OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Causes/Deficiencies

< Back to Causes

## Background

A number of toxins have proved to be direct causative factors for Parkinson’s Disease (Paraquat, Maneb, Rotenone, MPTP etc.) but collectively they account only for small proportion of the known cases. The principal causative agencies such as environmental triggers await discovery.
Yet, in spite of considerable effort and expenditure, nothing significant has come to light. The human cell is a complex chemical factory, ingesting all manner of proteins and molecules in order to fulfil its predestined role. It could be hypothesised therefore that some vital neurological ingredient might be missing and that PD is in fact a deficiency disease.
Deficiency diseases are by no means uncommon. Some examples are:- Diabetes (insulin), Goitre (iodine), Keshan disease (selenium) and Growth Disorder (zinc). The missing components are sometimes absent from diet, while others need to be manufactured within the body.
Some candidates are offered here for consideration.
Two of them viz Blood and Norepinephrine are noteworthy but cannot be taken as authoritative since:-
* They have not been corroborated from any other source.
* The observed effects may be secondary symptoms and not a primary cause.
* No hypothesis is advanced to account for the results.
Two others, Zinc and Vitamin D, have attracted considerable attention, inspired a number of research projects and are the subject of clinical trials.

## Research

2012
Kaasinen et al have found that the production of dopamine in the human brain varies according to the season and also the month of birth. The findings were based upon PET Scans of 109 PD patient.
   The patients scanned during fall and winter had 15% higher tracer uptake in the right putamen compared to patients scanned during spring and summer. Patients born during winter and spring had 10% higher dopamine synthesis capacity in the left caudate , 8% higher capacity in the right caudate and 16% higher capacity in the putamen contralateral to the side of predominant motor symptoms compared to patients born during summer and fall (after correcting for differences in age, sex, disease severity, scanner and season of scanning).

## Further Reading

Health Direct on Deficiency Diseases
http://www.healthinsite.gov.au/topics/Deficiency_Diseases
Common Deficiency Diseases
http://www.deficiencydisease.net/
Wikipedia on Nutrition disorders.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition_disorder

## Related Pages

Causes
Blood - Glutathione - Norepinephrine - Vitamin D - Zinc
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Causes/Deficiencies/Blood
## Background

There appears to have been very little analysis of blood disorders in PD patients. However the study described below may have some significance.

## Research

2009
Savica et al investigated the association of anaemia with the subsequent risk of PD using a case-control study involving 196 PD patients and a corresponding number of matching controls. They found that anaemia was more common in the history of PD cases than of controls. The association was not significantly different between men and women, or between PD patients with or without rest tremor. Generally anaemia started 20 to 29 years before the onset of PD.Hemoglobin levels were slightly but consistently lower in PD cases than in controls across all ages

## Further Reading

2011
The Human Heart - Franklin Institute
http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/blood.html
Today
   Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Blood.
   This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
Pubmed (abstracts)
Pubmed_Central (Full_Text)
Google_Scholar

## Related Pages

Causes > Deficiencies
Sub Pages:
    Blood - Melatonin - Norepinephrine - Vitamin_D - Zinc
# Numbers/Subtraction of positive and negative whole numbers

This is a stub page for references to education material on subtraction of positive and negative whole numbers.
# Numbers/Multiplication and division of positive whole numbers

This page is a stub for educational material on multiplication and division of positive whole numbers aimed at students in grades K-8 (ages 5-13).
# Numbers/Numeration

Numeration is how numbers are represented. This page is a stub for educational material on numeration aimed at grades K-8 (ages 5-13).
# Numbers/Rounding and estimating

Notice: Incomplete

## Rounding

There are two main types of rounding, directed rounding and rounding to the nearest integer.

### Directed Rounding

Directed rounding is when one rounds all numbers in the same direction. There are four types, rounding up, rounding down, rounding towards zero and rounding away from zero.

