OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mesoscopic Physics/Discussion

The purpose of this page is to keep a wishlist of features to introduce, or to discuss about general aspects of presenting the material. It is helpful if you sign your contributions.

## General ideas

* More detailed introductions to various subtopics, like 'random matrices in mesoscopic physics'
* Glossary: should not be divided into math/physics. Short entries on a single page (alphabetically listed) have the advantage of giving an easy overview, facilitating searching (by the browser search function), and enabling printing everything at once. However, some more important topics may include links to more detailed explanations in subpages (or Wikipedia, if a good description exists there). Note: subpages can be introduced by entering links of the type [[/My Subpage/]] (note the slashes).
** See also: Help:Subpages
* Links (with commentary) to "classic" papers in mesoscopic physics
* Introduce a "wish-list" for terms to be explained in the glossary
* A list of links to groups in mesoscopic physics ? (or at least to those in the SFB)
* Produce "guides" through selected papers (classics and more recent ones): These would include commentary on the context, list the prerequisites for understanding the paper, and pick some sections of the paper and explain their meaning in more accessible terms
# Mergers and Acquisitions/Introduction/Session 1

Merge for "Economies of Scale" Spin-Off for "Shareholder Value"
# Phytochemicals/Apigenin

Apigenin (4’,5,7-trihydroxyflavone), found in many plants, is a natural product belonging to the flavone class that is the aglycone of several naturally occurring glycosides. It is a yellow crystalline solid that has been used to dye wool.

## Pharmacological study

It was recently shown that apigenin induces autophagy (a kind of cellular waste-recycling system) in leukemia cells, which may support a possible chemopreventive role, but that induction of autophagy simultaneously induces resistance against the chemotherapy drug vincristine. Apigenin is a potent inhibitor of CYP2C9, an enzyme responsible for the metabolism of many pharmaceutical drugs in the body.
Apigenin has been shown to prevent renal damage caused by cyclosporin in rats, associated with reduced expression of the cell death mediator bcl-2 in histopathological sections. Cyclosporine A enhances the expression of transforming growth factor-β in the rat kidney, which signifies accelerated apoptosis. Therefore, transforming growth factor-β and apoptotic index may be used to assess apigenin and its effect on cyclosporine A-induced renal damage.
Apigenin acts as a monoamine transporter activator, one of the few chemicals demonstrated to possess this property. Apigenin is a ligand for central benzodiazepine receptors that competitively inhibited the binding of flunitrazepam with a K$_i$ of 4μM, exerting anxiolytic and slight sedative effects.
In vitro studies have shown that apigenin may be toxic to red blood cells.
Apigenin may also stimulate adult neurogenesis, with at least one study claiming that apigenin "stimulate[s] adult neurogenesis in vivo and in vitro, by promoting neuronal differentiation" and may be useful "for stimulating adult neurogenesis and for the treatment of neurological diseases, disorders and injuries, by stimulating the generation of neuronal cells in the adult brain." While potentially promising, the study used rats and its effects have yet to be demonstrated in humans.
Apigenin influences regulation of mammary tissue.

## Sources in nature

Apigenin is found in many fruits and vegetables, but parsley, celery and chamomile tea are the most common sources.

## Glycosides

The naturally occurring glycosides formed by the combination of apigenin with sugars include:
* Apiin, isolated from parsley and celery
* Apigetrin (apigenin-7-glucoside), found in dandelion coffee
* Vitexin (apigenin-8-C-glucoside)
* Isovitexin (apigenin-6-C-glucoside or homovitexin, saponaretin)
* Rhoifolin (apigenin-7-O-neohesperidoside)
* Schaftoside
# Physiology

* Module Description
* This module teaches the function of the human body. Learners will be able to access key resources to help them to better understand the basic functions of the body. It is the first Level 1 Module of the Wikiversity School of Medicine as defined by the overall curriculum. This module is the work of the Department of Physiology.
Lessons
Knowledge:
Cell Physiology
Cardiovascular Physiology
Respiratory Physiology
Renal Physiology
Endocrine Physiology
Gastrointestinal Physiology
Nervous System Physiology
Units:
Unit 1
Unit 2
Unit 3
Unit 4 :
| Assignments No assignments have been requested | Module Noticeboard This Module is under construction. Feel free to help in its establishment |
| Recommended Reading Physiology bibliography | Assessments No assessments have been requested |
# Phytochemicals

This resource documents and expands the knowledge of phytochemicals. It is a database of individual plant chemicals. This involves the study of pharmacognosy. This resource covers botany, and human or other interactions with phytochemicals.
Phytohormones, phytopathology, and plant medicines are included.
Pages are indexed by phytochemical grouping, not by the plant.

