OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The US Civil War/Week 2

This discussion, we are going to talk about the events leading up to the Civil War. If there might be any in-corrections/errors with our course (page here). Please don't hesitate to fix it by clicking the "Edit" button.

## Compromises

In total, there were three famous compromises.

### Missouri Compromise of 1820

This compromise was made when Maine and Missouri applied for statehood in 1820. At that time, there were 22 states in the Union, half and half being slave/free. Adding Missouri into the Union as a slave state would give the South control of the senate. Obviously, the North didn't wanted this to happen, and stated they wanted to abolish slavery in Missouri. So in 1820, the Missouri Compromise was made by Henry Clay of Kentucky. This compromise stated that Missouri would enter as a slave state and Maine would enter as a free slave. And as well, Clay proposed that, except for Missouri, all territory gained in the Louisiana Purchase would be banned from slavery, north of Missouri's border.
# Television Engineering/Scope

Television engineering is seen as an aggregation of several different disciplines namely in the electrical / electronic engineering field. The lines are somewhat blurred with respect to which discipline is more dominant. These lessons seek to explore first an overview of television engineering as a whole and further to get down to specifics for individual cases. As this section expands and evolves, so might the scope. But for now it is limited to general discussions and some specific areas to focus on.
# Telnet

Telnet is a command-line tool that provides access to a command-line interface on a remote host. As it uses Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), it may also be used to test TCP connectivity with a remote host. Because of serious security concerns when using Telnet over an open network such as the Internet, its use for this purpose has waned significantly in favor of SSH. The following activities will show you how to use Telnet.

## Readings

* Wikipedia: Telnet
* Wikipedia: netcat

## Lessons

* Internet Protocol Analysis - Transport Layer

## Activities

* Install the Telnet Client (Windows)
* Test an HTTP Connection
* Test an SMTP Connection
# Telnet/SMTP

Telnet is a command-line tool that provides access to a command-line interface on a remote host. It may also be used to test Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connectivity. These activities will show you how to use Telnet to test an HTTP connection.

## Preparation

To prepare for this activity:
* Start Windows.
* Log in if necessary.
* Install the Telnet Client

## Activity 1 - Test an SMTP Connection

To test an SMTP connection:
* Open a command prompt.
* Type telnet <smtp server> <port>, where <smtp server> is the name or IP address of the smtp server to test and <port> is the port number the SMTP server is using. The default SMTP port is 25. For example, to test a connection to one of Google's mail servers, type telnet gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com 25. Then press Enter.
* If the connection is successful, you will see a 220 response with the name of the mail server. Type quit and press Enter to close the connection.
* Close the command prompt to complete this activity.

## Readings

* Wikipedia: Telnet
# Telnet/Client install

Telnet is a command-line tool that provides access to a command-line interface on a remote host. It may also be used to test Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connectivity. These activities will show you how to install the Telnet client on Windows.

## Preparation

To prepare for this activity:
* Start Windows.
* Log in if necessary.

## Activity 1 - Install Telnet Client

To install the Telnet client:
* Select Start.
* In the Run box, type Turn Windows features on or off and press Enter.
* Scroll down and select Telnet Client.
* Select OK to turn on the Telnet client.

## Readings

* Wikipedia: Telnet
# Telnet/HTTP

Telnet is a command-line tool that provides access to a command-line interface on a remote host. It may also be used to test Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connectivity. These activities will show you how to use Telnet to test an HTTP connection.

## Preparation

To prepare for this activity:
* Start Windows.
* Log in if necessary.
* Install the Telnet Client

## Activity 1 - Test an HTTP Connection

To test an HTTP connection:
* Open a command prompt.
* Type telnet <http server> <port>, where <http server> is the name or IP address of the http server to test and <port> is the port number the HTTP server is using. The default HTTP port is 80. For example, to test a connection to www.google.com, type telnet www.google.com 80. Then press Enter.
* If the connection is successful, you will see a blank screen waiting for input. Press <Ctrl>C to close the connection. You will see HTML error content indicating that the web server did not understand your request, however, the appearance of HTML content indicates a successful TCP connection to the HTTP server was made.
* Close the command prompt to complete this activity.

