OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Federal Writers' Project – Life Histories/2021/Fall/Section018

This project is associated with English 105.018 at the University of North Carolina.

## Project

Students in the course have studied the Federal Writers' Project Papers at UNC's Wilson Library. Each student has chosen an individual to research and record on our class website.

## Life Histories

Special:Prefixindex/Federal Writers' Project – Life Histories/2021/Fall/Section018/
Use the following to create a new life history subpage:
# Continuum mechanics/Deviatoric and volumetric stress
## Deviatoric and volumetric stress

Often it is convenient to decompose the stress tensor into volumetric and deviatoric (distortional) parts. Applications of such decompositions can be found in metal plasticity, soil mechanics, and biomechanics.

### Decomposition of the Cauchy stress

The Cauchy stress can be additively decomposed as
    ${\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=\mathbf {s} -p~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}$
where $\mathbf {s}$ is the deviatoric stress and $p$ is the pressure and
    ${\begin{aligned}p&=-{\frac {1}{3}}~{\text{tr}}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=-{\frac {1}{3}}~{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}\\\mathbf {s} &={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}+p~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}~;~~\mathbf {s} :{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}={\text{tr}}(\mathbf {s} )=0\end{aligned}}$
In index notation,
    ${\begin{aligned}p&=-{\frac {1}{3}}~\sigma _{ii}\\s_{ij}&=\sigma _{ij}-{\frac {1}{3}}~\sigma _{kk}~\delta _{ij}\end{aligned}}$

### Decomposition of the 2nd P-K stress

The second Piola-Kirchhoff stress can be decomposed into volumetric and distortional parts as
    ${\boldsymbol {S}}={\boldsymbol {S}}'-p~J~{\boldsymbol {C}}^{-1}$
where
    ${\begin{aligned}p&=-{\frac {1}{3}}~J^{-1}~{\boldsymbol {S}}:{\boldsymbol {C}}\\{\boldsymbol {S}}'&=J~{\boldsymbol {F}}^{-1}\cdot \mathbf {s} \cdot {\boldsymbol {F}}^{-T}~;~~{\boldsymbol {S}}':{\boldsymbol {C}}&=0\end{aligned}}$
# Continuum mechanics/Balance of mass
## Statement of the balance of mass

The balance of mass can be expressed as:
where $\rho (\mathbf {x} ,t)$ is the current mass density, ${\dot {\rho }}$ is the material time derivative of $\rho$, and $\mathbf {v} (\mathbf {x} ,t)$ is the velocity of physical particles in the body $\Omega$ bounded by the surface $\partial {\Omega }$.

## Proof

We can show how this relation is derived by recalling that the general equation for the balance of a physical quantity $f(\mathbf {x} ,t)$ is given by
    ${\cfrac {d}{dt}}\left[\int _{\Omega }f(\mathbf {x} ,t)~{\text{dV}}\right]=\int _{\partial {\Omega }}f(\mathbf {x} ,t)[u_{n}(\mathbf {x} ,t)-\mathbf {v} (\mathbf {x} ,t)\cdot \mathbf {n} (\mathbf {x} ,t)]~{\text{dA}}+\int _{\partial {\Omega }}g(\mathbf {x} ,t)~{\text{dA}}+\int _{\Omega }h(\mathbf {x} ,t)~{\text{dV}}~.$
To derive the equation for the balance of mass, we assume that the physical quantity of interest is the mass density $\rho (\mathbf {x} ,t)$. Since mass is neither created or destroyed, the surface and interior sources are zero, i.e., $g(\mathbf {x} ,t)=h(\mathbf {x} ,t)=0$. Therefore, we have
    ${\cfrac {d}{dt}}\left[\int _{\Omega }\rho (\mathbf {x} ,t)~{\text{dV}}\right]=\int _{\partial {\Omega }}\rho (\mathbf {x} ,t)[u_{n}(\mathbf {x} ,t)-\mathbf {v} (\mathbf {x} ,t)\cdot \mathbf {n} (\mathbf {x} ,t)]~{\text{dA}}~.$
Let us assume that the volume $\Omega$ is a control volume (i.e., it does not change with time). Then the surface $\partial {\Omega }$ has a zero velocity ($u_{n}=0$) and we get
    $\int _{\Omega }{\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial t}}~{\text{dV}}=-\int _{\partial {\Omega }}\rho ~(\mathbf {v} \cdot \mathbf {n} )~{\text{dA}}~.$
Using the divergence theorem
    $\int _{\Omega }{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\bullet \mathbf {v} ~{\text{dV}}=\int _{\partial {\Omega }}\mathbf {v} \cdot \mathbf {n} ~{\text{dA}}$
we get
    $\int _{\Omega }{\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial t}}~{\text{dV}}=-\int _{\Omega }{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\bullet (\rho ~\mathbf {v} )~{\text{dV}}.$
or,
    $\int _{\Omega }\left[{\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial t}}+{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\bullet (\rho ~\mathbf {v} )\right]~{\text{dV}}=0~.$
Since $\Omega$ is arbitrary, we must have
    ${\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial t}}+{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\bullet (\rho ~\mathbf {v} )=0~.$
Using the identity
    ${\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\bullet (\varphi ~\mathbf {v} )=\varphi ~{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\bullet \mathbf {v} +{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\varphi \cdot \mathbf {v}$
we have
    ${\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial t}}+\rho ~{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\bullet \mathbf {v} +{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\rho \cdot \mathbf {v} =0~.$
Now, the material time derivative of $\rho$ is defined as
    ${\dot {\rho }}={\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial t}}+{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\rho \cdot \mathbf {v} ~.$
Therefore,
    ${{\dot {\rho }}+\rho ~{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\bullet \mathbf {v} =0~.}$
# Continuum mechanics/Kinematics Test

