OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Resources for Selecting Payment Methods

| Unit 5.2-Resources for Selecting Payment Methods | Introduction | Foreign Government Agencies | International Organizations | Industry Organizations | Private Banks | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 5.1 | Unit 5.2 Return to Trade Finance Module 5: Selecting Payment Methods |

## Unit 5.2- Resources for Selecting Payment Methods

The world of global business is huge, to say the very least. Knowing and remembering every aspect of international business is close to impossible for any international manager. To be successful an international manager must have strong grasp of the techniques and relevant issues. One tool for success is to have a keen awareness of the resources available to help international businesses succeed and know how to find them. The categories of resources to keep in the on your list include
* foreign government agencies
* federal government agencies
* state and local agencies
* international agencies
* industry organizations
* private banks

### Unit Objective

The goal of this material is to introduce you to the resources that are available to provide assistance in developing and successfully managing relationships between buyers and sellers in international transactions. By the end of this unit you will be able to
* identify resources available to support international financial relationships.
* identify advantages and disadvantages of each resource
* describe how to find these resources.

### Unit Outline

* Introduction
* Foreign Government Agencies
* International Organizations
* Industry Organizations
* Private Banks
* Summary
* Resources
* Activities
* Assessment
Correlation: Materials from this unit correlate with NASBITE CGCP's Knowledge Statement 04/05/02: Knowledge of resources: banks, U.S. government agencies, International Chamber of Commerce.
# Resources for Selecting Payment Methods/International Organizations

| Unit 5.2-Resources for Selecting Payment Methods | Introduction | Foreign Government Agencies | International Organizations | Industry Organizations | Private Banks | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 5.1 | Unit 5.2 Return to Trade Finance Module 5: Selecting Payment Methods |

## International Organizations

International organizations are valuable sources of information. See below.

### International Chamber of Commerce – www.iccwbo.org

The ICC is the voice of world business championing the global economy as a force for economic growth, job creation and prosperity. Because national economies are now so closely interwoven, government decisions have far stronger international repercussions than in the past. ICC is a world global business organization that covers a broad spectrum--from arbitration and dispute resolution to making the case for open trade and the market economy system. It helps in business self-regulation, fighting corruption, and combating commercial crime. ICC sets rules and standards (arbitration). In addition, the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP 500) are the rules that banks apply to finance billions of dollars worth of world trade every year. ICC Incoterms are standard international trade definitions used every day in countless thousands of contracts. ICC model contracts make life easier for small companies that cannot afford big legal departments. ICC provides world business recommendations to the World Trade Organization and speaks for world business when governments take up such issues as intellectual property rights, transport policy, trade law or the environment. For a credit manager, Incoterms make international trade easier and help traders in different countries understand one another. To assist risk managers in understanding the areas that the 13 Incoterms cover and the way each one works, the official ICC website now publishes The Preambles each term in read-only format, together with basic information and background. The Preambles do not, however, spell out the obligations of buyer and seller, which are essential to correct use of Incoterms. This information may be obtained by consulting the full published texts of the 13 Incoterms, available from ICC publishers.

### International Monetary Fund (IMF) – www.imf.org

Established under the Bretton Woods agreement of 1944, the IMF is involved with stabilizing foreign currency exchange rates, monitoring foreign currency exchange polices, and helping with balance of payment issues related to export earnings. Access to funds requires membership in the organization which is based in Washington, DC.

### The International Bank for Reconstruction & Development (IBRD) or The World Bank – www.worldbank.org

Also established under the Bretton Woods agreement of 1944, the World Bank provides funding assistance to credit-worthy developing countries for government supported projects. The funding is made available to companies that submit bids to provide goods and services as outlined in the agreement between the government and the World Bank.
# Systems Engineering Processes
## Learning goals
## Script

Tekim Akademi/Systems Engineering 101/Systems Engineering Processes/script

## Quiz

Tekim Akademi/Systems Engineering 101/Systems Engineering Processes/quiz
# Telecommunication principles

An understanding of telecommunication principles is essential for development and growth of the technology. None of these topics are stubs, but some must still be accessed from Wikipedia or Wikibooks. Click on the citation to access these.

