OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Classical Mythology/Love, Fertility and Power: Aphrodite

* Classical Mythology Course
* Odysseus among the Sirens
* Objectives
* By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:
* identify Aphrodite based on her attributes and companions
* Married to the god Hephaestus, but her consort is Ares.
* describe her main powers and fields of interest
* Goddess of beauty and desire. Causes gods/goddess and animals to mate. Even tricked her father Zeus to mate with a mortal. However, her father being omnipotent saw through her trickery gave her a taste of her own medicine. Zeus tricked her into having her fall in love with a mortal man named Anchise. She bore him an offspring, Aeneas.
* compare her interactions with Adonis with myths of Isis and Inanna
* tell the story of Aphrodite's birth and her romance with Anchises
* Born from seafoam.
* offer a structualist reading of the Hymn to Aphrodite
* Hymn to Aphrodite by Homer.
* Aphrodite's birth and origins
* Aphrodite is the daughter of Zeus and her son Eros (love).
* {{Classical Mythology/Reading|title=Sample Reading Text|reading=Hesiod Theogony 145-|leadin=Hesiod tells of Aphrodite's birth and nature.|conclusion=
* Apollo flaying Marsyas Take The Quiz Aphrodite's birth
* Classical Mythology/Quiz Aphrodite1)
* Aphrodite vs. Zeus
* Aphrodite vs. Zeus
* Aphrodite vs. Zeus
* Aphrodite and Adonis
* Aphrodite and Adonis
* Aphrodite and Adonis
* Aphrodite and Ares
* Aphrodite and Ares
* Aphrodite and Ares
* Aphrodite's characteristics
* Aphrodite's characteristics
* Aphrodite's characteristics
* References
* Classical Mythology Course
* Odysseus among the Sirens
# Classical Mythology/Iran (Persia)

* Classical Mythology Course
* Odysseus among the Sirens
* Return to Historical Background
* Text goes here.
* References
* Classical Mythology Course
* Odysseus among the Sirens
* Return to Historical Background
# Classical Mythology/Minoans

* Classical Mythology Course
* Odysseus among the Sirens
* Return to Historical Background#Prehistoric Period
* Text goes here.
* References
* Classical Mythology Course
* Odysseus among the Sirens
* Return to Historical Background#Prehistoric Period
# Classical Mythology/Hittites

* Classical Mythology Course
* Odysseus among the Sirens
* Return to Historical Background
* Text goes here.
* References
* Classical Mythology Course
* Odysseus among the Sirens
* Return to Historical Background
# Classical Mythology/Hellenistic Greece

* Classical Mythology Course
* Odysseus among the Sirens
* Return to Historical Background#Historic Period
* Text goes here.
* References
* Classical Mythology Course
* Odysseus among the Sirens
* Return to Historical Background#Historic Period
# Classical Mythology/Mycenaeans

* Classical Mythology Course
* Odysseus among the Sirens
* Return to Historical Background#Prehistoric Period
* Text goes here.
* References
* Classical Mythology Course
* Odysseus among the Sirens
* Return to Historical Background#Prehistoric Period
# Anti-psychiatry

This is an area to learn more about anti-psychiatry. You will come away with a greater understanding of what anti-psychiatry is.
Research on anti-psychiatry can be coordinated here.
In some countries, the basis of psychiatry is that patients get diagnosed according to their own perceptions about self. They mostly do this by filling forms.
The same industry, also tells you that people in depression have distorted judgment. And that's contradictory.
How can diagnosis be based on the perceptions of individuals who are suffering from distorted judgment ?
For as long as there are no accurate scientific measurement devices that can diagnose individuals for mental illness, any such measurement that puts them in that category is no different from a stars reading.
In some cases, like trauma, an accurate diagnosis can be made. MRIs can show scars in the brain. But in a lot of cases, that 'luxury' is not available to the psychiatrist who relies more on forms and questioning. If questioning gave accurate results, no country would have to retain innocent prisoners for a dozen of years in order to get results.

## Discussion questions

* Psychiatrist Thomas Szasz rejected being labeled as "antipsychiatry". Do you see psychiatrist Thomas Szasz as holding antipsychiatry views?
* How has the antipsychiatry movement grown and changed over the years?
* How might antipsychiatry evolve and grow in the future?

