# The Adjective

In Afro-Asiatic languages, adjectives can be tricky subject matter, this is no exception in Egyptian and especially so in the hieroglyphics. Something to note is that most scholars point to a synthetic/inflectional difference between the various kinds and uses of the adjective or the stressed vowel was /a/ and bound construction was enforced. The possible vocalic forms (using the |a-i-u| Vowel Semitic-centric Theory), using Coptic references and other related languages, will be presented alongside examples of the adjectives. We'll begin by dissecting the adjective, in Egyptian there are three kinds of adjectives:
* Primary - there exists only one in Egyptian: nb - all, every (ⲚⲒⲘ$^{Copt}$).
* Secondary - is actually a Participle formed from the verb. Most adjectives will fall under this category.
* Derived - are made from a preposition or a noun; an example would be the nisba.
And Egyptian uses adjectives in three ways:
* as a Modifier (or Qualifier) - modifies a noun,
* as a Predicate - forms a sentence taking the place of a verb.
* or a Noun.

## as a Modifier

When an adjective acts as a Modifier (or Qualifier) it follows the noun it modifies and agrees with it in gender and number:
* sɜ nfr - a good son (ⲚⲞⲨϤⲈ$^{CoptMascForm}$)
* dpt nfrt - a good boat (ⲚOϤⲢⲈ$^{CoptFemForm}$)
* prw nfrw - fine houses (no Coptic reflexes but may have been spelled similar to: ⲚϤⲈⲈⲨ, ⲚϤⲎⲨ)
* ḥjmwt nfrwt - beautiful women (no Coptic reflexes but may have been spelled similar to: ⲚϤⲢOOⲨⲈ)

### Quick Notes

* "The oldest construction of the genitive was formed by placing the noun of possession, in construct form, before the noun of the possessor, in the absolute form. This construction had almost disappeared in Coptic. The few remaining examples of this construction are
the Compound Nouns", (Plum.42; v. also Plum 29).
          ... when two or more words are placed closely together to form a compound noun or group, the tone falls on the last word only and the Formative Vowel of the preceding word or words shortens; e.g. ϨOⲨ-ⲘⲒⲤⲈ ‘Birthday’ (from ϨOOⲨ ‘Day’ and ⲘⲒⲤⲈ ‘To give birth to’), ⲠⲈⲒ + ⲢⲰⲘⲈ ‘This man’ (from ⲠⲀⲒ +‘This’ and ⲢⲰⲘⲈ ‘Man’), ⲤⲔⲢⲔⲢ.Ⲡ.ⲔOⲦ ‘To revolve the wheel’ (from ⲤⲔOⲢⲔⲢ ‘To roll’ and Ⲡ.ⲔOⲦ ‘The wheel')...
* Syntax was governed by a rigid word order, with modifiers occurring in second position. Genitival constructions are of two types in all phases of Egyptian: noun with reduced stress bound to the possessor or noun plus the genitival adjective n(y) ‘of’ followed by the possessor.

## as a Modifier: Continued

If
* a suffix pronoun,
* nb (ⲚⲒⲘ$^{Copt}$) - all, every,
* or a demonstrative/definite article (pn$^{Masc}$, tn$^{Fem}$; ect.),
is used, then it stands directly before any other adjective because they are priority when modifying the noun while the suffix pronouns take the most priority, nb takes secondary priority and demonstrative/definite articles take last priority. For example:
* ḫt nbt nfrt - all sorts of fine things
* sḫr pn bjn - this bad plan
* ntr pf mnḫ - that beneficial god
* sḫrw.j jqrw - my excellent plans (possibly a direct Afro-Asiatic cognate: (w)aqāru(m)$^{Akkadian}$, waqura$^{Arabic}$, yqr$^{Hebrew}$ - all roots point to a an adjective-verb "to be excellent")
* dpt.j tn nfrt - this fine boat of mine
* rdj.jn ḥm n ntr pn ꜥɜ - then the majesty of this great god ordered
In such case, if there are several adjectives being used in one sentence, the order should go in proper grammatical synchronization as well as the adjectives should all have the same forms:
* ḫt nbt nfrt wꜥbt - every good and clean thing

### The "nfr ḥr" Construction

In hieroglyphics there is an adjectival construction termed: The nfr ḥr Construction. This is basically a fancy way of defining an adjective + noun phrase using the adjective first (which is basically being used as it was a noun) and then afterwards the noun- utilizing the direct genitive. So for example we have:
       nfr ḥr - good of face; fair of face
These types of constructions are typically used to describe a person's characteristics either in a literal sense or idiomatically. Here are some more examples:
       ꜥšꜢ zrw - one who has many sheep, lit: many of sheep
       bnr mrwt - sweet with regard to love; who's love is sweet; lovable
       qꜢ sꜢ - high of back; arrogant; presumptuous
       qꜢ ḫrw - high of voice; noisy; loud-mouthed
       Ꜣw jb - long-hearted; joyous; happy
       Ꜣw drt - long-handed; generous (extending the hand to help others)
       nfrwt nt ḥꜥw.sn - those who have beautiful bodies lit: beautiful ones of their bodies
These constructions can be treated as if they were collectively one adjective and in such case must agree with the gender and number of the noun it modifies:
       z bnr mrwt - a lovable man
       sꜢt bnrt mrwt - a lovable daughter
       zhɜw jqr n dbꜥw.f - a scribe skilled with his fingers lit: a scribe, a skilled one of his fingers

#### The Fake Adjectives

The words:
* ky$^{Masc}$ (ⲔⲈ, ⲔⲎ, ⲔⲀⲒ-, ⲔOⲨ- $^{Copt}$)
* kjwj (ⲔOOⲨⲈ, ⲔⲎⲈⲨⲈ, ⲔⲎⲨⲈ, ⲔⲀⲨⲈ, ⲔⲀⲨⲈⲒ, ⲔⲈOⲨⲀ$^{Copt}$, ⲬⲰOⲨⲎⲒ$^{BohCopt}$, ⲔⲀⲨⲎⲈ$^{Copt}$, ⲔⲈⲨ- )
       A second plural type: ⲔⲈⲔOOⲨⲈ, ⲔⲈⲔOⲨⲈ, ⲔⲈⲔⲰOⲨⲈ, ⲔⲈⲔⲈOⲨⲈ, ⲔⲈⲔⲈⲈⲨⲈ, ⲔⲈⲔⲀⲨⲈ, ⲔⲈⲔⲀⲨⲎⲒ, ⲔⲈⲔⲀⲨⲒⲈ, ⲔOⲨϪⲒ
* kt$^{Fem}$ (ⲔⲈⲦ, ⲬⲈⲦ, ⲔⲎⲦ, ⲔⲎⲦⲈ, ⲔⲈⲦⲈ$^{Copt}$)
* kty
All terms meaning "other, another", do not follow the noun as they are nouns not adjectives, they take on the meaning "another one". When it is used with a noun, ky always precedes the noun:
       ky sb(ɜ) - another gate; the other gate
       kt ḫt - the other thing; another thing
       k(j)wj bjtjw - other hereditary kings
When used in this way, ky does not actually modify the noun: instead, it is the first noun of a noun phrase of apposition. Since it is a noun, ky can also be used by itself: for example, ky "another one, the other one". It can take suffix pronouns:
       kty.f wɜt - it's other path, lit: it's other one, the path
When the plural is used by itself to mean "others" or "the others", it has a different form from that used to modify plural nouns:
       kt ḫt / kt ḫj - actually, a compound noun formed from kt - other and ḫt - thing.
Other words which follow a similar pattern include:
* tnw / tnw - each; each one ... tunnuu, tinnuu [t-n-w (ME t-n-w) < *klw = Sem. kull
* nhj - some; a little; a few .. ϨⲈⲚ, ϨⲀⲚ, ϨOⲈⲒⲚⲈ
These words are always the first noun of a genitival noun phrase; tnw is used in the direct genitive, and nhj in the indirect genitive:
       tnw rnpt - each year; lit: each one of the year
       tnw rnpt nbt - a single year
       nhj n r(m)t - a few people; lit: some of people
       nh(j) n ḥmɜt - a little salt; some salt; lit: some of salt
Middle Egyptian also uses a few prepositional phrases (consisting of a preposition followed by a noun) that are best translated by the English adjectives “whole, complete, entire.” The most common are:
       r dr - literally: to the limit
       r ɜw - literally: according to the length
       mj qd - literally: like the shape
       mj qj - literally: like the character
These phrases are used to modify a noun. They always stand after the noun and any other modifiers the noun may have, and usually have a third-person suffix pronoun that agrees in gender and number with the noun. For example:
       tɜ pn r dr.f - this entire land; lit: this land to it's limit
       ḥwt-ntr mj qd.s - the whole temple; lit: the god's enclosure like it's shape
In some Demotic texts, three adjectival equivalents took a corresponding suffix pronoun of the noun:
* (r) dr - all; entirely
       pɜ tɜ dr=f - the entire land
       nt nb nt mtw pɜ wr swnw dr=w - everything which belongs to the chief physician, entirely
* (n) rn - (above-)named; mentioned
       pɜ rmt rn=f - the above named man
* wꜥ.ṱ - alone; only
       wꜥ.ṱ=k - you alone
       mw wꜥ.ṱ=f - water alone

##### The Interrogative Adjective

Egyptian has one interrogative adjective:
* wr - how much? How great? (OⲨⲎⲢ)
This is actually the adjective-verb wrr - "great" used as a noun and it is used only in questions.

