OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Islam/Introduction

Islam is one of the major monotheistic religions of the world. More than 1 billion people practice the religion all over the world making it the second-largest religion in the world. The followers of Islam are called Muslims.
Muslims believe in one God, commonly referred to as Allah (Literally, "The God" in Arabic; the word is pronounced Aal-lah).

## Basics

The main points of the Islamic creed comprise: belief in God, his Messengers, his Angels, his Revelation, Day of Judgement, Fate and Eternal life after death.
Although all of a believer's life comprises worship, this is achieved in a believer's life in practice through pure worships and following a moral code in all transactions, whether they be trade, work, politics and social relations.
The worships comprise of mandatory and recommended worships. The well known mandatory worships comprise:
Muslims are required to adhere to the 5 basic Pillars of Islam which are obligatory for them. These are Shahadah (belief in Allah and His Prophet), Salat (prayer), Zakat (alms-giving), Sawm (fasting), and Hajj (Pilgrimage to Makkah).

## Pillars of Islam
### Shahadah

see Wikipedia article Shahadah

### Prayer

These prayers are called 'Salat' in Arabic. Five times a Day.
* Fajr: Performed at dawn, before sunrise
* Zuhr: Performed at midday
* Asar: Performed at the late part of the afternoon
* Maghrib: Performed after sunset
* Ishaa: Performed between sunset and midnight

### Payment of a Tax

All Muslims that have "nisab" (minimum amount of wealth that makes Zakat payable), they must calculate and pay their Zakat exactly one lunar year from this day. A person has to pay 2.5% of their wealth as Tax.

### Fasting the month of Ramadan

There are about 30 Fasting in the Month of Ramadhan (A lunar month of Arabic Calender) in which a person can't eat and drink from just before sunrise to sunset.

### Performing Pilgrimage to Makkah

A Muslim will visit Makkah in the Month of thul Hijja (A lunar month of Arabic Calender).
Recommended worships include superogratory prayers, invocations, recitation of the Quran, superogratory fasts to mention but a few.
# Is there such a thing as mental illness?

Hungarian-American psychiatrist Thomas Szasz argues there is no such thing as mental illness. Is he and his ilk right?

## There is such a thing as mental illness
### Pro

* Pro Mental illnesses are recognized as medical illnesses by a range of reputable sources.
** Objection That does not provide a substantive proof or analysis, merely an argument from authority.
* Pro Some behaviors are obviously deranged enough as to count as diseased/ill, whether the cause is a brain disease or something else.
** Objection That does not substantiate the claim that there exist distinct well-defined disease entities in the field of human behavior, analogous to medical diseases (being distinct entities) such as cancer and its forms, virus-caused disease or bacteria-caused disease.
*** Objection The existence of distinct entities is not the motion, merely that some people are mentally ill.
* Pro Whatever kind of entities the so-called mental illnesses are, the fact that the symptoms respond to medication suggests they are medical illnesses/diseases.
** Objection Anyone emotionally disturbed by adverse events in life is expected to have the behavior modified when given major tranquilizers (also known as antipsychotics), but that does not prove there is an illness.
** Objection Emotional and cognitive states are modified in response to alcohol intake, but that does not mean that these pre-alcohol-intake states are an illness and alcohol is a medicine.

### Con

* Con There is no such thing as mental illness per Thomas Szasz..
** Objection That is not a specific argument.
*** Objection The arguments are as if included by reference.
# Islam/Course Outline
## Course Objectives

* An understanding of the diversity and history of Islam
* An understanding of the Qur'an, the Prophet Muhammad and the Sunna
* To give an overview of some of the historical and contemporary disputes within Islam

## Unit 2: The Prophet Muhammad
### Learning Materials

http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/muhammad_1.shtml

### Assignments
## Unit 3: The Qur'an
### Learning Materials

http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/texts/quran_1.shtml
# Islam/Muslims

