OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Latin III/Present Subjunctive Lesson 1

Salvēte omnēs! Welcome back to Latin for Wikiversity. Here you can peruse a new lesson in Latin, in a simple format. If you would like to catch up, you can find a directory of lessons, a classified vocabulary list, and Memrise courses at the links on the right.

## New Grammar

Today we'll meet a new form of Latin verbs called the present subjunctive. The subjunctive is used rather like may, would, should in English. It conveys the idea of wishes or uncertainty.
While the subjunctive might sound complicated, it's actually quite straightforward to form in first conjugation verbs - you just need to change the -ā- to -ē-!
Let's look at our familiar verb amō:
| Person | Present Indicative | Present Subjunctive |
| 1st person singular | amō | amem |
| 2nd person singular | amās | amēs |
| 3rd person singular | amat | amet |
| 1st person plural | amāmus | amēmus |
| 2nd person plural | amātis | amētis |
| 3rd person plural | amant | ament |
See the pattern? We simply change the characteristic -ā- of first conjugation verbs to -ē- and add the endings. The subjunctive is a different mood of the verb that we'll use in special situations, which we'll learn about in later lessons.

## Verbs in This Lesson

| Latin | English | Audio (Classical) |
| amō, 1 | love | |
| laudō, 1 | praise | |
| parō, 1 | prepare | File:La-cls-paro.ogg |
| servō, 1 | save, preserve | |
| spectō, 1 | watch, look at | |
| cōgitō, 1 | think | |
| natō, 1 | swim | File:La-cls-nato.ogg |
| ambulō, 1 | walk | |

## New Words

| Latin | English |
| hodiē | today |
| mox | soon |
| bene | well |

## New Sentences

| Latin | English | Notes |
| Amem. | May I love. | Simple wish |
| Amēmus patriam. | Let us love our country. | |
| Bene cogitēmus. | Let us think well. | |
| Laudēs amīcōs. | May you praise your friends. | |
| Spectēmus stellās. | Let us look at the stars. | |
| Parēmus cēnam. | Let us prepare dinner. | |
| Hodiē natēmus! | Let us swim today! | |
| Mox ambulēmus. | Let us walk soon. | |
| Servēmus librōs. | Let us preserve the books. | |
| Bene ambulet. | May he/she walk well. | |
| Spectet et laudet. | May he/she watch and praise. | |

## Practice

Practice and learn the words and phrases in this lesson :
| Step one | First learn the words using this lesson: Present Subjunctive vocabulary |
| Step two | Next try learning and writing the sentences using this: Present Subjunctive Sentences |
| Note that the Memrise stage covers the content for all lessons in each stage. If you are skipping previous stages you may need to manually "ignore" the words in previous levels (use the 'select all' function) ||
That's enough to start with for the present subjunctive. Next lesson we'll look at second conjugation verbs. Until then, valēte!
# Latin IV/Present subjunctive passive forms

Salvēte omnēs! Welcome back to Latin for Wikiversity. Today we'll practice the passive forms of the present subjunctive. We'll keep things simple by focusing on regular verbs you already know.

## New Grammar

To form the passive subjunctive, we use special endings that combine both the subjunctive marker and passive voice. Let's see how this works with a first conjugation verb, "laudō" (praise):
| Person | Singular | Plural |
| 1st | lauder | laudēmur |
| 2nd | laudēris | laudēminī |
| 3rd | laudētur | laudentur |
This pattern works for other regular verbs too. Here's "moneō" (warn):
| Person | Singular | Plural |
| 1st | monear | moneāmur |
| 2nd | moneāris | moneāminī |
| 3rd | moneātur | moneantur |

