OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# PlanetPhysics/Analytical Theory of Heat

The Analytical Theory of Heat by Joseph Fourier is an attempt to make this translated work by Alexander Freeman availabe on PlanetPhysics. The chapters are derivatives from the public domain work in [1].
{\mathbf Analytical Theory of heat chapter 1}
{\mathbf Chapter 1: Introduction}
I. Statement of the Object of the Work \\ II. Preliminary definitions and general notions \\ III. Principle of the communication of heat \\ IV. On the uniform and linear movement of heat \\ V. Law of the permanent temperatures in a prism of small thickness \\ VI. On the heating of closed spaces \\ VII. On the uniform movement of heat in three dimensions \\ VIII. Measure of the movement of heat at a given point of a solid mass \\
{\mathbf Analytical Theory of Heat chapter 2}
{\mathbf Chapter 2: Equation of the Movement of Heat}
I. Equation of the Varied Movement of Heat in a Ring \\ II. Equation of the Varied Movement of Heat in a Solid Sphere \\ III. Equation of the Varied Movement of Heat in a Solid Cylinder \\ IV. Equations of the Varied Movement of Heat in a Solid Prism of Infinite Length \\ V. Equation of the Varied Movement of Heat in a Solid Cube \\ VI. General Equation of the Propagation of Heat in the Interior of Solids \\ VII. General Equation Relative to the Surface \\ VIII. Application of the General Equation \\ IX. General Remarks \\
{\mathbf Analytical Theory of Heat chapter 3}
{\mathbf Chapter 3: Propagation of Heat in an Infinite Rectangular Solid}
I. Statement of the Problem \\ II. First Example of the use of Trigonometric Series in the Theory of Heat \\ III. Remarks on these Series \\ IV. General Solution \\ V. Finite Expression of the Result of the Solution \\ VI. Development of an Arbitrary function in Trigonometric Series \\ VII. Application to the Actual Problem \\
{\mathbf Analytical Theory of Heat chapter 4}
{\mathbf Chapter 4: Of the Linear and Varied Movement of Heat in a Ring}
I. General Solution of the Problem \\ II. Of the Communication of Heat Between Separate Masses \\
{\mathbf Analytical Theory of Heat chapter 5}
{\mathbf Chapter 5: Of the Propagation of Heat in a solid sphere}
I. General Solution \\ II. Different Remarks on this Solution \\
{\mathbf Analytical Theory of Heat chapter 6}
{\mathbf Chapter 6: Of the Movement of Heat in a solid cylinder}
{\mathbf Analytical Theory of Heat chapter 7}
{\mathbf Chapter 7: Propagation of Heat in a Rectangular Prism}
{\mathbf Analytical Theory of Heat chapter 8}
{\mathbf Chapter 8: Of The Movement of Heat in a Solid Cube}
{\mathbf Analytical Theory of Heat chapter 9}
{\mathbf Chapter 9: Of the Diffusion of Heat}
I. Of the Free Movement of Heat in a Infinite Line \\ II. Of the Free Movement of Heat in a Infinite Solid \\ III. The Highest Temperatures in an Infinite Solid \\ IV. Comparison of the Integrals
[1] Fourier, Joseph. "The Analytcal Theory of Heat" Translation by Alexander Freeman, Cambridge: At the University Press, London, 1878.
# Server-Side Scripting/Associative Arrays/Python (Flask)
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into the following free online development environment or use your own Python (Flask) compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* Repl.it

## See Also

* Flask
# Server-Side Scripting/Cookies and Sessions/PHP
## Try It

* Use Docker/PHP and copy and paste the code above to run as the PHP application.
# Server-Side Scripting/Associative Arrays/Node.js (Express)
## Try It

See Server-Side Scripting/Routes and Templates/Node.js (Express) to create a test environment.
See Server-Side Scripting/Strings and Files/Node.js (Express) for app.js content.
# Server-Side Scripting/Associative Arrays/PHP
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into the following free online development environment or use your own PHP compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* PHPFiddle
* Repl.it
# Server-Side Scripting/Cookies and Sessions/Python (FastAPI)
## Try It

See Server-Side Scripting/Routes and Templates/Python (FastAPI) to create a test environment.

