OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Examination of the Gallbladder and Liver (OSCE)
## Positioning

* expose from nipples to pubis
* have patient lying supine on bed with knees flexed

## INSPECTION

(from foot of the bed)
* level of comfort, jaundice
* abdominal distension, bulging flanks, visible abdominal mass
* prominent veins (caput medusae)

## PALPATION

* patient relaxed and breathing slowly
* LIGHT palpation over entire abdomen, save tender areas to last
* DEEP palpation with finger tips, feel with inspiration, relocate during expiration

### LIVER

* start in RLQ with the examining hand parallel to the rectus muscles, advance hand superiorly with expirations and anticipate the liver edge striking the forefinger on inspiration
* attempt to feel the surface of the liver
* describe: consistency, tenderness, nodularity, pulsations

### GALLBLADDER

* orient hand perpendicular to the costal margin feeling from medial to lateral below the right costal margin (feels bulbous, focally rounded mass that moves downward on inspiration)
* Murphy’s sign (cholecystitis)
* place left hand with forefinger parallel to and at the RLCM and with thumb pressing on the intersection of the costal margin and the lateral border of the abdominal rectus muscle
** + → pain elicited around the area pressed during a deep inspiration

## PERCUSSION

* measure at the same point in the respiratory cycle
* LOWER BORDER: start below the umbilicus and percuss upward at right MCL and mid sternal line to liver dullness
* UPPER BORDER (6th ICS in MCL): from lung resonance and percuss downward to liver dullness
* measure liver span (liver span is 10 at MCL, 6 at MSL)

## AUSCULTATION

* hepatic friction rub (tumour, inflammation, infarct)
* venous hum (portal hypertension)
* bruit (HCC, acute ETOH hepatitis, AV malformation)
* Another new technique to measure the borders of the liver is the "Kamil Ševela" technique, which I was taught in the hospital. You place the stethoscope on the xiphoid process for auscultation, at the same time you scratch from below the right nipple/breast and you hear clearly the liver borders. The first sound is when the liver appears, and when the sound dissapears it is the end of the liver. The sounds are clearly audible, and it's a very useful tool to know the borders of the liver.
# Example of a non-associative algebra

This page presents and discusses an example of a non-associative division algebra over the real numbers.
The multiplication is defined by taking the complex conjugate of the usual multiplication: $a*b={\overline {ab}}$. This is a commutative, non-associative division algebra of dimension 2 over the reals, and has no unit element.

## Proof that (C,*) is a division algebra

For a proof that $\mathbb {R}$ is a field, see real number. Then, the complex numbers themselves clearly form a vector space.
It remains to prove that the binary operation given above satisfies the requirements of a division algebra
* (x + y)z = x z + y z;
* x(y + z) = x y + x z;
* (a x)y = a(x y); and
* x(b y) = b(x y);
for all scalars a and b in $\mathbb {R}$ and all vectors x, y, and z (also in $\mathbb {C}$).
For distributivity:
    $x*(y+z)={\overline {x(y+z)}}={\overline {xy+xz}}={\overline {xy}}+{\overline {xz}}=x*y+x*z,$
(similarly for right distributivity); and for the third and fourth requirements
    $(ax)*y={\overline {(ax)y}}={\overline {a(xy)}}={\overline {a}}\cdot {\overline {xy}}={\overline {a}}(x*y).$

## Non associativity of (C,*)

    $a*(b*c)=a*{\overline {bc}}={\overline {a{\overline {bc}}}}={\overline {a}}bc$
    $(a*b)*c={\overline {ab}}*c={\overline {{\overline {ab}}c}}=ab{\overline {c}}$
So, if a, b, and c are all non-zero, and if a and c do not differ by a real multiple, $a*(b*c)\neq (a*b)*c$.
# Exclusive disjunction

