OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Australian Law/Tax avoidance

TODO: Flesh out skeleton

## History of tax avoidance

See the book Boucher, 'Blatant, artificial and contrived: Tax schemes of the 70s and 80s' (2010) .

## Anti-avoidance laws
### Part IVA (1981-)

Counterparts to Part IVA with similar, but not identical, provisions exist in relation to taxes other than income tax, e.g.:
* A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999 (Cth), Div 165
* Fringe Benefits Tax Assessment Act 1986 (Cth), s 67

## Major tax avoidance cases

This section describes (or links to descriptions of) court cases where anti-avoidance provisions were argued, discussing them in terms of what flaws or issues in the substantive tax legislation were being exploited.
(TODO)
* DFCT v Purcell (1921) 29 CLR 464
* Davis v FCT 89 ATC 4377
* FCT v Westraders (1980) 144 CLR 55
* Investment & Merchant Finance Corp Ltd v FCT (1971) 125 CLR 249
* Slutzkin v FCT (1977) 140 CLR 314
* Brambles Holdings v FCT (1977) 138 CLR 467
* WP Keighery Pty Ltd v FCT (1957) 100 CLR 66
* Mullens (1976) 135 CLR 290
* Cridland (1977) 140 CLR 330
* FCT v Gulland (1985) 160 CLR 55
* FCT v Kareena Hospital Pty Ltd (1979) 10 ATR 525
* Bayly v FCT (1977) 7 ATR 215
* Jones v FCT (1977) 7 ATR 229
* Curran v FCT (____) 131 CLR 409
* John v FCT (1989) 20 ATR 1
* IRC v Duke of Westminster - not an Australian case, but often cited in discussions of tax avoidance in Australia, so useful to analyse by the same methods as the Australian cases
* Richard Walter v FCT (1995) 31 ATR 95
* Newton v FCT (1958) 98 CLR 1
* Case W58 (1989) 89 ATC 538
* Howland-Rose v FCT [2002] FCA 246 (the 'Budplan' case)
* FCT v Peabody
* FCT v Spotless Services Ltd
* Eastern Nitrogen v FCT
* FCT v Hart
* FCT v Consolidated Press
# Australian University

This Education resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
This page is about University in Australia.

## Public view of Australian universities

Universities Australia conducted "a series of university community forums, engaging directly with decision makers and interested groups such as business" in 2012 (Universities Australia, 2013, p. 1). The study "involved qualitative and quantitative research, including focus groups and a survey of 1000 members of the Australian public and 300 business employers" (Universities Australia, 2013, p. 1).
The study revealed that "while universities are held in high regard and are strongly valued for their contribution to the economy and society, there is a desire to know more. It is also clear that Australians feel there is a need for the university sector to more actively participate in debates about issues important to our national interest." (Universities Australia, 2013, p. 1).

## Wikimedia and Australian universities
### Events

Wikimedia Australia partnered with University of Sydney to sponsor a one-day event:
* Wikimedia in Higher Education Symposium, 2013

## List of Australian universities on Wikiversity

* Australian Catholic University
* Australian National University
* Bond University
* Carnegie Mellon University - Australia
* Central Queensland University
* Charles Darwin University
* Charles Sturt University
* Curtin University
* Deakin University
* Edith Cowan University
* Flinders University
* Griffith University
* James Cook University
* La Trobe University
* Macquarie University
* Monash University
* Murdoch University
* Queensland University of Technology
* RMIT University
* Southern Cross University
* Swinburne University of Technology
* The University of Notre Dame Australia
* Torrens University Australia
* University College London
* University of Adelaide
* University of Ballarat
* University of Canberra
* University of Melbourne
* University of New England (Australia)
* University of New South Wales
* University of Newcastle (Australia)
* University of Notre Dame Australia
* University of Queensland
* University of South Australia
* University of Southern Queensland
* University of Sydney
* University of Tasmania
* University of Technology, Sydney
* University of the Sunshine Coast
* University of Western Australia
* University of Western Sydney
* University of Wollongong
* Victoria University
* List of universities in Australia (Wikipedia)
# Australian Law/Freedom of Information/Commonwealth/Process