## See Also

* FastAPI
# Server-Side Scripting/Associative Arrays/Python (FastAPI)
## Try It

See Server-Side Scripting/Routes and Templates/Python (FastAPI) to create a test environment.

## See Also

* FastAPI
# Server-Side Scripting/Cookies and Sessions/Node.js (Express)
## Try It

See Server-Side Scripting/Routes and Templates/Node.js (Express) to create a test environment.
# Server-Side Scripting/Associative Arrays/Go
## Try It

See Server-Side Scripting/Routes and Templates/Go to create a test environment.
# Sir Julian Stafford Corbett

part of the School of Strategic Studies

## Readings

* Wikipedia: Julian Corbett
* Corbett, Julian S., Some Principles of Maritime Strategy. London, 1911.

## See Also =

* Corbett, Julian S., Fighting Instructions, 1530-1816. London: Publications Of The Navy Records Society Vol. XXIX., 1905.
* Corbett, Julian S., England in the Seven Years War : a study in combined strategy. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1907.
* Corbett, Julian S., Drake and the Tudor navy; with a history of the rise of England as a maritime power: Volume I.(1898, 1912) · Volume II.(1899), London: Longmans, Green & Co..
* Corbett, Julian S., The successors of Drake, London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1900.
# Situating a Mutation: A Global Learning Ecology Proposal
## Abstract:

The hierarchical, managerial, and corporate controlled curricular structures of the "school" are not adequate to meet the challenges faced by the worlds young people in the twenty-first century. Further, the one hundred year absence of systemic change in education provides an environment that is ripe for a Mutation in learning. This argument is cogent in education as only now, in 2010 do we see some meaningful consensus on educational change beginning to solidify, for instance around the need for computers in learning to address the 21st century skills of finding leveraging, synthesizing, collaborating and problem solving with information (Hayes Jacobs ed. 2010, Bonk, 2009, Davidson and Goldberg, 2009). This new and still growing consensus occurs while the bulk of school and curricular policy remains dangerously static (Apple, 2010, Darling Hammond, 2010) and rooted in what Apple, Au, and Gandin (2009, p.3) have called "the ideological and institutional processes and forms that reproduce oppressive conditions". The realization that educational systems are harmfully unresponsive to needed change raises in importance when considering that our world systems are in decline and globalization operates without regard for much of the worlds cultures (Apple, ed. 2010). Our interdependent world calls for a deliberative, culturally conscious, and collaborative generation. With this in mind the future role of learning as a change agent has never been more important. In this article I will propose a new learning ecology that redefines rather than refines the design of education on a global scale. This initiative is grounded in the seminal work of critical educators (James Beane, 1995,1996; Michael Apple, 1990,1996, 2009, 2010, Boulding,1988), Networked Learning mavericks (George Siemens, Steven Downes, Alec Curousa, Graham Atwell, Leigh Blackall), Learning Scientists (R. Kieth Sawyer, Joseph S. Krajcik and Phyllis C. Blumenfeld, Barry J. Fishman and Elizabeth Davis, 2006; Seymore Papert, 1993, 1994, 1996), and learners themselves. The time for a mutation in education has come. As the world realizes ecological overshoot (Catton Jr., 1980; McKibben 2006, 2010), systemic global social crisis (UN millennium Development Goals, 2010; ICISS, 2001), and the exponential growth in global connectivity, education can and _must_ help catalyze a new global civic culture through the radical restructuring of how we design and enable learning in our world.
Full Resource (including all references) here soon! Steelemaley 18:31, 2 June 2011 (UTC)
# Sir Basil Liddell Hart

part of the School of Strategic Studies

## Online Reading Material
### Wikimedia Articles

* Sir Basil Liddell Hart, Wikipedia article.

### Primary Texts

* Foch: The Man Of Orleans. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1932.
* "The Ratio of troops to Space", Military Review, 40 (April 1960), pp. 3-11.
* The Rommel Papers. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1953.
* The Strategy Of Indirect Approach. London: Faber And Faber, 1941.
* "Western Defense Planning". Military Review, vol. 77(January-February 1997), pp.191-196.
* Why don't We Learn from History ?. St Leonards: Allen and Unwin, 1972.