☞ This page belongs to resource collections on Logic and Inquiry.
Exclusive disjunction, also known as logical inequality or symmetric difference, is an operation on two logical values, typically the values of two propositions, that produces a value of true just in case exactly one of its operands is true.
The truth table of $p~{\text{XOR}}~q$ , also written $p+q$ or $p\neq q$ appears below:
${\text{Exclusive Disjunction}}$ :
| $p$ | $q$ | $p~{\text{XOR}}~q$ |
| ${\text{F}}$ | ${\text{F}}$ | ${\text{F}}$ |
| ${\text{F}}$ | ${\text{T}}$ | ${\text{T}}$ |
| ${\text{T}}$ | ${\text{F}}$ | ${\text{T}}$ |
| ${\text{T}}$ | ${\text{T}}$ | ${\text{F}}$ |
The following equivalents may then be deduced:
* ${\begin{matrix}p+q&=&(p\land \lnot q)&\lor &(\lnot p\land q)\\[6pt]&=&(p\lor q)&\land &(\lnot p\lor \lnot q)\\[6pt]&=&(p\lor q)&\land &\lnot (p\land q)\end{matrix}}$

## Syllabus
### Focal nodes

* Inquiry Live
* Logic Live

### Peer nodes

* Exclusive Disjunction @ InterSciWiki
* Exclusive Disjunction @ Subject Wikis
* Exclusive Disjunction @ Wikiversity
* Exclusive Disjunction @ Wikiversity Beta
# English-Chinese/Benign tumor

A benign tumor is a mass of cells (tumor) that lacks the ability to invade neighboring tissue or metastasize. These do not spread into, or invade, nearby tissues however they can sometimes be quite large. When removed, Benign tumours usually do not grow back, whereas malignant tumors sometimes do. Unlike most benign tumors elsewhere in the body, benign brain tumors can be life threatening. Benign tumors generally have a slower growth rate than malignant tumors and the tumor cells are usually more differentiated (cells have normal features). They are typically surrounded by an outer surface (fibrous sheath of connective tissue) or remain with the epithelium. Common examples of benign tumors include moles and uterine fibroids.
良性肿瘤 是 大量的 细胞（肿瘤），它们 缺乏 侵入 邻近组织 或 转移的 能力。这些 不会 蔓延到 或 侵入 附近的 组织，但 它们 有时 可能 相当大。当 被移除 时，良性肿瘤 通常 不会 长回，而 恶性肿瘤 有时 可以。与 身体 其他 地方的 大多数 良性肿瘤 不同，良性 脑肿瘤 可能会 危及生命。良性肿瘤的 生长速度 通常 比 恶性肿瘤 慢，肿瘤细胞 通常 区分程度 更高（细胞 具有 正常特征）。它们 通常 被 外表面（结缔组织的 纤维鞘）包围 或 与 上皮 保持 在一起。良性肿瘤的 常见例子 包括 痣 和 子宫肌瘤。
# English-Chinese/Beriberi

Beriberi is a disease of the nervous system caused by a person not getting enough thiamine (vitamin B1) in the diet. Thiamine is needed to break down food such as glucose. It is also found on the membranes of neurons. Symptoms of beriberi include severe lethargy and tiredness. Beriberi may also cause problems that affect the cardiovascular system, the nervous system, muscles, and gastrointestinal systems. It is often found in people with a history of drinking too much alcohol or who don’t eat healthy.
脚气病 是 由 饮食中 没有 摄取 足够 硫胺素（维生素B1）的 人 引起的 神经系统疾病。硫胺素 用于 分解食物，如 葡萄糖。它 也 发现于 神经细胞膜上。脚气病的 症状 包括 严重的 嗜睡 和 疲倦。脚气病 也 可能 导致 影响 心血管系统，神经系统，肌肉 和 胃肠系统的 问题。这种 情况 常见于 有 饮酒过量 或 不健康饮食史的 人。
# English-Chinese/Behind something in place or position

Behind something in place or position.
"B" comes after "A" in the alphabet.
在某个地方或位置之后。
“B”出现在字母表中的“A”之后。
# English-Chinese/Beijing

