning.However, Bushenyi Core PTC has continue to use old styles of teaching, learning and management, despite having basic ICT infrastructure in place.The aim of this project is to increase stakeholder awareness of the benefits of ICT use and integration in teaching/learning and administration programmes.
PROJECT OBJECTIVES .Raise awareness of the benefits of ICT knowledge and skills in teaching, learning and administration amongst stakeholders. .Establish the existing challenges the stakeholders have in the use of ICT knowledge and skills. .Carry out training in ICT and pedagogy for stakeholders. .Monitor and assess the progress made by stakeholders in the use of ICT knowledge and skills.
STAKEHOLDERS ARE:
The project will take place in Bushenyi Core PTC,in Bushenyi District, South Western Uganda.Duration of the project starts from May 2014 to April 2015.Targeted stakeholders are the Preservice Programme staff i.e the administrators, teaching staff,support staff, and students.The project will focus on using ICT knowledge and skills to enhance learning Estimated cost of the project is about Ush 3.8m.
EXPECTED OUTPUT/RESULT .Increased awareness of the benefits of using ICT knowledge and skills in the college. .Integration of ICT knowledge and skills in teaching/ learning and administration.
# ICT in Education/Teacher Training/Upper Secondary Education

Teacher training in Upper Secondary Education
# ICT in Education/Tools

Open Source and proprietary software tools for teachers.

## See Also

* FLOSS
# Panspermia/A Critique of Protection of bacterial spores in space, a contribution to the discussion on Panspermia

(Review Paper) Cited in Panspermia/A Critique of Protection of bacterial spores in space, a contribution to the discussion on Panspermia
# Panspermia/A critique of: The Universe: a Cryogenic Habitat for Microbial Life.

(Review Paper) Cited in Panspermia/A critique of: The Universe: a Cryogenic Habitat for Microbial Life.

### Space-traveling bacteria wears a protective coat

Scientists believe that Space-traveling bacteria would be susceptible to damage from the ultraviolet (UV) light of stars; however,a thin layer of carbonized material would protect them and block the UV light.
Scientists have found freeze-dried microorganisms in the depths of Lake Vostok. These microorganisms were cultured in a laboratory after being dormant for 10-20 million years. Some of these freeze-dried microorganisms are believed to be brought here by comets for outside of Earth's atmosphere.
Earth is not protected against cosmic contaminants. Several tonnes per day breach Earth's atmosphere. In the 1970s' astronomers discovered a host of organic molecules in interstellar clouds. In 1986, similar cosmic contaminants were also found in comets that had reached earth.

### Methods

Laboratory tests were conducted to test the hypothesis that space-travelling individual bacteria would be damage and deactivated by the ultraviolet light produce by stars. These test falsified this hypothesis.Under normal laboratory conditions microorganism were not readily killed by ultraviolet. No genetic information was destroyed in fact the opposite happened. Exposure to UV through visible sunlight actually promoted the repair of irradiated bacteria.

### Results

Tests also found that microorganisms are easily protected from UV light because of molecular clouds. Molecular clouds cut the glare of UV radition and permit the development of protective mantles around space-travelling bacteria. In addition, thin layers of cabonised material around each individual bacteria would also be effective in blocking out the damaging UV light.
# Panspermia/A Critique of The universe: a cryogenic habitat for microbial life.

(Review Paper) Cited in Panspermia/A Critique of The universe: a cryogenic habitat for microbial life.

### Humans are made from stars

20 different atoms make up all living material. They include atoms that are found in steller nucleosynthesis. Steller nucleosynthesis is a nuclear reaction that takes place in the stars. We can make the conclusion that we are made up of atoms from the stars.

### Bacteria has shields

Microorganisms are able to survive/thrive in ultraviolet light.
    If life from other planets were entering Earth's atmosphere, the ultraviolet radiation would actually alter the organisms genetic makeup. There are some cells that may be able to survive this exposure, though it is unlikely that most would withstand the journey through the atmosphere, as well as the impact of landing.
Additionally, after microorganisms reach temperatures of 10-30K, they can remain in a freeze-dried state until they find a new surface environment to sustain and replicate themselves in; such as comets or planets.

