OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# PlanetPhysics/Categorical Sequence

A categorical sequence is a linear `diagram' of morphisms, or arrows, in an abstract category. In a concrete category, such as the category of sets, the categorical sequence consists of sets joined by set-theoretical mappings in linear fashion, such as:
   Failed to parse (unknown function "\buildrel"): {\displaystyle \cdots \rightarrow A\buildrel f \over \longrightarrow B \buildrel \phi \over \longrightarrow Hom_{Set}(A,B), }
where $Hom_{Set}(A,B)$ is the set of functions from set $A$ to set $B$.

### Examples
#### The chain complex is a categorical sequence example:

Consider a ring $R$ and the chain complex consisting of a sequence of $R$-modules and homomorphisms:
   Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/en.wikiversity.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle \cdots \rightarrow A_{n+1} \buildrel {d_{n+1}} \over \longrightarrow A_n \buildrel {d_n} \over \longrightarrow A_{n-1} \rightarrow \cdots }
(with the additional condition imposed by $d_{n}\circ d_{n+1}=0$ for each pair of adjacent homomorphisms $(d_{n+1},d_{n})$; this is equivalent to the condition Failed to parse (unknown function "\im"): {\displaystyle \im d_{n+1} \subseteq \ker d_n} that needs to be satisfied in order to define this categorical sequence completely as a chain complex ). Furthermore, a sequence of homomorphisms Failed to parse (unknown function "\buildrel"): {\displaystyle \cdots \rightarrow A_{n+1} \buildrel {f_{n+1}} \over \longrightarrow A_n \buildrel {f_n} \over \longrightarrow A_{n-1} \rightarrow \cdots }
is said to be {\it exact} if each pair of adjacent homomorphisms $(f_{n+1},f_{n})$ is exact , that is, if ${\rm {im}}f_{n+1}={\rm {ker}}f_{n}$ for all $n$. This concept can be then generalized to morphisms in a categorical exact sequence, thus leading to the corresponding definition of an exact sequence in an abelian category.
Inasmuch as categorical diagrams can be defined as functors, exact sequences of special types of morphisms can also be regarded as the corresponding, special functors. Thus, exact sequences in Abelian categories can be regarded as certain functors of Abelian categories; the details of such functorial (abelian) constructions are left to the reader as an exercise. Moreover, in (commutative or Abelian) homological algebra, an exact functor is simply defined as a functor $F$ between two Abelian categories, ${\mathcal {A}}$ and ${\mathcal {B}}$, $F:{\mathcal {A}}\to {\mathcal {B}}$, which preserves categorical exact sequences, that is, if $F$ carries a short exact sequence $0\to C\to D\to E\to 0$ (with $0,C,D$ and $E$ objects in ${\mathcal {A}}$) into the corresponding sequence in the Abelian category ${\mathcal {B}}$, ($0\to F(C)\to F(D)\to F(E)\to 0$), which is also exact (in ${\mathcal {B}}$).
# PlanetPhysics/Categorical Physics
## Categorical Physics

This is a relatively new area in mathematical and theoretical physics that is concerned with category theory applications to physics, especially non-Abelian categories and non-Abelian algebraic topology concepts and results in mathematical physics and physical mathematics. Applications range from QFT, AQFT, non-Abelian gauge theories and quantum gravity to complex systems, categorical dynamics, complex categorical dynamics, mathematical biophysics and relational biology. Other applications are related to graph theory approaches to Quantum Chemistry.
# PlanetPhysics/Categories of Quantum Automata and Quantum Computers

\section{Categories of Quantum Automata, \\ N-- \L ukasiewicz Algebras and Quantum Computers}
Quantum automata were defined (in ref.) as generalized, probabilistic automata with quantum state spaces. Their next-state functions operate through transitions between quantum states defined by the quantum equations of motions in the Schr\"{o}dinger representation, with both initial and boundary conditions in space-time. A new theorem is proven which states that the \htmladdnormallink{category of quantum automata {http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CategoryOfQuantumAutomata.html} and automata--homomorphisms has both limits and colimits.} Therefore, both categories of quantum automata and classical automata (sequential machines) are bicomplete. A second new theorem establishes that the standard automata category is a subcategory of the quantum automata category. The quantum automata category has a faithful representation in the category of Generalized (M,R )--Systems which are open, dynamic bio-networks with defined biological relations that represent physiological functions of primordial(s), single cells and the simpler organisms. A new category of quantum computers is also defined in terms of reversible quantum automata with quantum state spaces represented by topological groupoids that admit a local characterization through unique 'quantum' Lie algebroids. On the other hand, the category of n-- \textsl{\L}ukasiewicz algebras has a subcategory of centered n-- \textsl{\L}ukasiewicz algebras (ref.) which can be employed to design and construct subcategories of quantum automata based on n--\textsl{\L}ukasiewicz diagrams of existing VLSI. Furthermore, as shown in ref. the category of centered n--\textsl{\L}ukasiewicz algebras and the category of Boolean algebras are naturally equivalent. A `no-go' conjecture is also proposed which states that Generalized (M,R )--Systems complexity prevents their complete computability by either standard or quantum automata.
# KVM/libguestfs-tools/virt-builder

