OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Power Generation/Introduction/Intro 3

The following table shows a comparison of the five most prominent sources of energy and how they measure up against each other.
Table 3:Energy sources :
| Particulars | solar power | Wind power | Hydro power | Fuel power | Nuclear power |
| Initial cost | High | High | High | Lowest | Highest |
| Running cost | High | High | Low | Highest | Least |
| Reserves | Day time only | permanent | permanent | limited | abundant |
| Cleanliness | High | High | Highest | Lowest | Low |
| Simplicity | complex | complex | simplest | complex | Most complex |
| Reliability | Low | Low | Highest | Low | High |
It must be noted that besides the above energy sources there are some other less used energy sources as follows:
* Geothermal energy
* Tidal energy
* Wave energy
# Power Generation/Nuclear Power/Intro

Review: Lesson 4
The previous Lesson was about Diesel Power station. The student/User is expected to remember the following from the lesson 4.
* Basics:
* Arrangements:
* Advantages & Disadvantages:
Definition components that make up a Diesel power station. How this station measures up
Preview: Lesson 5
This Lesson is about Nuclear Power station. The student/User is expected to understand the following at the end of the lesson.
* Basics:
* Arrangements:
* Advantages & Disadvantages:
Definition components that make up a Nuclear power station. How this station measures up
# Power Generation/Introduction/Intro 1

Electric Energy:
Joule: (J, SI unit of energy)
Calorie: (cal, SI unit of heat)
Kilocalorie (kcal):
Fuel:
Calorific value of fuels:
These definitions are important as they will be used from time to time in this course. The student is encouraged to commit these to memory.
# Power Generation/Introduction/Intro 5

Electrical energy is the most used form of energy everywhere. As seen in part 3, electrical energy is a result of conversion from other forms of energy that are abundant in nature. Those other forms of energy are usually generated and utilised at will.
Unfortunately, bulk storage of electrical energy for a long duration is not possible yet. This is the fundamental problem in electrical energy generation.
   Electrical energy must be generated and transmitted to the point of consumption at the instant of demand.
this instant is usually less than a second.
# Power Generation/Introduction/Intro 6

Electric power generating stations are used to provide bulk electric power economically. To achieve this goal careful consideration must be given to the following points when designing a power station:
   * Selection and placement of power generating equipment for maximum return from minimal expenditure for the working life of the station.
   * The plant designed must provide cheap; reliable and continous service.
When the above objectives are achieved by a power station design, good and reliable service can be guaranteed to the consumers by the utility company involved. ll
# Power Generation/Introduction/Intro

Electrical power at work can be seen everywhere you go. In your home, office, entertainment areas and so forth. How is electrical power generated?
This is the first of 8 lectures that will discuss how power stations are used to generate electrical power. After this brief introduction, we look at the 5 (five) different kinds of electric power generating stations.

### Lesson Preview

This lesson is an Introduction to electrical power generation. By the end of this lesson, the student is expected to be comfortable with the following:
* Definition of electric energy
* Definition of Calorie
* Energy relationships
* Calorific values
* Different sources of energy
* Electrical energy generation arrangement
* Basic power station design considerations
# Power Generation/Introduction/Intro 4

For electrical energy to be succesfully generated we need an efficient arrangement of the following parts or system.
1. Prime mover:
2. Alternator:
These working together in a closed system are called prime mover - alternator combination.
# Power Generation/Introduction/Intro 2

Energy is defined as the ability to do work. We can simplify the forms in which we encounter energy in our daily life into three forms as follows:
1 Mechanical energy (Measured in N.m → Newton-meter = Joule):
2 Thermal energy (Measured in Cal or KCal → Calorie or Kilocalorie):
3 Electrical energy (Measured in Watt.sec → Watt-second):
All the above forms of energy are interchangable since they can be used to do work and thus can be expressed using the same unit of measurement. The Joule!. The following table summarizes the relationship among energy units
Table 1:relationship among energy units :
| Energy form Comparison | Unit | Calorie equivelence | Joule equivelence |
| Heat→Mech | . | 1 calorie | 4.18 Joules |
| Heat→Mech | 1 C.H.U | 453.6 calories | 1896 Joules |
| Heat→Mech | 1 B.TH.U | 252 calorie | 1053 Joules |
| Elec→Mech | 1 Watt.sec | 0.24 calories | 1 Joule |
| Elec→Mech | 1 Kwh | 860 KCal | $3.6\times 10^{6}$ Joules |

## Calorific value of fuels

The following list of external sites shows a comparison of various types of common fuels and their calorific value:
* Calorific values at wikipedia
* Calorific values at kaye & labby

## Comparison of Solid fuels v/s Liquid fuels

Table 2: Comparison between Solid fuels and Liquid fuels :
| Solid Fuels | Liquid Fuels |
| Cheap | Expensive |
| Minimal odours | unpleasant odours |
| Requires simple burners | requires sophisticated burners |
| No climate constraints | Cold climates need regulation |
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses/Quantum Mechanics

Topics
Quantum Mechanics - Particles and Waves
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses/Statics

Topics
Force Equilibrium
Truss Bridge
# The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bajirao Ghat

Detailed description of each heritage Site - Mir Ghat to Bajirao Ghat
Bajirao Ghat

### Location

25º 18.513’ North and 83º 00.611’ East (Bajirao Ghat, north part).

