OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cloud Administration/Troubleshooting

Troubleshooting

## Objectives and Skills

Objectives and skills for the troubleshooting portion of CompTIA Cloud+ certification include:
5.1 Given a scenario, troubleshoot a deployment issue.
* Common issues in the deployments
** Breakdowns in the workflow
** Integration issues related to different cloud platforms
** Resource contention
** Connectivity issues
** Cloud service provider outage
** Licensing issues
** Template misconfiguration
** Time synchronization issues
** Language support
** Automation issues
5.2 Given a scenario, troubleshoot common capacity issues.
* Exceeded cloud capacity boundaries
** Compute
** Storage
** Networking
*** IP address limitations
*** Bandwidth limitations
** Licensing
** Variance in number of users
** API request limit
** Batch job scheduling issues
* Deviation from original baseline
* Unplanned expansions
5.3 Given a scenario, troubleshoot automation/orchestration issues.
* Breakdowns in the workflow
** Account mismatch issues
** Change management failure
** Server name changes
** IP address changes
** Location changes
** Version/feature mismatch
** Automation tool incompatibility
** Job validation issue
5.4 Given a scenario, troubleshoot connectivity issues.
* Common networking issues
** Incorrect subnet
** Incorrect IP address
** Incorrect gateway
** Incorrect routing
** DNS errors
** QoS issues
** Misconfigured VLAN or VXLAN
** Misconfigured firewall rule
** Insufficient bandwidth
** Latency
** Misconfigured MTU/MSS
** Misconfigured proxy
* Network tool outputs
* Network connectivity tools
** ping
** tracert/traceroute
** telnet
** netstat
** nslookup/dig
** ipconfig/ifconfig
** route
** arp
** ssh
** tcpdump
* Remote access tools for troubleshooting
5.5 Given a scenario, troubleshoot security issues.
* Authentication issues
** Account lockout/expiration
* Authorization issues
* Federation and single sign-on issues
* Certificate expiration
* Certification misconfiguration
* External attacks
* Internal attacks
* Privilege escalation
* Internal role change
* External role change
* Security device failure
* Incorrect hardening settings
* Unencrypted communication
* Unauthorized physical access
* Unencrypted data
* Weak or obsolete security technologies
* Insufficient security controls and processes
* Tunneling or encryption issues
5.6 Given a scenario, explain the troubleshooting methodology.
* Always consider corporate policies, procedures, and impacts before implementing changes
* Identify the problem
** Question the user and identify user changes to computer and perform backups before making changes
* Establish a theory of probable cause (question the obvious)
** If necessary, conduct internal or external research based on symptoms
* Test the theory to determine cause
** Once theory is confirmed, determine the next steps to resolve the problem
** If the theory is not confirmed, reestablish a new theory or escalate
* Establish a plan of action to resolve the problem and implement the solution
* Verify full system functionality and, if applicable, implement preventive measures
* Document findings, actions, and outcomes
# Cloud Computing/Alibaba Cloud

Alibaba Cloud provides cloud computing services since 2009.
# Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially data storage (cloud storage) and computing power, without direct active management by the user. The term is generally used to describe data centers available to many users over the Internet.

## Resources

* Introduction

## See Also

* Wikipedia: Cloud computing
# Cloud Essentials

Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially data storage (cloud storage) and computing power, without direct active management by the user.
This course comprises x lessons covering cloud computing essentials. Each lesson includes a combination of Wikipedia readings, YouTube videos, and hands-on learning activities. The course also assists learners in preparing for CompTIA Cloud Essentials certification.
This entire Wikiversity course can be downloaded in book form by selecting Download Learning Guide in the sidebar.

## Preparation

This is a college-level introductory cloud computing course. Learners should already be familiar with introductory computer concepts.