### Commentaries and Articles

* Bond, Brian, "Nuclear-Age Theories of Sir Basil Liddell Hart". Military Review, vol. 50(August 1970), pp.10-20.
* Bond, Brian, "Second Thoughts on War: A Conversation with B. H. Liddell Hart". Military Review, vol. 45(September 1965), pp.23-32.
* Davidson, Kenneth L., "Clausewitz and the Indirect Approach… Misreading the Leader", AirPower Journal, vol. 2 (Winter 1988), pp.42-52.
* Morelock, Jerry D., "The Legacy of Liddell Hart". Military Review, vol. 66(May 1986), pp.65-75.
* Wheeler, Michael O., "The Employment of Tactical Air Power: A Study in the Theory of Strategy of Sir Basil H. Liddell Hart", Air University Review, vol. 26(September-October), pp.2-14.

## Offline Reading Material
### Primary Texts

* Deterrent or Defense, a Fresh Look at the West's Military Position. New York: Praeger, 1960.
* Strategy. London: Penguin Books, 1991 (2nd ed.).

### Commentaries and Articles

* Bond, Brian, Liddell Hart: A Study of his Military Thought. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1977. ISBN 0813508460
* Danchev, Alex. "Liddell Hart and the Indirect Approach", The Journal of Military History, Vol. 63, No. 2. (1999), pp. 313–337.
* Gat, Azar, Fascist and Liberal Visions of War: Fuller, Liddell Hart, Douhet, and Other Modernists. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0198207158
* Mearsheimer, John J., Liddell Hart and the Weight of History. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988.
* Reid, Brian H.,Studies in British Military Thought: Debates With Fuller and Liddell Hart. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. ISBN 0803239270

### Biographical Works

* Danchev, Alex, Alchemist of War: The Life of Basil Liddell Hart. London: Orion Publishing Group, 1998. ISBN 0297816217
# Situationism

"I'm proud you call us gangsters, nevertheless you are wrong. We are worse, we are Situationists" - Jacqueline de Jong in Situationist Times
(Wikipedia links)
* w:Situationist International
* w:Second Situationist International
* w:Gruppe SPUR
* w:Situationist Antinational
* w:Situationist Times

## Practices

* Single person associations
* Psychogeography
* Metagraphy
* Détournement
* Unitary Urbanism
* Situography
* Situology
** Situpathy
** Situphony
** Situchemy
** Situlinguay

## Related movements

* Lettrism
* Neoism
* Art Strike
# Sink or float explorative experiment

This experiment is intended for pre-k students and is appropriate for ages of 2+. (Although younger children may not wish to make predictions for every item)

## Materials

* Washbasin (or filled sink or tub).

### Sample items

Here are some sample items that you might wish to try.
* A marble
* A feather
* A coin
* Unlit birthday candle
* Plastic egg
* Metal fork
* Plastic fork
* Domino
* Pom-pom

## Form a hypothesis

Will the object sink or float?

## Experiment

Drop the item in the water.

## Results

Did the item sink or float? Was your hypothesis correct?
Which materials were more likely to sink? Which materials were more likely to float? Do you think the shape of an item affects whether it sank or floated?
# Sitemaps

A sitemap is a good way to help searchbots index your website, and increase your search-engine rankings.

## plaintext sitemaps

The easiest way to create a sitemap (for a small website) is to simply list out each webpage on your site in a plaintext file, with one URL per line, saved as "sitemap.txt" in your website's root directory.

### example plaintext sitemap

The plaintext below, if saved in UTF-8 as "sitemap.txt" and placed in the root directory at "https://en.wikiversity.org/sitemap.txt," would help searchbots to index those links and pages for their search engines.

### notes

* Always place your sitemap in the website's root directory if possible.
* Always save a sitemap as UTF-8.
* Do not list more than one URL per line.
* Do not add any additional text or comments.
* Do not list more than one host or subdomain, e.g. URLs for "https://www.wikiversity.org/" or "https://de.wikiversity.org/" should not be listed on the sitemap for "https://en.wikiversity.org/." Each host or subdomain will need its own sitemap.
* Do not list URLs using more than one protocol. All of the URLs listed should be either just HTTP or just HTTPS.
* Do not list more than 50,000 URLs.
* The total size of the text file must be less than 50 megabytes.

## XML sitemaps

Sitemaps can also be encoded in XML, and saved as "sitemap.xml" in the root directory.

