OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fundamentals of Neuroscience/What is Neuroscience
## What is Neuroscience?

Neuroscience is a field devoted to the scientific study of the Nervous system. It is one of the most interdisciplinary scientific fields, and also one of the most rapidly advancing. Neuroscientists may come from a variety of backgrounds, including psychology, computer science, biology, and medicine. It advances the potential understandings of the humanities by offering hypotheses and conceptualizations for the underlying mechanisms of thought, emotion, behavior, and everything in between. Neuroscientists use an ever increasing range of tools, including scanners capable of showing brain activation in real-time, computer models that are capable of acquiring language capabilities using the same basic methodology of developing children, molecular techniques which can explain how changes on an infinitesimally small scale can translate into effects of incalculable gravity, and ethological studies which decode the complex workings and interactions of living creatures in their natural environments into overarching laws of behavior. From these studies they learn how the nervous system arises, comes to shape who we are, and even how it sometimes fails.

## Major Questions in Neuroscience

How do we learn and remember? What are emotions? How and why does the nervous system malfunction? What can be done to reverse, halt, and/or treat adverse physiological or psychological symptoms that result from these malfunctions? What are the implications of neuroscience on law and morality? What is consciousness?, Can intelligence be improved? Where did language come from? Where does a sense of self come from? Is there free will?

## Subfields of Neuroscience

Molecular: Neurochemistry, Cellular Neuroscience, Molecular Neuroscience, Neurobiology
Cognitive: Computational Neuroscience, Cognitive Science, Neuropsychology, Affective Neuroscience
Behavioral Neuroscience: Biological Psychology, Behavioral Genetics/Epigenetics, Experimental Psychology, Learning and Behavior
Medical: Neuroimmunology, Neuropathology, Neuropharmacology, Neuroprosthetics, Neurotoxicology, Psychopharmacology, Neuroimaging
Other: Neurolinguistics, Cultural Neuroscience, Neuroanthropology, Evolutionary Neuroscience, Developmental Neuroscience, Neuroengineering, Neuroinformatics, Paleoneurology, Social Neuroscience, Systems Neuroscience, Brain Machine Interface (BMI), Neuroeconomics

## Why Neuroscience?

As the father of Neuroscience Santiago Ramón y Cajal put it, "As long as our brain is a mystery, the universe-which is a reflection of the structure of the brain- will also be a mystery". No other field offers such a profound glimpse into the human experience, and more importantly how that experience can be improved.
# Funds Remittance/Activities

| Unit 4.4-Funds Remittance | Introduction | Checks | Banker's Drafts | Electronic Funds Transfers | Money Orders | Cash or Bank Notes | Credit Cards | SWIFT | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 4.1 | Unit 4.2 | Unit 4.3 | Unit 4.4 | Unit 4.5 | Unit 4.6 | Unit 4.7 | Unit 4.8 | Unit 4.9 Return to Trade Finance Module 4: Payment Methods |

## Activity

This activity is designed to negotiate and debate risks associated with funds remittance.
Instructions to Instructor 1. Divide the class into even groups of 2-3, half being buyers and half being sellers.
2. Select a country for each group to represent. 3. Connect a group of buyers with a group of sellers and provide each set with a method of payment of prepayment or open account. 4. Have them discuss the risks of each of the funds remittance methods and the risks associated with each.
5. Have each group negotiate and agree upon a method of funds remittance.
# Historical Introduction to Philosophy/Problem+of+Evil+Works+Sited

Back
"Dictionary of Common Philosophical Terms" by Gregory Pence Copyright 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies ISBN 0-07-282931-1
"The Longman Standard History of Philosophy" by Kolak and Thompson Copyright 2006 Pearson Education ISBN 0-321-23511-8
"The Elements of Moral Philosophy Fourth Edition" by James Rachels Copyright 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies ISBN 0-07-119876-8
"Moral Soundings" Edited by Dwight Furrow Copyright 2004 Rowman & Littlefield Publishers ISBN 0-7425-3370-0
Webster's New World Dictionary, College Edition Copyright 1962
Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright 2006 Columbia University Press
www.Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.0.1) Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006.
Wikipedia http://www.wikipedia.org/
Back
# Historical Introduction to Philosophy/Philosophical Method

