# Theory of Musical Equilibration

The Theory of Musical Equilibration (in German: die Strebetendenz-Theorie) creates a psychological paradigm which explains the emotional effects of musical harmonies. The theory was designed by music theorist Bernd Willimek and developed together with his wife Daniela Willimek to today's version. It emerges form Ernst Kurth's teaching in music psychology and states that in contrast to previous hypotheses, music does not directly describe emotions: instead; it evokes processes of the will which the listener identifies with, and relating to these processes gives music its emotional content. The theory was first presented at the Karlsruhe University of Music and the University of Rostock in 1997 and then published in 1998.

## The fundamentals of the Theory of Musical Equilibration

The basic statement of the Theory of Musical Equilibration is as follows: emotions conveyed or evoked by tonal music such as anger, grief, loneliness or longing can be explained by identifications with abstract will content. Conversely, emotions that cannot be explained by identifications with abstract will content, such as envy, jealousy, hatred, embarrassment, boredom, pity, contempt, shame or disgust, cannot be conveyed or evoced by tonal music. In contrast to Ernst Kurth, the Theory of Musical Equilibration interprets the perception of leading tones as a phenomenon in which the listeners identify with the desire not to change the leading notes. Because of its leading tone, a major chord, for example, is something listeners generally identify with the message “I want to!” whereas a minor chord conveys the desire “No more!” The volume at which a minor chord is played determines whether it is perceived as sorrow or anger.

## The emotional characters of musical harmonies

The following descriptions of sound characters corresponded to the derivation from the Theory of Musical Equilibration:
* Major tonic: a feeling of sober-minded contentment.
* Minor tonic: grief (when quietly), anger (when loudly).
* Natural minor: courage, tension.
* Dominant: a feeling of motion.
* Dominant of a minor tonic: assumes the chracter of the tonic.
* Seventh chord: resistance.
* Secondary dominant: being painfully moved.
* Major subdominant: lighttheartedness.
* Major subdominant with a major seventh: longing, wistfulness.
* Subdominant with added sixth in major: warmth, security.
* Subdominant with added sixth in minor: heartbreak, loneliness.
* Neapolitan sixth chord: pain, death.
* Diminished seventh chord: fright, despair.
* Augmented chord: astonishment, magic.
* Whole-tone scale: weightlessness.
* Minor sixth: fear.
* Fifth: ghostly.
* Tritone: devilish, inimical forces.

## Lectures on the Theory of Musical Equilibration at international conferences

* Sempre Met 2018: Theory of Musical Equilibration and the Use of Stimulus Chords in Romantic Lieder. bei der Sempre MET Researching Music, Education, Technology. University of London, 2018.
* Apscom 6: Music and Emotion. bei der 6th Conference of the Asia-Pacific Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music (APSCOM 6). Women's University Kyoto, 2017.
* Tags 2017: Music and Emotions: Research on the Theory of Musical Equilibration. bei der "Theory & Analysis Graduate Students' Conference (TAGS)". Bangor University, 2017.
* Guap 2017: Music as the Language of Emotions. beim Second International Workshop on Language, Music and Computing. St. Petersburg, 2017.
* IMS 2016: Israel Musicological Society 2016 Music and Emotions - Research on the Theory of Musical Equilibration. bei der "Winterkonferenz der Israel Musicological Society". Tel Aviv, 2016.

## Literature

* Daniela Willimek, Bernd Willimek: [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/25742442.2023.2185064 Revealing the Mystery of Emotions in Sounds The Theory of Musical Equilibration Explains the Impact of Ordered Sounds as the Listener’s Identification with Processes of Will. In: Timothy L. Hubbard (Ed.): Auditory Perception & Cognition., London, Taylor & Francis 2023, 6:1-2, DOI: 10.1080/25742442.2023.2185064, p. 128-153.
* Bernd Willimek, Daniela Willimek: The Theory of Musical Equilibration and the Use of Stimulus Chords in Romantic Lieder. In: Evangelos Himonides, Andrew King, Francisco Cuadrado (Hrsg.): Proceedings of the Sempre MET 2018. Researching Music, Education, Technology. London, International Music Education Research Centre 2018, ISBN: 978-1-905351-37-4, S. 45.
* Daniela Willimek, Bernd Willimek: Sound and Emotions. The Theory of Musical Equilibration. In Fiona Schopf (Hrsg.): Music on Stage, Vol III., Cambridge, Cambridge Scholars Publishing 2018, ISBN: 978-1-5275-1161-3, S. 202-223.
* Daniela Willimek, Bernd Willimek: Music and Emotions. Research on the Theory of Musical Equilibration. In Iwao Yoshino: APSCOM 6: Proceedings of the 6th Conference of the Asia-Pacific Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music. Kyoto 2017, S. 34.

## External Links

* Daniela Willimek, Bernd Willimek: The Theory of Musical Equilibration. In: Theory of Music. November 2015. Retrieved on 21 March 2020.
* Bernd Willimek, Daniela Willimek: Feelings Which Strike a Chord, and Chord Which Strike a Feeling. In: Scientific Research. March 2017. Retrieved on 21 March 2020.
* Catherine Meeson: Review of Laura Russells Translation (2013) of Research on the Theory of Musical Equilibration (die Strebetendenz-Theorie) In: Cyclic Defrost. March 2014. Retrieved on 21 March 2020.
* Luiz Gazzola: Theory of Musical Equilibration. Emotional Effects of Music In: Opera Lively. September 2014. Retrived on 24 March 2020.
* Bernd Willimek: Why do Minor Chords Sound Sad? The Theory of Musical Equilibration and the Emotions of Chords. In: ResearchGate. January 2014. Retrieved on 21 March 2020.