OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Behavioral Finance
## Key Concepts

Bias - A predisposition towards error.
   * w:Excessive Optimism - Overestimating the frequency of experiencing favorable outcomes and underestimating the frequency of experiencing unfavorable outcomes.
   * w:Winner's curse - Winners of auctions tend to overpay.
   * Overconfidence
   * Confirmation Bias
   * Illusion of Control
   * Heuristics
   * Representativeness
   * Availability
   * Anchoring
   * Loss Aversion
   * Aversion to Sure Loss
   * Framing
Prospect Theory - [[[Wikipedia:Prospect theory|Wiki Link]]] - [Original Paper]

## Key Researchers

Daniel Kahneman
Amos Tversky

## Suggested Textbooks

Behavioral Corporate Finance, Hersh Shefrin, 2007, ISBN 978-0-07-284865-6 Behavioural Finance, James Montier, 2002, ISBN 978-0-470-84487-8
# Beginners Music Theory/Instrument-specific Notation
### Instrument-specific notation
#### Bowed string instruments

* Left-hand pizzicato or Stopped note A note on a stringed instrument where the string is plucked with the left hand (the hand that usually stops the strings) rather than bowed. On the horn, this accent indicates a "stopped note" (a note played with the stopping hand shoved further into the bell of the horn). In percussion this notation denotes, among many other specific uses, to close the hi-hat by pressing the pedal, or that an instrument is to be "choked" (muted with the hand).
* Snap pizzicato On a stringed instrument, a note played by stretching a string away from the frame of the instrument and letting it go, making it "snap" against the frame. Also known as a Bartók pizzicato.
* Natural harmonic or Open note On a stringed instrument, means to play a natural harmonic (also called flageolet). On a valved brass instrument, it means to play the note "open" (without lowering any valve, or without mute). In organ notation, this means to play a pedal note with the heel (above the note, use the right foot; below the note, use the left foot). In percussion notation this denotes, among many other specific uses, to open the hi-hat by releasing the pedal, or allow an instrument to ring.
* Up bow or Sull'arco On a bowed string instrument, the note is played while drawing the bow upward. On a plucked string instrument played with a plectrum or pick (such as a guitar played pickstyle or a mandolin), the note is played with an upstroke.
* Down bow or Giù arco Like sull'arco, except the bow is drawn downward. On a plucked string instrument played with a plectrum or pick (such as a guitar played pickstyle or a mandolin), the note is played with a downstroke.
# C++/STL Algorithms

The STL contains functions for common algorithms within C++.

## find

Finds a value within a range.
Example:

## copy

Copies a range of elements.
copy_backward reverses the order of elements.

## swap

Swaps two sets.

## iter_swap

Swaps two elements pointed to by iterators.
* Include<studio.h>
* include<condo.h>
Main {
Pritnf(Enter the two Swaps number); Sacnf;
Getch; }

## transform

Applies a function to a range.

## random_shuffle

Randomly shuffles a range.

## sort

Sorts elements in a range.
A stable_sort retains the original order of equal elements. A stable_sort does not provide any advantage over a simple sort of, say, a list of integer values (if the list contains multiple values of "2", it doesn't matter which "2" comes first). However, consider the example of sorting a list of Employee objects by their first name only. Two different employees may share the same first name (which gives them the ordering relative to the rest of the list). If "Bob Smith" was before to "Bob Jones" in the list prior to the sort, then stable_sort would guarantee Smith was before Jones in the sorted list; sort does not make such a guarantee. The stable_sort algorithm is marginally less efficient due to added constraint.

## binary_search

Searches a sorted range for a value.

