OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Introduction to Latin grammar/First Declension

Latin nouns are divided into five declensions, plus irregulars. Most first declension nouns are of the feminine gender. Our example word will be: Puella, puellae, f. girl. The first declension endings are as follows in the singular:
| Case | Example | Ending |
| Nominative | Puella | -a |
| Genitive | Puellae | -ae |
| Dative | Puellae | -ae |
| Accusative | Puellam | -am |
| Ablative | Puellā | -ā |
Here is the plural:
| Case | Example | Ending |
| Nominative | Puellae | -ae |
| Genitive | Puellarum | -ārum |
| Dative | Puellis | -īs |
| Accusative | Puellas | -ās |
| Ablative | Puellis | -īs |

## Common First Declension Words

First declension nouns are fairly common in Latin, and are essential to learn. To assist with this, here are a few simple nouns in the first declension that will help you in your studies. Note that the order of the forms used for the example nouns are as follows: Nominative, Genitive, Gender. Translation. (Puella, Puellae, f. Girl) You will see this convention used in Latin dictionaries and elsewhere in the Wikiversity Latin section. Sometimes, instead of the full genitive form, only the ending will be given, as in "Puella, -ae, f. girl." In the vocabulary sections, English words derived from the latin will be provided where available.
Here are some common nouns of the first declension:
* agricola, agricolae, m. farmer. (Agriculture)
* aqua, aquae, f. water. (Aquarium)
* femina, feminae, f. woman (Feminine)
* insula, insulae, f. island. (Insular)
* ira, irae, f. anger. (Irate)
* nauta, nautae, m. sailor. (Nautical)
* puella, puellae, f. girl.
* silva, silvae, f. forest. (Sylvan)
* via, viae, f. road, way

## Peculiarities

Most first declension nouns are feminine. But a few first declension nouns are masculine. This is very unusual, and you can easily remember these nouns using the acronym P.A.I.N. :
* Poeta, poetae, m. poet; pirata, piratae, m., pirate
* Agricola, agricolae, m. farmer
* Incola, incolae, m. inhabitant
* Nauta, nautae, m. sailor
While noun gender does not affect declension, it does affect the endings of adjectives applied to the noun.
# Introduction to Latin grammar/Conjugations

Please use all lower case letters
First Conjugation verbs have
in the first principal part and
in the second principal part
Second Conjugation verbs have
in the first principal part and
in the second principal part
Third Conjugation verbs have
in the first principal part and
in the second principal part
Fourth Conjugation verbs have
in the first principal part and
in the second principal part :
# Introduction to Latin grammar/Subjects and Objects

This page is monitored by Wikiversity's Department of Latin

## Introduction of Cases

Latin is an inflected language whereas English mainly is not.
This means that words in Latin change depending on what the word is doing. Normally these words change their endings.
Consider the following sentence:
The slave punches the girl.
In English we know that the slave is doing the punching because of the order of the words, but this is not the case in Latin.
In Latin "the slave" and "the girl" would look different showing their meaning regardless of the word's position. This idea of them "looking different" is a case in Latin.
Sound Complicated? Hang in there it will make sense when we take a look at the Latin itself!

## Nominatives and Accusatives

So we've established that different words look different depending on their use, but what "uses" are there?
Almost all the sentences you can think of have a Subject. This is the word in the sentence that does the verb for instance back in our example sentence:
The slave punches the girl
The slave is the subject because he is the person doing the punching. In Latin this would be shown by the Nominative Case.
On the other hand the girl is being punched so we say she is the Object so in Latin this would be shown by the Accusative Case.