## Readings
### Wikipedia

* Anti-psychiatry
* Political abuse of psychiatry
* Involuntary commitment
* Involuntary treatment
* Liberation by Oppression
* Thomas Szasz
* Bonnie Burstow
* The Myth of Mental Illness

### External

* The essay The Myth of Mental Illness
* Fostering a Culture of Empowerment in Mental Health Care - Selections from the MindFreedom International Records (displays historical pictures of records of psychiatric survivors, including one picture that mentions "anti-psychiatry"

## Links to study
### Anecdotal reports

* How I recovered from a schizophrenia diagnosis by rejecting the disease model
** Write up

## See Also

* Szaszian studies
* Critical psychology
* Critical psychiatry
* Should suicide be legal?
* Mad studies
* Autism spectrum/A few impertinent questions
# Antikythera mechanism/Quizzes

This quiz pertains to Antikythera mechanism and is one of
THREE RELATED QUIZ GROUPS: Saros Ecliptic Antikythera
Testbank contains links to a printable pdf version of this quiz for classroom use. For information on how to print out test copies (and other questions) see How to use testbank.
See also Ecliptic/Quizzes and Orbital mechanics/Saros. Quizbank/How to use testbank
# Antikythera mechanism/Quizzes/Gallery
### Links

The purpose of this gallery is to give students sufficient background to read the article. Some useful links are:
* Antikythera wreck
* Ecliptic
* Eclipse

### Images

Figure Captions: The celestial sphere is an imaginary sphere upon which all the stars are attached. Though the model is unphysical, it is sufficient for understanding the Antikythera device. In the celestial sphere model, the stars remained fixed on the celestial sphere, which made one revolution every 23 hours 57 minutes. The Sun, Moon, and planets "wandered" slowly along the celestial sphere; the Sun for example makes one revolution every 24 hours. The ecliptic is the path taken by the Sun as viewed against the celestial sphere. The Sun is always on the ecliptic, but the Moon is only on the ecliptic briefly, approximately twice each year. The Earth's perspective of the lunar eclipse is that the Sun and Moon 180° apart in the sky; this only occurs approximately twice per year in what is known as the eclipse season WRONG
* celestial sphere
* celestial sphere model
* ecliptic
* eclipse (Earth's perspective)
* Crown gear
# Antisocial behavior

This psychology resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
Antisocial behavior is doing something “bad” to someone or society which results in damaging relationships and interfering with a society’s functioning. The effect of antisocial behavior can be seen as a reduction in social capital. Antisocial behavior is contrasted with prosocial behavior.
Examples of behaviours commonly considered to be antisocial are hurting others, disobeying rules, conflicting with others, and other socially unacceptable behaviours.
# Antifriction and Multi-Step Base Isolation

Antifriction and Multi-Step Base Isolation (AF&MS BI), also called Shock Evader, is relatively recent type of seismic vibration control. In spite of the fact that the first attempts to isolate buildings from potentially shaky ground were made thousands years ago, the modern concept of seismic isolation (flexible mounting + damping) is foreign for earthquake engineering: it has not been inherited, it has been borrowed from mechanical engineering.
Though the concept is working perfectly in all sorts of vehicles, in seismic isolation everything is not so smooth because the conditions in both cases are quite different.
In a car, for instance, the working stresses in auto parts are far below their ultimate bearing capacity. Therefore, some overloads associated with heavy damping are of no practical importance here. Another matter is a building structure: during a strong earthquake, it is intended to perform at the near-to-collapse level and, therefore, any extras can become crucial for its safety.
However, there is an alternative to the contradictory damping mechanism of those base isolators. It can be found in the utmost lessening the damping and substituting its positive, mitigating quality with any sort of tuning-out mechanism which satisfies the following requirements:
* Let the earth move its way.
* Prevent resonant amplifications.
* Restore the structure in its pre-earthquake position on the foundation.
It is not the building, it is the earth that should be vibrating if the building is supported on the ideal isolation system. Any attempt to reduce a relative displacement of the superstructure with respect to the base will inevitably result in additional transmission of earthquake energy into the building.
This new concept has been embodied in Shock Evader or, which is the same, in the Antifriction and Multi-Step Base Isolation (AF&MS BI) that incorporated the merits of the traditional flexible mounting but without its drawback - a compulsory damping mechanism .
# Crocodile/Your facts
## Temporary note

