OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Therapy/Neuroprotection/Quinoxaline

   The antioxidant properties of quinoxaline have yet to be evaluated fully

## Background

Quinoxaline (NBQX)is also called a benzopyrazine, in organic chemistry, and is a heterocyclic compound containing a ring complex made up of a benzene ring and a pyrazine ring. It is isomeric with quinazoline, phthalazine and cinnoline.

## Research

2009
Faust et al carried out a series of tests on fruit flies.
   In the present study, a Drosophila DJ-1A model of PD was used to test potential neuroprotective drugs. The drugs applied are the Chinese herb celastrol, the antibiotic minocycline, the bioenergetic amine coenzyme Q10 (coQ10), and the glutamate antagonist 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulphamoylbenzo[f]-quinoxaline (NBQX). All of these drugs target pathogenic processes implicated in PD, thus constitute mechanism-based treatment strategies. We show that celastrol and minocycline, both having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, confer potent dopaminergic neuroprotection in Drosophila DJ-1A model, while coQ10 shows no protective effect. NBQX exerts differential effects on cell survival and brain dopamine content: it protects against DN loss but fails to restore brain dopamine level.

## Further Reading

Today
   Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Quinoxaline.
   This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
Pubmed (abstracts)
Pubmed_Central (Full_Text)
Google_Scholar

## Related pages

Therapy > Neuroprotection
Sub Pages:
    Neuroprotective agents
    Substances with possible neuroprotective properties:
    Caffeine,--Celastrol,--Co-Enzyme Q10,--Creatine,--DHA,--Exendin-4 (EX-4),--GDNF,--Glutathione (GSH),--GM1,--Isradipine,--Melatonin,--Minocycline,--Nicotine,--NSAIDs,--Phenylbutyrate,--Phytic Acid,--Probucol,--Quinoxaline,--Rasagiline,--Riboflavin,--Statins,--Tolcapone,--Urate & Uric Acid,--Vitamin D,--Vitamin E,--
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Therapy/Neuroprotection/Mirapex
## Research

2007
Fedorova & Chigir’ evaluated the use of the dopamine agonist Mirapex in the treatment of P.D.
   Improvements were demonstrated in general state, motor activity, daily activities, and the quality of life. Attention is drawn to a decrease in the severity of motor fluctuations and dyskinesias and in anxiety and depression, and to improvements in cognitive functions. The significance of the combination of the high efficacy and good tolerance of this agent is emphasized.
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Therapy/Neuroprotection/Phenylbutyrate

Phenylbutyrate is an approved drug used for treating urea-cycle disorders. It has recently been found to boost the expression of the DJ1 gene, reduce alpha-synuclein aggregation and more recently to attenuate the production of pro-inflammatory agents and reactive oxygen species by the microglia. This raises hopes that it may have therapeutic application in the control of the inflammation and oxidative stress that appear to be part of the pathogenetic processes in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's.

## Research

2004
Gardian et al found that the application of phenylbutyrate to MPTP induced neurons reduced damage to the substantia nigra.
2011
Zhou et al found that In a transgenic mouse model of diffuse Lewy body disease, long-term administration of phenylbutyrate reduces α-synuclein aggregation in brain and prevents age-related deterioration in motor and cognitive function.
   We conclude that drugs that up-regulate DJ-1 gene expression may slow the progression of Parkinson disease by moderating oxidative stress and protein aggregation.
2012
Freed and Zhou have applied for funding to conduct an extended trial of phenylbutyrate.
Roy et al have demonstrated that Sodium Phenylbutyrate (NaPB)
   "inhibits nigral expression of proinflammatory molecules and the activation of glial cells, increases the level antioxidant GSH in the [Substantia Nigra pars compacta] , protects the loss of dopaminergic neurons, and improves the behavioral functions in MPTP-intoxicated mice. These results highlight undiscovered properties of NaPB and indicate that NaPB may be used for therapeutic intervention in PD or neurodegenerative disorders."