Home Back Forward
The Philosophical Method
"Those who are eager to learn because they wonder at things are lovers of wisdom." - Alexander of Aphrodisias

### Doubting and Questioning

Philosophy begins with wonder, but goes further than that. It is an attempt to formulate, understand, and answer fundamental questions in life. Socrates is famous for his Skepticism. He would approach popular people who were considered wise, and ask them to justify their beliefs. They would provide him with various attempts at justification, but Socrates would not accept their words without further probing for reasonable justification. In Metaphysics, Aristotle described how wonder fit into the philosophical method: “For it is owing to their wonder that men both now begin and at first began to philosophize; they wondered originally at the obvious difficulties, then advanced little by little and stated difficulties about the greater matters, e.g. about the phenomena of the moon and those of the sun and of the stars, and about the genesis of the universe” (Metaphysics, Book I). Philosophers clarify their questions and claims to remove ambiguity. As part of the great conversation of philosophy, a question must be understood in terms people can agree on. To pose a proper philosophical question, one must be able to make distinctions between conceptual questions and those that can be answered with empirical evidence.
"Somehow it fills my head with ideas, only I don't know exactly what they are." - Alice in Wonderland

### Reading Philosophy

In order to participate in the great conversation of philosophy, and to apply the philosophical method in a meaningful way, one must become familiar with the conversation. Reading philosophy is often a challenge, but it has the intrinsically motivating factor of revealing thoughts on things that matter. In approaching primary sources in philosophy, a method can help one to extract meaning from the words: Read and re-read the material. Analyze the works, separating them by their distinguishing features and essential elements. Criticize the works, applying reason to your evaluation of the authors' arguments.

### Argument

Argument is essential to philosophical inquiry. Logic is the study of correct argumentation. Aristotle is generally credited as being the first to formalize logic. He devised ways to analyze and evaluate arguments. His main work was in what is called syllogistic logic, in which the primary constituents of arguments are terms, which are judged to be better or worse depending on the way in which they are arranged. His works On Sophistical Refutations and Prior Analytics address this.

### Definition

The method of definition involves seeking out the meanings of words, and figuring out how meanings can be identified. Socrates and Plato brought a new method into philosophy with a search for definitions. By seeking to clarify the meaning behind grand words like "holy" and "just" (in Plato's Euthyphro and Republic, respectively,) they introduced a new way of investigating the fundamental questions in life.
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# How things work college course/Global warming quiz 1

The unshuffled version can serve as a pre-reading activity for the Wikipedia article, Global warming (permalink)
See Global warming quizzes for other quizzes devoted to this article. This quiz covers the lede.
For information on how to print out test copies (and other questions) see How to use testbank.
# How things work college course/Global warming quiz 3

The unshuffled version can serve as a pre-reading activity for the Wikipedia article, Global warming (permalink)
See Global warming quizzes for other quizzes devoted to this article. This quiz covers initial causes of temperature changes and external forcings version.
For information on how to print out test copies (and other questions) see How to use testbank.
# How things work college course/Global warming quiz 4

The unshuffled version can serve as a pre-reading activity for the Wikipedia article, Global warming (permalink)
See Global warming quizzes for other quizzes devoted to this article. This quiz covers feedback and climate models.
For information on how to print out test copies (and other questions) see How to use testbank.
# How things work college course/Global warming quiz 2

The unshuffled version can serve as a pre-reading activity for the Wikipedia article, Global warming (permalink)
See Global warming quizzes for other quizzes devoted to this article. This quiz covers observed temperature changes.
See Global warming quizzes for other quizzes devoted to this article. This quiz covers observed temperature changes.
For information on how to print out test copies (and other questions) see How to use testbank.
# How things work college course/Electricity and Field theory/Quiz
## Ideas for Electronics conceptual

