# Should we colonize Mars?

Mars is our nearest neighbor and the planet most similar to Earth in the Solar System. For millennia, we have known of its existence and only in recent times has the prospect of colonization gone from science fiction to plausible plan. Should humanity push this path?
We're talking about colonization in the 21st century, not in the remote future.

## We should colonize Mars
### Pro

* Pro We should colonize Mars to mitigate existential threats to humanity as a species. For example, Global catastrophe scenarios, e.g. catastrophic climate change, a large asteroid impact or an all-out thermonuclear war.
** Objection We should use those huge amounts of resources earmarked for colonizing Mars to mitigate those threats then.
*** Objection This doesn't change that Mars should probably be colonized in the far future when these issues have been sufficiently addressed.
** Objection With no atmosphere, Mars can be hit by a asteroid as well.
*** Objection Not by the same one/at the same time. Some of these threats are not created by humanity, e.g. a large asteroid impact. And whether there will be technology to deflect such a large asteroid is unclear. Colonizing Mars, if feasible, would protect humanity and any life forms it brings to Mars from a single-planet catastrophic event, whether man-made or not.
* Pro We should ensure the continued existence of living things.
** Objection Living things include those that thrive in extreme conditions and these are unlikely to be hit by most considered adverse events such as a large asteroid impact.
*** Objection Living things also include those that do not thrive in extreme conditions, and those that would be affected by adverse events.
** Objection What living things? Colonizating Mars will do nothing to preserve endangered species on Earth.
*** Objection A question is not an argument.
*** Objection [Add Single Additional Indentation (tab)] This objection is irrelevant. It does not have to be an argument, specifically. It is an objection in the form of a question. And it also has an argumentative statement.
*** Objection Any living things that humans would bring to Mars would survive a large asteroid impact on the Earth, or catastrophic climate change on the Earth. That assumes that colonizing Mars is possible, of course. Thus, colonizing Mars would provide an insurance by creating redundancy.
* Pro Colonizing Mars could bring Earth many, many resources.
** Objection We have plenty of resources here. We don't need more resources, only more wisdom in using them.
*** Objection Even if we don't need more resources, having more resources is always better.
**** Objection ´More is always better´ is a personal and ideological motto, not an objective truth that should give human behavior. We should use Earth´ resources more efficiently.
***** Objection Having extraterrestrial resources could help us preserve better our planet's resources.
** Objection Importing more resources from Mars to Earth will imply even more greenhouse gases to pump to our atmosphere.
*** Objection Not all resources on Mars produce greenhouse gases. We could control imports like we do here on Earth.
**** Objection How would we transport them? We can’t just build a rocket on mars that easily. On earth, with all the expertise and materials, it takes ages (5+ years) to build a rocket that can send a singular rover to mars. Imagine having to do that with 100s of tons of materials with crew and the supplies needed to keep them alive. And we would need to send a lot of the expertise to mars just to build a rocket there, to make sure it doesn’t fault and that it’s built correctly. Gravity on mars is lower than earth but it still has an atmosphere and such that would make it incredibly difficult getting off.
** Objection Transporting bulk cargo from Mars to Earth would be tremendously expensive, so resource extraction on Mars for markets on Earth would be economically infeasible.
*** Objection Transporting cargo with current technology would be tremendously expensive. If cost does not hinder colonization, why would transporting materials?
**** Objection The reason to transport materials would be economic benefits. If it's uneconomical that would defeat the purpose. It is vastly uneconomical and irrational to transport materials from Mars to Earth.
* Pro Colonizing Mars would give humans a mission so high that no nation can accomplish on its own, and that all countries would benefit from. This has the potential of uniting nations, which is something we should strive for.
** Objection There are lots of missions of that kind such as defeating catastrophic levels of climate change or ensuring the well-being of nearly all.
** Objection If Mars is colonized, it will be done by the few superpowers that have the capability of doing so.
** Objection Groups of organizations can achieve great things by competing against each other in a positive-sum way (e.g. successful free-market economies), rather than by uniting together into a single organization, so an effort to colonize Mars wouldn't necessarily unite the world's nations even if all the world's nations did participate in the effort.
* Pro We should colonize Mars to fulfill our destiny.
** Objection There's no such thing as our destiny, or at least it is not for all humanity, but for a few individuals.
** Objection Even if there is such thing as our destiny, we don't know which of the many possible destinies we can come up with is the real one.
*** Objection Experts can decide.
**** Objection Experts on what? There's no such thing as "experts on humanity's destiny".
* Pro Most nations that have fallen into decline throughout history have done so primarily because of a lack of progress. The colonization of a new world would mean progress for humanity. This progress could save humanity from a hypothetical decadence caused by the lack of progress.
** Objection Far better far more efficient progress can be achieved by focusing on tangible down-to-Earth subjects like curing diseases that make millions of people's every day a living hell or cause the deaths of innocent millions annually.
** Objection Wasting resources on for the near to mid-future useless purpose like Mars colonization is a reason for not a remedy against the decline of nations.
** Objection Nations have not declined mainly due to lack of progress, but often a mistaken idea of what progress means was what led to an irresponsible exploitation of resources that generated their collapse; among many other factors such as competition with other nations, logistical inability or environmental changes.
* Pro It's a fun challenging adventure.
** Objection It would largely not be fun to those living there as Mars is a very hostile toxic environment and will continue to be so.