## Further Reading

2010
Michael J. Fox Foundation, Searchable database of PD-related research grants.
Phenylbutyrate to Prevent Progression of Parkinson's Disease.
https://www.michaeljfox.org/foundation/grant-detail.php?grant_id=517
Today
   Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Phenylbutyrate.
   This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
Pubmed (abstracts)
Pubmed_Central (Full_Text)
Google_Scholar

## Related pages

Therapy > Neuroprotection
Sub Pages:
    Neuroprotective agents
    Substances with possible neuroprotective properties:
    Caffeine,--Celastrol,--Co-Enzyme Q10,--Creatine,--DHA,--Exendin-4 (EX-4),--GDNF,--Glutathione (GSH),--GM1,--Isradipine,--Melatonin,--Minocycline,--Nicotine,--NSAIDs,--Phenylbutyrate,--Phytic Acid,--Probucol,--Quinoxaline,--Rasagiline,--Riboflavin,--Statins,--Tolcapone,--Urate & Uric Acid,--Vitamin D,--Vitamin E,--
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Therapy/Neuroprotection/Probuool

   Probucol is a lipid-lowering phenolic compound with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that has been recently reported as protective in neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration models.

## Research

2013
Ribeiro et altested the efficacy of the drug. Swiss mice were treated with probucol during 21 days (11.8 mg/kg; oral route). Two weeks after the beginning of treatment, mice received a single intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA).
On the 21st day, locomotor performance, striatal oxidative stress-related parameters, and striatal tyrosine hydroxylase and synaptophysin levels, were measured as outcomes of toxicity. 6-OHDA-infused mice showed hyperlocomotion and a significant decrease in striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and synaptophysin levels. In addition, 6-OHDA-infused mice showed reduced superoxide dismutase activity and increased lipid peroxidation and catalase activity in the striatum.

## Further Reading

Today
   Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Probucol.
   This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
Pubmed (abstracts)
Pubmed_Central (Full_Text)
Google_Scholar
# Plantlore

[Provide more detail]
Lore is defined as the knowledge gained through tradition or anecdote. The lore of plants has long been an integral part of our lives. It has influenced our cuisine, medicine, and religion.
Processing of raw plant materials into a myriad of forms has become the norm, a practice which has become so extensive, a cultural amnesia about the plant-based origin of many products has developed. For instance, how readily can you connect a pill to a plant? Frequently, pharmaceuticals derive one or more active ingredients from plant sources. For example, the advent of aspirin was inspired, in part, by the salicin present in willow bark.

### Plantlore vs. ethnobotany

As a rule, if your resource is about the topic of general plantlore or folk remedies and not a specific, indigenous culture, it belongs in the plantlore department. If, however, your resource is about how a specific native culture uses a particular plant or their attitude toward plants in general, that resource belongs in ethnobotany. Also, there's no harm in linking your resource to both categories, as this increases the odds that it will be useful to our users!

## Learning projects

* Edible plant identification
# Plants

Plants are predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Historically, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi; however, all current definitions of Plantae exclude the fungi and some algae, as well as the prokaryotes (the archaea and bacteria). By one definition, plants form the clade Viridiplantae (Latin name for "green plants"), a group that includes the flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms, ferns and their allies, hornworts, liverworts, mosses, and the green algae, but excludes the red and brown algae.
Botany, also called plant science(s), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek word βοτάνη (botanē) meaning "pasture", "herbs" "grass", or "fodder"; βοτάνη is in turn derived from βόσκειν (boskein), "to feed" or "to graze". Traditionally, botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress. Nowadays, botanists (in the strict sense) study approximately 410,000 species of land plants of which some 391,000 species are vascular plants (including approximately 369,000 species of flowering plants), and approximately 20,000 are bryophytes.

