OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Doctor of Philosophy/Candidature/History

This is a cumulative description of all the works (formal and informal) you have completed to be considered toward your candidacy for an ONPhD.
More than just a curriculum vitae (CV) in the traditional sense, it is everything formal and non-formal that you consider applicable to becoming an Open and Networked PhD (ONPhD) candidate. This "academic" history should describe both the formal and informal learning that applies to the subject domain of your advanced studies. Identifying and listing past research projects and publications - or equivalent should also be included here.
This cumulative description can be published anywhere that is available to the open web. A blog post (or collection of blog posts), a wikiversity profile page, a personal website, the choice is yours. This open and online location (or locations) for publishing your works will be known as your ONPhD portfolio. Choose an online place (or places) that you feel comfortable and productive. If your description covers multiple posts and multiple publishing locations a single page or post should be created to bring all these sources together.
Once you have created your ONPhD portfolio and completed this cumulative description, post a link to it in this tasks discussion thread.

### Related Badge

Any of your peers who have been awarded this badge, will be able to assess your work and award you the badge for completion of this task. Awarding this badge would be done through credly; https://credly.com/give/830
# Doctor of Philosophy/Candidature
### Candidature

This simple course will guide you in the steps to becoming a successful candidate in the ONPhD. See the course on P2PU, and the manual for earning the badge
* Describe your learning history - This is a cumulative description of all the works (formal and informal) you have completed to be considered toward your candidacy for an ONPhD
* Identify your domain of study - The described domain of study should be both broad and focused. This is to allow others to get a sense of both the knowledge domain and your focus.
* Detail your contribution - What of considerable significance are you going to contribute to your chosen subject domain of knowledge?
* Methodology - Completion of a PhD requires a significant reseach project or major contribution to your chosen knowledge domain.
* Skills and Knowledge Development - Completion of a PhD level of knowing also requires the development of other related skills and knowledge.
* Engage the community - How are you going to engage the learning community and your learning network
* Seek supervision and endorsements - Identify the people in your learning network who are going to assist on your learning journey and help you get to finished..
# Future media class/Interactive MultiMedia

An inclusive definition for interactive media is illusive if not impossible to write. Interactivity in media can be described by degree, but not by a single, all-encompassing definition. Interactive media has been called a "hybrid media technology" because it can combine any format (print, web, disc, video, audio, virtual reality scene, PDF, web link, etc.) that allow users to respond to content.
Interactive media is evolving at a faster rate than most other aspects of new technology and multisensory experimentation is bringing startling new considerations into the multimedia mix. Movies an audience can taste, touch, see, hear and feel are not science fiction. User created content on Youtube is a manifestation of people's thirst for interactivity, as that web site gives users ultimate control over content by allowing them to create it themselves.
It's not just access that makes multimedia powerful, but the control over content given to users. Interactive Media authoring programs enable the user to manipulate the materials through linking, sorting, searching and annotating activities.
# Future media class/Social Networking - An On-Line Phenomenon

On-line social networking is a web phenomenon almost beyond compare. At least ten million people have dated on-line as of the beginning of 2008 and the average Myspace site is getting forty hits per day.
If a large part of success is "all about who you know", is on-line social networking the most effective way to build a sphere of friends? Are Facebook and Myspace trends that have reshaped the course of social inteaction, or just a total waste of time?
Well, we're contacting with life! so can't be a waste of time!
# Future media class/Viral Media

When a video posted on Youtube gets twice the viewing audience as a natinally syndicated TV sitcom show you can be sure that the big networks are paying attention to viral media. It costs about $2.5 million dollars an episode to produce one thirty segment of a television series and it typically takes most of a year to build an audience. A back yard video shot on a $600 digital video camera should not be able to generate more viewers than the networks can get throughout an entire season - but they are.
What makes media go viral (a video, a new band, a photo, a web site, etc.)? Should people who want to communicate learn how to infect the public with a media virus or treat the whole idea like a plague?
# Future media class

Future Media is a team taught class at Oral Roberts University with instructors from art, music, multimedia and communication arts. Course content will emphasize new media communication technologies and emerging career opportunities being generated by interactive, immersive, multistory, multimedia technologies. Some historical perspectives will be included in in the course in order to understand predicted future trends.

