OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Computer Architecture Lab/Summer2006/cpr/Z80 ATM8 PIC16F627
### Instruction Set Summary for Z80, PIC16F627, and ATMega8

We compare the following three systems:
* Zilog Z80
* Microchip Technology PIC16F627
* Atmel ATMega8
While Z80 is a microprocessor, PIC16F627 and ATMega8 are microcontrollers.
Let us compare the instruction sets of our 3 CPUs which are hardware dependent (they reside in the chips). As an example, we want to calculate c = a + b + 3, where a, b and c are registers and 3 is a constant value (an immediate).
* Z80:
* PIC16F627
* ATMega8
As one can see, Z80 and ATMega8 CPUs, which are using the registers directly, need fewer instructions compared to PIC16F627's to execute the same task. Thus the instructions of the Z80 and ATMega8 are more complex, and so these two CPUs have larger instruction sets. The PIC16F627's relatively smaller instruction set means it often requires more instructions to perform the same operations. While the microcontrollers have a Harvard architecture, the Z80 has a von Neumann.

### Memory

The Z80, as every microprocessor, only has its internal registers which can be accessed directly or indirectly. The two microcontrollers also have internal RAM for data, while they use FLASH memory to store the program code. While the PIC16F627 separates its memory in four banks which are selected with two bits in the status register, the ATMega8 has only one address space, however the SRAM can only be accessed through indirect addressing. Both access the program memory through a program counter. Comparing the Stack there is also a difference between the microcontrollers. Usually the stack pointer of the ATMega8 is set to point to the end of the SRAM. Whenever a PUSH instruction is executed the stack pointer is decremented. The PIC16F627 has an extra eight-level stack which is organized as a loop, on overflow it is overwritten without affecting any flag.

### Dataflow

Z80 with its Von Neumann architecture only has one bus for Data and Program, while the microcontrollers, following the Harvard architecture, have two separate busses one for Program and one for Data.

### Registers

The ATMega8 has 32 general purpose registers and 64 special registers, which are used for counters, external pins, etc.. As already mentioned the PIC16F627 organizes its registers in four banks with 224 bytes for general purpose. The Z80 can use its 6 general purpose registers either as six eight-bit or three 16-bit registers. All together it has got 26 registers.

### Pipelining

ATMega8 and PIC16F627 utilize a two-stages, fetch and execute, pipelining mechanism, whereas the Z80 does not have any pipelining capabilities at all. In 2001, the eZ80 was introduced, which is an enhanced version of the Z80, using also a two-stages pipelining mechanism.

### Execution times

Most of the ATMega8's and PIC16F627's instructions need one clock cycle to execute, only instructions affecting the program counter take longer. Additionally ATMega8 has instructions which simply need more time due to higher complexity. The Z80's execution times vary due to no pipelining, from 1 to 6 cycles.
# Computer Architecture Lab/SS2021
## Group 1

* Daniel Harringer 11775835
* Daniel Scheuchenstuhl 01630368
* Stefan Ulmer 11777750
Topic: Floating-Point Unit for Patmos

## Group 2

* Daniel Zainzinger 11777778
* David Reitgruber 11777716
Topic: VGA controller

## Group 3

* Dario Passarello s206639
* Lukáš Kyzlík s210229
* Tobias Rydberg s173899
Topic: 16-bit Pipelined Microprocessor Lyng
Notes:
* We defined our own ISA adapting ISA from this paper.

## Group 4

* Lukas Stasytis s206670
Topic: Novel CORDIC accelerator using Xilinx FPGAs for solving Singular Value Decomposition

## Group 5

* Szabolcs Garda s202472
* Bosse Bandowski s164582
Topic: Time-Predictable Neural Network Accelerator for the Patmos

## Group 6

* Andreas Gamborg s163939
* William Wulff s174880
Topic: Argo NoC in Chisel

## Group 7

* David Risom Pedersen s164872
* Casper Egholm Jørgensen s163950
* Tobias Frederik Flensberg Thomsen s152925
Topic: RSA accelerator

## Group 8

* Jonas Ingerslev Sørensen s193274
* Felix Høgstædt Larsen s174296
* Andreas Holm Jørgensen s202743
Topic: 5 stage pipelined RISC-V microprocessor with dynamic branch prediction

## Group 9

* Mikkel Aaslet s195129
Topic: 5 stage pipeline x32-BLAU

## Group 10

* Edgars Kipans s144780
Topic: Roll Your Own Microprocessor - RISC-V (RVI32)
# Computer Architecture Lab/Summer2006

Project page for the course in summer 2006.
The page presents the results from the Summer 2006 course. See the microprocessor built below.

