OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gallicae

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GALL'ICAE. A pair of Gaulish shoes; the original of the french galoches and of our galoshes. They were low shoes, not reaching quite so high as the ankle, had one or more thick soles (Edict. Dioclet. p. 24.), and small upper leather, which was entirely open over the front of the instep, like the modern galosh, and the right-hand figure in the cut (Gallicae/1.1); or laced in front, and fastened by a ligature round the top, as in the left-hand example; whence they are classed amongst the soleae by the Latin writers, to distinguish them from the regular calcei, which were close-fitting high-lows that completely enveloped the foot and ankle. They were partially adopted at Rome before the age of Cicero, and were worn with the lacerna; but such a style of dress was regarded as indecorous and anti-national. (Cic. Phil. ii. 30. Aul. Gell. xiii. 21.) Under the empire they came into more common use, and were made for all classes, and of different qualities. (Edict. Diocl. l. c.) Both the specimens in the engraving are copied from a sarcophagus discovered in the Villa Amendola at Rome, in the year 1830, which represents a battle between the Romans and Gauls; the one on the left is worn by a Gaulish prince, the other by a captive of the same nation.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Ganea

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GA'NEA or GA'NEUM. An eating-house of the lowest and most immoral description, at which facilities were afforded for every kind of indulgence, as well as eating and drinking. (Suet. Cal. 11. Ter. Adelph. iii. 3. 5. Liv. xxvi. 2.) A receptacle of this kind has been discovered in the principal street at Pompeii, near the entrance to the town; the public room is fitted up as a wine shop, and gives admission into a back parlour, the walls of which are painted in fresco with a variety of indelicate subjects, characteristic of the purposes to which it was applied.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Ganeo

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GA'NEO. Literally, one who frequents a ganea; thence a glutton (Juv. xi. 58.); and, by implication, a person of loose and disorderly habits, for the indulgence of which such places were established. Cic. Cat. ii. 4. Tac. Ann. xvi. 18.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Garum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GAR'UM (γάρον). A sauce made from the blood and entrails of sea fish salted down, like the caviare of our day. It was used in a great many ways both in the kitched and at table; and was manufactured of different qualities, good, bad, and indifferent, which accounts for the conflicting terms in which it is spoken of, sometimes as a choice delicacy, and at others as an inferior kind of food. Plin. H. N. xxxi. 43. Hor. Sat. ii. 8. 46. Mart. vii. 27. Id. vi. 93.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gastrum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GASTRUM. An earthenware vessel, with a full swelling body or belly; whence the name. Pet. Sat. 70. 6. Ib. 79. 3.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gaulus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GAULUS (γαυλός). A large round full-bodied vessel, which might be put to several uses; as, a drinking-goblet (Plaut. Rud. v. 2. 32.); a milk-pail (Hom. Od. ix. 223.); a water-bucket (Herod. vi. 119.); &c.
2. (γαῦλος). A particular kind of ship, of a round build, with a broad beam, and capacious hold (Festus, s. v. Aul. Gell. x. 25. 3.), employed by the Phoenician merchants and by pirates, in consequence of its fitness for stowing away any quantity of booty.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gausapatus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GAUSAPA'TUS and GAUSAPI'NUS. Applied to any thing made of the cloth called gausape. Senec. Ep. 53. Mart. xiv. 145.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gausapa

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GAU'SAPA, GAU'SAPE, and GAU'SAPUM (γαύσαπης). Woollen cloth of a particular fabric, introduced at Rome about the time of Augustus, which had a long nap on one side, but was smoother on the other. It was used by both sexes for articles of clothing, as well as for tablecloths, napkins, bed covers, and other domestic purposes. Plin. H. N. viii. 73. Lucil. Sat. xxi. 9. Gerlach. Ov. A. Am. ii. 300. Hor. Sat. ii. 8. 11. Mart. xiv. 152.
2. A wig made of the light flaxen hair, peculiar to the German races, which colour was much prized by the ladies of Rome. Wigs of this kind were also got up and worn by men hired to represent German captives at some of the mock triumphs of the Roman emperors (Pers. Sat. vi. 46.), when they decreed themselves this honour without having subdued the country. The figure in the engraving (Gausapa/2.1) appears on a trophy of the column of Antoninus, erected to commemorate the victories of that emperor over the Germans; an appropriate, but not very noble symbol of their defeat.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gemellar