Beijing is the capital of the People's Republic of China, the world's second most populous city, and most populous capital city. The city, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government with 16 urban, suburban, and rural districts. Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast; together the three divisions form the Jingjinji metropolitan region and the national capital region of China.
北京 是 中华人民共和国的 首都，是 世界上 人口 第二多的 城市，也是 人口 最多的 首都。它 位于 中国 北部，是 管辖 16个 市区，郊区 和 农村 地区的 直辖市。除 东南部 邻接 天津市 之外，北京市 被 河北省 包围；三个 部分 共同 组成 京津冀 大都会 地区 和 中国 首都 地区。
# English-Chinese/Belief is usually a part of belonging to a religion

Belief is usually a part of belonging to a religion.
信仰通常是属于宗教的一部分。
# English-Chinese/Besides chewing foods, the function of teeth also helps to speak

Besides chewing foods, the function of teeth also helps to speak.
除了咀嚼食物外，牙齿的功能也有助于说话。
# English-Chinese/Beetroot is used as red food colorant

Betanin, obtained from beetroots, is used industrially as red food colorant, to improve the color and flavor of tomato paste, sauces, desserts, jams and jellies, ice cream, candy, and breakfast cereals, among other applications.
从甜菜根获得的Betanin在工业上用作红色食品着色剂，以改善番茄酱，调味汁，甜点，果酱和果冻，冰淇淋，糖果和早餐谷物的颜色和风味，以及其他应用。
# English-Chinese/Being diabetic, especially when on insulin, increases the risk of falls in older people

Being diabetic, especially when on insulin, increases the risk of falls in older people.
糖尿病患者，尤其是胰岛素患者，会增加老年人跌倒的风险。
# English-Chinese/Belief is different to scientific knowledge

Belief is different to scientific knowledge that can be tested, but belief is not able to be tested.
信念与可以测试的科学知识不同，但信念无法被测试。
# English-Chinese/Behavior

Behavior is what an animal or plant does or how it acts. Behaviors may be conscious or unconscious. They may be inherited or learned.
行为 是 动物 或 植物的 所作所为 及其 方式。行为 可能是 有意识的 或 无意识的。它们 可能是 继承 或 学习的。
# Human Biology

Biology is the study of life. The Wikiversity Division of Human Biology is specifically concerned with human biology. This division will guide you through your study of how and why the human body works the way it does.

## Lessons

* The Human Body: Most likely this will be a large part of the biology department. It will have many subsections and numerous articles for each one.

## See Also

* Human diseases
* Human evolution

## Resources

* whaaz provides updates on various topics related to biomedical science. You can also add your own articles.
# Human-animal bond

This resource page contains notes about theories and research on the bonding between humans and animals.

## Theoretical perspectives

A single theory seems to be incapable of encompassing the effects of human bonding with animals. A unitary theory on the complexity of the human-animal relationship has yet to be established (Brown, 2004).
* Evolutionary
** Biophilia hypothesis
** Anthropomorphism
* Social support theory
* Existential: Sartre (1967) reviewed the psychological desire of humans to have contact with animals; the evidence suggests this strong desire may be the result of changes in ontological security. Ontological security is knowing, without conscious awareness that the key areas of an individual’s life are stable and predictable.

## Research evidence

Havener, Gentes, Thaler, Megel, Baun, Driscoll, Beiraghi and Agrawal (2001) carried out research on companion animals and their effectiveness in relieving distress in children undergoing various types of dental work. Forty children aged between 7 and 11 years old were chosen as this age group represented Piaget’s concrete-operational stage. The aim was to distract half the children with a dog whilst undergoing a dental procedure, each child being held by the dental nurse and their head harnessed. Sessions were videotaped and data collected prior to, during and after the procedure. Havener et al (2001) discovered that the presence of a dog did not affect behavioural distress, although they did find physiological arousal was lessened for the children already stressed prior to the actual procedure. This study concluded that distress caused by a visit to the dentist was not reduced by a dog companion however it did indicate that the dog had a calming affect prior to the event.