## The Conditional Microprocessor 2.0

Christof Pitter Heinz Deinhart
Our summary about three desgins is located here.
Information about our Work on TCMP2.0 can be found here.

## VRIPU - Very Reduced Instructions Processing Unit

Project members: Andreas Czink, Michael Pokorny, Stefan Resch
Instruction Set Summary for Z80, ATMega8, and PIC16F627
Click here to visit our project page.
# Computer Architecture Lab/WS2006

Project page for the course in winter 2006. Results of 6 real working processors can be found here.

## RISE (Rarest Instruction Set Ever)

Urban Stadler Harald Trinkl Jakob Lechner Christian Walter
Our discussion about three processor architectures can be found here. We have choosen to evaluate the following processors with respect to their intstruction set
* 8Bit Xilinx Microblaze embeddedable processor suitable for FPGA synthesis. See http://www.xilinx.com/picoblaze for more detail.
* The 64Bit Alpha 21x64 RISC CPU.
* AVR ATMega. See http://www.atmel.com/products/AVR.
Our discussion workplace where whe are working on our draft for our CPU.

## MatPRO

Marcus Jeitler Josef Mosser Hermann Frühwirth Stephan Ramberger

### What's MatPRO?

MatPRO is a pipelined CoProzessor that handels 4x4 Matrix-Operations like addition or multiplication. It's equipped with a SimpCom-Interface to ensure an easy transport connection to existing SoC-Solutions.
* current Development of ISA and Assembler
* current source files

### Discussion about three processor architectures

Our discussion about three processor architectures is done. Stop by to see what´s it about!

## SISP (Spartanic Instruction Set Processor)

Thomas Polzer, Philipp Jahn, Thomas Flanitzer

#### Architecture Review

We have chosen the following three architectures:
* Intel 8bit micro processor platform (Representative: 8088)
* Atmel Atmega 8bit micro controller family (Representative: Atmega128)
* Motorola 68k family (Representative: 68008)
Our discussion about those three processor can be found here.

#### Instruction Set and Processor details

Details about our planned processor as well as the instruction set definition can be viewed here.

#### Tools

The following tools have been developed for our processor:
* Assembler
* Instruction simulator
* VHDL code generator

#### Samples

Sample assembler files can be found here.

## iMISC (invertable Minimized Instruction Set Computer)

Michael Pöttschacher Maximilian Rosenblattl Andreas Wolf
We have choosen to compare the following architectures by their instruction sets
* Atmel AVR architecture
* 64Bit DEC Alpha architecture
* Infineon TriCore architecture
See Details here.
Details about iMISC

## marca - McAdam's RISC Computer Architecture

Roland Kammerer Wolfgang Puffitsch Kenan Bilic
For our comparison of three microprocessors go here.
* SPEAR
* Alpha 21264/EV6
* ATmega 16
The VHDL sources, the assembler and the documentation are available here. Reversing a line works fine in hardware, feel free to try out other programs.

## NORISK

Oliver Hoeftberger Simon Pirker Bernhard Weirich Yilin Huang
Our three examples of RISC ISA are the following:
* ARM
* PowerPC 405
* PICmicro
You might be interested in the our NORISK Processor Design. The VHDL codes, Assembler and Instruction Set Simulator are here.

## Group 6

Ljatifi & Arfan
The examples
Here is our instruction set.
# Geographic Information System/Raster Model

The raster data model best represents continuous objects such as temperature or elevation. A raster can take the form of a regular set of cells, like pixels in a photograph or it can appear as cells arranged in a grid pattern, which is also referred to as a matrix.
Each cell in the raster contains a single value, and the coordinate of each cell in the raster refers to the center of the cell. Therefore, the single value stored in each cell of the raster applies to the entire cell in the raster matrix. Each cell can be defined by a cell dimension such as the cell width and height. Often, cells in a raster are square, so the cell width and cell hdight will be the same.
(Image of raster grid showing axis and coordinates)
In GIS, it is important that we know the resolution of the raster. The raster resolution is the size of each cell in the raster. Unlike how photographers represent resolution, as the number of megapixels their camera uses, in GIS, we are not as concerned about the number of cells, but of how much area on the ground each cell covers. There is a direct trade-off between resolution and file size, the cell coordinate is a center of the point cell, and the coordinate applies to the entire cell area.
It is important to reiterate that each raster cell represents a given area and the value assigned applies to the entire cell area. If there is more than one value, they can fall inside the raster cell, and then the raster cell may contain the average, central, most common, or only value covered by the cell.