## New Words

| Latin | English |
| saepe | often |
| bene | well |
| semper | always |

## New Sentences

| Latin | English | Notes |
| Utinam lauder! | If only I were praised! | Simple wish (1st person) |
| Bene moneāris! | May you be well advised! | Simple wish (2nd person) |
| Puer ā magistrō laudētur! | May the boy be praised by the teacher! | 3rd person with agent |
| Utinam ā parentibus laudēmur! | If only we were praised by our parents! | 1st person plural |
| Discipulī bene moneantur! | May the students be well advised! | 3rd person plural |
| Utinam semper bene ducāmur! | If only we were always led well! | Complex wish with adverbs |
| Ā sapientibus moneāminī! | May you (pl.) be advised by wise people! | 2nd person plural |
| Puerī saepe laudentur! | May the boys often be praised! | With frequency adverb |
| Exercitus bene ducātur! | May the army be well led! | Military context |
| Utinam omnēs discipulī laudentur! | If only all students were praised! | Comprehensive wish |

## Practice

Practice and learn the words and phrases in this lesson :
| Step one | First learn the words using this lesson: Passive Subjunctive Forms |
| Step two | Next try learning and writing the sentences using this: Passive Subjunctive Usage |
| Note that the Memrise stage covers the content for all lessons in each stage. If you are skipping previous stages you may need to manually "ignore" the words in previous levels (use the 'select all' function) ||
For our next lesson, we'll see how these passive forms work in more complex sentences. Until then, bene valeātis! (May you all be well!)
# Latin IV/Imperfect Subjunctive

Salvēte omnēs! Welcome back to Latin for Wikiversity. Today we'll learn how to form the imperfect subjunctive - a key part of expressing wishes about the past and contrary-to-fact situations.

## New Grammar

The imperfect subjunctive has a very regular formation pattern. You start with the present infinitive of the verb and add these endings:
| Person | Singular | Plural |
| 1st | -m | -mus |
| 2nd | -s | -tis |
| 3rd | -t | -nt |
For example, with amāre (to love):
| Person | Singular | Plural |
| 1st | amārem | amārēmus |
| 2nd | amārēs | amārētis |
| 3rd | amāret | amārent |

## New Words

| Latin | English | Audio (Classical) | Notes |
| utinam | if only, would that | | Used with subjunctive for wishes |
| sī | if | | |

## New Sentences

| Latin | English | Notes |
| Utinam tē amārem! | If only I loved you! | Contrary-to-fact wish |
| Utinam mē amārēs! | If only you loved me! | Contrary-to-fact wish |
| Sī tē vidērem! | If I could see you! | Simple condition |
| Sī mē vidērēs! | If you could see me! | Simple condition |
| Utinam ad scholam dūcerem! | If only I were leading to school! | Contrary-to-fact wish |
| Utinam verba audīrem! | If only I could hear the words! | Contrary-to-fact wish |
| Sī linguam Latīnam audīrēmus! | If we could hear the Latin language! | Simple condition |

## Practice

Practice and learn the words and phrases in this lesson :
| Step one | First learn the words using this lesson: Imperfect Subjunctive Forms |
| Step two | Next try learning and writing the sentences using this: Imperfect Subjunctive Usage |
| Note that the Memrise stage covers the content for all lessons in each stage. If you are skipping previous stages you may need to manually "ignore" the words in previous levels (use the 'select all' function) ||
In our next lesson, we'll learn more ways to use these forms in wishes and conditions. Until then, valēte!
# Latin IV/Present subjunctive irregular verbs

Salvēte omnēs! Welcome back to Latin for Wikiversity. In our last lesson, we learned how to form the present subjunctive. Today we'll learn some special irregular verbs in the subjunctive and how to use them for wishes and requests.

## New Grammar

First, here are the present subjunctive forms of "sum" (to be):
| Person | Singular | Plural |
| 1st | sim | sīmus |
| 2nd | sīs | sītis |
| 3rd | sit | sint |
Two other important irregular verbs follow similar patterns:
| Verb | 1st sg | 2nd sg | 3rd sg | 1st pl | 2nd pl | 3rd pl |
| possum | possim | possīs | possit | possīmus | possītis | possint |
| volō | velim | velīs | velit | velīmus | velītis | velint |
We use these forms in two ways: 1. By themselves for simple wishes:
* "Fēlīx sim!" = "May I be happy!"
2. With "utinam" for stronger wishes:
* "Utinam fēlīx sim!" = "If only I were happy!"

