OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Oncology

Oncology is the medical subspecialty dealing with the study and treatment of cancer. A physician who practices oncology is an oncologist. The term originates from the Greek onkos (ογκος), meaning bulk, mass, or tumor and the suffix -ology, meaning "study of."
Oncologists may be divided on the basis of the type of treatment provided.
* Surgical oncologists. These clinicians are surgeons who specialize in tumor removal.
* Radiation oncologists: people who specialize in the treatment of cancer with radiation, a process called radiotherapy
* Medical oncologists: who deal with using medication or chemotherapy to treat cancer.
In the UK, the majority of oncologists are known as Clinical Oncologists, and are fully qualified to practice both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In most other countries these disciplines are more clearly segregated.
Oncologists may also be categorized on the basis of the patient type.
* Gynecologic oncologists specialize in the treatment of cancer in women. Gynecologic oncologists can perform and give chemotherapy and assist in radiation therapy for these cancers in women.
* Pediatric oncologists specialize in the care of children with cancer.
Oncology is concerned with:The diagnosis of cancer therapy (e.g. surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and other modalities).
Follow-up of cancer patients after successful treatment palliative care of patients with terminal malignancies are also important topics within oncology.
Ethical questions surrounding cancer care can also arise.
Screening efforts of vulnerable populations, or of the relatives of patients (in types of cancer that are thought to have a heritable basis, such as breast cancer exist and are helpful in combating cancer.
The oncologist often coordinates the multidisciplinary care of cancer patients, which may involve physiotherapy, counseling, and clincal genetics, to name but a few. On the other hand, the oncologist often has to liaise with pathologists on the exact biological nature of the tumor that is being treated.

## Lessons

* Molecular and cell biology of cancer
* Aetiology, epidemiology, and prevention of cancer
* Diagnosis and investigative procedures
* Scientific basis of cancer treatment
* Complications of cancer
* Quality of life and psychosocial issues
* Assessment of the results of cancer treatment
# One-dimensional ring/Hilbert-Kunz multiplicity is multiplicity/Fact

Let $R$ be a noetherian ring of positive characteristic of dimension one.
$I\subseteq R$
# On the negation of modal verbs

Germans use the phrase "must not" in the opposite sense of English speakers to mean "need not." Thinking about this, I realized that there is an implicit "or" in any statement involving modal verbs and the sense of the negative depends upon which part of the logical proposition is negated.
For example, I would translate the phrase:
"You must do A"
into a logical proposition as follows:
^A -> P
where P is some form of punishment. Or:
A or P
We could negate the phrase either by negating the whole thing:
^A and ^P
Or we could negate only one part:
A or ^P = P -> A (e.g., "You (must not) play in the street.")
^A or P = A -> P (e.g. "You must (not play in the street.)")
The first example would seem to be how the Germans use the phrase since whether we do A or not, we will not get punished for it, while the third form is more in line with how we use the phrase, that is, A implies punishment. The second example seems rather more ambiguous and in fact inverts the construct: now, getting punished implies that we have done A.
It has rather deep implications, since all of ethics, law and morality is related to the use of modal verbs. Can we use this idea to justify breaking the Ten Commandments?
I translate,
"I shall go to the store,"
as:
F (uture) -> S (going to the store) = ^F or S
The sixth commandment becomes:
You shall (not kill.) = F -> ^ K = ^F or ^K = ^(F and K)
You (shall not) kill. = ^F -> K = F or K
or perhaps,
^(F -> K) = F and ^K
The second says that if there's a future, there may or may not be killing while the first and third say what we want them to say: if F is true, K must be false.
# On Hatred