* current as electrons per second
* voltage as potential energy per electron
* potential energy as mgh AND/OR qV
* bulbs and batteries: which bulb is dim?
* ohm's law always true? (e.g. what about temperature effects)
* parallel versus series
* ideal versus actual batteries
* resistance across a perfect ohmeter
* current through a perfect voltmeter
* hydrodynamic analog current, voltage, capacitor, membrane, energy in capacitor and inductor
# Foundations of mathematical concepts

* Foundation of mathematical concepts
* An introductory course from the School of Mathematics
* This course aims to ensure that the student will have a practical and theoretical basis for the application of mathematical knowledge in fields that require it or in future mathematics courses.
* Course requirements
* To start this course, you should have:
* knowledge of basic calculus, how to differentiate, integrate, evaluate limits, etc.
* knowledge of basic algebra, manipulation of equations, solving quadratic equations, etc.
* knowledge of basic geometry, trigonometry, trigonometric identities, geometric proofs, etc.
* Lecture series
* not available yet
* Examinations
* not available yet
# Four-vector

A four-vector is a four element vector that is a rank 1 class tensor in that its element notation expression carries 1 index and it transforms according to a tensor transformation. For example a four vector expressed as a contravariant rank 1 tensor $T^{\mu }$ transforms according to
* $T'^{\mu }={\frac {\partial x'^{\mu }}{\partial x^{\nu }}}T^{\nu }$
and the four vector expressed as a covariant rank 1 tensor $T_{\mu }$ transforms according to
* $T'_{\mu }={\frac {\partial x^{\nu }}{\partial x'^{\mu }}}T_{\nu }$
# Four-force/4-current

Given that an observer both moving with and local to a bit of charge finds it to have a charge density of $\rho _{0q}$, the product of this scalar quantity with its 4-velocity according to a given frame will constitute a four-vector known as the 4-current given by
* $j^{\mu }=\rho _{0q}U^{\mu }$
# Foundations of calculus

This class is also called Freshman Mathematics. The subjects below are copied from the list for Ma 1 class in Caltech Institute.

## Subjects

* Function
* Mathematical Induction
* Sequences and Series
* Completeness
* Integral for Step Functions
* Integral for More General Functions
* Applications of Integration
* Limits
* Continuity
* Intermediate Value Theorem
* Inversion
* Extreme - Value Theorem
* Integrability Theorem
* Mean Value Theorem for Integrals
* Derivatives
* Implicit Differentiation
* Extreme Values
* Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives
* Curve Sketching
* Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
* Integration by Substitution
* Integration by Parts
* Logarithm
* Exponential Function
* Integration by Partial Fractions
* Real Numbers
* Complex Numbers
# MDLD/binary operation

Start=binary operation Target=Binary operation/Definition
# MDLD/bounded (sequence R)

Start=bounded (sequence R) Target=Real sequences/Convergence and boundedness/Section
# MDLD/bijective

Start=bijective Target=Mapping/Bijective/Definition
# MDLD/bijective mapping

Start=bijective mapping Target=Mapping/Bijective/Definition
# MDLD/binomial coefficient

Start=binomial coefficient Target=Binomial coefficient/Definition
# MDLD/bounded (sequence)

Start=bounded (sequence) Target=Real sequences/Convergence and boundedness/Section
# MDLD/binary operations

Start=binary operations See=binary operation MDLD/binary operation Target=Binary operation/Definition
# MDLD/binomial coefficients

Start=binomial coefficients See=binomial coefficient MDLD/binomial coefficient Target=Binomial coefficient/Definition
# MDLD/bounded (R)

Start=bounded (R) Target=Real sequences/Convergence and boundedness/Section
# MDLD/bounded from above (R)

Start=bounded from above (R) Target=Real sequences/Convergence and boundedness/Section
# Healthy lifestyle/Walk

Walk or Walking is the way people move on the feet by alternately setting each foot. If a person goes out walking, it is said that he or she 'went for a walk'. Walking for a rather long time, is known as a healthy exercise.