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GEMEL'LAR. A particular kind of case for holding oil (Columell. xii. 50. 10.); the characteristic properties of which are conjectured to consist in having two recipients, side by side, instead of a single cavity.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Genius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GENIUS (ἀγαθοδαίμων). A good spirit, or guardian angel of the male sex, believed to spring into being with every mortal at his birth, and to die with him, after having attended him, directed his actions, and watched over his welfare through life. (Hor. Ep. ii. 2. 187. Tibull. iv. 5.) He is represented as a beautiful boy, entirely naked with the exception of the youthful chlamys on his shoulder, and furnished with a pair of bird's-wings, in the manner represented by the annexed engraving (Genius/1.1) from a painting at Pompeii. Compare JUNONES.
2. Genius loci. The guardian spirit of a place; for amongst the ancients every spot and locality in town or country, buildings, mountains, rivers, woods, &c., was believed to have its own peculiar genius, or presiding spirit; which was portrayed under the form of a serpent (Serv. ad Virg. Aen. v. 85. Inscript. ap. Grut. viii. 4. Prudent. contra Symmach. ii. 441.); consequently images of these reptiles are frequently represented feeding upon an altar; or, as in the example (Genius/2.1), from a painting in the Thermae of Titus, with an altar between them, as a sign to deter passengers from "committing a nuisance," out of respect for the genius who presides there.
3. (κακοδαίμων.) Amongst the Christian writers on sacred subjects, the Genius is represented as an evil spirit, said to be condemned to eternal punishment, for his pride and rebellious conduct. Tertull. Apol. 32. Anim. 39. Lact. ii. 15.
* Genius/1.1
* Genius/2.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gerulus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GER'ULUS. A porter. (Hor. Ep. ii. 2. 72. Suet. Cal. 40.) Same as BAJULUS.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gestatio

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GESTA'TIO. A part of an ornamental garden or pleasure-ground, divided into shady walks and vistas of sufficient extent for the proprietor and his guests to be carried about them for exercise in a palanquin (lectica). Plin. Ep. v. 6. 17. Id. ii. 17. 13.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gesticularia

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GESTICULA'RIA. A pantomimic actress, who expresses the character she has to personate by dancing and mimetic action of the hands and feet, but without the use of language. Aul. Gell. i. 5. 2.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gesticulator

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GESTICULA'TOR. A pantomimic actor, who expresses his part by gesticulations and mimetic motions of the body, but without speech. Columell. i. Praef. 3.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gillo

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GILLO (βαυκάλιον, βαύκαλις). A vessel for cooling wine and water in (Poet. Vet. in Antholog. Lat. ii. p. 369. Burman.), made of earthenware (Cassian. Institut. iv. 16.), and with a narrow neck, which caused the liquid to gurgle as it was poured out. Poet. Vet. l. c. p. 406.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Ginglymus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GIN'GLYMUS (γίγγλυμος). Literally a joint which moves in a socket, like the elbow; thence a hinge (Xen. Eq. xii. 6.), the action of which resembles that of a joint in the human frame. The cabinets of antiquities contain numerous specimens of these contrivances, framed in the different patterns in use at this day, and of all sizes. Of the two examples (Ginglymus/1.1) here given, the top one is from Pompeii, the other is preserved in the British Museum. The Latin name is not met with in any of their writers, and consequently requires authority; but the Greek one is undoubted; and the Romans must have had an appropriate name for a hinge, distinct from cardo, which expresses a very different object.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gingrinus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GIN'GRINUS. See TIBIA.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Girgillus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GIRGIL'LUS. The roller turned by a windlass, in order to raise water from a well by means of a rope and bucket; a contrivance precisely similar to those used in most country places at the present day, as shown by the annexed example (Girgillus/1.1) from a marble sarcophagus of the Vatican Cemetery. Isidor. Orig. xx. 15.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gladiatores

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GLADIATO'RES (μονομάχοι). Gladiators. A general name given to men who were trained to combat with deadly weapons, for the amusement of the Roman citizens, at public funerals, in the circus, and more particularly in the amphitheatres. They were selected for the most part from captives taken in war, but were sometimes slaves, and more rarely freeborn citizens, who volunteered for the occasion. They were also divided into different classes, with characteristic names, descriptive of the weapons and accoutrements they used, or the peculiar mode in which they fought; all of which are enumerated in the Classed Index, and illustrated under their respective titles; but the annexed figure (Gladiatores/1.1), respresenting the portrait of a famous gladiator in the reign of Caracalla, from a sepulchral monument, will afford an idea of the usual appearance, arms, and accoutrements of the ordinary gladiator, who was not enlisted in any of the special bands.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gladiatorium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GLADIATO'RIUM. The pay or wages given to a free-born person who trained and served as a gladiator for hire. Liv. xliv. 31.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gladiatura