### Other planets show signs of life

Various planets, including Mars and Venus, are showing signs of life in water and clouds on the planets surface.

### Captured stratospheric air shows signs of life

Stratospheric air shows signs of bacteria which is above the atmosphere free from aerosoles from the earth.

### Humans are made from stars

The atoms that are found in stellar nucleosynthesis include oxygen, phosphorus, hydrogen and carbon. These atoms are found in all living organisms. They are crucial in the composition of living material..

### Bacteria has shields

The microorganisms are surrounded by mantles, which is a growth that protects the bacteria. In outer space bacteria is shielded by thick molecular clouds. Thermophiles are microorganisms that flourish at high temperatures and do well in UV lighting.

### Other planets show signs of life

Dirk Schulze-Makuch found that 30 miles above the surface of the clouds in Venus there are chemical signs of life. He found hydrogen sulphide, sulfur dioxide, and most notably carbonyl sulphide. Carbonyl sulphide is difficult to produce by inorganic chemistry and is commonly considered to be a sign for living organisms.

### Captured stratospheric air shows signs of life

Samples of air was obtained in sterilized stainless steel cylinders and fitted with valves that could be open and shut at on command from the ground. The cylinders were carefully opened and the collected air that was above the boundary of the atmosphere. This air was tested because it ensures that no aerosols from below would be present. Evidence for the presence of viable cells was discovered and the detection was made using a fluorescent dyes which are only taken up by the membranes of living cells.

### Results

The small amount of bacteria needed to maintain life in the galaxy and experiments such as the stratospheric collection experiment continue to confirm astronomical data that verifies the existence of microbial life.
    A Critique of the results from The Universe: A cryogenic habitat for microbial life.
# Panspermia/A Critique of Protection of bacterial spores in space, a contribution to the discussion on panspermia

(Review Paper) Cited in Panspermia/A Critique of Protection of bacterial spores in space, a contribution to the discussion on panspermia

### Points Made

Regardless of the appropriate conditions, such as water, nutrients and the fact that the dormant spores will grow, creating a potential for panspermia, the environments (threats of vacuums and radiation) in which the spores are growing in are too harsh for further development. Therefore, panspermia can not exist.

### Methods

The article tested their hypothesis by taking different strains of DNA repair capacity to find out the role of DNA repair in the survival after exposed to space. This was done by testing different soils against space spores mixed with clay, red sandstone, meteorite, simulated soil and martian meteorite zagami.
The also included glucose to help the survival of the DNA in the space vacuum.
The way the DNA was exposed to space was in these 3 different ways- 1) Artificial Meteorites 2) Mixed up layers 3) Shadow layers
The other way DNA was exposed in space was 1) Inside layers 2)Unprotected outside layers.

### Results

This experiment concludes that if cluster bacteria spores are embedded in a substance such as clay or rock, where it is protected against UV radiations and solar rays, there is a slight chance the spores may survive. However, a single spore bacteria attached to microm-sized grains will not survive in space as there is not sufficient protection for growth.
This is consistent with the article "Survival of lichens and bacteria exposed to outer space conditions" in that the bacteria could not survive in atmospheric conditions. If bacteria cannot survive in space, life on earth could not have evolved through the idea of panspermia.
# Panspermia/A Critique of Survival of lichens and bacteria exposed to outer space conditions – Results of the Lithopanspermia experiments.

(Review Paper) Cited in Panspermia/A Critique of Survival of lichens and bacteria exposed to outer space conditions – Results of the Lithopanspermia experiments.

### Lichens Die After Re-Entry

After attaching the bacteria and lichens to the space shuttle, their growth rate, ability to germinate and their activity was analyzed. The bacteria had died and the lichens had survived in space. However, when the lichens attempted to re-enter the earth's atmosphere, they died as well

### Methods

They attached the bacteria and lichen to the space shuttle and protected them only by a thin glass layer (it was otherwise fully open to space). The lichen and bacteria were exposed to space for 10 days. They then analysed the lichen’s and bacteria’s ability to germinate, their growth rate and their activity after 10 days in space.