This page sets out the distinct stages in the process of making and determining a request for access to documents under the Freedom of Information Act 1982 (Cth). Suppose you had a filing system for FOI requests with a 'status' field for each request; the value of that field would be something from the list below.
This page uses the term 'agency' to cover both 'agency' and 'Minister'. 'IC' is the Australian Information Commissioner. 'AAT' is the Administrative Appeals Tribunal.
| Stage | Legislation | FOI Guidelines |
| Applicant makes application | s 15 | ... |
| Agency acknowledges receipt of request | s 15(5)(a) | |
| Request waits to be allocated to FOI officer | N/A | |
| Agency works on request | N/A | - |
| Applicant decides whether to grant extension of time | s 15AA | |
| IC decides whether to grant extension of time (complex/voluminous) | s 15AB | |
| Commonwealth consults a State | s 26A | |
| Agency consults person whose business information is in documents | s 27 | |
| Agency consults person whose personal information is in documents | s 27A | |
| Agency makes preliminary assessment of charge | s 29(1) | |
| Applicant contests charge | s 29(1)(f) | |
| Agency decides charge | s 29(4)-(8) | |
| Applicant pays deposit | s 31(2) | |
| Applicant pays charge | s 11A(1)(b) | |
| Agency defers access | s 21 | |
| Applicant decides whether to request internal review | s 54B | |
| Application for internal review waits for allocation | s 54C(2) | |
| Agency makes fresh decision on request | s 54C | |
| Applicant decides whether to request IC review | s 54N | |
| IC decides whether to conduct IC review | s 54W | |
| IC decides on IC review | s 55K | |
| Parties decide whether to appeal to Federal Court or request review by AAT | ss 56, 57A | |
| Federal Court appeal (and appeals therefrom, etc) | s 56 | |
| AAT review (and appeals therefrom, etc) | s 58 | |
| Agency provides access to documents | s 20 | |
| Agency publishes information from documents on Disclosure Log (excluding any personal or business information of the applicant contained in the documents) | s 11C | |
| Applicant complains to IC, Ombudsman, the Senate and the United Nations Human Rights Committee | TBC | |
| Applicant blogs | N/A | |
| Application is done with | N/A | |
# Conservation of energy

Conservation of energy (the First Law of Thermodynamics) is a simple law stating that although energy may change form, it cannot disappear altogether, nor can it be created.
More recently, this law has been modified to take into account the equivalence of mass and energy ($E=mc^{2}$) discovered by Einstein. This new law is called the law of conservation of mass and energy. It states that although mass may convert to energy, and vice versa, neither may disappear without compensation in the other quantity. However, the original form of the law is adequate in most everyday situations.
A concrete example of energy conservation is found with falling objects. Near the surface of the Earth, the gravitational potential energy of an object is given by $mgh$, where m is the object's mass, g is the acceleration due to gravity at that place, and h is the object's height from where the object started to where it is now (measure with downward values negative). When an object falls, its potential energy is converted into kinetic energy (given by $(1/2)mv^{2}$). In math:
$-mgh={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}$
where m is mass, v is velocity. There is a negative sign in front of the potential energy because when the object is gaining kinetic energy, it will be losing potential energy.
Another, more useful way of interpreting conservation of energy is by using the following formula
$K_{1}+U_{1}+Wother=K_{2}+U_{2}$
# Conspiracy theory criticism

A conspiracy theory is an explanatory or speculative hypothesis that suggests that two or more persons, a group, or an organization of having caused and/or covered up, through secret planning and deliberate action, an event or situation which is typically taken to be illegal or harmful.