## Some Actual Latin

Going back to our example sentence:
The slave punches the girl (In case you'd forgotten)
In Latin the word for slave is "servus" and the word for girl is "puella" and so our sentence as a whole in Latin is:
servus puellam pulsat pulsat = punches
Hopefully you can see the word puella has an "m" on the end because it is in the accusative case and servus looks the same because it is nominative.
NB The word order in Latin is completely loose and makes no difference whatsoever, for instance
servus puellam pulsat
servus pulsat puellam
puellam pulsat servus
pulsat puellam servus etc.
All mean exactly the same thing. It is the endings of the words not the order of them that defines their meanings. However as a mere convention we usually follow the pattern subject object verb but this is not essential.
So looking at the endings you should be able to see that puella servum pulsat means "The girl punches the slave"
To summarise the endings we've learnt so far I've collated them in a handy little table:
| Case | Slave | Girl |
| Nominative | servus | puella |
| Accusative | servum | puellam |

## Practice!

The best way to learn some new grammar is to practice so have a go at translating the following sentences. The nouns should all follow either the same pattern as servus or puella. Words we've yet to have met are in bold and are defined below. Answers are available in the Discuss page.
* puella amicum salutat
* servum pulsat amicus
amicus = friend
salutat = greets
# Introduction to Latin grammar/Nouns
## Genders

a gender is the way you refer to an object. With people and living things, you refer to it by their sex, however most inanimate objects get their gender and by their nature. in English the two genders are masculine and feminine. however, in Latin, there are three genders masculine, feminine, and neuter. they are usually modified by their suffix or their declension, but there are exceptons

## Number

For nouns there are two numbers, singular and plural. singular is used when there 1 of the noun in question and plural at any other time. note that it is different then person, which is for verbs instead of nouns and will be covered later

## Case

* ↑ agricola is the latin masulin noun for farmer, but it ends in a, which is usually reserved for feminine words
# Introduction to Latin grammar/Conjugating a Latin Verb in Different Tenses/Practice

Please fill in the Personal Endings
Make sure you use lower case letters!
The PERFECT personal Endings...
also test your knowledge of [Conjugations]
# Introduction to Latin grammar/Conjugating a Latin Verb in Different Tenses

Please conjugate the verb Make sure you use lower case letters!
Go to the Latin stream/Conjugations page for more information on different conjugations. Go to the Practice page to practice your endings!
# Latin II

This is the second part of our foundational Latin course. By now you have a grasp of many important Latin forms. You should take care to consolidate that work.
See Latin I for the first part.

## Building your Latin I knowledge

You should read, write and listen to consolidate your Latin knowledge. Aim also to expand your vocabulary.

## Course lessons

* Course lessons on Wikiversity
* Comparisons
* Superlatives
* Irregular Comparisons
* The more the merrier
* 4th Declension
* 5th Declension
* Questions
* Household Lesson 1
* Household Lesson 2
* Household Lesson 3
* Conjunctions
* Prepositions
* Time Lesson 1
* Time Lesson 2
* Time Lesson 3
* Numbers
* Verbs Present 2 Lesson 1
* Verbs Present 2 Lesson 2
* Verbs Present 2 Lesson 3
* Verbs Present 2 Lesson 4
* Adverbs Lesson 1
* Adverbs Lesson 2
* Demonstratives Lesson 1
* Demonstratives Lesson 2
* Occupation Lesson 1
* Occupation Lesson 2
* Occupation Lesson 3
* Objects Lesson 1
* Objects Lesson 2
* Verbs Present 3 Lesson 1
* Verbs Present 3 Lesson 2
* Verbs Present 3 Lesson 3
* Verbs Present 3 Lesson 4
* Verbs Present 3 Lesson 5
* Infinitives Lesson 1
* Infinitives Lesson 2
* Infinitives Lesson 3
* Imperatives Lesson 1
* Imperatives Lesson 2
* Imperatives Lesson 3
* Imperfect Tense Lesson 1
* Imperfect Tense Lesson 2
* Imperfect Tense Lesson 3
* Future Tense Lesson 1
* Future Tense Lesson 2
* Future Tense Lesson 3
* Corpus Humanum Lesson 1
* Corpus Humanum Lesson 2
* At work Lesson 1
* At work Lesson 2
* At work Lesson 3
* In the city Lesson 1
* In the city Lesson 2
* In the city Lesson 3
* Health and medicine Lesson 1
* Health and medicine Lesson 2
* Health and medicine Lesson 3
* Technology and modern life Lesson 1
* Technology and modern life Lesson 2
* Technology and modern life Lesson 3
* Sport and leisure Lesson 1
* Sport and leisure Lesson 2
* Next course
# Latin III