## Key Facts

Raster Resolution
* The cell size is the resolution
* There is a trade-off between resolution and raster file size
* The cell coordinate is the center point of the cell
* The coordinate applies to the entire cell area
* Each raster cell represents a given area and the value assigned applies to the entire cell
* The raster cell value represents the average, central, most common or only value covered by the cell
# Geographic Information System/Merge

Merge is a Geoprocessing tool that is very commonly used in ArcGis. If you need to use merge, that means you are taking multiple datasets that have the same data type, and putting it together to make a new output dataset. This tool lets you use multiple sources to combine them, rather than having multiple datasets, it makes it more organized. For example, rather than having to go back and forth between three maps, you can merge all of those datasets into one, so you can still see all of the same information from the three maps, but merged onto one single map. Merging simply makes your product easier and more organized.
For example: If I have a map of Dunn County, and I want to add a separate map that shows specific boundaries in Dunn County, instead of having two separate maps to go back and forth on, I can merge the maps on the same page and have them all on the same layer.
* http://monde-geospatial.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/qgis-unioncombine-shapefiles-mer1.jpg
* http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/published_images/merge_3.GIF
# Geographic Information System/Metadata
## General Information

Metadata is information that describes data in ArcGIS. You can find appropriate items with a search and evaluate which of the items in your search results is the correct one to use.
In an item's metadata you can record whatever information is important for the reader to know about that item. This might include information about how accurate and recent the item is, restrictions associated with using and sharing the item.
Improper evaluation of metadata can lead to inaccurate representation of the data you are using for the project at hand, which can in turn lead to the discredit of your work.

## Acquiring Metadata

Since metadata comes along with most of the GIS data you acquire from anywhere, acquiring it is not very difficult. Usually when you are searching for GIS data or shape files, the metadata that corresponds to it is in the same folder/ page. Any website or database that your are looking in will probably have a guided way for you to acquire the necessary metadata. This is probably the least difficult aspect related to metadata.

## Viewing Metadata

It is important to know where to find and view the metadata that you're working with, because each source you use may organize it differently withing the data set. Most GIS data sets or items will have metadata, including tools, toolboxes, folders, geodatabases, text files, and file types. After it's created, metadata is copied, moved, and deleted along with the data item when it is worked with in ArcGIS. Metadata for GIS resources is useful if it's done correctly. It can help you intuitively organize your resources and assess the cost to maintain them, improve communication and share your items, and find resources that are available and choose which one you need to use.
When working with ArcGIS, you can view an item's metadata in the Description tab, within the item you want to examine. You will see an HTML page that you can interact with as you would any other page in a web browser.
After viewing an item's metadata, you can start editing it if you have permission to do so, using the edit button withing the description tab.
Any success with GIS analysis depends on your ability to analyze metadata, therefore you must know how to view it.

## Publishing Metadata

An items metadata can be published to websites, databases, organizations, etc. If you can't find metadata withing the item description in ArcGIS Desktop while working on a project, some common options for publishing metadata where you may find what you're looking for include: ArcGIS Online, Data.gov, geoportals, an ArcIMS metadata service, etc. In order to publish it to any of these places, the metadata needs to be properly inspected and examined to make sure it is accurate and that it correctly identifies the item it is supposed to.
# Geographic Information System/Raster Formats
## Rasters

Rasters are stored in many different file formats. Common file formats are:
* JPEG
* TIF
* bitmap
* SID
Each format will have different advantages and disadvantages, therefore you should read the documentation of each one of these file formats when determining which one to store your raster file in.
# Geographic Information System/Vector Formats
## Shapefiles

A shapefile is a common data format for storing vector data that spatially describes geometries such as points, lines, and polygons. In a shapefile, each object, or record, must also have attributes that describe them. It is important to note that a shapefile can only hold one geometric type. That means, that a shapefile can hold only points, or only lines, or only polygons.
# Geographic Information System/Results

