OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Australian Vocational Education and Training/ICAB3018A Develop macros and templates for clients using standard products

From the official document:
    "This unit defines the competency required to develop macros and templates for clients using industry-recognised software applications."
Basically, that means ... (translate above into plain english)
You can read more about this unit on the National Training Information Systems Official document for ICAB3018A.
This unit is part of the following qualifications:
Prerequisite unit The following unit is a prerequisite for this competency:

## How this unit will help you

After learning and applying the skills required by this unit you'll be able to demonstrate your skills in:
| ELEMENT | PERFORMANCE CRITERIA |
| 1. Determine macro or template requirement | Determine client requirements, ensuring they are in line with organisational guidelines Develop macro or template specification Confirm that macro or template specification meets the clients needs and operational guidelines Determine documentation requirements |
| 2. Develop macro or template for client | Develop macro or template to specification using industry-recognised software applications Demonstrate macro or template to client and obtain feedback Amend macro or template, as required by client Update macro or template specification |
| 3. Provide client support for macro or template | Document support and instruction requirements Provide documentation to client help desk for future support |
* translate the above elements and performance criteria into plain english and summarise here...

## Ideas for demonstrating this unit

The best way to demonstrate these skills is ...

## Grading

If you are demonstrating this unit as part of a formal course, you might find that the unit is graded (meaning you can not only demonstrate your competence, but can also gain a credit or distinction). Your facilitator may already have set criteria that your college uses. If not, here are some ideas for possible credit/distinction activities that you can discuss with your facilitator:
# Aymaran/Dialects

* Introduction to Aymaran Aymaran dialects
* Dialects
* There is some degree of regional variation within the Aymara language, although all the dialects are mutually intelligible. Most study of the language has focused on either the Aymara spoken on the southern Peruvian shore of Lake Titicaca or the Aymara spoken around La Paz. Lucy Therina Briggs classifies both of these regions as being part of the Northern Aymara dialect, which encompasses the department of La Paz in Bolivia and the department of Puno in Peru. The Southern Aymara dialect is spoken in the eastern half of the w:Iquique province in northern Chile and in most of the Bolivian department of Oruro. It is also found in northern Potosí and southwest Cochabamba, but it is slowly being replaced by Quechua in those regions. Intermediate Aymara shares dialectical features with both Northern and Southern Aymara and is found in the eastern half of the Tacna and Moquegua departments in southwest Peru and in the northeastern tip of Chile..
| previous lesson | previous page | next page | lesson intro | next lesson | Department | Division |
* ↑ SIL's Ethnologue.com and the ISO designate a Central Aymara dialect found in between Lake Titicaca and the Pacific Coast in southern Peru and a Southern Aymara dialect found in western Bolivia and northeast Chile. These classifications, however, are not based upon academic research and are probably a misinterpretation of Cerron-Palomino's classification of the language family.
* ↑ Lucy Therina Briggs, Dialectal Variation in the Aymara Language of Bolivia and Peru, Dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, 1976; Adalberto Salas and María Teresa Poblete, "El aimara de Chile (fonología, textos, léxico)", Revista de Filoogía y Linüistica de la Universidad de Costa Rica, Vol XXIII: 1, pp 121-203, 2, pp 95-138; Cerron-Palomino, 2000, pp 65-8, 373.
# Axioms/Applied sciences/Introduction/Section

In mathematics, we encounter many structures which occur again and again. E.g., the rational numbers and the real numbers share many common properties, but they also differ in regard with certain other properties. This observation is the fundament for the axiomatic approach to mathematics. In this approach, one puts several structural properties which appear in a certain context consistently into a new concept. The goal of this is to infer in a logical way further properties from basic properties. The argumentation does then not take place on the level of specific familiar examples like the real numbers, but on the level of the properties themselves in a logical-deductive manner. The gain of this method is that one has to do the mathematical conclusions only once on the abstract level of the properties, and these conclusions hold then for all models which fulfill the basic properties. At the same time, one recognizes logical dependencies and hierarchies between the properties. Basic properties of mathematical structures are called axioms.
In the axiomatic approach, the properties (their principles and rules) are in the center. Mathematical objects which obey these rules are then examples or models for these concepts. In particular, one chooses properties which, on one hand, are easy to formulate, and which, on the other hand, allow strong conclusions. The advantages of this approach are the following items.
As disadvantages, one can consider the following items.
# Aymaran/Bases

