OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Geometric series/Real/Convergence/Absolutely/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Theorem 9.13
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Hyperbolic cosine/Monotonicity behavior/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 13.29
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Four tuple/Modulus of differences/R/Infinite dilation/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 28.10
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Fundamental theorem of calculus/Riemann/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Theorem 19.3
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Function/R/Limit/Epsilon/Characterizations/Fact/Proof/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 10.24
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Four tuple/Modulus of differences/Descent/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 5.27
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Harmonic series/Example/Examplereferencenumber

Example 9.6
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Function/R/Limit/Epsilon/Characterizations/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Lemma 10.10
# Introduction to ODEs

Here we want to solve a Cauchy problem as
${\begin{cases}u'(t)=f(u,t)\\u(0)=u_{0}\end{cases}}$.
where $f$ is a given real-valued function of two real variables. In order to select the solution among the infinite family of solutions coming from the integration of $u'(t)$ we need to specify the initial data $u(0)=u_{0}$.
In other words, we seek the unique solution $u(t)$ of the above-mentioned Cauchy problem for $t>0$ and subject to the condition $u(0)=u_{0}$.
Since it is often impossible to construct an analytical solution, we look for an approximate solution of the problem which will converge, in some sense to be specified later, to the exact solution.
# Introduction to Orthopedics

Orthopedics is the study of the musculoskeletal system. Orthopedic doctors diagnose and treat problems of the musculoskeletal system.

## Where does the word 'orthopedics' come from

The word orthopedics comes from Greek. The greek word 'ortho' means straight and pedics comes from 'pais' meaning children. One may ask why does orthopedics have the word 'children' in it, and that is because for many centuries orthopedists have been known to treat crippled children.

## Statistics

* One in seven Americans has a musculoskeletal impairment.
* In 2003, almost 3.3 million people had in-patient musculoskeletal procedures.
* Sprains or dislocations and fractures account for almost half of all musculoskeletal injuries.
# Introduction to Parkinson's Science

This is Section 2 of The Science Behind Parkinson's Disease - a Wikiversity learning project:
A structured learning section where the science behind Parkinson's is explained for those who are new to the subject.
Aim: To help people get to grips with the basic biology that is relevant for understanding the pathology of Parkinson's and for following the research being done in this field.
Section structure:
* First, questions that arise when a person is first diagnosed with Parkinson's.
* Then, on subsequent pages, questions that naturally follow on as more is learned about the condition.
* Also, pointers throughout to background material to deepen necessary knowledge of biological topics.
An invitation is extended to help design and develop this section.
See the Discussion page for the development of this section.
Subpages for this network of questions and answers are now being compiled.

## Start down the pathway to understand the science behind Parkinson's

* Questions and Answers
* Start with some early questions you may have:
* What has caused me to have Parkinson's?
* Does Parkinson's reduce life expectancy?
* Is Parkinson's contagious?
* What are the usual early symptoms and what confirms the diagnosis?
* How will the disease progress?
* More questions
* What causes the motor symptoms?
* The lack of dopamine and what this brain chemical does
* Why is there not enough dopamine?
* Death of cells in a region of the brain called the substantia nigra
* What treatment can be given?
* An overview of the drugs and other therapies that can be used to treat Parkinson's
* How does Parkinson's spread through the nervous system?
* Some background information
* Wikipedia entry on Parkinson's disease
* Causes of Parkinson's
* Diagnosing Parkinson's
* The Parkinson's UK Brain Bank diagnostic criteria
* Parkinson's life history
* Assesssment of the stage of Parkinson's
* Hoehn and Yahr scale
* Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)
* Other related background topics
* Neurons and Neurotransmitters
* Cells and Cytology
* Browse all questions and answers in Section 2: An Introduction to Parkinson's Science
* All Section 2 sub_pages
* Adding new topics and editing existing ones
* Please Login first. (Create an account if you have not got one yet.)
* Add a question or enhance an answer
* Click on the Section 2 Site Map link on the left.
* Look to see if the topic already exists.
* If so:
* Click on the Page link and edit the page in the normal way
* If not:
* Add a new page as described on the Site Map page
* Any part of this wikiversity project can be worked on by anyone.
* If there is something that is missing or needs further elaboration, then just add it! (Please back up all the assertions you make with references to external sources.)
* Discuss changes
* Use the Discussion tab at the top of the page if you want to discuss possible changes in advance, make suggestions or ask other people's opinions.
* Parkinson's Science project User Guide
# Renewable energy/Wind energy