## Gallery

Examples of human-animal contact - can you add some more? e.g., from 1, 2, 3
* Dervish with a lion and tiger.
* Animals such as horses are used for work and show.
* Lady with an ermine.
* Woman feeding chipmunk.
* Dog owner with dog at a dog show.
* Feeding a pet dolphin.
* Pet cemetery.

## Psychology 102

Currently, this is a Psychology 102 resource page for the essay question: "What are the human psychological effects of contact with animals? Discuss with reference to psychological theories and research." See also:
* Moodle discussion about this topic
* Some starting links:
** http://delicious.com/jtneill/animalpsychology
** http://delicious.com/jtneill/humananimalpsychology

### Essay feedback
#### Good essays tended to...

* Explain at least two theories (often biophilia and social support)
* Balance and integrate discussion of theory and research evidence
* Consider positive, null and negative effects of animal contact

#### Less good essays tended to....

* Utilise only one main theory (often biophilia)
* Focus mostly on research evidence and to provide relatively little consideration of theory
* Focus on positive effects with relatively little mention of null and/or negative effects of animal contact
# Human Behavior

Welcome to the Wikiversity Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, part of the Basic Sciences Division of the School of Medicine.
The Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics is a content development project for Wikiversity. Participants collaborate to develop learning resources for physiology.

## Students

Take a look at the Textbook of Psychiatry Wikibook. If you have questions or want to suggest additional areas of study, add your ideas below:
# Human Genetic Uniqueness Project

"we cannot fully understand human genome function until we have identified genetic features that underlie uniquely human anatomical, physiological, behavioral, and cognitive characteristics".
The Human Genetic Uniqueness Project allows Wikiversity students to join in the search for genes that account for the genetic differences between humans and our closest relatives. This project serves as a portal for learning about human biology. Student activities center on accessing genome databases and analysis of differences between human genes and the genes of other species. Background learning topics include learning about genes, and genome sequencing projects.

## Project participants

* JWSchmidt
* Safira
* Sachin Gonge:-
Together We Can Make our World a beautiful Place
* Dheeraj Kumar Verma
* Gurcharan Singh
* Evaristo Mateyo

## Required reading

* Human genome
* Chimpanzee Genome Project
* What makes us human: revisiting an age-old question in the genomic era
* The Jewels of Our Genome: The Search for the Genomic Changes Underlying the Evolutionarily Unique Capacities of the Human Brain
* Accelerated Evolution of Conserved Noncoding Sequences in Humans by Shyam Prabhakar, James P. Noonan, Svante Pääbo and Edward M. Rubin in Science (2006) Volume 314, page 786.
* Neanderthal genome project
* An RNA gene expressed during cortical development evolved rapidly in humans
* Human lineage-specific amplification, selection, and neuronal expression of DUF1220 domains
* The Evolution of Mammalian Gene Families

### A starting point

Genes of the Chromosome 2 fusion site
Results from the chimpanzee genome support the hypothesis that when ancestral chromosomes 2A and 2B fused to produce human chromosome 2, no genes were lost from the fused ends of 2A and 2B. At the site of fusion, there is approximately 150,000 base pairs of additional sequence not found in chimpanzee chromosomes 2A and 2B. Additional linked copies of the PGML/FOXD/CBWD genes exist elsewhere in the human genome, particularly near the p end of chromosome 9. This suggests that a copy of these genes may have been added to the end of the ancestral 2A or 2B prior to the fusion event. Is there any evidence that the "newly" inserted genes of the chromosomes 2A and 2B fusion site might have confered a selective advantage on early human ancestors?