### example XML sitemap
## external links

* https://www.sitemaps.org/
# Social Sciences

Social science is the branch of science devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies. The term was formerly used to refer to the field of sociology, the original "science of society", established in the 19th century. In addition to sociology, it now encompasses a wide array of academic disciplines, including anthropology, archaeology, economics, human geography, linguistics, management science, media studies, political science, psychology, and social history.

## See Also

* Portal:Social Sciences
* Wikipedia: Social science
# Social Media/The evolution will be socialised

* Douglas Rushkoff The evolution will be socialised
* Peer to Peer, bit torrent, PirateBay, Napster
* Net neutrality: Patrick Kingsley The Wu master guardian.co.uk, Thursday 17 March 2011
# Social Media/Webism

The Internet as Social Movement. n+1 magazine
# Social Media/The machine is us/ing us

* Michael Wesch, The Machine is Us/ing Us - Video 5min. January 2007
* Adam Curtis. All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace. BBC 2011
* Bruce Sterling. What Bruce Sterling Actually Said About Web 2.0 at Webstock 09 - Reading. February 2009
* Google and privacy
* Facebook controversy
* Colonialism "on the Internet, everyone's an American"
* RSA Animate. Evgeny Morozov - The Internet in Society: Empowering or Censoring Citizens? - Video 11min. March 2011.
# Trace/Matrix/Linear mapping/Introduction/Section
## Definition

Let $K$ be a field and let $M={\left(a_{ij}\right)}_{ij}$ be an $n\times n$-matrix over $K$. Then
    $\operatorname {trace} {\left(M\right)}:=\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{ii}\,$
$M$

## Definition

Let $K$ be a field, and let $V$ denote a finite-dimensional $K$-vector space. Let $\varphi \colon V\rightarrow V$ be a linear mapping, which is described by the matrix $M$ with respect to a basis. Then $\operatorname {trace} {\left(M\right)}$ is called the trace
$\varphi$
$\operatorname {trace} {\left(\varphi \right)}$
Because of exercise, this is independent of the basis chosen. The trace is a linear form on the vector space of all square matrices, and on the vector space of all endomorphisms.
# Trade Finance/Financial Plan

| Trade Finance | Introduction | M.1 Political and Economic Risk | M.2 Risk Mitigation Techniques | M.3 Commercial Risk | M.4 Payment Methods | M.5 Selecting Payment Methods | M.6 Financial Plan | M.7 Short-term Financing | M.8 Medium- and Long-term Financing |

## Module 6: Financial Plan
### Module Introduction

The objective of this module is to develop a financial plan to establish whether internal/external international trade financing is required.

### Module Sections

* Unit 6.1: Resources for Developing a Financial Plan
* Learn the benefits of Online Banking in a financial plan

### About this Resource

These resources were developed by MSU Global with funding provided by a U.S. Department of Education, Business in International Education Title VIB grant.
# Trade Finance/Medium- and Long-term Financing

| Trade Finance | Introduction | M.1 Political and Economic Risk | M.2 Risk Mitigation Techniques | M.3 Commercial Risk | M.4 Payment Methods | M.5 Selecting Payment Methods | M.6 Financial Plan | M.7 Short-term Financing | M.8 Medium- and Long-term Financing |

## Module 8: Medium- and Long-term Financing
### Module Introduction

The objective of this module is to identify and arrange medium- and long-term finance for an overseas buyer (internal/external) to allow the buyer extended terms while providing cash payment to a seller without recourse.
There are fewer options in the marketplace for medium- and long-term financing of international sales. These limited options have created a need for Ex-Im Bank to provide guarantees for such programs because of the importance of increasing exports. In addition to the US Ex-Im Bank programs, medium- and long-term financing may be available from a variety of multilateral organizations, export credit agencies, regional development banks, and credit insurers. Occasionally, but not often, funding may be available in the private sector.
All of the financing options have specific qualification requirements and may be available only for specific types of projects, or in particular geographic regions, or based on political relationships between the countries involved in the transactions.
In this module, you will be introduced to of the forms of medium- and long-term financing, that is, government-supported finance, finance provided by banks and financial institutions, and lease financing.