North America, Europe and Asia are the major contributors to 36% growth of total installed wind capacity.
Learn and discuss:
Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth. Wind flow patterns are modified by the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and vegetation. Humans use this wind flow, or motion energy, for many purposes: sailing, flying a kite, and even generating electricity.
The terms wind energy or wind power describe the process by which the wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. This mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water) or a generator can convert this mechanical power into electricity.
So how do wind turbines make electricity? Simply stated, a wind turbine works the opposite of a fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan, wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and makes electricity. Take a look inside a wind turbine to see the various parts. View the wind turbine animation to see how a wind turbine works.
This aerial view of a wind power plant shows how a group of wind turbines can make electricity for the utility grid. The electricity is sent through transmission and distribution lines to homes, businesses, schools, and so on.
LM Glasfiber is the worlds leading supplier of blades for wind turbines, and the only supplier that operates on a global basis. We have achieved this strong position in a business distinctive for international growth via a consistent focus on research, product development, quality and excellent customer service.
Netherlands are the leading front runners for wind energy.
There are many dis-advantages for this such as the noise, it ruining the view and even killing birds. The main one has to be the change of environment that will damage many habitats.
Check out a presentation of an overview of wind energy >> http://www.regainparadise.org
# Repellor vehicles/Shielding/Quiz

Repellor vehicle shielding is an effort, in a lecture format, to describe the components of a repellor vehicle shield, often as applied in the performance of a trip to and from Mars.
You are free to take this quiz based on the lecture repellor vehicle shielding at any time.
To improve your score, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{repellor vehicle}} template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.
As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.
Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.
To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* Repellor vehicle success may be the same as quiz questions about it.
# Repl.it

Repl.it is an online IDE (integrated development environment) supporting 40 programming languages. Repl.it allows users write code and build apps using a browser, without having to install any software on their devices.

## Resources

* GitHub Integration
* Bitbucket Integration

## See Also

* Wikipedia: Repl.it
# Repl.it/Bitbucket Integration

Repl.it supports integration with Bitbucket using git commands.

## Clone an Existing Bitbucket Repository

To clone a repository into Repl.it as a subfolder:
* Log in to Repl.it. Create a user account if you don't have one already.
* Create a new repl if necessary.
* Create a .replit file in the root folder of your repl. This changes the console window into a full Linux terminal. Another approach is to review workspace shortcuts and open a new shell, such as with Ctrl+Shift+S.
* In a separate browser tab, log into Bitbucket and select a repository. Select the Clone button in the upper right corner. Copy the git clone command to the clipboard.
* In the Repl.it tab, paste the git clone command into the terminal window and run the command. The repository will be created as a repl subfolder.

## Fetch an Existing Bitbucket Repository

To fetch an existing repository into the current folder:
* Log in to Repl.it. Create a user account if you don't have one already.
* Create a new repl if necessary.
* Review workspace shortcuts and open a new shell, such as with Ctrl+Shift+S.
* In the terminal window, run the following command: git init
* In a separate browser tab, log into Bitbucket and select a repository. Select the Clone button in the upper right corner. Copy the git clone command to the clipboard.
* In the Repl.it tab, paste the git clone command into the terminal window. Replace git clone with git remote add origin and run the command. The command should look like the following: git remote add origin your_repository_url
* In the terminal window, run the following commands. The repository will be merged with the current folder. git fetch --all git reset --hard origin/master

## Update the Run Button

The run button action is controlled by the .replit file:
* If necessary, create a .replit file in the root folder of your repository.
* The .replit file should contain the following lines (Python3 example): language = "python3" run = "python3 main.py"
* To run a different file, change the .replit file run line. For example, to run a file named Activity 1.py in the Assignment 1 folder in my repository, use the following. Note the nesting of single quotes inside double quotes, necessary with folder or file names containing spaces: run = "python3 'my repository/Assignment 1/Activity 1.py'"

## Synchronize Changes with Bitbucket

To synchronize Repl.it changes with Bitbucket, use the following git commands in the terminal window:
When your repository is updated outside Repl.it and you want to pull those changes into your repl, use the following command:

## See Also

* git
# Renewable energy/Things you can do

Find or create learning and research projects for Category:Renewable energy. Search the net for News about renewable energy and add a summary and link here.
# Renewable energy/Windstalk

Windstalks are a proposed alternative to wind turbines for electric generation. Vertical wind columns are pressed against by air. This tension puts pressure on piezoelectric materials that generate electricity. This column is static, and it is meant to be relatively safe for birds and bats, unlike wind turbines.
There is a proposal to install 180 ft tall windstalks at Masdar city. The stalks are to be made of a carbon fiber exterior connected to a concrete base, and LEDs display when the windstalk is producing power. Two electricity carrying cables are connected to alternating piezo discs that are inside each hollow windstalk.