## See Also

* Biology
* Wikipedia: Plant
* Wikipedia: Botany
# Plant tissue culture/Lab

Welcome to the plant tissue culture laboratory! Here we want users to try to become a researcher. You can understand it like a game of to be a researcher. Just discover tissue culture articles on English Wikipedia and come up with a research scope.

## Available samples

The following are free samples for your research project. If you are interested in researching them go to Project competition
* no.95 Codonopsis pillosula
    This C. pillosula was placed on filter paper February 28, 2008 in aseptic condition. It is regullary feed by 1 ml 0.5xMSliq pH = 4.23 before autoclaving. More about.--Juan 14:18, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
* Image taken June 19, 2008
* Image taken June 19, 2008
* Image taken June 19, 2008
* Image taken June 19, 2008
* Image taken June 19, 2008
* no.99 Codonopsis pillosula
    This C. pillosula was placed on filter paper February 28, 2008 in aseptic condition. It is regullary feed by 1 ml 0.5xMSliq pH = 4.23 before autoclaving.--Juan 14:18, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
* Image taken June 19, 2008
* Image taken June 19, 2008
* several seeds of Codonopsis pillosula
    seeds were harvested last year and they are available for tests.--Juan 14:18, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

## Participants

If you are interested in participating, write down your name:

### Research groups

Please add the name of your research group, placing it as a subpage to PTCL. Plant tissue culture lab/Name of the research group:
* … Gautam Borkar
* ...ekatha gowda

## Project competition

Because of low number of samples people interested in doing research propose their project. It can be done by individuals of research groups. Place dawn you draft as a subpage of PTCL - write a summary of 150-400 words. Tell us the scope of the research and time, you in which you would like to complete it.

## Ongoing projects

The samples which are in this section might be investigated by other researchers or groups if the current unit will agree.

## Resources

Page Views
# PlanetPhysics/Laplace Transform of Dirac's Delta

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$\delta [f]\;=\;f(0).$ One may think this as the inner product $\langle f,\,\delta \rangle \;=\;\int _{0}^{\infty }\!f(t)\delta (t)\,dt$ of a function $f$ and another "function" $\delta$, when the well-known formula $\int _{0}^{\infty }\!f(t)\delta (t)\,dt\;=\;f(0)$ is true.\, Applying this to\, $f(t):=e^{-st}$,\, one gets $\int _{0}^{\infty }\!e^{-st}\delta (t)\,dt\;=\;e^{-0},$
i.e. the Laplace transform
   ${\begin{matrix}{\mathcal {L}}\{\delta (t)\}\;=\;1.\end{matrix}}$
By the delay theorem, this result may be generalised to ${\mathcal {L}}\{\delta (t\!-\!a))\}\;=\;e^{-as}.$\\
When introducing a so-called "Dirac delta function", for example
   ${\begin{matrix}\eta _{\varepsilon }(t)\;:=\;{\begin{cases}{\frac {1}{\varepsilon }}\quad {\mbox{for}}\;\;0\leq t\leq \varepsilon ,\\0\quad {\mbox{for}}\qquad t>\varepsilon ,\end{cases}}\end{matrix}}$
as an "approximation" of Dirac delta, we obtain the Laplace transform ${\mathcal {L}}\{\eta _{\varepsilon }(t)\}\;=\;\int _{0}^{\infty }\!e^{-st}\eta _{\varepsilon }(t)\,dt\;=\;\int _{0}^{\varepsilon }{\frac {e^{-st}}{\varepsilon }}\,dt+\int _{\varepsilon }^{\infty }\!e^{-st}\cdot 0\,dt\;=\;{\frac {1}{\varepsilon }}\int _{0}^{\varepsilon }\!e^{-st}\,dt\;=\;{\frac {1\!-\!e^{-\varepsilon s}}{\varepsilon s}}.$ As the Taylor expansion shows, we then have $\lim _{\varepsilon \to 0+}{\mathcal {L}}\{\eta _{\varepsilon }(t)\}\;=\;1,$ according to ref.(2).