## Alkaloids

* Cristamidine
* Erysodine
* Erythravine
* Maytansine
* Mayteine
* Scoulerine

## Flavonoids

* Flavanones
** Liquiritigenin
* Flavones
** Apigenin
* Isoflavones
* Isoflavanes
* Isoflavenes
* Prenylflavonoids - overlapping classification: 6-prenylnaringenin, 8-prenylnaringenin, isoxanthohumol, xanthohumol, 6,8-diprenyleriodictyol, australone, dorsmanin C and dorsmanin F.
* Dihydrochalcones
* Coumestans
* Lignans

## Isocyanates

* Isothiocyanates
** P-methoxybenzyl isothiocyanate

## Terpenes

* Cannibinoids
** Cannabidiol - CBD
** Tetrahydrocannabinol - THC
* Carotenoids
** α-carotene
** β-carotene
** ζ-Carotene
** Lycopene
** Lutein
** Zeaxanthin
* Diterpenes
** Ginkgolides
* Triterpenes
** Cucurbitacins

## Unordered

* Saponins
** Shatavarin IV
# Physiology/Unit 3

Physiology deals with the precise biological working and fundamental aspect of human body and organs.understanding physiology from cellular level to the most complicated organ bring great understanding along with clearing doubts of medicos.
# Phytochemicals/Erythravine

Erythravine is a tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid found in the plant Erythrina mulungu. It has anxiolytic effects in animal models of anxiety.
# Plant fossil structure and preservation

On this page will discuss the type of fossil material that makes up what we know about plant evolution.
w:Palaeobotany is the study of plant fossils. Plants are known as fossils from many localities across the globe, and their preservation is rarer than that of hard shelled invertebratea and vertebrate skeletal structure. The fossilisation of a plant is dependant on that plants structure and mineral content and the locality. An important factor in the fine preservation of plant material is the absence of oxygen.

## Wikipedia articles

* w:Cooksonia
* w:Evolutionary history of plants

## Resources

* Chapter 10 Life of the Paleozoic by Harold L. Levin, interscience.wiley.com
* Minguasha National Park section on fossil plants and a little on their evolution., sepaq.com
# Planets/Uranus

Jupiter and Saturn are closer to the Sun than Uranus, and Neptune is farther from the Sun.

## Location

Sun | Mercury | Venus | Earth | Mars | Jupiter | Saturn | Uranus | Neptune

## History

Uranus is named after the ancient Greek deity of the sky Uranus, the father of Cronus (Saturn) and grandfather of Zeus (Jupiter). Though it is visible to the naked eye like the five classical planets, it was never recognized as a planet by ancient observers because of its dimness and slow orbit.

## Composition

Uranus has a complex, layered cloud structure, with methane thought to make up the uppermost layer of clouds. With a large telescope of 25 cm or wider, cloud patterns may be visible. When Voyager 2 flew by Uranus in 1986, it observed a total of ten cloud features across the entire planet. Besides the large-scale banded structure, Voyager 2 observed ten small bright clouds, most lying several degrees to the north from the collar.
In the 1990s, the number of the observed bright cloud features grew considerably partly because new high resolution imaging techniques became available. Most were found in the northern hemisphere as it started to become visible. An early explanation - that bright clouds are easier to identify in the dark part of the planet, whereas in the southern hemisphere the bright collar masks them - was shown to be incorrect: the actual number of features has indeed increased considerably. Nevertheless there are differences between the clouds of each hemisphere. The northern clouds are smaller, sharper and brighter. They appear to lie at a higher altitude. The lifetime of clouds spans several orders of magnitude. Some small clouds live for hours, while at least one southern cloud may have persisted since Voyager flyby. Recent observation also discovered that cloud features on Uranus have a lot in common with those on Neptune. For example, the dark spots common on Neptune had never been observed on Uranus before 2006, when the first such feature dubbed Uranus Dark Spot was imaged.
# Planets/Venus

Venus is the planet closer to the sun than our planet, but farther away from the sun than Mercury.

## Location

Sun | Mercury | Venus | Earth | Mars | Jupiter | Saturn | Uranus | Neptune

## History

Wikipedia's article about Venus states, "As one of the brightest objects in the sky, Venus has been a major fixture in human culture for as long as records have existed. It has been made sacred to gods of many cultures, and has been a prime inspiration for writers and poets as the morning star and evening star. Venus was the first planet to have its motions plotted across the sky, as early as the second millennium BC."