## See Also

* Wikipedia: Telnet
* Wikipedia: netcat
# Temperature

Temperature describes how much a substance, object or a body is hot or cold. Scientifically it is defined as the average kinetic energy of the molecules, ions or atoms of a substance or system.Temperature of a body can be measured with a thermometer.

## Common temperature reference points

Some useful common references:
Common Temperature Reference Points :
| | Celsius (°C) | Kelvin (°K) | Fahrenheit (°F) |
| Surface of the Sun | 5600 | 5900 | 10100 |
| Boiling Point of Water | 100 | 373 | 212 |
| Body Temperature | 37 | 310.2 | 98.6 |
| Sweltering Day | 40 | 313 | 104 |
| Hot Day | 30 | 303 | 86 |
| Room Temperature | 20 | 293 | 68 |
| Cold Day | 10 | 283 | 50 |
| Freezing Point of Water | 0 | 273 | 32 |

## Conversion chart

Exact conversion chart:
temperature conversion chart :
| From | To Fahrenheit | To Celsius | To Kelvin |
| Fahrenheit (°F) | °F | (°F − 32) / 1.8 | (°F − 32) / 1.8 + 273.15 |
| Celsius (°C) | (°C × 1.8) + 32 | °C | °C + 273.15 |
| Kelvin (°K) | (°K − 273.15) × 1.8 + 32 | °K − 273.15 | °K |

## See Also

* Wikipedia: Temperature
# Television Engineering/Reference Materials

Some essential reading materials and references:
* Art of Digital Video, Third Edition by John Watkinson
* Art of Digital Audio, Third Edition by John Watkinson
* Television Fundamentals by John Watkinson
* Convergence in Broadcast and Communications Media by John Watkinson
* The MPEG Handbook, Second Edition by John Watkinson
# Television broadcasting in New Zealand
## History

* 1973 - The introduction of colour television in New Zealand
* 1989 - New Zealand on Air is created.
* 1990 -
** TV3 was introduced and was almost immediately put into liquidation due to TV2 having the rights to the Commonwealth Games at the time.
** Sky TV, the first pay TV model is introduced into New Zealand
* 1991 - In 12 months, TV3 announced losses of $48 million NZD; double the forecast lost.
* 2003 - The TVNZ Charter was introduced.
* 2005 - MySky is introduced.
* 2006 - Freeview, a digital free-to-air platform is introduced and backed by the Government.
* 2007 -
** TVNZ introduces TVNZ on demand.
** TVNZ6 is created. Advertising free.

## 2003 TVNZ Charter

On March 1, 2003, TVNZ introduced a Charter that applies to all parts of TVNZ free-to-air broadcasting operations
The Charter promised -
* feature programming across all genres that informs, entertains and educates New Zealand audiences
* strive always to set and maintain the highest standards of programme quality and editorial integrity
* provide shared experiences that contribute to a sense of citizenship & national identity
* ensure in its programmes and programme planning the participation of Maori & the presence of a significant Maori voice
* programmes that cater for varied interests and age groups not generally catered for by other national television broadcasters
* provide programmes of general appeal and for smaller audiences
* extend range of experiences and ideas available to New Zealander's
* play leading role in standards of quality programming
* play leading role in meeting codes of broadcasting practice
* support & promote the talents & creative resources of New Zealanders and of the independent film and TV industry.
* ↑ http://images.tvnz.co.nz/tvnz/pdf/tvnz_charter.pdf
# Television Engineering/Aspects