### Laplace transform of Dirac delta

The Dirac delta , $\delta$, can be correctly defined as a linear functional, i.e. a linear mapping from a function space, consisting e.g. of certain real functions, to $\mathbb {R}$ (or $\mathbb {C}$), having the property $\delta [f]\;=\;f(0).$ One may think of this as an inner product $\langle f,\,\delta \rangle \;=\;\int _{0}^{\infty }\!f(t)\delta (t)\,dt$ of a function $f$ and another "function" $\delta$, when the well-known formula $\int _{0}^{\infty }\!f(t)\delta (t)\,dt\;=\;f(0)$ holds.\, By applying this to \, $f(t):=e^{-st}$,\, one gets $\int _{0}^{\infty }\!e^{-st}\delta (t)\,dt\;=\;e^{-0},$ i.e. the Laplace transform
   ${\begin{matrix}{\mathcal {L}}\{\delta (t)\}\;=\;1.\end{matrix}}$
By the delay theorem, this result may be generalised to: ${\mathcal {L}}\{\delta (t\!-\!a)\}\;=\;e^{-as}.$
# PlanetPhysics/Klein Gordon Equation 3

This is a contributed Topic.

## The Klein-Gordon (KG) Scalar Relativistic Wave Equation

{\mathbf Remarks:} The KG-equation is a Lorentz invariant expression. For specific computations of specific cases it can only be utilized with the appropriate boundary conditions.

### 1.1. The Klein-Gordon equation

The Klein-Gordon equation is an equation of mathematical physics that describes spinless (spin-0 particles). It is given by:
   $\Box \psi =\left({\frac {mc}{\hbar }}\right)^{2}\psi$
Here the $\Box$ symbol refers to the wave operator, or D'Alembertian, ($\Box =\nabla ^{2}-{\frac {1}{c^{2}}}\partial _{t}^{2}$) and $\psi$ is the wave function of a spinless particle.

### 1.10. Fine structure constant

The case $Za>l/2$
test
# PlanetPhysics/Laplacian

The Laplacian is a vector differential operator. Like all vector operators, it is given in different forms in different coordinate systems. In general it is given by:
   $\nabla ^{2}f=\Delta f=\sum _{i}{\frac {\partial f_{i}}{\partial x_{i}^{2}}}$
where the subscript $i$ refers to the different coordinate components of the vector $f$.

### Laplacian in Cartesian coordinates

As usual with vector operators, the Cartesian form is the easiest to remember and apply.
   $\nabla ^{2}={\partial \over \partial x^{2}}+{\partial \over \partial y^{2}}+{\partial \over \partial z^{2}}$

### Laplacian in spherical coordinates

   $\nabla _{sph}^{2}={\frac {1}{r^{2}}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial r}}\left(r^{2}{\frac {\partial }{\partial r}}\right)+{\frac {1}{r^{2}sin\theta }}{\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta }}\left(sin\theta {\frac {\partial }{\partial \theta }}\right)+{\frac {1}{r^{2}sin^{2}\theta }}{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial \phi ^{2}}}$

### Laplacian in cylindrical coordinates

   $\nabla ^{2}={\frac {1}{r}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial r}}\left(r{\frac {\partial }{\partial r}}\right)+{\frac {1}{r^{2}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial \theta ^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial z^{2}}}$
# PlanetPhysics/L Compact Quantum Groups

