OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gubernaculum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GUBERNAC'ULUM (πηδάλιον). A rudder; which originally was nothing more than a large oar, with a very broad blade, as in the right-hand figure (Gubernaculum/1.1), from the column of Trajan, either fastened by braces (funes, Veg. Mil. iv. 46. ζεύγλαι, Eur. Hel. 1556.) outside the quarters of a vessel, or passed through an aperture in the bulwarks; but in its more improved form it was furnished with a cross-bar inboard, which served as a tiller, like the left-hand figure, from a Pompeian painting; and its different parts were distinguished by the following names: ansa, the handle, A; clavus, the tiller, B; pinna, the blade, C. The word is frequently used in the plural; because the ancient vessels were commonly furnished with two rudders, one on each quarter (wood-cut p. 247), each of which had its own helmsman, if the vessel was a large one (Scheffer, Mil. Nav. p. 301.); but were both managed by a single steersman when it was small enough, as in the following example.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gubernator

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GUBERNA'TOR (κυβερνήτης). A helmsman or pilot, who sat at the stern to steer the vessel (Cic. Sen. 9.), gave orders to the rowers, and directed the management of the sails. (Virg. Aen. x. 218. Lucan. viii. 193.) He was next in command to the magister, and immediately above the proreta. (Scheffer, Mil. Nav. p. 302.) The illustration (Gubernator/1.1) is from a bas-relief found at Pozzuoli.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gurgustiolum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GURGUST'IOLUM. (Apul. Met. i. p. 17. iv. p. 70.) Diminutive of GURGUSTIUM.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gurgustium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GURGUST'IUM. Any small, dark, and gloomy hovel or dwelling-place. Cic. Pis. 6. Suet. Gramm. 11.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gustatio

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GUSTA'TIO. Any kind of delicacy taken as a relish or stimulant to the appetite before a meal. Pet. Sat. 21. 6. Id. 31. 8.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gustum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GUSTUM and GUSTUS. (Apic. iv. 5. Mart. xi. 31. and 52.) Same as GUSTATIO.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gustatorium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GUSTATO'RIUM. The tray upon which a gustatio was served up; often made of valuable materials, and lined with tortoise-shell. Pet. Sat. 34. 1. Plin. Ep. v. 6. 37. Compare Mart. xiv. 88.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Guttae

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GUTTAE. Drops, in architecture, used principally under the triglyphs of the Doric order, in the architrave, and under the taenia (Vitruv. iv. 3., 4.), as in the annexed example (Guttae/1.1); but sometimes also applied under the mutules of the order (Vitruv. iv. 3. 6.), as in the example s. Epistylia, p. 262. They are shaped like the frustra of cones, and represent the drops of water which distil from above, and hang in pendant drops below.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gutturnium