## Learning materials

Learning materials and learning projects are located in the main Wikiversity namespace. Simply make a link to the name of the lesson (lessons are independent pages in the main namespace) and start writing!
You should also read about the Wikiversity:Learning model. Lessons should center on learning activities for Wikiversity participants. Learning materials and learning projects can be used by multiple projects. Cooperate with other departments that use the same learning resource.
* How to access the genome databases - tutorial and discussion
# Human Legacy Course/African Kingdoms (100 - 1500)

The early peoples of Africa adapted to many different environments and created a variety of societies. As these societies grew, different forms of government arose to lead them. In time, great trading kingdoms and empires developed in West and East Africa. In addition to trade, strong rulers and religion shaped the accomplishments, characteristics, and culture of African kingdoms and empires.
Economics has played a major role throughout the history of Africa. This week, you will learn how the trade of valuable goods and the control of trade contributed to the economic development and wealth of early African kingdoms and empires.
Let's Begin!
# Filmmaking Basics/3D Storyboard/DAZ Studio

Rough Draft today
This school is:
Narrative film production - Wikiversity Film School
This course is:
The basics of narrative filmmaking
This lesson is:
Lesson: 3D Storyboarding
Pages of this Lesson:
Storyboarding using 3D software
Introduction to FrameForge 3D Studio free demo version
Getting started with FrameForge 3D Studio
Quick Exercise - Over-the-shoulder shot - 4 points
Page 1 - Getting started storyboarding "Seduced by the Dark Side!"
Page 2 - A simple example
Page 3 - Building a movie set inside FrameForge
alternative
Page 4 - Creating depth of field inside FrameForge free demo version
Before and After: corrections by instructor
The corrections for Sir Mok
All the completed storyboards by students
The amazing storyboard from Gare Cline
large version
Optional
Example #1 · Example #2 · Other software for storyboards · 3D storyboard creation in DAZ Studio - Croc :
* 3D Storyboard Created with DAZ Studio "Seduced by the Dark Side!"
| The Unformatted Movie Script "Seduced by the Dark Side!" EXTERIOR - The local movie theater - NIGHT (1 & 2) The young person and old person stand looking at the movie poster outside the theater. (3) Young Person: "That was a great movie..." (4) Young Person (contined): "but I do not understand one thing." (5) Old Person: "What's that?" (6) Young Person: "How can anyone be seduced by the Dark Side?" (7) The old person thinks for a while. Old Person: "Humm!" (8) Old Person: "What computer do you have at home?" (9) Young Person (eagerly): "A Macintosh!" (10) Old Person: "But what computer does your father use at work?" (11) The young person thinks for a moment. Young Person: "Humm!" (12) Young Person (amazed and excited): "Seduced by the Dark Side!" (13) The old person smiles. Old Person: "Ahh!" (14) The old person and the young person walk toward home together. (15) Fade to black. The End . | The Unformatted Movie Script "Seduced by the Dark Side!" EXTERIOR - The local movie theater - NIGHT (1) The young person and old person stand looking at the movie poster outside the theater. → (2) The young person and old person stand looking at the movie poster outside the theater. (3) Young Person: "That was a great movie..." → (4) Young Person (contined): "but I do not understand one thing." (5) Old Person: "What's that?" (6) Young Person: "How can anyone be seduced by the Dark Side?" (7) The old person thinks for a while. Old Person: "Humm!" (8) Old Person: "What computer do you have at home?" (9) Young Person (eagerly): "A Macintosh!" or or (10) Old Person: "But what computer does your father use at work?" (11) The young person thinks for a moment. Young Person: "Humm!" (12) Young Person (amazed and excited): "Seduced by the Dark Side!" (13) The old person smiles. Old Person: "Ahh!" → or (14) The old person and the young person walk toward home together. → (15) Fade to black. → The End . (10) Fade to Black. The End |
| previous lesson | previous page | next page | lesson intro | next lesson | course menu | Filmmaking |
# Filmmaking Basics/3D Storyboard/FrameForge:Getting Started
## Messages for students