### The Attributive Construction in Coptic

Because Egyptian didn't appear to have distinct uses between a noun or adjective (which were both used interchangeably) and the inflected forms between the two became assimilated phonologically, as the language progressed a new construction came into place which is actually the child of the indirect genitive which was termed the Attributive Construction. In this construction, if an attribute was used to describe a noun the genitive/dative preposition < `Ⲛ > - of was used between the two words with the attributive/adjective located after the noun, so for example:
       ⲠⲒⲢⲰⲘⲒ `ⲚⲀⲚⲀⲤ$^{B.Coptic}$ = the old man
       ⲠⲄⲈⲚOⲤ `ⲚⲂⲢⲢ`Ⲉ$^{S.Coptic}$ = the new race
In the above construction an adjective was being used but a noun can also be used which is placed after the noun:
       ϮϢOⲨⲢⲎ `ⲚⲚOⲨⲂ - the golden censor
`Ⲙ is used before the consonants: Ⲙ, Ⲡ, Ⲃ, Ⲫ, Ⲯ... so for example:
       ⲠⲒⲢⲰⲘⲒ `ⲘⲂⲈⲢⲒ$^{B.Coptic}$ - the new man

#### Used Before the Noun

* In Coptic, the adjective ⲚⲒϢϮ$^{B.Coptic}$ can be used before or after the noun and when used before the noun the conjunction < `Ⲛ > is used before the noun:
          ⲠⲒⲚⲒϢϮ `ⲚⲀⲢⲬⲎⲀⲊⲊⲈⲖOⲤ$^{B.Coptic}$ - The great archangel!
* In Demotic, the adjective ḫ(ꜥ)m / h̭(ꜥ)m - small, can also be used before the noun:
          h̭(ꜥ)m sh$^{Dem}$- small document
             Note: In some texts, h̭(ꜥ)m was connected to the following noun by the genitive n, indicating that this word was actually being treated as a noun and was acting in the same way as ky - other. Both mɜꜥ - truth and mɜw - new, were usually replaced by the corresponding noun after the preposition n:
                n mɜꜥ - true
                n mɜw - new
* In fact any adjective, in Coptic, can be used before the noun which in turn adds a layer of emphasis:
       ⲠⲠOⲚⲎⲢOⲤ `ⲚⲄⲈⲚOⲤ - The wicked race!

## as a Predicate

Not only can an adjective modify a noun (the handsome man) but it can also serve as a Predicate of a sentence (The man is handsome). The combination of the two words is handsome is termed an adjectival predicate (there is no verb for 'is' in Egyptian instead it is implied in this type of construction). Because there is no verb for 'is', when an adjectival predicate is used to make a sentence it is thus called sentences with adjectival predicates.
Adjectival sentences follow the pattern, PREDICATE - SUBJECT with the predicate first and the subject second. Also, the adjectival predicate occurs as the first word in a sentence. Here's some examples of sentences with adjectival predicates:
* jqr sḫr pn - this plan is excellent
* ꜥɜ sn - it is large
* is nfrt - the beautiful one is old
* wr sw - he is great
* nfr jb.j - my heart is happy
* nḏm bit tn - this honey is sweet
* nḫt s - this man is great
* bjn sy - she is bad
Note: The Adjectival Predicate had ceased to exist (in Coptic); such adjectives as did survive from the older stage of the language were treated as substantives and therefore appear as Nominal Predicates.
Note 2: At the core of a Middle Egyptian nominal sentence or adjectival sentence is the predicate followed in bound constructions directly by a nominal subject

### Exclamatory -wy

The rule that adjectival predicates are masculine singular in form has one exception. Egyptian uses the old masculine dual form of the adjective (with the dual ending –wj) in exclamatory adjectival sentences. These are almost always translated in English with the word How as the first word of the sentence; for example:
* nfrwj ḥjmt tn - How beautiful is this woman; lit: this woman is doubly beautiful
* nfrwj sy - How good she is!
* ꜥɜwy pḥty n(y) jmn - How great is the might of Amun!
* wr.wy nb - how great is/was the lord
Note: Because the "weak" consonant j is often omitted in writing, it is important to remember that this is the only time an adjectival predicate can have an ending: thus, a sentence must be read jqrw(j) sḫrw "How excellent are the plans!" and not *jqrw sḫrw "The plans are excellent".

### Important Notes

1) The adjectival predicate always has the simplest form, which is normally that of the masculine singular.This is true regardless of whether it has a masculine, feminine, or plural subject, for example:
* jqr nn n sḫrw - these plans are excellent
* nfr ḥjmt tn - this woman is beautiful
* ꜥɜ dpt tn - this boat is large
2) Translations into English can include present or past tense based upon context but Egyptian adjectival predicates do not indicate references in time. For example:
* nfr sw - it was nice or it is nice
* nfr pr n(y) tɜty - the vizier's house was nice or the vizier's house is nice
3) If the subject is a pronoun then the dependent pronouns are used rather than the suffix pronoun.
       nfr tw /tw - You (masc) are good
       nfr tn - you (fem) are good
       nfr sw - He is good
       nfr sj - She is good
       nfr tn / tn - You (pl)are good
       nfr sn - They are good
       nfr st - It (neuter) is good, they (neuter) are good
       nfrwj st - How good it is! (exclamatory)
    First Person uses a different construction and is regarded instead as a nominal sentence rather than a predicate sentence:
       jnk nfr - I am (a) good (one)
       jnn nfrw - We are good (ones)
4) The adjectival predicate can be preceded by the introductory particle mk but not with jw (Ⲉ$^{Copt}$).

### sdm=f of Adjective-Verbs in Demotic

As Egyptian progressed, according to Demotic (and to a lesser degree in Coptic) there was an addition of nɜ (which has an unknown origin) to the front of adjective verbs when used as a verb:
* nɜ ꜥɜ (ⲚⲀⲀ$^{S.B.}$, ⲚⲀⲈ$^{S.F.}$, ⲚⲀⲀ=, ⲚⲈⲈ-) - to be large; to be great
* nɜ nfr (ⲚⲀⲚOⲨ-, ⲚⲀⲚⲈ-) - to be good
       nɜ nfr ḥɜṱ=f - his heart (was/is) good; he is/was happy
       m-jr d nɜ-nfr=y (n) sh - Don't say "I am good at writing'
But it appeared that when used as a subjunctive, nɜ was not used in initial position:
       m-jr tj ꜥšɜ nɜy=k mt.w(t) - Don't talk too much! lit: Don't let your words be numerous!
       my ꜥɜ(y) nɜ rmt.w - let the men be great!
Nor was it used in the aorist:
       ḫr ꜥšɜ nkt - Property is plentiful
Nor was it used in the qualitative:
       m-jr d tw=y ꜥšɜ nkt - Don't say "I have much property' lit: I am numerous (of) property
Nor was it used in the infinitive:
       m-jr ꜥšɜy d mt.t jjr-ḥr pɜ y=k ḥry - Don't talk too much in the presence of your superior!

## Modifier VS Predicate Bound Constructions

Some notes taken from this source or this one, referencing Hebrew but can also be applied to Egyptian:
Attributive adjective- a modifying word; an adjective that posits an attribute or expresses a quality of the noun it modifies, as in black cat, where black is an attributive adjective.
Predicative adjective- an adjective that predicates an attribute of a noun or clause; the word that makes a statement about the subject of a clause or sentence, as in the cat is black, where black is a predicative adjective.
    1) The attributive adjective always follows the noun and agrees with the noun in number, gender and definiteness (notice that this is a phrase, not a sentence)
       * Normally, the adjective is placed after the noun it modifies, but when emphasis is placed upon the adjective, it will be placed before the noun.
       * The attributive adjective must agree in gender, number and definiteness with the noun it modifies. To agree in definiteness is to agree with the noun’s definiteness. If the noun is definite, the adjective will also be definite.
    2) The adjective can be used to construct a simple noun sentence where the noun functions as the subject and the adjective as the predicate. In this case the “to be” verb must be supplied in the English. The predicative adjective usually precedes but sometimes follows the noun. The predicate adjective agrees with the noun in number and gender, but it is never definite (i.e. the predicate adjective never takes the article)
       * The predicate adjective must agree with its subject noun in gender and number, but it will never take the definite article, even if the noun is definite.
Some Implications: 1. Any adjective that precedes the noun is predicative. 2. An adjective that follows the noun is probably attributive but might be predicative. 3. Any adjective with an article is attributive. 4. An adjective without an article is predicative if it precedes the noun. 5. An adjective without an article that follows a definite noun is predicative. 6. An adjective without an article that follows an indefinite noun could be either attributive or predicative.