## Lessons

* Cloud Concepts
* Business Principles
* Management and Operations
* Governance

## See Also

* AWS Cloud Practitioner
* Cloud computing
* Wikipedia: Cloud computing
# Cloud Essentials/Governance

Governance

## Objectives and Skills

Objectives and skills for the governance portion of CompTIA Cloud Essentials+ certification include:
* Recognize risk management concepts related to cloud services.
** Risk assessment
*** Asset inventory
*** Classification
*** Ownership
** Risk response
*** Mitigation
*** Acceptance
*** Avoidance
*** Transfer
** Documentation
*** Findings
*** Risk register
** Vendor lock-in
** Data portability
* Explain policies or procedures.
** Standard operating procedures
** Change management
** Resource management
** Security policies
*** Incident response
** Access and control policies
** Department specific policies
** Communication policies
* Identify the importance and impacts of compliance in the cloud.
** Data sovereignty
** Regulatory concerns
** Industry-based requirements
** International standards
** Certifications
* Explain security concerns, measures, or concepts of cloud operations.
** Threat
** Vulnerability
** Security assessments
*** Penetration testing
*** Vulnerability scanning
*** Application scanning
** Data security
*** Categories
*** Public
*** Private
*** Sensitive
*** Confidentiality
*** Encryption
*** Sanitization
*** Integrity
*** Validation
*** Availability
*** Backup
*** Recovery
*** Breach
** Application and Infrastructure security
*** Audit
*** Access
*** Authorization
*** Hardening

## Lesson Summary
### Risk Management
### Policies

* SOP (Standard Operating Procedure)

### Compliance

* ISO (International Standards Organization)
* ITIL (Information Technology Infrastructure Library)
# Astronomy college course/Lunar Phases

All planet exhibit phases as seen from Earth. For example, Galileo's discovery that Venus showed phases (while remaining near the Sun in our sky) was strong evidence that it orbits the Sun and not the Earth. While Copernicus didn't have a telescope, he used the varying brightness of Mars to argue that it also orbited the Sun.[citation needed]

## Phases of the moon

The diagram below to the right shows a 'top down' view of the earth-moon system, as seen from above the north pole. This model ignores that tilt of Earth's rotational axis, and assumes that the Earth, Sun, and Moon all lie in the same plane. Such a model would fail miserably in modeling eclipses, but serves quite well for understanding the monthly cycle of lunar phases.

#### Direction of rotation and revolution

Most objects in the solar system tend to rotate and revolve in roughly the same direction. The black arrows depict the rotation of Earth about its axis (as seen from above the north pole). To remember it, put your right hand on table and your fingers indicate this rotation. The Moon also revolves in the same direction. To verify this, find the 'new moon' and notice that a quarter of a cycle later the moon is at 'first quarter'. Then after the full moon, it enters 'third quarter', after which the cycle begins with another 'new moon'. As we shall see in the next section, the black arrow also depicts the direction 'east'.

#### A view from 6 PM

Assume that you are standing somewhere near the equator. It is easiest to begin with 6 PM because that places you on top of the the blue circle. The direction 'up' (called zenith)is opposite the direction 'down' (nadir) that points to the center of the earth. At 6 PM, you would see the first quarter moon directly overhead, if the moon is in that phase on that day. If the moon is full, you would see it in a direction perpendicular to the up/down direction. In other words, the full moon would on the horizon at 6PM. The sun is at the other horizon (where it always appears at 6 PM.) The black arrows always represent east. Like time, the concept of east and west depends on where you are situated on earth.

#### A view from midnight

The observer's version of 'up' (zenith) is counter-intuitive if it is not 6 PM because the observer's 'up' does not match zenith from your perspective. At midnight, zenith points to your left, where you would see the full moon if it is in that phase. If the moon is in first quarter, you would see it along the horizon. That is obvious from the figure. But is the eastern or western horizon? It is on the western horizon, and there are two ways to prove it:
* The black arrow (east) points towards the bottom of your computer screen (or page) at midnight. The first quarter moon is opposite, or in the west.
* West is where objects fall below the horizon. As the earth brings you from midnight into 3 AM, the first quarter moon will sink below the horizon.
# Astronomy college course/Lunar Phases/Gallery

Back to Astronomy_college_course#Astronomy_college_course.2FLunar_Phases
The student needs to learn to make this drawing before attempting to master the quizzes.
# Astronomy college course/Lunar Phases/Quiz(advanced)

Gallery Astronomy_college_course#Lunar_Phases Testbank
# Comparative law and justice/South America
## Comparative Law and Justice Wiki Project

Countries with completed wiki pages that are located in South America
Comparative law and justice/Argentina
Brazil
Comparative law and justice/Colombia
Paraguay
Uruguay
Venezuela
# Comparative law and justice/Switzerland

Part of the Comparative law and justice Wikiversity Project

## Brief History

Swiss confederation founded in 1291. Gained its independance from the Holy Roman Empire in 1499. The confederation was replaced by a centralized federal government in 1874. Switzerland did not become a member of the United Nations untill 2002. Switzerland is now a democratic country being lead by the Swiss Federal Council. Switzerland is mainly occupied by a population of mainly German and French descent. Among the many languages spoken, the official languages are German, French, Italian, and Romansch. Almost half of the population is Roman Catholic. The other half is mainly Protestant, with a 4.3% of unspecified religion. There is an average of 15 years of school for students.