There are more than six billion human all over the world now. More than one billion are Muslims as per available information. Muslims live their lives according to the teachings of prophets of Allah, particularly the last prophet, Muhammad. Muslims live in almost all countries of the world and worship only one Allah. Majority of the Muslims live in Asia and follow/apply the shariah laws upon themselves. The interpretation and application of shariah laws are considered to be the duties of Muslim religious leaders/scholars in consultation with other law experts and government functionaries.
# English-Chinese/The heart valve may leak and let blood flow backwards (the wrong direction) inside the heart

The heart valve may leak and let blood flow backwards (the wrong direction) inside the heart.
心脏瓣膜可能会泄漏，让血液在心脏内部向后流动（方向错误）。
# English-Chinese/The heat treatment of bran should be sufficient to achieve selective lipase inactivation, but not so much as to render the polar lipids oxidisable upon prolonged storage

The heat treatment of bran should be sufficient to achieve selective lipase inactivation, but not so much as to render the polar lipids oxidisable upon prolonged storage.
麸皮的热处理应该足以实现选择性脂肪酶灭活，但不要热处理过度从而使极性脂质在长期储存时氧化。
# English-Chinese/The high oil content of bran makes it subject to rancidification, one of the reasons that it is often separated from the grain before storage or further processing

The high oil content of bran makes it subject to rancidification, one of the reasons that it is often separated from the grain before storage or further processing.
麸皮的高含油量使其经受酸败，这是其在储存或进一步加工之前经常与谷物分离的原因之一。
# English-Chinese/The human body's abdominal muscles are a pair of muscles

The human body's abdominal muscles are a pair of muscles that extend vertically from the lower chest to the pubic region. Doing exercise can make the abdominal muscles strong. Strong abdominal muscles can help us run.
人体腹部肌肉是一对从下胸部垂直延伸到耻骨区域的肌肉。做运动可以使腹部肌肉强壮。强壮的腹部肌肉可以帮助我们跑步。
# English-Chinese/The human eye can differentiate between about 10 million colors and is possibly capable of detecting a single photon

The human eye can differentiate between about 10 million colors and is possibly capable of detecting a single photon.
人眼可以区分大约1000万种颜色，并且可能能够检测单个光子。
# English-Chinese/The heart needs a normal rhythm to pump the blood well

The heart needs a normal rhythm to pump the blood well.
心脏需要正常的节奏来充分泵血。
# English-Chinese/The heart valves may not let enough blood through because they are too narrowed

The heart valves may not let enough blood through because they are too narrowed.
心脏瓣膜可能不能让足够的血液流过，因为它们太窄了。
# English-Chinese/The human body contains from 55% to 78% water

The human body contains from 55% to 78% water, depending on body size. To function properly, the body requires between one and seven liters of water per day to avoid dehydration; the precise amount depends on the level of activity, temperature, humidity, and other factors.
人体含有55％至78％的水，具体取决于体型。 为了正常运作，身体每天需要1到7升水，以避免脱水; 精确的量取决于活动水平，温度，湿度和其他因素。
# English-Chinese/The goal of aerobic exercise is to increase cardiovascular endurance

The goal of aerobic exercise is to increase cardiovascular endurance.
有氧运动的目标是增加心血管耐力。
# English-Chinese/The green, leafy portion of the beet is also edible

The green, leafy portion of the beet is also edible.
甜菜的绿色，多叶部分也是可食用的。
# Introduction to Computers/Electrical Current
## Definition of Electrical current

Electrical current(or current) is movement of electrons in a conductor.