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GUTTUR'NIUM (πρόχοος). A water-jug, or ewer; employed especially for pouring water over the hands before and after meals. (Festus, s. v.) Many of these have been discovered at Pompeii, with a lip in front, upright handle behind, round throat, and full body, similar to our jugs, but of a more tasteful outline and of richer workmanship. The word is formed from GUTTUS, but the termination, urnium, is an augmentative, indicating that it had a larger mouth, as shown in the example (Gutturnium/1.1), from a Pompeian original.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Guttus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GUTTUS. A jug with a very narrow neck and small mouth, from which the liquid poured out flowed in small quantities, or drop by drop (Varro, L. L. v. 124.), as the name implies. Vessels of this kind were used at the sacrifice for pouring wine into the patera to make a libation (Plin. H. N. xvi. 73.); in early times, or by persons of moderate means, as a wine jug at the table, before the Greek epichysis was substituted in its place (Hor. Sat. i. 6. 118. Varro, l. c.); in the baths for dropping oil on the strigil with which the bather was scraped, in order to lubricate the edge, and prevent it from wounding the skin (Juv. Sat. iii. 263.); and also as an oil-cruet, in general. (Aul. Gell. xvii. 8.) The example (Guttus/1.1) represents a sacrificial guttus from a Pompeian painting.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gymnasiarchus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GYMNASIAR'CHUS (γυμνασίαρχος). A Greek magistrate who had the superintendence of the public gymnasia, and a jurisdiction over all who frequented them. He wore a purple cloak and white shoes (Plut. Anton. 33.), and carried a stick with which he corrected the youths who committed any impropriety, or were guilty of unseemly or indecorous conduct whilst performing their exercises. Cic. Verr. ii. 4. 42. Val. Max. ix. 12. 7. extr. Sidon. Ep. ii. 2.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gynaeceum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GYNAECE'UM, GYNECI'UM, and GYNAECONI'TIS (γυναικεῖον, γυναικωνῖτις). That part of a Greek house which was set apart for the exclusive use and occupation of the female portion of the family, like the harem of a modern Turkish residence. (Terent. Phorm. v. 6. 22. Plaut. Most. iii. 2. 72. Vitruv. vi. 7. 2.) The situation of these apartments has given rise to much controversy, and still remains in some respects doubtful. From the words of Vitruvius, who commences his description of a Greek house with the Gynaeceum, it has been inferred that it formed the front part of the house immediately after the entrance; but this is so much at variance with the close and studied seclusion in which Greek females were kept, that it must be given up as untenable. At the Homeric period, the women's apartments appear to have been situated in an upper story (ὑπερῷον); and in after times the same distribution was occasionally adopted, where the ground-plot was of small extent, owing to the high price or scarcity of land. But after the Peloponnesian war the most rational conjecture seems to be that which would place the Gynaeceum at the back part of the premises, behind the devision allotted for the men (andronitis); so that it would occupy, with its dependencies, much the same position as the peristylium of the Pompeian houses; as it is laid down on the conjectural plan of a Greek house at p. 252., on which it is marked e.
2. Amongst the Romans, a cloth factory, or establishment in which only women were employed in spinning and weaving. Cod. Just. 9. 27. 5. Id. 11. 7. 5.
3. The Emperor's seraglio. Lact. Mort. persecut. 21.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gynaeciarius

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GYNAECIA'RIUS or GYNAE'CIUS. The overseer or master of the factory girls in a gynaeceum, or spinning and weaving establishment. Imp. Const. Cod. 11. 7. 3. Cod. Theodos. 10. 20. 2.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Gypsoplastes

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
GYPSOPLAS'TES. One who takes casts in plaster of Paris (gypsum). Cassiodor. Var. Ep. vii. 5. Compare Juv. ii. 4., where gypsum means the cast itself.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Habena

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
HABE'NA. Literally that by which any thing is held, bound, drawn, or fastened; whence the following more special senses: —
1. (ἡνίαι). Mostly used in the plural; a pair of reins for riding or driving, like the annexed example (Habena/1.1), from a bas-relief in the Museum at Verona. Virg. Hor. Ov. &c.
2. (ῥυταγωγεύς). In the singular; a halter rope, or leading rein attached to a horse's head-stall, as contradistinguished from fraenum, which was bitted (Ammian. xix. 8. 7.); shown by the example (Habena/2.1), from an engraved gem.
3. A short thong attached to the shaft of a spear, to assist in hurling it (Lucan. vi. 221.); poetical for AMENTUM, 1., where see the illustration.
4. A strap or sandal, by which shoes that had no upper leather were fastened over the instep (Aul. Gell. xiii. 21. 2.); same as AMENTUM, 2., where see the illustration.
5. The lace or strap by which the cheek-pieces (bucculae) were fastened under the chin. Val. Flacc. vi. 365., woodcut p. 90.
6. The sheets of a sail; i. e. the ropes by which the lower ends of the sails are braced to or slacked away from the wind (Val. Flacc. iv. 679. Compare Ov. Fast. iii. 593.); poetically for PES, where see the illustration.
7. The thong of a sling (Lucan. iii. 710. Val. Flacc. v. 609.); see FUNDA.
8. The thong of a whip for punishing slaves (Hor. Ep. ii. 2. 15. Ov. Her. ix. 81. and illustrations s. FLAGELLUM and SCUTICA); or flogging a top. Virg. Aen. vii. 380.
* Habena/1.1
* Habena/2.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Halteres