## as a Noun

Most adjectives can also stand on their own being used as a noun:
* Ⲡ-ϪⲀϪⲈ - the enemy (ϪⲀϪⲈ$^{Copt}$ - hostile; drdr ~ dɜdɜ - foreign)
When they are used as nouns, adjectives behave like other nouns. They can have the same plural and dual forms as other nouns. For example:
* Masculine nfr - a good one
* Masculine Plural nfrw - good ones
* Masculine Dual nfrwj - two good ones
* Feminine nfrt - a good one
* Feminine Plural nfrwt - good ones
* Feminine Dual nfrtj - two good ones
Like other nouns, they can also have suffix pronouns, and can even be modified by demonstratives or other adjectives: for example:
* nfrt.sn - their good one
* nfr pn - this good one
* nfrw nbw - all the good ones

### Independent Use of the Feminine Singular

If used in the feminine form, it generally takes on the additional meaning of "something that is ..." or "a ... thing".
       nfrt - a beauty (or a fine piece, as in reference to furniture) (ⲚOϤⲢⲈ$^{Copt}$, the lexiconized noun means "good, profit, advantage").
       bjnt - what is bad
       ꜥɜt - something great

# Archive of Egyptian Adjective-Verb Roots
## ɜ

ɜd - to be weak, to be listless ɜd - to be angry, to be aggressive, to be savage; ɜdw - attacker, aggressor ɜḫ - to be useful, to be effective ɜwj - to be long; to be extended; ɜwj jb - be happy, lit: long of heart
       ⲰOⲨ (used in compounds)
       ⲀⲨ, ⲀⲨⲒⲤ$^{-cisdependentpronoun'she'-sw}$, ⲀⲨⲈⲒⲤ - imperative
3ḫ - beneficial
       ntk nṯr 3ḫ iqr n t3wy - You are a benificial and excellent god of the two lands

## ʲ , j

jrš - to be cold
       ⲀⲢOϢ - to be cold; (as masc noun) cold
jqr - to be excellent
       šmsw jqr - excellent follower
       clever, skilled, excellent; be ~ (adj/v) .... yaaqur, yaqri/yaaqer (j-q-r) || Aram. & Hebr. #j-q-r
       waqūr$^{Arabic}$ - dignified; venerable, yāqar$^{Hebrew}$ - precious; highly esteemed
jdj - to be senseless; to be deaf; to be dumb

## ˤ , ꜥ

ꜥɜj - to be big; to be important; to be great
    wsir nṯr ʿ3 nty m 3bḏw - Osiris, great god who is in Abydos
    sꜢ=j rꜥ ntr ꜥꜢ r jr sw - my son Re, god who is greater than he who begot him
    rdj.jn ḥm n ntr pn ꜥɜ - then the majesty of this great god ordered
    ntr ꜥꜢ n sp tpj pꜢwtj qmꜢ nfrw=k - the great god of the primordial time, the primeval god who created your beauty
       ⲀⲒⲀⲒ, ⲀⲒⲈⲨⲈ, ⲀⲈⲒⲈⲨⲒⲈ, (OⲒ, ⲀⲈⲒ$^{qual}$) - to increase in size; to advance in age; (as masc noun) increase; growth
       ⲀⲒⲈⲨⲦⲈ - is originally imperative plus dependent pronoun 'she' -sw
       ⲀⲈⲒⲎⲤ (ꜥɜt) - (fem noun) greatness
       -O / -Ⲁ - used in compounds, means 'great; big'
       -ⲰOⲨ, -ⲀⲒ / -OⲒ - plural used in compounds, means 'big; great'
       Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *riyVʕ- to grow
ꜥd / ꜥd - to be safe ꜥqɜ - to be straight; accurate ꜥwn - to be greedy ꜥšɜ - to be many; to be numerous; (of people) to be rich (m "of")
    r sꜥšꜢ mnw - (in order) to increase
    ḥf3w ʿš3(w) ntyw r-gs st tn - Many serpents which are beside this place
    mfḫ(Ꜣ)t ꜥꜢw(t) nbt špst ḥmt dḥt(y) mj ꜥšꜢ.sn - turquoise, all (kinds of) precious stones, copper and lead in (lit. according to) their abundance
       ꜥšr$^{Hebrew}$ - to be rich
       ⲀϢⲀⲒ, ⲀϢⲈ(Ⲉ)Ⲓ ... ⲀϢⲈⲈⲒⲦⲈ$^{isanimperative+dependentpersonalpronoun'you'-ⲦⲈ}$ - to become many; (as masc noun) multitude
       ⲀϢⲎ, ⲀϢⲈ, ⲀϢⲎⲒ, ⲀϢⲈⲒⲦⲈ (from ꜥšɜt) - (fem noun) multitude

## w

wꜣš / wꜣs - be happy
       Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ʔuĉ- be gay
wꜥb - to be pure; to be clean; to purify oneself (as verb); to bathe (as verb)
    ḫt nbt nfrt wꜥbt ḥtpt - every good, pure and satisfying thing
       OⲨOⲠ - to be pure; to be innocent
          pure; be ~, purify (adj/v) .... wu9bi, wi9bi / wuu9ub? wu9ab(b)? (pro *wa99ab-) (w-9-b < PAA *-wa29- (Ehret) || AL: (unspecified) fut. form *uw9obu, EotW 125 || Copt. uop; SCopt. ua'b 'pure'
       OⲨⲎ(Ⲏ)Ⲃ, OⲨⲒⲈⲒⲂⲈ - priest
          priest, laypriest (n) - wi9(9)ab; wu9b-i (w-9-b) || Copt. uee'b/uii'ib || AL *wii9ab, LI 30
wrr - to be great; wr-jb - insolent
    wr snd=k - great is the fear of you
    šꜢs{n} r Ꜣbw jn n=j djdjt r wr - go to Elephantine, and bring me haematite in great quantity!
    ḥꜥpjw wrw - great inundations
       rbb / rbꜥ$^{Semitic}$ - great; South Cushitic: *ʔur- 'big, large'; Proto-South Cushitic: *ʔur-; Proto-Semitic: *wVrVy-
       OⲨⲎⲢ$^{Masc}$, OⲨⲎⲢⲈ$^{Fem}$ - adj. great
          great (adj) - waar (v. *waarar or *warr-u 'to be great') (w-r || EotW 113); (+ 'of length') (R)iw? (R)aaw? (3-w (= 9-3?) || Copt. aw, oo
wmt - to be thick; to be stout
       OⲨⲘOⲦ, OⲨⲘⲀⲦ(Ⲉ) - to be thick
       OⲨO(O)ⲘⲦⲈ (from wmtt) - tower
wꜥj - to be alone
    tɜw wꜥ - sole wind
       OⲨⲀ, OⲨⲈ, OⲨⲈⲒ ,OⲨⲈⲈⲒ, OⲨⲀⲒ, OⲨⲀⲒⲈⲒ, OⲨⲀⲈ - someone; (the number) "one"
          one (num) .... wi99u (or *wa(a)9u) (w-9(-w) || Copt. ua || Proto-Khoisan *ui 'one/alone' (Takács) may be related; AL gives *wu99uw
       OⲨⲈⲒⲀ, OⲨ(Ⲉ)ⲒⲈ - someone (fem)
       OⲨⲰⲦ(Ⲉ) (from wꜥtj) - single; alone
wɜd - to be green; to be blue-green; to be fresh; to be fortunate
       OⲨⲰⲦ - to be fresh
       OⲨO(O)ⲦⲈ (from wɜdt) - vegetables
       Semitic warq - leaf
          - there shows an opposition between the two Egyptian roots wɜd (see wɜd '/wa:riɟ/ "green"), which displays palatalization, and jɜq (see jɜq */juʀqat/ "vegetables"), which does not, both derived from an identical Afroas. root *wrq
wdɜ - to be intact; to be uninjured; to be prosperous; wdɜ jb - to be glad ~ wdɜ jb.k - may it please you
    s(nb.w) (w)dꜢ(.w) ꜥnḫ(.w) - health, prosperity, life
    wdɜ.t pw nw - this is an intact garment
       OⲨϪⲀⲒ - to be sound; to be whole; to be safe; (as masc noun) health; safety; weal
       ⲀⲦOⲨ - incurable
wsḫ - to be broad; to be wide wɜy - to be distant
       OⲨⲈ, OⲨⲎ, OⲨⲈⲒⲈ, OⲨⲎ(Ⲏ)Ⲓ - to be distant