## Economic Development, Health, and Education

http://www.swixmed.com/en/healthcare-in-switzerland.html

## Rights
### Family Law
### Works Cited

* ↑ CIA World Factbook
# Bideford Witch Trial/metrics
### 2012-2013

| Metrics | Total | Daily Peak |
| April, 2012 | n/a | n/a |
| May, 2012 | n/a | n/a |
| June, 2012 | n/a | n/a |
| July, 2012 | n/a | n/a |
| August, 2012 | n/a | n/a |
| September, 2012 | n/a | n/a |
| October, 2012 | n/a | n/a |
| November, 2012 | 102 | 60 |
| December, 2012 | 80 | 20 |
| January, 2013 | | |
| February, 2013 | | |
| March, 2013 | | |
| Total | | |
# Big Data/Cassandra

Apache Cassandra is a NoSQL wide column-oriented database management system, distributed and scalable. In 2015, it has become one of the world's most popular SGBD.

## Installation

The Java sources are available on https://github.com/apache/cassandra, but a tarball is on http://cassandra.apache.org/download/.
* MacOS: brew install cassandra && brew services start cassandra
See also http://cassandra.apache.org/doc/latest/getting_started/installing.html for more information.
To launch the server:
* On Linux: /cassandra/bin/cassandra
* On Windows: \cassandra\bin\cassandra.bat

## Graphical user interface

There are several GUI to manage Cassandra. For example Helenos: its Java sources are available on https://github.com/tomekkup/helenos, and a compiled version on http://sourceforge.net/projects/helenos-gui/.
It includes an Apache + Tomcat server, launchable by \helenos\bin\startup.bat. Then, the web interface must be visible on http://localhost:8080 (login: admin / password: admin).
NB: it can create some column families, but not see the ones which were created in CQL.

## Data manipulation

In 2011 Cassandra introduced the Cassandra Query Language (CQL), you can interact with CQL using the cqlsh client. Using cqlsh you can create w:keyspaces and tables, insert and query tables among other operations. The CQL 3.0 syntax looks like this:
Additional Notes:
* There isn't any autoincrement option.
* No case-sensitive field names.
* Inserting a new record with an existing primary key will replace the old one, without any warning.
* When inserting more than 1,000 records, cqlsh may ignore the rest. It's recommended to use the ETL sstableloader.

## Cassandra port usage

* 7000, cluster communication
* 7001, cluster communication if SSL enabled
* 7199 JMX (was 8080 pre Cassandra 0.8.xx)
* 9042 CQL native clients
* 9160 Thrift client API

## How to use several nodes

To communicate from one server to another Cassandra needs to open the ports: 7000, 7001, 7199 (SSL), 9042 and 9160.
There isn't any master node, so the fail-over is automatic. Each node must own a "seed node" in its configuration, to get the distributed architecture. Their description is stored into \cassandra\conf\cassandra-rackdc.properties.
To let the nodes communicate, into cassandra.yaml, the parameter endpoint_snitch must be RackInferringSnitch (instead of SimpleSnitch by default).
Then, the nodes list is visible with:
* On Linux: \cassandra\bin\nodetool status
* On Windows: \cassandra\bin\nodetool.bat status
NB: when a keyspace is cerated with a replication_factor superior to one, the nodes become redundant (mirroring).