##### Exact location on a map

Bajirao Ghat, near Manikarnika.

#### Area

0.03 ha

### Historical/cultural/natural significance

Bajirao Peshva built this ghat and a palace nearby in ca 1735, that is how it is called after him. Havell (1905: p. 138) described this: “Before the basement had been raised many feet, the tremendous weight of the massive masonry caused a landslip, which made the whole fabric topple over, so that the work had to be abandoned. The unfinished façade and the ghat steps still remain…”. In fact, the entire structure sunk several metres into the each since its erection (Sherring, 1868: p. 72). Later in 1830 queen Baijabai of Gwalior get it repaired and rebuilt; she had also built the colonnade around the Jananavapi well. Close to the bank on stable ground a temple of Dattatreyeshvara is also built by Bajirao Peshva. By the existence of this temple, this portion of the ghat is also called Dattatreya Ghat. Presently this ghat is assumed to be part of the Scindhia Ghat.

### Present state of conservation

Except by the nearby rest houses directly taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The guest house trusts maintain their properties according to their own perspectives without specific plans. The opening of new guest houses and conversion of old houses into hotels are the greatest thereat to the strategy of heritage preservation.

### Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property

It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

### Ownership

The rest house related properties along the ghat are owned by the respective trusts; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.
# The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Bhonshala Ghats

Detailed description of each heritage Site - Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat
Bhonshala Ghat

### Location

25º 18.822’ North and 83º 00.921’ East (Nageshvara Temple). 25º 18.811’ North and 83º 00.924’ East (Lakshminarayana Temple).

##### Exact location on a map

Bhonshala Ghat, Nageshvara

#### Area

0.022ha (Bhonshala temple compound)

### Historical/cultural/natural significance

The ancient name of the Bhonshala ghat was Nageshvara, which was referred into the Girvanana-padamanjari, a 17th century text. The temple of Nageshvara is in the closed vicinity (house No. CK 1/ 21); Nageshvara is one among the twelve Jyotira lingas distributed all over India. In ca 1780 Maratha king ‘Bhonshala’ of Nagpur made this ghat, and later in 1795 he made the steps of stone slabs. After his name the ghat is named as Bhonshala Ghat. The ghat is mapped on the Prinsep’s map of Banaras. In 1965 the government of Uttar Pradesh has repaired and re-built the ghat area. In the late 18th century, a temple was built inside the compound of the Bhonshala palace (CK 1/ 13), called Lakshminarayana. Later in early 19th century a temple called Raghurajeshvara (Shiva), was added in the compound. These were built by Indirabai and Gangadhar Rao of Pune. Both of these temples contain predominantly images Lakshmi and Narayana, followed by images of Shiva. The architectural style of both the temples is the very similar. On the upper part of the spire on both the temples are miniatures of ascetics and mendicants. The Uma-Maheshvara and Shiva with his drum and snake are among the pertinent images on the wall of Lakshmonarayana temple. At many places the image of snake has been engraved in a distinct way. This reflect to the tradition of snake worshipping in Varanasi in the past and also the existence of Nageshvara, one of the forms of Shiva as the lord of the snakes. While on the wall of Raghurajeshvara different forms of Vishnu are notable.

### Present state of conservation

Except by the Nagpur Estate temple trust and the local public organisations, those work on their own ways, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats.

### Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property

It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

### Ownership

The palace and temple are owned by the Nagpur Estate Temple Trust; the ghat area by the Municipal Corporation.
# The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat

Detailed description of each heritage Site - Scindhia Ghat to Pancaganga Ghat
Aurangazeb Mosque at Pancaganga Ghat

### Location

25º 18.909’ North and 83º 01.074’ East (Aurangazeb Mosque).

##### Exact location on a map

Pancaganga Ghat.