## next_permutation

Transforms a range to the next permutation.
Reversed by prev_permutation.
# C++/TStringList

The items of a list box are AnsiString objects created from the TStrings class. This allows you to use the properties of the TStrings class. The TStrings class is more useful if you know the list at design time. Sometimes you will not be able to predict this list. For example, the list can depend on a conditional or depending action. Borland does not allow you to create an instance of the TStrings class. The alternative is to use the STringsList class. To do this, use the new operator to create a dynamic list based on the TStringsList or the TList class, fill out the list and assign it to the TStrings::Items property. For example, to create a Date Time dialog box such as the one in WordPad, you cannot create the list at design time. Because the dates and times must be set by the computer at the exact time the user wants to insert a date or time on the document, you can create this list only WHEN the user wants it. You can implement the list in a dialog box and fill it up when the dialog opens, which is with the OnCreate event of the dialog box:
void __fastcall TDateAndTime::FormCreate(TObject *Sender) {
# C++/More Functions

As mentioned in the previous lesson, functions are building blocks of C++. A function is a named part of a program that can be invoked from other parts of the program as often needed. This chapter introduces the ways by which we pass values to a function.

## Function Arguments Passed By Value

In C++, by default variables are passed by value to functions. This means that a copy of the data is made and passed to the function. This is in contrast to passing by reference or by pointer, in which case the address of the object itself is passed to the function. However, let's first look at what passing arguments by value means:
Consider the following program that accepts a number and prints its cube:
If you want the cube of 19, the output should look like this:
That was quite a basic example. I think you got an idea of what a function can do anyways. Let us go a little more complex.
Before looking below, think what the output should be. Probably as the function should work, num1 should be 5 and num2 should be 4. Let's see what the compiler has to say.
What? Doesn't that look like the complete opposite to the rules of the language? Seems to be, but isn't. Let us discuss what actually took place. We will need to go into the works of the compiler. A little knowledge is essential to properly understand the functions of the pass by reference and pointers.

## Pass By Reference

Now, let's redefine the interchange function from the above example. The change will be explained in more detail in a later lesson, but let's look briefly at what passing data by reference means.
First the change in the type of the data passed into interchange. Previously the arguments were of type int but they are now of type int&. The additional & is very important: it tells the compiler that the data is a reference to an int value rather than simply an int value.
The default C++ behavior is to copy the function arguments. The use of a reference type changes this behavior and a copy is no longer made. As an analogy, think of asking someone to proof-read and markup a printed document. You can either give them a photocopy (pass by value) or hand them the original document (pass by reference). In the same way, you can tell the compiler whether to pass a copy of the arguments or the original variables themselves depending on whether you want the originals to be changed or not.
This time the result of the program using pass by reference semantics will be:
# C++/Simple Math
## Simple C++ Math

Math in C++ is very simple. Keep in mind that C++ mathematical operations follow a particular order much the same as high school math. For example, multiplication and division take precedence over addition and subtraction. The order in which these operations are evaluated can be changed using parentheses.

### Adding, Subtracting, Multiplying and Dividing
## C++ math library

The C++ math library is actually C's math library. It is easy to use and is accessed by including cmath.

### Math functions

Now that we have the C math library let's use some neat functions.

#### Trigonometry

Note: Trigonometric functions in cmath use RADIANS.
# BCP/Barbarea verna/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for the plant Barbarea verna (Pale yellow rocket). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

##### Archived Logs

(If there are more than 5 signatures under the recent logs heading, move the oldest logs to under this heading (generally leave the 3 most recent).
* (no archived logs yet)

##### Recent Logs

* --SB_Johnny | 12:04, 20 April 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:19, 27 April 2008 (UTC)
# BCP/Begonia

Begonia
| Hybrid begonias Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Begonia (Begonia) Identifying Characteristics Recent Logs SB Johnny-LM 19:59, 8 June 2007 (UTC) SBJ 08:43, 14 July 2007 (UTC) SB Johnny-LM 09:34, 16 October 2007 (UTC) SB Johnny-LM 18:36, 17 November 2007 (UTC) HortMan 11:06, 21 April 2008 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 10:47, 9 June 2008 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Early Summer, Mid Summer, Mid Fall, Late Fall
Regional data: Southeastern Pennsylvania: (cultivated) June, July, October, November Victoria, Australia: April
Additional images:
# BCP/Begonia grandis/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for the plant Begonia grandis (Hardy Begonia). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

##### Recent Logs

* SB Johnny-LM 08:43, 25 August 2007 (UTC)
* SB Johnny-LM 09:06, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
* SB Johnny-LM 09:33, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