## Readings

* Read Electrical Current.
# Introduction to Computers/Basic operations

Course Navigation
| << Previous - Hardware and software | Next - Data sizes and speeds >> |
Introduction to Computers → Basic operations
This page is part of the Introduction to Computers project. :

## Input

Input is whatever goes into the computer. Input can take a variety of forms, from commands you enter from the keyboard to data from another computer or device. A device that feeds data into a computer, such as a keyboard or mouse, is called an input device.
* http://winplanet.webopedia.com/TERM/I/input.html

## Output

| 1-9 | English | 10-16 | English |
| 1 | Scanner | 10 | Monitor |
| 2 | CPU (Microprocessor) | 11 | System software |
| 3 | Main memory (RAM) | 12 | Application software |
| 4 | Expansion cards | 13 | Keyboard |
| 5 | Power supply unit | 14 | Mouse |
| 6 | Optical disc drive | 15 | External hard disk |
| 7 | Hard disk drive (HDD) | 16 | Printer |
| 8 | Motherboard |
| 9 | Speaker |
Output is anything that comes out of a computer. Output can be display screens, loudspeakers, and printers.

## Processing

The processor is the brain of a computer. It's also called the "CPU" (Central Processing Unit) and it is a microchip.
Processing refers to the actions the CPU takes in response to input to produce the appropriate output.

## Storage

A computer's storage is the location where the computer preserves data for later use. It is also known as the computer's memory. Examples include RAM, hard disks, or removable memory sticks.
* see also storage heading under processor
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_%28computing%29
Course Navigation
| << Previous - Hardware and software | Next - Data sizes and speeds >> |
# Linear subspace/Closed/Is vector space/Exercise

Show that the addition and the scalar multiplication of a vector space $V$ can be restricted to a linear subspace, and deduce that hence any linear subspace is also a vector space.
# Linear regression

The first step to understanding linear regression is to make sure you understand linear correlation.
Regression examines the relationship between two variables by determining the line of best fit (on a scatterplot). The properties of this line of best fit are determined as the slope (b) and where it touches the Y-axis (a).
Regression involves:
* A predictor (X) variable, or an independent variable (IV), shown on the X-axis
* An outcome (Y) variables, or a dependent variable (DV), shown on the Y-axis
The generic equation for a simple linear regression is:
    ${\hat {Y}}=bX+a$
# Linear subspace/Closed/Vector space/Exercise

Show that the addition and the scalar multiplication of a vector space $V$ can be restricted to a linear subspace, and that this subspace with the inherited structures of $V$ is a vector space itself.
# Linear subspace/Dual space/Orthogonal space/Correspondence/Fact

Let $V$ be a $K$-vector space with dual space ${V}^{*}$. Then the following statements hold.
* For linear subspaces $U\subseteq U'\subseteq V$, we have
    $U^{\perp }\supseteq U'^{\perp }\,.$
* For linear subspaces $F\subseteq F'\subseteq {V}^{*}$, we have
    $F^{\perp }\supseteq F'^{\perp }\,.$
* Let $V$ be finite-dimensional. Then and
    ${\left(U^{\perp }\right)}^{\perp }=U\,$
    ${\left(F^{\perp }\right)}^{\perp }=F\,.$
* Let $V$ be finite-dimensional. Then and
    $\dim _{\left(U^{\perp }\right)}=\dim _{\left(V\right)}-\dim _{\left(U\right)}\,$
    $\dim _{\left(F^{\perp }\right)}=\dim _{\left(V\right)}-\dim _{\left(F\right)}\,.$
# EuroLex/F/Button

* Original language: French
* Original form and meaning: bouton 'fastener, bud'
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| English | button | 14th c. | 1. 'a knob or stud of metal or other material sewn by a shank or neck to articles of dress, usually for the purpose of fastening one part of the dress to another by passing through a button-hole', 2. 'as a type of anything of very small value', 3. 'applied to various productions of art resembling a button in shape or function, a knob, handle, catch, the knob or disc of an electric bell', 4. 'any small rounded body, a knob, globule' | '...' | OED |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| French | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Budan | ... | 'earring, fastener for clothes, little woman' (dial.) | '...' | Birken-Silvermann 2003: 138 |
| Hungarian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | bottone | ... | 'knob, fastener' | '...' | Birken-Silvermann 2003: 138 |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Polish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Swedish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
# EuroLex/F/Cadet