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
HALTE'RES (ἁλτῆρες). Heavy weights of stone or lead, like our dumb-bells, intended to increase the muscular exertion of gymnastic exercises, being held in each hand whilst leaping, running, dancing, &c. (Mart. vii. 67. Id. xiv. 49. Compare Senec. Ep. 15. and 56. Juv. vi. 421.) The illustration (Halteres/1.1) represents a youth in the gymnasium lifting a pair of halteres from the ground, with two examples of the different forms in which they were made on the left hand of the engraving, all from designs on fictile vases: the large one at the top will afford a specimen of the massa gravis of Juvenal (l. c.).
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Hamatus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
HAMATUS, sc. Ensis. (Ovid. Met. v. 80.) See FALX, 6.
2. See LORICA, 6.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Hama

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
HAMA (ἄμη). A pail or bucket; used in the wine cellar (Plaut. Mil. iii. 2. 42.); by firemen and others for extinguishing conflagrations (Juv. xiv. 305. Plin. Ep. x. 35. 2.); for drawing water from a well. Ulp. Dig. 33. 7. 12. § 21.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Hamulus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
HA'MULUS. Diminutive of HAMUS. A small fish-hook (Plaut. Stich. ii. 2. 16. Apul. Apol. p. 460. flexus); a surgeon's instrument. Celsus vii. 7. 4.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Hamiota

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
HAMIO'TA. An angler; who fishes with a line and hook (hamus), as contradistinguished from who nets his prey. (Plaut. Rud. ii. 2. 5. Varro, ap. Non. s. v. p. 25.) The illustration (Hamiota/1.1) is copied from a painting at Pompeii, the inhabitants of which town appear to have been much addicted to the amusement of angling, arising, perhaps, from their proximity to the Sarno; for the landscapes painted on the walls of their houses frequently contain the figure of an angler, who always wears the peculiar kind of hat here shown, or one very similar to it, and carries a fish-basket of the same shape as our figure.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Haphe

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
HAPH'E (ἁφή). The yellow sand sprinkled over wrestlers after they were anointed, in order that they might obtain a firm hold upon each other (Mart. vii. 67.); hence a cloud of dust raised in walking (Seneca, Ep. 57.), with which Seneca complains that he was smothered in the Grotto of Pausilipo. In the first illustration to the article LUCTA, a basket is seen on the ground between the wrestlers, in allusion to the practice described.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Hamus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
HA'MUS (ἄγκιστρον). A fish-hook, made of various sizes, and in form and character precisely like our own. Plaut. Cic. Hor. Ov.
2. (ἄγκιστρον). The Greeks applied the same name to a hook on the top of a bobbin (πηνίον), round which the thread for making the woof in weaving was wound (Plato, Rep. x. p. 616. c.); and probably the Romans likewise, though the word is not found in any remaining passage with this meaning; but the hook itself is plainly shown in the annexed engraving (Hamus/2.1), representing Leda's work-basket, from a painting at Pompeii, which contains two bobbins, each furnished with a hook of this description, and four balls of spun thread ready for winding on a bobbin.
3. The thorn of a briar (Ov. Nux. 115.); whence applied to the hook of the weapon called harpe (Ov. Met. iv. 719), attributed to Perseus and Mercury, which exactly resembles the thorn of a briar, as shown by the annexed example (Hamus/3.1), from a Pompeian painting: it also demonstrates to conviction the incorrectness of the usual translation given to the passage quoted — ferrum curvo tenus abdidit hamo — "up to the hilt."
4. An iron hook or thorn, of which several were set in a frame to form a brush or comb with which tow, oakum, or unwrought flax was carded and pulled into even flakes. Plin. H. N. xix. 3.
5. The hook or ring by which each plate in a flexible coat of mail was joined to its neighbour when they were merely linked together, instead of being sewn on to a substratum of linen (Virg. Aen. iii. 467.); as explained and illustrated s. LORICA, 6.
6. A surgical instrument, the precise nature of which is not ascertained. Celsus, vii. 7. 15.
7. A kind of cake, the nature of which is unknown. Apul. Met. x. 219.
* Hamus/2.1
* Hamus/3.1
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Hamotrahones