It could be said that the greatest atrocities in our history are products of misinformation, misunderstanding; that our ignorance is the greatest benefactor of our greatest crimes. Our greatest errs in truth lie in generalization. We find consistently throughout history that the tendency of the human mind to put people into groups has aided in some of the greatest terrors of our entire race. Foremost among these examples is the Holocaust of the Jews...
In the era of the Second World War we found our world aghast at the product of Germany's concentration camps. We discovered that men could serve as both loving father and relentless tormentor, while still remaining "sane", and the question that pervaded the minds of every witness, every single mind untainted, was "How?"
How could we have fallen so low? How could be so cruel while courting an image of righteousness? How could we....?
How do we do anything we feel we should not? We convince ourselves it's OK, we tell ourselves it needs to be done.
These Jews, they are not people, they are animals. Look! They are filthy, wretched, traitorous.... They lie in their own filth. It is for the good of humanity that we eliminate them; it is no different than removing a sick animal from the flock.
We tell ourselves they aren't human.
And it's easier, so much easier to say that about one thousand, than a thousand ones. So much easier to convince ourselves once for a million, than once for each thousand. To write them all off to one diseased stock, on all-encompassing truth. More efficient, more powerful...
We've said it about the Arabs, the Blacks, the Jews, the Communists, the Terrorists, the Caucasians, the Hispanic, the Orientals, the Aboriginals, the Protestants, the Catholics, the....
We've said it again... and again, again. Until it becomes true.
So tell me why the black dog is greater than the brown, I'd really like to know. Explain to me the intricacies of why their culture is lacking. Perhaps I should omit the flaws in ours...
Before you strike hatred, be sure that your enemy is worthy of your hate. For I have found it nigh impossible to hate what I can even vaguely understand, and of those I despise… I haven’t the faintest clue.

## Discussion questions/essay ideas

* What role can forgiveness play in reducing hatred and conflict?
# One-way repeated measures ANOVA

This statistics resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
A one-way repeated measures ANOVA can be understood as an extension of a paired-samples t-test to situations involving three or more related measures.
# One-way ANOVA

This statistics resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
# On the Nature of Things/Questions

Which do you think is more correct, Plato’s idea that the soul and body are separate or Aristotle’s idea that they are unified and why?
Taking into account Aristotle’s arguments, does the destruction of the body mean the soul would no longer exist since they are both united?
Would you be able to clearly distinguish potentiality and actuality for someone who hasn’t read On the Soul and how according to Aristotle the body is potentially a person and the soul is actually a person? |
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/Aboulia

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Aboulia
Lack of will or initiative
There is an alternative spelling ’Abulia’.
This symptom can come about through trauma or as a result of Deep Brain Stimulation. It can also arise from non-Parkinsonian causes such as degeneration of or surgery upon the frontal lobes.
Common features of aboulia are:-
* Difficulty in initiating and sustaining purposeful movements
* Lack of spontaneous movement
* Reduced spontaneous movement
* Increased response-time to queries
* Passivity
* Reduced emotional responsiveness and spontaneity
* Reduced social interactions
* Reduced interest in usual pastimes
This has been described by:-
Doder et al (1999) Parkinson's syndrome after closed head injury: a single case report
Redgrave et al (2010)Goal-directed and habitual control in the basal ganglia: implications for Parkinson’s disease
Drubach et al (2011)Free Will, Freedom of Choice and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
Further Research
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/Aphonia

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Aphonia
Inability to make sounds
The following references are relevant:-
Critchley (1981) Speech disorders of Parkinsonism: a review
Russell et al (2010) Targeted exercise therapy for voice and swallow in persons with Parkinson’s disease
Hallett (2011) Psychogenic Parkinsonism
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/Ataxia

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## Ataxia

Lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements
The following references are relevant:-
Nocera et al Impaired Step Up/Over in Persons With Parkinson’s Disease
Paquette et al (2011) Walking in circles: navigation deficits from Parkinson's disease but not from cerebellar ataxia
Chaturvedi and Flint (2013) Mitochondrial Diseases of the Brain.
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/Athetosis

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## Athetosis

Involuntary movements of the face, tongue and extremities.
A number of projects have concentrated on this symptom:-
Neilson (1974) Measurement of involuntary arm movement in athetotic patients
Hallett and Alvarez (1983) Attempted rapid elbow movements in patients with athetosis
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/Akinesia