## New Sentences

| Latin | English | Notes |
| Fēlīx sim! | May I be happy! | Simple wish with sim |
| Laetus sīs! | May you be glad! | Simple wish with sīs |
| Pater domī sit! | May father be at home! | Simple wish with sit |
| Bonī sīmus! | Let us be good! | Simple group wish |
| Fortēs sint! | May they be brave! | Simple wish for others |
| Possim vidēre! | May I be able to see! | Simple ability wish |
| Possīs intellegere! | May you be able to understand! | Simple ability wish |
| Velim scīre! | I would like to know! | Simple want |
| Utinam sim fortis! | If only I were brave! | Utinam wish |
| Utinam sīs fēlīx! | If only you were happy! | Utinam wish |
| Utinam pater domī sit! | If only father were at home! | Utinam with 3rd person |
| Utinam possīmus cantāre! | If only we could sing! | Complex wish with infinitive |
| Velim tē adesse! | I wish you were here! | Complex want with infinitive |
| Utinam omnēs līberī sint! | If only all were free! | Complex group wish |

## Practice

Practice and learn the words and phrases in this lesson :
| Step one | First learn the words using this lesson: Irregular Verbs in Present Subjunctive |
| Step two | Next try learning and writing the sentences using this: Present Subjunctive Usage |
| Note that the Memrise stage covers the content for all lessons in each stage. If you are skipping previous stages you may need to manually "ignore" the words in previous levels (use the 'select all' function) ||
For the next lesson, we'll learn more ways to use these subjunctive forms. Until then, utinam fēlīcēs sītis! (May you all be happy!)
# Latin IV/Imperfect Subjunctive irregular verbs

Salvēte omnēs! Welcome back to Latin for Wikiversity. In our last lesson, we learned how to form the regular imperfect subjunctive. Today we'll look at some important irregular verbs in the imperfect subjunctive that you'll need to know.

## New Grammar

Remember that most verbs form the imperfect subjunctive from the present infinitive. However, some of our most common verbs are irregular. Here they are:
| Verb | 1st sg | 2nd sg | 3rd sg | 1st pl | 2nd pl | 3rd pl |
| sum | essem | essēs | esset | essēmus | essētis | essent |
| possum | possem | possēs | posset | possēmus | possētis | possent |
| volō | vellem | vellēs | vellet | vellēmus | vellētis | vellent |
| nōlō | nōllem | nōllēs | nōllet | nōllēmus | nōllētis | nōllent |
| ferō | ferrem | ferrēs | ferret | ferrēmus | ferrētis | ferrent |
| eō | īrem | īrēs | īret | īrēmus | īrētis | īrent |
Notice how these still follow similar patterns to each other, even though they're irregular!

## New Words

| Latin | English | Audio (Classical) |
| heri | yesterday | File:La-cls-heri.ogg |
| saepe | often | |
| rursus | again | File:La-cls-rursus.ogg |

## New Sentences

| Latin | English | Notes |
| Utinam dīves essem! | If only I were rich! | Simple wish |
| Utinam domī essēs! | If only you were at home! | Simple wish |
| Sī possem cantāre! | If I could sing! | Ability wish |
| Utinam venīre vellēs! | If only you wanted to come! | Complex wish |
| Sī nōllet labōrāre! | If he didn't want to work! | Negative wish |
| Utinam librum ferrem! | If only I were carrying the book! | Action wish |
| Sī ad lūdum īrēmus! | If we were going to school! | Movement wish |
| Utinam heri adesset! | If only he had been here yesterday! | Past reference |
| Sī saepe fēlīx essēs! | If you were often happy! | With time word |
| Utinam rursus venīret! | If only he would come again! | With time word |

## Practice

Practice and learn the words and phrases in this lesson :
| Step one | First learn the words using this lesson: Irregular Imperfect Subjunctive Forms |
| Step two | Next try learning and writing the sentences using this: Irregular Imperfect Usage |
| Note that the Memrise stage covers the content for all lessons in each stage. If you are skipping previous stages you may need to manually "ignore" the words in previous levels (use the 'select all' function) ||
Next time, we'll learn how to use these forms in more complex sentences. Until then, utinam fēlīcēs essētis! (If only you all were happy!)
# Latin IV/Imperfect Subjunctive passive forms

Salvēte omnēs! Welcome back to Latin for Wikiversity. Last time we learned about the imperfect subjunctive for regular and irregular verbs. Today, we'll see how to make these forms passive - that is, when the action is being done to someone or something.