* Introduction to Aymaran Aymaran bases
Your first steps in Aymaran
Here are the very first sentences of Aymaran in this course :
How do you say ... ?
Cun sañasauca'ha ... ?
It's called ...
Ucan sutipa'h ...
Could you repeat ?
Uastata sita ?
First Aymaran words
(ay)
(en)
IPA notation
Kamisaraki
Hello
kamisaraki
Mirà
Please
mira :
| previous lesson | previous page | next page | lesson intro | next lesson | Department | Division |
# Aymaran/Phonology

* Introduction to Aymaran Aymaran pronunciation
Phonology
Aymara has three phoneme vowels (/a i u/, which distinguish two degrees of length. The high vowels are lowered to mid height before uvular consonants (/i/ → [e], /u/ → [o]).
As for the consonants, Aymara has phonemic stops at the labial, alveolar, palatal, velar and uvular points of articulation. Stops show no distinction of voice (e.g. there is no phonemic contrast between [p] and [b]), but each stop has three forms: plain (unaspirated), glottalized, and aspirated. Aymara also has a trilled /r/, and an alveolar/palatal contrast for nasals and laterals, as well as two semivowels (/w/ and /j/).
Stress is usually on the penult (the syllable before the last one), but long vowels may shift it.
Introduction to Aymaran/Aymaran pronunciation
Pronunciation bases
(ay)
(en)
IPA notation
Kamisaraki
Hello
kamisaraki
Mirà
Please
mira :
| previous lesson | previous page | next page | lesson intro | next lesson | Department | Division |
# Advanced elasticity/Mooney-Rivlin material

A Mooney-Rivlin solid is a generalization of the w:Neo-Hookean solid model, where the strain energy W is a linear combination of two invariants of the w:Finger tensor $\mathbf {B}$:
    $W=C_{1}({\overline {I}}_{1}-3)+C_{2}({\overline {I}}_{2}-3)$,
where ${\overline {I}}_{1}$ and ${\overline {I}}_{2}$ are the first and the second invariant of w:deviatoric component of the w:Finger tensor:
    $I_{1}=\lambda _{1}^{2}+\lambda _{2}^{2}+\lambda _{3}^{2}$,
    $I_{2}=\lambda _{1}^{2}\lambda _{2}^{2}+\lambda _{2}^{2}\lambda _{3}^{2}+\lambda _{3}^{2}\lambda _{1}^{2}$,
    $I_{3}=\lambda _{1}^{2}\lambda _{2}^{2}\lambda _{3}^{2}$,
where: $C_{1}$ and $C_{2}$ are constants.
If $C_{1}={\frac {1}{2}}G$ (where G is the w:shear modulus) and $C_{2}=0$, we obtain a w:Neo-Hookean solid, a special case of a Mooney-Rivlin solid.
The stress tensor $\mathbf {T}$ depends upon Finger tensor $\mathbf {B}$ by the following equation:
    $\mathbf {T} =-p\mathbf {I} +2C_{1}\mathbf {B} +2C_{2}\mathbf {B} ^{-1}$
The model was proposed by w:Melvin Mooney and w:Ronald Rivlin in two independent papers in 1952.