* Can you help to create a fact box for the Crocodile page, into which kids can enter their favourite facts into a clean box?
* At the moment this links back to the main page. Instead I would like it to link to editing a (largely empty) box which is included on the main page. i.e., keep it simple for kids to edit without looking at all the code on the page.
-- Jtneill - Talk 01:27, 13 April 2008 (UTC)
# Crop production in KwaZulu-Natal

There is a wide range of cropping systems used by farmers in KwaZulu-Natal, from trench beds of a few square metres to monoculture cropping of sugar cane and maize on farms covering hundreds of hectares.
In 1998 Kirsten and van Zyl stated that "South African agriculture is comprised of mainly two categories of farmers -- the subsistence farmers in the former homeland areas and the large-scale commercial (mainly white) farmers." More recent research (Okunlola et al., 2016; Zantsiet al., 2019; Statistics South Africa, 2005), however, shows that there are many black smallholders that are efficient commercial farmers, and that many commercial farmers are smallholders with annual turnovers of less than R300 000.00.
Monocrop maize, timber and sugar farmers were dominant users of arable land in the region before democratic elections in 1994, but economic and political pressures have resulted in many changes. Many maize grain producers now use no-till and other conservation agriculture (CA) technologies, and rotate maize with soyabean, wheat (where irrigation is possible) and winter forage cover crops. Dairy farmers still produce maize silage on large areas but, again, many have adopted CA, and areas under irrigated perennial pastures have expanded. With lower sugar prices, many sugar cane farmers have diversified; macadamia production is booming, and other horticultural crops are increasing in importance, especially where irrigation is possible.

## Resources

* Annotated Bibliography
* Climate-smart Agriculture
* Information for smallholders

## See Also

* Portal: Agriculture
* Wikipedia: Agriculture
* Wikipedia: KwaZulu-Natal
# Effects of Late or Non-payments/Identifying Costs

| Unit 3.3-Effects of Late or Non-payments | Introduction | Tenets of Risk Assessment | Risk and Reward | "Eight C's" | 5 "C's" | 3 "C's" | Applying the "C's" | Impact of Nonpayment | Identifying Costs | Bad Debt Value | Interest | Cost and Capital | Administrative | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 3.1 | Unit 3.2 | Unit 3.3 | Unit 3.4 | Unit 3.5 Return to Trade Finance Module 3: Commercial Risk |

## Identifying Costs

Before presenting the types of costs associated with nonpayment, you should first consider how sales are tracked from a bookkeeping perspective and then consider how costs impact sales.
Some companies do not separate exports sales from domestic sales in their accounting systems. To them, a sale is a sale. However, international sales, as you are learning, sometimes carry costs and risks that domestic sales do not. So what happens if domestic and international sales are combined?
Imagine for a moment that Company A sells its products for $100 each. Costs for selling domestically are $92 for each unit. Costs for selling internationally are $94 for each unit (due to a shipping cost differential). It may seem easy enough to track the differences, but a problem could occur when you add the method of payment and potential risk of nonpayment because variable costs (costs that vary from sale to sale) change. Assume, for example, that domestic sales are paid via 25% cash and 75% credit. The chances of losing profits are less than if all sales were credit. If the domestic credit tends to be low risk of nonpayment, costs of nonpayment may not be a large factor. However, international sales would probably be all credit. Add to that an increased risk of nonpayment and the profit associated with international sales could be significantly impacted.
Keeping the sales and costs together makes it difficult to identify the true profit of domestic sales versus international sales. Knowing the costs of international sales can impact marketing strategies, pricing strategies, and credit decisions.
# Effects of Late or Non-payments/Interest

| Unit 3.3-Effects of Late or Non-payments | Introduction | Tenets of Risk Assessment | Risk and Reward | "Eight C's" | 5 "C's" | 3 "C's" | Applying the "C's" | Impact of Nonpayment | Identifying Costs | Bad Debt Value | Interest | Cost and Capital | Administrative | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 3.1 | Unit 3.2 | Unit 3.3 | Unit 3.4 | Unit 3.5 Return to Trade Finance Module 3: Commercial Risk |