## New Grammar

The good news is that passive forms in the imperfect subjunctive follow a very simple pattern! Just take the active form and change the endings like this:
| Person | Singular | Plural |
| 1st | -r | -mur |
| 2nd | -ris | -minī |
| 3rd | -tur | -ntur |
For example, with amāre (to be loved):
| Person | Singular | Plural |
| 1st | amārer | amārēmur |
| 2nd | amārēris | amārēminī |
| 3rd | amārētur | amārentur |

## Verbs in This Lesson

| Latin | English | Audio (Classical) | Notes |
| amō, amāre, amāvī | love | | amārer = I would be loved |
| dūcō, dūcere, dūxī | lead | File:La-cls-duco.ogg | dūcerer = I would be led |
| doceō, docēre, docuī | teach | | docērer = I would be taught |

## New Words

| Latin | English | Audio (Classical) | Notes |
| semper | always | | |
| bene | well | | |

## New Sentences

| Latin | English | Notes |
| Utinam amārer! | If only I were loved! | Simple wish |
| Sī bene docērēris! | If you were taught well! | With adverb |
| Utinam ā magistrō docērētur! | If only he were taught by the teacher! | With agent |
| Sī ad scholam dūcerēmur! | If we were being led to school! | With direction |
| Utinam semper amārēminī! | If only you all were always loved! | With time word |
| Sī ā parentibus docērentur! | If they were taught by their parents! | With agent |
| Utinam nōn dūcerer! | If only I weren't being led! | Negative wish |
| Sī linguam Latīnam docērēmur! | If we were taught Latin! | With direct object |

## Practice

Practice and learn the words and phrases in this lesson :
| Step one | First learn the words using this lesson: Passive Imperfect Subjunctive Forms |
| Step two | Next try learning and writing the sentences using this: Passive Imperfect Usage |
| Note that the Memrise stage covers the content for all lessons in each stage. If you are skipping previous stages you may need to manually "ignore" the words in previous levels (use the 'select all' function) ||
In our next lesson, we'll practice using these forms in more complex sentences. Until then, utinam bene docērēminī! (If only you all were well taught!)
# Latin IV/Perfect Subjunctive

Salvēte omnēs! Welcome back to Latin for Wikiversity. Today we'll learn the perfect subjunctive - another important way to express wishes and possibilities.

## New Grammar

The perfect subjunctive is quite straightforward! We take the perfect stem (the third principal part minus -ī) and add these endings:
| Person | Singular | Plural |
| 1st | -erim | -erimus |
| 2nd | -eris | -eritis |
| 3rd | -erit | -erint |
For example, with amāvī (I have loved):
| Person | Singular | Plural |
| 1st | amāverim | amāverimus |
| 2nd | amāveris | amāveritis |
| 3rd | amāverit | amāverint |

## Verbs in This Lesson

| Verb | Perfect Subjunctive Form | Meaning |
| amō | amāverim | may I have loved |
| videō | vīderim | may I have seen |
| scribō | scrīpserim | may I have written |

## New Words

| Latin | English | Audio (Classical) | Notes |
| fortasse | perhaps | | Used with perfect subjunctive |
| num | whether | | Used in indirect questions |

## New Sentences

| Latin | English | Notes |
| Fortasse amāverim. | Perhaps I have loved. | Simple possibility |
| Fortasse epistulam vīderis. | Perhaps you have seen the letter. | With direct object |
| Fortasse puer librum scrīpserit. | Perhaps the boy has written the book. | With subject and object |
| Nescio num epistulam scrīpserim. | I don't know whether I have written the letter. | Indirect question |
| Timeō nē tē amāverim. | I fear that I have loved you. | Fear clause |
| Fortasse librōs vīderimus. | Perhaps we have seen the books. | Plural object |
| Nescio num epistulam scrīpseris. | I don't know whether you have written the letter. | Another indirect question |
| Fortasse verba mea audīverint. | Perhaps they have heard my words. | With possessive |