## Uniaxial extension

For the case of uniaxial elongation, true stress can be calculated as:
    $T_{11}=\left(2C_{1}+{\frac {2C_{2}}{\alpha _{1}}}\right)\left(\alpha _{1}^{2}-\alpha _{1}^{-1}\right)$
and w:engineering stress can be calculated as:
    $T_{11eng}=\left(2C_{1}+{\frac {2C_{2}}{\alpha _{1}}}\right)\left(\alpha _{1}-\alpha _{1}^{-2}\right)$
The Mooney-Rivlin solid model usually fits experimental data better than w:Neo-Hookean solid does, but requires an additional empirical constant.

## Rubber

Elastic response of rubber-like materials are often modelled based on the Mooney-Rivlin model.

## Source

* C. W. Macosko Rheology: principles, measurement and applications, VCH Publishers, 1994, ISBN 1-56081-579-5

## Notes and References

* ↑ The characteristic polynomial of the linear operator corresponding to the second rank three-dimensional Finger tensor is usually written $p_{B}(\lambda )=\lambda ^{3}-a_{1}\,\lambda ^{2}+a_{2}\,\lambda -a_{3}$ In this article, the trace $a_{1}$ is written $I_{1}$, the next coefficient $a_{2}$ is written $I_{2}$, and the determinant $a_{3}$ would be written $I_{3}$.
# Advanced elasticity/Deviatoric and volumetric stress
## Deviatoric and volumetric stress

Often it is convenient to decompose the stress tensor into volumetric and deviatoric (distortional) parts. Applications of such decompositions can be found in metal plasticity, soil mechanics, and biomechanics.

### Decomposition of the Cauchy stress

The Cauchy stress can be additively decomposed as
    ${\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=\mathbf {s} -p~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}$
where $\mathbf {s}$ is the deviatoric stress and $p$ is the pressure and
    ${\begin{aligned}p&=-{\frac {1}{3}}~{\text{tr}}({\boldsymbol {\sigma }})=-{\frac {1}{3}}~{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}\\\mathbf {s} &={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}+p~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}~;~~\mathbf {s} :{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}={\text{tr}}(\mathbf {s} )=0\end{aligned}}$
In index notation,
    ${\begin{aligned}p&=-{\frac {1}{3}}~\sigma _{ii}\\s_{ij}&=\sigma _{ij}-{\frac {1}{3}}~\sigma _{kk}~\delta _{ij}\end{aligned}}$

### Decomposition of the 2nd P-K stress

The second Piola-Kirchhoff stress can be decomposed into volumetric and distortional parts as
    ${\boldsymbol {S}}={\boldsymbol {S}}'-p~J~{\boldsymbol {C}}^{-1}$
where
    ${\begin{aligned}p&=-{\frac {1}{3}}~J^{-1}~{\boldsymbol {S}}:{\boldsymbol {C}}\\{\boldsymbol {S}}'&=J~{\boldsymbol {F}}^{-1}\cdot \mathbf {s} \cdot {\boldsymbol {F}}^{-T}~;~~{\boldsymbol {S}}':{\boldsymbol {C}}&=0\end{aligned}}$
# Advanced elasticity/Incompressible hyperelastic material
## Incompressible hyperelastic materials

