# Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Scale dimension

Scale dimension – dimension, regarded as a degree of freedom in theory of Infinite Hierarchical Nesting of Matter, which characterizes location of all known objects in Universe at large-scale ladder of levels of matter. With SPФ symmetry one can make transition from a system on a level of matter to a similar system at a different level of matter, with change in size of the system accompanied by at least two more parameters, for example, mass and velocity of processes.
This implies that the scale dimension differs from usual three-dimensional spatial dimensions, and is a special degree of freedom. In study of matter carriers, which embody the scale dimension, revealed fractality of space systems, their self-similarity, hierarchical structures and nesting of small systems into large systems, similarity of matter levels. Transition from a certain level of matter to an increasingly lower levels reveals depth of space-time – the objects are reduced in mass and size, and speed of local time from the perspective of an outside observer increases.
In a field of research that uses scale transformations and spatial measurements, scale measurement can be studied by geometric methods and thus falls within the subject of geometry. The idea of scale dimension finally took shape in writings of Robert L. Oldershaw, Sergey Sukhonos and Sergey Fedosin.

## History

Search and research prospects of new spatial dimensions involved many scientists and philosophers. Helena Blavatsky wrote:
As can be seen Madame Blavatsky believed the fourth dimension is not just another spatial dimension, and dimension-mediated properties of matter that can become aware and approved in the future.
P. D. Ouspensky for describing the properties of fourth dimension came from the fact that motion of a point beyond itself leaves a trace as a line, a similar movement of the line gives trace in the form of surface, movement of the surface in a direction not associated with the surface, gives a three-dimensional body. Hence, displacement of three-dimensional body in non a three-dimensional direction should lead to a trace as a four-dimensional body. Ouspensky also drew attention to the fact that a line is a set of points, a surface is a set of lines, and a body can be represented as a set of surfaces related to each other. Consequently, a four-dimensional body shall consist of a set of related somehow to the whole three-dimensional bodies.
On the other hand, a line is limited to points at the ends and gives distance between them, a surface is bounded by lines and dots, and determines distance between these lines and points (an example is a circle with the center and circumference), and three-dimensional body is limited to surfaces, lines and dots with a certain distance between them. Then the boundaries of four-dimensional body can be three-dimensional bodies, and probably surfaces, lines and points. Ouspensky also wrote:
In physics, the idea of extra spatial dimensions is used in theories of unification of fundamental interactions. One of the earliest theories was Kaluza–Klein theory (Theodor Kaluza, 1921), which tried to unite electromagnetism and gravity. Due to unobservability of fourth spatial dimension in our world Oskar Klein in 1926 suggested that this dimension compactified and has a very small size. In string theory 10-dimensional and 26-dimensional spacetime are used, and the extra dimensions are also compactified.
Historical and philosophical analysis of the use of concepts of spatial dimensionality shows, that the earliest models of Universe were in the form of an egg (zero-dimensionality). These models were replaced at first by one-dimensional ribbon model of Ancient Egypt, in which Universe looks like an elongated Nile River. Above this Universe, the same ribbon-shaped sky extends on pillars in the form of a flat roof. The stars in the sky look like the heads of nails that are driven into the celestial roof from below. Then came two-dimensional model of antiquity – Earth of Homer (VIII cent. BC) likened to a convex shield on all sides was surrounded by a river-ocean and covered with starry dome, and medieval flat Earth was on the whales or elephants, and was also covered starry dome. Ptolemy's model of universe (II century AD.), was almost two-dimensional, in it around the Earth on epicyclical orbits rotating planets and stars (the latter are on a rotating spherical dome). At present, in science dominates heliocentric model of solar system and three-dimensional model of universe of Western European civilization. Thus, there is increasing of space dimension in all models of the world and all areas of beliefs about it. This is confirmed by history of painting, where ancient paintings are one-dimensional, two-dimensional in Middle Ages, and only in Renaissance they acquire a third dimension.
Since the beginning of twentieth century, artists began to attempt to show the new fourth dimension. The most impressive results are achieved in paintings of M. C. Escher and Salvador Dali. The way from tape to three-dimensional space has done architecture, similarly to painting. One of the most famous attempts to break into architectural four-dimensionality can be considered the work of Le Corbusier. These examples of painting, cosmology and architecture conclusively proved that over the past five thousand years our civilization has evolved from a one-dimensional to three-dimensional space of consciousness, and is currently in transition to the four dimension.