## Reading list

* Brotherton, Rob (2015), Suspicious Minds: Why We Believe Conspiracy Theories, Bloomsbury, ISBN 1472915615
* Barkun, Michael (2013), A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America (2nd ed.), University of California Press, ISBN 0520276825
* Dean, Jodi (1998), Aliens in America : conspiracy cultures from outerspace to cyberspace, Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, ISBN 0801434637
* Fenster, Mark (1999), Conspiracy Theories : Secrecy and Power in American Culture, Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press, ISBN 081663243X
* Knight, Peter (2000), Conspiracy culture : American paranoia from Kennedy to the X-files, New York: Routledge, ISBN 0415189780
* Knight, Peter, ed. (2002), Conspiracy nation : the politics of paranoia in postwar America, New York: New York University Press, ISBN 0814747361
* Melley, Timothy (2000), Empire of Conspiracy : the Culture of Paranoia in Postwar America, Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, ISBN 0801486068
* O'Donnell, Patrick (2000), Latent destinies : cultural paranoia and contemporary U.S. Narrative, Durham: Duke Univ. Press, ISBN 082232587X

## Book reviews

* Review of Mark Fenster's Conspiracy Theories: Secrecy and Power in American Culture by Bart Beatty in Canadian Journal of Communication, Vol 24, No 4 (1999)

## Resources

* The Psychology of Conspiracy Theories (academic blog)
* google:"conspiracist+ideation"
* Unhappy people tend to become conspiracy believers (user essay)
# Conservation of money calculations and status reporting

This course is proposed as a jointly developed learning experience/environment delivering business acumen and practical engineering analysis skills to businessmen, professionals, and team leaders of all kinds for use within government, organizations, industry and commerce of all kinds.
Some prior experience or study is recommended for effective participation in this course. For example: On the job budgeting or reporting, engineering economics, accounting fundamentals. Students with little or no previous exposure to spreadsheets and/or financial budgeting or operations will be expected to audit other appropriate study materials or learning environments and not place an undue burden on this course's participants with regard to extreme fundamentals of cash flow management, budgeting and accounting.

## Topics

Some proposed topics of potentially fruitful study
* Proposal development
* Budget Estimating and planning
* Sales Pitching for approval or closing the deal
    Formal proposal or project/business plan
    Story boards
    Summary briefing slides
* Cash Flow analysis, tables, and diagrams
* Sources and sinks
* Routine checks, balances, audits, and reporting techniques
* Asset Tradeoffs and Management
* Liability or risk management
* Fluctuation or reserve management
* Team (self) defense via competent information management
* Task scope closeout or project shutdown
* Taking due credit at task/project completion
* Giving due credit to stakeholders

## Recommended resources

* Access to a workstation and a spreadsheet program interested in learning to use
* Available Course Development Consultants or Tutors (Been there done some of that.)

## Participants

* Lazyquasar 08:50, 26 November 2005 (UTC)
# Consolidation at Home and Abroad/Timeline

Use the links to explore the events on the timeline. Then try the quizzes
Tudor Origins of the British Empire Timeline Quizzes
Colonialism
· Culture
· Dynasty
· Governance
· Religion
· Science
· Trade
· War :