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GLADIATU'RA. The practice or art of a gladiator. Tac. Ann. iii. 43.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gladiolus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GLAD'IOLUS (ξιφίδιον). Diminutive of GLADIUS; same as LINGULA. Aul. Gell. x. 25.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gladius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GLADIUS (ξίφος). Like our sword; in some respects a general term, descriptive of a certain class of instruments, which admit of occasional variety both in size and shape; but more particularly used to designate the straight two-edged, cutting and thrusting glaives of the Greek and Roman soldiery, as contradistinguished from the curved and fine-pointed swords employed by foreign nations, or by particular classes of their own countrymen; all of which were designated by characteristic names, enumerated in the Classed Index, and illustrated under their proper titles. The Greek ξίφος had a leaf-shaped blade, no guard, but a short cross-bar at the hilt, as in the annexed example (Gladius/1.1), and the woodcuts at pp. 146. 148., all from fictile vases. It was not more than twenty inches long, and was suspended by a shoulder-strap (balteus) against the left side, as shown by the figure of Agamemnon at p. 73. The Romans used a sword of similar character to the Greek one until the time of Hannibal, when they adopted the Spanish or Celtiberian blade (Polyb. vi. 23.), which was straight-edged, longer and heavier than that of the Greeks (Florus. ii. 7. 9.), as will be readily understood from the annexed example (Gladius/1.2), representing a Roman gladius in its sheath, from an original found at Pompeii. On the triumphal arches and columns, the common soldiers wear their swords in the manner stated by Polybius (l. c.), on the right side, suspended by a shoulder-band, as shown by the engravings at pp. 6. 22. 136; the officers wear their swords on the left, attached to a belt round the waist (cinctorium, and woodcut, p. 159.); and the swords of the cavalry are longer than the weapons of the infantry.
* Gladius/1.1
* Gladius/1.2
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Glans

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GLANS (μολυβδίς). A large leaden slug or plummet, cast in a mould, and used instead of a stone to be discharged from a sling. (Sall. Jug. 61. Liv. xxxviii. 20, 21. 29). The engraving (Glans/1.1) represents an original found at the ancient Labicum; the letters FIR are for firmiter, "Throw steadily," or Feri, Roma (Inscript. ap. Orelli. 4932.), "Strike, O Rome!" Others have been found in Greece, inscribed with the figure of a thunderbolt, or ΔΕΞΑΙ, "Take this."
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Glomus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GLOMUS (τολύπη). A clew, or ball of wool (Hor. Ep. i. 13. 14. Lucret. i. 360.), or flax (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 19. § 4.), taken off the spindle (fusus) after it had been spun into worsted or thread, and rolled up into a ball to be ready for using in the loom. The illustration (Glomus/1.1) is copied from a frieze in the forum of Nerva, at Rome, on which various processes of spinning and weaving are displayed, and represents a young female carrying a lapfull of clews from the spinning to the weaving department.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Glutinator

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GLUTINA'TOR. Literally, one who sticks things together with glue (gluten or glutinum); whence the word is used specially to designate a person who practises the art of ornamenting books, and preparing the sheets for the copyists to write upon, by glueing together strips of papyrus to make a page, and also the different pages to make a roll or volume. Cic. Att. iv. 4. Lucil. Sat. xxvi. 42. Gerlach.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gnomon

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GNO'MON (γνώμων). The index or pin on a sun-dial which marks the hour by the shadow it casts (Plin. H. N. ii. 74. Vitruv. i. 6. 6.), as shown by the annexed engraving (Gnomon/1.1) from a silver cup of Greek workmanship, discovered at Porto d' Anzio, the old Antium.
# Euclidean plane/Improper isometry/Axis reflection/Fact/Proof

We consider
    $\varphi \circ {\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\end{pmatrix}},$
which is by the multiplication theorem for the determinant a proper isometry. Because of fact, there exists a uniquely determined angle $\alpha \in [0,\pi [$ such that
    $\varphi \circ {\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\operatorname {cos} \,\alpha &-\operatorname {sin} \,\alpha \\\operatorname {sin} \,\alpha &\operatorname {cos} \,\alpha \end{pmatrix}}\,.$
Therefore,
    $\varphi ={\begin{pmatrix}\operatorname {cos} \,\alpha &-\operatorname {sin} \,\alpha \\\operatorname {sin} \,\alpha &\operatorname {cos} \,\alpha \end{pmatrix}}\circ {\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}\cos \alpha &\sin \alpha \\\sin \alpha &-\cos \alpha \end{pmatrix}}\,.$
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gomphus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GOM'PHUS (γόμφος). Properly a Greek word, which signifies a large wedge-shaped pin (Schol. Aristoph. Eq. 463. Tertull. Apol. 12.) driven between two objects, to increase the firmness or tightness of contiguous members, whence the same term was adopted by the Romans to designate the large, round-headed and wedge-shaped stones, which they used to place at intervals between the ordinary kirb stones bounding the foot-pavements of their roads and streets (Stat. Sylv. iv. 3. 48.), as shown by the annexed engraving (Gomphus/1.1), representing a part of the road and pavement at the entrance to Pompeii. These stones are not only shaped like a wedge, to produce lateral pressure, but are much longer than the other ones, and are formed with projecting heads, so that they also prevent the rest from rising upwards out of the level.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Grabatulus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GRABA'TULUS. Diminutive of GRABATUS. Apul. Met. 1. pp. 8, 9. 12.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Grabatus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GRABA'TUS (κράβατος or κράββατος). A small low couch or bed of the commonest description (Cic. Div. ii. 63. Virg. Moret. 5.), such as was used by poor people, having a mere network of cords stretched over the frame (Lucil. Sat. vi. 13. Gerlach. Pet. Sat. 97. 4.), to support the mattrass, precisely as represented by the annexed engraving (Grabatus/1.1), from a terra-cotta lamp.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gradilis

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GRADI'LIS. See PANIS, 2.