## Modern approach

There are different points of view on the scale dimension, which underlying these or other properties of objects in it and thereby characterize the very scale dimension.
For example, Edmund Edward Fournier D'Albe believed, that ratio of linear dimensions of stars and atoms, as well as ratio of their durations of similar processes, expressed as the number 10$^{22}$. Yong Pyo Young by comparing atoms and galaxies finds a value of the order of 10$^{30}$ for coefficients of similarity in size and time. Thus difference of time speeds at different levels of matter is emphasized, as a consequence of properties of scale dimension.
From the point of view of geometry, which describes only spatial forms, the concept of "Scale dimension" is a certain interpretation of the concept of "Fourth spatial dimension". One can imagine some fourth axis of space, move along its three-dimensional body and assume that the four-body is the entire set of forms, which took three-dimensional body during moving along the fourth axis of space. Similarly, movement of a point (zero dimension) yields a line (one dimension), motion of a line parallel to itself delineates a plane figure (two dimensions), movement of a plane figure in direction of vector does not lie in the plane of the figure, leads to the bulk body. In contrast to this approach, scale dimension has additional property – not just geometric objects move in space for formation of fourth dimension, but it can still change its scale. That is, a three-dimensional body can change its size (volume) when moving along scale axis; similarly, area of a figure and thickness of a line can change. As with any axis of coordinate system in space-time, scale axis is different from all other axes in relation its direction, and that is enough for geometry. For physical systems is convenient to assume that direction of the axis shows in direction of increasing scale, and opposite direction – into interior space.
The fourth dimension is very difficult for imagination. One way to see its expression – imagine yourself shrinking in size and observing surrounding space with objects in it. Another option is to allocate an observation volume in space and constantly reduce its size. The process will be infinite, and although quantum physics has no idea what is happening beyond the scale limited by the Planck limits, we cannot say that there is no space there. Such a reduction in the volume of observation also reveals features of space that are difficult for consciousness to perceive, namely, the infinity of space in an infinite number of points. Since all 5 dimensions visible to naked eye (or represented figuratively) (including time) have an infinite length, there is no reason yet to assume the finiteness of fourth dimension from the side of small scales.
In philosophy, the concept of space is defined as a form of existence of matter, having the property length, and time – as a form of existence of matter, having the property of duration of existence. In theory of relativity an elementary event is described by spatial coordinates and time at which object in question is in a given spatial point. Introduction of time axis as an equivalent axis of reference system became possible only due to limited speed of light, since the length of a segment of time axis is determined by the product of speed of light and time interval and must be finite. From this it follows that time axis in its origin is not identical to any one spatial axis, and physical spacetime is not equivalent to any n-dimensional space of geometry. Scale dimension, as well as time, occupies a special position in determination of a complete physical frame of reference necessary in each case for solution of theoretical and practical problems.

### Scale relativity

Robert L. Oldershaw considers discrete self-similar scale relativity, which can be found in scale dimension as a fundamental principle of symmetry of nature, which extends principle of general relativity in study of physical systems. Oldershaw attributes atomic, stellar and galactic levels of matter to the main levels in observable world, and in nature there should be as yet unobserved levels of matter on micro and mega scales.
Between the levels of matter according to Oldershaw connection can be established in form of the same factors of similarity in size and time equal to Λ = 5.2 ∙ 10$^{17}$, as well as similarity coefficient in mass X = Λ $^D$ = 1.7 ∙ 10 $^{56}$, where the exponent D = 3.174. This leads to a difference in gravitational constant at different levels of matter – strong gravitational constant at atomic level, usual gravitational constant for level of stars, and assumed to be essentially reduced value of gravitational constant for level of galaxies: $~G_{+1}=2\cdot 10^{-49}$ m$^3$ • s$^{–2}$ • kg$^{–1}$. If to substitute these gravitational constants in equation for metric of Einstein-Hilbert, different results are obtained – for example, depending on matter level considered black hole can be a proton or an appropriate stellar or galactic object.
Oldershaw believes it is necessary to expand the principle of relativity in the sense that physical laws must be written in such a way that they do not depend not only on position in geometric three-dimensional space, on time, on orientation, on state of motion, but also on position of reference system on discrete scale ladder of matter, that is, on the choice of level of matter on scale axis. In his opinion, if exact cosmological self-similarity is observed between the levels of matter (through the invariance of similarity coefficients for all levels), the physical laws and relative constants at these levels must be the same.