## Timeline

| Date | Event | Impact | Key individuals | Topics |
| 1485 | Battle of Bosworth Field | End of the War of the Roses Foundation of Tudor dynasty | Henry VII Richard III | Dynasty War |
| 1495 | First drydock in Europe established in Portsmouth | Development of Tudor Navy | Henry VII | Science War |
| 1497 | Discovery of Newfoundland | Development of English exploration of North America | John Cabot Henry VII | Science Colonialism |
| 1514 | Foundation of Trinity House for the Advancement of Navigation and Training in pilotage | Centralised resource for the development of navigational skills | Henry VIII Thomas Spert | Trade Science |
| 1539 | Publication of Great Bible as the official Bible in England | Official sanction for complete translation of the Bible into English | Thomas Cromwell Myles Coverdale Henry VII | Religion Culture |
| 1542 | Laws in Wales Acts completed | Annexation of Wales to England and harmonisation of administration | Thomas Cromwell Henry VIII | Governance |
| 1542 | Crown of Ireland Act 1542 completed | Henry VIII proclaimed King of Ireland | Thomas Cromwell Henry VIII | Governance |
| 1549 | Introduction of the English language Book of Common Prayer | Standardisation of Anglican liturgy and Prayer Book Rebellion | Thomas Cranmer | Religion Governance |
| 1555 | Start of Marian Persecutions of English Protestants | 284 Protestants burnt alive, many more flee into exile | Thomas Cranmer William Hunter | Religion |
| 1565 | Foundation of the Royal Exchange | Development of London as a financial centre | Thomas Gresham | Trade |
| 1580 | The Siege of Smerwick | English soldiers massacre Italian and Spanish Catholic soldiers as well as Irish men and women | Earl Grey Walter Raleigh Edmund Spenser | War Religion |
| 1588 | Defeat of the Spanish Armada | Attempted Spanish invasion thwarted, English colonialism gains freer rein | Frances Drake Elizabeth I Philip II Duke of Medina Sidonia | War |
| 1597 | Foundation of the Gresham College | Development of intellectual centre linked to the merchants of the City of London | Thomas Gresham Humphrey Gilbert | Science |
# Constant mapping/Characteristics/Exercise

* Can a constant mapping be bijective?
* Is the composition of a constant mapping with an arbitrary mapping (the constant map first) constant?
* Is the composition of an arbitrary mapping with a constant mapping (the constant map last) constant?
# Conservative Judaism
## What is Conservative Judaism?

In general, unlike Orthodox Judaism, the Conservative branch of the Jewish religion is based in the Conservative movement. The movement is not centralized, and hence force it is divided into local branches (For example, Israel and England's movement's are called “Masorti”, which means traditional in Hebrew), that can hold different halachic opinions.
Essentially, the conservative movement differs from orthodox Judaism by believing in changing halacha to suite the modern world, even at the cost of making drastic changes that do not take after most rabbis over the ages. On the other hand, it differs from Reform Judaism by accepting halacha as the structure of the religion, and working within it's framework.
# Constraint satisfaction

Constraint satisfaction is the group of problems in which finding the solution involves discovering a suitable group of parameters such that the that result falls with some pre-defined boundaries. Many real-world problems can be described as constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs). Engineering is a CSP where an object must be specified with a certain cost that performs a given task. Airline routing is a CSP where cost and customer satisfaction are constraints. Coloring a map using a limited number of colors is a CSP. Designing software can even be described as a CSP where program size, memory usage, cost to produce, the average time it takes a user to complete a task etc. are constraints.
Many NP-complete problems are constraint satisfaction problems (e.g. boolean satisfiability where a set of input truth values must be found that causes a statement of propositional logic to be true). Because the consensus is that NP-complete problems are intractable (cannot be solved on a computer in time polynomial to the size of the problem), even with quantum computing, it is likely that in general constraint satisfaction problems cannot be solved perfectly. Because of the importance of CSPs in the real world, and the difficulty in solving them, developing algorithms to efficiently solve CSPs is an important field. Algorithms can be designed that attempt to find a perfect solution in the smallest amount of time, or find the best possible solution given limited time. --ChronicElement 23:30, 6 January 2007 (UTC)
# Engineering Projects

Wikiversity hosts a number of engineering project assignments and solutions. Examples include:

### Projects

* Arduino
* Electric Unicycle
* Infared
* R.O.I.T. wheel robot
* SnakeHat
* StrandBeest
* Engineering Drawing

## See Also

* General Engineering Projects
# Engineering Projects/Arduino

The Arduino and MotorShield with the wire pairs of the stepper motor in use."
# Engineering Projects/Arduino motor control/Howard Community College

Howard Community College is starting to create this tutorial in the fall of 2012.
       Fall2012
# Engineering Projects/Arduino motor control/Howard Community College/Fall2012

List of teams:
P2-501-CDMN
# Engineering Projects/Apps/Howard Community College

    Fall 2011
# Engineering Projects/Apps/Howard Community College/Fall 2011

This section is for team pages doing the Apps project.
       501_Creators
# Engineering Projects/Arduino motor control
## Idea

Many engineering projects require controlling one or more motors. Arduino is a common prototyping platform. Using Arduino to control motors is a useful basic skill for engineering students.