## b

bjn / bn$^{Dem}$ - to be bad ... James P Allen vocalizes this as a Pre-Coptic ban (should technically be baʔn) and the feminine version as báʔnat
       Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *bayan- to be bad; to be angry; to lie
       ⲂⲰⲰⲚ$^{Masc}$, ⲂⲞⲨⲞⲨⲚⲈ - adj. bad
       ⲂⲞⲞⲚⲈ$^{Fem}$, ⲂⲰⲚⲈ, ⲂⲀⲚⲒ - adj. (also noun) evil; misfortune
       ⲈⲂⲒⲎⲚ (Ꜣbyn) - a wretched person (as a loan-word in Hebrew אֶבְיוֹן - ebyon)
          bad; be bad (adj/v) .... bayu(u)n, ba'u(u)n / baayan, baa'an [b-j-n < PAA *bayan- ; SCopt. _boo'n_ 'evil, misfortune' (< *baayVn-) || AL *bAAyin, LI 33, *bA3na.t 'a bad thing', LI 60
bnr / bnj - to be sweet; to be pleasant; bnryt - sweetness
       bit bnr wʿb ntt m pr nsw - sweet and pure honey which is in the king’s house
       Ⲃ(Ⲉ)ⲚⲚⲈ, ⲂⲎⲚ(Ⲛ)Ⲓ$^{F.Copt}$ (from bnrt / bnjt ???) - date-palm tree
       - this word in Egyptian also has the meaning 'date (the fruit)' and is found somewhat vocalized in Old Nubian (ⲠⲈⲚⲦⲒ) and Nobiin fénti affected by the singulative suffix of Proto-Nubian -ti
       baanir/baaner (b-n-r) - pleasant
bɜgj - to be lazy

## m

mr - to be sick; to be painful; mr r, mr n - painful to; mr jb n - have compassion for, be sorry for
       Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ma(Ha)r- to be ill; to be weak ... Semitic: *marih- weak, suffering pain; mərya$^{Aramaic}$ - (adj) sick
mn - to be firm, established, remain; mn m - fixed to, attached to mnḫ - to be functional; to be worthwhile; to be effective
    sšm ḥm=j ḥr mtn nfr m sḫrw=f mnḫw - who guides My Majesty on the good road, through his excellent plans
    ntr mnḫ mꜥr spw - the excellent god who is successful
       beneficent, efficient; be ~ (adj/v) .... maanikh/maanekh [m-n-x]
mjkɜ - to be brave mɜr / mɜj - to be poor; to be needy mɜr - to be wretched
       wretched (adj) - muRri, murri [m-3-r, ME v. m-r [*murr or *marr < *murar-r]; presuming a connection with Sem. #m-r-r 'to be bitter' (Akkad. murru); cf. /canal/]
mɜwj - to be new
    ḥwt-ntr mɜwt - new temple
       ⲘOⲨⲒ, ⲘOⲨOⲨⲒ (ⲘOⲨⲈⲒ and ⲘⲀ may also be accounted for) - adj new
       Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *may/ʔ- be new (Central Chadic: *mway- 'new', Western Chadic: *mwaH- 'new'; Mofu-Gudur: máwúya)
mɜꜥ - true; correct; proper; mɜꜥ ḫrw - justified, lit: true of voice
    ḥd ḥr ḫꜢswt.f ḫsbd mɜꜥ - silver from its foreign lands, true lapis-lazuli
    dd.n(.j) m mɜꜥt = I spoke in truth
       ⲘⲈ, ⲘⲈⲈ, ⲘⲎ, ⲘⲎⲈ, ⲘⲎⲒ (from mɜꜥ.t) - fem noun truth; justice
          The origins of this word is obscured, but it is likely possible that it was borrowed from another language as it was not used in any other forms. For example, the Hebrew word אֱמוּנָה (e-mu-nah) means firmness, securely fixed in place and is taken from the verb aman - to support or make firm ... Philippi's law is the process by which original /i/ in closed stressed syllables shifts to /a/ (e.g. /*bint/ > בַּת /bat/ 'daughter'), or sometimes in the Tiberian tradition /ɛ/ (e.g. /ʔamint/ > אֱמֶת /ɛ̆mɛt/ 'truth'). Another form of this exists with the word, אֱמֶת (e-met) (’ă-mit is another form of this verb) - truth.
       El Amarna letters in Akkadian to Amenhotep III call pharaoh Ni-ib-mu-wa-ri-ia, Akk: -mu-a ... as I noted previously, Amarna Letter EA 29 features mAat being spelled as mu-u, where the same Akkadian vowel U (and A) is used for both Egyptian aleph and Egyptian ayin.
       It it also hypothesized and opined that the Hebrew Biblical name מַעֲכָה (Maakah) renders a corrupted version of the female name Maatkare (Μ(ο)ωχα, Μα(α)χα are the Greek versions)
       In Ethiopian tradition, her name is Makeda, which is derived from Hatshepsut’s prenomen Maatkare [Makera]’ ... though, Makada or Makueda, the personal name of the queen in Ethiopian legend, might be interpreted as a popular rendering of the title of mqtwyt; this title may be derived from Ancient Egyptian m'kit (𓅖𓎡𓇌𓏏𓏛 ) "protectress, housewife"
       The Kalenjin used to refer to themselves as children of Miot or Myoot, known in Ancient Egypt as Ma-at, another deity of Old Egyptians
mḥ(j) - concerned, be concerned for, take thought for, ponder on; mḥ - (noun) care

## n

nfr - to be perfect; to be good; to be good looking (beautiful or handsome)
    rsw.t nfr.t - good dreams (vs bad dreams rsw.t ḏw.t)
    nfr.wj st - how good it is!
    wn.jn=s{t} ḥr swr nfr ḥr jb=s{t} - then she drank and it pleased her heart
    ḫpr nfrwt pw m jmꜢw - thus beautiful women came into being in Momemphis
    ntr ꜥꜢ n sp tpj pꜢwtj qmꜢ nfrw=k - the great god of the primordial time, the primeval god who created your beauty
       ⲚⲞⲨϤⲈ$^{Masc}$ - adj. good
       ⲚⲞϤⲢⲈ$^{Fem}$ - adj. good
       ⲚⲞⲨϤⲢ - to be good
          good; beautiful; be ~ (adj/v) - naaf-ir, -ur, nafri / naafer (n-f-r < PAA *fir- 'be good' (cf. Aram. shappiir of id. meaning) || Bedja nefir 'good']
          beauty (n) - nåfr-uu; naafaar-uu (n-f-r-w) || SCopt. adj. nufe 'beautiful'; cp. the CGr. theonym Onnophris
nb - all, everything
       ḫt nbt - everything
       ntrw nbw - all gods
       tɜw nbw - every land
       ⲚⲒⲘ, ⲚⲒⲂⲈ, ⲚⲒⲂⲈⲚ - adj all
       - nemb-u/i (n-b #2) < PAA *reb- (OS) || Copt. nibe(n), SCopt. nim (*bb > *mb > m?), FCopt. nibi || AL *nib, EotW 114; here is applied *e-Nasal-V > i-Nasal (e.g. in Romance) which fits the root by OS
       everyone - bu(u)-nambi (*baaw-? *biw-?) [b-w - n-b || cf. the Lat. spelling Buubastis_ (a theonym with same #_b-w_?)
nb - lord
       lord, owner (n) .... niib-u/a (n-b #1) || /i/ recorded in Akkad. ts. || Copt. neeb/niib; in CGr. -neefis, LI 55; cf. also Arab. naab 'tribal chief'
       lady (n) .... niiba.t, -ii.t, nibayya.t (n-b.t #1) || q.v. /lord, owner; girl
nds - to be little; to be small
       Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gus- be small
       ꜥwt nds.t - small cattle
    n kɜ n nds qn gb(ɜ).f - here, nds means 'commoner' or 'citizen' and acts as a noun
    m jr nds jqr - acting as an excellent commoner
ndm - to be sweet
    jw ndm ḥr jb=j - and it was pleasure to my heart
    ndm sj - she is pleasant
    ḫꜢw nb ndm st ḫprw m pwnt - all kinds of sweet-smelling herbs that grow in Punt
    ḫꜢw nb ndm stj jbr pn psdt - all (kinds of) plants of pleasant fragnance, (and) ladanum for the Ennead
       nꜥm$^{Semitic}$ - to be sweet
       ⲚOⲨⲦⲘ - to be sweet; to be pleasant; (as noun) sweetness
       ⲚOⲨⲦⲈⲘ - adj sweet
       sweet; be ~ (adj/v) .... naaDim? naDmi? / naaDem (n-D-m) || AL *naaDim 'sweet'
nḫt - to be forceful; to be successful
    kɜ nḫt - victorious/mighty bull (epithet of a pharaoh)
    ky sp gr n nḫt wd.n rꜥ ḫr=j - now another victory that Re commanded for me
       ⲚⲒϢϮ$^{Boh}$ - adj great; large
       ⲚϢOⲦ (also ⲚOⲨϢⲦ) - to be hard; to be strong; to be difficult; (as masc noun) hardness; boldness
       ⲚⲀϢⲦⲈ / ⲚⲀϢϮ, ⲚⲈϢϮ (from nḫtt) - (noun fem and masc) strength; strengthener; protector
       ⲚⲈϢⲦⲈ - (masc noun) hard; rough person; (as adj) hard
* This is a tricky word:
          - Reconfirms the mystery of this word here on this site where it says: while nḫt is an Egyptian word, with the meaning attributed, I also find this unlikely (Unless someone has a source)
          - Also appears to follow the Arabic CiCāC (derived noun; verbal noun form I or III) as well as a regular verbal noun CaCaC in the infinitive
          - strong; successful, victorious; be ~ (adj/v) .... naakhit (*nakhuut?) / naakhat [n-x-t]
    nn t nwt m sqrw-ꜥnḫ jnn ḥm=f m nḫtw=f - countless were the captives that His Majesty brought away from his victories
nḫ - to be pitiful ntr(j) - divine
       divine (adj) .... naaTarii? nuTuurii? (naTrii?) (n-T-r-j); cf. adjective variation in Eg. Arabic