### Wave interpretation

Sergey Sukhonos introduced into consideration scale axis (M-axis) as a special, fourth spatial dimension, and disposes on it all the objects of universe. In this case, he discovers that in arrangement of groups of objects, there is order, corresponding to a logarithmic increase their size. In connection with this Sukhonos makes the assumption that observed distribution of groups of objects, has its cause harmonic oscillations in four-dimensional space, which generate nodes — three-dimensional stable systems. To substantiate this point of view are considered natural oscillations in the form of standing waves in objects of different dimensions, when the length of an object always fits a whole number of waves.
One-dimensional case for a string, sandwiched on both sides, is shown in Figure 1. String is linear system, the excitation occurs in the plane, and standing wave node represents a point object. Next, the dimension of systems will be considered in accordance with dominant extent. If we denote N$_d$ – dimension of motion of a system, N$_c$ – dimension of the system, N$_у$ – dimension of the system nodes, then for the string $~N_{y}=0$ where
$~N_{y}=N_{c}-1.\qquad \qquad (1)$
For a string $~N_{d}=2$, since the string moves in a plane in two-dimensional space.
Sukhonos suggests that (1) is satisfied for all values of N$_c$. Figure 2 shows two-dimensional (N$_c$ = 2) case in form of a circular flat membrane.
With vibrations of the membrane on its surface appear linear ring structure (dimension of nodes N$_у$ = 1), which seemed to mark places on the membrane, where there is no motion, representing linear " nodes" of standing plane waves. For a string in Figure 1 oscillations occur perpendicular to the string, and transverse vibrations in Figure 2 are also perpendicular to plane of membrane. On the membrane there may be standing waves along radius in form of rings, and one can also assume waves along the rings themselves. Space of excitation, which is seen in ring structures of antinodes vibrations, is three-dimensional, $~N_{d}=3$.
We now turn from two-dimensional medium to three-dimensional medium (N$_c$ = 3). In this case, dimension of nodes equals two (flat wall of cell volumes in Figure 3), and the space of excitation must be four-dimensional, $~N_{d}=4$.
In his early works Sukhonos analyzed the known idea that the fourth spatial dimension is orthogonal to three-dimensional space. He suggested that forced pulsation of three-dimensional volume (Fig. 3), its periodic compression-expansion should lead to a three-dimensional standing waves whose nodes are the walls of cells. To confirm this, he considers an experiment in which a cubic volume of liquid saturated with light particles (suspension) is compressed. An example is cooling liquid metal alloy with different impurities. During the cooling volume of casting is compressed from all sides, providing compression orthogonal to three-dimensional space. This alloy during solidification is filled with so-called grains, two-dimensional boundary between which is formed by a suspension of (additives, pores, etc.). These boundaries are two-dimensional nodes of four-dimensional vibration in three-dimensional environment.
If to realize an increase in dimension of medium to N$_c$ = 4 and create a certain motion in it, orthogonal to three-dimensional space, then nodes will form in the medium, dimension of which will be equal to three (Nу = Nс – 1 = 4 – 1 = 3). Sukhonos suggests that such nodes can be three-dimensional bodies, the stability of which is determined only by the fact that they are nodes of five-dimensional oscillations in a four-dimensional medium. These three-dimensional nodes form a stable world of objects in Universe, which are complex superpositions of oscillations of four-dimensional space. Duration of existence of systems in Universe, their stability to external influences is associated with the power of the nodes, that is, with the energy of oscillations that generate them. It follows that description of entire diversity of life in Universe can be carried out using the theory of waves and oscillations, but in a higher-dimensional medium than traditional science has used until now.