## Goal

Using Arduino either we can control one or two geared , stepper or servo motors by remote linked to that Arduino. By using this we can change the rotation in motors (i.e. Forward or Backward) and also the speed of the motors.

## Tutorials

Add link to tutorial page.

## Current Status

New project, as of fall 2012.

## College/Universities

    Howard Community College
# Engineering Projects/Apps
## Idea

Build cell phone apps for the local college that enable activities such as finding free food, clean bathrooms, specific rooms by number and similar applications that utilize a cell phone's GPS, mapping and camera capabilities. The University of Oregon has a similar app. The ArcGis company has support for the mapping portion of this project. It may be possible to extend Google Maps or Google Earth for this purpose. This may involve imbedding a network of Wi-Fi hotspot triangulation, Bluetooth transmitters or RFID tags to locate oneself within a building since GPS and cell phone triangulation don't work well.

## SubSystems

    Building imaging
    Mapping

## Tutorials

    Install AppInventor

## College/Universities

    Howard Community College
# Engineering Projects/Apps/Howard Community College/Fall 2011/501 Creators

Instructions for installation can be found on Installation.

### Problem Statement

To create a working smart phone app on either the Android or Apple platfrom. Using the App Inventor we will create an app for ourselves and run it on our respective Android Powered smartphones.

### Team Members

* N. Delaney
* Chaagii
* ARoberts

### Summary

Smartphones have a major base in the functions of apps for everyday use. There can be an almost unlimited amount of kinds of apps that is only limited to the mind of the person developing one. There can be apps that can perform from such tasks like changing the background of the phone to providing up-to-date weather information with animations on the screen. On the Android Market as well as the Apple, apps are created through and open development type system where anyone willing to put their time can create an app and place it on the market for anyone to download. We intend to do the very same. To create our own working app to display on our own smartphone made by our very own capability.

### Story

This kind of project is one that can be done as a group or as an individual. We decided to work on our own individual projects because we had different levels of experience working with something like this. We did this so in the end we can display the differing kinds of results that we could end with based on our varying knowledge. We both had to start off with the tutorials because this particular beta version took the C language that programming is custom to but used it in a different way. Instead of writing lines of code, compiling, and running, we worked with the same language but as puzzle pieces. This made it easier to know what went with what because it would not allow a command of a certain kind to connect with another command if they did not work together in that way. It turned creation into a puzzle and had us searching or making pieces that would fit correctly in order to get the kind of output that we aimed for.

### Material List

* Android Powered smartphone
* Computer running Windows or Mac OS

### Software List

* Google App Inventor (provided on website, link to instruction at the top of this page)

### Time

The time needed for this project varies with the degree of difficulty of the app that one would try to create.

### Tutorials

Installation.
# Avant-Garde

The following movements/ periods could be called avant-garde. They could equally be called Anti-art.

## Periods and movements

The Avant-Garde can be categorised as periods and movements:
* Dada
* Surrealism
* Negritude
* Lettrism
* New Realism
* Situationism
* Fluxus
* Mail Art
* Xiamen Dada
* Neoism
* Art Strike

## Practices

The Avant-Garde use practices:
* Collage
* Photomontage
* Scandal
* Hoax
* Detournment
* Hypergraphy
* Psychogeography
* Multiple User Names
# Avaya Task Training/ERS-8600/Resetting Passwords

* Console into the switch
* Power down the switch
* Power up the switch
You’ll need to interrupt the boot process by hitting the “Return” key. You should be greeted with a monitor prompt.
From the monitor prompt enter the reset-passwd command to clear the passwords.
Enter the boot or reset command
Login with the default user and password. user = rwa pwd = rwa