virt-builder is a command line tool for building new virtual machines.

## Examples

* virt-builder --list and virt-builder --notes debian-9 to see if there is notes available.
* virt-builder debian-9 --format qcow2
* virt-builder debian-9 --format qcow2 --size 20G
* virt-builder debian-9 --format qcow2 --size 20G --hostname MY_NEW_VM_NAME
* virt-builder debian-9 --format qcow2 --size 20G --hostname MY_NEW_VM_NAME --install "PACKAGE_NAME_1,PACKAGE_NAME_2"
* virt-builder debian-9 --format qcow2 --size 20G --hostname MY_NEW_VM_NAME --install "PACKAGE_NAME_1,PACKAGE_NAME_2" --root-password password:YOUR_ROOT_PASS
To boot it under libvirt use virt-install --import command.
# KVM/libvirt/Libvirt Release notes

https://libvirt.org/news.html
    virsh guestinfo
    qemu: Allow XML validation for snapshot creation
    Add flag VIR_DOMAIN_SNAPSHOT_CREATE_VALIDATE to validate snapshot input XML. For virsh, users can use it as virsh snapshot-create --validate. (See also Virsh/virsh snapshot-create-as)
    External snapshot metadata redefinition is fixed
    Attempting to use VIR_DOMAIN_SNAPSHOT_CREATE_REDEFINE to reinstate the metadata describing an external snapshot :created earlier for an offline domain no longer fails.
    util: Add cgroup v2 support
    qemu: Add support for migration of VMs with non-shared storage over TLS
    Introduce SCSI persistent reservations support
    qemu: use arp table of host to get the IP address of guests
    qemu: unlink memory backing file on domain shutdown
    Depending on the filesystem where domain memory is stored, some files might have been left behind. This is not a :problem on hugetlbfs, but it is a problem on regular filesystems like ext4.
    qemu: If multiple domains were being shut down in parallel, libvirtd might have deadlocked.
    storage: Add Virtuozzo storage backend storage pool
    The new libssh transport allows to connect to a running libvirtd via SSH, using the libssh library; for example: qemu+libssh://server/system
# KVM/Install KVM in an Ubuntu Server

    sudo apt-get -y install qemu-kvm libvirt-daemon-system libvirt-clients bridge-utils virtinst && sudo adduser `id -un` libvirt && sudo adduser `id -un` kvm && virsh list --all
And create your fist guest machine from command line using virt-install python script.
virt-install --virt-type kvm --name buster-amd64 --memory 1G --cdrom ~/iso/Debian/debian-10.0.0-amd64-netinst.iso --disk size=10G --os-variant debian10
# KVM/libvirt

libvirt is a virtualization API with supports for KVM, QEMU, Xen, Virtuozzo, VMWare ESX, LXC, BHyve and more

## Ubuntu packages

At least the following packages compose libvirt in Ubuntu:
* libvirt-bin
* libvirt-clients: virsh, virt-admin virt-host-validate virt-login-shell virt-pki-validate virt-xml-validate
* libvirt-daemon:
       libvirtd: /etc/libvirt/virtlogd.conf
       virt-sanlock-cleanup
       virtlockd
       virtlogd

## Config files and directories

* Config directories:
       /etc/libvirt/
       /etc/libvirt/qemu
* Config files:
       /etc/libvirt/virtlogd.conf
          Includes information about Unix Socket permissions: unix_sock_group, unix_sock_ro_perms, unix_sock_rw_perms, auth_unix_ro, auth_unix_rw
* Images directory: /var/lib/libvirt/images (See: virsh pool-define-as)
* Logs:
    /var/log/libvirt/qemu
    journalctl -u libvirtd

## Journalctl errors

libvirtd[14189]: 2019-11-21 15:08:13.035+0000: 14192: error : qemuDomainBlockCommit:17568 : invalid argument: top '/path/to/file/VM_NAME.qcow2' in chain for 'hda' has no backing file