### Module Sections

* Unit 8.1: Medium- and Long-term Financing

### About this Resource

These resources were developed by MSU Global with funding provided by a U.S. Department of Education, Business in International Education Title VIB grant.
# Trade Finance/Political and Economic Risk

| Trade Finance | Introduction | M.1 Political and Economic Risk | M.2 Risk Mitigation Techniques | M.3 Commercial Risk | M.4 Payment Methods | M.5 Selecting Payment Methods | M.6 Financial Plan | M.7 Short-term Financing | M.8 Medium- and Long-term Financing |

## Module 1: Political and Economic Risk
### Module Introduction

The objective of this module is to assess political and economic risks and cultural issues of the target country to establish the financial costs and viability.
This module will provide an introduction to the risks and cultural issues involved in international trade. While the risks of slow payment found in domestic transactions carry over to international sales, there are many additional risks in the international arena that aren’t normally found in domestic business.
International business requires a series of screenings that overlay finance, marketing, personnel and production, the four basic areas of business. These four areas need to be evaluated from many perspectives which include the following: competitive, distributive, economic, financial, labor, legal, physical, political and technological. All of these perspectives seem to be understood and expected in any business environment but in the international arena the sociocultural and socioeconomic impact on these areas are not as easy to assess.
Three screenings that most companies overlook are the sociocultural forces, the competitive forces and the final selection with a personal visit. The concept of “country related risks” will be introduced so that a distinction can be made between the risks associated strictly with a customer’s unwillingness or inability to make payment and the impediments to payments caused because of the political, economic, and cultural components that are a part of international or cross border transactions.
Some of the causes of the political and economic risks will be introduced along with some of the causes of culturally created risks.

### Module Sections

* Unit 1.1: Introduction to Political and Economic Risk
* Unit 1.2: Cultural Issues Affecting International Trade
* Unit 1.3: Resources for Determining Risk

### About this Resource

These resources were developed by MSU Global with funding provided by a U.S. Department of Education, Business in International Education Title VIB grant.
# Toy

* Arduino/Toy
* Lead poisoning in toys
# Trade Finance/Selecting Payment Methods

| Trade Finance | Introduction | M.1 Political and Economic Risk | M.2 Risk Mitigation Techniques | M.3 Commercial Risk | M.4 Payment Methods | M.5 Selecting Payment Methods | M.6 Financial Plan | M.7 Short-term Financing | M.8 Medium- and Long-term Financing |

## Module 5: Selecting Payment Methods
### Module Introduction

The objective of this module is to select appropriate methods, terms, and currency of payment to agents, sales representatives, distributors, suppliers, and international joint ventures.
This resource on international finance is focused on the global business professional who is a generalist who may be involved in the sale and/or purchase of goods and/or services internationally. It is essential that a global business professional understand and be able to use the methods of payment available for international business transactions. You will need to be able to determine and select the appropriate method of payment, terms and currency that pertain to the different modes of entry available to international markets. Task 5 consists of two knowledge statements. The challenge for any global business professional in understanding this information is that decisions will be affected by the level of country and commercial risks present in the market and the product or service being offered. It is important, then, that you are comfortable with Modules 1 and 4 of this resources as well.
In this module, you will gain
* knowledge of terms and condition of purchase or sale.
* knowledge of resources: banks, U.S. government agencies, International Chamber of Commerce, and othersy yet that may become available.
These unit objectives provide an outline for the terms and conditions of purchase or sale as well as the resources available to support the purchase or sale. Understanding how each of the unit objectives relates to and affects the others is also important. You must
* know the methods of payment and their associated risks for the buyer and seller.
* be able to select the appropriate mode of entry into a market and the terms of sale, which are often dependant on the commercial, economic and political risks evident in a country and will dictate the method of payment chosen for the transaction.
* know how the modes of entry for international transactions will dictate the ways business is conducted as well as the costs and the responsibilities for each party involved.
* know the responsibilities of each party that should be defined clearly in a contract, realizing, however, that the rules governing such instruments are dependant on the countries and parties involved in the transactions.
* be aware of and know how to utilize available international business resources that may reduce the risks and cost of doing business.

### Module Sections

* Unit 5.1: Terms and Conditions of Purchase or Sale
* Unit 5.2: Resources for Selecting Payment Methods

### About this Resource

These resources were developed by MSU Global with funding provided by a U.S. Department of Education, Business in International Education Title VIB grant.