1. $\{\xi ^{1},\xi ^{2},\xi ^{3}\}$ — Lagrangian coordinates, $\{x,y,z\}$ — Eulerian coordinates.
Law of medium motion is given:
$x=\xi ^{1}+(\xi ^{1}+\xi ^{2})\ln(1+t)$
$y=\xi ^{2}+(\xi ^{1}-\xi ^{2})\ln(1+t)$
$z=\xi ^{3}+(\xi ^{1}+\xi ^{2})\ln(1+t)$
Find components of velocity and acceleration as functions of Lagrangian and Eulerian variables.
# Continuum mechanics/Clausius-Duhem inequality for thermoelasticity

Proof:
Since $e=e({\boldsymbol {F}},T)$, we have
    ${\dot {e}}={\frac {\partial e}{\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}}}:{\dot {\boldsymbol {F}}}+{\frac {\partial e}{\partial \eta }}~{\dot {\eta }}~.$
Therefore,
    $\rho ~\left({\frac {\partial e}{\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}}}:{\dot {\boldsymbol {F}}}+{\frac {\partial e}{\partial \eta }}~{\dot {\eta }}-T~{\dot {\eta }}\right)-{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {v} \leq -{\cfrac {\mathbf {q} \cdot {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}T}{T}}\qquad {\text{or}}\qquad \rho \left({\frac {\partial e}{\partial \eta }}-T\right)~{\dot {\eta }}+\rho ~{\frac {\partial e}{\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}}}:{\dot {\boldsymbol {F}}}-{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {v} \leq -{\cfrac {\mathbf {q} \cdot {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}T}{T}}~.$
Now, ${\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {v} ={\boldsymbol {l}}={\dot {\boldsymbol {F}}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {F}}^{-1}$. Therefore, using the identity ${\boldsymbol {A}}:({\boldsymbol {B}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {C}})=({\boldsymbol {A}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {C}}^{T}):{\boldsymbol {B}}$, we have
    ${\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {v} ={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:({\dot {\boldsymbol {F}}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {F}}^{-1})=({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {F}}^{-T}):{\dot {\boldsymbol {F}}}~.$
Hence,
    $\rho \left({\frac {\partial e}{\partial \eta }}-T\right)~{\dot {\eta }}+\rho ~{\frac {\partial e}{\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}}}:{\dot {\boldsymbol {F}}}-({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {F}}^{-T}):{\dot {\boldsymbol {F}}}\leq -{\cfrac {\mathbf {q} \cdot {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}T}{T}}$
or,
    $\rho ~\left({\frac {\partial e}{\partial \eta }}-T\right)~{\dot {\eta }}+\left(\rho ~{\frac {\partial e}{\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}}}-{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {F}}^{-T}\right):{\dot {\boldsymbol {F}}}\leq -{\cfrac {\mathbf {q} \cdot {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}T}{T}}~.$
# Esper/rp/am

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# Data Networking/Fall 2014/Priya/HTTP
## Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP 1.1)

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP 1.1), rfc 2616, is a stateless protocol used by the application layer programs to communicate with web servers. An application layer protocol sends a request message to the server to fetch a certain web site. The server responds with a response message containing the base HTML file and other referenced objects. By default, the web server is listening to incoming requests on port 80. The client can use either persistent or non-persistent HTTP connections to communicate with the server. Non-persistent HTTP connection means that the client opens an TCP connection with the server to fetch only one object, then the connection is terminated. For persistent HTTP connections, the client opens a TCP connection to the server through which it can request multiple objects over the same connection. In addition, a client can open parallel non-persistent HTTP connections to server to fetch multiple objects. The client can also use the concept of pipe-lining to fetch multiple objects over the same connection persistent HTTP connection. These two modifications can reduce the round-trip time greatly. The following diagram illustrates the different messages exchanged between the client and the server over a persistent HTTP connection:
After understanding the basic concepts and terminology for HTTP protocol, now we'll discuss the different web servers that are available and how to configure them.
# Data Networking/Fall 2014/Priya/Testing Results