## Entrepreneurs, Artists, Musicians and Multimedia Experts

* The New Entrepreneurs
* Design
* Music and Sound
* Interactive MultiMedia

## Lessons

* Media Fads Versus Paradigm Shifts
* Social Networking - An On-Line Phenomenon
* Viral Media
* Multi-sensory Media Is About To Explode
* Virtual Experiences: Now More Like Our Real World
* Emerging Technologies: Preparing For The Next Job Market
* User Generated Media
* Media Convergence
* Field Trip Feedback
* Learning Resources
* Software

## About This Class

Typical classes will include demonstrations, field trips, and other “learn by doing” experiences. Speakers and panelists will include industry professionals, alumni, professors, and students with expertise in fields mentioned above. The class will meet some guests via big screen video conferencing with two way audio. Software tools for lab work will include, but not be limited to: graphic editing (Adobe Photoshop), audio editing (Adobe Audition), video editing (Apple Final Cut Pro).
No text is required, however, students will be required to contribute regularly to an on-line Wikibook. The majority of course procedure communications between students, faculty, guest speakers and others will take place on Facebook. On-line software required for class participation will include, but not be limited to: Wikibooks.org, Facebook, Desire2learn, del-ic-ious.com, alexaholic.com, and flickr.com.

### In this class you CAN expect to:

* Experience an overview of historical and emerging industry trends in graphic design, music technology, and multimedia.
* Be able to define the marketable skills, attitudes and strategies demanded by future careers.
* Experience how technology is affecting world wide social development.
* Discuss some differences between a Believer’s media perspective and secular developers who might focus primarily on profit and entertainment value.
* Be amazed and sometimes overwhelmed by what you can do with interactive media.
* Learn techniques to locate, organize and analyze emerging communication technologies.

### In this class you can NOT expect to:

* Be a passive listener while others do most of the talking in class.
* Participate only on course meeting days. Facebook and the Wiki require regular attention.
* Read a standard text book. You will write your own book in WIKIbooks.
# Future media class/Media Convergence

In the early 21'st century, a new arena began emerging in technology. The integration of multiple functions that have in the past been confined to individual devices, into a single device. Simply put, one gadget that can perform the job of multiple devices. Until recently, the only machine capble of handling such tasks was the personal computer and computing technology. However, as more and more advances in the technological field were pioneered, items like CD/MP3/DVD players, PDA's and even camera phones began to emerge. Today, such devices are commonplace and not so much a marvel as before. Almost all cellular phones made today have some multi-tasking component integrated into their functionality, with more and more being added each year. Perfect examples of these advanced phones would be the p990, from (Sony Ericsson), which along with the Motorolas Blackberry Phone, was one of the very first PDA/Camera/MP3/Internet devices on the commercial market in the US. Of course, advancements such as these were already made in countries like Japan and Europe, thus are not so much of a surprise to their cultures. However, in the US, technology such as this is still relatively new and extremely costly as well, which is one of the few disadvantages to such devices.
Is the iPhone a music player, video viewer, web browser, GPS, telephone or PDA? The Apple company would answer "yes".
Where will the convergence of media and media management devices (and perhaps everything in society) end? What else can be "converged" after the iPhone? Why are things converging? What, in our society, has not converged and probably never should?
# Future media class/Multi-sensory Media Is About To Explode

For several years, media researchers have demonstrated movies that you can taste, smell, and feel. Multimedia developement indicates that people crave any experience that more closely resembles their real-world (TV instead of radio, color TV instead of black and white, high def. TV over standard definition TV, etc.).
Is multisensory multimedia inevitable? Will it replace or suplement books and other conventional media? When will it become available for general consumption at an affordable price? If completely immersive multisensory multimedia becomes common place, what are the implications for you and the rest of society?
# Future media class/User Generated Media

In the Bible, the book of Genesis says that God made man so he would have someone to fellowship and interact with. It also says that people are made in God's image. Perhaps this helps explain why people are so much more compulsive about interactive media than conventional, traiditional, less interactive media (for about five years now, blockbuster video games have made more money than all of the major films combined).
Perhaps the ultimate interactive media is that which an audience creates themselves. Will user generated content replace the media produced by "professionals"? Why does Youtube overwhelm network television shows in viewership? Isn't quality and professional experience important any more? Why do people watch grainy, stupid videos on Youtube? Will they continue to do so, or is this just a brief interlude of bad taste?
# Future media class/Emerging Technologies: Preparing For The Next Job Market