Results in GIS relays information of the outcomes of certain tools or applications. Whenever a tool is used, you are able to see the status of that action. Results contain the output data-sets/values, the input data-sets/values, environment settings, messages, and how long the process took. The message will contain a code that will help point you in the right direction of how to fix the error. This is useful to open up a prior execution to change a few parameters and not change everything, and be able to rerun it. Or simply to know what went wrong and how to fix it.
Error Codes: If a tool is not able to run, it will pop-up with an error code, along with a message. Through the results you can access this information from a current session, or from a tool processed a few days ago. Clicking on the error code directs you to ‘Help’ pop-up and goes deeper into the error, as well as giving a solution.
How to Open: Geoprocessing > Results
# Geographic Information System/Vector Model

A vector data model defines discrete objects. Examples of discrete objects are fire hydrants, roads, ponds, or a cadastral. A vector data model is broken down into three basic types:
* Points
* Lines
* Polygons
All three types of vector data are composed of coordinates and attributes.

## Points

A point uses a single coordinate pair to define its location. Points are considered to have no dimension even though they may have a real world dimension. For the purposes of a GIS , no dimension is assumed. Each point has associated attribute information, and the information is attached to the center of the point. Examples of spatial phenomena that would be modeled well as points are light poles, manhole covers, and crime locations.
(picture of a point enlarged)

## Lines

A line vector type is defined by an ordered set of coordinates. Each line, and curve is made up of multiple line segments, however, on occasion, curved lines are represented mathematically. There are two words that we need to define when discussing lines:
* node
* vertex
A node is where a line begins or ends. A vertex is where a line changes direction. The smallest possible line will have two nodes, a start node, and an end node. Longer lines will have at least two nodes, and many verticies in between where the line changes direction. Attributes may be attached to the entire line, individual node, or individual verticies, therefore, each line may have multiple rows of attributes in the attributes table.
For example, if a line represents a road, each road segment between two intersections may have its own address information, such as the start address and the end address for that block. An intersection may have an attribute that describes where the intersection has a stop sign or stoplight. The other option is for the entire line to have one row of attributes no matter how complex the line. Examples of spatial phenomena that are modeled well by lines are:
* roads
* pipelines
* outlines of objects
* power lines

## Polygons

A polygon is formed by a set of connected lines where the start and end point have the same coordinate. Because the start and end p point have the same coordinate, the polygon will close and have an interior region. Attribute information is attached to the center of the polygon no matter how complex the polygon. Examples of spatial phenomena modeled well by polygons are:
* lakes
* cities
* tree stands
* political boundaries
# English-Chinese/Ocean

An ocean is a lot of salt water that forms the oceans of Earth. It is one of the main divisions of the world's oceans. In descending order of size, they are the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern and Arctic oceans.
海洋是形成地球海洋的大量盐水。 它是世界海洋的主要区域之一。 按大小降序排列，它们是太平洋，大西洋，印度洋，南大洋和北冰洋。
# English-Chinese/Olanzapine blocks dopamine and serotonin receptors

Although how olanzapine works is not entirely clear, it blocks dopamine and serotonin receptors.
虽然奥氮平的作用尚不完全清楚，但它可以阻断多巴胺和5-羟色胺受体。
# English-Chinese/Obesity is mostly preventable through a combination of social changes and personal choices

Obesity is mostly preventable through a combination of social changes and personal choices. Changes to diet and exercising are the main treatments. Diet quality can be improved by reducing the consumption of energy-dense foods, such as those high in fat or sugars, and by increasing the intake of dietary fiber.
通过社会变化和个人选择的结合，肥胖大多是可以预防的。 饮食和锻炼的变化是主要的治疗方法。 通过减少高能量食物（如脂肪或糖类含量高的食物）的消费量，以及增加膳食纤维的摄入量，可以改善饮食质量。
# English-Chinese/Occupational therapy

Occupational therapy (OT) is the use of assessment and intervention to develop, recover, or maintain the meaningful activities, or occupations, of individuals, groups, or communities. It is an allied health profession performed by occupational therapists. OTs often work with people with mental health problems, disabilities, injuries, or impairments.
职业治疗（OT）是 利用 评估 和 干预 来 发展，恢复 或 维持 个人，团体 或 社区的 有意义的 活动 或 职业。这是 一个 由 职业治疗师 执行的 联合健康专业。 OT 经常 与 患有 精神健康问题，残疾，受伤 或 障碍的 人 一起工作。
# English-Chinese/Oceania