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
HAMOTRAHO'NES. A nickname given to anglers, and to the gaolers who dragged up the corpse of a criminal, after execution, from the carnficina on to the Gemonian stairs; both in allusion to their use of a hook (hamus). Festus, s. v.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Hara

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
HARA. A pig-sty; especially for a breeding sow. (Columell. vii. 9. 9. Cic. Pis. 16.) Compare SUILE.
2. A pen or coop for geese. (Varro, R. R. iii. 10. Columell. viii. 14. 6. and 9.) Compare CHENOBOSCION.
# Euclidean vector space/R^3/Proper isometry/Representation/Fact

Let
    $\varphi \colon \mathbb {R} ^{3}\longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ^{3}$
be a proper isometry.
$\varphi$
This means that $\varphi$ is described, with respect to a suitable orthonormal basis, by a matrix of the form
    ${\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0\\0&\operatorname {cos} \,\alpha &-\operatorname {sin} \,\alpha \\0&\operatorname {sin} \,\alpha &\operatorname {cos} \,\alpha \end{pmatrix}}.$
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Harmoge

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
HAR'MOGE (ἁρμογή). A term employed by painters to express the union and blending of two adjacent tints imperceptibly and harmoniously together. Plin. H. N. xxxv. 11.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Harpaginetulus

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
HARPAGINE'TULUS. (Vitruv. vii. 5. 3.) The reading of this word is generally given up as corrupt; but a plausible authority for its genuineness has been suggested by one of the paintings at Pompeii (Pitture d' Ercolano, tom. i. p. 212.), which, instead of a regular frontispiece over a row of columns, presents a fanciful elevation covered all over with ornaments resembling so many little hooks (harpaginetuli, dim. of harpagines); which, it is thought, may be the objects referred to by Vitruvius.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Harmamaxa

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
HARMAMAX'A (ἁρμάμαξα). A four-wheeled carriage, or caravan, of Eastern origin, usually drawn by four horses, having a cover overhead, and curtains to enclose it at the sides; and especially used for the conveyance of women and children (Curt. iii. 3. Herod. vii. 41. Diod. Sic. xi. 56.), but of which no authentic representation remains.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Harpago

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
HAR'PAGO and HAR'PAGA (ἁρπάγη). A particular kind of hook constructed for grappling and drawing things up, or down, or towards the person using it, which was consequently applied in various ways; as a flesh-hook (κρεάγρα), for taking eatables out of the pot (Schol. Aristoph. Eq. 772); a drag for bringing things up from the bottom of the water, a bucket, for instance, from a well (Ulp. Dig. 37. 7. 12. § 21.); and as a grappling-iron in naval warfare, for seizing the rigging of an enemy's vessel, so as to bring it up to close quarters (Liv. xxx. 10.), and similar purposes. The example (Harpago/1.1), which is copied from a bronze original in the British museum, corresponds exactly with the words of the Scholiasts on Aristophanes (l. c.), where it is described as an instrument made with a number of iron prongs, bending inwards like the fingers of the human hand, so as to catch in different ways. A wooden handle was added of various lengths, as best suited the purpose for which it was employed.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Harpastum

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
HARPAS'TUM (ἁρπαστόν). A ball employed for a particular kind of game in vogue amongst the Greeks and Romans. It was of larger dimensions than the paganica, but smaller than the follis. The game at which it was used was played with a single ball, and any number of players, divided into two parties; the object of each person being to seize the ball from the ground (whence it is associated with the epithet pulverulenta, dusty), and to throw it amongst his own friends. The party which first succeeded in casting it out of bounds gained the victory. Mart. iv. 19. Id. vii. 62. and 67. Mercurial. Art. Gym. ii. 5.
# Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary/Harpa

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rich, Anthony (1849). The illustrated companion to the Latin dictionary, and Greek lexicon. p. vi. OCLC 894670115. https://archive.org/details/illustratedcompa00rich.
HARPA. A harp, with a curved back in the form of a sickle (ἅρπη, falx), like the annexed example (Harpa/1.1), from an Egyptian painting. Venant. Carm. vii. 8. 63., in which passage it is expressly distinguished from the lyre, and as an instrument used by foreigners.