For an w:incompressible material $J:=\det {\boldsymbol {F}}=1$. The incompressibility constraint is therefore $J-1=0$. To ensure incompressibility of a hyperelastic material, the strain-energy function can be written in form:
    $W=W({\boldsymbol {F}})-p~(J-1)$
where the hydrostatic pressure $p$ functions as a Lagrangian multiplier to enforce the incompressibility constraint. The 1st Piola-Kirchhoff stress now becomes
    ${\boldsymbol {P}}=-p~{\boldsymbol {F}}^{-T}+{\frac {\partial W}{\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}}}=-p~{\boldsymbol {F}}^{-T}+{\boldsymbol {F}}\cdot {\frac {\partial W}{\partial {\boldsymbol {E}}}}=-p~{\boldsymbol {F}}^{-T}+2~{\boldsymbol {F}}\cdot {\frac {\partial W}{\partial {\boldsymbol {C}}}}~.$
This stress tensor can subsequently be converted into any of the other conventional stress tensors, such as the Cauchy Stress tensor which is given by
    ${\boldsymbol {\sigma }}={\boldsymbol {P}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {F}}^{T}=-p~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}+{\frac {\partial W}{\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {F}}^{T}=-p~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}+{\boldsymbol {F}}\cdot {\frac {\partial W}{\partial {\boldsymbol {E}}}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {F}}^{T}=-p~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}+2~{\boldsymbol {F}}\cdot {\frac {\partial W}{\partial {\boldsymbol {C}}}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {F}}^{T}~.$
For incompressible w:isotropic hyperelastic materials, the w:strain energy density function is $W({\boldsymbol {F}})={\hat {W}}(I_{1},I_{2})$. The Cauchy stress is then given by
    ${\boldsymbol {\sigma }}=-p~{\boldsymbol {\mathit {1}}}+2\left[\left({\cfrac {\partial {\hat {W}}}{\partial I_{1}}}+I_{1}~{\cfrac {\partial {\hat {W}}}{\partial I_{2}}}\right){\boldsymbol {B}}-{\cfrac {\partial {\hat {W}}}{\partial I_{2}}}~{\boldsymbol {B}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {B}}\right]$
# Advanced elasticity/Clausius-Duhem inequality for thermoelasticity

Proof:
Since $e=e({\boldsymbol {F}},T)$, we have
    ${\dot {e}}={\frac {\partial e}{\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}}}:{\dot {\boldsymbol {F}}}+{\frac {\partial e}{\partial \eta }}~{\dot {\eta }}~.$
Therefore,
    $\rho ~\left({\frac {\partial e}{\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}}}:{\dot {\boldsymbol {F}}}+{\frac {\partial e}{\partial \eta }}~{\dot {\eta }}-T~{\dot {\eta }}\right)-{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {v} \leq -{\cfrac {\mathbf {q} \cdot {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}T}{T}}\qquad {\text{or}}\qquad \rho \left({\frac {\partial e}{\partial \eta }}-T\right)~{\dot {\eta }}+\rho ~{\frac {\partial e}{\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}}}:{\dot {\boldsymbol {F}}}-{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {v} \leq -{\cfrac {\mathbf {q} \cdot {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}T}{T}}~.$
Now, ${\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {v} ={\boldsymbol {l}}={\dot {\boldsymbol {F}}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {F}}^{-1}$. Therefore, using the identity ${\boldsymbol {A}}:({\boldsymbol {B}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {C}})=({\boldsymbol {A}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {C}}^{T}):{\boldsymbol {B}}$, we have
    ${\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {v} ={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:({\dot {\boldsymbol {F}}}\cdot {\boldsymbol {F}}^{-1})=({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {F}}^{-T}):{\dot {\boldsymbol {F}}}~.$
Hence,
    $\rho \left({\frac {\partial e}{\partial \eta }}-T\right)~{\dot {\eta }}+\rho ~{\frac {\partial e}{\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}}}:{\dot {\boldsymbol {F}}}-({\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {F}}^{-T}):{\dot {\boldsymbol {F}}}\leq -{\cfrac {\mathbf {q} \cdot {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}T}{T}}$
or,
    $\rho ~\left({\frac {\partial e}{\partial \eta }}-T\right)~{\dot {\eta }}+\left(\rho ~{\frac {\partial e}{\partial {\boldsymbol {F}}}}-{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\boldsymbol {F}}^{-T}\right):{\dot {\boldsymbol {F}}}\leq -{\cfrac {\mathbf {q} \cdot {\boldsymbol {\nabla }}T}{T}}~.$
# Advanced elasticity/Motion and displacement
### Motion