#### Rounding Up

To round up, you round all numbers to the integer after it.
Examples:
-1.7 rounds to -1
-1.3 rounds to -1
1.3 rounds to 2
1.7 rounds to 2

#### Rounding Down

To round down, you round all numbers to the integer before it.
Examples:
-1.7 rounds to -2
-1.3 rounds to -2
1.3 rounds to 1
1.7 rounds to 1

#### Rounding Towards Zero

To round towards zero, you round all numbers to the nearest integer that is closer to zero.
Examples:
-1.7 rounds to -1
-1.3 rounds to -1
1.3 rounds to 1
1.7 rounds to 1

#### Rounding Away From Zero

To round away from zero, you round all numbers to the nearest integer that is further from zero.
Examples:
-1.7 rounds to -2
-1.3 rounds to -2
1.3 rounds to 2
1.7 rounds to 2

### Rounding To the Nearest Integer

Rounding to the nearest integer is self-explanatory. The problem is that some numbers don't have a 'nearest integer', notably, the numbers that are halfway between integers.
# Numbers/Negative numbers

This is a stub page for references to education material on negative numbers.
# Numbers/Number line with positive numbers

This page is a stub for educational material involving numbers lines with positive whole numbers and zero.
# Numbers/Number line with negative numbers

This is a stub page for references to education material on number lines with negative numbers.
# Python Concepts/lambda, map, filter, reduce
## Objective

* To understand lambda functions, map , filter, reduce functions

## lambda

Lambda is an one-line function with any number of arguments.
Before the colon (:) a, b, c are the parameters. After the colon is the return value.
Example 1
The return value is the sum of all the parameters in add lambda function.
Example 2
* x is a tuple with any number of arguments. In return there is a list comprehension: Each value in x will be sum by 1, resulting in the return of a list all the given integers added by 1.
Example 3
Return of a list all the given integers multiplied by themselves (square of a number)
* 2 × 2 = 4
* 6 × 6 = 36
* 7 × 7 = 49
* 5 × 5 = 25
* 3 × 3 = 9

## map

The map(function, iterable). The function in the parameter interacts with the list and then a map is returned.
Example 1
The square function allows one parameter. map can use this function for every value in a list.
Example 2
This lambda function as the first parameter of map has a single parameter. map passes every value from the list through the function.

## filter

filter(function, iterable). This function returns a filter object which has numbers that passed by a condition defined by a function.
Example 1
Each number of the variable 'numbers' passes through less_than_zero. If it's true, the number passed through the filter.
Example 2
Each item in 'usernames' is filtered. If its length is greater than 3 characters and its length is less than 15 characters it's on the printed list above.

## functools.reduce

reduce(function, iterable). It needs to be imported: 'from functools import reduce'
* The function in the first parameter needs to have two arguments.
* The list or tuple needs to have at least 2 items.
* It takes the first and second items of 'numbers', then if there's another item, the return result with the third (next) item go into the reduce's function argument...
What happened
* numbers = [5, 8, -4, -2, 5, 3, -1]
* lambda a, b: a + b
* reduce took the two first items in 'numbers' and put them in the lambda function
* lambda 5, 8 -> 5 + 8
* 5 + 8 == 13
the return of lambda's function is placed with the third item in lambda function again...
* lambda 13, -4 -> 13 + -4 == 9
* lambda 9, -2 -> 9 + -2 == 7
* lambda 7, 5 -> 12
* lambda 12, 3 -> 15
* lambda 15, -1 -> 14
* There is no more items in 'numbers' the reduce's return is 14.
# Python Programming/Collection
## Python Programming
### Learning Guide

This learning guide supports the Wikiversity course Python Programming, available at http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Python_Programming.

## Overview

Python Programming/Collection/Sidebar Python is a widely used high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. Python supports many programming paradigms, including object-oriented, functional, and procedural programming. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability, simplicity, and its syntax allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code than possible in other popular programming languages. Python is very extensible and the modularity of this language has made it popular for adding interfaces to existing applications.
This course comprises 16 lessons on Python programming using Python 3. Each lesson includes a combination of Wikipedia and Internet-based readings, YouTube videos, and hands-on learning activities.
This entire Wikiversity course can be downloaded in book form by selecting Download Learning Guide in the sidebar.