### Con

* Con The evolution of life on exoplanets or solar system ice moons is a morally significant event. The possible outcomes of evolution on these celestial bodies are numerous and varied. The range of possible outcomes in terms of well-being or suffering is extremely large. Near-future microbial contamination of planets is likely to result in a suboptimal or negative outcome for an enormous number of animals, leading to widespread suffering. Therefore, humanity has a moral obligation to exercise restraint and prevent interplanetary and interstellar forward contamination for many years, lest it forfeit its moral justification for continued existence.
** Objection Mars is a dead planet. There won't be new life emerging or native life natively evolving toward higher sentience/intelligence there.
** Objection There is no reason for why it would cause widespread suffering. Moreover, when it comes to inhibiting suffering, it may even prevent or inhibit a lot of Wildlife suffering.
*** Objection This "objection" is entirely unsubstantiated as just a vacuous claim and is refuted by the objection beneath.
**** Objection The claim above is what was unsubstantiated. Only with the objection below, that has been added after this claim, one reason for why there would be a risk of suffering for beings on Earth has been provided, albeit also without source. Thus, the Con needs to be split after which this claim that points out the missing explanation can be removed or moved.
*** Objection Even if on Mars itself no wild animals can or would evolve, microbial contamination of Mars turns it into yet another billions of years long-term natural interplanetary and interstellar microbial contamination source as per so-called ballistic litho-panspermia, asteroid impacts causing with microbes infested ejected material to be sent out to space and land as meteorites on other planets, which is especially plausible due to the low mass of Mars and meteorites from it existing on Earth already. Besides this, based on simulations, Mercury's orbit is especially susceptible to Jupiter's influence (based on the Wikipedia page on the stability of the solar system), isn't stable long-term (and there's no guarantee humanity would be around or could keep its orbit under control, especially past around 1 billion years when the sun roasts Earth), and may destabilize the solar system, leave it or crash into another celestial body, which can lead to further ejecta from Mars (or other by it by then already naturally contaminated celestial bodies such as Mercury). Furthermore, external celestial bodies (alike the star Gliese 710 or Scholz's star) may perturb the solar system in the future and eject by then contaminated celestial bodies which then over billions of years may enter space rock Oort clouds part of many other star systems of the galaxy, allowing for interstellar ballistic litho-panspermia to happen there onto habitable planets as well, entirely out of humanity's control. The solar system contains more than 200 ice moons which as moon systems may not be stable long-term either and of which some could upon contamination be ejected as well. On top of this, laboratory experiments on Earth simulating Mars surface conditions have already proven that various microbes can survive and spread in such environment, and NASA admitted that despite their bio-safety level 4 clean-room conditions for sterilization, they did by accident carry microbes to Mars that must've survived the sterilization attempts. This was confirmed in an interview in 2022 by John Grunsfeld, NASA Science Mission Directorate (SMD) associate administrator, saying: We know there's life on Mars already because we sent it there.
* Con We already have big problems here on Earth. Colonizing Mars would be a huge waste of resources.
** Objection This should imply a reduction in the budget for military issues, not for space.
*** Objection Yet military spending and R&D has been demonstrated, many times over, to be the main source of innovation that improves even day-to-day life.
**** Objection Space exploration has also provided many benefits that people use in day-to-day life
** Objection Colonizing Mars could solve many of the problems here on Earth, through the unlimited influx of resources.
*** Objection What resources? The soil on Mars is unfarmable. The air is unbreathable. The only thing mildly reasonable is mining but that would not be a colony. A colony requires food, water, and air, and to provide that would cost more than we could export.
** Objection By that same argument, nobody should be doing anything that isn't helping sick, hungry or thirsty people.
*** Objection This argument is a Straw man fallacy.
* Con We should aim to colonize the Moon first. It's much closer and just as airless, waterless and exposed to solar winds as Mars.