### Scale dimension as structural property

Number of basic dimensions in physics is determined by the number of degrees of freedom or independent variables that determine location of physical body or its elements, considered as points in a given frame of reference. The number of dimensions or degrees of freedom gives dimension of used space-time. By adding of scale dimension to four-dimensional space-time, we obtain a five-dimensional manifold, which includes usual space-time. According to the order of historical understanding it may be written in the form (3+1+1)-space, where in the first place reflects spatial dimensions, and then dimensions of time and scale. In terms of geometry it is convenient for axis of all the dimensions to be perpendicular each other.
According to Sergey Fedosin, scale dimension is a manifestation of nesting of matter and a consequence of transformation of fundamental forces at different levels of matter. Scale dimension includes a fourth spatial dimension (transformation of an infinite set of objects by changing the size leads to a new similar set), but also requires conversion of mass and speed of processes (rate of time) in objects when observer is moving from one level of scale axis to another level. This follows from SPФ symmetry, whereby the physical laws of matter at different levels remain unchanged from the viewpoint of local observer. As a result, there is the scale invariance of physical laws, and principle of general covariance expands, taking into account the fact that at different levels of matter are different in power of gravity fields. In addition, relativity of scale dimension leads to what "correct" physical equations must be of such form that the scale conversion left them the same at every level of matter.
In four-dimensional space-time, simple four-dimensional body can be considered as a body consisting of a set of forms that takes a certain three-dimensional body for a certain period of time.
Model of a four-dimensional body with regard to three spatial dimensions and scale dimension is a set of three-dimensional bodies, located on a specific law on the scale axis. These three-dimensional bodies must change their dimensions in appropriate size range, set dimensions of the four-dimensional body. A cut of a four-dimensional body at some point on the scale axis reveals a three-dimensional body in the section at the location of the cut. More precisely, at the point of section there should be a volumetric image of half of this three-dimensional body (to see the rest, the body must be turned around and looked at from the other side). In place of the cross section one can also imagine a projection of three-dimensional image of the half body on one side of plane of the section. Similarly, a model of three-dimensional body is a discrete or continuous set of closely interrelated surfaces, together giving an image of this body, and a section of the body gives a surface. Relationship between three-dimensional bodies in this four-body can be defined by the similarity theory (see similarity of matter levels). Division by cutting three-dimensional body into pieces and carrying of these parts in space does not mean the loss of three-dimensional body, it begins to exist in a new form and even has the opportunity to build back to its original state. Four-dimensional body can be thought as a separated individual three-dimensional bodies, in various configurations or when an assembly take place, occurs one or another four-dimensional form.
The trivial case is possible when the scale axis is combined with one of the usual spatial dimensions. In this case, the instantaneous transfer of three-dimensional body along the axis of the spatial-scale dimension gives a trace in the form of a degenerate four-dimensional body. Outwardly, it looks as though three-dimensional body is disproportionately altered in some spatial direction, elongated, compressed, warping, bends, twists, etc. In painting, there are works that reflect similar experiments with three-dimensional space. Scale change can be represented as a contraction of three-dimensional body in a certain direction until transformation of the body in a plane, with subsequent expansion in opposite direction to isomeric form of three-dimensional body. Thus it turns out the body, turned inside out, which left replaced by right.
Introduction of time increases the number of dimensions to five. If scale dimension is considered, taking into account time in volume of space where there is a three-, four-or five-dimensional body, we can trace the change of scaling properties (volume, mass, material composition and other properties of the body) as a function of time.
From the physical point of view scale dimension can not come down simply to spatial proportional changes in body shape and volume. If there is a small wooden model of a multistory building, then is constructed in the full-size building can not exist, because of its weight, it will crush the lower floors. The reason for this is that with increase of size the mass increases in proportion to the cube of this size, that is much faster. This implies that similar to each other bodies at different levels of matter can not consist of one and the same substance in the same state. Properties of material should be such that at every level of matter to ensure existence of objects. As a rule, as the size of objects in transition from one level to another matter is increasing, there is a reduction of density of objects and of characteristic speed of its matter. Latter can be understood as a slowing of speed of time of similar processes. For example, the larger-sized objects, the longer it takes them one revolution around its axis of rotation, longer lasting other typical processes.
When we moving deeper into matter is found the opposite trend. Thus, nucleons at the atomic level of matter are analogues of neutron stars in the star level of matter, and average density of nucleons over matter density of neutron stars (6.1∙ 10$^{17}$ kg/m$^3$ and 3.7 ∙ 10$^{17}$ kg/m$^3$, respectively). Characteristic speed of matter of nucleons is the speed of light $~c=2.9979\cdot 10^{8}$ m/s, and for matter of neutron stars, characteristic speed is $~C_{s}=6,8\cdot 10^{7}$ m/s. These speeds are determined so that with their help, according to mass–energy equivalence, it was possible to determine total energy of corresponding object: for a proton with the mass $~M_{p}$ the absolute value of total energy is $~E_{p}=M_{p}c^{2}$, and for a neutron star with the mass $~M_{s}$ total energy is $~E_{s}=M_{s}C_{s}^{2}$. Since neutron stars are composed of more dense nucleons then nucleons must consist of more dense particles of matter than the nucleons themselves.
In accordance with a change in physical properties of matter at different levels of matter there is also changing the existing forces. If at the level of planets and stars the main force is gravity, forming spherical shape of bodies and control their motion near each other, then at the atomic level the same role is played by strong gravitation. In this case, strong gravitational constant is by many orders higher than normal gravitational constant.
The hierarchy of cosmic systems is such that they are grouped into separate scale levels, located at approximately the same distance from each other on a logarithmic scale of sizes. This implies similarity of matter levels, when between various levels similarity relations are derived not only in size but also in masses, in speed of similar processes and in other physical parameters. Consequence of the similarity are stellar constants, discreteness of stellar parameters, hydrogen system, quantization of parameters of cosmic systems, gravitational model of strong interaction, substantial models of neutron, proton, electron and photon.