This school is:
Narrative film production - Wikiversity Film School
This course is:
The basics of narrative filmmaking
This lesson is:
Lesson: 3D Storyboarding
Pages of this Lesson:
Storyboarding using 3D software
Introduction to FrameForge 3D Studio free demo version
Getting started with FrameForge 3D Studio
Quick Exercise - Over-the-shoulder shot - 4 points
Page 1 - Getting started storyboarding "Seduced by the Dark Side!"
Page 2 - A simple example
Page 3 - Building a movie set inside FrameForge
alternative
Page 4 - Creating depth of field inside FrameForge free demo version
Before and After: corrections by instructor
The corrections for Sir Mok
All the completed storyboards by students
The amazing storyboard from Gare Cline
large version
Optional
Example #1 · Example #2 · Other software for storyboards · 3D storyboard creation in DAZ Studio - Croc :
* Getting started with FrameForge 3D Studio
* Ways to use FrameForge 3D Studio
* Two separate uses
* The program has two different uses:
* A. Rough planning
* When you first start out, do not build any set. Instead, just drag actors to the empty movie set and begin taking shots.
* Do not worry about facial expression or poses.
* B. Final instructions to the crew
* When you know exactly what you want, I recommend that you start over:
* Create the entire movie set (or download it).
* Populate the set with actors
* Properly cloth and pose each actor
* Take each shot
* Go back and refine each shot, adjust the hands and head, and creating a begginning and ending shot for each dolly move.
* The most important feature of FrameForge 3D Studio
* Freeze Time
* The most important thing to remember about using FrameForge 3D Studio is when you take a picture (store a shot), you actually SAVE everything about that shot.
* Therefore, when you go to the Storyboard Shot Manager, click on the picture you are interested in, and select EDIT ON SET, everything will be restored exactly as it was when you took that shot.
* Always work in two stages
* Quickly rough out and then polish later.
* That means you can quickly rough out the shots that you want.
* Then you can go back and polish the shots.
* Remember: Replacing existing shots is very tricky. It is very logical once you know how but learning how is very confusing at first. The controls work like a tape recorders controls or a highly mechanical slide projector.
* Understand the windows
* Three windows in two
* (1 & 2) The main window allows you to view from above and view through the different cameras. Both work very differently. Don't get confused which to use when.
* (3) The Storyboard Shot Manager is your main work page. It seems secondary but actually, it is where you do most of your planning. Therefore, this window is much more important than it seems.
| previous lesson | previous page | next page | lesson intro | next lesson | course menu | Filmmaking |
# Filmmaking Basics/3D Storyboard/FrameForge:Gare Cline:large

Rough Draft - Not complete
This school is:
Narrative film production - Wikiversity Film School
This course is:
The basics of narrative filmmaking
This lesson is:
Lesson: 3D Storyboarding
Pages of this Lesson:
Storyboarding using 3D software
Introduction to FrameForge 3D Studio free demo version
Getting started with FrameForge 3D Studio
Quick Exercise - Over-the-shoulder shot - 4 points
Page 1 - Getting started storyboarding "Seduced by the Dark Side!"
Page 2 - A simple example
Page 3 - Building a movie set inside FrameForge
alternative
Page 4 - Creating depth of field inside FrameForge free demo version
Before and After: corrections by instructor
The corrections for Sir Mok
All the completed storyboards by students
The amazing storyboard from Gare Cline
large version
Optional
Example #1 · Example #2 · Other software for storyboards · 3D storyboard creation in DAZ Studio - Croc :
* 3D Storyboard by Gare Cline "Seduced by the Dark Side!"
* Click here to see a larger version.
* EXTERIOR - The local movie theater - NIGHT
* (1) The Young Person and Old Person stand looking at the movie poster outside the theater.
* (2)Young Person: "That was a great movie... "but I do not understand one thing."
* (3) Old Person: "What's that?"
* (4) Young Person: "How can anyone be seduced by the Dark Side?"
* (5) The old person thinks for a while. Old Person: "Humm! What computer do you have at home?"
* (6) Young Person (eagerly): "A Macintosh!"
* Old Person: "But what computer does your father use at work?"
* (7) The young person thinks for a moment. Young Person: "Humm! Seduced by the Dark Side!"
* (8) The Old Person smiles. Old Person: "Ahh!"
* (9) Old Person and the Young Person walk toward home together.
* (10) Fade to Black.
* The End
| previous lesson | previous page | next page | lesson intro | next lesson | course menu | Filmmaking |