## Atmosphere and climate

Venus is somewhat like Earth, but since it is climatically a great deal different, it is uninhabitable and therefore is not as prominent in space-related news as, for example, Mars. The planet is known for its thick atmosphere that sustains the planet's high temperatures and gives the planet its outward appearance, which is approximately the size of Earth.
The atmosphere of Venus is about 97% carbon dioxide, and the planet itself has temperatures around 460 celsius.
# Linear mapping/Dual mapping/Functorial properties/Fact

Let $U,V,W$ denote vector spaces over a field $K$ and let
    $\psi \colon U\longrightarrow V$
and
    $\varphi \colon V\longrightarrow W$
be linear mappings. Then the following hold.
* For the dual mapping, we have
    ${\left(\varphi \circ \psi \right)}^{*}=\psi ^{*}\circ \varphi ^{*}\,.$
* For the identity on $V$, we have
    ${\operatorname {Id} _{V}}^{*}=\operatorname {Id} _{{V}^{*}}\,.$
* If $\psi$ is surjective then $\psi ^{*}$ is injective.
* If $\psi$ is injective then $\psi ^{*}$ is surjective.
# Linear mapping/Dual mapping/Introduction/Section
## Definition

Let $K$ denote a field, let $V$ and $W$ denote $K$-vector spaces, and let
    $\varphi \colon V\longrightarrow W$
denote a $K$-linear mapping. Then the mapping
    $\varphi ^{*}\colon \operatorname {Hom} _{K}{\left(W,K\right)}={W}^{*}\longrightarrow \operatorname {Hom} _{K}{\left(V,K\right)}={V}^{*},f\longmapsto f\circ \varphi ,$
$\varphi$
This assignment arises from just considering the composition
    $V{\stackrel {\varphi }{\longrightarrow }}W{\stackrel {f}{\longrightarrow }}K.$
The dual mapping is a special case of the situation described in fact. In particular, the dual mapping is again linear.

## Lemma

Let $U,V,W$ denote vector spaces over a field $K$ and let
    $\psi \colon U\longrightarrow V$
and
    $\varphi \colon V\longrightarrow W$
be
* For the dual mapping, we have
    ${\left(\varphi \circ \psi \right)}^{*}=\psi ^{*}\circ \varphi ^{*}\,.$
* For the identity on $V$, we have
    ${\operatorname {Id} _{V}}^{*}=\operatorname {Id} _{{V}^{*}}\,.$
* If $\psi$ is surjective then $\psi ^{*}$ is injective.
* If $\psi$ is injective then $\psi ^{*}$ is surjective.

### Proof

(1). For $f\in {W}^{*}$, we have
    ${\left(\varphi \circ \psi \right)}^{*}(f)=f\circ {\left(\varphi \circ \psi \right)}={\left(f\circ \varphi \right)}\circ \psi =\varphi ^{*}(f)\circ \psi =\psi ^{*}(\varphi ^{*}(f))\,.$
(2) follows directly from $f\circ \operatorname {Id} _{V}=f$.
(3). Let $f\in {V}^{*}$ and
    $\psi ^{*}(f)=0\,.$
Because of the surjectivity of $\psi$, there exist for every $v\in V$ a $u\in U$ such that $\psi (u)=v$. Therefore
    $f(v)=f(\psi (u))=(\psi ^{*}(f))(u)=0\,,$
and $f$ is itself the zero mapping. Due to fact, $\psi ^{*}$ injective.
(4). The condition means that we may consider $U\subseteq V$ as a linear subspace. Because of fact, we can write
    $V=U\oplus U'\,$
with another $K$-linear subspace $U'\subseteq V$. A linear form
    $g\colon U\longrightarrow K$
can always be extended to a linear form
    ${\tilde {g}}\colon V\longrightarrow K,$
for example, by defining ${\tilde {g}}$ on $U'$ to be the zero form. This means the surjectivity.
$\Box$
# Linear mapping/Eigenspace/Definition/Explanations/Remark

Thus we allow arbitrary values (not only eigenvalues) in the definition of an eigenspace. We will see in fact that they are linear subspaces. In particular, $0$ belongs to every eigenspace, though it is never an eigenvector. The linear subspace generated by an eigenvector is called an eigenline. For most (in fact all up to finitely many, in case the vector space has finite dimension) $\lambda$, the eigenspace is just the zero space.
# Linear mapping/Dual mapping/Definition