Television engineering involves skills borrowed from other disciplines, namely electrical / electronic and computer engineering. Siting a (hypothetical) case study where a television facility is being planned for construction involves the collaboration of several disciplines including the architecture, (who usually maintains oversight of all the relevant trades), the facility owners and their representatives, (typically the chief engineer, production managers, directors, and other technical persons).
There is also a business side to television engineering as with most engineering disciplines. That is usually the requirement to maximize the stakeholders or owners capital investment pursuant to the production and delivery of television content. Television facilities invest heavily in purpose-built systems to facilitate the end product. As such, your goal as an engineer is to extract the maximum amount to performance possible out of the system while also maintaining the system when things go wrong - or preferably before things go wrong.
# Towards a better India/Introduction
## India - Towards a better India

India is a land of paradoxes and extremes. A country with the hottest of lands (around 50C in Rajasthan) and coldest of mountains (around -50C in Dras, Kashmir), the highest and lowest of terrain, the driest and wettest of surfaces, the richest and poorest of people, a nation with a hyper techno-savvy upper middle class co-existing with world's largest illiterate group. The nation has every mix of races (Negroids, Caucasian and Mongoloid strains) and every religion (has the highest Hindu population, second highest Muslim population, one of the top 10 highest populations for Christianity and Buddhism, besides being birth for Sikhism, Jainism, one of the first acceptors of Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity and Baha'i).
Irrespective of the good public opinion generated by its savvy graduates both in India and overseas (particularly in US & Singapore) there are mountains of problems underneath. Though the change in world opinion towards India, in the last 10 years, was good to a great extent, it has the real danger of masking the great realities of India. Let us have a small snapshot of them.
* India is the home to the world's highest number of illiterates (430 million, in 2000)
* 6 children out of 100 die before they reach the age of 1 (2003, stats)
* World's second highest AIDS population - 5.3 million (2003)
* World's highest concentration of Polio, Tuberculosis and Typhoid
# Towards a better India

This learning resource analyzes core problems that India faces and looks for solutions. Though mainly focused on India, the intent is to find feasible solutions for Third World countries by using India as a model.

## Contents

* Introduction
* Past and Present
* Objectives of a Modern India
* Major Problems
* Possible Solutions
* Our Future
* Further Reading

## Participants

* Balajiviswanathan
* Goldenburg111
# Towards a better India/Major Problems/Gangs

Crime is our enemy and as one problem leads to another crime is also followed by one or another problem.
# Towards a better India/Major Problems/Corruption

India suffers from corruption at all levels. To get your work done, you have to offer bribe or else you will have to wait for a few months for even small things like getting a power connection for a newly constructed home. This hampers the efficiency with which things are done.
corruption had spread like a cancer in India,people are giving money mainly for the work to be done in a faster rate. corruption had spread from east to west and north to south.corruption rate has been increasing in these decades at a rapid rate
The root cause of corruption is the Nehruvian economic setup of the country and the civil services. Through the economic structure is changing, Civil services are still the same. A recent study by reputed Hong Kong based institute, found the Indian Civil Services as most corrupt in Asia. Among all Civil Services, IRS (Indian Revenue Services) is the most corrupt. There is an estimate that if IRS is abolished, the GDP growth will be increased by 2% automatically.
# Towards a better India/Major Problems

The major problems that India faces are:
* Corruption
* Poverty
* Hunger
* Crime
* Pollution
* Communalism
* Illiteracy
* Population Explosion
* Rural undevelopment
* Terrorism
* Crime against Women
* Water Scarcity
* Unemployment
* Brain Drain
# Towards a better India/Major Problems/Brain Drain

Brain Drain is one of the big problem india facing since last few years. Most of the educated and highly qualified indians like to work in developed countries. 38% of doctors in US are indians. 36% of NASA scientists are indians. 28% IBM employees are indians. 34% Microsoft employees are indians.
These data shows that india facing very big problem of highly quailified brain drains to developed countries.
# Towards a better India/Major Problems/Communalism