## Other pages

* Jogging
* Running
# Healthy lifestyle/Physical attractiveness

Physical attractiveness means the different physical characteristics that different people consider to be beautiful in other humans. Physical attractiveness can also include sexual attractiveness, ideas about beauty, proportions, muscular development, and appearance.
Physical attractiveness means different things to different people and to different human cultures. There is no single definition of physical attractiveness.
In men, physical attractiveness may include slim waist and height. Female physical attractiveness might include youth, waist-hip ratio, mid upper arm circumference, body mass proportion and facial symmetry.

## Ancient icons of physical attractiveness

* Heracles, the greatest hero of Greek mythology, and his child, Louvre.
* Hermes, an Olympian god and the patron of athletics and sports.
* Nymph with a shell. Marble, Roman copy of the 1st century CE.
# Healthy lifestyle/Winter swimming

Winter swimming is the activity of human swimming during the winter season, typically in outdoor locations, or in unheated pools or lidos. It is done mostly for health benefits. Many winter swimmers swim with standard swimming costumes rather than with wetsuits or other thermal protection.
In colder countries winter swimming may be synonymous with ice swimming. In Finland, Northern Russia, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia the ice swimming tradition has been connected with the sauna tradition.

## Other websites

* Cankar.org on how to create an avanto
* Winter Swimming — the technique of winter swimming and its healing effect.
* Winter Swimming World Championships, pictures Oulu Finland 3.-5.3.2006
* Winter Swimming Championships 2008 - held at Tooting Bec Lido, London, UK
# Heat equation

The heat equation is a very important equation in physics and engineering. The following pages will allow for a deeper understanding of the mathematics behind solving the heat equation.

## Solutions to the heat equation

* Rectangular Coordinates
** The 1-D heat equation
** The 2-D heat equation
* Cylindrical Coordinates
** The 2-D heat equation
** The 3-D heat equation
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Sum/1 over square root/Estimate/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 9.7
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Riemann integral/Step functions with equal limit/Integral/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Lemma 18.13
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Riemann integral/Step functions with equal limit/Integral/Fact/Proof/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 18.12
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Riemann integrability/Elementary properties/Product/Fact/Proof/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 18.18
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Second power sum/By induction/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 2.10
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Sine and cosine/Monotonicity behavior/Fact/Proof/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 16.13
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Standard vectors/Linearly independent/Example/Examplereferencenumber

Example 23.6
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/System of linear equations/Set of variables/Equivalent system/Manipulations/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Lemma 21.7
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Riemann integrability/Elementary properties/Maximum/Fact/Proof/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 18.17
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Sine and cosine/Monotonicity behavior/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Corollary 16.14
# MS 70-536 Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0
## MS 70-536 Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 - Application Development Foundation - using mono

This course will help students study for the MS 70-536 exam using mono as the CLR implementation. The course will make extensive use of the mono documentation and it is to be hoped that during the process of developing this course contributions will be made to the mono documentation.
The course materials will be developed on mono and then tested on the .NET framework. Comments will be added where there are incompatibilties.

### Part 1. Developing applications that use types and collections

* System
* System.Collections
* System.Collections.Generic
* System.Collections.Specialized
* System - Common Interfaces
* System - Event Support

### Part 2. Implementing service processes, threading, and application domains in a .NET Framework application

* System.ServiceProcess
* System.Threading

### Part 3. Embedding configuration, diagnostic, management, and installation features into a .NET Framework application

* System.Configuration
* Mscorcfg.msc
* System.Diagnostics

### Part 4. Implementing serialization and input/output functionality in a .NET Framework application

* System.Runtime.Serialization
* System.Xml.Serialization
* System.Runtime.Serilaization.Formatters
* System.IO
* System.IO.Compression

### Part 5. Improving the security of the .NET Framework applications by using the .NET Framework 2.0 security features

* System.Security
* System.Security.AccessControl
* System.Security.Authentication
* System.Security.Cryptography
* System.Security.Permission
* System.Security.Policy
* System.Security.Principal