## Tidal

Could this technology be adapted to generate electricity from tidal currents?
# Renewable energy systems

Renewable energy (wiktionary | wikipedia | wikibooks)
Renewable energy is defined as "energy derived from resources that are regenerative or for all practical purposes can not be depleted." Renewable energy, also called alternative energy, is generally thought of as an alternative to conventional energy usually supplied by the combustion of fossil fuel such as oil, coal or natural gas. The prime source of renewable energy is solar radiation, i.e. sunlight. The Earth-Atmosphere system receives approximately 5.4 x 10$^{24}$ joules per year in the solar radiation cycle (Sorensen, 2004). The solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere is on average 1366 watts/meter-squared.
One of the main reasons for an interest in the development of renewable energy systems is a concern for the inevitable depletion of fossil reserves (See Hubbert peak theory) and the realization that it is the only viable means of achieving a truly sustainable society.

## Required Knowledge

It would be useful to have a basic knowledge of energy and sources of energy.

## Learning materials

* Energy

### Readings
#### Wikipedia

* Primary energy
* Secondary energy

## Classification

Renewable energy systems may be powered by:
* solar energy (wiktionary | wikipedia | wikibooks)
* wind energy (wiktionary | wikipedia | wikibooks)
* biofuels (wiktionary | wikipedia | wikibooks)
* geothermal energy (wiktionary | wikipedia | wikibooks)
* hydroelectric power (wiktionary | wikipedia | wikibooks)
* wave power (wiktionary | wikipedia | wikibooks)
* ...others...
They also possess the characteristic of not being metered, in many cases, therefore can enable housholds and communities to exist "off-the-grid" thus enabling something that can be thought of as true independence.
# Programming Fundamentals/Loops/PowerShell
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own PowerShell compiler / interpreter / IDE.

### Online

* There are some options, but none are fully functional at this time.

### Windows

* Microsoft:Starting Windows PowerShell

### macOS / Linux

* HowToGeek: How to Install Microsoft PowerShell on Linux or OS X

## See Also

* Microsoft: Getting Started with PowerShell
* PowerShell
# Programming Fundamentals/Loops/Pseudocode
## See Also

* Pseudocode
# Programming Fundamentals/Loops/While Loops

A while loop is a control flow statement that allows code to be executed repeatedly based on a given Boolean condition. The while loop can be thought of as a repeating if statement. This activity introduces while loops. This activity will help you understand how to use while loops in a program.

## Objectives

* Understand while loop concepts.
* Understand how while loops are specified in a program.
* Single-step through a program to observe while loop execution.

## Prerequisites

Learners should already be familiar with conditions.

## Introduction

Review the flowchart example on the right.

### Questions

* What flowcharting symbol is used to indicate a while loop?
* How are while loops structured?

## Activity

With a partner, perform the following:
* Using a visual programming language, create a program similar to the flowchart on the right based on the following steps.
* Start by creating a while loop that counts from 1 to 5 by 1.
* Save the program.
* Test the program to verify that it works correctly.
* Modify the program to count from 1 to 10 by 1.
* Modify the program to count from 5 to 10 by 1.
* Modify the program to count from 0 to 10 by 2.
* Trade places, so that both partners have an opportunity to "drive" the visual programming environment.
* Modify the program to count from any start value the user enters to 10 by 1.
* Modify the program to count from any start value the user enters to any stop value the user enters by 1.
* Modify the program to count from any start value the user enters to any stop value the user enters by any increment value the user enters.
* Change the environment to use a slow run speed and/or step through the program one shape at a time.
* Working together, create a list of changes that might be made to use while loops in programs you've already written. What parts could be repeated and how would the loop terminate?

## Applications

* Identify specific steps which must be followed when creating a program using while loops.
* Discuss your activity experience with your classmates. What surprised you? What have you learned that you can apply to your own school or work environment?
# Programming Fundamentals/Loops/Ruby
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Ruby compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* Ideone
* paiza.IO
* PythonTutor
* repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Wikibooks: Ruby Programming
# Programming Fundamentals/Loops/Perl
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Perl compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* Ideone
* paiza.IO
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Wikibooks: Perl Programming
# Programming Fundamentals/Loops/Python3
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Python3 compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* InterviewBit
* paiza.IO
* Programiz
* PythonTutor
* Python Fiddle
* repl.it
* RexTester
* Trinket
* TutorialsPoint
* Python Online
* Python Playground
* LabEx