## Activities

Basic
* Read Libvirt Changelog: https://libvirt.org/git/?p=libvirt.git;a=log
* Read Libvirt Release notes: https://libvirt.org/news.html
* Read Libvirt FAQ: https://wiki.libvirt.org/page/FAQ
Medium
* Restart libvirtd daemon: systemctl restart libvirtd
Expert:
* Read Libvirt code: https://github.com/libvirt/libvirt
* Implement uptime functionality in libvirt code: https://www.spinics.net/linux/fedora/libvir/msg98027.html
* Review libvirt error messages in journald
* Understand different CPU model an topologies: https://libvirt.org/formatdomain.html#elementsCPU
# KVM/Offline Migrate or move a virtual machine between two KVM servers without shared storage

How To offline Migrate or move a virtual machine between two KVM servers without shared storage
Overview: virsh dumpxml and virsh define
    1. Stop you VMs: virsh shutdown VM_MACHINE and virsh autostart VM_MACHINE --disable
    2. Create a configuration xml dump: virsh dumpxml VM_MACHINE > VM_MACHINE_dump.xml
    3. cp files to new server image directory: /var/lib/libvirt/images or virsh vol-list POOL_NAME --details (verify files owner and group)
    4. Depending on your Origin and destination host you may need to edit xml file and modify network interface and remove MAC address. (See MacVTap)
    5. Create machine but do not start it: virsh define VM_MACHINE_dump.xml (virsh list --all)
    6. Configure autostart: virsh autostart VM_MACHINE
    7. Start Machine: virsh start VM_MACHINE
# KVM/libguestfs-tools/virt-customize

virt-customize command available since 2014 included in libguestfs-tools which allows to customize virtual machines.

## Examples

* Edit grup Kernel command line
# KVM/MacVTap

MacVTap is a device driver meant to simplify virtualized bridged networking. Typically, this is used in virtualized environments (KVM) to make both the guest and the host show up directly on the switch that the host is connected to and to improve throughput and latencies to external systems.
Example configuration file:
The MAC address field is optional, if omitted, the libvirt daemon (libvirtd) will generate a unique MAC address.
Example Virtual Machine using MacVTap driver in mode bridge:

## Activities

* Learn about different MacVTap modes: https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/linuxonibm/liaag/wkvm/wkvm_c_net_macvtap.htm#fntarg_1
* Learn about MacVtap isolation and limitations https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/linuxonibm/liaag/wkvm/wkvm_c_net_macvtap.htm#fntarg_1
* Learn about KVM Host Networking Configuration Choices https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/linuxonibm/liaag/wkvm/wkvm_c_net.htm
# KVM/libguestfs-tools

libguestfs-tools package provides the following utilities
* guestfish
* guestmount
* guestunmount
* libguestfs-test-tool
* virt-alignment-scan
* virt-builder
* virt-cat
* virt-copy-in
* virt-copy-out
* virt-customize since 2014
* virt-df
* virt-dib
* virt-diff
* virt-edit
* virt-filesystems, virt-format, virt-get-kernel, virt-index-validate
* virt-sysprep
* virt-inspector
# Semiotics/Quiz

Semiotics is a stand-alone lecture, an outgrowth of the dominant group project. It has been included in the course elements of terminology. Please feel free to help with each.
Try this quiz to see if your native knowledge is already top-of-the-line or better. You are free to take this quiz at any time and as many times as you wish. It is part of Wikiversity's dedication to learning by doing.
To improve your scores, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{universal translator}} template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.
As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.
Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.
To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* Semiotics may show the sign and symbol dominant group is an accident.
# Sensor technology
## Chapter 2. Optical Sensors

* 2.A Summary (pdf)
* 2.B Principles (pdf)
* 2.C MISC (Log Scale) (pdf)

## Chapter 3. Magnetic Sensors

* 3.A Summary (pdf)
* 3.B Principles (pdf)
* 3.C SQUID (pdf)
* 3.D AMR (pdf)

## Chapter 4. Temperature Sensors

* 4.A Temperature Sensors Summary (pdf)
* 4.B Temperature Sensors Principles (pdf)

## Chapter 5. Displacement Sensors

* 5.A Summary (pdf)
* 5.B Displacement Sensor Type (pdf)
* 5.C Displacement Sensor Type - Gyroscope (pdf)

## Chapter 6. Detect Sensors

* 6.A Summary (pdf)
* 6.B Eddy Current Sensor(pdf)

## Chapter 7. Force Sensors

* 7.A Summary (pdf)