#### Area

0.108ha (the mosque compound)

### Historical/cultural/natural significance

In the Gahadavala period (11th-12th century) this was a popular and prominent ghat, patronised by the royal family. Since then there was a famous temple of Vindu Madhava, which was demolished and converted into a mosque in 1673, that is how the ghat was called Veni Madhava Ghat. The landmark in this area is the Alamgir mosque (K 22/ 28), which in fact is converted form of a 11th century Vishnu temple. After its first destruction in the 15th century it was re-made in 1585 by the king of Amber, Raja Man Singh, but finally demolished and transformed into a mosque in 1673 by the bigoted Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. There is a high wall, next to the street running by the western side of the mosque, which is continued round to the north-east corner. A door in the northern wall opens the way into the enclosure, in full front of the mosque; the latter being situated on its southern side. From the eastern side commences the long flight of stone stairs descending to the river. In 1868 (p. 111), says Sherring, “The mosque itself exhibits nothing striking, and, indeed, can hardly be called beautiful. It is plain and common-place; and, were it not for the minarets rising above, it would not be accounted a noticeable object in Banaras”. One of the minarets fell down in 1948, and the other one got crack resulting to pull it down in 1954. This latter date seems arguable however, as Eric Newby, in his book "Slowly down the Ganges" (page 216) states that during his visit to Varanasi in the winter of 1963/4, the remaining high minaret of the mosque was still there, although "more than a foot out of true".

### Present state of conservation

There is no such specific organisation to take care of preservation and conservation.

### Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property

No specific measures are taken to conserve and preserve the area.

### Ownership

The area is administered and managed by the Sunni (Muslim) Wakhf (or Waquf) Board, a charitable trust, and represented by Mutawalli, a representative, who serves as Priest-cum-Administrator.
# The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Badri Narayan Ghat

Detailed description of each heritage Site - Durga Ghat to Phuta Ghat
Badri Narayan Ghat

### Location

25º 19.123’ North and 83º 01.352’ East (Badri Narayan Ghat, centre).

##### Exact location on a map

Badri Narayan Ghat

#### Area

0.023 ha

### Historical/cultural/natural significance

This ghat was also known as Mahatha/ Matha or Balabai Ghat. Balabai of Gwalior had patronised to build this ghat pucca in the early 19th century. The Municipal Corporation done the repairing and extension works in the early 20th century. In 1988 the irrigation department of the government of Uttar Pradesh had made it pucca. By the existence of the temple of Badri Narayan the ghat is known by this name. This temple replicated the original temple of Badrinatha in Kumaun Himalaya (Uttaranchal); this is an example of spatial transposition of pan-India sacred sites in Kashi. People believe that by taking bath at this ghat followed by glancing the Badri Narayan temple the same merits will be gained as the original site in the Himalaya. The associated water-front sacred spots according to puranic sources are Nageshvra Tirtha and Narayana Tirtha. On the occasion of full-moon day of Pausha (December-January), a special festivity in honour of Vishnu in the form of Nara-Narayana is celebrated. Also, on 3rd light-half of Vaishakha (April-May) there takes a sacred bath ceremony.

### Present state of conservation

Except by the trust of Badrinath temple that taking care of its properties, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats. The temple trust maintains its properties according to their own perspectives.

### Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property

It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

### Ownership

The temple related properties along the ghat are owned by the Badrinath temple trust; the houses and other properties by the inhabitants; and the ghat area is owned by the Municipal Corporation.
# Programming Under X Window

The goal of this learning project is to provide up to date information on writing graphic programs that work under X Window. Due to the lack of up to date and easily accessible material available both online and in print, it is also hoped this material may some day become the bases for a book on Wikibooks. Everyone is encouraged to contribute any information they know about writing programs for use under X Window.
X Window is a server application that provides basic functions for displaying graphics and gather user input transparently over a network or locally.

## Ideas

* Create a collection of links to helpful resources that could be used to begin lessons.
* Examine the source code for Xorg, examine the source code for Xlib, or find developers who have the time to contribute to this learning resource
* Examine the source code for popular programs that are still being developed for clues to what has changed
* Get the freedesktop.org community motivated in helping
* Study some of the programs that come included with X Window
* Review of existing material to the topic (benefit also might be: identify new ideas for this project)
* please add further ideas
# Programming bots on Wikimedia projects
## Skills needed for the course

* English language (mandatory)
* Using contemporary computers (mandatory)
** Using MS Windows (supported)
** Using Unix-like operating systems (active) (supported)
*** Using GNU/Linux: Debian or Ubuntu (active) (supported)
*** Using other GNU/Linux distribution (supported)
*** *BSD operating systems (supported)
*** MacOS X (and higher) (supported)
** Tools (mandatory)
*** GNU tools or equivalent for your operating system (active) (supported) (mandatory)
*** Subversion (active) (supported) (mandatory)
* Programming (mandatory)
** Introduction to programming (mandatory)
** Programming languages (one of them) (mandatory)
*** Python (active) (supported)
*** Perl (supported)
*** C#
* Introduction to Wikimedia and Wikimedia projects (mandatory)