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## Akinesia

Also see Freezing
Put further text about the symptom here
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/Amimia

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## Amimia

Fixed and vacant expression (masking)
Very little research has been carried out on this common PD symptom but the following are relevant :-
Allen (1931) The Dissociation of voluntary and emotional movements of the face with special reference to emotional paresis as a physical sign
Hemmesch et al (2009)The Influence of Facial Masking and Sex on Older Adults’ Impressions of Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease.
Clark et al (2011) Visual Exploration of Emotional Facial Expressions in Parkinson's Disease
Tickle-Degnen et al (2011) Culture, Gender and Health Care Stigma: Practitioners’ Response to Facial Masking Experienced by People with Parkinson’s Disease <
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/Apraxia

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Apraxia
Difficulties in action or perception
(May include Agnosia - Loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells)
This has been studied by:-
Goldenburg et al (1986) Impairment of motor planning in patients with Parkinson's disease: evidence from ideomotor apraxia testing.
Jacobs, Jesse V. et al (2006)The supplementary motor area contributes to the timing of the anticipatory postural adjustment during step initiation in participants with and without Parkinson’s disease
Rohrer et al (2009) Apraxia in progressive nonfluent aphasia
Liepelt-Scarfone et al (2011) Influence of Different Cut-Off Values on the Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease
Further Research
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/Aphagia

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## Aphagia

Inability to swallow
Swallowing problems are frequently reported by PD patients but the symptom awaits detailed scientific research.
The following references are relevant:-
eHealthMe (1977)Could Parkinson's disease cause Aphagia? A study of 26 patients
eHealthMe (1977) Could Azilect cause Aphagia?
Russell et al (2010) Targeted exercise therapy for voice and swallow in persons with Parkinson’s disease
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/Apnoea

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Apnoea
Arrest of breathing
There is an alternative spelling " Apnea". This is most frequently observed sleep disorder. During apnoea there is no movement of air in or out of the lungs. There is a considerable body of literature on this Symptom. Here are a few references and a general search tool:
Chotinaiwattarakui et al (2010) Risk of sleep-disordered breathing in Parkinson's disease
Univ. of California clinical Trials. (2012). Study into the cognitive benefits of treating sleep apnea in Parkinson’s disease
Lelieveld et al (2012) The Role of Serotonin in Sleep Disordered Breathing Associated with Parkinson Disease: A Correlative DASB PET Imaging Study
Further Research
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/Automatism

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## Automatism

Forced obedience to external stimuli or commands.
Some potentially relevant references are:-
Allain et al (1995) Explicit and procedural memory in Parkinson's disease.
Allain et al (1995) Procedural memory and Parkinson's disease.
Perez-Velazquez (2012) The biophysical bases of will-less behaviours
# Probability distribution

A probability distribution is defined by the tupel $(\Omega ,{\mathcal {S}},P)$ where
* $\Omega$ is the set of all possible results of an random experiment,
* ${\mathcal {S}}$ is $\sigma$-algebra as special subset of power set of $\Omega$, to which a probility can be assigned.
* $P:{\mathcal {S}}\rightarrow [0,1]$ is the probability measure on the $\sigma$-algebra.

## σ-Algebra

The concept of the sigma-algebra had to introduced in the probability theory, because there exists a measurment problem.
# Probability in plain view
## Fundamentals of Probability
### Probability Basics

* Overview (A.pdf)
* Expected Value (A.pdf)

### Probability Rules

* Rules (A.pdf)

### Posterior Probability

* Bayes' Theorem (B.pdf)

## Discrete Distributions
### Introduction

* R Codes (pdf)

### The Geometric Distribution

* Examples (pdf)
* R Codes (pdf)

### The Binomial Distribution

* Examples (pdf)
* R Codes (pdf)