Let $K$ denote a field, let $V$ and $W$ denote $K$-vector spaces, and let
    $\varphi \colon V\longrightarrow W$
denote a $K$-linear mapping. Then the mapping
    $\varphi ^{*}\colon \operatorname {Hom} _{K}{\left(W,K\right)}={W}^{*}\longrightarrow \operatorname {Hom} _{K}{\left(V,K\right)}={V}^{*},f\longmapsto f\circ \varphi ,$
is called the dual mapping of $\varphi$.
# Linear mapping/Eigenspace/Definition

Let $K$ be a field, $V$ a $K$-vector space and
    $\varphi \colon V\longrightarrow V$
a linear mapping. For $\lambda \in K$, we denote by
    $\operatorname {Eig} _{\lambda }{\left(\varphi \right)}:={\left\{v\in V\mid \varphi (v)=\lambda v\right\}}\,$
the eigenspace of $\varphi$ for the value $\lambda$.
# Linear mapping/Dimension formula/R/011022134246/Example

We consider the linear mapping
    $\varphi \colon \mathbb {R} ^{3}\longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ^{4},{\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\\z\end{pmatrix}}\longmapsto M{\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\\z\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}y+z\\2y+2z\\x+3y+4z\\2x+4y+6z\end{pmatrix}},$
given by the matrix
    $M={\begin{pmatrix}0&1&1\\0&2&2\\1&3&4\\2&4&6\end{pmatrix}}\,.$
To determine the kernel, we have to solve the homogeneous linear system
    ${\begin{pmatrix}y+z\\2y+2z\\x+3y+4z\\2x+4y+6z\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\0\\0\end{pmatrix}}\,.$
The solution space is
    $L={\left\{s{\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\-1\end{pmatrix}}\mid s\in \mathbb {R} \right\}}\,,$
and this is the kernel of $\varphi$. The kernel has dimension one, therefore the dimension of the image is $2$, due to the dimension formula.
# Realvalued function/Set/Maximum and minimum/Definition

Let $M$ denote a set, and
    $f\colon M\longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
a function. We say that $f$ attains in a point $x\in M$ its maximum, if
    $f(x)\geq f(x'){\text{ holds for all }}x'\in M,$
and that $f$ attains in $x$ its minimum, if
    $f(x)\leq f(x'){\text{ holds for all }}x'\in M.$
# Realvalued function/Set/Minimum/Definition

Let $M$ denote a set, and
    $f\colon M\longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
a function. We say that $f$ attains in a point $x\in M$ its minimum, if
    $f(x)\leq f(x'){\text{ holds for all }}x'\in M.$
# Reasoning

Reasoning means forming a premise of an argument in support of a belief, especially a minor premise when given after the conclusion.

## Theoretical reasoning

Def. the "deduction of inferences or interpretations from premises" is called reasoning.

## Tests

Def. "for application of common sense and/or intuition regardless of technical parameters" is called a duck test.
From the expression: "If it looks like a duck, swims like a duck and quacks like a duck, then it probably is a duck."
Def. "a fried egg generally means an egg (and generally a chicken egg or similar) fried in a particular way that generally doesn't denote a scrambled egg, which is nonetheless cooked by frying" is called a fried egg test.
# Quizbank/Pagebreaks in PDF printouts of Wikiversity documents

THIS DOCUMENT PRINTS WITH INTERESTING PAGEBREAKS Select your browser's print option, probably in the upper right hand corner. The Wikiversity/s option under "Print/export Download as PDF" (on the left sidebar) will not render the pagebreaks.

#### You can make your own pagebreaks by copying this into a blank "edit" page:

* See Wikipedia:Lorem ipsum to learn the origins of the template {{Lorem ipsum}}.
This should be the last printed line on page 1.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.

#### Headers do not create page breaks

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This should be the last printed line on page 2.
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Last line of page 3: Note how {{Lorem ipsum}} places this page in Category: Pages moved from Wikipedia.
* ↑ From http://jimbojw.com/wiki/index.php?title=Forcing_page_breaks_in_Wiki_Articles
* ↑ Firefox, Explorer, and Chrome have been tested
# Moving Up

MOVING UP is a negotiation simulation-game designed around a familiar scenario: homeowners hope to “move up” by buying a more spacious and expensive home from other homeowners (who seek in turn to do the same themselves.) The structure of the game engages participants in prioritizing, at-the-table relationship building, positional bargaining, and creative thinking; often the parties find themselves at impasse and need to reconsider and re-enact any or all of those activities.
This file contains full simulation material, and detailed simulation setup and management instructions have been provided. Additionally, an extensive Debriefing Guide is provided to address the wide variety of training-goals this simulation can achieve.
# Mr. Brown & Mr. Danoff's Halloween Lesson 1