## Related Technologies

* Amazon Dynamo - uses similar concepts like data distribution, vault tolerance
* BigTable - uses similar data model (column-families)
* Redis - in memory key value database
* MongoDB
# Big Data/Hazelcast

Hazelcast is a distributed data grid. There exists no master node. In order to avoid data loss, the data is backuped on at least another node. Hazelcast provides distributed data structures from which the map and the queue might be persisted, e.g., in Cassandra or HBase.
# Big Data/CumulusRDF

CumulusRDF is a distributed RDF store that stores the RDF triples in the key-value store Apache Cassandra.
Each RDF triple consists of a subject (S), a property (P) and an object (O). Several RDF triple form a graph where P is an labelled directed edge starting at S and leading to O. The graph can be queried by using eight basic graph pattern (BGP). In order to answer these queries efficiently three indices are provided by CumulusRDF: SPO, POS and OSP. The different BGPs and which index is required to answer them are shown in the following table:
| Triple Pattern | Index |
| (spo) | SPO, POS, OSP |
| (sp?) | SPO |
| (?po) | POS |
| (s?o) | OSP |
| (?p?) | POS |
| (s??) | SPO |
| (??o) | OSP |
| (???) | SPO, POS, OSP |
CumulusRDF supports two storage representations for RDF triples of the form (s, p, o):

## Hierarchical Layout

    { s : { p : { o : - } } }, { o : { s : { p : - } } } and { p : { o : { s : - } } } are inserted.

## Flat Layout

    { s : { po : - } }, { o : { sp : - } }, { po : { s : - } } and { po : { 'p' : p } } are inserted.
    The third key-key-value triple is required since Apache Cassandra stores all triples with the same key on the same data node. Since some property like rdf:type are used very often this would lead to an unbalanced load distribution. Therefore, the property concatenated with the object is used as key.
    In order to find all triples with the same property, i.e., (?p?) the fourth triple is required. It is used in a secondary index that maps all values p to all keys (po) in which this value occurs.
# Big Data/HDFS

Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) is a distributed file system. It is part of Apache Hadoop.

## Related Technologies

* Google File System - served as a model for HDFS
# Big Data/Amazon Elastic MapReduce (EMR)

Amazon EMR introduced in 2009 provides a managed cloud computing Hadoop framework to process vast amounts of data across dynamically scalable Amazon EC2 instances.
# Big Data/Google File System

The wikipedia article on w:Google File System explains the following paper from google entitled Google File System

## Sources

Original:
* GFS Paper
Blogs:
* Wikipedia - GFS
* ACM Queue
* Storage Mojo
Related Work:
* IBM General Parallel FS
* Soft Updates: A Solution to the Metadata Update Problem in File Systems
* QFS = faster version of GFS
* CephFS
Context:
* Wiki: Distributed File Systems

## Problem

Need Storage Server that supports
* many 100TB of data
* distributed along many 1000 servers of cheap hardware
* serving many 100 of clients.
Tasks:
* Build and store Google search index
* Store and analyze Log Files of Production servers and Google Analytics
* YouTube (!)
* Research computations
Many of those tasks can be based on map reduce.

### Existing Solutions

RAID RAID Redundant array of inexpensive/independent disks offers block level access to multiple hard drives attached to a single machine.
Thesis on RAID
SAN Storage Area Network Dedicated High Speed Network that connect storage nodes over ATA/SCSI. Typically over FiberChannel or Ethernet.
NAS Network Attached Storage Small server optimized for serving files via SMB/NFS/FTP.
Distributed FS Distributed FS
* GPFS (IBM)
* Lustre
* PVFS
Sequels
* Hadoop FS
* KFS

### API Levels

Block Level API for communication via ATA or SCSI between the disc controller and the CPU offers access to the individual blocks of the hard drive. There is no file system abstraction given. Block devices have to be formatted before use. API Description?
The File System API offered by the OS / device driver.
* GLIB C FS-API Reference,
* fcntl.h
File Level API offered by protocols like FTP/SMB or NFS.
* Network File System Protocol to access data on remote drives.
* FTP Protocol
Further reading: Techrepublic.com

## Specifications

Run on cluster of commodity servers. Serves clients in the same network.
Offer simplified File Level API to clients
* Open / Close file specified by path
* Read file at arbitrary locations (fast)
* Write file at arbitrary locations (may be slow)
* Append to file (fast)
Restrictions:
* Scalability: Automatic adjust when new nodes join the cluster
* Fault Tolerance: Deal with hardware failures
* Concurrency: Allow multiple clients to access the same files at the same time.
Optimizations:
* Locality: Perform computations locally if possible
* Concurrent appends should be fast
* High throughput (at cost of high latency)

## Baseline Ideas

* Mount all devices at a single machine via e.g. NFS. Expose to clients via FTP interface.
* Big RAID at one machine
* Storage Area Network
# Digital Media Concepts/YouTube's Algorithm

The algorithm of youtube is a touchy subject but is connected to three things. The monetization of youtube, suggestion, and the view counts per video. By watching a video that video will gain a view just by clicking on the video. But by how much time you watch the video that will go into monetization, the views per minute will then slowly seep to trending. And by watching or any activity on youtube will then later be suggested to you.