Oceania is a continent. It is the geographical name of Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea and some surrounding island countries.
大洋洲是一个大洲。 它是澳大利亚，新西兰，新几内亚和一些周边岛国的地理名称。
# English-Chinese/Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility

Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility. A few cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications, or mental disorder.
肥胖最常见的原因是食物摄入过多，缺乏体力活动和遗传易感性。少数病例主要由基因，内分泌失调，药物治疗或精神障碍引起。
# English-Chinese/Oceania is sometimes described as a continent

Oceania is sometimes described as a continent; however, it is a vast area, the waters of the Pacific Ocean - not the land borders - separate countries.
大洋洲有时被描述为一个大陆; 然而，它是一个广阔的区域，太平洋的水域 - 而不是陆地边界 - 分开的国家。
# English-Chinese/Olanzapine appears to be effective in reducing symptoms of schizophrenia, treating acute exacerbations, and treating early-onset schizophrenia

Olanzapine appears to be effective in reducing symptoms of schizophrenia, treating acute exacerbations, and treating early-onset schizophrenia.
奥氮平似乎可有效减轻精神分裂症症状，治疗急性发作和治疗早发性精神分裂症。
# English-Chinese/Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to an extent that it may have a negative effect on health

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to an extent that it may have a negative effect on health.
肥胖是一种医学状况，其中体内多余的脂肪累积到可能对健康产生负面影响的程度。
# English-Chinese/Oh, she was sick

Oh, she was sick. Well, that accounts for her poor test score.
哦，她生病了。 嗯，这是她考试成绩差的原因。
# English-Chinese/According to the United States Food and Drug Administration

According to the United States Food and Drug Administration, king mackerel is one of four fishes, along with swordfish, shark, and tilefish, that children and pregnant women should avoid due to high levels of methylmercury found in these fish and the consequent risk of mercury poisoning.
根据美国食品和药物管理局的说法，鲭鱼是箭鱼，鲨鱼和瓦鱼的四种鱼类中的一种，由于这些鱼类中含有大量甲基汞而导致汞的中毒风险，因而儿童和孕妇应避免食用这些鱼类。
# English-Chinese/Acid

An acid is a substance that can donate a hydrogen ion (H$^+$) (generally speaking, this will be a proton) to another substance. Acids have a pH less than 7.0. A chemical can donate a proton if the hydrogen atom is attached to an electronegative atom like oxygen, nitrogen, or chlorine.
酸 是 一种 能够 向 另一 种 物质 提供 氢 离子（H$^+$）（一般来说，这 是 一种 质子）的 物质。酸 的 pH值 小于 7.0。如果 氢 原子 与 氧，氮 或 氯 等 电负性 原子 相连，则 化学 物质 可以 提供 质子。
# English-Chinese/Acid can corrode substances

Acid is a liquid containing a large amount of hydrogen ions that can corrode substances.
酸 是 一 种 含有 大量 氢 离子 的 液体，可以 腐蚀 物质。
# English-Chinese/About 90% of people live in the north half of the world, which has most of the land

About 90% of people live in the north half of the world, which has most of the land.
大约90％的人生活在世界的北半部，这里有大部分土地。
# English-Chinese/Acids taste sour

Acids taste sour but bases taste bitter.
酸 味道 酸，但 碱 味道 苦。
# English-Chinese/Accounting

Accounting is the measurement, processing, and communication of financial information about economic entities such as businesses and corporations.
会计 是 关于 企业 和 公司 等 经济 实体 的 财务 信息 的 测量，处理 和 通信。
# English-Chinese/About seven billion people live on the earth

About seven billion people live on the earth. They live in about 200 different lands called countries.
大约有70亿人生活在地球上。 他们住在大约200个不同的土地上，称为国家。
# English-Chinese/About two years ago, I started skiing

About two years ago, I started skiing.
大约 两 年 前，我 开始 滑雪。
# English-Chinese/Account

Account might mean:
* Bank account, a record of the money you have in a bank.
* An account on a website records information about what you do at the web site.
帐户 可能 意味着：
* 银行 账户，你 在 银行 里 的 钱 的 记录。
* 网站 上 的 帐户 记录 有关 你 在 网站 所 做 的 内容 的 信息。
# English-Chinese/About half of adults have a headache in a given year

About half of adults have a headache in a given year.
大约一半的成年人在某一年内头痛。