Final part of our foundation Latin course

## Course lessons

* Course lessons on Wikiversity
* Perfect Tense Lesson 1
* Perfect Tense Lesson 2
* Perfect Tense Lesson 3
* Perfect Tense Lesson 4
* Relative and Indefinite Pronouns Lesson 1
* Relative and Indefinite Pronouns Lesson 2
* Relative and Indefinite Pronouns Lesson 3
* Adjectives 2 Lesson 1
* Adjectives 2 Lesson 2
* Adjectives 2 Lesson 3
* Adjectives 2 Lesson 4
* Pluperfect Tense Lesson 1
* Pluperfect Tense Lesson 2
* Future Perfect Tense
* Passive Voice Lesson 1
* Passive Voice Lesson 2
* Locative and Geography
* Places and Geography 2
* Participles Lesson 1
* Participles Lesson 2
* Participles Lesson 3
* Ablative Absolute
* Gerunds Lesson 1
* Gerundive Lesson 1
* Gerundive Lesson 2
* Present Subjunctive Lesson 1
* Present Subjunctive Lesson 2
* Present Subjunctive Lesson 3
* Present Subjunctive Lesson 4
# Latin IV
## Course lessons

| Course lessons on Wikiversity | Notes |
| Present subjunctive irregular verbs | |
| Present subjunctive passive forms | |
| Imperfect Subjunctive | |
| Imperfect Subjunctive irregular verbs |
| Imperfect Subjunctive passive forms |
| Perfect Subjunctive | |
| Perfect Subjunctive irregular verbs | |
| Perfect Subjunctive passive forms | |
| Pluperfect Subjunctive | |
| Indirect Statement | Accusative + Infinitive |
| Purpose Clauses | ut/ne |
| Result Clauses | |
| Cum Clauses | Temporal and Circumstantial |
| Conditional Sentences | |
| Advanced Relative Clauses | |
| Indirect Questions | |
| Fear Clauses | |
| Substantive Clauses | |
| Indirect Commands | |
| Causal and Concessive Clauses | |
| Sequence of Tenses | |
| Locative and Geography | |
| Advanced Case Usage | |
# Introduction to Latin
## Latin 101 Syllabus

Course Syllabus
The goals of this course are as follows: 1) to provide a competent introduction to Latin grammar, syntax, vocabulary, etc.; 2) to provide some knowledge of Ancient Rome, its culture and history; 3) to have fun while learning an historical and ancient language, one that has had an enormous impact on the world!
The course will be divided into lessons in which core material and exercises will be given. Additional information (ie - translation exercises, history anecdotes, etc.) will be given in units that accompany the lessons.
Sample quizzes and tests will be provided at the ends of lesson series. If any of you actually take the quizzes/tests and wish for them to be graded, feel free to contact one of the teachers (I'm hoping more will join soon) and one of us will help you out.
Also if you need more exercises (since it might be the case that there aren't enough exercises to satisfy your hunger for Latin), send a message to a teacher. We'll help you out.
On that note, feel free to ask questions and send inquiries about confusing concepts, or anything else that pertains to Latin or the Classical World.

## Introduction

Alphabet and Pronunciation
Simple Grammatical Concepts
Feel free to use http://www.frapanthers.com/teachers/white/ for any research. All materials are legally obtained or created by the webmaster. It's a great resource for 1st-5th year Latin students.

## Unit 1

Lesson 1: Intro to Latin Verbs
Lesson 2a: First Declension Nouns and Adjectives
Lesson 2b: Apposition; Some Other Extra Information
Lesson 3: Second Declension Nouns and Adjectives
Lesson 4: Second Declension Neuters; To Be; -er Adjectives
Lesson 4b: A Little Grammar; Substantives
Lesson 5: Future and Imperfect of 1st/2nd Conjugations
Lesson 5b: A Few Quotes, Some Useful Vocabulary, and Some Linguistics
Translation Passage 1
Test 1

## Unit 2

This unit and subsequent units will be completed following the completion of unit 1.