## Preparation

This is a second-semester, college-level course. Learners should already be familiar with introductory computer concepts and have advanced or proficient-level computer skills.

## Lessons

* Introduction
* Variables
* Conditions
* Loops
* Functions
* Strings
* Lists
* Dictionaries
* Tuples and Sets
* Classes
* Modules
* RegEx
* Files
* Internet Data
* Databases
* GUI

## See Also

* Computer Programming
* Python
* Python Concepts
* Wikipedia: Python (programming language)
* Wikibooks: Python Programming
* PythonLearn.com
* Microsoft MVA: Introduction to Programming with Python
* Open Book Project: Beginning Python Programming
* Digital Ocean: How to Code in Python3
* Interactive Python: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist
* PracticePython.org
* AutomateTheBoringStuff.com Python Book
* FutureLearn: Programming 101: An Introduction to Python for Educators

## Participation

This section is for the purpose of optionally documenting one's participation process in the course. Here might be notes by learners who might document their learning process and how they view the learning materials and/or how they interacted with them, contributed content or ideas regarding interacting with it. It may include participants experiences with material. Their motivation reasons for participating in the course as a whole and for parts of the course.
* Participation
# Python Concepts/Custom Data Types
## Further Reading or Review

Completion status: Ready for testing by learners and teachers. Please begin!
Previous Lesson: Special Methods
This lesson: Custom Data Types
Next Lesson: Exceptions Are Classes
Course Home Page :
# Python Concepts/Directories

This Programming Language resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.

## Objective

* What is a directory?
* How to access existing directories?
* What are the directories of immediate priority in the user's environment?
* Are certain directories reserved for special purposes?
* How to create/move/delete directories?
* Can directories be accessed/created/changed/moved/deleted from within Python?
* How to create temporary directories?

## Further Reading or Review

Completion status: this resource is a stub, which means that pretty much nothing has been done yet.
Previous Lesson: Files
This Lesson: Directories
Next Lesson: Functions
Course Home Page :
# Research methods

This research resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
Research methods relate to how research is conducted, designed, analyzed, and disseminated.

## Critical thinking about research methods
### Why does thinking critically about research methods matter?

* What eight years of writing the Bad Science column have taught me: Pulling bad science apart is the best teaching gimmick I know for explaining how good science works, Ben Goldacre, Friday 4 November 2011

## Learning resources

* Research methods in psychology
* Action research
* Survey research and design in psychology
* Statistical Analysis
# Research purposes

Research involves systematic investigation of phenomena, the purpose of which could be for:
* Information gathering and/or
** Exploratory: e.g., discovering, uncovering, exploring
** Descriptive: e.g., gathering info, describing, summarizing
* Theory testing
** Explanatory: e.g., testing and understanding causal relations
** Predictive: e.g., predicting what might happen in various scenarios
Examples of research studies with these different purposes can be found in this practice quiz.

## Discussion questions

* How can research help to alleviate poverty on Earth?
* How can I gain an understanding on why research is nessesary
# Research proposal

This research resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
Research proposal components might include a description of:
* Research topic
* Research purpose, consider scope and parameters
* Research question, gives focus and a specific goal
* Hypotheses, gives precision
* Research method, is about how
* Sampling, gathering a representative sample
* Data analysis, how hypotheses will be tested
* Research ethics, explain risks and benefits
* Timeline
* Costs
A research proposal might answer questions such as:
* What are your study parameters?
* When will you carry out the research?
* How long will data collection last?
* Who is your target population?
* What are your time and cost constraints?
* What research method will be used?
Obtaining critical appraisal about a research proposal is an important step in the research process and is vital to good scholarship. There are many potential research traps, for example, which can be prevented by first subjecting a research proposal to peer review.
# Linear algebra (Osnabrück 2024-2025)/Part I/Lecture 27

In the last lecture, we have introduced generalized eigenspaces for an eigenvalue $\lambda$ of an endomorphism $\varphi$ as the kernel of ${\left(\varphi -\lambda \operatorname {Id} \right)}^{k}$ for a sufficient large exponent $k$. This means in particular that, if we restrict $\varphi -\lambda \operatorname {Id}$ to the corresponding generalized eigenspace, then a certain power of it is the zero mapping. Here, we study in general endomorphisms with the property that some power of it is zero.
    Nilpotent mappings