## See Also

* Python Programming
* Wikibooks: Python Programming
* Wikibooks: Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 3
# Programming Fundamentals/Loops/Rust
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Rust compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* paiza.IO
* repl.it
* RexTester
* rust-lang.org
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Rust
* Rust-lang: Learn Rust
# Programming Fundamentals/Loops/VB.NET
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own VB.NET compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* paiza.IO
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Wikibooks: Visual Basic .NET
# President of the United States/Woodrow Wilson

| 26th President | 27th President | 28th President | 29th President | 30th President |
| Theodore Roosevelt 1901 - 1909 | William H. Taft 1909 - 1913 | Woodrow Wilson 1913 - 1921 | Warren G. Harding 1921 - 1923 | Calvin Coolidge 1923 - 1929 |
# President of the United States/Worksheets/Worksheet 4
### The Timeline

When creating a list of the US Presidents for the first time, we are confronted with a blank sheet of paper, a few general rules, and a few memorable bits of trivia. To solve the blank page problem, let's make a space for each of the 44 Presidents. To be successful, we'll also want to fill in the years they were elected, their term in office, and any related info that might be useful.
Our general rules regarding leap years will be useful later, so let's take a closer look at some trivia. To show that there are different ways to start, let's look at three different sets of information:
* Beginning, Middle, & End
* Succession
* Wars
* 1st
* 2nd
* 3rd
* 4th
* 5th
* 6th
* 7th
* 8th
* 9th
* 10th
* 11th
* 12th
* 13th
* 14th
* 15th
* 16th
* 17th
* 18th
* 19th
* 20th
* 21st
* 22nd
* 23rd
* 24th
* 25th
* 26th
* 27th
* 28th
* 29th
* 30th
* 31st
* 32nd
* 33rd
* 34th
* 35th
* 36th
* 37th
* 38th
* 39th
* 40th
* 41st
* 42nd
* 43rd
* 44th
# President of the United States/Worksheets

Here are a set of Worksheets.
# President of the United States/Worksheets/Worksheet 1.A
## Worksheet 1: Leap Years (Answer Sheet)

In this exercise, we begin to create a timeline, which is initially built on Leap Years. Using the table below, begin with the year 1776 and write down the date of every fourth year until a date is in every cell.
On the surface, we simply have a long list of numbers, but with a few basic facts, we can add meaning and relevance to a list of leap years.
* What year was the Declaration of Independence signed? -1776
* What year was the US Constitution ratified? -1788.
* What year was the first US Presidential Election? -1789.
* Who was the first US President? -George Washington.
* Which past election years are not actually leap years? -1800 & 1900. And 1789, too.
* What election year occurred during the Civil War? -1864.
* Who was elected President during the Civil War? -Abraham Lincoln.
* What year did the Civil War end? -1865.
* Who was President when final hostilities ceased? -Andrew Johnson.
| # | Year | President Elect | Info |
| 1. | 1776 | | Declaration of Independence |
| 2. | 1780 |
| 3. | 1784 |
| 4. | 1788 | 1789: George Washington | US Constitution |
| 5. | 1792 |
| 6. | 1796 |
| 7. | 1800 | | Not a Leap Year |
| 8. | 1804 |
| 9. | 1808 |
| 10. | 1812 |
| 11. | 1816 |
| 12. | 1820 |
| 13. | 1824 |
| 14. | 1828 |
| 15. | 1832 |
| 16. | 1836 |
| 17. | 1840 |
| 18. | 1844 |
| 19. | 1848 |
| 20. | 1852 |
| 21. | 1856 |
| 22. | 1860 |
| 23. | 1864 | Abraham Lincoln | Election during Civil War |
| 24. | 1868 |
| 25. | 1872 |
| 26. | 1876 |
| 27. | 1880 |
| 28. | 1884 |
| 29. | 1888 |
| 30. | 1892 |
| 31. | 1896 |
| 32. | 1900 | | Not a Leap Year |
| 33. | 1904 |
| 34. | 1908 |
| 35. | 1912 |
| 36. | 1916 |
| 37. | 1920 |
| 38. | 1924 |
| 39. | 1928 |
| 40. | 1932 |
| 41. | 1936 |
| 42. | 1940 |
| 43. | 1944 |
| 44. | 1948 |
| 45. | 1952 |
| 46. | 1956 |
| 47. | 1960 |
| 48. | 1964 |
| 49. | 1968 |
| 50. | 1972 |
| 51. | 1976 |
| 52. | 1980 |
| 53. | 1984 |
| 54. | 1988 |
| 55. | 1992 |
| 56. | 1996 |
| 57. | 2000 | | This was a Leap Year. |
| 58. | 2004 |
| 59. | 2008 | Barack Obama | Recent Election |
| 60. | 2012 | | Next Election |
| 61. | 2016 |