# Motivation and emotion/Book/2024/Analysis paralysis

* Multimedia presentation (3 min)

## Overview

* Figure 1. The effect of being too overwhelmed to make a decision.
* Scenario
* Imagine, you are planning a trip through Europe and have a long list of destinations you would like to visit. You decide to make a list of the pros and cons of each places. But as you start gathering all the information for each place, you start to feel overwhelmed by the choices presented and the amount of decisions you have to make. You spend hours looking at the flight tickets, hotels and activities to do at each place and develop a fear of making the wrong choice and regretting it later. You start questioning which location to choose leading to a loop of indecision resulting in no destination finalised.
Analysis Paralysis is a psychological phenomenon which describes the state of overthinking or overanalysing a situation to the point where a decision or action is never taken. It emphasises on [awkward expression?] the inability to take actions due to being overwhelmed by the variety of choices. It occurs when individuals are presented with so many options or details that they struggle to make a choice in belief that they have to make the best choice, leading to inaction or delayed progress. In a real world situation, this phenomenon is often linked with everyday life decisions, results [grammar?] in feeling overwhelmed and stuck in the decision-making process.
In this process, individuals start to analyse the situations in depth. They use strategies and tools such as weighing the benefits and limitations, researching and gathering information regarding the issue, asking for advice and considering the potential outcomes. While this process is common among a large population, the concept of analysis paralysis causes this process to become a fixated loop in one's mind, resulting in indecision. In a long term situation this phenomenon can impact the stress and anxiety levels of individuals. Additionally, the impact one's personal growth and self-confidence.
The state of analysis paralysis is influenced by various factors including fear of failure, lack of confidence, uncertainty in the possible outcomes, desire to be perfect and the need to make the best choice. The concept is heavily dependent on the state of mind and the possible factors leading to analysis paralysis. To overcome the analysis paralysis, individuals can implement several strategies which will limit the effects of the issue and provide options to reduce the frequencies of analysis paralysis. Strategies to overcome this include controlling our response to fear, setting small goals, deciding timeframes, and overcoming the concept of perfectionism.
* Focus questions:
* What is analysis paralysis?
* What is the neuroscience behind it?
* What are the effects? How does it effect our daily lives?

## Introduction to analysis paralysis

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### What is decision making?

Decision making is a complex concept of choosing from a variety of choices. It involves identifying possible option, gathering information about each choice, understanding the possible outcomes and determining which will be the best option. The process strategically helps individual's[grammar?] make a informed decision. This concept is used by the vast population, from daily life situations to professional choices.
The concept of decision making was initially developed by Herbert A Simon, a political scientist, who wanted to delve into the process of this phenomena to explore its contribution in an organisational setting. While many researchers would argue that Simon's research did not contribute significantly to the human behaviour of decision making, a review in by Campitelli and Gobet (2010) suggested that Simon's research play a vital role. They stated that Simon's research was the rool [say what?] of three key assumptions about decision making; "first, decisions are not performed by agents with perfect rationality, they are made by agents with bounded rationality; second, the quality of decisions vary as a function of the expertise of the decision maker; third, to understand decision making, it is paramount to investigate the cognitive processes involved," (Campitelli and Gobet, 2010). Studies emphasis on the concept of bounded rationality as a key factor in the Simon's theory of decision making. Stating that the result of the decision making process may not be favourable if there is lack of logic but sufficient satisfaction (Kalantari, 2010)
On the other hand, current research states the influence of rational decision are significant in organisational settings (Melovic et al., 2022). It is believed individual's[grammar?] are predominately reliant on the logical reasonings behind decisions. Research emphasises that rational decision making has become one of the most fitting way [improve clarity] among the population as it is believed that the lack of logic and reasoning leads to negative and unwanted outcomes (Lacatus, 2019). Rational decision making is commonly associated with healthy decisions as it allows the consequences to be analysed and predictable. The implementation allows a calculated decision and outcome to take place.

### What is analysis paralysis?

Analysis paralysis is a fundamental concept of human behaviour elaborating on the process of indecision to the extent where no action or decision takes place (Kurien et al., 2014). It incorporates the concept of overthinking and overanalysing as the cause of indecision. This process involves individual's[grammar?] understanding the presented situation or task, identifying possible choices, gathering information regarding the range of choices, analysis the possible outcomes and taking a decision. In simple terms analysis paralysis can be defined as the inability to make a decision due overthinking the situation and being fixated in a loop of overanalysing. Naturally this occurs when individuals are presented with a wide rang[spelling?] of options causing them to become uncertain and unconfident about the choice they should make.

### Signs and symptoms

Some key signs of analysis paralysis
* Feeling overwhelmed
* Lack of focus
* Dislike towards decision making
* Short of breath
* Tiredness
* Displeasure in activities
* Repetitive thoughts