### The HyperGeometric Distribution

* Examples (pdf)
* R Codes (pdf)

### Poisson Distribution

* Examples (pdf)
* R Codes (pdf)

### Sampling Inspection Schemes

* Sampling Inspection (pdf)

### R Functions for Probability Distributions

* R Functions (pdf)

## Continuous Distributions
### Process Control

go to [ Electrical_&_Computer_Engineering_Studies ]
# Problem Finding/Example unowned problems

This is a list of example problems you may encounter that have no clear owner. What, if any, responsibility do you have to address these problems and seek a solution? If you do not address these problems, who, if anyone, will? How do you determine whether or not to take action in each case?
Completing household chores
You see litter on the ground.
You see a wallet on the sidewalk.
There are not enough parking spaces.
Traffic congestion.
Ensuring public safety.
Ensuring public health.
You suspect your neighbor of spouse abuse.
You suspect your neighbor of child abuse.
During a meeting you are attending in a crowded conference room, one of the meeting participants lights a cigar and begins smoking. The organization has a clear no smoking policy.
A co-worker confides in you that he has cheated:
* on his taxes,
* on his expense account, or
* on his wife
You see your co-worker taking a bribe.
You become aware of corruption.
You become aware of bullying, or sexual misconduct.
Neighborhood crime.
Bigotry, racism, sexism
You and others on the project team know the work is running about a year late, yet the CEO is about to announce the imminent launch of that product.
Tragedies of the commons, including:
* Air pollution,
* Water pollution,
* Deforestation,
* Overfishing,
You determine that a product manufactured by the company you work for are hazardous and pose a risk to public safety.
You know that children are starving in a distant developing country.
Grand challenges, including drought, famine, poverty, homelessness, preventable diseases, mental illness, violence, crime, pollution, global warming, and war.
# Probability distribution/measurment problem

The onedimensional measure problem can described by the following requirements: Is there an illustration $\mu _{n}:{\mathcal {P}}({\mathbb {R} }^{n})\ rightarrow[0,\infty ]$ with the following properties:
* Positivity: $\mu _{n}(A)\geq 0$ for all $A\subset {\mathbb {R} }$
* Translation Invariance: $\mu (A)\,=\,\mu (A_{v})$ for all $v\in {\mathbb {R} }$ and $A_{v}:=v+A:=\{v+a\,|\,a\in A\}$.
* Normality : $\ mu([0,1])\,=\,1$,
* $\sigma$-Additivity: $\mu (\bigcup _{i=1}^{\infty }A_{i})=\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }\mu (A_{i})$ if $A_{i}\cap A_{j}=\emptyset$ for $i\not =j$?

## Unsolvable of Measurement Problem

The onedimensional measurement problem cannot be solved on the power set on $\mathbb {R}$ as shown by Giuseppe Vitali in 1905, who was the first to give an example of a non-measurable subset of real numbers, see Vitali set. His covering theorem is a fundamental result in measure theory.
The onedimensional measurement problem can easily be extended to $n$-dimensional spaces; this encompasses the dimensions 1, 2 and 3, that are accessible to our spatial perception, whereby
* dimension 1 refers to length,
* dimension 2 to an area in a plane and
* dimension 3 to measurment of the volume.
Due to the fact, that the measurement problem for $\mathbb {R}$ cannot be solved as shown by Vitali, the sigma-algebra was introduced as the domain of the measure $\mu$, that replaces especially the power set as domain of the probability measure $P$ on a $\sigma$-algebra ${\mathcal {S}}$.