In his best seller "The World is Flat", Thomas Friedman states that "anything that can be defined by a set of procedures or formulas, and anything that can be accomplished in cheaper in another country will be outsourced - if it hasn't happened already". There are things we can do to prepare ourselves for this outsourcing of jobs is affecting every profession and the "flattening" of our world.
If we can learn to think like "designers", rather than piggy banks for information we safeguard our own futures. With the advent of the internet, portable devices and powerful search engines, piggy bank employees are being outsourced. There is no indication that artificial intelligence, or any other technology, will ever be able to compete with the creative intelligence of humans. For self preservation, how do we cultivate our own creative potential to a marketable level?
As a result of outsourcing and other disruptive trends in modern society, it will be important to realize what it takes to be successful in the future job market. In the past, talented individuals who were willing to work hard and be honest would end up on top. That will change. From now on, it will be the rule breakers and the innovators, the creative people who can figure out new ways to write the rules who will be successful.
# Contradiction proof/Objection/Exercise

Look at the following statement: "The principle "Proof by contradiction“ is obviously nonsense. If we can assume anything, then we can always arrive at a contradiction and then we can prove anything“. Discuss this statement.
# Control groups/Quiz

Control groups is an effort, in a lecture format, to describe the components of a control group, often as applied in the performance of experimentation.
You are free to take this quiz based on the lecture/article control group at any time.
To improve your score, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{Humanities resources}} template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.
As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.
Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.
To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* A control group can be used to study dominant groups, even though control group is a synonym for dominant group when the control group actually rules others.
# Control systems/Closed loop systems

Close loop control systems use the open loop systems (as forward path) and feedback from the output to decide the input level to the open loop system. And because the input is decided based on how much away the output is from the desired level, the non idealities in forward path do not degrade the system performance. The accuracy of the output thus depends on the feedback path, which in general can be made very accurate.
For the open loop transfer function of $G(s)$, the closed loop transfer function is given by $G(s)/(1+G(s)H(s))$, where H(s) is the transfer function from output to input (with the loop broken).
# Control systems
## Lessons

* Open loop systems
* Closed loop systems
* Feedback
* Transfer Functions
* Plots
** Root locus, Bode plot, Nyquist plort, Nicolas chart, M-N circles
* Compensator
* PI, PD, PID Controllers
* State Space Analysis

## Offsite courses
### With video lectures

* Control Engineering (notes), M. Gopal, IIT Delhi.
* Control Engineering (notes), S.D. Agashe, IIT Bombay
* Advanced Control Systems (notes), S. Majhi, IIT Guwahati
* Industrial Automation and Control (notes), S. Sen and S. Mukhopadhyay, IIT Kharagpur

### Without video lectures

* Control Engineering 1, S. Janardhanan, IIT Delhi, Sem II, 2011-12.
* Digital Control System, S. Majhi and Dr. Indrani Kar, IIT Guwahati
* Control Engineering, M. Gopal, IIT Delhi.

## Resources

* Engineering Laboratory Experiments on CONTROL SYSTEMS and PROCESS DYNAMICS
* ExperTune Library
* Dynamic Simulation of Chemical Process
# Control systems/Open loop systems

In control systems , systems are classified into two groups:
* Open loop systems,
* Closed loop systems.
Open loop systems are systems in which the output of a system is not used as a variable to control the system.
Open loop control systems use the input variables to calculate the output based on the "open loop transfer function" of the system. The output is not fedback to modify the controlled output. There are many reasons to use open loop control such as simplifying the control system, quicker response of the system, to reduce the possiblility of oscillation and sometimes to lower cost.
An example of the use of open loop transfer function in control system is in the control of the wing surfaces on a modern figther plane. The closed loop implenmentaion would make the control much slower (cost is clearly not an issue in this example).
There are very good references for the fundamentals on the main wikipedia.org site such as http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_function
Note for moderators, the statements below are incorrect. Open loop systems are systems in which input to the system is not controlled by the present output.
In open loop systems, problems are solved by trying to avoid them in the first place, ie., by good design.
# Food in Latin Literature/Terentius