## Definition

Endomorphism/Nilpotent/Definition

## Definition

Matrix/Nilpotent/Definition

## Lemma
### Proof

$\Box$

## Lemma
### Proof

$\Box$

## Corollary
### Proof

$\Box$
    The Jordan decomposition of a nilpotent endomorphism
For a nilpotent endomorphism $\varphi$ on a vector space $V$, we have
    $V=\operatorname {GeEig} _{0}(\varphi )\,,$
hence, there is just one
generalized eigenspace, and this is the total space. We will show that we can improve the describing matrix even further (not just having triangular form).  In the next lecture, we will apply these improvements to all generalized eigenspaces of a trigonalizable endomorphism, in order to achieve the so-called Jordan normal form.

## Lemma
### Proof

$\Box$

## Lemma
### Proof

$\Box$

## Corollary
### Proof

$\Box$
For a nilpotent mapping on a two-dimensional vector space $V$, we either have the zero mapping, or a nilpotent mapping with an one-dimensional kernel. In this case, we obtain man for every element $v\in V\setminus \operatorname {kern} \varphi$ a basis $\varphi (v),v$ (in this ordering), such that the describing matrix has the form ${\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\0&0\end{pmatrix}}$. When the dimension is larger,we get more and more complex possibilities. We discuss some typical examples in dimension three.

## Example

    Footnotes
# Review:Poser

Filmmaking Software Review
Narrative Film Production:
Software for Filmmaking (not free)
Poser by eFrontier :
| Poser Poser is an interesting alternative to DAZ Studio for the posing, photographing, and animation of digital puppets. Poser 7 has just been announced. Through Poser 6, the animation capabilities of Poser have been awkward. That makes Poser a useful tool for still artwork but not practical for animation. Hopefully, this will all be solved with version 7. | Uses at WikiU Film School Animation 3D Storyboarding |

## Contact Your Instructor

* Your instructor for these courses is Robert Elliott. To email me, you simply Click Here.
# Reviewing My Semester with the FUN WITH ENGLISH 7A & 8A Textbooks/Lesson Plan Mold

Mr. Danoff's Lesson Plan Data (Dates relate to when lesson was administered) :
| Date: | Lesson Length (Min): | Location: | Textbook: | Chapter #: | Lesson #: | Topic: | Number of Students: | Document Version: |
Mr. Danoff's FWE Lessons
* Research Center
* Semester One Fall 2009 7A & 8A
* Semester Two Spring 2010 7B & 8B
# Review:Mac OS X

| Review by Robert Elliott The new Mac The operating system is what gives a computer its personality. Apple has created four different Macs with four completely different personalities. In the computer industry, a new product must be at least four times as good as the previous version or it will not be accepted (or needed.) The NEXT STEP Macintosh (both PowerPC and Intel versions) are a tremendous improvement over Macintosh OS 9. The first few versions of Mac OS X were a bit rough and even the current verison could have some rough spots fixed. But overall, Mac OS X is such a huge improvement that few people still use the old system. A new path The Intel Macintosh is not the same as the PowerPC Macintosh. Both are called Mac OS X but these are totally different computers and different operating system. If you are a very conservative person, you will still wait a few more months before you buy the Intel Macintosh. (The amount of available software is the weakness.) More later... | Uses at Wikiversity Film School All of the software used at Wikiversity Film School is either Macintosh software or Linux software. |
| Review by Robert Elliott The new Mac The operating system is what gives a computer its personality. Apple has created four different Macs with four completely different personalities. In the computer industry, a new product must be at least four times as good as the previous version or it will not be accepted (or needed.) The NEXT STEP Macintosh (both PowerPC and Intel versions) are a tremendous improvement over Macintosh OS 9. The first few versions of Mac OS X were a bit rough and even the current verison could have some rough spots fixed. But overall, Mac OS X is such a huge improvement that few people still use the old system. A new path The Intel Macintosh is not the same as the PowerPC Macintosh. Both are called Mac OS X but these are totally different computers and different operating system. If you are a very conservative person, you will still wait a few more months before you buy the Intel Macintosh. (The amount of available software is the weakness.) More later... | Rating Four and 1/2 Stars If you are looking for a new computer, you should consider the Macintosh. By the end of 2008, you should consider only the Macintosh computers since Dell and the other PC computer companies will only offer Windows while Apple will provide a solution for both Macintosh and Windows. |
for more Mac-related stuff check Mac-How
# Review:Tux Paint