Let the undeformed (or reference) configuration of the body be $\Omega _{0}$ and let the undeformed boundary be $\Gamma _{0}$. Let the deformed (or current) configuration be $\Omega$ with boundary $\Gamma$. Let ${\boldsymbol {\varphi }}(\mathbf {X} ,t)$ be the motion that takes the body from the reference to the current configuration (see Figure 1).
* Figure 1. The motion of a body.
We write
    $\mathbf {x} ={\boldsymbol {\varphi }}({\boldsymbol {X}},t)$
where $\mathbf {x}$ is the position of material point ${\boldsymbol {X}}$ at time $t$.
In index notation,
    $x_{i}=\varphi _{i}(X_{j},t)~,\qquad i,j=1,2,3.$

### Displacement

The displacement of a material point is given by
    $\mathbf {u} ({\boldsymbol {X}},t)={\boldsymbol {\varphi }}({\boldsymbol {X}},t)-{\boldsymbol {\varphi }}({\boldsymbol {X}},0)={\boldsymbol {\varphi }}({\boldsymbol {X}},t)-{\boldsymbol {X}}=\mathbf {x} -{\boldsymbol {X}}~.$
In index notation,
    $u_{i}=\varphi _{i}(X_{j},t)-X_{i}=x_{i}-X_{i}~.$

### Velocity

The velocity is the material time derivative of the motion (i.e., the time derivative with $\mathbf {X}$ held constant). This type of derivative is also called the total derivative.
    $\mathbf {v} ({\boldsymbol {X}},t)={\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\left[{\boldsymbol {\varphi }}({\boldsymbol {X}},t)\right]~.$
Now,
    $\mathbf {u} ({\boldsymbol {X}},t)={\boldsymbol {\varphi }}({\boldsymbol {X}},t)-{\boldsymbol {X}}~.$
Therefore, the material time derivative of $\mathbf {u}$ is
    ${\dot {\mathbf {u} }}={\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\left[\mathbf {u} ({\boldsymbol {X}},t)\right]={\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\left[{\boldsymbol {\varphi }}({\boldsymbol {X}},t)-{\boldsymbol {X}}\right]={\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\left[{\boldsymbol {\varphi }}({\boldsymbol {X}},t)\right]=\mathbf {v} ({\boldsymbol {X}},t)~.$
Alternatively, we could have expressed the velocity in terms of the spatial coordinates $\mathbf {x}$. Let
    $\mathbf {u} (\mathbf {x} ,t)=\mathbf {u} ({\boldsymbol {\varphi }}({\boldsymbol {X}},t),t)~.$
Then the material time derivative of $\mathbf {u} (\mathbf {x} ,t)$ is
    ${\cfrac {D}{Dt}}\left[\mathbf {u} (\mathbf {x} ,t)\right]={\frac {\partial \mathbf {u} }{\partial t}}+{\frac {\partial \mathbf {u} }{\partial \mathbf {x} }}{\frac {\partial \mathbf {x} }{\partial t}}={\frac {\partial \mathbf {u} }{\partial t}}+{\frac {\partial \mathbf {u} }{\partial \mathbf {x} }}{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\left[{\boldsymbol {\varphi }}({\boldsymbol {X}},t)\right]=\mathbf {v} (\mathbf {x} ,t)+{\frac {\partial \mathbf {u} }{\partial \mathbf {x} }}\mathbf {v} ({\boldsymbol {X}},t)~.$

### Acceleration

The acceleration is the material time derivative of the velocity of a material point.
    $\mathbf {a} ({\boldsymbol {X}},t)={\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\left[\mathbf {v} ({\boldsymbol {X}},t)\right]={\dot {\mathbf {v} }}={\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial t^{2}}}\left[\mathbf {u} ({\boldsymbol {X}},t)\right]={\ddot {\mathbf {u} }}~.$
# Animal Phyla/Brachiopoda

Brachiopoda Name Meaning: Arm foot English Common Name: Lamp shells, brachiopods Major distinguishing characteristics: Lophophore and pedicle Approximate number of species described: between 300 and 500 extant

## Natural History

Brachiopods are marine aquatic organisms. They primarily live in colder oceans. Though they are fairly abundant, they are rarely seen unless you go looking for them.
They are filter feeders, living on the bottom. They usually attach themselves to a hard substrate.