Due to the nesting of some levels of matter into others, massive objects consist of particles of lower levels of matter. This leads to relationship of characteristics of objects and states of matter, as well as symmetry between properties of particles of matter and properties of objects, which is manifested through relationship of similarity. In this case the basic and intermediate levels of matter may be found. At a basic levels of matter current fundamental forces, gravitation and electromagnetic forces, reach a maximum. At the same time density of matter objects increasing; gravitational force of attraction at first oppose electromagnetic force, and then strong interaction. Examples here include:
* Normal main sequence stars with matter which is thermally ionized plasma; pressure of the plasma counteracts gravitation.
* White dwarfs, which are composed of a degenerated plasma, and gravitation is opposed to Fermi pressure of electrons.
* Neutron stars, consisting of a neutron liquid, in which according to gravitational model of strong interaction convergence of neutrons increases their force of repulsion from each other by gravitational torsion fields (gravitomagnetic fields in gravitomagnetism).
The role of weak interaction reduces to the fact that under action of fundamental forces and strong interaction of objects after their formation take place a slow transformation of matter. For example, a neutron in a very large time by the standards of atomic processes turns into a proton, an electron and a neutrino. Transformation of matter can be significantly accelerated by external factors. Thus, the incident on an elementary particle a neutrino can easily convert matter of the particle and cause it to decay into other particles.
From described is seen that realization and manifestation of scale dimension in nature can be represented as an infinite scaling ladders with steps – the levels of matter, which contain all known objects of universe. In this case, similar objects at different levels are not simple enlarged or reduced copies of each other, as distinguished by their matter and its properties, and rate of the time. At the highest step of scale space ladder we are seeing large galactic system and Metagalaxy, behind which must be placed even larger objects. At the bottom elementary particles are discovered, still hypothetical partons and preons, as well as other smaller carriers of matter. In particular, the particles of which must consist of nucleons, is given the name praons.
The scale dimension characterizes nesting levels of matter as a structural feature that specifies the order of material objects, adjusting their properties. There is a law of philosophy of breeding structures, which is formulated as follows:
   "Structures are contained in the essence of things and events and determined their quality, have mechanisms of reproduction, resulting in maintaining the integrity of these structures and distribution them through other things and objects. "
Another philosophical law describes similarity of carriers on different scale levels of matter:
   "Distribution of carriers by mass (by size, by other parameters related to mass) occurs according to the law of geometric progression, with allocation at each step of characteristic and dominant carriers, the main carriers and their satellites, and between carriers at individual steps and between entire sets of steps, similarity relationships are observed."
Stability of large-scale ladder of matter as a manifestation of the structure of nested levels of matter follows from the very method of formation of new material objects is dynamic in nature and is a consequence of multiple interactions of matter particles and field quanta. On one hand, the disparate pieces of matter pulled together by gravitational forces and form a dense matter of new massive objects. With growth of mass of the objects in them is growing internal pressure increases energy of particles, which leads to a change in state of matter. At a basic level of matter occurs balance between inflow and outflow of mass at the objects. This is illustrated by massive main sequence stars, which are due to high temperature emit huge amounts of energy and losing mass due to expiration of matter, thereby compensating inflow of matter from the outside. For neutron stars are also detected a slight variation of their mass, since incident upon them matter "sprayed" in thermonuclear flashes. Apparently, neutron stars, as stellar analogs of neutron, and magnetars, as analogues of protons have a maximum density which is attainable in stable objects under normal gravitation (the same should be for nucleons and strong gravitation).
On the other hand, the theory of infinite hierarchical nesting of matter predicts that quanta of gravitational field are produced mainly in processes associated with formation and transformation of matter of objects at basic levels of matter. Thus, formation of neutron stars in supernova explosion accompanies powerful neutrino emission. Neutron stars and magnetars can emit jets; they are sources of X-rays and gamma rays, as well as cosmic rays. The same is true for nucleons – they emit a neutrino, fluxes of matter and electromagnetic radiation. All these radiations may be part of gravitons, the carriers of gravitational field in Le Sage's theory of gravitation. Calculations show, based on energy density flux of gravitons that the source of gravitons for normal gravity are emission of particles at two or even three main levels lower than the star level. Gravitons and charged particles form the basis of electrogravitational vacuum.
Thus, fundamental fields form objects of various levels of matter, and these objects in turn generate quanta of fundamental fields that act at higher scale levels of matter. As for objects of intermediate levels of matter, they are formed not only under action of fundamental forces, but also in processes of interaction of objects with each other, either with an increase in mass or with disintegration into smaller components. Thus, in formation of planets of Solar System during numerous collisions, a division occurred between the planets, satellites, asteroids, meteorites, comets, micrometeorites and cosmic dust, and these objects occupied certain large-scale niches by mass and size. Analysis of these niches shows that the objects in them are related to each other by mass and size in geometric progression, and transition between niches is carried out according to the law of transition of quantity into quality. In each niche, characteristic main carriers, standard carriers and boundary points of measure can be identified, at which objects become unstable under existing conditions.
Scale dimension describes not only natural physical or chemical related objects, but also suitable for describing of living beings. It turns out that living beings and carriers of life faithfully replicate key features of objects of different levels of matter, since arranged at the same levels of matter in relation to their size and mass.
Like other carriers of matter, living beings can form an infinite nesting of levels of living, so that in every organism, there are many levels with corresponding living carriers at these levels. Living matter is a complex interplay of living and nonliving, with the living clearly controlling and dominating the nonliving. In turn, the nonliving also contains the living, but not externally manifested, in a weak form. The evolution of the living in a large-scale dimension is not only an advance in space and time, but also a transformation of the very structure of the living in order to adapt to changing conditions of existence at new large-scale levels.