## Chapter 8. Pressure Sensors

* 8.A Summary (pdf)

## Chapter 9. Ultrasound Sensors

* 9.A Summary (pdf)

## GPS

* GPS Tutorials
       See Trimble GPS tutorial
       See GPS tutorial 2
       See gpsinformation.net
* wikipedia pages on GPS (pdf)
* wikipedia pages on GPS Software (pdf)
* wikipedia pages on GPS Signals (pdf)

### GPSd

* GPS Daemon
       gpsd
       book chapter
       gpsd client
* NMEA sentences
       nmea sentences
       nmea catb
       gpsinformation
* GPSd on RaspberryPi
       adafruit ultimate on RaspberryPi

### GPSd on Window

* GPSd using Cygwin
       lamping

### GPS on Arduino

* Adafruit Ultimate GPS
    learning
* GPS logger
    Adafruit Ultimate GPS Logger Shield
* miniGPS (See the following)
    Oscar Liang
    robotshop
* connecting GPS module to Arduino
    Parallax GPS
    at instructable
    at egineersgarage
    at duino4projects
* GPS tracking
    Tutorial 15

### PhidgetGPS

       Phidget 1040

### Garmin

* Garmin Board
* For JSON, see Web programming in plain view
* For Arduino & Raspberry Pi, see Embedded System programming in plain view

## Multiple Sensor Techniques

* Improving Accuracy with Multiple Sensors, Guerrier
* GPS Receiver for On-Road Vehicle Applications
* Indoor Positioning
* Multi-sensor Data Fusion
go to [ Electrical_&_Computer_Engineering_Studies ]
# Separable variables/y' is t^2y^3/Exercise

Determine the solutions for the differential equation ($y>0$)
    $y'=t^{2}y^{3}\,$
using separation of variables. Where are the solutions defined?
# Seminar in Tradecraft and HumInt/Moscow Rules/Moscow Rule 40
## Moscow Rule number 40: There is no limit to a human being’s ability to rationalize the truth.

Anyone can be made to interpret a plain fact in a completely different way.

## Examples

* MICE
* Agent Handling

## Student Commentary on This Rule

* The universe exists. To some this is proof a divine creator is at work. To others, it is proof that there is no divine creator. Both camps think the other deluded. It may be that one can be converted from one camp to the other.
* List links to commentary here!

## Links and Offsite Content on this Topic

Put links here!
# Sensation

This psychology resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
A sensation is a psychological or physical feeling that is created by external stimuli.
# Sequence/1 by n^2/Convergence/Exercise

Examine the convergence of the following sequence
    $x_{n}={\frac {1}{n^{2}}}\,$
where $n\geq 1$.
# Seminar in Tradecraft and HumInt/Moscow Rules/Moscow Rule template
## Moscow Rule number N: RULE.

Explanation.

## Examples

* Put examples here!

## Student Commentary on This Rule

* List links to commentary here!

## Links and Offsite Content on this Topic

Put links here!
# Sequence/1 by square root of n/Convergence/Exercise

Examine the convergence of the following sequence
    $x_{n}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {n}}}\,,$
where $n\geq 1$.
# Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Rank theory of depression

* [ Multimedia link goes here Multimedia presentation (3 min)]
# Singapore
## Geography

Singapore contains the main island and some smaller islands. Singapore is an island south of the Malay Peninsula. The nearest oceans are the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The country is of total area, 719.1 sq km (277.6 sq mi).

## History

Chinese and Indians migrated to the island from 2500 B.C. - 1500 B.C. The British grew interest in the country due to its spices brought from the migrators and the trading post of Singapore was founded by Sir Stamford Raffles in 1819. Singapore attained full internal self-government in 1959, and Lee Kuan Yew, a well educated poltician, took the helm as prime minister. On Sept. 16, 1963, Singapore joined Malaysia, Sabah (North Borneo), and Sarawak in the Federation of Malaysia. It resigned and became an independent country in 1965 as Lee Kuan Yew as the prime minister and Yusof bin Ishak as the first president of Singapore.
Under Lee's control, the country became a safe, clean and successful country. But in 1994, Micheal P. Fay, a teen from the United States traveled to Singapore and vandalized many cars. He got four canings, four months in jail and a fine of 3,500 Singapore dollars. Lee Kuan Yew became Senior Minister after Goh Chok Tong became prime minister. The current Prime Minister is Lee Hsien Loong, Lee Kuan Yew's son. The current president is Halimah Yacob.