\newcommand{\sqdiagram}[9]{Failed to parse (unknown function "\diagram"): {\displaystyle \diagram #1 \rto^{#2} \dto_{#4}& \eqno{\mbox{#9}}} }
A locally compact quantum group defined as in ref. is a quadruple $QCG_{l}=(A,\Delta ,\mu ,\nu )$, where $A$ is either a $C^{*}$- or a $W^{*}$ - algebra equipped with a co-associative comultiplication $\Delta :A\to A\otimes A$ and two faithful semi-finite normal weights, $\mu$ and $\nu$ - right and -left Haar measures.
Examples
$A=L^{\infty }(G,\mu ),\Delta :f(g)\mapsto f(gh)$, $S:f(g)\mapsto f(g^-1),\phi (f)=\int _{G}f(g)d\mu (g)$, where $g,h\in G,f\in L^{\infty }(G,\mu )$.
# PlanetPhysics/Lagrange's Equations

There are certain general principles or theorems in mechanics, such as Lagrange's equations, Hamilton's principle, the principle of least work, and Gauss' principle of least constraint, which afford general solutions of certain types of problems. Such general principles have therefore the advantage over ordinary methods in that once having found the general solution, any particular problem may be solved by merely routine processes.
The general form of Lagrange's equation for the generalized coordinates $q_{i}$ is given as
   $Q_{i}={\frac {d}{dt}}\left({\frac {\partial T}{\partial {\dot {q_{i}}}}}\right)-{\frac {\partial T}{\partial q_{i}}}$
where $T$ is the kinetic energy and $Q_{i}$ are the generalized forces which is related to the system forces through
$Q_{i}=f_{j}{\frac {\partial x_{j}}{\partial q_{i}}}$
The more common form, used when the forces for the dynamical system can be found from a scalar potential function $V$, is
   ${\frac {d}{dt}}\left({\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q_{i}}}}}\right)-{\frac {\partial L}{\partial q_{i}}}=0$
where $L$, the Lagrangian function (or, simply, Lagrangian), is the difference between the kinetic and potential energy $L=T-V$
# PlanetPhysics/Lamellar Field

A vector field \,${\vec {F}}={\vec {F}}(x,\,y,\,z)$,\, defined in an open set $D$ of $\mathbb {R} ^{3}$, is\, lamellar \, if the condition $\nabla \!\times \!{\vec {F}}={\vec {0}}$ is satisfied in every point \,$(x,\,y,\,z)$\, of $D$.
Here, $\nabla \!\times \!{\vec {F}}$ is the curl or rotor of ${\vec {F}}$.\, The condition is equivalent with both of the following:
* The line integrals $\oint _{s}{\vec {F}}\cdot d{\vec {s}}$ taken around any closed contractible curve $s$ vanish.
* The vector field has a scalar potential \, $u=u(x,\,y,\,z)$\, which has continuous partial derivatives and which is up to a constant term unique in a simply connected domain; the scalar potential means that ${\vec {F}}=\nabla u.$
The scalar potential has the expression $u=\int _{P_{0}}^{P}{\vec {F}}\cdot d{\vec {s}},$ where the point $P_{0}$ may be chosen freely,\, $P=(x,\,y,\,z)$.\\
Note. \, In physics, $u$ is in general replaced with\, $V=-u$.\, If the ${\vec {F}}$ is interpreted as a force, then the potential $V$ is equal to the work made by the force when its point of application is displaced from $P_{0}$ to infinity.
# PlanetPhysics/Klein Gordon Equation

The Klein-Gordon equation is an equation of mathematical physics that describes spin-0 particles. It is given by:
   $(\Box +\left({\frac {m}{\hbar c}}\right)^{2})\psi =0$
Here the $\Box$ symbol refers to the wave operator, or D'Alembertian, and $\psi$ is the wavefunction of a particle. It is a Lorentz invariant expression.