### Results

When the lichens were exposed to outer space their cortex made them resistant to space. In contrast, the bacteria died right away. When the lichens re-entered the earth’s atmosphere they did not survive. This does not support the idea that bacteria originates from space.
# Panspermia/A critique of Panspermia—true or false

(Review Paper) Cited in Panspermia/A critique of Panspermia—true or false

### Panspermia is not reproducible

Scientists Wickramasighe and Bhargava conducted a cryosampler experiment to prove or dismay the theory of Panspermia. Sixteen samples were collected from the cryosampler at various altitudes and split between the two scientists to prove the proposed theory. Wickramasighe stated to have detected microorganisms present from the cryosampler samples. However, Bhargava was unable to produce the same results. This is possibly a fluke that Wickramasighe found any living microorganisms. When asked to reproduce the same results, Wickramasighe declined.

### Methods

To determine if Panspermia can exist in space, the scientists utilized various elements (such as dirt, water, etc) from the earth to conduct the experiment. They created a balloon-like object called a Cryosampler to lift into the atmosphere and ultimately create a simulation of a comet.
Another experiment conducted to disprove the theory of Panspermia suggests that once bacteria and lichens exit the atmosphere, one of two events occur; bacteria is unable to survive while lichens are able to. Once the shuttle re-enters the atmosphere, the lichens burn up with no possibility of survival. This helps prove that bacteria is unable to survive in space. Therefore, Pansperima does not exist.

### Results

To determine if Panspermia can exist in space, Bhargava conducted the same experiment as Wickramasighe and was unable to produce the same results. To prove his theory wrong, Bhargava requested that Wickramasighe reproduce his findings. This request was declined thus causing a possible controversy and/or cover up of existence of Panspermia.
Being able to reproduce an outcome to an experiment is a logical way to prove a theory. If Wickramasighe and his team are not willing to reproduce their findings, it can only be concluded that they do not have a valid argument. Thus, disproving the theory of Panspermia.
# Panspermia/A critique of Panspermia according to Hoyle

(Review Paper) Cited in Panspermia/A critique of Panspermia according to Hoyle

### Points Made

The Hoyle-Wickramasinghe panspermia theory proposes that life on earth was originated approximately 4 billion years ago by comets containing microbial life. Some of these microorganisms continue to be found. Nowadays Panspermia is considered as a serious alternative to life being originated solely on earth. Research performed by Becquerel and some other scientists in 1924 suggested that bacteria would not survive the radioactive environment of space, especially ultraviolet radiation. This theory was later proven wrong when it was discovered that microorganisms are not so easily destroyed by ultraviolet radiation but are rather rendered dormant which could easily be reversed when environmental conditions become favorable for the microorganism.

### Methods

Research performed demonstrated that bacteria can survive the extreme conditions that exist in space. It can withstand radiation as well as extremely low temperatures.These bacteria are able to do this by using a condensed thin coating of carbonaceous material around them as a shield from potentially harmful radiation. During the 1970’s inorganic dust had properties identical to particles of bacterial composition. These bacteria were primarily found in interstellar dust and can trace the origin of some particles on earth. Replication of these particles is not possible in the interstellar environment; Therefore Hoyle- Wickramasinghe suggested that microbial life follows the amplification process that stars, comets and planetary systems go through on the cosmic life cycle. Comets are then considered to amplify microbial life during this life cycle that can last a few billion years.

### Results

Microbial life on earth can be dated back to around 3.8 billion years (3.8 Gy) when comets and asteroid were bombarding the earth. This microbial life can be found or earth in new habitats such as geothermal vents, ocean floor, radioactive dumps and Antarctic soil. The microorganisms recovered from the Earth’s crust prove that microbial life can survive the pressure of the ocean depths. Recent discoveries continue to support that microbial life was transferred in the cosmic life cycle and therefore transferred to earth.
Micro-fossils of cyanobacteria were found embedded in the CI1 carbonaceous meteorites which further raises the possibility of life on comets.Micro-fossils of cyanobacteria were found embedded in the CI1 carbonaceous meteorites which further raises the possibility of life on comets..
# Panspermia/A critique of The dark side of the universe: from Zwicky to accelerated expansion

(Review Paper) Cited in Panspermia/A critique of The dark side of the universe: from Zwicky to accelerated expansion

### Points Made

The universe is not only still expanding, the expansion is accelerating! This supports the big bang, because if it's expanding, a long time ago it must have been smaller, which is the principle of big bang .

