OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# VHDL programming in plain view
## Flip Flop and Latch

* FFLatch.Overview.1.A (pdf)
* Counter.74LS193.1.A (pdf)
* Clock.Overview.1.A (pdf)
* Function.Overview.1.A (pdf)

## Versions of VHDL

* VHDL Versions (pdf)
* VHDL Libraries (pdf)

## Basic Features of VHDL
#### Data

* DataType.1.A (pdf)
* DataObject.1.A (pdf)
* StdPackages.1.A (pdf)
* Data.4.A.Attributes (pdf)

#### Signals & Variables

* Signal.1.A Concurrent & Sequential Signal Assignments (pdf)
* Signal.2.A Inertial & Transport Delay Models (pdf)
* Signal.3.A Simulation & Synthesis (pdf)

#### Structure

* Component (pdf)
* Configuration (pdf)
* Generic (pdf)

#### Function

* Function.1.A Usage (pdf)
* Function.2.A Conversion Function (pdf)
* Function.3.A Resolution Function (pdf)

#### Package

go to [ Electrical_&_Computer_Engineering_Studies ]
# Software applications/Overview/Part-up

* Market: Collaboration
* Website: https://part-up.com
* What is Part-up?
* Why choose Part-up?

## To-do

* Developers
* Projects

## Index

* Agenda: see https://partup.miraheze.org/wiki/Agenda
* Ambassadors
* Best practices
* Blog
* Competitors
* Communication
* Development: https://partup.miraheze.org/wiki/Development
* Functionality
* Improvements
* Implementation
* Open source: https://partup.miraheze.org/wiki/Open_source
* Ontology
* Overview Part-ups
* Meetings
* Promote Part-up
* Questions
* Users
* Wiki
# Software applications/Overview/Part-up/Communication

On this page you can find information about Part-up communication

## Questions

* Does Part-up have any communication guidelines? Is it possible to share these guidelines?

## To-do

* Blog: In Q4 2015 some people are working to create a new blog in WordPress.
# Software applications/Overview/Part-up/Competitors

Part-up is about finding other people. Tools like Slack, Clock (https://clock.ai/beta) or LinkedIn Lookup (blogpost) are used by teams that already exist.
# Software applications/Overview/Part-up/Developers

What can Part-up do to find developers who want to improve Part-up?

## Possible actions

* Start with sharing more information on the projects the development community is working on.
* Share information about what developers can learn.

## Questions

* Is it a good idea to give money for certain development tasks?

## To-do

* On 12.11.15 Timboliu asked this question on the Dutch WordPress forum. See https://nl.forums.wordpress.org/topic/hoe-vindt-wordpress-nieuwe-ontwikkelaars?replies=1#post-486010 for more info.
# Software applications/Overview/Nextdoor/Questions

* What's on the roadmap of Nextdoor?
* Did Nextdoor ever considered to facilitate local politcal processes?
# Software applications/Overview/OutSystems

* Category: Model driven development
* Website: http://www.outsystems.com
In this blogpost you can read how you can use OutSystems on top of SAP.

## Index

* Customers
* Functionality
# Software applications/Overview/Paper
## Questions

* Are there any plans to make paper available for Android?
# Software applications/Overview/Part-up/Ambassadors

Part-up wants to have ambassadors in each country.

## Questions

* What does an ambassador do? See https://docs.google.com/document/d/1o97KADFyESh5FZV6yQVZnOKBz25fB6l0usFK5hKOYjc/pub
* In which countries do we already have ambassadors? Maybe we can share their names on this page? In October 2015 there are no formal ambassadors yet. Part-up first wants to be friendly for non-Dutch-speaking persons, after that activities will start to get part-ups started in other countries.

## To-do

* Wikimedia:
** The Wikimedia community could be charmed by Part-up because it is open source. Something like part-up is also missing to start learning projects. In the Netherlands not many learning projects are started. There is currently no Wikiversity community.
** Timboliu already tried to convince some people. See Promote Part-up for more info.
** https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Colloquium#Part-up
** Maybe the education program is something part-up can be userful. See https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Colloquium#Involvement_in_the_Wikipedia_Eduction_Program. Also see part-up P21. Maybe we should start a similar part-up in English.
* Startup Delta: Laurens Walling is going to talk to somebody form Startup Delta.
# Software applications/Overview/Part-up/Best practices

On this page we want to share best practices regarding working with Part-up.

## To-do

* In a Ted-talk about Linus Torvalds (founder of Linux) you hear three best practices: 1. have fun, 2. give it all away, 3. don't have a plan.
# Software applications/Overview/Nextdoor

Nextdoor is a privat social network for your neighborhood.

## Index

* Questions
# Web Design/An Introduction to Programming with Javascript:Quals

The module: An Introduction to Programming with JavaScript is related to qualifications in the following countries:

## Australia

The following units of competency from the ICA40305 Certificate IV in Information Technology (Websites) are related
* ICAB4137A Produce basic client side script for dynamic web pages
# Web Design/Australian Qualifications

Web Design < Qualifications
This page lists the current (or soon to be endorsed) national Web Design qualifications in Australia.

## ICA40305 Certificate IV in Information Technology (Websites)

This qualification is in the final stages of review prior to being endorsed by the Department of Education, Science and Training. It forms part of the ICA05 training package (View the ICA05 Training Package Status).
To attain this qualification within Australia, you must demonstrate your competence in 25 units as follows (include link to NTIS when new qualification is available):
* 12 core units, plus
* 9 units from the Design stream OR 8 units from the Administration stream, plus
* 4 elective units
(Eventually you can) Click on a competency below to see the specific learning outcomes and links to learning activities that may give you ideas for demonstrating your competence.

### Core Units of Competency

* BSBCMN304A Contribute to personal skill development and learning (needs Ideas for demonstrating competence)
* CUSADM08A Address copyright requirements (not yet written)
* ICAA4041A Determine and confirm client business expectations and needs(not yet written)
* ICAB4135A Create a simple mark-up language document to specification(not yet written)
* CIAB4225A Automate processes(not yet written)
* ICAD4043A Develop and present a feasibility report(not yet written)
* ICAD4217A Create technical documentation(not yet written)
* ICAI4189A Ensure website content meets technical protocols and standards(not yet written)
* ICAT4221A Locate equipment, system and software faults(not yet written)
* ICAU4205A Select and employ software and hardware tools(not yet written)
* ICAW4214A Maintain ethical conduct(not yet written)
* PSPPM402A Implement projects(not yet written)

### Specialist Core Stream - Design

* ICAA4142A Design a website to meet technical requirements
* ICAA4233A Determine and apply appropriate development methodologies
* ICAB4137A Produce basic client side script for dynamic web pages
* ICAB4171A Develop cascading style sheets
* ICAD4198A Develop guidelines for up-loading information to a website
* ICAS4201A Transfer content to a website using commercial packages
* ICAT4183A Confirm accessibility of website for people with special needs
* ICAU4207A Apply web authoring tool to convert client data for websites

### Suggested Elective Units

* ICAB5165A Create dynamic web pages
* ICAB5180A Integrate database with a website
* ICAA5146A Develop website information architecture
* ICAA5141A Design dynamic websites to meet technical requirements

### Other related units

* ICAB4222A Apply introductory programming skills in another language

## ICA50605 Diploma of Information Technology (Website Development)

This qualification is in the final stages of review prior to being endorsed by the Department of Education, Science and Training. It forms part of the ICA05 training package (View the ICA05 Training Package Status).
# Web Design/About the web design learning project

Web Design → About the web design learning project
This page is part of the Web Design project. :
Given that everything we need to learn about Web Design is already freely available online, the purpose of this course isn't to provide yet more content! Instead, this resource aims to provide a flexible learning pathway linking the excellent online resources together with fun learning activities. The best bit is, if you find a great resource or can improve this course in any way, you can update it (Be bold!)
Oduma World

## Group/classroom activities

If you are lucky enough to be learning together with a group of people, you might want to break up your class or project work with some fun group activities related to your Web Design course that challenge the way the web is used for learning!
# Web Design/Basic HTML and CSS Tutorial

Web Design → Basic HTML and CSS Tutorial
This page is part of the Web Design project. :
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language and is composed of many things called tags. An example of a tag is <tag>. Tags are used to tell a browser how to format text, mark different areas, and other thing. However, more recently many HTML formatting tags such as the <font> tag have been removed from HTML in favour of CSS. CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. We will go over that later in this chapter.

## Basic HTML

* Ok, so you are ready to start making a simple website. Alright then let's start:
* There are two kinds of tags, a beginning tag <tag> and an end tag </tag>. Now that you know that we can start your first web document.
* Load up your HTML Editor. The screenshot examples are up CSE HTML Validator lite v6.52.
* The first tag you need is a beginning <html> tag. This tells your browser that this is an HTML document. Next you will need a beginning <head> tag. This marks the head of your document. In the head exists many elements many of which you will learn more about later in this Wikibook.
* One of the things that is in the head is the title. The title is what appears at the top of your browser. A title is very important and should describe in as few words as possible the content of your page. To make a title you should add a <title> tag followed by the text you want to use as a title and then a </title> tag to close it off.
Now you have to close the head of you document. That's right you need to add a </head> tag. Now you need to create a body. The body is where the content that the browser displays exists. To make it you need a <body> tag. Now we need to close our body and end the HTML Document and a </body> then a </html> tag to your document. Now between the <body> tags type some text and save your document. When you save you document save it as "index.html". Now that it is saved load up you HTML file in a browser.
There you have created a web page. Go pat yourself on the back. It may not be much yet but you will learn more in the next chapter.
# Web Design/A step-by-step web design project

If you've not used Cascading Stylesheets (CSS) before, and have limited or no experience with HTML, then you might want to follow a step-by-step project book that takes you from creating your HTML and CSS files through to the finished product: a simple HTML/CSS website.
Below you will find at least one option for such a step-by-step project. If you are aware of other project-based introductory books, or similar online resources, link them here!

## Jerusalem2020 JavaScript Code&Apps

Jerusalem2020 cross-browser JavaScript code& applications include a handful of preformatted database applications. These include customized applications,ready-made forms and reports specific to that application. You can view an example of the site you will create at http://sarahsnotecards.com/. The instructions for creating the HTML and CSS code, structuring the HTML, preparing the photos and publishing the site on the web can be found in Elizabeth Castro's excellent book "Creating a Web Page with HTML". You can read more about the book on the Useful Books page. You can also use Jerusalem2020 JavaScript Code&Apps to create your own customized cross-browser JavaScript code& applications. This means, of course, that you have to design your own database,fields,forms, and reports.
# Web Design/Advanced HTML Tutorial

Web Design → Advanced HTML Tutorial
This page is part of the Web Design project. :
Now that you have completed your first HTML page lets move on to some advanced HTML. Lets start off with Headers.
| Heading 1 Heading 2 Heading 3 Heading 4 Heading 5 Heading 6 | Headers are text that is formatted in the style of headers just like you would find in a report. There are six levels of header with <h1> being the biggest and <h6> being the smallest. To create headers simply surround an area of text with a begining and ending header tag. Header tags are very useful. However, if you want normal text then you should use a paragraph tag <p>. Paragraph tags again do exactly as their name suggests. They format your text as a paragraph. To use them all you have to do is surround an area of text with a <p> and a </p>. Ok so you have lots of nicely formatted text, but you want some images. Well let's do that then. |
To add images to your web documents you need to use the image tag. Unlike other tags however, the image tag has no end tag (But you should end it with /> as per standard rules). In order to use the image tag we will have to go over attributes. Attributes are subsections that get added to a beginning tag to add functionality. Attributes DO NOT get added to end tags.
Insert the <img> tag where you want your image to go. Now in the tag add the "src" attribute and specify the path to the image file on the server (or local directory) that your document is on. Eg. <img src="images/image.gif/>. True HTML 4.01 requires that the image tag also have height, width, and alt, attributes. But what do these do?
The height and width attributes specify the size of your image. Most browsers will determine this on their own but specifying them allows for faster download times. You can also change the values to something other than the original dimensions of the image. This, however, will NOT change the size of the file. You can even distort images by only changing 1 dimension.
The alt attribute specifies the alternative text that comes up if the image can't be displayed. You would be surprised how often this is needed. If an image get corrupted, deleted, or moved without changing the path a graphical browser can't display it and instead will attempt to use alternative text. There are many text-only browsers that can ONLY display alternative text for images as well. A common example is Lynx. Alternative text should either say the text on an image or describe the image. E.g. An image that links to a downloads page says "Downloads" the alternative text should say "downloads" as well. E.g.(2) An image of a cat has no text should have alternative text that describes the cat.
Rami Reddy multimedia designer
# Materials Science and Engineering/Derivations/Models of Micro and Nanoscale Processing/Kinetic Theory of Gases

Kinetic theory or kinetic theory of gases attempts to explain macroscopic properties of gases, such as pressure, temperature, or volume, by considering their molecular composition and motion. Essentially, the theory posits that pressure is due not to static repulsion between molecules, as was Isaac Newton's conjecture, but due to collisions between molecules moving at different velocities. Kinetic theory is also known as kinetic-molecular theory or collision theory.
* $f(v)$= fraction, $dC/C$, of the number of molecules between velocity $v$ and $dv+v$
* $M$ = mass per mole
* $N_{av}$ = Avogadro's number
* $R$ = Gas constant
* $k_{B}$ = Boltzman constant
The theory for ideal gases makes the following assumptions:
* The gas consists of very small particles, each of which has a mass.
* The number of molecules is large such that statistical treatment can be applied.
* These molecules are in constant, random motion. The rapidly moving particles constantly collide with each other and with the walls of the container.
* The collisions of gas particles with the walls of the container holding them are perfectly elastic.
* The interactions among molecules are negligible. They exert no forces on one another except during collisions.
* The total volume of the individual gas molecules added up is negligible compared to the volume of the container. This is equivalent to stating that the average distance separating the gas particles is relatively large compared to their size.
* The molecules are perfectly spherical in shape, and elastic in nature .
* The average kinetic energy of the gas particles depends only on the temperature of the system.
* Relativistic effects are negligible.
* Quantum-mechanical effects are negligible. This means that the inter-particle distance is much larger than the thermal de Broglie wavelength and the molecules can be treated as classical objects.
* The time during collision of molecule with the container's wall is negligible as comparable to the time between successive collisions.
* The equations of motion of the molecules are time-reversible.

## The Langmuir Equation

The Langmuir equation or Langmuir isotherm or Langmuir adsorption equation relates the coverage or adsorption of molecules on a solid surface to gas pressure or concentration of a medium above the solid surface at a fixed temperature. The equation was developed by Irving Langmuir in 1916.
# Materials Science and Engineering/Derivations/Models of Micro and Nanoscale Processing
## First-Order Planar Growth Kinetics - The Linear Parabolic Model

Oxide grows by indiffusion

### Chemical Reaction

$Si+O_{2}\rightarrow SiO_{2}$
$Si+2H_{2}O\rightarrow SiO_{2}+2H_{2}$

### Three Fluxes
#### Transport of the oxidant to the oxide surface

* $F_{1}$: flux in molecules
* $(C_{G}-C_{S})$: concentration difference between gas flow and surface
* $h_{G}$: mass transfer coefficient

#### Equilibrium concentration of a gas species

The equilibrium concentration of a gas species dissolved in a solid is proportional to partial pressure of species at the surface.
$C_{O}=HP_{S}$
$C*=HP_{G}$
* $C*$:oxidant concentration in oxide that would be in equilibrium with $P_{G}$
* $P_{G}$: bulk gas pressure
From the ideal gas law:
$C_{G}={\frac {P_{G}}{kT}}$
$C_{S}={\frac {P_{S}}{kT}}$
$F_{1}=h(C*-C_{O})$

#### Diffusion of oxidant through oxide to interface

In steady state,
* $C_{O}$ and $C_{I}$: concetration at two interfaces
* $x_{O}$: oxide thickness
Oxygen and water seem to diffuse in different manners, though the effective diffusivities are of the same order.

#### Reaction at the Si/SiO2 interface

$F_{3}=k_{S}C_{I}$
* $k_{S}$: interface reaction rate constant

### Equating three fluxes

With $F_{1}=F_{2}=F_{3}$
The approximations are based on the observation that $h$ is very large. Gas absorption occurs rapidly compared with chemistry at interface.

### Limiting cases
#### Reaction rate controlled - thin oxides

Oxidant supplied to interface fast compared to that required to sustain the interface reaction
$C_{I}\approx C^{*}$
$k_{S}x_{O}/D<<1$

#### Diffusion controlled - thick oxides

$k_{S}x_{O}/D>>1$
${\frac {dx_{O}}{dt}}={\frac {F}{N_{1}}}$
${\frac {dx_{O}}{dt}}={\frac {k_{S}C^{*}}{N_{1}\left(1+{\frac {k_{S}}{h}}+{\frac {k_{S}x_{O}}{D}}\right)}}$
* $N_{1}$: number of oxidant molecules incorporated
Integrate from initial oxide thickness $x_{i}$ to final thickness $x_{o}$:
$N_{1}\int _{x_{i}}^{x_{o}}1+{\frac {k_{S}}{h}}+{\frac {k_{S}x_{O}}{D}}dx_{0}=k_{S}C^{*}\int _{0}^{t}dt$
${\frac {x_{O}^{2}-x_{i}^{2}}{B}}+{\frac {x_{O}-x_{i}}{B/A}}=t$
* $B={\frac {2DC^{*}}{N_{1}}}$
* ${\frac {B}{A}}={\frac {C^{*}}{N_{1}\left({\frac {1}{k_{S}}}+{\frac {1}{h}}\right)}}{\frac {C^{*}k_{S}}{N_{1}}}$
${\frac {x_{O}^{2}}{B}}+{\frac {x_{O}}{B/A}}=t+\tau$
$\tau ={\frac {x_{i}^{2}+Ax_{i}}{B}}$
$x_{O}={\frac {A}{2}}\left({\sqrt {1+{\frac {t+\tau }{A^{2}/4B}}}}-1\right)$
# Materials Science and Engineering/Derivations/Models of Micro and Nanoscale Processing/Evaporative Deposition
## Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Molecular beam epitaxy takes place in high vacuum or ultra high vacuum (10−8 Pa). The most important aspect of MBE is the slow deposition rate (typically less than 1000 nm per minute), which allows the films to grow epitaxially. However, the slow deposition rates require proportionally better vacuum in order to achieve the same impurity levels as other deposition techniques.
In solid-source MBE, ultra-pure elements such as gallium and arsenic are heated in separate quasi-knudsen effusion cells until they begin to slowly sublimate. The gaseous elements then condense on the wafer, where they may react with each other. In the example of gallium and arsenic, single-crystal gallium arsenide is formed. The term "beam" simply means that evaporated atoms do not interact with each other or any other vacuum chamber gases until they reach the wafer, due to the long mean free paths of the atoms.
During operation, RHEED (Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction) is often used for monitoring the growth of the crystal layers. A computer controls shutters in front of each furnace, allowing precise control of the thickness of each layer, down to a single layer of atoms. Intricate structures of layers of different materials may be fabricated this way. Such control has allowed the development of structures where the electrons can be confined in space, giving quantum wells or even quantum dots. Such layers are now a critical part of many modern semiconductor devices, including semiconductor lasers and light-emitting diodes.
In systems where the substrate needs to be cooled, the ultra-high vacuum environment within the growth chamber is maintained by a system of cryopumps, and cryopanels, chilled using liquid nitrogen or cold nitrogen gas to a temperature close to 77 kelvins (−196 degrees Celsius). However, cryogenic temperatures act as a sink for impurities in the vacuum, and so vacuum levels need to be several orders of magnitude better to deposit films under these conditions. In other systems, the wafers on which the crystals are grown may be mounted on a rotating platter which can be heated to several hundred degrees Celsius during operation.
Molecular beam epitaxy is also used for the deposition of some types of organic semiconductors. In this case, molecules, rather than atoms, are evaporated and deposited onto the wafer. Other variations include gas-source MBE, which resembles chemical vapor deposition.
# Vector space/Dimension n and n vectors/Equivalences/Fact/Proof/Exercise

Let $K$ be a field, and let $V$ be a $K$-vector space of dimension $n=\dim _{\left(V\right)}$. Suppose that $n$ vectors $v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}$ in $V$ are given. Prove that the following facts are equivalent.
* $v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}$ form a basis for $V$.
* $v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}$ form a system of generators for $V$.
* $v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}$ are linearly independent.