## Practice

Practice and learn the words and phrases in this lesson :
| Step one | First learn the words using this lesson: Perfect Subjunctive Forms |
| Step two | Next try learning and writing the sentences using this: Perfect Subjunctive Usage |
| Note that the Memrise stage covers the content for all lessons in each stage. If you are skipping previous stages you may need to manually "ignore" the words in previous levels (use the 'select all' function) ||
Next time, we'll learn more ways to use the perfect subjunctive. Until then, valēte!
# Latin IV/Perfect Subjunctive irregular verbs

Salvēte omnēs! Welcome back to Latin for Wikiversity. Today we'll learn some important irregular verbs in the perfect subjunctive. These verbs are among the most common in Latin, so it's worth taking time to learn them well.

## New Grammar

Just like in other tenses, some of our most frequently used verbs have irregular perfect stems. Here are their perfect subjunctive forms:
| Verb | 1st sg | 2nd sg | 3rd sg | 1st pl | 2nd pl | 3rd pl |
| sum | fuerim | fueris | fuerit | fuerimus | fueritis | fuerint |
| possum | potuerim | potueris | potuerit | potuerimus | potueritis | potuerint |
| volō | voluerim | volueris | voluerit | voluerimus | volueritis | voluerint |
| ferō | tulerim | tuleris | tulerit | tulerimus | tuleritis | tulerint |
| eō | ierim | ieris | ierit | ierimus | ieritis | ierint |
While these forms might look different from regular verbs, they still follow the same pattern of endings: -erim, -eris, -erit, -erimus, -eritis, -erint.

## New Words

| Latin | English | Audio (Classical) | Notes |
| adhuc | until now, still | | Used with perfect tense |
| forsitan | perhaps | | Used with subjunctive |

## New Sentences

| Latin | English | Notes |
| Forsitan Rōmae fuerim. | Perhaps I have been in Rome. | Place expression |
| Nescio num potueris venīre. | I don't know whether you have been able to come. | Indirect question |
| Fortasse voluerit cantāre. | Perhaps he has wanted to sing. | With infinitive |
| Timeō nē librum tulerim. | I fear that I have carried the book. | Fear clause |
| Forsitan ad forum ieritis. | Perhaps you (pl.) have gone to the forum. | Direction |
| Nescio num adhuc potuerint. | I don't know whether they have still been able. | With time word |
| Fortasse fēlīx fueris. | Perhaps you have been happy. | With adjective |
| Forsitan voluerimus discere. | Perhaps we have wanted to learn. | With infinitive |

## Practice

Practice and learn the words and phrases in this lesson :
| Step one | First learn the words using this lesson: Irregular Perfect Subjunctive Forms |
| Step two | Next try learning and writing the sentences using this: Irregular Perfect Usage |
| Note that the Memrise stage covers the content for all lessons in each stage. If you are skipping previous stages you may need to manually "ignore" the words in previous levels (use the 'select all' function) ||
Next time, we'll learn how to form and use the perfect subjunctive in the passive voice. Until then, valēte!
# Latin IV/Perfect Subjunctive passive forms

Salvēte omnēs! Welcome back to Latin for Wikiversity. Today we'll learn how to form and use the passive perfect subjunctive. Like other passive forms in Latin, this uses compound forms with the verb "sum".