##### Archived Logs

(If there are more than 5 signatures under the recent logs heading, move the oldest logs to under this heading (generally leave the 3 most recent).
* (no archived logs yet)
# BCP/Begonia/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for the plant Begonia (Begonia). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

##### Recent Logs

* SB Johnny-LM 19:59, 8 June 2007 (UTC)
* SBJ 08:43, 14 July 2007 (UTC)
* SB Johnny-LM 09:34, 16 October 2007 (UTC)
* SB Johnny-LM 18:36, 17 November 2007 (UTC)
* HortMan 11:06, 21 April 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:47, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

##### Archived Logs

(If there are more than 5 signatures under the recent logs heading, move the oldest logs to under this heading (generally leave the 3 most recent).
* (no archived logs yet)
# BCP/Barbarea vulgaris

Barbarea vulgaris
| Closeup of flowers Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Barbarea vulgaris (Yellow Rocketcress) Identifying Characteristics Habit:UprightFlowers:Corymbs of yellow flowers, 4 petals.Foliage:Glossy dark green, pinnately lobed or divided with a large terminal leaflet or lobeStem:green, stiffLife Cycle: BiennialSimilar Plants:Barbarea verna, Rorippa sylvestris Recent Logs Jomegat 00:36, 12 May 2009 (UTC) Jomegat 00:14, 21 May 2009 (UTC) Jomegat 01:32, 1 June 2009 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Mid Spring, Late Spring, Early Summer
Regional data: Southeastern Pennsylvania: (invasive or naturalized) April, May, June New Hampshire: May Central Pennsylvania: April , May
Additional images:
# BCP/Barbarea vulgaris/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for Barbarea vulgaris (Rocketcress). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

### Logs
#### 2007 Logs

* --SB_Johnny | 10:02, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 09:56, 10 May 2007 (UTC)
* SBJ 12:05, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 23:17, 20 May 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 17:27, 23 May 2007 (UTC)
* SBJ 12:05, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 17:31, 27 May 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 23:49, 31 May 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:47, 3 June 2007 (UTC)
* SB Johnny-LM 09:37, 9 June 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 14:34, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

#### 2008 Logs

* SB_Johnny-LM 11:02, 20 April 2008 (UTC)
* --Luai lashire 21:59, 21 April 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:19, 27 April 2008 (UTC)
* --Luai lashire 21:59, 28 April 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:24, 2 May 2008 (UTC)
* --Luai lashire 20:59, 3 May 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 09:42, 17 May 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 09:04, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

##### Recent Logs

* Jomegat 00:36, 12 May 2009 (UTC)
* Jomegat 00:14, 21 May 2009 (UTC)
* Jomegat 01:32, 1 June 2009 (UTC)
# BCP/Begonia grandis

Begonia grandis
| Flowering plant Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Begonia grandis (Hardy begonia) Identifying Characteristics Recent Logs SB Johnny-LM 08:43, 25 August 2007 (UTC) SB Johnny-LM 09:06, 8 September 2007 (UTC) SB Johnny-LM 09:33, 16 October 2007 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data:
Regional data: Southeastern Pennsylvania: (cultivated) August, September
Additional images:
# BCP/Belamcanda chinensis

Belamcanda chinensis
| Flower and foliage Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Belamcanda chinensis (Blackberry Lily) Identifying Characteristics Foliage:Blade-shaped, clasping the stemsStem:Round, stiffFruit:clusters of black fleshy fruits resembling a blackberryLife Cycle: Perennial Recent Logs --SB_Johnny | 20:25, 24 July 2007 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 09:16, 3 August 2007 (UTC) SBJ 09:54, 20 July 2008 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data:
Regional data: Southeastern Pennsylvania: (cultivated) July, August
Additional images:
# BCP/Bauhinia purpurea

| Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Bauhinia purpurea Identifying Characteristics BCP/Bauhinia purpurea/Logs (view all logs) |
Global data:
Regional data:
Additional images:
# BCP/Belamcanda chinensis/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for Belamcanda chinensis (Blackberry Lily). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