Publius Terentius Afer (c. 195/185 – c. 159? BC) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence
Adelphoe (160 BC)
Ter. Ad.3.3.
Slave Syrus talking to the rigorous father Demia
...SY.
Hem, Demea, haud aspexeram te. Quid agitur?
DE.
20 Quid agatur? Vestram nequeo mirari satis
Rationem.
SY.
Est hercle inepta, ne dicam dolo,
Atque absurda. Pisces ceteros purga, Dromo:
Congrum istum maximum in aqua sinito ludere
Paulisper: ubi ego venero, exossabitur;
25 Prius nolo.
DE.
Haecine flagitia!
SY.
Mihi quidem non placent;
Et clamo saepe. Salsamenta haec, Stephanio,
Fac macerentur pulchre...
DE.
Fit sedulo.
60 Nihil praetermitto: consuefacio: denique
Inspicere tanquam in speculum in vitas omnium
Iubeo, atque ex aliis sumere exemplum sibi.
"Hoc facito."
SY.
Recte sane.
DE.
"Hoc fugito."
SE.
Callide.
DE.
"Hoc laudi est."
SY.
Istaec res est.
DE.
"Hoc vitio datur." Sy.
65 Probissime.
De. Porro autem---
SY. Non hercle otium est
Nunc mihi auscultanldi. Pisces ex sententia
Nactus sum: hi mihi ne corrumpantur cautio est:
Nam id nobis tam flagitium est quam illa, Demea,
Non facere vobis quae modo dixti: et, quod queo,
Conservis ad eundem istunc praccipio modum:
"(Hoc salsum est; hoc adustum est; hoc lautum est parum,
Illud recte: iterum sic memento:" sedulo
Moneo quae possum pro mea sapientia.
Postremo tanquam in speculum in patinas, Demea,
Inspicere iubeo, et moneo quid facto usus siet.
Inepta haec esse nos quae facimus sentio:
Verum quid facias? ut homo est, ita morem geras.
Numquid vis?
Ter. Ad. 5.3.
Brothers Demia and Micio are making peace
...DE. Scilicet ita tempus fert,
faciundumst. ceterum ego rus cras cum filio
cum primo luci ibo hinc. MI. De nocte, censeo:
hodie modo hilarum fac te. DE. Et istam psaltriam
una illuc mecum hinc abstraham. MI. Pugnaueris
eo pacto prorsum illi adligaris filium.
modo facito ut illam serues. DE. Ego istuc uidero:
atque ibi fauillae plena, fumi ac pollinis
coquendo sit faxo et molendo; praeterhac
meridie ipso faciam ut stipulam conligat;
tam excoctam reddam atque atram quam carbost. MI. Placet:
nunc mihi uidere sapere. atque equidem filium
tum etiam si nolit cogam ut. cum illa una cubet.
DE. Derides? fortunatus, qui isto animo sies.
ego sentio.. MI. Ah, pergisne? DE. Iam iam desino.
# English-Chinese/Blood vessel

Blood vessels are pipes that carry blood in the circulatory system. The blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are arteries. The blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart are veins. Capillaries are located between the vein and the artery to provide blood to the tissue.
血管是在循环系统中携带血液的管道。 从心脏带走血液的血管是动脉。 将血液带回心脏的血管是静脉。 毛细血管位于静脉和动脉之间，为组织提供血液。
# English-Chinese/Bladder

The bladder is an organ in the human body. It is the part of our urination. All the liquids that are drunk go through the bladder. The bladder takes in the liquid in order for the body to work. The bladder works with the kidneys. The kidneys clean the liquid we drink. This goes on util the bladder is too full to hold any more.
膀胱 是 人体内的 一个 器官。这是 我们 排尿系统的 一部分。所喝的 液体 都 通过 膀胱。膀胱 装着 尿液 以便 身体 正常工作。膀胱 与 肾脏 一起工作。肾脏 清洁 我们 喝的 液体。这种 情况 继续，直至 膀胱 过满，无法 容纳 更多。
# English-Chinese/Bleeding