## Recommended course of study

The chapters of concern are divided into general, particular and applied topics:

## General topics

* History
** Telecommunication
** Radio wave
** Broadcasting
** Telephone exchange

## Particular topics

* Tuned circuits LC_circuit Resonance_(ac) RLC_circuit [[[w:Oscillation]]] [[[w:Electronic_oscillator]]] [[[w:Crystal_oscillator]]] [[[Voltage-controlled_oscillator]]] [[[w:Phase-locked_loop]]] [[[Multivibrator]]] [[[w:Bandwidth_(signal_processing)]]]
* Modulation [[[w:Modulation]]]
* Electromagnetic waves [[[Electromagnetic_spectrum]]] [[[w:Electromagnetic_wave]]] [[[w:Electromagnetic_wave_equation]]] [[[w:Maxwell%27s_equations]]]
* Antennas [[[w:Antenna_(radio)]]] [[[w:Antenna_measurement]]]
* Spectral efficiency [[[w:Spectral_efficiency]]]
* Electronics (power components and integrated circuits [[[w:Microelectronics]]] [[[w:Integrated_circuit]]])
* Transmission [[[w:Signal_electronics]]] and all "See Alsos" [[[w:Nyquist_frequency]]] [[[w:Sampling_frequency]]] [[[w:Channel_capacity]]] [[[w:Bit_rate]]]
* Microwaves [[[b:Communication_Systems/Microwave_Systems]]]
* Microwave hierarchy, transmitters, repeaters, receivers [[[w:Microwave_radio_relay]]] Communications satellite [[[w:Communications_satellite]]] Submarine communications cable [[[w:Submarine_communications_cable]]]
* Telephone systems [[[b:Communication_Systems/Telephone_System]]] Switching PABXs [[[w:Private_branch_exchange]]] POTS [[[w:Plain_old_telephone_service]]] Teletraffic_engineering
* GSM [[[w:GSM]]]
* OSI model [[[w:OSI_model]]]
* Telecommunications software w:Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture

## Applied topics

* Network management, billing
* System design, planning installation and maintenance

## Textbooks under construction

* Wikibooks:Signals and Systems
* Wikibooks:Communication Systems
* Wikibooks:Communication Networks
* Wikibooks:Communication Systems/Packet Data Systems
* Wikibooks:User:Nachiketsakinal/Collections/Communication System
# Telecommunications engineering/EE 102 Electric Circuit Analysis

circuit analysis deals with the calculation of essential circuit parameters which describes the behaviour of circuit. These parameters include voltage, current, power etc. Other parameters are also used in the circuit designing like impedence calculation, admittance etc.
laws and theorems are given for the circuit analysis. Some of them are KVL and KCL. Other theorems include like maximum power theorem, norton theorem, thevenins theorem etc.
with the application of these fundamental theorems the circuit analysis can be performed.

## Kirchhoff's Current Law

Definition of Kirchhoff's Current Law is:
    At any node (junction) in an electrical circuit, the sum of currents flowing into that node is equal to the sum of currents flowing out of that node
An example is as follows:
* Fig. 1 Kirchhoff's Current Law Example
Sum of currents flowing into that node:
    ${I}_{2}+{I}_{3}$
and sum of currents flowing out of that node is:
    ${I}_{4}+{I}_{1}$
therefore, the equation for that node is defined as:
    ${I}_{2}+{I}_{3}={I}_{4}+{I}_{1}$
# Importance of Systems Engineering
## Learning goals
## Script

Tekim Akademi/Systems Engineering 101/Importance of Systems Engineering/script

## Quiz

Tekim Akademi/Systems Engineering 101/Importance of Systems Engineering/quiz
# Systems Engineering Context
## Learning goals
## Script

Tekim Akademi/Systems Engineering 101/Systems Engineering Context/script

## Quiz

Tekim Akademi/Systems Engineering 101/Systems Engineering Context/quiz
# Telecommunication engineering

Telecommunication engineering In the past decade we have witnessed a revolution in the world of communication.this necessitated a new branch of engineering viz telecom engineering.it is an extension of electronics with focus on communication technologies.telecom engineers can look forward to an exciting career in the next century with telecommunication and networking coming to the forefront of every field.telecom engineers develop a unique combination of programming knowledge and electronics,which also gives them flexibility to switch careers with ease.many universities have initiated ms and phd programs exclusively in telecommunication and networking with an eye on the future.
# Telecommuting

This psychology resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
Telecommuting, a workplace phenomenon that stems from organisational embrace of new technology, enables employees to maintain a work-life balance by working from home (Gajendran & Harrison, 2007). However, the impact that these ‘mobile’ work arrangements have for interpersonal communication with colleagues in the workplace have been questioned. Studies have found that telecommuting places a strain on the quality of interpersonal relationships amongst co-workers due to the nature of their non face-to-face interactions (Gajendran & Harrison, 2007). Thomson and Covert (2007) advise employers to act cautiously when choosing employees that should have access to remote network access, as the negative impacts that telecommuting can have for teamwork are significant. Their research findings suggest that organisations that use telecommuting for complex tasks and projects, should consider using alternative means of communication such as face-to-face methods to increase clarity and overall employee job satisfaction (Thomson & Covert, 2007). If face-to-face communication is not physically possible, they encourage the use of face-to-face video conferencing as another more viable option (Thomson & Covert, 2007). This demonstrates that by utilising different forms of new technology, that are not purely text based like email, organisations can have the capacity to increase productiveness at work and maintain interpersonal connections amongst their colleagues.
# The Rise of Russia

Rurik the Rus-

### Regions

* Steppe- Vast grasslands, few trees, dry w/heavy snow and harsh winds.
* Taiga- Enormous evergreen forests.