| Review by Robert Elliott Tux Paint - Macintosh version I am reviewing the Macintosh OS X version. There are versions for a dozen other operating systems. While this is a program for kids, it has some unique features useful for filmmakers. In the future, Wikiversity will create templates and stamps so this program can be used for rapid thumbnail storyboarding. Anyone interested in filmmaking should immediately download this free program. It is fun! | Uses at Wikiversity Film School Thumbnail Storyboarding Having fun!!! At Wikiversity, see the lesson on matte painting. |
| Review by Robert Elliott Tux Paint - Macintosh version I am reviewing the Macintosh OS X version. There are versions for a dozen other operating systems. While this is a program for kids, it has some unique features useful for filmmakers. In the future, Wikiversity will create templates and stamps so this program can be used for rapid thumbnail storyboarding. Anyone interested in filmmaking should immediately download this free program. It is fun! | Rating Four Stars For filmmakers who want to create thumbnail storyboards, a set of templates (for the various frame sizes) and stamps (for the various poses of human figures) still need to be created. |
# Review:Victoria

Filmmaking Software Review
Narrative Film Production:
Free Software for Filmmaking
Victoria 3.0 from DAZ 3D :
| Victoria 3.0 This is a computer model which is useful for DAZ Studio. It is free until the end of 2006. Note to parents: This is a totally naked, highly-detailed woman. Clothing is extra and not free. | Uses at WikiU Film School For 3D storyboards For creating the movie prop poster |

## Contact Your Instructor

* Your instructor for these courses is Robert Elliott. To email me, you simply Click Here.
# Reviewing My Semester with the FUN WITH ENGLISH 7A & 8A Textbooks/8A Lesson 3

Mr. Danoff's Lesson Plan Data (Dates relate to when lesson was administered) :
| Date: | Length (Min): | Location: | Textbook: | Chapter #: | Lesson #: | Topic: | # of Students: | Document Version: |
| c. Late Sep 2009 | 45 | English Salon | FWE 8A | 2 | 3 | Future plans | 25+ | 0.2 |
Mr. Danoff's FWE Lessons
* Research Center
* Semester One Fall 2009 7A & 8A
* Semester Two Spring 2010 7B & 8B

## Plan

* Greeting
** How's it going?
** Depending on their answers, ask "why?"
* Conversation
** What did you do after school yesterday?
** What are you going to do this Sunday?
** Who is your favorite actress?
* Page 7 Exercise A
** Ask for volunteers, if none, split the class in half.
** After they read twice, have them do the exercises.
** Why is she writing the letter?
* P 7 Ex B
** Ask for volunteers, if none, split the class in half.
** After they read twice, have them do the exercises.
* P8 EA
** I read.
* P8 EB
** I read.
** Ask about their timetables.
* 7 P9
** I read.
** What does Mary say is "the most important part about choosing a job?"
* Name Practice
** Have all the kids stand up, then sit down as I list of their names.
* Simon Says
** For instructions write "Stand up" and "Simon says stand up" on the board. Explain the former is not OK, while the latter is, then start the game.
** Lead 2 or 3 rounds depending on how fast it goes, then ask if any students would like to read.

## Changelog

* Ver 0.1 / c. Late Sep 2009
* Ver 0.2 / 17 Feb 2011
** Wikignomed for publication on Wikiversity.
# Reviewing My Semester with the FUN WITH ENGLISH 7A & 8A Textbooks/Competitive Hangman

Idea is from a couple of students at Anqing Foreign Language School who wanted to spice up hangman.