## Course topics

* Paths
** Pywikibot (active) (supported)
** Perlwikipediabot (supported)
** C# and the .NET Framework
* Interwiki bots and other simple actions
** Writing a simple greeting bot for MediaWiki (C# and .NET approach)
* Hello, world! on all Wikimedian projects
* Localization

## Legend

* (mandatory) -- knowledge is of vital importance for the course; if it has subcategories and subcategories don't have "mandatory" template, this means that you may choose one of the options;
* (active) -- course is active;
* (supported) -- course is supported, but not active; this means if you want to choose this path, you will have some support, but not full.
# Programming bots on Wikimedia projects/Prerequirements/Using MS Windows

If you are using MS Windows, you may choose one of the paths:
* You may use some virtualization software (like Qemu or VMware Workstation) and install inside of them GNU/Linux (or other Unix-like) operating system. This path is the best if you want to learn more.
* You may use Cygwin to simulate Unix-like environment inside of Windows. This path is good enough for learning and you may choose it because, for example, you don't have enough of (your) time or (disk) space to install another operating system inside of your existing MS Windows.
* You may also choose to install only Python inside of your MS Windows installation. Note that you will have to work in a very different environment than it is assumed in this course. However, as this is open course, we may build together this course path, too.
# Programming Logic/Variables

Variables and Conditionals, lesson 1

## Focus

In this lesson, you will expand your knowledge on the use of variables and conditional statements.

## Introduction

In Introduction to Programming you learned that computer programs are sets of instructions that computers follow. In nearly every program written, the program must store information supplied after the program was created. Such information may include user input, custom settings, or calculated values. Because this information can vary the term variable is used to describe the element of a program which stores this information. For example, a name variable could contain "Jack" or "Jill" or any other value. Consider the following VBScript example:
If you are running windows, create a new text document called "variable_demo.vb" then copy-and-paste the above code into the file and save it. You can then double-click the file to execute the code (if you get a security warning, click Yes or OK as needed). Notice that the message that pops up says "James".
Now modify the file to change the value of name to "Jimmy":
Execute the file again and notice that even though the MsgBox name line did not change, the message that pops up says "Jimmy". This is because the value stored in the name variable has changed.
An extremely common example of a computer program is a calculator. The user can give the calculator program input such as numbers and mathematical operators, but how does the calculator program handle the information given to it? In this section, you will learn how and why programmers use variables.

### The Calculator Program: A Closer Look

In the above examples, a user wishes to use a computer program to add two numbers together. For simplicity, let us assume that the computer program is designed explicitly to add any two numbers that the user enters at the command prompt.
The pseudocode for this program would look something like this
More to come!

## Related Lessons

* Introduction to algorithms
# Programming for the Gameboy

This course will cover the creation of software for the Gameboy and Gameboy Color. Readers are expected to have knowledge of C, Assembly, and a understanding of lower-level hardware. This course will focus on development of software in assembly only, due to the overhead induced by C being too high for many projects.

## Course resources

Programming for the Gameboy/Tools and development software
Programming for the Gameboy/Hardware specifications
Programming for the Gameboy/LR35902 CPU architecture
Programming for the Gameboy/Memory and memory-mapped register layout
Programming for the Gameboy/Video display hardware
Programming for the Gameboy/Audio hardware
Programming for the Gameboy/Common subroutines
Programming for the Gameboy/Hardware errata and bugs
# Programming for the Gameboy/LR35902 CPU architecture

The LR35902 is a Z80/8080-like CPU used inside of the Gameboy and Gameboy Color. It is somewhat similar to the two, but has enough differences that you cannot simply treat it as a Z80 or 8080.

## Page conventions
### Assembly conventions

All real register names are capitalized, i.e. register A or SP 16-bit constants in a instruction are represented as nn 8-bit constants in a instruction are represented as n
# Programming Logic/Looping

Looping is when a certain order of commands are repeated (endlessly or a certain number of times or until something else happens)

## Endless loops

For this case, the code is executed forever. This is dangerous. This can happen if a counter variable is not incremented, or if the condition is always true and the loop will therefore never stop.
Example:
The roboter would endlessly walk forward

## Loops repeated a certain number of times

For this case, some kind of counter is used to keep track of how many iterations of the loop have been executed.
Example:
The roboter would take 10 steps and then stop.

## Conditional loops

In this case, the code is executed and operations performed either while a certain condition is true, or until a certain condition becomes true.
Example:
In this case the roboter would walk forward until it is in front of a wall. It would not matter how far away it is (that means you don't have to re-program the robot when you have another distance). Then it would continue the program.