## Coordinators

Prothmes

## Resources

* - free downloadable Latin and Greek textbooks
* - free Latin texts from Classical to Ecclesiastical to Neo-Latin
# Latin II/Verbs Present 2 Lesson 2/Reading
## Lūcia et Paula Colloquuntur

Dramatis personae: Lūcia, Paula
Paula: Lūcia! Lūcia! Vīsne mēcum in bibliothēcā studēre?
Lūcia: (suspirat) Ō Paula, hodiē in bibliothēcā sedēre nōn volō. In forō multae rēs pulchrae sunt!
Paula: Sed magistra dīcit nōs dēbēre legere et studēre. Crās exāmen habēmus!
Lūcia: Ego satis sciō! Et... et... Mārcus nōs exspectat!
Paula: Mārcus? Ille puer malus quī aleā lūdit? Mihi nōn placet!
Lūcia: Nōn malus est! Sōlum... lūdere amat. Et interdum pecūniam vincit!
Paula: (perterrita) Pecūniam? Ō Lūcia! Tūne cum Mārcō aleā lūdis?
Lūcia: (celeriter) Non! Numquam! Sed... sed... vidēsne tabernās novās in forō? Dulciola habent!
Paula: Semper dē cibō et lūdīs cōgitās, numquam dē librīs!
Lūcia: Librī... sunt... (ea cōgitat) ... graves! Et... caput mihi dolet.
Paula: Caput tibi dolet? Vērēne?
Lūcia: Vērē! Valdē dolet. Ergō ad forum īre dēbeō... propter... medicinam!
Paula: (suspirat) Lūcia, tū numquam mūtās!
Lūcia: Crās, Paula, crās in bibliothēcā studeō. Promittō!
Paula: Semper "crās" dīcis... sed crās exāmen habēmus!
(Lūcia ad forum currit, Paula librōs portat et ad bibliothēcam ambulat)

### New Words

* alea, -ae (f.) - dice, gambling
* dulciolum, -ī (n.) - sweet, candy
* interdum - sometimes
* numquam - never
* promittō, -ere - to promise

### Grammar Notes

* Notice the use of placet/nōn placet with dative: "mihi nōn placet"
* Use of cum + ablative in "mēcum"
* Present tense verbs of all conjugations
* Ablative of means with aleā
* Questions with -ne: "Vīsne"

### Comprehension Questions

* Cūr Paula in bibliothēcā studēre vult?
* Quid Mārcus facit quod Paulae nōn placet?
* Quōmodo Lūcia sē excūsat?
* Quid Lūcia prōmittit?
* Cūr Paula dīcit "semper 'crās' dīcis"?
# Latin II/Verbs Present 2 Lesson 4/Reading
## Piscēs Absunt

Dramatis personae: Gāius, Flāvia, Quīntus
Gāius in tabernā labōrat. Cotīdiē piscēs in mēnsā pōnit, sed piscēs saepe absunt!
Gāius: "Pater! Iterum piscēs nōn videō!"
Quīntus: "Quid dīcis, fīlī? Piscēs absunt?"
Gāius: "Cotīdiē paucōs piscēs pōnō, sed aliquis piscēs capit!"
Flāvia sorōr: (audit et cōgitat) "Fortasse puerī dē viā piscēs capiunt. Multī puerī in viā sunt - nōn omnēs vidēre possumus."
Gāius: "Crēdō. Multī Rōmae ēsuriunt, sed nōn possum omnēs grātīs pāscere."
Proximō diē, Gāius māne vigilat et exspectat. Subitō fēlem videt! Fēlēs nigra et parva est, sed callida. Lentē venit et piscēs videt.
Gāius: "Aha! Ecce fūr!"
[Fēlēs perterrita est et fugit. Gāius patrem vocat.]
Gāius: "Pater! Fēlēs piscēs capit!"
Quīntus: Fēlēs? Audi, Gāī. Piscēs in locō altiōre pōne. Sed fēlēs necessāria est - rattōs capit! Fēlī reliquiās piscium dare possumus, et cibum corruptum. Hoc est pretium labōris.
Flāvia: Ergō fēlēs nōbīscum labōrat?
Quīntus: Labōrat! Rōmānī multās pecūniās postulant, et tribūta magna sunt. Pretium pānis cotīdiē crescit. Sed rattī semper prosperant - vērō prosperant! Fortasse nōs omnēs prō rattīs labōrāmus!
[Gāius et Flāvia rīdent. Nunc piscēs in locō altō sunt, et fēlēs cotīdiē reliquiās accipit. Bene labōrat - rattī fugiunt!]