## r

ršj / ršw - to be delighted; to be rejoiced; rš - joyful
       dream (n) - raswa.t, -i.t, risuu(wa).t ~ rusuwwa.t r-s-w.t < *rasVw- (OS); SCopt. rasu, ACopt. resu, FCopt. lesvi, LCopt. resue; Vycichl suggests *risw-, see note on vocalization under 'glass' & compare 'joy'
       joy (n) - rishwa.t, rishya.t, r-sh-w.t; Copt. rashe, BCopt. rashi; Vycichl; cf. 'dream'
rnpw / renpj- to be young; to be fresh
       ⲢOⲘⲠⲈ (rnpt) - year
       (Ⲉ)ⲢⲠⲰ - unknown meaning in Crumm's dictionary, but seems to be a 'twig' or 'vine leaves'.. is associated with the Egyptian root rnpwt - vegetables, herbs.
       year (n) - ranpu.t (r-n-p.t); Copt. rompe; STS; AL *ranpa.t, LI 59
       young; be ~ (adj/v) .... ranpi/raanep [r-n-p]
rwd / rwd - to be firm
    ntk ntr jr tm(w) ꜥnḫ.sn m rwd ꜥwj.kj - You are the god who made all (men), it is by the strength of your arms that they live…
       OⲨⲢOⲦ - to be glad; to be eager
       -ⲢOⲦ - adj firm

## ḥ

ḥd - to be bright; to be white; ḥd ḥr - cheerful, lit: to be bright of face; ḥd tɜ - dawn, lit: the land becomes bright; ḥddwt - brightness; ḥdt - white linen/clothes, the white crown; ḥdw - onions
    qsw=f m ḥd ḥꜥw=f m nbw šnj=f m ḫsbd mꜢꜥt - his bones were of silver, his flesh of gold, and his hair of real lapis lazuli
       ϨⲀⲦ, ϨⲎⲦ, ϨⲈⲦ - (noun) silver
       white, bright (adj) ... HuDD-[i] (verbal *HiDaDD- or *HaaDeD) (H-D)
ḥtp - to be calm; to be content; to occupy (a seat); m ḥtp - in peace; in safety
    jj.{t}wj m ḥtp jmꜢyt - welcome in peace oh gracious one!
    ḫt nbt nfrt wꜥbt ḥtpt - every good, pure and satisfying thing
       Νεφώτης ~ nfr-ḥtp - beautiful as to peace (an Egyptian king's name in Greek) shows an original ḥǎtip form
       please, make content (v) .... Haatap [H-t-p || AL *Haatip (ap) 'pleasing', LI 36]
       calm, content; be ~ (adj/v) .... (pp/stat >) Hatpi / (v) Haatep (H-t-p) || # hatpi in cuneiform ts., Robinson: The Story of Writing p. 96 || q.v. /please, make content
ḥzɜ - to be wild ḥns - to be narrow ḥwr - to be poor; to be wretched ḥɜj - to be naked; undressed; (as transitive verb) make naked; undress; reveal
    rdj.n(.j) t n ḥqr ḥbsw n ḥɜ(w)ty - I gave bread to the hungry, clothes to the naked
       naked (adj) - Haa'ii? Hi"ay? (H-3-y), Aram. -aay vs. (more original Afroasiatic) Arabic - ii
ḥr - terrible; terrify
    pꜢ wd pꜢ nḫtw dj ḥry ... - the one who had ordered this victory and caused the fright ...
    ḥryt ḥm=j r dnbw rsw - fright of My Majesty to the southern boundary marker
ḥqr - to be hungry; ḥqr(w) - noun/adj hunger
    rdj.n(.j) t n ḥqr ḥbsw n ḥɜ(w)ty - I gave bread to the hungry, clothes to the naked
       ϨⲔⲞ / ϨⲒⲔⲀ - be hungry ... ḥqr [ḥa'qar] (AE, 248) - hungry → [ḥqoʔ] (1,000 BCE); Copt: ϨKO
          ḥqr.tʲ [ḥa'qirtVʲ] (AE, 257) - she is hungry
       ϨⲔⲔⲈ [from ḥqr(.w)??]- (as an adj and noun) poor
          - hunger (n) .... Hiqur-u, Huqur-u (H-q-r(-w) || Copt. heeke, heeki 'poor'

## ḫ

ḫdj - to go downstream/north; m ḫdj - downstream/north ḫwd - to be rich
       rich (adj) - ḫaawid [ḫ-w-d]

## h

hzj / hsy- to be wretched; to be miserable; to be vile; to be feeble/weak; humble of rank; mean (of conduct); vile (of enemies, speech) hpn - fat
       fat (adj) - khaapin; khappiin, -uun (x-p-n < PAA *-gha1p- (Ehret))

## s

sms(w) - eldest, elder (both adj and noun)
    ntr sms ḫpr.n=j jm=f ntrw tpjw-ꜥ - 'O eldest god, in whom I came into being, and ancestor gods
snd - to be frightened
       snḏ.wt… m grḥ - terrors in the night (nightmare)
       jbw=sn snd.w (stative) - their hearts are fearful
       mḏℨ.t n.t dr snḏ.wt nty ḥr jj.t r hℨy.t ḥr m grḥ - the book of driving out terrors which come in order to descend upon a man in the night
       dj.n=f snd=j m ḫꜢstjw nbt - he placed the fear of me among all foreigners
sšɜ (originally šsɜ) - to be aware; to be wise snb - to be healthy
       some scholars (i.e., Gardiner) associate Semitic salima (be healthy) to this root which would then cause a sort of assimilation n > l next to m, and an irregular change from m < b (albeit these assimilations do exist throughout the Egyptian language unpredictably). snb is also associated with simba$^{-Shona-Bantu}$ (be healthy; powerful) - but this can also be explained as a direct loan word from Egyptian into Bantu.
smr - friendly
       Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *s/cVlVm- be unharmed; friendly (Akkadian: šalāmu 'be unharmed, in good conditions; Hebrew: šālam 'be completed, ready (work, construction); remain healthy, unharmed; keep peace
sbq - splendid spd - sharp, effective, skilled
       jnk spd ḥr ḫrp mrt.f r jwt hrw nfr n.j jm.f, rdj.n.j st n zꜢ.j m jmjt-pr - I was effective on managing my subordinates/servants until until the day came when (lit. in which) it was well with me. I have given this (lit. it) to my son as a testament.
       Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *sVpVd- pierce, be sharp (Hebrew: špd, Aramaic: spd)
       s-p-d , sapdi/saaped sharp; be ~ (adj/v) - AL *sapIdtVj 'thou (m.) art sharp', (*/sa:-pid-ta:/?)
sḫm - to be mighty, powerful; sḫm (as verb) - to have power ~ sḫm n - to give power to
       mighty; be ~ (adj/v) - sakhmi/saakhem [s-x-m || compare Sum. shumah 'mighty'; Hebr. shacham 'granite' (for curiosity qq. 9aaSam 'he was mighty', LSArab. _9aZuma_); LSArab. shaHuma 'he was/has become fat'
sꜢ - to be weak
       sꜢ ꜥ m nb ꜥ tw <r> nd ḫrt nd ḫrt - (sꜢ ꜥ - weak of arm, nfr ḥr construction) and nb ꜥ - lit master/possessor/lord of arm, word play with the phrase nd ḫrt, the first is an infinitive (the object of the preposition r in a pseudo-verbal construction) and the second, a perfective active participle, lit. “one is to pay respect to one who (once) paid respect”.