## Taxonomy

Despite a long fossil history, perhaps because of it, the relationships within the Brachiopoda are not settled. There are probably about seven Classes within the Phylum.
* Articulata
* Chileata
* Craniata
* Inarticulata
* Lingulata
* Rhynchonellata
* Strophomenata

## Anatomy

Brachiopods have a hinged shell much like a clam, for which they can be mistaken. The shell material is secreted by the mantle, a structure they have in common with the Mollusca. The mantle also contains the organs of the animal.
Brachiopods have a lophophore, which is a structure with small tentacles that direct water toward the mouth, helping the animal to feed. The lophophore is U-shaped, forming brachia ("arms").

## The Fossil Record

Brachiopods have a long fossil record. They first appear in the early Paleozoic. During the Devonian they were most diverse with over 200 genera having been identified.

## Quiz

* Brachiopoda Quiz

## References and Further Reading

* Brachiopod at Wikipedia
* Introduction to the Brachiopoda at University of California Museum of Paleontoloygy
* Brachiopoda at Encyclopedia of Life
* Brachiopoda at Tree of Life
# Animal Phyla/Arthropoda

* Arthropoda
* Name Meaning: Jointed foot
* English Common Name: Arthropods
* Major distinguishing characteristics: Chitin exoskeleton
* Approximate number of species described: 1,134,000+

## Natural History

Counted by number and diversity of species, arthropods are the most successful Phylum of animals. Over half known species are arthropods.
Arthropods live in most habitats on Earth. They are present in the deepest ocean trenches and have been found high in the atmosphere.

## Taxonomy

The Phylum Arthropoda is divided into five Subphyla (four extant, one extinct). The Subphyla are divided into 16 Classes. There are an additional 6 extinct Classes that are so far unable to be placed within Subphyla.
* Subphylum Trilobitomorpha (extinct)
** Trilobita (trilobites, extinct)
* Subphylum Chelicerata
** Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, ticks, etc.)
** Merostomata (horseshoe crabs, eurypterids) - eurypterids are extinct
** Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
* Subphylum Myriapoda
** Chilopoda (centipedes)
** Diplopoda (millipedes)
** Pauropoda
** Symphyla (resemble centipedes)
* Subphylum Crustacea
** Branchiopoda (brine shrimp)
** Remipedia (blind crustaceans)
** Cephalocarida (horseshoe shrimp)
** Maxillopoda (barnacles, copepods, fish lice)
** Ostracoda (seed shrimp)
** Malacostraca (lobsters, crabs, shrimp)
* Subphylum Hexapoda
** Entognatha (springtails)
** Insecta (insects)
It's uncertain how these extinct groups fit in with the rest of the Arthropoda, but they are arthropods.
* Camptophyllia
* Marrellomorpha
* Acanthomeridion
* Thelxiope
* Euthycarcinoidea
* Carnarvonia

## Anatomy

Being a large and diverse group, the anatomy of arthropods is also somewhat diverse.
Arthropods have an exoskeleton primarily made of chiton, a fibrous material which is strong, yet somewhat flexible. Their bodies are segmented, with some specialization of segments.
Though they have hearts to move fluids in the body around, Arthropods have open circulatory systems. Their blood flows freely among their tissues, though some have some open ended arteries.
Bee Anatomy

## The Fossil Record

Arthropods appear in the fossil record as early as the Vendian, 543 million years ago. Their diversification was rapid during the Cambrian, and there are several represented in the Burgess Shale.
There are several extinct groups, the most well known being the trilobites which evolved by about 521 million years ago and became extinct about 252 million years ago at the end of the Permian.

## Quiz

* Arthropoda Quiz

## References and Further Reading

* Arthropod at Wikipedia
* Introduction to the Arthropoda at University of California Museum of Paleontology
* Arthropoda at Tree of Life
* Arthropoda at Encyclopedia of Life]