### Methods

First they measured the number of galaxies, and then they used this information to measure global geometry which is basically the shape of the universe.

### Results

They found out that the method was inaccurate and some of the inaccuracies could be corrected through infrared technology.
# Panspermia/Complexity Analysis of the Viking Labeled Release Experiments
### Complexity in the dirt

The 1976 Viking's Mission to Mars conducted a labelled release experiment and found that in Mars, microbial life was present..

### Methods

These experiments displayed circadian rhythms. The release of Carbon Dioxide which is usually released by live organisms while the experiments were taking place may indicate a robust biological response.

### Results

These analyses support the interpretation that the Viking LR experiment did detect extant microbial life on Mars.
# Panspermia/a critique of Evidence against Biological Grains in the Interstellar Medium

(Review Paper) Cited in Panspermia/a critique of Evidence against Biological Grains in the Interstellar Medium

### Points Made

1. There is a possibility that false results were found when scanning for biological material in interstellar medium
2. The ratios of certain elements in the interstellar medium are inadequate to produce some organic compounds
3. We do not know enough about the interstellar medium yet to make accurate statements about the composition and nature of the interstellar medium.

### Methods

1. To find hydrocarbons in the medium, substances that absorb waves of length 3.0-3.5 micrometers were scanned. This is the range that most organic compounds absorb.
2. A sample of interstellar dust was taken and analyzed. Abundances of various elements were measured from that sample.

### Results

1. The wavelength range of 3.0-3.5 micrometers is not exclusively absorbed by biological substances. For example, water and ammonia also absorb in that range.
2. The ratios of phosphorus and carbon do not support the kinds of life that is said to be in the interstellar medium. For the amount of E. Coli that is said to be in space, 100 times more phosphorus would need to be present.
3. Because we have not explored the interstellar medium as intensively and as in-depth as we have explored many other areas of natural science, we cannot be certain about exactly which elements/compounds can be found out there, as well as the nature of the medium (e.g. radiation levels, temperatures).
# Nature of wikis

The nature of wikis is worthy of study. This is one of many learning resources at Wikiversity that will explore the "who, what, when, where, why and how" of wiki.

## Who's here?

On a wiki, everyone seems to wonder "who's here?"
That's a very natural thing to think about. Nobody wants to join a "dead" project. You want to know that things are happening and that there are "living people" in there with you. The page you are now reading resides at Wikiversity, a dynamic learning community established within the Wikimedia family of projects, which also includes, but is not limited to the world-renowned Wikipedia project. Wikipedia uses wiki technology to build and maintain the world's largest community-built encyclopedia ever. All Wikimedia projects use a particular wiki engine called MediaWiki.
Everyone "here" is listed on a special page, Special:Listusers.

### Groups

If there is a "top" (which there actually isn't) of the List of Wikiversity Participants, some might think the list would look like this:
* assigners of rights (bureaucrats)
* custodians (support staff)
* everyone (learning community)
These "groups" are here simply to maintain a bit of policy and order through different roles. It's really no big deal at all.[citation needed]

### Entities

Some "users" aren't exactly "people":
* User:MediaWiki default - This is the bot that was used when MediaWiki was first set up at http://en.wikiversity.org - It's dead now.
There are other bots:
* User:ArchiveBot
* User:DraiconeBot
* User:HagermanBot
* User:MichaelBillingtonBot
* User:Sebbot
* User:Wherebot

### Self-organization

In a wiki environment, the user base often engages in a social process sometimes called self-organization. The tendency of humans to form groups based on shared interests and other commonality is sometimes phenomenal. The success of Wikipedia is one such example...
Consider the emergence of WikiProjects...

## What's here?

Content development is generally the first order of buisiness on a wiki website. Ward Cunningham originally invented the wiki to make a place for people to share ideas openly and easily through a revolutionary web-based application. The interests of the first wave of participants revolved mostly around collaborative software development. The theoretical basis was to simultaneously develop open content within a common context.
..constructing...

### Context

A wiki website is hosted on a named domain that identifies its primary context...