## š

štɜ - to be inaccessible; to be secret
    tꜢ wꜢt štꜢ(t) wn(t) m jb.n ḫpr.t(j) m wꜢt nfrt - the difficult road ..
šrr / šrj - to be little
    rśw.t nb.t šrj.t - every little dream
    jw=j m šrj n jrt=j ḥmt - I was a young man before I had married
       Akk. šerru "(little) child"; Brb. *i-šir "child"; Om. *šEr- "thin"
       ϢⲒⲢⲈ$^{Masc}$, ϢⲎⲢⲈ - adj. (and noun) small; son; child
       ϢⲈⲈⲢⲈ$^{Fem}$, ϢⲀⲒⲢⲒ - adj. (and noun) small
       son (n) - *zii3V > ziiR-i/u (z-3) || OCopt. si- x2 in pr names; cf. also SCopt. sheere/shiire 'son, child' || Vycichl proposes one-time *z-3-y = *za3iiy - compare to AL's (LE?) *shiirij, LI 60
špss / špsj - to be fine; to be special; to be noble
    ꜥꜢt nb špst - all kinds of precious stones
    jḥw nb špssw m ꜥꜢtt nb(t) msḫnt hnmw jr r(m)t - possessor of fine things of all valuable stones of the abode of Khnum who created mankind
šwj - to be empty; to be free (m “of”)

## q

qbb - to be cool; to be cold; to be purified
       Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ḳab- cold; Low East Cushitic: *ḳab- 'cold'
       ⲔⲂO, ⲔⲂⲀⲂ, ⲬⲂOⲂ ⲔⲂⲀ (ⲔⲎⲂ$^{qualitative}$, ⲔⲂⲰOⲨ$^{Boh.CopticNoun}$) - to be cool
       cool, calm (v) - qubabb- (q-b-b < PAA *k'a1b- (Ehret) || Copt. kbo, kvo, BCopt. khbob/khvov || cf. Hebr. #q-p-: > qaaphaa 'freeze, congeal, stiffen' || AL *qabAb, LI 42 || noun q-b-w = qaabuu, qibbuu, qubaabuu - 'cold breeze'
       breeze: cool breeze (n) - qaabuu [q-b-w]
qɜj - to be tall; to be high; to be exalted; to be loud (idiomatic expression) qsn - to be difficult
    qsn=sn ḥtp(.w) - and the misery from them has been pacified
       difficult; be ~ (adj/v) .... qåsni, qaasin / qaasen, qisann- [q-s-n || Hebr. qaashee (adj), qaashaa (v) 'it was difficult'
qnj - to be diligent; to be brave; to be persevering
       mj.k r hrd qn - look, more than a brave boy
       wn-jn.j hr knt m-bhf(?? Ccheck spelling) - then I showed bravery before
       jw rn n qn m jrt.n=f - the name of a brave man is in what he has done
       ꜥḥꜥ.n=j jt.kw r pꜢ dpt mḥtj ḥr qnn=j - I was taken to the ship 'The Northern', because I was brave
       jst wj m tp n mša=n mꜢ.n ḥm=f qnn=j - Now, I was in the van of our army, and His Majesty saw my valour
       wn.jn.tw ḥr rdjt n=j nbw n qnt - I was given gold of valour
       mꜢ.n ḥm=f qnt=j - and his majesty saw my valour
       wḥm.n=f n=j qnt ꜥꜢt - he again did for me a very brave act
       wd.n ḫpš=f qn - which his strong arm had attacked
qn (qnʲ.t) [qinʲit] (AE, 47) - to become fat Copt: KNNE/KNNIE qnd - to be angry, to be furious; sqnd (causative) - enrage
       dj.f st m ꜥꜢy n nswt n hrw sqnd.f $^{NK}$- he shall place them in the conflagration of the King on the day of his destructive wrath

## k

ktt - to be little; to be low: to be weak (of enemy) (MK); kt.t - louse (an insect) and a word they also used for little girls... ktt is the entire root with the feminine version being spelled the same way. There is another root kt attested which is defined as pettiness and appears to be a noun...
       ktt jtj wr jpt ḫɜ.tw.s m wbn - little barley and a large amount of grain, it measures overflowing
       ɜ.t kt.t mjt.t rsw.t, jw pḥ.tw mwt ḥr rḫ st - a short moment, like a dream, and one reaches death trying to know them
       zɜt ktt - little daughter
       Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *k(ʷ)at- be small (Akkadian: katû, Proto-WChadic: *kat- ~ *kwit-), Hebrew: קַטַּת - kat·täth' Part of Speech: proper locative noun - small, from קָטָן - kä·tän' Part of Speech: adjective, young, small, insignificant, unimportant; Gafat: kitāti - small children
       little, some, a bit (adv) .... nåkiit; nikkat, -ut; nukayyit (n-k-t)
       ⲔOⲨϪⲒ and ⲔOⲨⲒ are associated with this root
kmm - to be black
       ⲔⲀⲘⲈ$^{Masc}$, ⲔⲘⲘⲈ (pl ⲔⲀⲘⲀⲨⲈⲒ) - adj black
          black; be black (adj/v) .... kummi/kumam(m) (k-m(-m) < PAA *kum- (OS) || Copt. kmom, kmam be(come) black; kame, kmme, kam, (F) kem(i) - black; Aram. ukkaam - 'black'; note Sum. kum -2/-4 '(to be) hot' || AL suggests v. *kamAm, LI 88
             jnr km - black stone
             jwn-f km(.w)$^{dem/LEg}$ - it's color is black (verbal predicate, old perfective)
             jwn-f km(.w) nḫt$^{dem/LEg}$ - it's color is dark black(verbal predicate, old perfective)
       ⲔⲀⲘⲎ$^{Fem}$ - adj black
       ⲔⲎⲘⲈ (kmt)- the black land, Egypt (note: ⲔⲎⲘ$^{qualitative}$)
          kuuma.t (pro *kuumu.t) (k-m.t) || AL concurs, EotW 127/LI 42, Copt. keeme, F Copt. keemi; as a curiosity, note the "similar" vocalization in Arab. suudaa'; q.v. /black; land
             ḥry tp kmt dšrt - the leaders of Egypt and the desert
       ⲔⲘⲎⲘⲈ (kmmt, kmjmjt) - noun darkness
       ⲔⲘOⲘ (kmm) = to be black; also noun blackness
          Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *kum- be black; Semitic: *ʔVka/um- 'black'

## g

gb - to become weak; to become feeble; gby (as a noun) weak... Notes: Late Eg loss of the laryngeal (substituted by -y) ?
       ϬⲂⲂⲈ - to become feeble; to be timid
       ϬⲰⲂ - (subst and adj) weak person
       Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gabVḥ- to be weak
gnn - to be weak, to be soft; gnnwt - weakness
       weak; be ~ (adj/v) .... ginni/ginan(n) [g-n-n < PAA *gVlal-]
gr - to be still; to be silent
       jr gr.k hpr n.k pḥw - If you are silent (or “still”), results will happen for you
       ϬⲰ (gr) - to desist; to stop
gꜢ - to be(come)ugly
       ϬⲀ(Ⲉ)ⲒⲈ - ugly one; ugliness; disgrace
gɜw - (as an adjective-verb) to be narrow, to be constricted, to lack; (as a transitive verb) deprive (m of); (noun) absence, lack; m gɜw - from the lack of; n gɜw - through the lack of
    ḥr.w rs m gwɜyt - ready for battle in a narrow defile
       gꜢw - narrow ~ ϬⲰOⲨ ~ gāꜢaw
       as adjective: gɜw [ga:Riw] (AE, 260) - narrow Copt: ⲔOⲨⲒ / ⲔOⲨⲈⲒ / ⲔOⲨϪⲒ / (ⲔOⲨ-, ⲔⲀ- , ⲔO-) - small person or thing; young person; in Demotic it is spelled gwy or ky

## t

tm - to be complete, entire, everything, the universe; nb tm - lord of all; tmw (plural) - totality of men, everyone