Mr. Danoff's Lesson Plan Data (Dates relate to when lesson was administered) :
| Date: | Length (Min): | Location: | Textbook: | Chapter #: | Lesson #: | Topic: | # of Students: | Document Version: |
| c. Mid-Oct 2009 | 45 | Student's Classroom | N/A | N/A | Halloween 1 | Halloween | 50 | 0.2 |
Lesson written and done with Mr. Brown.
Mr. Danoff's FWE Lessons
* Research Center
* Semester One Fall 2009 7A & 8A
* Semester Two Spring 2010 7B & 8B
# Mr. Danoff's FWE 7A Lesson 13

Grade 7
Lesson 13
Version 0.12
FUN WITH ENGLISH 7A
Chapters 11 Our different lifestyles

## Introduction

Please note, this plan uses materials whose copyright is controlled by others. Please read the Materials Used Whose Copyright is Owned by Others section at the bottom of this document before re-using them.
Some parts of the lesson plan like the definitions for words of the day are local only to my classes. Also, this lesson plan is tweaked depending on the individual tendencies of any class and students.
For formatting issues when importing a text file, ' are used instead of quotation marks.

## Before Class

Lesson Goals
* Get as many students as possible speaking English.
* Identify: opinion vs. fact & argument vs. conversation
* Review context.
* Cover natural English as it arises, like 'What's up?', correct Chinese English and so on.
* Have long discussions about birds, wetlands and what the students brought for Show & Tell.
-- Focuses
* Listening Set Skill = 6. Listen for gist in passages and conversations.
* Listening Curriculum Statement = c) Follow discussion to identify fact/opinion.
* Speaking Set Skill = A. Awareness of context.
-- Why?
* Because knowing the difference between fact and opinion is important for making decisions.
-- Definition
* Opinion = What a person thinks.
* Fact = What a person knows.
* Context = What a person or people is/are talking about.
-- Example
* Hold up a book. Say this book is terrible. fact or opinion? this book is great! fact or opinion? this book is [color of the book]. fact or opinion?
-- Lesson Question
* Is this fact or opinion?
-- Word(s) of the Day
* lifestyle
** the choices we make on how to live our lives
-- Contact Information QQ ID 867996874 QQ Name Danoff e-mail danoff.charles@gmail.com
-- Teaching Materials
* FUN WITH ENGLISH 7A Textbook
* Lessons Notebook
* Stopwatch
-- Chinese English
* If the following things are said by a student, address the whole class.
** No why.
** Give me!
** I know! I know!

## English Tips

* If a student uses the adjective interesting, try to push them to use other words, as well.
# Mr. Danoff's FWE 8A Lesson 12

Mr. Danoff's Lesson Plan Data (Dates relate to when lesson was administered) :
| Date: | Length (Min): | Location: | Textbook: | Chapter #: | Lesson #: | Topic: | # of Students: | Document Version: |
| | 45 | English Salon | FWE 8A | 12 | 12 | Lions | 25+ | 0.34 |
Mr. Danoff's FWE Lessons
* Research Center
* Semester One Fall 2009 7A & 8A
* Semester Two Spring 2010 7B & 8B

## Before Class
### Lesson

* identify: opinion / fact and argument / conversation
* Briefly review context.

### Focuses

* Listening Set Skill = 6. Listen for gist in passages and conversations.
* Listening Curriculum Statement = c) Follow discussion to identify fact/opinion.
* Speaking Set Skill = A. Awareness of context.

### Definition

* Opinion = What a person thinks.
* Fact = What a person knows.
* Context = What a person or people is/are talking about.

### Why?

* Because knowing the difference between fact and opinion is important for making decisions.

### Example

* Hold up a book. Say this book is terrible. fact or opinion? this book is great! fact or opinion? this book is (color of the book). fact or opinion?

### Lesson Question

* Is this fact or opinion?

### Word(s) of the Day

* king/queen
** The boss of a country.
* servant
** Someone who works for the family of a king.
*** Demonstrate, by having 2 students be the king and queen, and order the servant around (Mr. Brown).
* roar
** The sound a lion makes when it yells.

### Contact Information

* QQ ID 867996874
* QQ Name Danoff
* e-mail danoff.charles@gmail.com

### Teaching Materials

* FUN WITH ENGLISH 8A Textbook
* Lessons Notebook
* Stopwatch

### Chinese English

* If the following things are said by a student, address the whole class.
** No why.
** Give me!
** I know! I know!

### English Tips

* If a student uses the adjective interesting, try to push them to use other words, as well.