### Trade

Kievan Rus traded with Byzantium
* Exported honey, wood, fur, salt and iron
* Traders and missionaries brought Orthodox Christianity
How did trade impact Kiev?
* Kiev is a city on the Dneiper River. It helped Russia control trade routes between the Black and Baltic Seas. Kiev dominated water trade and had access to many other civilizations.

### Religion

Vladmir I [who is the Constantine of Russia]- First Russian leader to convert to Orthodoxy. He ordered his people to convert as well, but some people did not listen.
Religious themes dominated Russian culture (art, literature, monasteries, etc.)

### Rise of Moscow

At first, Moscow was a small, little town with a great location. As near vital land and water routes (Black/Baltic Seas, Volga and Dnieper Rivers). The princes of Moscow are known as Muscovy. They expanded their land (Moscow's land) through marriage and wars.
Ivan the Great- united Russia by expelling the Mongols. He married the niece of the last Byzantine Emperor and took the title of "czar", which was used by both Roman and Byzantine rulers. He became Sovereign of All Russia in 1493.
Ivan the Terrible- Cruel ruler (killed his pregnant daughter-in-law and son).

### Another Rome!

That's right, another name for Moscow is "3rd Rome." It was the center of the Eastern (AKA Greek) Orthodox Church.

### Moscow's Got Style

European influence reached Russia, but it was transformed by Russia's personal tastes and style.
* Church not Latin or Greek - Conducted in Russian
* The Cyrillic Alphabet was developed to spread religion by St. Cyril in 863
* Unique style of icon painting and building construction
* The Kremlin was a fortress with Onion Domes; today, it is used as a government building
# The Role of Gamification in Learning

Gamification uses game-like elements in non-game areas to boost engagement, motivation, and experience. In education, it makes learning more interactive and fun by using game mechanics. This article looks at how gamification works in education, its benefits and challenges, and examples of its successful use.
Gamification involves incorporating game elements such as points, badges, leaderboards, and challenges into learning activities. These elements aim to motivate students by making learning objectives more attainable and rewarding.

## Benefits of Gamification in Education

Increased Engagement:Gamified learning experiences capture students' attention and maintain their interest over time. The interactive nature of games encourages active participation, making learning more dynamic.
Enhanced Motivation: Rewards and recognition, such as badges and points, can significantly boost students' intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Students are more likely to strive for higher achievements when they see tangible progress.
Improved Retention: Gamification can aid in knowledge retention by providing a hands-on and experiential learning process. Students are more likely to remember concepts learned through engaging and memorable activities.
Personalized Learning: Gamified systems can adapt to individual learning paces and styles. This personalization helps address the diverse needs of students, allowing for a more tailored educational experience.

## Challenges of Gamification in Education

Implementation Complexity: Adding gamified elements to current curricula can be hard and time-consuming. Teachers must ensure these elements match educational goals and standards.
Balance Between Fun and Learning: Gamification makes learning fun, but it's important to keep the focus on educational content. Too much emphasis on games can distract from learning objectives.
Accessibility Issues: Not all students may have the technology needed for gamified learning. Teachers must consider this and ensure all students can benefit.

## Examples of Gamification in Education

•Duolingo
Duolingo is a language learning platform that uses gamification to teach various languages. It incorporates points, levels, and rewards to motivate learners to practice daily and track their progress.
•Kahoot
Kahoot! is an interactive quiz platform that turns traditional assessments into fun, game-like experiences. It engages students through competitive quizzes.
•Classcraft.
Classcraft transforms the classroom into a role-playing game where students can earn points and rewards for positive behavior and academic achievements. It promotes teamwork and encourages a supportive learning environment.

## Sources

- Deterding, S., Dixon, D., Khaled, R., & Nacke, L. (2011). From game design elements to gamefulness: Defining "gamification". Proceedings of the 15th International Academic MindTrek Conference: Envisioning Future Media Environments.
- "How Gamification is Used in Education" by TeachThought Staff. TeachThought.
- "The Impact of Gamification on Student Learning" by Heather Fraser, Nick Gosling, and Chris Green. University of the West of England.
# The Regret and Disappointment Scale

The regret and disappointment scale (RDS) is a valid instrument for assessing regret and disappointment in decision making. As the scale does not contain the words 'regret' and 'disappointment', this scale can measure these concepts even if participants and researchers rely on different definitions of the concepts.