** Objection The moon is even less resourceful than Mars, it's even more barren and harsh than Mars is. At least on Mars there's an atmosphere, but the moon is simply a dead, dusty white rock in space.
*** Objection Resources available locally is just one aspect, there are many purposes or applications where this isn't so important such as a space-based radio telescope or a data storage facility.
*** Objection There appears to be water ice and hydrogen on the Moon.
*** Objection It is easier to transport resources to the Moon.
*** Objection The moon does more things for us then you do for yourself Mr.know it all
* Con There is no economically viable reason of justifying an effort to colonize Mars, and without one, any colonization effort will run on a finite supply of political will and will fail once that is exhausted.
** Objection There's more motivation to Martian colonization than "political will", there is the genuine motivation to keep the human race alive and the eventual goal of terraformation.
* Con Although some aspects of the rough Martian environment can be terraformed with technology, the low gravity and lack of a magnetosphere are intractable problems, and whether a healthy human population can live with such conditions is unknown. Establishing a permanent colony despite this would be unethical.
** Objection Colonists can volunteer.
*** Objection Yes, but their children will not have consented to being born on Mars and made part of a dangerous experiment. We're not sure what low gravity will do in prenatal development.
**** Objection No child has ever consented to being born anywhere. We don't bar people from having their children wherever they want.
* Con If we go to Mars too quickly —perhaps at all— any claim of discovered indigenous martian life might be challenged as life introduced from Earth.
* Con The contents of the following scientific paper (https://philpapers.org/rec/STOHSN) - titled "Humans Should Not Colonize Mars" - provide moral arguments against Mars colonization. This article offers two arguments for the conclusion that we should refuse on moral grounds to establish a human presence on the surface of Mars. The first argument appeals to a principle constraining the use of invasive or destructive techniques of scientific investigation. The second appeals to a principle governing appropriate human behavior in wilderness. These arguments are prefaced by two preliminary sections. The first preliminary section argues that authors working in space ethics have good reason to shift their focus away from theory-based arguments in favor of arguments that develop in terms of pretheoretic beliefs. The second argues that of the popular justifications for sending humans to Mars only appeals to scientific curiosity can survive reflective scrutiny.
* Con The contents of the following scientific paper ( https://philpapers.org/rec/PUUMTM ) - titled "Moving to Mars: The Feasibility and Desirability of Mars Settlements" - argue that lead their authors to conclude that the normative grounds for Mars colonization are weak: "The on-going space settlement debate has raised questions whether it is possible to settle other planets, and if it was, is it something humans should do. The problem with this space ethical discussion is that it can easily become too vague. To avoid this problem, we suggest a framework for identifying relevant variables that affect the feasibility constraints and desirability factors of establishing space settlements. The variables we focus on include the settlement stage, scale and time frame. Based on the relevant literature, we take mission cost, survival, habitation, water, in situ resources for food, oxygen and fuel energy and dependence on Earth as feasibility constraints that are relevant for the framework. None of them are hard constraints, but rather soft feasibility constraints that make it difficult to establish a permanent human settlement on Mars in the near- to medium-term future. However, in the past, humanity has achieved goals that first seemed infeasible. To justify the costs and effort, the goal must be highly morally desirable. We discuss five different desirability factors that could help justify the effort but as each framework has unique feasibility constraints, not all of these factors are sufficient or necessary to justify this effort. We argue that some of the desirability factors prominent in space ethical literature are not sufficient or necessary in our framework, and thus, we conclude that the normative grounds for establishing a permanent Mars settlement in the foreseeable future are weak."
* Con Mars colonization is a dangerous distraction from out time's issues. Humanity won't be immune to them and if a few hundred people survive on Mars, that doesn't mean we shouldn't be doing all we can to prevent many or 100% of humans on Earth to die. Related to this, it is a dangerous delusion that resettling millions to Mars would be feasible.