## Application

Study of scale dimension and objects belonging to it is engaged in the theory of Infinite Hierarchical Nesting of Matter. This theory presents itself as an interdisciplinary systems science and part of systems theory, which deals with the space systems of various scales. Discovering of scale dimension for scientific research is not just pushing the horizons of science, but also allows us to find previously unknown patterns in physics and mathematics. Detection of direct links between micro, macro and mega-worlds of universe allows us to understand its evolution as evolution of hierarchically nested levels of matter, to clarify the picture of the world, and to include in scientific thinking new concepts and lines of development. From a practical point of view the substantial models of elementary particles built on the base of theory of similarity, can make significant and necessary complement to quantum mechanics and theory of elementary particles, which can lead to useful results in physics and in technology. One example of progress in technology is creation of a model of spaceship engine that draws energy from space vacuum. The idea of the engine is based on control of particles of electrogravitational vacuum using electromagnetic fields.
New opportunities are created in biology as a science about life and living beings. Living beings can be understood as active open systems with an infinite nesting of living systems inside and deep inner sources of ordering, which dictate behavior, and ensure the functioning of such systems. In this case, expansion of life can occur both within the framework of one level of matter (settlement in uninhabited territories) and by transition to new levels of matter. The latter inevitably requires restructuring of forms of existence of life, since with a large increase in size of the habitat, problems arise with integrity of entire system in surrounding conditions and with the slowing down of resource distribution processes. Understanding strategy of existence and evolution of life is also quite important for development of humanity as a whole.
In medicine, science has come to ensure that at genetic level to reproduce clones of living organisms from a single genetic material and correct gene to cure some diseases. It is also planned to use genetic methods to protect against dangerous micro-organisms and viruses. However, as follows from the theory of infinite nesting of matter, there must also exist living beings whose size is much smaller than prions, the smallest living particles known to date. In this case, diseases associated with such beings are possible, and are beyond the capabilities of modern medicine. To study such living particles, the currently known nanotechnologies must be replaced by even more powerful research methods.