## Population of Singapore

| POPULATION: | 5,610,000 | |
| | 0-14 years old | 15-64 years old | 65 and Older |
| MALE | 302,900 | 1,405,900 | 234,700 |
| FEMALE | 291,600 | 1,448,800 | 281,900 |
| RATE (%) | 12.94 | 77.81 | 9.24 |
| MEDIAN AGE: | 40.5 years |
| | MALE: 38.5 Years | FEMALE: 39.4 Years |
| POPULATION RATES | |
| POP GROWTH | 1.82% |
| BIRTH | 9.4 / 1,000 pop. |
| DEATH | 4.8 / 1,000 pop. |
| NET MIGRATION | 13.6 / 1,000 pop. |

## Life Expectancy

| | INFANT MORTALITY RATE | | LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH | | LIFE EXPECTANCY AT 65 YEARS OLD |
| | (PER 1,000 POPULATION) | | (YEARS) | | (YEARS) |
| TOTAL: | 2.1 | TOTAL: | 82.9 | TOTAL: | 20.8 |
| MALE : | 2.6 | MALE: | 80.6 | MALE: | 19.0 |
| FEMALE: | 1.7 | FEMALE: | 85.1 | FEMALE: | 22.4 |

## Works cited

* ↑ Visualising data - Population trends (PDF), www.singstat.gov.sg, retrieved 2017-05-12
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Statistics Singapore - Age Pyramid of Resident Population". www.singstat.gov.sg. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
* 1 2 3 4 5 "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
* 1 2 3 4 5 "Statistics Singapore - Latest Data". www.singstat.gov.sg. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
* 1 2 3 Births and deaths (PDF), www.singstat.gov.sg, retrieved 2017-05-12
* ↑ "Life expectancy at birth, total (years) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
* 1 2 "Statistics Singapore - Life Expectancy at Birth". www.singstat.gov.sg. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
# Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography

>Brain Imaging>Neurosociety Media Centre
Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) use radioactive tracers which are taken up where blood flow is greater. SPECT and PET therefore provide images of blood flow (again, considered by most scientists as a sign of greater brain activity) in different parts of the brain. However, they do not provide as much anatomical detail as MRI or CT scans.
# Single-Photon Emission Computer Tomography

Single-Photon Emission Computer Tomography (SPECT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) use radioactive tracers which are taken up where blood flow is greater. SPECT and PET therefore provide images of blood flow (again, considered by most scientists as a sign of greater brain activity) in different parts of the brain. However, they do not provide as much anatomical detail as MRI or CT scans.
# Operating a word processing application

ICAU1129A
From the official document:
    "This unit defines the competency required to correctly operate word processing applications and perform basic operations including the creation and formatting of documents, creating tables, printing labels and mail merge."
This means you will be able to use a Word Processing application (such as Writer (Open Office) or Microsoft Word (Microsoft Office)) to create documents either from scratch or from a template. You will apply different formatting features such as font sizes, styles & colours, insert and manipulate images, copy or move content on or between documents, create tables of information, and modify page settings – margins, borders, headers & footers etc.
One of the most useful skills you will learn will be mail merge – where you can combine information (such as names and addresses) from a separate list or database with a standard document to produce multiple individual copies. You can also use this technique to print personalised labels or envelopes – a great time-saver!
Naturally at the end of all this you will want to save or print your document.
For more details about what you'll be able to demonstrate, please read the official Operate a word processing application document.
This unit is a pre-requisite for the following qualifications:

## How you can learn the required skills for this unit

When you're just starting out, a good textbook can be a great help! Of course you'll have plenty of classroom activities from your textbook, but it's necessary to support this with your own activities - and that's where a good textbook can help you review and recap. Your facilitator may recommend one (such as the one listed below). There are also also plenty of great online resources (see the Microsoft tutorials below) that you might like to try when you feel ready.
* Operate a Word Processing Application (Word 2003) textbook from Software Publications.
* Roadmap to Word 2003 training from Microsoft. There are some great online tutorials here, but if you're not comfortable with online tutorials yet, perhaps a book is better suited.
* Word processing challenges - try these challenges to test out your word processing skills!
If you want to test your knowledge with some questions, try the Word processing quiz questions

## Ideas for how you can demonstrate this unit

* Many skills can be demonstrated in class as you complete the class exercises given.
* Demonstrate your skills as part of an assignment or test provided by your facilitator.
* If you already have the required skills, you might choose to get Recognition of Current Competence. You will need to provide your faciliator with a portfolio illustrating the various competencies in the unit as well as be ready to demonstrate the relevent skills.