We can categorise the communalism into two
* Majority communalism
* Minority communalism
* Majority communalism is not a threat to india as Majority of indians are not communal -simple reason being that, they never voted to forces with communal background to power.
* Minority communalism is definitely a threat to India, examples being Kashmir,North east states & other parts of the country. As minorities are good vote banks for politicians, politicians are ready to do anything from allowing illegal immigrant to get their names added into voterlist to getting the legal documents of stay.
# TAO/Handbook

For expanding the list click "show".
You can also download a “ready for printing” version of the handbook, it always represents the current state of the work done on these pages.
Choose your Entry Point
| For staff members in a managing or co-ordinating function | For teachers, instructors, moderators, facilitators | For people who would like to support the community | You don't fall in one of those categories? Tell us about yourself |
# TAO/E-Learning environments
## E-Learning environments

E-Learning environments pool different E-Learning technologies and processes in one system. They could also called Virtual Learning Environments, Learning Management Systems or Course Management Systems. In contrast to real-time communication (see prev. chapters) in this more generalized class of systems there may also be asynchronous tools and methods, like wikis, course material, automated assessment systems, etc.

## Moodle

Moodle is a open source application which can used to create effective online learning sites for online collaboration.

## ILIAS

ILIAS is also a open sourcesoftware for web-based teaching and e-learning. It is a multi-purpose tool that can be used as a flexible course player, as an authoring tool, but also as a communication and collaboration platform.
# TAO/Facebook Activities
## Introduction

Social networks experienced a huge growth in use for the last few years. Nowadays 42% of the internet users participate in a social network or any other online community. However the vast majority of them is 30 or younger. But there is an awakening interest from the older internet users in contributing and participating in these social networks. A problem coming up is the change of the appearance of the communities happening quite often, which is a problem both for the older users that have to adapt to the new surface and for the people creating learning material that has to be up to date.
ZAWiW at Ulm University has implemented courses introducing older adults to Facebook, and developed introductory materials together with a group of older adults. This article contains information and links from this cooperation.

## Recommendations

* Many older adults are skeptical about Facebook. Take their doubts seriously and be sure to provide detailed information on data protection.
* Discuss the pros and cons together with the older adults. Explore how Facebook might - or might not - be useful for their purposes.
You'll find detailed information in the (German) Facebook guidelines elaborated by the group of seniors at ZAWiW.

## Used Methods

Following methods have been tested:
* Online courses for interested persons, showing the different uses and problems related to social networks.
* Training seminars for seniors interested in teaching others. The experience made during the seminars will be shared by them afterwards.
* Information on Facebook and Google+ will be provided on different communities and networks like "Senior-Internet-Initiativen Baden-Württemberg" (Sii BW) and "Virtuelles und Reales Lern- und Kompetenznetzwerk älterer Erwachsener" (ViLE).

## Partners
### ZAWiW

* Sii BW
* ViLE
* "Digitale Chancen"

## Links

* What is an Online Community
* Older Adults and Online Communities
# TAO/Handbook/(N)Onliner & Offliner
## Onliner

A person who uses the Internet.

## Offliner

A person who uses a computer that is not connected to the Internet.

## Nonliner

A person who very rarely, or never, uses the Internet, mostly because they do not have access to it or the possibility to have access to it. With the countries involved in TAO, there is a small chance that a persons is actually not having any possibility to have access to the Internet, with the exception of some very remote locations with no connection possibilities. Therefore, most of the people who do not have access to the Internet will be considered as offliners.

## Links
### Other Handbook chapters on this topic:

Target Groups
TAO Survey Among Elderly - Wave 1
Older Adults and Online Communities
Usability
# TAO/Drafts

* Definition =
* Recommendation =
* External link =
* Reference =
# The Web Economy/19
## TCO Pyramid

This is a lesson part of the module The Web Economy out of the Open Source ERP/Executive Diploma course conducted by a private university.