### Logs
#### 2008 Logs

* (no archived logs yet)

##### Recent Logs

* --SB_Johnny | 20:25, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 09:16, 3 August 2007 (UTC)
* SBJ 09:54, 20 July 2008 (UTC)
# BCP/Thalictrum pubescens/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for Thalictrum pubescens (Tall Meadow-rue). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

### Logs
#### 2007 Logs

* --SB_Johnny | 13:01, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

#### 2008 Logs

* --SB_Johnny | 11:02, 28 June 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 09:02, 2 July 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:07, 20 July 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny 12:22, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

#### 2009 Logs

* (no archived logs yet)

##### Recent Logs

* Jomegat 26 June 2009
* Jomegat 14:34, 1 July 2009 (UTC)
* Jomegat 22:58, 16 July 2009 (UTC)
# BCP/Thymus 'Spicy Orange'

Thymus 'Spicy Orange'
| Flowering plant Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Thymus 'Spicy Orange' (Spicy Orange Thyme) Identifying Characteristics Habit:Creeping semi-woody plantFoliage:Awn-shaped, evergreen, strongly scentedScent:Strong thyme scent from foliageLife Cycle: perennial Recent Logs --SB_Johnny | 10:21, 26 May 2007 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 23:49, 31 May 2007 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 10:47, 3 June 2007 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 14:34, 9 June 2007 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 13:43, 31 May 2008 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 11:29, 4 June 2008 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Late Spring, Early Summer
Regional data: Southeastern Pennsylvania: (cultivated) May, June
Additional images:
# BCP/Thymus 'Spicy Orange'/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for Thymus 'Spicy Orange' (Spicy Orange Thyme). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

### Logs
#### 2008 Logs

* (no archived logs yet)

##### Recent Logs

* --SB_Johnny | 10:21, 26 May 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 23:49, 31 May 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:47, 3 June 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 14:34, 9 June 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 13:43, 31 May 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 11:29, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
# BCP/Thymus vulgaris

Thymus vulgaris
| Search for Thymus vulgaris on commons) Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Thymus vulgaris (?) Identifying Characteristics Recent Logs --Juan Pisek 14:35, 29 June 2008 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data:
Regional data: South Bohemia, Czech Republic: (mateřídouška obecná) June ,
Additional images:
# BCP/Tiarella

Tiarella
| Flowers on T. cordifolia Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Tiarella (Foamflower) Identifying Characteristics Recent Logs --SB_Johnny | 01:21, 12 May 2008 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 11:13, 24 May 2008 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 11:29, 4 June 2008 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Late Spring, Early Summer
Regional data: Southeastern Pennsylvania: (cultivated) May, June
Additional images:
# BCP/Thymus

Thymus
| Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Thymus (Thyme) Identifying Characteristics Recent Logs SB Johnny-LM 11:35, 9 May 2008 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Late Spring
Regional data: Southeastern Pennsylvania: May
Additional images:
# BCP/Thymus vulgaris/Logs
##### Recent Logs

* --Juan Pisek 14:35, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

##### Archived Logs

(If there are more than 5 signatures under the recent logs heading, move the oldest logs to under this heading (generally leave the 3 most recent).
# BCP/Thymus/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for the plant Thymus (Thyme). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

##### Archived Logs

(If there are more than 5 signatures under the recent logs heading, move the oldest logs to under this heading (generally leave the 3 most recent).
* (no archived logs yet)

##### Recent Logs

* SB Johnny-LM 11:35, 9 May 2008 (UTC)
# BCP/Tiarella/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for Tiarella (Foamflower). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

### Logs
#### 2008 Logs

* (no archived logs yet)

##### Recent Logs

* --SB_Johnny | 01:21, 12 May 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 11:13, 24 May 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 11:29, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
# BCP/Tilia americana

Tilia americana
| Linden tree (Basswood) blooms Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Tilia americana (Basswood) Identifying Characteristics Recent Logs Jomegat 17:41, 15 June 2010 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Early Summer, Mid Summer
Regional data: Southeastern Pennsylvania: (native) June, July New Hampshire: June, July Aurora, Colorado area: June
Additional images: