OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Wheat yield as affected by diseases

Amongst 350,000 botanical plant species identified in the world, only 24 (less than 0.008% of them) are used as crops to satisfy most human requirements for food and fiber (Wittwer, 1980).

## Wheat

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plays a major role among the few species widely grown around the world as food sources and was central in the beginning of agriculture (Harlan, 1981). Nowadays, bread wheat is the most widely grown crop in the world, with one sixth of the arable land in the world.

## Pathogens

In this crop, fungal pathogens like Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs. (anamorph Drechslera tritici-repentis (Died.) Shoem) “Tan spot”, Septoria tritici Roberge ex Desm.(teleomorph Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fuckel) Schrot. in Cohn) “Septoria leaf blotch” and Puccinia recondita Roberge ex Desmaz. f. sp. tritici “leaf rust” are the main biotic causes of yield reduction in Argentina as well as in other regions (Annone, 2001; Serrago et al., 2009; Schierenbeck et al., 2014).
Fungal pathogens can be classified as necrothrophic, biotrophic and hemibiotrophic according to the nutritional relationship with the plant cells; in all cases the infected plant shows alteration in its physiology and morphology, which leads to damage and yield reduction.

## Necrotrophs

Tan spot (classified as a necrotroph) kills tissue cells during the progress of colonization of fungal structures through the secretion of toxins and cell wall degrading enzymes. The control of this disease by genetic resistance strategies has been found to be difficult because the pathogens do not show a high degree of specialization. Hence, integrated disease management including crop rotation, seed treatment and chemical control has been used by growers (Reis et al, 1992).

## Biotrophs

Leaf rust is a biotrophic pathogen which derives its resources for growth and sporulation from living host cells. Wheat rusts have been controlled specially through resistant cultivars but chemical control has been recommended in those cases where resistance is broken.

## Hemi-biotrophs

Hemi-biotrophs like Septoria leaf blotch behave initially as biotrophs, but then change to a necrothrophic mode of nutrition (Ney et al., 2013).
# WheelChair
## Project WheelChair

Focusing on electric wheel chairs. Building controller from scratch as well has reverse engineering old electric wheel chair parts. Goal is for an arduino to drive around campus in a continuous loop, only stopping to be charged.

## Conceive

Using camera and arduino controlled Controlled by arduino neurological interaction with wheel chair command Wheelchair voice command

## Tutorials

old documentation
# WheelChair/Howard Community College/fall2012

p1-503-tos p2-503-mcf p3-503-SMVS
# WheelChair/Howard Community College

fall2012
# WheelChair/Howard Community College/fall2012/p3-503-SMVS/Thunder AC6 charger Tutorial

Thunder AC6 charger is the charger that is mainly used for chargeing rc cars but can be used to charge many kinds of batteries.
# WikiJournal Preprints/The Effect of Captivity On Birds

WikiJournal Preprints Open access • Publication charge free • Public peer review
WikiJournal of Science
WikiJournal of Humanities
WikiJournal of PPB
Editorial guidelines Ethics statement Bylaws Indexing Financials and reports 1-year/3-year plan Proposed platform Meeting minutes Calendar
WikiJournal User Group is a publishing group of open-access, free-to-publish, Wikipedia-integrated academic journals. <seo title=" Wikiversity Journal User Group, WikiJournal Free to publish, Open access, Open-access, Non-profit, online journal, Public peer review "/>
This article has been declined for publication by the WikiJournal of Science.
It is archived below as a record. Discussion can be viewed here.
First submitted: 25 Aug 2019 Declined: 28 Aug 2019 Reviewer comments
QID: Q105960898
Suggested (provisional) preprint citation format: Malik Al Bahlani. "The Effect of Captivity On Birds". WikiJournal Preprints. Wikidata Q105960898.
License:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction, provided the original author and source are credited.

## Article information

Author: Malik Al Bahlani
* ↑ by form

## Additional information
### Acknowledgements

Any people, organisations, or funding sources that you would like to thank.

### Competing interests

Any conflicts of interest that you would like to declare. Otherwise, a statement that the authors have no competing interest.

### Ethics statement

An ethics statement, if appropriate, on any animal or human research performed should be included here or in the methods section.
# WikiJournal Preprints/Test

test paragraph
WikiJournal Preprints Open access • Publication charge free • Public peer review
WikiJournal of Science
WikiJournal of Humanities
WikiJournal of PPB
Editorial guidelines Ethics statement Bylaws Indexing Financials and reports 1-year/3-year plan Proposed platform Meeting minutes Calendar
WikiJournal User Group is a publishing group of open-access, free-to-publish, Wikipedia-integrated academic journals. <seo title=" Wikiversity Journal User Group, WikiJournal Free to publish, Open access, Open-access, Non-profit, online journal, Public peer review "/>
This article is an unpublished pre-print not yet undergoing peer review.
To submit this article for peer review, please: Submit authorship declaration form
Create peer review location

## Article information

Author: Firstname Lastname
* ↑ email@address.com

## First Heading

name of image creator, CC-BY 3.0
Manuscript text goes here

### Subheading
## Additional information
### Acknowledgements

Any people, organisations, or funding sources that you would like to thank.

### Competing interests

Any conflicts of interest that you would like to declare. Otherwise, a statement that the authors have no competing interest.

### Ethics statement

An ethics statement, if appropriate, on any animal or human research performed should be included here or in the methods section.
# Windows Server Administration/Troubleshooting/Terms flashcards
## Instructions

* Click on the flashcard text to show the answer.
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    Log in to hide the Clear the cache of this page? message before each new flashcard.
* Troubleshooting Terms
* A relatively small program and data stored in read-only memory (ROM) used to access nonvolatile device or devices from which the operating system programs and data can be loaded into RAM is a _____. boot loader
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# Windows service

Wikiversity welcomes most types of learning materials that are not encyclopedia articles, textbooks, or source texts. Please note that Wikiversity is not a place for duplication of other Wikimedia projects.
Wikiversity has adopted a "learn by doing" model for online education and encourages the creation of learning activities for Wikiversity participants. Everyone is invited to help add useful content to Wikiversity. If you need help learning how to add content, see the editing tutorial and Welcome, newcomers. Visit the Colloquium if you have any questions.
# Windows Server Administration/Virtualization/Lesson flashcards
## Instructions

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* Virtualization Lesson
* Hyper-V requires a minimum of _____ of RAM, but each virtual machine running on the Hyper-V server requires its own memory. Hyper-V requires a minimum of 4 GB of RAM, but each virtual machine running on the Hyper-V server requires its own memory.
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# Windows Server Administration/Virtualization/Terms flashcards
## Instructions

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* Virtualization Terms
* Another name for hypervisor is _____. virtual machine monitor (VMM)
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# Windows Server Administration/Web Services/Lesson flashcards
## Instructions

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* Web Services Lesson
* The primary function of a web server is to _____ using the _____ (protocol). The primary function of a web server is to process client requests for web pages using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
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# Windows Server Administration/Troubleshooting/Lesson flashcards
## Instructions

* Click on the flashcard text to show the answer.
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* Troubleshooting Lesson
* Event Viewer is a Windows application that lets administrators and users _____. Default Windows logs include _____, _____, and _____. Event Viewer is a Windows application that lets administrators and users view the event logs on a local or remote machine. Default Windows logs include System, Security, and Application.
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# Windows Server Administration/Web Services/Terms flashcards
## Instructions

* Click on the flashcard text to show the answer.
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* Web Services Terms
* A standard network protocol used to transfer files from one host to another host over a TCP-based network, such as the Internet is _____. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
* Next Card
# Sources of Credit Reports/Activities

| Unit 3.1-Sources of Credit Reports | Introduction | Components | Purpose | Direct Sources | Other Sources | Indirect Sources | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 3.1 | Unit 3.2 | Unit 3.3 | Unit 3.4 | Unit 3.5 Return to Trade Finance Module 3: Commercial Risk |

## Activity

Discussion In discussion groups, determine what the various elements of a credit report mean and what risk factors would need to be evaluated when considering extending a line of credit to a customer.
Process It is Friday at 3 PM, and you have to make a credit decision on a large, first order from a new customer. You need to decide if using a “direct” investigation or “indirect” investigation will work best. Your sales department is expecting you to make a decision by 5 PM the same day.
Outline the process and alternatives you have to complete the investigation.
# Sources for science journalists

Science Journalism >> An Introduction to Science Journalism >>

## Science events near you

AlphaGalileo Calendar

## Sources for new papers

* AlphaGalileo (Europe)
* British Medical Journal
* EurekaAlert (Europe)
* Nature
* New Scientist (UK)
* Science
* Science Daily

## Sources for statistics

* Mori (UK)
* Office of National Statistics (UK)
* UK Data Archive

## Finding university experts

* AlphaGalileo Expert Database (UK)
* Peter Burden's Map of UK Universities (UK)
* Royal Society Media Directory (UK)
* Science Media Centre (UK)

## Gateways

* Eldis: the gateway to development information
# Sources of Credit Reports

| Unit 3.1-Sources of Credit Reports | Introduction | Components | Purpose | Direct Sources | Other Sources | Indirect Sources | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 3.1 | Unit 3.2 | Unit 3.3 | Unit 3.4 | Unit 3.5 Return to Trade Finance Module 3: Commercial Risk |

## Unit 3.1- Sources of Credit Reports

This unit describes the purpose and components of credit reports. There are different perspectives when it comes to credit reports: from an individual, from a seller--business/ commercial-- or from a financial institution such as a bank.
The focus here is on the seller’s perspective. Assume that a person or persons within a business are responsible for assessing whether a buyer ( an individual, another business) has a credit history that demonstrates whether this party or parties can and will make payments accordingly . The credit report is obtained from a source outside the seller’s business. This type of information is contained in external credit reports.
The persons who request credit reports and analyze them have many titles--for example, analyst, credit manager, international credit manager. To keep things simple, assume that this person is an international credit manager (ICM).
In order to convey the purpose of a credit report, the following topics are presented:
* the definition of a credit report and its components
* purposes of a credit report
* influences on a credit report.

### Unit Objective

The goal of this material is to introduce you to credit reports, their purpose, uses, and components. This information will also identify reliable sources for credit report information for international transactions. By the end of this unit you will be able to
* define a credit report and its purpose.
* recognize components of credit reports.
* identify reliable sources of credit information.

### Unit Outline

* Introduction
* Credit Report Components
* Purpose of a Credit Report
* Direct Sources of Credit Information
* Other Sources of Direct Investigation
* Indirect Sources of Credit Information
* Summary
* Resources
* Activities
* Assessment
Correlation: Materials from this unit correlate with NASBITE CGCP's Knowledge Statement 04/03/01: Knowldege of sources of credit reports (e.g. credit bureau, D&B, Hoovers, US Department of Commerce, International Company Profile)
# WikipediaOS/Content and process transparency
## Hypothesis

Both Wikipedia and Open Source development environments are based in transparency, potential contributors and other people interested in their activities can know the details of its output (being an article or a piece of software) as well as the discussions generated during its development..

## Votes/comments

* Support This is probably a very general topic, transparency can be also found in many other Internet-mediated projects and processes. What's more remarkable is that the changelog files in open software releases and the history view of wiki pages (apart from open mailing lists, chatrooms or other channels where discussion takes place) have very much in common. Probably the early adoption of a wiki system influenced the Wikipedia project in this direction (making software feature influence social behaviour) --Esenabre 12:25, 13 September 2010 (UTC)
* Comment When reading the statement I thought mainly about the chat logs, because they explain most often why something was started. Here is the question always, are they publically logged or not. ----Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat 18:01, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

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# WikipediaOS/Other examples

Should you have more examples that help demonstrate the similarities between Wikipedia and Open Source development processes, please list and comment them here:
# WikipediaOS/HowTos and guidelines
## Hypothesis

Active learning leads to educational resources (dynamic, always in process) generated by new and repetitive types of activity, specially for newcomers.

## Votes/comments

* Support Can we consider FAQs also here? --Esenabre
* Comment Feedback: when I look back, I learned wiki syntax by imitation (learning by observing), also when starting programming imitation was used (typing from computer magazines source code). I think feedback is very important in the learning part, so I try to lead people into chat, so there is fast feedback when they have questions, so learning curve increases faster. There is also Active learning @WV :-) Though the part "... , specially for newcomers." I am not sure if I understand correct, will ponder more. ----Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat 19:25, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

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# WikipediaOS/Licensing
## Hypothesis

Copyleft licensing determines all actions, processes and outputs as pieces that can be copied and recombined. Also reinforces the prominence of contributors and his work.

## Votes/comments

* Support It was all more clear before the Creative Commons license adoption, since the same software-based license was useful for the purposes of the free encyclopaedia. --Esenabre 13:29, 19 January 2011 (UTC)
* Comment Not sure with teh following, can someone verify please? I think Wikipedia copied much of its content back then from an encyclopedia (Britannica?)? Probably it is mentioned somewhere. I assume this was PD? Though I wonder if being so, why this was not credited much more by Wikipedia? ----Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat 18:17, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

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# WikipediaOS/Meritocracy as a Decision-Making system
## Hypothesis

In both Wikipedia and Open Source development environments, contributors have a task-driven reputation (they "are" what they "do" for improving parts of the system). Obtaining trust from more experienced participants is mainly what allows them to participate wider, with higher levels of responsibility.

## Votes/comments

* Support In this case, newwies may need to prove their experience more heavily for program developing than for editing wiki pages --Esenabre 13:04, 8 September 2010 (UTC)
* Comment I think most of the time I agree. Though I also think other factors like sponsorship (money, ...) play also a role in giving tasks (somehow MeeGo is associated right now, need to ponder more). ----Erkan Yilmaz 17:55, 19 January 2011 uses the Wikiversity:Chat

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# WikipediaOS/Common enemies
## Hypothesis

Community cohesion sometimes comes from shared criticism to individuals or organizations which represent an opposed model to the core values of the project.

## Votes/comments

* Support Although not ALL the participants should share that criticism, of course, but a critical mass does as a part of his digital culture. --Esenabre 17:52, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

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# WikipediaOS/Development parallel comments
## Hypothesis

Actions of communication among contributors in both areas are primarily object-oriented, leading to asynchronous awareness with comments and discussions mainly about development details (whether of Wikipedia articles or pieces of code, and as close as possible to where the work is done) rather than about general issues.

## Votes/comments

* Support Whether comments next to code lines inside programs (example), or discussion pages in wiki articles (sometimes much longer than the content itself), every open and community oriented develops this approach allowing space for detailed conversation about what's being constructed --Esenabre 21:17, 21 September 2010 (UTC)

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# WikipediaOS/Issue Tracking and Debugging
## Hypothesis

Problem-solving activities are consequence of the "release early and often" approach. Some processes focus in critical bugs, while some others in improving details for more quality.

## Votes/comments

* Support This is connected to some previous questions like activity tracks, social filtering or content and process transparency. --Esenabre 19:53, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

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# WikipediaOS/Netiquette
## Hypothesis

People (digital identities) need to address each other respectfully, but also following written rules that don't let discussions have an adverse effect on a good environment for productivity.

## Votes/comments

* Support Although that characteristic is also expandable to many other Internet based communities and settlements, in the case of OS and Wikipedia I think the writing rules are very much connected to content production (whether code or definitions) rather than only "conversation". Like the Five Pillars. --Esenabre 17:19, 19 January 2011 (UTC)
* Comment I wonder how often WikipediaOS/Benevolent dictatorship disturbs Netiquette? ----Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat 18:31, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

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# WikipediaOS/Platforms for nesting projects
## Hypothesis

In order to obtain and maintain a critical mass of quantitativa and qualitative participation, as well as transversal activity, sister projects should share communication channels and appear somewhere at the same level.

## Votes/comments

* Support Somehow, this could also be seen as the possibility of expanding the principles considered in this research to other fields (in the case of Wikimedia) or products (in the case of OS software programs). --Esenabre 15:04, 19 January 2011 (UTC)
* Comment when reading platforms came to mind: wikia and the so called wiki farms, giving people easy way to also create one themselves, without any costs. Hopefully technical help given, people just contribute content. Also Wikiversity:Project incubator, wikimedia incubator come to mind. ----Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat 18:27, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

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