## Composition of the RDS

| Questionnaire Item | Description |
| I am sorry about what happened to me | Affective reaction |
| I wish I had made a different choice | Regret counterfactual |
| I wish the events that were beyond my control had happened differently | Disappointment counterfactual |
| I feel responsible for what happened to me | Internal attribution |
| The events that were beyond my control are the cause of what happened to me | External attribution |
| I am satisfied about what happened to me | Control item |
| Things would have gone better if... I had chosen differently the course of events had been different | Choice between counterfactuals |
Participants can respond to the RDS using a 7-point Likert scale, anchored at 1 (Completely disagree) and 7 (Completely agree).
# The Republic of China

At the end of the 20th century China was undergoing an identity crisis. For 100 years China had been humiliated and forced into accepting the conditions the western powers brought to them. Starting with the opium wars and the opening of China to the west everyday Chinese were increasingly exposed to foreign ideas and cultures. Three main reactions became common in Chinese society.
A liberal, modern school of thought believed that China should adapt western influences fully, and by embracing these beliefs be able to compete with the west on equal footing. The conservative segments of the Chinese populace believed that these cultural influences were eroding the Chinese identity and threatened the country as a whole. These conservative Chinese usually had long entrenched loyalties to the current economic situation. For example many of these Chinese were part of the scholar-official class and therefore had vested interest in seeing the Confucian system continued on. A middle group also existed who seeked to reconcile these two extreme points of view by adapting some Western ideas and technology well not shedding their unique Chinese identity.
The 1800s in China is marked by these three groups responding to ever increasing external pressure from the west as well as a number of internal conflicts. The usual approach to reforming the obviously broken system under the late Qing was to attempt to integrate specific western technologies and ideas into the already existent Chinese mentality. The problem, however, was that these approaches did not address the underlying weaknesses in Chinas society. They also discounted the floodgate effect that allowing any western technology began.
To illustrate this let us examine the introduction of Western military technology and how it snowballed into an increased penetration of all western thought. As the Chinese scrambled to adopt to western arms in the face of the devastating defeats in the opium war they were forced to also import the western technologies and expertise to maintain these weapons. This meant that they also needed language schools for the Chinese students. These schools inevitably led to the spread of Western knowledge far outside of a specifically military field because the students would assimilate and share the knowledge that came with the language. Thus by trying to put off a drastic modernizing reform program the Chinese adopted stop gap measure which managed to keep China supported but not to address the underlying issues.
# The Role of Manganese As a Controller of Gold Mineralization/Abstract

The San José de Las Malezas quartz-gold deposit is located on the North side of the Cuban Ophiolitic Complex, within the Structural-Facial Zone "Zaza", Province of Villa Clara, Cuba. In the area of the deposit there is a well developed listwaenitic zone that begins with (i) massive and relatively little altered serpentinites that pass into (ii) iron-altered serpentinites which are in gradational contact with (iii) completely carbonatized rocks and (iv) a core of silicified rocks and quartz veins. Copper and gold mineralizations are associated with these quartz bodies, but binary correlation analysis of geochemical data suggests that the ores are genetically independent of one another. In concordance with the proposed genetic model supported by thermodynamic calculations and field observations, copper is thought to be introduced by a hydrothermal process, whereas gold was leached from the serpentinites. The evolution of manganese minerals from anaerobic to aerobic species provoked a reducing environment which hampered the precipitation of gold and other ores inside and near the serpentinites. Accordingly, a significant negative correlation between gold and manganese in similar areas of hydrothermally altered serpentinites, may be good indicators of possible gold concentrations.
The mechanical transportation of very small and thin scales of native gold from the serpentinites by the fluids is also suggested as a possible mechanism to explain the presence of this kind of scales inside the iron-altered zone.
# The Role of Manganese As a Controller of Gold Mineralization
## Table of Contents

* Cover
* Abstract
* Introduction
* The Formation of the San Josè de Las Malezas Deposit
* Dynamic of the Hydrothermal Fluid
* Conclusions and Recommendations
* Acknowledgements
* References
* Licensing

## see also

* book in pdf - originally from Wikibooks
# WikiJournal of Medicine/Editorial board/Application
## Editorial board application of

Areas of expertise:
Relevant experience:
    Professional -
    Publishing -
    Open -
I confirm that I will act in accordance with the policies of the WikiJournal of Medicine. ~~

## Use

Above is a draft that preloads when someone wishes to apply to be on the Editorial board. It can be invoked with the link below:
   https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Special:NewSection/Talk:WikiJournal_of_Medicine/Editorial_board&preload=WikiJournal_of_Medicine%2FEditorial_board%2FApplication
# Endomorphism/Nilpotent/Introduction/Section
## Definition

Endomorphism/Nilpotent/Definition

## Definition

Matrix/Nilpotent/Definition

## Lemma
### Proof

$\Box$

## Lemma
### Proof

$\Box$

## Corollary
### Proof

$\Box$