### New Words

* fūr - thief
* prosperō - prosper, thrive
* tribūtum - tax
* callida - clever
* perterrita - frightened
* reliquiae - leftovers, scraps
* corruptus - spoiled
* pretium - price, payment
* rattus - rat

### Comprehension Questions

* Quid cotīdiē in tabernā accidit?
* Quis piscēs capit?
* Quōmodo Quīntus problema solvit?
* Quid fēlī prō labōre dat?
* Quid dē rattīs et tribūtīs Quīntus dīcit?

### Cultural Note

Roman shopkeepers often kept cats to control rats, which could destroy valuable grain stores. Cats were not worshipped as in Egypt but were valued for their practical uses. The joke about taxes and rats would have resonated with Roman small business owners, who had to pay various taxes to the state.

### Grammar Note: Verb Echoes in Latin Dialogue

In Latin, people often answered "yes" by repeating the main verb from the question. This is called a verb echo. It's very different from English, where we usually just say "yes"!
For example:
* "Venisne?" (Are you coming?)
* "Veniō!" (Yes! [literally: I am coming!])
Or in our story:
* "Ergō fēlēs nōbīscum labōrat?" (So the cat works with us?)
* "Labōrat!" (Yes! [literally: It works!])
Sometimes Romans would add "vērō" after the verb for emphasis:
* "Venisne?" (Are you coming?)
* "Veniō vērō!" (Yes indeed! [literally: I am coming indeed!])
As we see in our story:
* "Rattī semper prosperant - vērō prosperant!" (The rats always prosper - they really do prosper!)
This way of saying "yes" feels more active and engaged than just using a single word for "yes". When you read ancient Latin texts, you'll often see this pattern in dialogues.
# Mundus Latinus: A Course in Practical Latin/Lesson I: Mercātūra - Business Latin/Model answers

Here are the model answers for the written exercises:

## Exercise A: Translations

* Mercātor pecūniam dīligenter numerat.
* Vīnumne an oleum hodiē emis?
* Ratiōnēs in cōdice scrībimus.
* Mercennāriī mercem gravem ad tabernam portant.
* Cūr vāsīs meliōribus nōn ūtiminī?
* Discipulus clientibus bonum ministerium pollicētur.
* Cum mercātōribus ex Graeciā mercor.
* Socius lucrum cum operāriīs partītur.
* Quis hodiē frūmentum in forō vendit?
* Oleum in dōliīs magnīs servāre dēbētis.

## Exercise B: Model Business Report

   Hodiē māne amphorās vīnī Falernī numerō. Centum et quīnquāgintā amphorae in horreō adsunt. Vīnum novum ex Siciliā advenit - vīgintī amphorae optimae notae. In cellā subterrāneā vīnum diligenter servāmus.
   "Amphorās ad cellam portāte!" mercennāriīs imperō. "Cum aquā pūrā vāsa pūrgāte!" "Tū," discipulō dīcō, "titulōs amphorīs īnscrībe!"
   Cum mercātōribus Graecīs dē pretiō mercor. Vīnum optimum intrā decem diēs mē trāditūrum esse polliceor. "Quantum vīnum in forō hodiē constat?" rogō. Mercennāriōs interrogō num satis vīnī maneat. "Quandō nāvēs novae appellent?" quaerō.
   Servī vīnum ad horreum portant. In cellā magna amphōrae multae iacent.
# Latin II/Technology and modern life Lesson 3

Salvēte omnēs! Welcome back to Latin for Wikiversity. Today we'll learn vocabulary for modern communication methods and social media, building on our previous technology lessons.