## New Grammar

The passive perfect subjunctive uses the perfect passive participle (the fourth principal part) plus the present subjunctive of sum. The participle must agree with the subject in gender, number, and case. Here's an example with amātus (loved):
| Person | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| 1st sg | amātus sim | amāta sim | amātum sim |
| 2nd sg | amātus sīs | amāta sīs | amātum sīs |
| 3rd sg | amātus sit | amāta sit | amātum sit |
| 1st pl | amātī sīmus | amātae sīmus | amāta sīmus |
| 2nd pl | amātī sītis | amātae sītis | amāta sītis |
| 3rd pl | amātī sint | amātae sint | amāta sint |

## Verbs in This Lesson

| Latin | English | Notes |
| amō | love | amātus sim = may I have been loved |
| doceō | teach | doctus sim = may I have been taught |
| mittō | send | missus sim = may I have been sent |

## New Words

| Latin | English | Audio (Classical) | Notes |
| forte | by chance | | Used with subjunctive |
| nesciō an | perhaps | | Introduces uncertain statement |

## New Sentences

| Latin | English | Notes |
| Forte amātus sim. | Perhaps I have been loved. | Masculine singular |
| Nesciō an amāta sīs. | Perhaps you have been loved. | Feminine singular |
| Fortasse ā magistrō doctus sit. | Perhaps he has been taught by the teacher. | With agent |
| Timeō nē epistula missa sit. | I fear that the letter has been sent. | Neuter subject |
| Forte ā parentibus amātī sīmus. | Perhaps we have been loved by our parents. | Masculine plural |
| Nesciō an doctae sītis. | I don't know whether you (pl.) have been taught. | Feminine plural |
| Fortasse librī missī sint. | Perhaps the books have been sent. | Masculine plural object |
| Forte verba audīta sint. | Perhaps the words have been heard. | Neuter plural |

## Practice

Practice and learn the words and phrases in this lesson :
| Step one | First learn the words using this lesson: Passive Perfect Subjunctive Forms |
| Step two | Next try learning and writing the sentences using this: Passive Perfect Usage |
| Note that the Memrise stage covers the content for all lessons in each stage. If you are skipping previous stages you may need to manually "ignore" the words in previous levels (use the 'select all' function) ||
In our next lesson, we'll begin learning about how to use all these subjunctive forms in more complex sentences. Until then, valēte!
# Latin II/Comparisons

Salvēte omnēs! Welcome back to Latin for Wikiversity. Today we'll learn how to compare things in Latin using comparative adjectives - words like "bigger," "better," and "faster."

## New Grammar

In Latin, we make most comparatives by adding -ior (masculine/feminine) or -ius (neuter) to the stem of the adjective:
| Basic | Comparative (m/f) | Comparative (n) | Meaning |
| longus | longior | longius | longer |
| altus | altior | altius | higher/taller |
| fortis | fortior | fortius | braver |
Some very common adjectives have special comparative forms:
| Basic | Comparative | Meaning |
| bonus | melior | better |
| malus | pējor | worse |
| magnus | major | bigger |
| parvus | minor | smaller |
To say "than" after a comparative, use "quam":
    Mārcus altior quam Lūcia est = Marcus is taller than Lucia

## New Words

| Latin | English | Notes |
| longus, -a, -um | long | |
| altus, -a, -um | tall, high | |
| fortis, -e | brave | |
| quam | than | Used with comparatives |

## New Sentences

| Latin | English | Notes |
| Mārcus est altior. | Marcus is taller. | Simple comparative |
| Via est longior. | The road is longer. | Simple comparative |
| Puer fortior quam puella est. | The boy is braver than the girl. | With quam |
| Liber melior quam epistula est. | The book is better than the letter. | Irregular comparative |
| Canis major quam fēlēs est. | The dog is bigger than the cat. | Irregular comparative |
| Templum altius quam casa est. | The temple is higher than the cottage. | Neuter subject |
| Māter fortior quam pater est. | Mother is braver than father. | Family terms |
| Rōma major quam Athēnae est. | Rome is bigger than Athens. | Cities |
| Verbum brevius quam nōmen est. | The word is shorter than the name. | Neuter comparison |
| Vīnum melius quam aqua est. | Wine is better than water. | Irregular comparative |

## Practice

Practice and learn the words and phrases in this lesson :
* This lesson is missing from Memrise
* Note that the Memrise stage covers the content for all lessons in each stage. If you are skipping previous stages you may need to manually "ignore" the words in previous levels (use the 'select all' function) |
Next time, we'll learn about superlatives - how to say something is "the best" or "the tallest." Until then, valēte!