CASE 1 BACK UP WEB-SERVER
When the Primary Web server is down then the secondary web server goes up, this is tested and shown below.
CASE 2 DNS Load Balancing
When there are two many requests, then the load is shared between the Master and Slave.
CASE 3 Testing NFS
A file is shared by mounting it to particular client and can avoid sharing from others. This is tested and shown below
Mount Working -
Unmount working -
CASE 4 Testing FIREWALL
A Firewall is implemented in the Webserver, which denies ping from a specific host but it is capable of pinging others in the network.
Here, the Webserver has created a firewall blocking ping from DNS server but it can ping the DNS sever
PING not working from DNS server to the WEB server:
PING working from WEB server to the DNS server:
CASE 5 Testing SSH
SSH has failed to DNS server as the webserver has denied permmission whereas web server provided permission to a particular client.
SSH Failed on DNS server machine
SSH working on Client machine
CASE 6 Testing rsync
rsync working from DHCP sever to WEB server
CASE 7 Testing DHCP
The leases of IP addresses given by DHCP are tested as shown below
# Data Networking/Fall 2014/Priya/DHCP/configure

In this article, we will describe the steps and procedures required to install and configure ISC-DHCP server on a Linux machine, (specifically Ubuntu 14.04). Step 1 Installing ISC-DHCP server To install ISC-DHCP server on Ubuntu 14.04, use the following commands Update Linux files Update command will fetch the packages from its location and updates them to newer version.
Installs ISC-DHCP Server
Step 2 Configuring ISC-DHCP sever - dhcpd.conf The ISC-DHCP server configuration file is dhcpd.conf and can be accessed using the following command
This command will allow to make changes in the dhcp configuration file "dhcpd.conf" which is at specified path.
We are required to do the following modifications in dhcpd.conf file:
The following command is used to make the DHCP server an authoritative server for local network.
Reservation Fixed IP addresses can be assigned to particular clients. Here I have assigned fixed IP addresses to DNS Server, Web server and a host in the network.
The following command is used to check the syntax of dhcpd.conf file for errors
The following command will allow to edit the isc-dhcp-server file, where we can manually determine the interface of the server.
We have to set the interfaces to wlan0 in our file
The following line will display the contents of the current routing tables.
Step 3 Securing DHCP server The following modifications are done to configuration file to secure the DHCP server
The DoS attack on DHCP server can be avoided by denying the DHCP decline messages and can deny supporting old bootp clients.
Step 4 Restart ISC-DHCP server Now that the isc-dhcp-server configuration is complete, we need to reload the dhcp server, so that the new configurations can be implemented
Step 5 Verifying.. Inorder to check the leases of the IP addresses assigned by the DHCP
# Data Networking/Fall 2014/Priya/DNS-SERVER
## DNS Software

There are many DNS software,out of them most widely used DNS software are:
BIND, Power DNS, Posadis
BIND:
The BIND stands for “Berkeley Internet Name Domain” Since the software originated at the University of California in 1984 at Berkeley written by four students (Douglas Terry, Mark Painter, David Riggle, and Songnian Zhou), which implements the Domain Name Service protocols frequently known as name daemon (named).
The Developer of BIND is Internet Systems Consortium (ISC) available for free and licensed by ISC license
In the past, BIND has executed mainly three amendments in the architectures such as BIND4, BIND8 and BIND9.
Internet Systems Consortium (ISC) initiated development of a new version BIND 10 but ISC cited a shortfall of resources to prolong development of BIND 10 they conveyed their commitment to BIND9
Power DNS:
The Developer of PowerDns is by PowerDNSCommunity and Bert hubert which is public Source Coded available free of cost licensed by GPL(GNU General Public license).PowerDNS is the number one supplier of nameserver software written in C++ and licensed under the GPL.PowerDNS is a free software DNS server with a collection of data storage back-ends and load balancing features. It is known for supplying the NameServer software where Authoritative and recursive server functions are implemented as separate applications.
Posadis:
The Developer of Posadis is Meilof Veeningen which is public source coded for free of cost , licensed by GPL(GNU General Public license).Posadis is written in C++ featuring Dynamic DNS update support and also a powerful authoritative or caching DNS server