## Topics

* Total Cost of Ownership or TCO is the burning term used by practitioners to judge the real cost of using a software that includes warranty, support, training and hardware.
* TCO are different from the Operating System level to the Business Application level. Desktop setup displacement cost saves a user only 3,000 unit price as compared to an ERP that costs about 300,000 unit price.
* Implementation and Customisation as well as maintenance and support are the areas where Open Source is most crucial and attractive for vendors to sell such services.
* TCO is only relevant if there is ROI (Return of Investment) involved. In the long term the TCO may skewed if there are indirect but important benefits such as a more independent and self reliant workforce.
* The author (Red1) has created the TCO Pyramid illustrated here to demonstrate the high worth of focusing on the upper layers of services such as Implementation and Maintenance of Business Applications rather than providing for displacing lower layers such as the Operating Systems or Database even. Lower rungs are relatively much lower in TCO compared to the higher ones.
* Thus having Linux or PostgreSQL may not save as much (or even cost more in terms of TCO) as having ADempiere ERP running on Oracle and Microsoft Server. This is even more compounded if the company is running SAP on Linux and SAP-DB (open source by SAP) as compared to the later scenario.

### Assignment Tasks

* Find out the TCO of using free operating system compared to using free ERP. Based the finding on a simulated live case with actual figures.

### Activities

* Publish your works in an attractive manner in your user page, stating your own views and findings providing links to your sources. Use the talk page here to score marks.
* Create or edit sub-pages of course materials within wikiversity.
* Discuss in the forum (link shall be provided) by offering your ideas and answering or comment on others' postings.
# The Web Economy/16
## Social Engineering

This is a lesson part of the module The Web Economy out of the Open Source ERP/Executive Diploma course conducted by a private university.

## Topics

* Social engineering is the art of getting information in a sociably likable manner. Famous hackers have used it for bad reasons. But we need it for good ones.
* It requires basic netiquette in asking questions and some time invested in socialising around, helping in small ways until others acknowledge you.
* You can show a strong but natural identity that spurs others interests such as about your country and values that are welcoming to other cultures.
* One secret is to be yourself and not be too shy in making friends.
* You can use common phrases such as "Hello, I am from ..." and "IMHO - in my humble opinion" or "This are my 2 cents" when commenting on a topic.
* Humility and friendliness and willingness to help can make you popular and draw people to help you back.

### Assignment Tasks

* Here is a case reference of how some conversation can catch flames. Study it and discuss your thoughts and conclusions.
* Try to socialise through the IRC chatroom, others blogs of the same site you suscribed to, and forums.
* Post something authentic and nice in other talk pages.
* Get friends to commend you back in your talk pages.
* What is the international language used in the Internet? What has the trend been and will be?

### Activities

* Publish your works in an attractive manner in your user page, stating your own views and findings providing links to your sources. Use the talk page here to score marks.
* Create or edit sub-pages of course materials within wikiversity.
* Discuss in the forum (link shall be provided) by offering your ideas and answering or comment on others' postings.
# The Web Economy/18
## Cost of Gaps

This is a lesson part of the module The Web Economy out of the Open Source ERP/Executive Diploma course conducted by a private university.

## Topics

* There are many gaps between the software and real user experience that requires big picture analysis.
* Each item of change to a new experience is a cost. Change itself has a cost, such as training and conditioning the users.
* There is also a collective cost of getting a critical mass of users to like something and use it often enough to support an eco-system.

## Cost Of Software

* A software design is very different from building a bridge. Its price cannot be fixed.
* It also has its own anti-patterns and require strict scoping control.

### Assignment Tasks

* Research and identify the type of costs needed to use Open Source software.
* Outline the remedy measures in real costing terms.
* Suggest a plan to change an organisation from using proprietary software to Open Source software.

### Activities

* Publish your works in an attractive manner in your user page, stating your own views and findings providing links to your sources. Use the talk page here to score marks.
* Create or edit sub-pages of course materials within wikiversity.
* Discuss in the forum (link shall be provided) by offering your ideas and answering or comment on others' postings.