OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Architecture/Reading group

Welcome to the reading group of Wikiversity's School of Architecture. Here we will discuss and reflect on different readings and books.

## History group
### Session 1

This first session we will be an introduction to the subject. We begin by reading three texts which introduce the subject, and then a text about Vitruvius' theory. (You will do these readings as homework.) Then we'll begin discussing and writing a collaborative document on the purpose of architectural history and theory.
For this session we will be reading the following material:
* An Outline of European Architecture by Nikolaus Pevsner, 2009. (Introduction)
* The Rise of Architectural History by David Watkin, 1983. (Preface)
* A History of Architectural Theory from Vitruvius to Present by Hanno-Walter Kruft, 1994. (p. 13-29)
After reading, answer the following questions in your notebook:
* How does Pevsner define architecture and its history? And what about Watkin? Explain why you agree or disagree with their views respectively. Make sure to provide examples to support your argument.
* What is architectural history? And what is its role/purpose in the architect's education?
* How does Kruft define architectural theory? Write a paragraph explaining why you agree or disagree.
* What is the difference between architectural theory and criticism? And what is it's role in the architect's education?
* Why do we write, observe and read about architecture as students of architecture? Why do architects draw historical buildings, and why do they read and/or write about architectural theory (and history)?
# Architecture/Bibliography
## Master books

This is a list of very important books that everyone interested in learning architecture should know. They are usually part of architecture courses in the whole world.
* Lessons for Students in Architecture, by Herman Hertzberger - Hertzberger is a world-famous dutch architecture teacher, and this book, full of techniques and methods for making architecture projects, is considered a must-read by many architecture schools, if not all of them. Hertzberger is considered a master at studying the function of architecture in an urban environment.
* Architecture: Form, Space, & Order, by Francis D. K. Ching - is another bible for architects, it explains a lot of formal rules, order and mechanisms used when doing architecture, and the interaction between formal rules and function in architecture.
* Towards a new architecture, by Le Corbusier - This is a manifest that Le Corbusier, one of the fathers of the Modernism wrote. It is a key to understand our post-modernism current time, and what modernism changed in the paradigms used by architects.
* The art of projecting architecture by Ernst Neufert - A very practical book about designing with human proportions in mind, full of examples and precise measurements.

## Advanced books

This is a list of more secific books that usually are considered important as someone advances on the path of architecture.
* The image of the city, by Kevin Lynch - A reference in analyzing the city and what makes distinctive points "urban marks" for its inhabitants
* Learning from Las Vegas, by Robert Venturi- This is a very important book about how architecture can cope, deviate or stand out against rules and classical orthodoxy.
* Urbanisme, utopie et réalités, by Francoise Choay
* The death and life of great american cities, by Jane Jacobs

## Architecture magazines

This is a collection of world-recognized architecture publications.
* El Croquis (Spain) - http://www.elcroquis.es/
* Architectural Record (USA) - http://archrecord.construction.com/
* Architectural Review (UK) - http://www.arplus.com/home.htm
* L'Architecture aujourd'hui (France) - http://www.jeanmichelplace.com/fr/revues/fiche.cfm?ProduitCode=13
* Techniques et Architecture (France) - http://www.techniquesarchitecture.com/
* Architecture Week (USA) - http://www.architectureweek.com/ - This one can be read online freely
* GA Houses (Japan) - http://www.ga-ada.co.jp/english/ga_houses
* GA Document (Japan) - http://www.ga-ada.co.jp/english/ga_document/
* A+U (Japan) - http://www.japan-architect.co.jp/english/1all/top_frame.html
* L'Arca (Italy) - http://www.arcaedizioni.it/web_pages_IT/main/index.htm
* Detail (Germany) - http://www.detail.de/thema_architecture-magazine-construction_57_En.htm
* 2G (Spain) - http://www.ggili.com/2G.cfm?IDIDIOMA=EN
* Arquitectura viva (Spain) - http://www.arquitecturaviva.com/avProyectos/Default.asp
* A10 (Netherlands) - http://www.a10.eu/
More in this Wikipedia article
# Archive of Simulations and Games/Annotated Bibliography

All users are encouraged to add annotations on the discussion board.