## Interest

Assume for a moment that you are a seller and can earn 12% on your money if it were in the bank. This is money that you earned from sales (Sales-Cost=Profit). Assume now that you have agreed to wait for your payment (that is, you have extended credit). Had you not extended credit, hypothetically you would have money from the sale, which would be in the bank earning interest. Extending credit means you are losing the opportunity to earn interest and, therefore, this is a cost.
Another way to consider interest as a cost is to assume you have a loan from the bank. That loan was used to produce your products. Until that loan is repaid, you are charged interest. If the buyer were to give you cash at purchase, you could apply that money to your loan and thus reduce your interest charges and thus your cost. By extending credit to the buyer, you are agreeing to incur interest costs against the money you borrowed in order to produce the product.
Do some math and see how these scenarios might play out (in simple terms). Assume that for each $100 in sales, $95 is cost and $5 is profit. Assume you extend credit and therefore do not receive your monies until some time in the future. If your interest costs are 12% per year (assuming that this money could generate a return of 12% in interest to the seller), your first month’s cost would be $1.00 (12% x $100 = $12.00 divided by 12 months = $1.00). See the table below for additional clarification.
| Sales | Cost | Net Profit | Month | Amount | Profit After Interest Payment |
| $100 | $95 | $5 | First | $1.00 | $4.00 |
| $100 | $95 | $5 | Fourth | $4.00 | $1.00 |
| $100 | $95 | $5 | Sixth | $6.00 | ($1.00) |
| $100 | $95 | $5 | Eighth | $8.00 | ($3.00) |
| $100 | $95 | $5 | Twelfth | $12.00 | ($7.00) |
# Effects of Late or Non-payments/Risk and Reward

| Unit 3.3-Effects of Late or Non-payments | Introduction | Tenets of Risk Assessment | Risk and Reward | "Eight C's" | 5 "C's" | 3 "C's" | Applying the "C's" | Impact of Nonpayment | Identifying Costs | Bad Debt Value | Interest | Cost and Capital | Administrative | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 3.1 | Unit 3.2 | Unit 3.3 | Unit 3.4 | Unit 3.5 Return to Trade Finance Module 3: Commercial Risk |

## Risk and Reward

To risk non-payment or to risk not meeting sales expectations--that is the decision. The issue of selling into the international environment revolves around balancing the risk of being paid on time against the reward of meeting sales and profit targets. The goal, therefore, is to maximize sales while minimizing losses by being paid according to payment terms. There are many risk/reward factors that must be taken into account to balance the expectations of sales and marketing against the financial concerns of slow, partial or complete non-payment. Each company normally establishes expectations or policies as to sales volume and market share.
An example of risk/reward factors could involve selling at a higher price to a customer in a country with significant political and/or economic risk, where risk of nonpayment would be greater than selling the same product in Western Europe at a lower price where risk of nonpayment is lower. Another example might involve working with the sales department for a “first sale” into a new market, perhaps at a lower price than listed on the price sheet, in order for a seller to try and gain a “foothold” for additional business in a country new market, one not sold to before. The risk of selling at the usual price may increase the risk that a foothold in that market will not be gained.
With financial statements, trade references, and bank relationship information, an international credit manager can begin to evaluate a buyer by determining a buyer’s financial capabilities, the manner in which a buyer pays competitors, and how and when a buyer pays bank loans.
The credit risk evaluation is also influenced by the specific situation and country of the customer. Experienced international credit managers (five or more years of credit and collections experience) use their experience to establish levels of risk factors, high and low, depending on the manner in which a seller approaches risk analysis, and reach a credit decision that best meets the needs of marketing and finance.
# Effects of Late or Non-payments/Summary

| Unit 3.3-Effects of Late or Non-payments | Introduction | Tenets of Risk Assessment | Risk and Reward | "Eight C's" | 5 "C's" | 3 "C's" | Applying the "C's" | Impact of Nonpayment | Identifying Costs | Bad Debt Value | Interest | Cost and Capital | Administrative | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 3.1 | Unit 3.2 | Unit 3.3 | Unit 3.4 | Unit 3.5 Return to Trade Finance Module 3: Commercial Risk |

## Summary

An international credit manager must understand the principles of risk assessment since the extension of credit requires an analysis that determines the ability of the customer to pay. In addition, it is important to know credit risk features, not only the “basic” tools (the “5 C’s”) but the additional attributes of international risk (the 3 “C’s). As guardian of the accounts receivable investment, an international credit manager is the company representative who needs to know and to be able to describe how customer nonpayment impacts the company’s business.
# Effects of Late or Non-payments/Assessment