## n-dimensional Case of the Measurement Problem

The measurement problem in the $n$-dimensional case is:
Is there an measure $\mu _{n}:{\mathcal {P}}({\mathbb {R} }^{n})\rightarrow [0,\infty ]$ with the following properties:
* Positivity: $\mu _{n}(A)\ ge0$ for all $A\subset {\mathbb {R} }^{n}$ (this condition is already in the default of the image set of the figure),
* Congruence: $\mu _{n}(A)\,=\,\mu _{n}(B)$ if A and B are congruent,
* Normality: $\ mu_{n}([0,1]^{n})\,=\,1$,
* $\sigma$-Additivity: $\mu _{n}(\bigcup _{i=1}^{\infty }A_{i})=\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }\mu _{n}(A_{i})$ if $A_{i}\cap A_{j}=\emptyset$ for $i\not =j$?
# Sports coaching manual of style

This page is a recommended guide for writing and editing pages in the coaching sports project. There are certain elements required to fulfill the Wikiversity CAGE criteria for success. The importance of each element should be described along with a guide to the coaching of these elements where applicable. Also, there should be a description of the varying levels of ability that would be expected at different levels of the sport. Here is a comprehensive list of the elements that may be included:

## 1. Physical training in (name of sport)

* Aerobic fitness
* Strength
* Balance
* Jumping
* Speed
* Acceleration
* Preventing injuries
* Nutrition
* Recovery from injury

## 2. Mental training in (name of sport)

* Commitment
* Aggression
* Discipline
* Morale
* Enjoyment
* A winning attitude
* Recovery from loss
* Concentration
* Recovery from injury

## 3. Skills training in (name of sport)

* Playing safe
* Drill 1
* Drill 2 etc. (very sport-specific)

## 4. Communication in (name of sport)

* Training field
* Pre-match
* During the match
* Post-match

## 5. Tactical training in (name of sport)

Please try to avoid teaching the coaching of techniques that may breach a sport's fair play rules e.g. feigning fouls or doping.
# Sport sponsorship and media/Learning Agreement

University of Canberra – National Institute of Sports Studies
Sport, Media and Sponsorship 7981
Field Experience
Part 1.
Student’s Name:……………………………………….……………Home Phone:…………………….
Campus Address:…………………………………….…………………………………………………..
Suburb:………………………………….…………….State:…………………Postcode:………………
Address while completing field experience:…………………………………………………………….
Phone:…...……..…………………..Email:……………………………………………........................
Organisation Name:………………………………………………………………………………………
Name / Title of Supervisor:……………………………………………………………………………….
Address:……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Suburb:………………………………………..……State:…………………….Postcode:….………….
Phone: (W)…………………………...Fax………………………Mobile:…………………...…………..
Email:……………………………..……………………………………………………...
University of Canberra Subject Convenor: Dr. Robin McConnell
Centre for Sports Studies, University of Canberra, ACT 2601.
Phone: 6201 20092. Fax: 6201 56153 Email: robin.mcconnell@canberra.edu.au
Part II Sponsorship Experience and Supervision
Field Experience: Describe your objective in securing sponsorship for the host organisation – i.e. for what purpose is the sponsorship required. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Supervision: Who will be your primary supervisor during the this field experience and describe the supervision to be provided:
Part III The Agreement.
This agreement may be terminated or amended by the host organisation, subject convener or student at any time upon written notice, which is received and agreed to by the other two parties.
I ……………………………………..………(student name) agree to complete the proposed field experience in a professional manner under the supervision of the site supervisor to fulfil the requirement of the field experience as listed above. I agree that I will complete the required hours of the field experience as determined between myself and the site supervisor and in accordance with the guidelines set for Sport Sponsorship. I also agree to complete assessment items that will assist the host organisation in the securing of future sponsorship (i.e. the sponsorship proposal).
Student signature:……………………………………………….Date:………………………….
Site Supervisor signature:……………………………………..Date:………….........................
Subject Convenor signature:………………………………Date:…………………………..
# Spotted lanternfly invasion

The w:Spotted lanternfly arrived in Pennsylvania in 2014, and has in the years since spread it's range.

## To Do

* Make a nice main page
* Add photos and maps
* /Host species list
* /Phenological data collection (some better software would be nice)
* /List of questions needing answers

## Other resources

* Facebook page
* Facebook group
* USDA and PDA pages