### Content

...more Content development... edit me!...
# Natural numbers/Proofs/Induction principle/Fact/Proof2

Due to the first condition, $A(0)$ holds. Due to the second condition, we get that also $A(1)$ holds. Therefore also $A(2)$ holds. Therefore also $A(3)$ holds. Because we can move on step by step and reach every natural number, we conclude that the statement $A(n)$ holds for every natural number $n$
# Natural units

Definitions of speed of light, reduced Planck's constant, and electronvolt in terms of kilograms, meters, seconds:
    $c=299792458\ {m \over s}$
    $\hbar =1.054571817\times 10^{-34}\ kg{m^{2} \over s}$
    $eV=1.602176463\times 10^{-19}\ kg{m^{2} \over s^{2}}$
Then solve for second:
    ${\hbar \over eV}=6.582120268\times 10^{-16}s$
    $s=1.519267287\times 10^{15}{\hbar \over eV}$
Solve for kilogram:
    $c^{2}=8.987551787\times 10^{16}\ {m^{2} \over s^{2}}$
    ${eV \over c^{2}}=1.782661731\times 10^{-36}\ kg$
    $kg=5.609589202\times 10^{35}\ {eV \over c^{2}}$
Solve for meter:
    ${\hbar \over c}=3.51767294\times 10^{-43}\ kg\cdot m$
    ${\hbar \over c}=1.973270014\times 10^{-7}\ {eV \over c^{2}}m$
    $5067730.179\ {\hbar \over c}{c^{2} \over eV}=m$
    $m=5067730.179\ {\hbar c \over eV}$
Summarize results:
    $kg=5.609589202\times 10^{35}\ {eV \over c^{2}}$
    $m=5067730.179\ {\hbar c \over eV}$
    $s=1.519267287\times 10^{15}{\hbar \over eV}$
    Dimensional conversion: $kg^{x}m^{y}s^{z}\sim c^{y-2x}\hbar ^{y+z}eV^{x-y-z}$
Now omit c and ℏ:
    $kg=5.609589202\times 10^{35}\ eV$
    $m=5,067,730.179\ {1 \over eV}$
    $s=1.519267287\times 10^{15}{1 \over eV}$
    Dimensional conversion: $kg^{x}m^{y}s^{z}\sim eV^{x-y-z}$
Based on: http://www.physics.gla.ac.uk/~dmiller/lectures/RQM_2008.pdf, page 12
# Naval architecture

Wikiversity Department of Marine Engineering

## Content summary

We discuss primarily the ship as a system, and as a link in the transportation system. Introduce the participant to the complexities in the marine environment and the mechanisms involved in the ship system. The participant is also introduced to the various terms used in naval architecture.
* Mechanics of Floating Bodies
* Ship Resistance
* Ship Propulsion
* Ship Strength
* Vibration in Structures
* Seakeeping
* Manouvreing
* Marine Engineering
* Ship Design
* Design of High Speed Craft
* Ship Construction
* Production Planning

## Goals

To introduce the terms commonly used in naval architecture and introduce the ship as a system.

## Learning materials

Learning materials and learning projects are located in the main Wikiversity namespace. Simply make a link to the name of the lesson (lessons are independent pages in the main namespace) and start writing!
You should also read about the Wikiversity:Learning model. Lessons should center on learning activities for Wikiversity participants. Learning materials and learning projects can be used by multiple projects. Cooperate with other departments that use the same learning resource.

### Texts

* Principles of Naval Architecture (2nd Rev.); Lewis, E.V , 1989, SNAME New York
* Basic Ship Theory (5th Edition); K.J.Rawson and E.C.Tupper, 2001, Butterworth-Heinemann

### Naval Architecture Lessons

* Hull Design
* Curves of form
* Coefficients of form
* Stability
* Buoyancy
* Righting arm moments
* Hydrodynamics
* Resistance
* Propulsion
* Loading
* Behavior
* Slamming
* Hogging
* Box Girder Theory
* Vessel Design
* Models & Scaling

### Assignments
#### Readings

Each activity has a suggested associated background reading selection.
* Wikipedia article: Naval architecture
* Wikibooks: Marine engineering