Bleeding is the loss of blood or blood escape from the circulatory system. Bleeding can occur internally, where blood leaks from blood vessels inside the body, or externally, either through a natural opening such as the vagina, mouth, nose, ear or anus, or through a break in the skin.
出血 是 失血 或 血液 从 循环系统中 流失。出血 可以 发生 在 内部，血液 从 身体内的 血管 渗漏，或 通过 阴道，口腔，鼻子，耳朵 或 肛门 等 自然 开口 或 通过 皮肤 破裂 进行 外部 渗血。
# English-Chinese/Blood pressure

The pressure in the arteries changes depending on what the heart is doing. When the heart squeezes, pumping blood into the arteries, the pressure increases. When the heart relaxes, the pressure decreases. When blood pressure is measured, the highest pressure (when the heart is squeezing) is called the systolic blood pressure. The lowest pressure (when the heart is relaxing) is called the diastolic blood pressure.
动脉 压力的 变化 取决于 心脏 在 做 什么。当 心脏 挤压 时，将 血液 泵入 动脉，压力 增加。当 心脏 放松 时，压力 下降。当 测量 血压 时，最高 压力（当 心脏 挤压 时）被称为 收缩压。最低 压力（当 心脏 放松 时）称为 舒张压。
# English-Chinese/Body modification

Body modification (or body alteration) is when a person changes their body in a way that lasts forever or for a long time. There are many different kinds of body modification, like piercing, circumcision, or tattoos. Almost all cultures do some kind of body modification.
身体修饰（或 身体改造）是指 一个 人 以 永久 或 长期 持续的 方式 改变 他们的 身体。有 许多 不同的 身体修饰，如 穿孔，包皮环切 或 纹身。几乎 所有的 文化 都会 进行 某种 身体修饰。
# English-Chinese/Body of water

A body of water or waterbody (often spelled water body) is any significant accumulation of water, generally on a planet's surface.
水体 是 水的 任何 显著 积聚，通常 在 行星 表面上。
# English-Chinese/Blood

Blood is a liquid in humans and many animals except insects. Blood is pushed through the organism by the heart, and brings nutrients and oxygen to our tissues. It also takes away waste and carbon dioxide from tissues.
血液 是 人类 和 许多 动物的 一种 液体，除了 昆虫。血液 被 心脏 输送 穿过 生物体，并 将 营养物质 和 氧气 带到 我们的 组织。它 也 带走 组织中的 废物 和 二氧化碳。
# English-Chinese/Blood flow

The blood flow is the blood circulation in the blood vassels.
血流是血管中的血液循环。
# English-Chinese/Blindness from cataracts

Blindness from cataracts occurs in about 10 to 40 per 100,000 children in the developing world, and 1 to 4 per 100,000 children in the developed world.
白内障的失明发生在发展中国家每10万名儿童中约10至40名，发达国家每10万名儿童中有1至4名白内障。
# English-Chinese/Blocked arteries in the heart

Blocked arteries in the heart are often caused by smoking, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, and inherited traits from parents. All of these problems damage the lining of the heart's blood vessels and make them become narrowed or blocked completely.
心脏阻塞的动脉通常由吸烟，高胆固醇，高血压，糖尿病和父母的遗传性状引起。 所有这些问题都会破坏心脏血管的内层，使它们变得狭窄或完全闭塞。
# Controversies in Science/Are humans causing global warming/A Critque ofNeeds, resources and climate change: Clean and efficient conversion technologies

(Review Paper) Cited in Controversies in Science/Are humans causing global warming/A Critque ofNeeds, resources and climate change: Clean and efficient conversion technologies

### Changes Humans can make to Limit their Carbon Footprint

Due to our growing population, individuals can make subtle changes to their lifestyle which will impact the amount of carbons released into the enviroment in an effort to limit theire negative impact.
In developed parts of the world, energy comsumption dictates our standards of life. In places such as North America, Europe, and other developed countries, individuals have become accustomed to cheap and plentiful supplies. As the competition over limited supplies of conventional fossil fuels increases more environmental problems are being created, especially carbon dioxide emissions. There is strong evidence that atmospheric CO2 concentration is responsible for rising global temperature and temperatures will continue to accelerate as CO2 concentration continues to rise.
The rise in fossil fuel consumption mainly coal, oil and other heavy hydrocarbons that have a high carbon content have led to irreversible global warming and the associated impacts of climate change. By expanding and developing the use of nuclear energy and renewable sources, we can decrease the amount of harmful CO2 emissions.