## Why BIND ?

BIND is supported and most flexible software out of the three as Comparing on the following functional features and operating systems which it supports as below:
BIND and Power DNS supports features like authoritative, Recursive, Recursion ACL, Slave mode, caching,DNSSEC, TSIG ,IPV6 , wildcard,Free Software, Interface, Split horizon. But, Posadis doesnot support these features Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC), Transaction SIGnature (TSIG), Split horizon.
BIND and Posadis supports the operating systems such as BSD,Solaris,Linux,mac OS X, Windows where as Power DNS is not supported in windows and supported only in beta version of the mac OS X.
Inorder to known about the bind configuration in detail
# Data Networking/Fall 2014/Priya/Design Algorithm

How the network reacts from the point where a client joins our network, to the point where the client is served with the requested html page is described in the following steps.
( I ) Client attempting to join our network, named NEU-NETWORKS
( II ) The client needs an IP address that's only provided by our network DHCP server, hence the client should follow the following steps to acquire a valid IP address
( III ) After receiving the DHCP server settings, the client can attempt to connect to NEU NETWORKS website www.neunetworks.com via a web browser
( IV ) In case the DNS server was able to successfully provide the list of web servers hosting www.neunetworks.com, the client's browser can perform the following tasks
The complete flow chart is illustrated below in the second part of this section, "Flow Chart". Click here to view the flow chart
# Data Networking/Fall 2014/Priya/NFS Configuration

In this article, we will describe the steps and procedures required to install and configure NFS on a Linux machine, (specifically Ubuntu 14.04). Step 1 Installing NFS server To install NFS server on Ubuntu 14.04, use the following commands Update Linux files
Create a directory to be shared with our network users (for example, /home/shared_users directory). Also, modify the directory and file permissions to allow users to mount and access these files.
Next step is to mount the /export/users directory to /home/shared_peter directory
Append the following line to /etc/fstab, to avoid mounting the directory for every system reboot
Now add the following line to /etc/exports (notice that our networks has the Network IP address 192.168.3.0/24)
Reboot the NFS server
After successfully installing and configuring NFS server, we need to install NFS client for our network clients
Step 2 Installing NFS client (NFSv4) To install NFS client on Ubuntu 14.04, use the following commands Update Linux files
After installing NFSv4, simply mount a directory on the client machine (/mnt) to the shared directory on the NFS server
Append the following line to /etc/fstab, to avoid mounting the directory for every system reboot
Congratulation! NFS server and client has been successfully installed and configured in your network.
# Data Networking/Fall 2014/Priya/DNS-CONFIG

The following are the steps to be followed in order to configure BIND9 which is the DNS Software and check for the availability of Primary Name Server, Webserver, Secondary Nameserver.

## Configuration

1. To check the hosts by using
and it is edited as below .
2 To check for IP address of DNS server use
and set manually to 192.168.3.51 as shown manually
ifconfig command is used to check for the IP address and clearly, It is observed that in this case the IP address is set to static 192.168.3.51
3.Installation of Bind :
4.To Define forward lookupzone and Reverse lookupzone.
is command used to edit named.conf. local file and apply the changes as below where forward and Reverse files are defined.
5.Create Forward Zone File
command is used to edit neunetworks.com file with using the commands below the forward zone file is created.
6.Create Reverse Zone File
command used to edit db.192.168.3 file and following below commands then Reverse Zone file is created.

## Starting Bind

command is used to start the domain name service

## Verify Bind

Verify for Primary server:
Verify for Secondary Server:
Verify for Webserver:
To Reverse check the webserver:
To Reverse check the Primary server:
To Reverse check the secondary Server
The Master Server has been configured with Resource records as shown
The Slave server has been configured with Resource records as shown
The DHCP server is used as as (Secondary Server) slave server
# Costs and Value of Credit/Activities

| Unit 3.2-Costs and Value of Credit | Introduction | Assessment Factors | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 3.1 | Unit 3.2 | Unit 3.3 | Unit 3.4 | Unit 3.5 Return to Trade Finance Module 3: Commercial Risk |

## Activity

You have received an order for US$750,000 from a new customer. The customer has requested open account payment terms of Net 90 Days on Invoice Date. Having no prior experience with this customer, you need to conduct a credit investigation before you extend payment terms.
    1. Identify the cost of a credit report from three different agencies as listed in the resources.
    2. Compare and contrast and the characteristics of the credit report and determine the best investment to make in order to decide on payment terms for your new customer.
    3. Discuss the other information you might need to grant payment terms.
To vary the activity, divide the class into groups or have each individual research the cost and characteristics of credit reports from different countries assuming the customer is based there.