## Material
### Bibliographies

International Political Education Database (IPED): https://sites.google.com/site/psatlg/Home/resources/journal-articles

### Games and Gaming

Journal: Simulations and Gaming: http://sag.sagepub.com/

### Educational Uses of Games

http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/B009TU5INQ/ref=sib_dp_kd#reader-link by Ron Stadsklev is the bible on using simulation games in an educational setting. Now available as an ebook.
* Games and Simulations by Nathan Balasubramanian and Brent G. Wilson

### Learning Resource Databases

International Political Education Database (IPED): https://sites.google.com/site/psatlg/Home/resources/journal-articles
# Architecture

Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings, urban spaces, interior design and all open or closed spaces.
Architecture is both the process and product of planning, designing and constructing space that reflects functional, social, and aesthetic considerations. It requires the manipulation and coordination of material, technology, light, and shadow. Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing designed spaces, such as project planning,structural design, cost estimating and construction administration. A wider definition may comprise all design activity from the macro-level (urban design, landscape architecture) to the micro-level (construction details and furniture). In fact, architecture today may refer to the activity of designing any kind of system and is often used in the IT world.
Architectural works are often perceived as cultural and political symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
In other words, architecture is a profession basically aimed at harmonizing human, environment and nature. Globally, architecture is a central component of development, in terms of the built environment.

## Discussion questions and essay ideas

* Can buildings look beautiful and also generate energy and power?

## Readings
### External

* Buildings as power stations work: They generate more energy than they consume, data shows
# Energy, Society, and the Environment/Wind Energy in Canada's Arctic
## Useful Formulas for Wind Power

Maximum power output of a wind turbine (P$_{max}$):
P$_{max}$ = ${\frac {pV^{3}}{4}}$ watts per m$^2$ of swept area
p = air density, kg/m$^3$ (Air density varies based on pressure and temperature, both of which vary depending on elevation, so it needs to be adjusted to the site location.)
V = velocity of the air, m/s (Wind velocity will also need to be adjusted to the site location.)
Rotor swept area of a horizontal axis turbine:
$A={\frac {{\text{π}}D^{2}}{4}}$
D = rotor diameter
Approximate land area required for a single onshore wind turbine:
$A=(4.375D)^{2}$
D = rotor diameter

## Potential Obstacles

ICE BUILDUP:
Although there is more wind available in northern climates, due to air density, they also provide their own challenges. One of these challenges is ice buildup on the wind turbines. Ice accumulation can cause multiple issues such as: errors measuring the wind speeds, loss of power, overproduction, mechanical/electrical failures, and safety issues. When choosing a site for a wind farm the icing conditions need to be measured and/or calculated in order to design an appropriate facility. The design must incorporate a way to prevent ice buildup or remove the ice enough to mitigate the unwanted effects.
For those purposes there are two different strategies:
1. Anti-icing to prevent the ice from forming.
2. De-icing to remove the ice when it has formed.
* 1 2 Patel, Mukund R. (1999). Wind and solar power systems. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-1605-7. OCLC 40174790. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40174790.
* ↑ Jacobson, Mark Z.; Delucchi, Mark A.; Bauer, Zack A. F.; Goodman, Savannah C.; Chapman, William E.; Cameron, Mary A.; Bozonnat, Cedric; Chobadi, Liat et al. (2017-09-06). "100% Clean and Renewable Wind, Water, and Sunlight All-Sector Energy Roadmaps for 139 Countries of the World". Joule 1 (1): 108–121. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2017.07.005. ISSN 2542-4785. https://www.cell.com/joule/abstract/S2542-4351(17)30012-0.
* ↑ "Anti-icing and de-icing techniques for wind turbines: Critical review". Cold Regions Science and Technology 65 (1): 88–96. 2011-01-01. doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2010.01.005. ISSN 0165-232X. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165232X10000108.
# Energy, Society, and the Environment/Hydrogen

* All energy must come from sustainably managed renewable sources.
* Energy must be distributed and used with highest efficiency.
To make the first point satisfied we can use solar, thermal, wind and other sustainable from as our primary source to produce energy. And to satisfy the second option there are many alternative like, synthetic gasoline, synthetic natural gas (methane), methanol, ethanol and hydrogen, But The fuel of choice must satisfy the following conditions
* It must be convenient fuel for transportation.
* It must be versatile or convert with ease to other energy forms at the user end.
* It must have high utilization efficiency.
* It must be safe to use.
* ↑ Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells A vision of our future https://www.fch.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/hlg_vision_report_en.pdf
* ↑ On the Way to a Sustainable Energy Future Dr. Ulf Bossel European Fuel Cell Forum Morgenacherstrasse 2FCH-5452 Oberrohrdorf Switzerland https://www.uvic.ca/research/centres/globalstudies/assets/docs/publications/UBossel.pdf
* ↑ 21ST CENTURY'S ENERGY: HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEM T. Nejat Veziroğlu Director, Clean Energy Research Institute, University of Miami President, International Association for Hydrogen Energy https://www.jicable.org/wets03/pdf/wets03-1-10.pdf
# Energy, Society, and the Environment/Politics of Switching to Renewables

It is widely believed that a switch to renewable energy is a largely political issue. There are many factors that come into play when discussing the politics of this switch.