## t

tms / tms $^{LEg}$- red, ruddy, violet (lit: red colored), fury, rage; tms(t) / tms(t) - red(-colored) material; tmsw (plural) - lit: red things 1) "redness" especially in reference to hostile red ink 2) evil or bad
       dbꜢ tmsw - reward/repay for bad/evil wrongdoings
       wḥs / wsḥ tmsw - destroy the evil/faults
       sjn tmsw - obliterate/erase mistakes
       dr tmsw - depart/repeal evil
       Eg. tms [GT: <*kms] - red, ruddy, violet
    Eventually, ṯms replaced the more common term for red, dšr(LEFEBVRE 1949). Note also in a medical text (P. Edwin Smith case 39) a reference is made to the production of pus and redness (ṯms.w), which appears in a gloss as red things (jḫ.t dšr)
       timas / timas, timasaw
tnr - to be eager
       dꜢmw ntj r ḫpr r swhꜢ jm.j ḥr tnr.j - The noun phrase dꜢmw ntj r ḫpr is the subject of an r + infinitive construction applied to the 4ae-inf. verb swhi 'boast, vaunt' (spelled here swhꜢ). The object is the prepositional phrase jm.j 'of me'. In the final adverbial phrase the noun is a variant spelling of tnr 'eager(ness), energy” (with a seemingly out of place plural strokes) doubtless related to the Late Egyptian 3-lit. adjective-verb tnr 'strong, mighty, powerful, successful'.
    eager; be ~ (adj/v) - Tånri / Taaner (not *Tinar-r-?) (T-n-r < PAA *-tl'a1l- 'to burn, make hot' (Ehret)

## d

dšr - red; reddening; dšr jb $^{LEg}$- furious; dšr ḥr $^{LEg}$ - furious; dšr.t - 1) desert 2) anger (also dšrw) 3) can sometimes mean 'nad' or 'evil'
       jɜwt dšr.t - red lands (red mounds)
       ḥrs.t dšr.t - red carnelian
       ḥsmn dšr - red natron
       ḫt nbt dšr.t - every bad thing
       ḫt nb.t bjn.t dšr.t - every bad and evil thing
       dšr.sn mj bs(j) n sdt - they shall be red like the fiery flame
       red(, be ~) (adj) .... dåshri, dushri / daasher? dushar(r)? [d-sh-r || cf. Copt. toorsh, SCopt. ?tshre (Crum) 'be red, blush' || Vycichl: *daashir (mt. *daarish) 'red'
       Red Land (pr n) .... dashra.t, dåshra.t (*-i.t?) (d-sh-r.t)
       ⲈⲦⲎϢⲒ / ⲈⲦⲈϢⲒ (dšr.t) (edrēšet < edšēret fem version of masc) - crane; mildew .. ⲦⲢOϢ - dšr - red

## d

drdr / dɜdɜ - to be foreign
       ɜpdw drdrjt - foreign flock, lit. strange bird
dzr / dsr - holy; sacred
       nb tɜ dsr - 'lord of the Sacred Land,' epithet of the gods Anubis or Wepwawet (the location refers to the cemetery at Abydos)
       Professor Antonio Loprieno finds in the Egyptian verb Dsr (to clear a path, make separate, set apart; make pure, make sacred) an indisputable cognate to the Semitic verb gzr (to cut, cut off; to separate, decide)... And it is in Daniel where we read: "that a stone ('even) was cut out (gzr: hithgezeret 'even) without hands."... In Hebrew gezerah marks land set aside, or fenced off, for pasturage; in ritual practice, it marks the rugged wasteland to which the scapegoat is sent, "a land which is cut off" (eretz gezerah, Leviticus 16:22)....For examples of Dsr as a verb of separating, we find Horus separated from the rebel Seth (and the Sethian): for you are separated (Dsr) from him in your name of Ta Djeser, the Holy Land (Dsr.t(j) jr=f m rn=k n(j) t3 Dsr). We also see Atum in action of separating (Dsr) heaven from earth and the primeval waters (Dsr pt jr t3 nnw). The hieroglyph that writes Dsr shows an outstretched arm holding a baton in act of separation (see Loprieno, 14-15)...An etymology based on North-west Semitic gzl, gṣl, ǵzl or ǵṣl would be the most likely
       Antonio Loprieno affirms that Semitic gzr and Arabic jazara “to cut,” are cognate with ancient Egyptian dsr “holy, sacred (temenos); seclusion; to separateAl-Jazira also can refer to a province in Upper Mesopotamia, or to the entire Arabian peninsula (Al-Jazira al-Arabiya).
ddɜ - to be fat
dw(j) - to be bad; to be evil; to be sad of heart
    rsw.t nb.t ḏw.t m ḳdd.w nb.w ḏw - all bad dreams in all bad sleep
    rśw.t nb.t ḏw.t mℨ.t m grḥ - all bad dreams seen in the night
    dr ḏw.wt wḥs ṯms.w nb.t- drive out the evil things and eliminate all ailments
    rsw.t ḏw.t - bad dreams (vs good dreams rsw.t nfr.t)
    wꜢw m dw - schemers of evil
       Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ǯaw(ʔ)- (?) - to be angry; Proto-CChadic: *ʒwaʔ- evil
       (v) Duw(w)-, Dewiww- [D-w #1, vn. D-w.t > *Dawwa.t, *Diwwa.t, *-yy- (*Di'uut, *Daawa.t) || Hebr. #S-w(-:) ('filth', nf Soo'at-) would seem to to follow the apparent correlation D <> S (s.), but of interest is also Sem. #d-w-:/h (Hebr. 'one was weak/unclean from menstrual bleeding', Aram. 'it was grief-causing, sad, [Syr.] wretched'); another reminiscent word, Aram. dayw-aa 'demon' is to be dismissed as suspected relative due to its probable PIE origin
       evil (n) - Dawwa.t, Diwwa.t (D-w.t < D-w #1)
ddj - to be stable; to be steady
    ꜥnḫ dd wꜢs - life, stability and dominion (a wishing well for the king)