| Unit 3.3-Effects of Late or Non-payments | Introduction | Tenets of Risk Assessment | Risk and Reward | "Eight C's" | 5 "C's" | 3 "C's" | Applying the "C's" | Impact of Nonpayment | Identifying Costs | Bad Debt Value | Interest | Cost and Capital | Administrative | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 3.1 | Unit 3.2 | Unit 3.3 | Unit 3.4 | Unit 3.5 Return to Trade Finance Module 3: Commercial Risk |
# Effects of Late or Non-payments/Applying the "C's"

| Unit 3.3-Effects of Late or Non-payments | Introduction | Tenets of Risk Assessment | Risk and Reward | "Eight C's" | 5 "C's" | 3 "C's" | Applying the "C's" | Impact of Nonpayment | Identifying Costs | Bad Debt Value | Interest | Cost and Capital | Administrative | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 3.1 | Unit 3.2 | Unit 3.3 | Unit 3.4 | Unit 3.5 Return to Trade Finance Module 3: Commercial Risk |

## Applying the "C's"

The number of variables that can influence how each “C” element is interpreted is countless. However, an international credit manager learns, through experience, the situations where one “C” may be more or perhaps less important in evaluating a credit decision.
For example, the “character” of the management may be of such a concern to an analyst (for example, the owner may have been in bankruptcy) that despite a strong company financial structure, the seller may limit credit to the buyer. Likewise, a “country” assessment may result in a risk manager requesting secured credit with a buyer located in a country that is in economic turmoil, even though this buyer is financially sound.
Usually international credit managers who have developed their skills through years of solid training, mentoring, successes and mistakes (yes, mistakes) are well-equipped to balance and weigh the “C’s” of credit in attempting to reach a decision.
# Effects of Late or Non-payments/Resources

| Unit 3.3-Effects of Late or Non-payments | Introduction | Tenets of Risk Assessment | Risk and Reward | "Eight C's" | 5 "C's" | 3 "C's" | Applying the "C's" | Impact of Nonpayment | Identifying Costs | Bad Debt Value | Interest | Cost and Capital | Administrative | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 3.1 | Unit 3.2 | Unit 3.3 | Unit 3.4 | Unit 3.5 Return to Trade Finance Module 3: Commercial Risk |

## Resources

Coface North America - www.coface-usa.com
Credit Management Information & Support - www.creditworthy.com

### Web Resources

Credit Reports Worldwide - www.creditreportsworld.com Dun & Bradstreet – www.dnb.com Experian – www.experian.com FCIB - www.fcibglobal.com Graydon America - www.graydonamerica.com Hoovers – www.hoovers.com SJ Rundt & Associates - www.rundtsintelligence.com OECD – www.oecd.org
US Dept of Commerce – International Company Profile – www.export.gov
# Effects of Late or Non-payments/Impact of Nonpayment

| Unit 3.3-Effects of Late or Non-payments | Introduction | Tenets of Risk Assessment | Risk and Reward | "Eight C's" | 5 "C's" | 3 "C's" | Applying the "C's" | Impact of Nonpayment | Identifying Costs | Bad Debt Value | Interest | Cost and Capital | Administrative | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 3.1 | Unit 3.2 | Unit 3.3 | Unit 3.4 | Unit 3.5 Return to Trade Finance Module 3: Commercial Risk |

## Impact of Nonpayment

What happens if the credit information that is available indicates the buyer is credit-worthy but the buyer still defaults? The impact of nonpayment or true cost of credit in international business is almost invariably greater than it appears. There are four types of impacts associated with nonpayment, over and beyond the impact to sales:
1. bad-debt (loss) 2. lost interest 3. opportunity costs (alternative use of capital) 4. administrative (chasing the reluctant debtor)
Margins, or profits, on export trade are low to begin with and are constantly under attack because often there are more competitors in a global market than in a local market. In many countries, payment delays are expected, so that a credit manager needs to contend with “credit taken” as well as credit extended.

### Credit Taken

The focus of this module has been the concept of extending credit. The next step is to discuss an expanded version of credit extended called “credit taken.” An example of credit taken is as follows:
    Buyer XZY is given a line of credit of $100,000 and expected to pay in 30 days. On the 25th day, the buyer asks the seller to approve another order for $100,000, meaning that on the 25th of the month, the credit extended is $200,000. The seller agrees because the buyer commits to make payment for the first $100,000 on the 30th of the month. However, the buyer reneges on this promise so that the seller is owed more than the original agreed-upon credit line.
The chances of nonpayment are always possible, which means the costs associated with nonpayment always take a toll on the profit.