### Replacing the current system

The current system is dominated by years of regulations that favor the current system, such as:
* Regulations favoring "centralized electricity infrastructures", which don't allow localized communities to switch to renewables on their own.
* The preference for a quick, high return on investment associated with fossil fuels
* Fossil fuel industry's political power (lobbying, etc.)
The authors of a research article advocate for "energy democracy", which is a just transition from fossil fuels to renewables. It emphasizes a fast transition with more emphasis on empowering marginalized communities as they are considered to be in better positions to switch.

### Decarbonized society desired by both sides of the political spectrum

Another research article involving over 2400 participants found that in the U.S., both liberals and conservatives desire a decarbonized energy future by 2050. In the analysis, people who identified as "liberal", "moderate", or "conservative" were asked to plot what they thought the current energy mix consisted of, and then asked to plot what they would like the energy mix to consist of by 2050. Every fossil fuel had a declining trend for all political views, which is an encouraging sign that we are all united in our goal to decarbonize our society.
* 1 2 3 "Political power and renewable energy futures: A critical review". Energy Research & Social Science 35: 78–93. 2018-01-01. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2017.10.018. ISSN 2214-6296. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629617303468.
* ↑ Miniard, Deidra; Kantenbacher, Joseph; Attari, Shahzeen Z. (2020-03-31). "Shared vision for a decarbonized future energy system in the United States". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117 (13): 7108–7114. doi:10.1073/pnas.1920558117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 32179682. https://www.pnas.org/content/117/13/7108.
# Energy (GCSE Physics)

Many know what it means for something to have lots of energy. Consider which has the most energy between:
A Bugatti Chiron at top speed or A Fiat Punto at top speed
A cup of cold water or A cup of boiling water
One way to describe energy is in terms of different types of energy store

## Energy stores
#### Kinetic energy

If an object is moving at some speed, it has some kinetic energy. The amount of kinetic energy an object has depends on two things: the object's mass (m), and the objects velocity (v). There is an equation that is used to calculate the amount of kinetic energy an object has in Joules (J).
$E_{k}={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}$
Where E$_k$ is Kinetic energy in Joules (J)
m is mass in kilograms (kg)
v is velocity in metres per second (m/s)

#### Chemical energy
### Quick Questions

* What is the equation used to calculate kinetic energy? (It links kinetic energy, mass, and velocity)
* Which energy store describes the energy stored in food, fuel, and batteries?
Answers :
| | Answer |
| 1 | $E_{k}={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}$ |
| 2 | Chemical |

### Longer Questions

* Describe the energy transfers that occur in the action of boiling a kettle, lifting the kettle to pour, then placing the kettle back down.
Answers :
| | Answer |
| 1 | Chemical energy is transferred to the house via electric current That energy is transferred to thermal energy in the heating element The thermal energy of the heating element is transferred to the thermal energy of the water When the kettle is lifted, work is done to increase the kettle's gravitational potential energy When pouring, the gravitational potential energy of the water is transferred to kinetic energy When the kettle is placed back down, its gravitational potential energy decreases |
# Energy Conversion Physics

This page will cover the basic physics of energy conversion covering a fairly wide scale of phenomena and devices.

## Electrical Conversion
### Electric Generation

=Electric Motor

### Photoelectrical Effect

The photoelectric effect was actually discovered by Einstein and it is for which he won the Nobel Prize in physics in 1921.

#### Solar Photovoltaics
### Piezoelectric Effect

In the piezoelectric effect when stress is applied to a material it results in a build up of charge. The effect is reversible. This is the basis for the functioning of microphones as they convert the pressure waves of sound waves into pulse of charge which are detected by a receiver and amplified.

#### Piezo Electric Crystals
### Thermoelectric Effect

The thermoelectric effect also known as the Seebeck or Peltier effect is the phonemena whereby when two different types of metals are joined together and one end is held at a higher temperature and the other at a lower, will result in a voltage differential and when linked up in a circuit will produce some current flow.

## Thermal Chemical Energy Conversion
### Oxidation or Burning

This covers all the known fuels such as oils and gases.