### Derivation

Like the Dirac equation, the Klein-Gordon equation is derived from the relativistic expression for total energy:
   $E^{2}=m^{2}c^{4}+p^{2}c^{2}$
Instead of taking the square root (as Dirac did), we keep the equation in squared form and replace the momentum and energy with their operator equivalents, $E=i\hbar \partial _{t}$, $p=-i\hbar \nabla$. This gives (in disembodied operator form)
   $-\hbar ^{2}{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial t^{2}}}=m^{2}c^{4}-\hbar ^{2}c^{2}\nabla ^{2}$
Rearranging:
   $\hbar ^{2}(c^{2}\nabla ^{2}-{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial t^{2}}})+m^{2}c^{4}=0$
Dividing both sides by $\hbar ^{2}c^{2}$:
   $(\nabla ^{2}-{\frac {1}{c^{2}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial t^{2}}})+{\frac {m^{2}c^{2}}{\hbar ^{2}}}=0$
Identifying the expression in brackets as the D'Alembertian and right-multiplying the whole expression by $\psi$ , we obtain the Klein-Gordon equation:
   $(\Box +\left({\frac {m}{\hbar c}}\right)^{2})\psi =0$
# PlanetPhysics/Laplacian in Cartesian Coordinates

The Laplacian operator in Cartesian coordinates is
   $\nabla ^{2}={\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial y^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial z^{2}}}$
# Music and Songwriting/The Songwriter's Grooves Project - A Guide to Singing and Playing Guitar/Closed Triad Chord Scale/Open string boxes

try to find a riff that gets used in every box and reference it
E Box = 2nd inv. Maj, 3-4-5 strings
D box, A box, C box,
Open G Open E Open A/D
Fast Car Falling For You No Such Thing
Blackbird Ballad of the Twilight Blue Somebody's Heartbreak
Willin' Wildfire Jack and Diane
Nights Become Days Smile Stop This Train
Kathy's Songs Only Want to Be With You Crazy Train
Operator 7 Things Leave That Are Green
Caleb's Song
Shower the people
Alice’s Restuarant
Bach bouree /Romanza
# Music and Songwriting/The Songwriter's Grooves Project - A Guide to Singing and Playing Guitar/Open Positions Triads

Eric Johnson Chord Voicings https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tmpcX0I22hY
# Music and Songwriting/The Songwriter's Grooves Project - A Guide to Singing and Playing Guitar/The Comping Riff Song Series

Lesson on the muting technique
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4HyhTsYWAQ
Recommended muting songs: Can't Stop, Pride and Joy, Smells Like Teen Spirit, Who Did You Think I Was
# Music and Songwriting/The Songwriter's Grooves Project - A Guide to Singing and Playing Guitar/The Double Bass Technique Song Series/Stolen Dance
## Stolen Dance - Milky Chance - Arr. Jon Michael Swift

Introductory Lesson Link
A great recent indie-folk release, this song's chill vibe and trippy lyrics captured the hearts of a younger generation. Little did many know that there is a slick fusion of guitar techniques present in this song, and we'll be doing an arrangement of this song that integrates some new percussive techniques in an accessible and versatile pattern to get you rolling on wrist thump techniques.

### History

Stolen Dance is a song by German duo Milky Chance, released in 2013 in Germany. The single has reached number one in Austria, France, Belgium (Wallonia), Switzerland, Poland, Czech Republic and Hungary.
Wiki page on the song

### Flagship Recordings/Performances

YouTube Video

### Playing tips

The record of the song is a fusion of several relatively simple rhythmic elements which can actually be reduced to a solo guitar arrangement fairly easily. It's good to learn each of these layers separately both for musical understanding and to work your way up to more complex textures. Thumb slaps, wrist thumps, plucking and travis picking are all in the mixing, and integrating them can be challenging. It's a totally appropriate challenge for anyone looking to expand into these techniques for the first time.

## Lessons
### Basic

Video Link
Tab Link

#### Lesson Notes
### Intermediate

Video Link
Tab Link

#### Lesson Notes
### Advanced

Video Link
Tab Link

#### Lesson Notes
## Song Stats

Notable techniques
Original Key
Tempo
Tuning
Key fingering
SWG Level/Sequences

## Practice logs

Player Name
Previous Experience
Current Playing Level of the Song
Minutes in Practice Room
Link to Song Performance
sequence links