* Original language:French
* Original form and meaning:cadet 'younger (brother,sister), junior'
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| English | cadet | 17th c. | 1. 'a younger son or brother', a younger branch of a family, a member of a younger branch, the youngest son', 2. (a) 'a student in a military or naval college' (b) 'a boy in an ordinary school who receives military training with or without a view to entering the army, 3. 'a young man learning sheep-farming on a sheep-station' | (a) 'a gentleman, who entered the army without a commission, to learn the military as profession and find a career for himself (as was regularly done by the younger sons of the French nobility before the Revolution', (b) 'a junior in the East India Company's service' | OED |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| French | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Kadet | 18th c., 20th c. | 1. 'pupil of officer's school', 2. 'dressed-up man' (dial.), 3. 'young aristocrat in training to be an officer, nice man' (dial.), 4.'insult' (dial.), 5. 'prankster, unreliable person' (dial.) | '...' | Birken-Silvermann 2003: 130 |
| Hungarian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | cadetto | 18th c. | 'young aristocratic offspring' | '...' | Birken-Silvermann 2003: 130 |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Polish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Swedish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
# EuroLex/F/Camembert

* Original language: French
* Original form and meaning: camembert - 1. camembert cheese (a mellow, soft cheese, the center of which is creamy and of a golden cream color, made from cow's milk); 2. pie-chart
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | camembert | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | camembert | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| English | Camembert | 1878 | 'meaning 1' | '...' | http://www.etymonline.com |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| French | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Camembert | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Hungarian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | camembert | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Polish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | camembert | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | Camembert | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Swedish | camembert | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |

### Annotations

Etymology: Derived from the name of a village near Argentan, France, where it was originally made. Napoleon is said to have christened this cheese "Camembert", after the Norman village where a farmer's wife first served it to him.
Source: http://www.etymonline.com; http://www.answers.com
# EuroLex/F/Brie

* Original language: French
* Original form and meaning: brie - 1. Brie (a mold-ripened, whole-milk cheese with a whitish rind and a soft, light yellow center, milder than Camembert)
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | brie, brieost | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | brie-kaas | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| English | Brie | 1848 | 'meaning 1' | '...' | http://www.etymonline.com |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| French | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Brie | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Hungarian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | Brie | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Polish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Swedish | brie(ost) | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |

### Annotations

Etymology: from name of district in department Seine-et-Marne, southeast of Paris, famous for its cheeses
Source: http://www.etymonline.com

### Information on Other Languages

Portuguese: queijo francês macio
Spanish: tipo de queso suave
# EuroLex/F/Champagne

* Original language: French
* Original form and meaning: champagne - 1. champagne (a sparkling white wine made from a blend of grapes, especially Chardonnay and Pinot, produced in Champagne)
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | xampany | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Czech | šampaňské | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | champagne, Champagne | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | champagne | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| English | champagne | 1664: any non-sparkling wine from Champagne late 18c: narrowed to meaning 1 | 'meaning 1; and also: a) a similar sparkling wine made elsewhere, adjective: b) a pale orange yellow to grayish yellow or yellowish gray', c) denoting an extravagant way of life, "champagne lifestyle" | 'originally any non-sparkling wine from Champagne, district in NW France' | http://www.etymonline.com |
| Estonian | šampanja | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | samppanja | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| French | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Champagner | ... | 'meaning 1; andjective: champagner(farben)' | '...' | ... |
| Hungarian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | champagne | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Latvian | šampanietis | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | šampanas | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | champagne | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Polish | szampan | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | champanhe | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | šampanské | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | šampanjec | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | champán, champaña | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Swedish | champagne | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |

### Annotations

Etymology: from Champagne, district in NW France, name meaning "open country" Originally any wine from this region, focused to modern meaning late 18c.
Source: http://www.etymonline.com

### Information on Other Languages

Catalan, also: cava
Hungarian: pezsgő