### See Also

* Energy Engineering
* Renewable_energy_systems
* Solar Energy
* Wind Energy
* Thermal energy
# Educational leadership

There is a difference between the technical term of educational leadership which is the one that refers to a position or a decision making role, like a principal, a superintendent etc. and the charismatic kind of leadership which refers to persons who can connect with their students, inspire and motivate them to follow them. Talking in terms of teaching the educational leader has the ability to make students follow their classes because of their charisma and their enthusiasm.
Educational Leadership takes a variety of elements, only one of which is personal charisma.
One needs a general vision for the institution with a clear vision of how it fits in the wider community. This requires a perception of what people need (perhaps before they do themselves), and a coherent strategy to meet those needs.
One also needs technical competence, at least some managerial and administrative ability, and a range of interpersonal skills, especially those relating to influencing others.
In the classroom as a teacher, your leadership doesn't depend on disciplines and a system of rewards and punishments. We call this "Organic Influence."
To improve your educational leadership, consider the following:
* Trust yourself; some level of self-confidence is essential.
* Experiment with your own teaching method
* Keep the good will of staff and students
* Look for the bigger picture and the mid to long-term future.
* Look to see whether anyone is following you. If they aren't, you're probably not leading anyone.
* In a debate, either take the lead with a unique contribution or keep quiet. Being one voice in a herd of sheep is not leadership.
# Educational Technology/Open Educational Resources

Open educational resources (OER) are freely accessible, openly licensed documents and media that are useful for teaching, learning, educational, assessment and research purposes.

## Pros

* Open educational resources provide free courses, textbooks, modules, lessons, collections, etc. that are available for commercial and sometimes only non-commercial use.

## Cons

* Relevant content may be difficult to locate.
* Quality varies depending on the source.
* Content may or may not be peer reviewed.

## Examples

* MERLOT
* Wikibooks
* Wikimedia Commons
* Wikiversity

## See Also

* Open Educational Resources
* Wikipedia: Open educational resources
# Educational Technology/Social Networking

Social networking services are platforms to build relationships among people who, share interests, activities, backgrounds or real-life connections.

## Pros

* Provides a social presence and opportunity for engagement based on the Community of Inquiry learning model.

## Cons

* According to Pew Research, only Facebook is used by a majority of adult learners. Other social networking services have less than 25% penetration among this audience.
* Many adult learners are uncomfortable mixing their work, personal, and educational social networks.

## Examples
#### Social Networking

* Blogger
* Facebook
* Google+
* LinkedIn
* Instagram
* Pinterest
* Tumblr
* Twitter

#### Social Bookmarking

* Delicious
* Diigo

## See Also

* Wikipedia: Social networking service
* Wikipedia: Social bookmarking
# Educational Technology/Synchronous Learning

Synchronous learning is a learning environment in which everyone takes part at the same time. Options include shared audio, video, and desktop or application sharing.

## Pros

* Synchronous learning allows students to ask questions and receive feedback in real time.
* Many synchronous meeting tools are now free for small groups of users.

## Cons

* Synchronous learning requires everyone who participates to be available at the same time.
* Synchronous meeting may take more time collectively than asynchronous alternatives.

## Examples

* Adobe Connect
* Blackboard Collaborate
* Google Hangouts
* Skype
* WebEx

## See Also

* Wikipedia: Synchronous learning
* Wikipedia: Comparison of web conferencing software
# Educational Technology: Links for Mastering New Technologies
## Wikiversity Lesson Plan Links:

Collaborative Tools: Using MindMeister for Student Collaboration
Visual Thinking Strategies

## Technology Links:

Wikipedia
MindMeister An online collaborative mapping tool.
eBlogger A free online journal.
RubiStar Create rubrics for your project-based learning activities.
YouTube A video sharing website.
Make Beliefs Comix Create your very own comic strip, choosing from a variety of characters, background colors and dialogue boxes.

## References:

Dewey, J. (1902). The child and the curriculum. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Merryfield, M. (2003). Like a veil: Cross-cultural experiential learning online. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 3(2), 146-171.
Shirky, C. (2009). How social media can make history [TED talk]. Retrieved from http://www.ted.com/talks/clay_shirky_how_cellphones_twitter_facebook_can_make_history.html
# Educational psychology

Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. Although the terms "educational psychology" and "school psychology" are often used interchangeably, researchers and theorists are likely to be identified as educational psychologists, whereas practitioners in schools or school-related settings are identified as school psychologists. Educational psychology is concerned with the processes of educational attainment among the general population and sub-populations such as gifted children and those subject to specific disabilities.
Educational psychology can in part be understood through its relationship with other disciplines. It is informed primarily by psychology, bearing a relationship to that discipline analogous to the relationship between medicine and biology and also between Engineering and Physics. Educational psychology in turn informs a wide range of specialities within educational studies, including instructional design, educational technology, curriculum development, organizational learning, special education and classroom management. Educational psychology both draws from and contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences.

## See Also

* Wikibooks: Contemporary Educational Psychology
* University of Manitoba: Educational Psychology
* Global Textbook Project: Educational Psychology