## Neurology behind analysis paralysis
### Role of prefrontal cortex

The human brain is divided into 2 hemisphere with 4 different lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital. The frontal lobe is responsible for motor skills, personality, memory and decision making. The temporal lobe is in charge of the processing sensory functions of the human body. The parietal lobe explores forms of communication (language) and relationships. Lastly the occipital lobe focuses on the visual aspects, our vision. Delving into the neuroscience behind the process of decision making, the prefrontal cortex is a part of the both hemispheres in the brain, located at the front of the frontal lobe. It commonly known as the personality controller in the human body and is accountable for the regulation of human thought, behaviours and actions. It is divided into several components and those components are then divided into regions such as the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). While most regions of the prefrontal cortex play a significant role in the process of decision making and analysis paralysis, one of the key regions to contribute to this phenomenon is the DLPFC as it consists of the component BA10 which is believed to be accountable for decision making (Branislav, 2018). The DLPFC is responsible for cognitive abilities such as planning and organising, working memory, problem solving and behaviour regulation. In terms of the decision making process, the DLPFC works as the mechanism to evaluate the different choices available, furthermore, is accounted for providing possible outcomes for the choices (Branislav, 2018).
Another key part of the prefrontal cortex that holds a key role in the process of decision making is the hippocampus. The hippocampus is rather know for its ability to store memories. It functions as a memory storage system that allows individual to recall past events and experiences. This function allows the process of decision making to recall the past experiences to form an estimated outcome possible (Tang et al., 2021). Recalling information, past experiences and events is essential used by individuals to make healthier decisions which have a higher chance of gaining satisfaction and lower chances of a negative outcome.

### Psychological theories

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##### Paradox of choice

The Paradox of choice is a concept established by Barry Schwartz who firmly believed that too many choices can lead to the paralysing of decisions (Dar et al., 2024). The theory suggests that while having choices is generally seen as a positive part of life, having a large number of options can cause individuals to become overwhelm, increasing the rate of difficulty in making a decision or feeling satisfied with the decision they ultimately make. A review of the Schwartz's book "The Paradox of Choice: Why More is Less" states Schwartz argued that the limitation of options can stop the decreasing satisfaction levels and increase the rate of negative impacts on individuals (Redmond, 2005). A study by Cunow et al., (2021) further explores the consequences of the paradox of choices, stating that having too many options can not only increasing the dissatisfaction levels but also increase the rate of biased assumption. Cunow et al., (2021) states that research have found too many choices reduces the amount of new information individuals gather, and rather they decide to believe the assumptions they have heard regarding the options. Furthermore, the concept of paradox of choices potentially act as a stress and anxiety trigger as the excessive amount of choices can freeze the ability to comprehend, and rather starts the process of overanalysing the choices.

##### Hick's law

The theory of Hick's Law focuses on the relationship between the amount of choices and the timeframe of making a decision. It emphasis on the timeframe being a crucial factor when making choices. Hick's law states that with the increasing amount of choice, the timeframe allocated to decision making should also increase. While there is limited research on the correlation between Hick's Law and analysis paralysis, studies do explore the concept of information overload and its connection to the process of decision making. A research states "Information overload is less likely to occur with incremental decision making due to the consideration of fewer alternatives, resulting in the production of less information," (Bettis-Outland, 2012). This aligns with Hick's Law as it empirically demonstrates that having fewer options decreases the chances individual's suffering from information overload. According to Hick's Law, as the number of choices increases, the time taken to make a decision also increases. Therefore, when decisions are made gradually, the options present are fewer at that given time, which simplifies the decision-making process.

## Cause & effects of analysis paralysis

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### Psychological mechanisms

Analysis paralysis has many underlying factors that contribute towards the paralysis of action. Some of the most common psychological mechanisms that increase the scope of analysis paralysis are: fear of outcomes, perfectionism and cognitive overload. Fear of making the wrong decision is one of the most common underlying factors of analysis paralysis. The constant fear of accidentally choosing the option becomes a trigger for anxiety, limiting the scope of making a rational decision. In this situation individual's tend to overthink the possible outcomes leading to indecisiveness and indecision. On the other hand, perfectionism also impacts one's ability to making wise choices. Current research demonstrates the raising concept of "being perfect" among a vast population. The concept of perfectionism in decision making stems from the tendency to opt for the best solution which can ultimately stop any action from being taken. Lastly cognitive overload can be a critical factor contributing to the indecision. Cognitive overload is commonly referred to[factual?] when the brain gathers too much information and eventually becomes overwhelmed by the information gather to make conclusive decision. It can also be referred back to information overload.

### Consequences of analysis paralysis

Analysis paralysis can have a significant troll[spelling?] on the mental health of individuals along with several other concern. If we generalise the issue of analysis paralysis, some of the common impacts are negative influences on mental health and reduction in productivity. Analysis paralysis is directly correlated to anxiety as the main illness triggered. The concept of overthinking and overanalysing is the essential root of the issue as it triggers the stress levels to rise in fear of what the outcome will look like. Furthermore, research identifies that analysis paralysis can impact the desired behaviour, "decision paralysis produces a discrepancy between actual and intended behavior" (Huber et al., 2012). When the actual and intended behaviour don't meet, it additionally creates a discrepancy in the predicted outcome. The [which?] article also elaborates the influence of negative thoughts, behaviour and emotions on the process of decision making. The [which?] article states that negative emotions have the tendency to rush the process of decision making impacting the outcome to be unhealthier and potentially unsatisfactory. In terms of one's everyday life, analysis paralysis can cause significant delays on high priority tasks.

## Conclusion

Analysis paralysis is a fundamental concept incorporating the inability to take action due to the self being overwhelmed by the number of choices available. It elaborates on the cognitive process of overanalysing during the process of decision making. With the [what?] understanding of neurology, we see that the prefrontal cortex is the main region for this concept. It is accountable for the process of decision making. Analysis paralysis is rooted by the two psychological phenomenas[spelling?]: Hick's Law and the Paradox of Choices which expand on the topics of information overload, more is less and cognitive overload demonstrating a significant impact on one's day to day life.
* Tips on making a decision
* Set yourself a deadline for when the decision should be made by
* Write down a list of possible choices and then write out the pros and cons
* Gather relevant information about the options