## History

Not much is known due to google keeping the history of the algorithm and YouTube under lock and key.

## Suggested Videos

Now they suggest videos by common searches you watch. for instance, if you watch a lot of scary top 10 videos the they will start recommending you that until you say not interested then they will stop. this on the other hand does fall through due to over complications on googles side of things. you can see this when you watch anything that includes a tag on it. this can be seen when you post a video and insert tags or even in the description.

## Trending

The trending tab is connected and can be predictable such as news and artist. But sometimes will upload popular videos and show them and the tab is updated every 15 minutes and each country has their own tab depending on the country too. Not much is known but it can be seen that videos that are trending due to them having high views.

## Loopholes

There are loopholes? Yes there is but its really easy to get around it and it is by using a few things such as easy things like click bait either titles, thumbnails, or both. There is a higher chance that you will click on a click bait title over a title that is good/informative. Another way people do get around the algorithm so people watch their content is by re-uploading videos that they have created.
# Overview

Advances in Natural Language Processing (NLP) over the years have made it possible to automate tasks such as writing. The development of NLP can be traced back to the mid-20th century, which marked the development of computer programs attempting to comprehend and generate human language. NLP makes it easier to break down the human language, like text and voice data, and all its irregularities.
Branches of NLP include Natural Language Understanding (NLU) and Natural Language Generation (NLG). NLU analyzes the comprehension of text and speech in order to understand the intended meaning of a sentence. NLG produces text responses based on data input.

## Rise of Artificial Intelligence Software in Writing
### Usefulness

The Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer, also known as ChatGPT, was launched by OpenAI to the public on November 30, 2022. It sifts through massive databases to generate human-like responses to users asking it questions and giving it prompts.
ChatGPT, as part of the growing trend of generative technology, is useful for helping writers with creative blocks. REF And because of the way AIs are trained, it is also beneficial for the speed at which they can read and take in information from online research and content. Grammarly, the online writing assistant, recently launched a generative AI intended to help users in their writing process through AI by learning their writing style.
In marketing, AI can be used for content generation, content creation, SEO, and email marketing.

### Ethical Concerns

AI text-to-image generators, such as DALL-E and Midjourney, use images available online through either the public domain or images found via online search results on Google or Pinterest. Similarly, AI like ChatGPT are trained through online texts and conversations from forums, books, and movies.
On July 18, 2023, the Author's Guild, the leading professional organization for writers in the United States, submitted an open letter, signed by over 15,000 authors, to the CEOs of OpenAI, Alphabet, Meta, IBM, Stability AI, and Microsoft, to call attention to the use of copyrighted works and to ask its AI developers to obtain consent, credit, and fairly compensate authors. Some of the prominent authors to sign the letter include James Patterson, Suzanne Collins, Margaret Atwood, Jodi Picoult, and Min Jin Lee.

## List of AIs centered around Writing

* Sudowrite
* Anyword
* Rytr
* GrammarlyAI
* Notion AI
* Writesonic
* Wordtune

## External Links

* Information about ChatGPT from OpenAI
# Bacterial fossil structure and preservation

For the structure of living bacteria, please see the Wikipedia article w:Bacterial cell structure.
When an organism is fossilized the soft tissue is rarely preserved, this is also the case with bacteria. But fossils have been found, mainly containing the structure of the cell wall, with little evidence of the internal structure.

## Resources

* http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookDiversity_2.html BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: BACTERIA AND ARCHAEANS
* http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-12/uosc-oaf121906.php Oldest animal fossils may have been bacteria by Carl Marziali
* http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/session_1270.htm AT27. Evaporite Systems II: The Geology, Paleontology, and Biology of Evaporite and Near-Evaporite Systems in Both Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Environments Susan J. Wentworth and Penny A. Morris, Presiding
* http://www.astrobio.net/news/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=25&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0 Signs of Life in Acid-washed Rocks By: Leslie Mullen
* http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/images/microfossils.htm Pictures of Microfossils and their living relatives.