## New Vocabulary

| Latin | English | Notes |
| commentum, -ī (n.) | comment (online) | From classical "invention" |
| commūnicātiō īnstantānea, -ōnis (f.) | instant message | Literally "instant communication" |
| sequor digitāliter | follow (online) | Deponent verb + adverb |
| dīvidō pūblicē | share (post) | Literally "share publicly" |
| status, -ūs (m.) | status update | Classical word repurposed |
| aestimō positivē | like (online) | From "estimate positively" |
| nuntius brevis, -ī (m.) | text message | Literally "short message" |
| commūnicātor portābilis, -ōris (m.) | mobile phone | Literally "portable communicator" |

## Example Sentences

| Latin | English | Notes |
| Commentum scrībō. | I write a comment. | Simple present |
| Commūnicātiōnem īnstantāneam mittō. | I send an instant message. | Using previous vocabulary |
| Amīcōs in rēticulō sōciālī sequor. | I follow friends on social media. | Using lesson 2 vocabulary |
| Imāginem digitālem pūblicē dīvidō. | I share a digital photo. | Using previous vocabulary |
| Novum statum in pāginā scrībō. | I write a new status on the page. | Complex sentence |
| Amīcī commentum positivē aestimant. | Friends like the comment. | Plural subject |
| Nuntium brevem per commūnicātōrem mittō. | I send a text message by phone. | Using instrumental ablative |
| Per interrēte facilius commūnicāmus. | We communicate more easily via internet. | Comparative adverb |
| Multī amīcī statum meum sequuntur. | Many friends follow my status. | Possessive adjective |
| Imāginēs et commenta pūblicē dīvidimus. | We share photos and comments. | Compound direct objects |

## Practice

Practice and learn the words and phrases in this lesson :
* This content is not currently available on Memrise
* Note that the Memrise stage covers the content for all lessons in each stage. If you are skipping previous stages you may need to manually "ignore" the words in previous levels (use the 'select all' function) |
This completes our introduction to modern technology vocabulary. Next time, we'll begin learning about sports and leisure activities. Valēte!
# Latin II/Technology and modern life Lesson 2

Salvēte omnēs! Welcome back to Latin for Wikiversity. Today we'll learn more vocabulary related to using modern technology, focusing on common actions and features of digital devices.

## New Vocabulary

| Latin | English | Notes |
| colligō, -āre | connect, link | From con + ligāre |
| subnotō, -āre | subscribe | Literally "sign under" |
| imāgō digitālis, -inis (f.) | digital photo | Classical word adapted |
| pāgina interrētiālis, -ae (f.) | webpage | From classical "page" |
| fasciculus, -ī (m.) | file (digital) | Classical "bundle" |
| captūra, -ae (f.) | download | From capiō (capture) |
| rēticulum sōciāle, -ī (n.) | social network | Literally "social net" |
| applicātiō, -ōnis (f.) | app, application | From applicō |

## Example Sentences

| Latin | English | Notes |
| Ad interrēte colligō. | I connect to the internet. | Using lesson 1 vocabulary |
| Huic pāginae subnotāre volō. | I want to subscribe to this page. | Using infinitive |
| Imāginem digitālem mittō. | I send a digital photo. | Using previous vocabulary |
| Pāginam interrētiālem legō. | I read a webpage. | Simple present |
| Fasciculum in computātrō servō. | I save a file on the computer. | Using lesson 1 vocabulary |
| Mūsicam captūrāre possum. | I can download music. | Using modal verb |
| In rēticulō sōciālī scrībō. | I write on social media. | Location expression |
| Novam applicātiōnem ūtor. | I use a new app. | Deponent with ablative |
| Imāginēs per rēte mittere facile est. | Sending photos via network is easy. | Using infinitive as subject |
| Applicātiōnem in tabellā digitālī habeō. | I have an app on my tablet. | Using previous vocabulary |

## Practice

Practice and learn the words and phrases in this lesson :
* This content is not currently available on Memrise
* Note that the Memrise stage covers the content for all lessons in each stage. If you are skipping previous stages you may need to manually "ignore" the words in previous levels (use the 'select all' function) |
Next time, we'll learn vocabulary related to modern communications. Valēte!