### Part 6. Implementing interoperability, reflection, and mailing functionality in a .NET Framework application

* System.Runtime.InteropServices
* System.Reflection
* System.Net.Mail

### Part 7. Implementing globalization, drawing, and text manipulation functionality in a .NET Framework application

* System.Globalization
* System.Drawing
* System.Text
* System.Text.RegularExpressions
# MTA

MTA may refer to:
* Market Technicians Association
* Microsoft Technology Associate
# MacOS/Create a user from command line

sysadminctl -addUser YOUR_USERNAME
# MacOS/How to create a folder

Once you learn the process once, it becomes very easy to create new folders in macOS.
There are several ways to go about creating a new folder in macOS. You can create a new folder entirely with your keyboard by using key commands. You can also use your mouse or trackpad to achieve the same result.
Images for reference referred to as figures were deleted, I'm sorry.
Using Key Commands to Create a New Folder:
* Hold down the Command button and press Tab (while keeping your finger or thumb on the command button).
* You'll notice a screen appears showing you the icons or logos for the various applications you currently have open (see Figure 1). If you don't have anything open, you will see only the Finder.
* Select the Finder either by hitting Tab (while Command is being held down) to or by using your mouse to navigate through the various icons. Once you've highlighted an icon either with your keyboard or your mouse, the title of it will appear below the icon. You do not need to click on the icon to select it, simply release the Command key while Finder is highlighted.
* You'll notice in the upper left corner (just to the right of the Apple logo) in bold letters it will now display Finder. This is how you know you've selected it.
* Hold down Shift + Command and press N.
* You've just created a new folder on your Desktop named "untitled folder".
* Assuming the Finder is still selected, you can select Shift + Command + D to open the desktop and see your untitled folder.
* Right-click (or click while holding down the Control key) while your mouse hovers over the untitled folder and select "Rename" to change your folder's name. After typing in the name you want press the return or enter key. If the folder is currently selected in the "Finder" window, you can alternatively press the enter or return key to allow you to toggle between editing the folders name and confirming it.
Using the Mouse to Create a New Folder:
* Move your mouse down to the Dock (the bar of icons that by default sits horizontally on the bottom of your screen - see Figure 2) .
* Mouse-over and select the Finder (see Figure 2).
* By default, a new window should appear. You can be sure that have the Finder selected by looking in the upper left corner just to the right of the Apple logo and confirm it reads "Finder" in bold. To the right of the text "Finder" in bold, select "File" (see Figure 3).
* Select "New Folder".
* A new folder titled "untitled folder" should now appear on your desktop.
* You can use the same methods in step 8 of the previous section to rename the folder.
# MPI programming in plain view
### MPI Background

* P2P Communications (pdf)
* Collective Communications (pdf)
* Communicator and Groups (pdf)
* MPI Programming Techniques (pdf)

### MPI Programming Tutorials

* Getting Started (pdf)

### Comparison

* Hadoop
* Spark
go to [ Electrical_&_Computer_Engineering_Studies ]
# MacOS

macOS (previously Mac OS X, then OS X) is a series of graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001. It is the primary operating system for Apple's Mac family of computers.. zsh is the default shell replacing Bash since October 2019.

## Resources

* How to create a folder
* pkgutil software package management tool
* homebrew software package management tool
* Install additional software using Homebrew package management software and brew command.
* launchd init and operating system service management daemon for MacOS. Path: /Library/LaunchAgents/
* Create a user from command line: sysadminctl -addUser YOUR_USERNAME
* Display your DNS configuration in macOS running: scutil --dns
* Sleep your macOS from command line:pmset sleepnow
* Enable ssh from command line:
    Enable: sudo systemsetup -setremotelogin on
    Disable: sudo systemsetup -setremotelogin off
    Status: sudo systemsetup -getremotelogin

## Commands

* defaults
* system_profiler
* ifconfig
* networksetup
* hdiutil disk image manipulation tool
* AppleScript: osascript. Example: osascript -e 'display notification "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet" with title "Title"'
* pbcopy Copy to clipboard
* mdfind finds files matching a given query. Similar to locate command in Linux.

## See Also

* Wikipedia: macOS
* Wikipedia: Macintosh
* Wikipedia: Macintosh operating systems