## Some Notes on the Vocalic Formula: using The |a-i-u| Theory

One interesting feature of Egyptian is the ability to borrow different vocalic forms ignoring the original syntactic meaning and use them in other ways. So, with this being said, the adjective-verb when used as a true adjective could have used any of the following forms and it would still be considered grammatically correct:
* the most popular, CaCiC (including newly modified CiCiC) - possibly most distinct to roots with a direct adjectival dimension attached to its meaning (for example; small, good, black, bright, ect). A majority of these roots also used this inflection in the infinitive as well as a noun in the Coptic phase of the language.
* the second most popular, CuCiC (including CaCuC) - possibly distinct to those roots which had static meaning which were converted to nouns then used as adjectives afterwards (OⲨⲎⲢ - great)- in this example, it gives the literal extra meaning of the great one.
* and to a lesser degree CaCaC (in a modified form) - being used in the later phases of Egyptian once CaCiC was no longer distinct in speech thus becoming erroneously assimilated to the infinitival construction (for example: ⲂⲰⲰⲚ - bad)
* Most adjective-verbs were most possibly directly inherited from Proto-Afroasiatic (or borrowed from neighboring languages i.e., Semitic...) then immediately fossilized in Egyptian now being used in various ways (as an adjective, a noun and an infinitive). It did not appear that they were as synthetic as many Egyptologists initially believed.
* ↑ Later Egyptian may have had others.
* ↑ There is an irregular assimilation Ⲃ < Ⲙ.
* ↑ During its lifetime as a spoken language, Middle Egyptian gradually lost all but the masculine singular form of modifying adjectives (with the exception of some feminine and plural forms in the later stages). In such case, in many occasions the masculine singular adjective was used to modify feminine, feminine plural and masculine plural nouns.
* ↑ https://copticsounds.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/ishak-emile-maher-the-phonetics-and-phonology-of-the-bohairic-dialect-of-coptice280a6-d-phil-thesis-university-of-oxford-1975-volume-2.pdf ...pg 742 (320)
* ↑ http://www.suscopts.org/deacons/coptic/introductory-Sahidic-Coptic-Grammar_John-Martin-Plumley-1948.pdf ... pg 7
* ↑ https://www.britannica.com/topic/Egyptian-language
* ↑ This sentence should be properly transcribed: ḫ(w)t nb(w)t nfr(w)t but the singular version is what was popularily used.
* ↑ https://www.academia.edu/29099847/Non-Semitic_Words_in_the_Ugaritic_Lexicon_7 pg 18.
* ↑ This is generally referred to as a "bound construction: adjective + noun".
* ↑ This construction can even occur when the adjective is used to modify another noun... Middle Egyptian by James P. Allen pg 63.
* ↑ It appears this word may have originally contained a /u/ at the least in a dialect or two but eventually this word appeared to follow the a-Type pattern through analogical grammatical leveling.
* ↑ The plurals actually look like 'duals'.
* ↑ http://elhath.tripod.com/egyptian.txt
* ↑ Thus Wrote Onchsheshonqy: An Introduction to Coptic pg 51
* ↑ http://www.suscopts.org/deacons/coptic/introductory-Sahidic-Coptic-Grammar_John-Martin-Plumley-1948.pdf ... pg 16
* ↑ http://ling.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/alumni%20senior%20essays/Xin%20Dong.pdf .. pg 20
* ↑ While in earlier Egyptian, the adjectival predicate sometimes still agrees in gender and number with the nominal antecedent, in the classical language the unmarked form of the adjective is regularly employed, pointing to progressive grammatical analogical leveling ... Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction by Antonio Loprieno pg 116 ... https://books.google.com/books?id=kW8Mzji0XRgC&pg=PA115&lpg=PA115&dq=adjectival+predicates+in+Ancient+egyptian&source=bl&ots=b0KqpjGGVX&sig=bMOpb9bndu6bg_uL_-TK6V2LCXk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjs1Kee2ojUAhWK5iYKHeTtB2cQ6AEIPjAE#v=onepage&q=adjectival%20predicates%20in%20Ancient%20egyptian&f=false
* ↑ Notice the use of 'n' which is used in plural forms vs the singular forms without 'n'... nn n ntrw “these gods, those gods”, nn n ntrwt “these goddesses, those goddesses”, ect ...
* ↑ The particle mk actually contains the masculine suffix pronoun k and is used when addressing a male, when addressing a female mt is used, when addressing a group of people mtn is used.. later on mt (fem) and mtn (plural) were used.... Egyptian Grammar by Hoch pg 50.
* ↑ https://myluthernet.luthersem.edu/ICS/icsfs/Slides_3.pdf?target=79ced3ed-1deb-49a7-b280-4cf47d554ef5
* ↑ http://biblegreekvpod.com/Hebrew/chapter5.pdf
* ↑ Can this also be the case in Egyptian?1 .. I don't know yet!!! More research on this.
* ↑ Also check to see if this is the case in Egyptian.
* ↑ Also called "Absolute Use of the Feminine Singular".
* ↑ http://egypt-grammar.rutgers.edu/Grammar%20Points/Adjectives.pdf
* ↑ http://elhath.tripod.com/egyptian.txt
* ↑ Antonio Loprieno A Linguistic Introduction pg 32
* ↑ Coptic Etymological Dictionary by J. Cerny
* ↑ http://elhath.tripod.com/egyptian.txt
* ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=mHdD_YojtaMC&pg=PA176&lpg=PA176&dq=Ancient+Egyptian+Etymology+bnr+-+date&source=bl&ots=9gLMl1SrSo&sig=96HB4lWn2PsS98FE7VrWFoAhYio&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiU6fDj5L7UAhUPzmMKHf5lBG0Q6AEIOjAE#v=onepage&q=Ancient%20Egyptian%20Etymology%20bnr%20-%20date&f=false ... pg 176
* ↑ http://elhath.tripod.com/egyptian.txt
* ↑ http://elhath.tripod.com/egyptian.txt
* ↑ http://www.ancient-hebrew.org/dictionary/ancient-aleph.html
* ↑ http://www.hebrew4christians.com/Glossary/Word_of_the_Week/Archived/Emet/emet.html
* ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew
* ↑ http://b-hebrew.ibiblio.narkive.com/hBW87ZhQ/samaritan-pentateuch
* ↑ http://www.thetruthseeker.co.uk/?p=13080
* ↑ http://biblehub.com/hebrew/4601.htm
* ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=KV1_qr4EYGkC&pg=PA73&lpg=PA73&dq=maatkare+in+the+bible+egyptian&source=bl&ots=P1vwNnosBU&sig=jbnBjLGoYDQTiI4tQJa7SUqzgFM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjs-6H-yuDWAhWI54MKHVycAG04ChDoAQgnMAA#v=onepage&q=maatkare%20in%20the%20bible%20egyptian&f=false ... pg 73
* ↑ http://kinghezekiahofjudah.blogspot.com/2011/07/hatshepsut-and-thutmose-iii-twin.html
* ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba
* ↑ https://forum.davidicke.com/showthread.php?t=288602&page=2
* ↑ http://elhath.tripod.com/egyptian.txt
* ↑ http://egypt-grammar.rutgers.edu/TextPDF/Neferti1.pdf pg 16
* ↑ The preposition m governs a nonattributive (emphatic) relative form of the verb jrj. The rheme is m jr nds jqr. The emphasis is brought out using a cleft sentence.
* ↑ http://elhath.tripod.com/egyptian.txt
* ↑ http://egypt-grammar.rutgers.edu/Grammar%20Points/Adjectives.pdf pg 2
* ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Etymology_scriptorium/2013/January
* ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_nouns_and_adjectives
* ↑ http://elhath.tripod.com/egyptian.txt
* ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=G8Ltdr2rg04C&pg=PA354&lpg=PA354&dq=Egyptian+qd+-+go+round&source=bl&ots=klnzanLQ-R&sig=rHW_NCPH7p4x2yOaqZuqIskw7HA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwizlZySgsjZAhXjzVkKHY95CgkQ6AEISDAK#v=onepage&q=Egyptian%20qd%20-%20go%20round&f=false
* ↑ http://elhath.tripod.com/egyptian.txt
* ↑ The inflection is adjectival treated as a noun in Coptic.
* ↑ http://elhath.tripod.com/egyptian.txt
* ↑ http://elhath.tripod.com/egyptian.txt
* ↑ http://elhath.tripod.com/egyptian.txt
* ↑ https://www.academia.edu/438257/Nightmares_in_Ancient_Egypt
* ↑ B's in Egyptian often correspond to m's in Hebrew or Arabic. Thus the root slm in Arabic or shlm in Hebrew, "peace," "to be healthy," etc. and b's in such Semitic languages can turn up as m's in Egyptian: Rmnn for Lbnn, "Lebanon."... http://www.friesian.com/egypt.htm
* ↑ http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk/ancient_egyptian_and_bantu.htm
* ↑ http://elhath.tripod.com/egyptian.txt
* ↑ http://elhath.tripod.com/egyptian.txt
* ↑ http://elhath.tripod.com/egyptian.txt
* ↑ http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/bestiary/insects.htm
* ↑ Dickson Middle Egyptian Dictionary pg 270
* ↑ https://www.academia.edu/5301324/Prophecies_of_the_Prophet_Neferti_of_Ancient_Egypt_transcribed_from_a_grave_find_ancient_papyrus
* ↑ http://orbi.ulg.be/bitstream/2268/194536/1/Winand%20Brown%20Workshop.pdf
* ↑ http://www.shadowsgovernment.com/shadows-library/Semitic%20Languages%20Outline%20of%20a%20Comparative%20Grammar.pdf ... pg 85
* ↑ http://elhath.tripod.com/egyptian.txt
* ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=29QMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA3016&lpg=PA3016&dq=egyptian+kt+-+little&source=bl&ots=Y4uWFQ8oy2&sig=YOlUVHnoHnAqHu5TtQUwT2XUyBY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3vfHgmMbUAhWF7oMKHeTwAVk4ChDoAQgtMAE#v=onepage&q=egyptian%20kt%20-%20little&f=false
* ↑ http://elhath.tripod.com/egyptian.txt
* ↑ http://elhath.tripod.com/egyptian.txt
* ↑ http://elhath.tripod.com/egyptian.txt
* ↑ https://www.academia.edu/4749918/Red_Colour_in_expressing_anger_in_ancient_Egyptian_Texts
* ↑ Towards the Afro-Asiatic etymology of Egyptian zš
* ↑ https://www.academia.edu/438257/Nightmares_in_Ancient_Egypt
* ↑ http://valsederholm.blogspot.com/2010/05/marked-with-red-in-their-foreheads-book.html
* ↑ http://elhath.tripod.com/egyptian.txt
* ↑ Wrong gender and number of the modifying adjective... http://egypt-grammar.rutgers.edu/Grammar%20Points/Adjectives.pdf pg 3
* ↑ http://egypt-grammar.rutgers.edu/Grammar%20Points/Adjectives.pdf pg 2
* ↑ http://valsederholm.blogspot.com/2010/08/my-servant-gazelem.html
* ↑ http://www.mormondialogue.org/topic/69023-dsrt-as-holy-land/?page=2
* ↑ [3] Loprieno, La pensée et l'écriture - Pour une analyse sémiotique de la culture égyptienne (Paris: Cybele, 2001), 15 (citing Wehr & Cowan, Arabic-English Dictionary, 146; Koehler & Baumgartner, HALOT; Pyr. §1778), cited by Val Sederholm, July 29, 2010, online at http://valsederholm.blogspot.com/ search?q=zenos .
* ↑ https://www.academia.edu/438257/Nightmares_in_Ancient_Egypt
* ↑ For most 3-rad roots the penultimate syllable was stressed and most 4-rad roots contained syncopation of the medial syllable causing the adjectival marker i to be hidden within the unstressed syllable, in affect causing the adjectival form to be identical to the infinitival form CaCaC which also utilized penultimate stress. It is also unclear if this process existed before Coptic although there may have been a possibility it did according to Cuneiform/Akkadian transcriptions where the endings of Egyptian words (specifically those with penultimate stress) showed some vocalic discrepancies on the final unstressed syllable versus the stressed syllables which were more consistent with Coptic spellings.