OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Literature/1978/Turner

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Wikimedia
### w: Liminality#Victor Turner

* The attributes of liminality or of liminal personae ("threshold people") are necessarily ambiguous (Turner 1969). One's sense of identity dissolves to some extent, bringing about disorientation, but also the possibility of new perspectives. Turner posits that, if liminality is regarded as a time and place of withdrawal from normal modes of social action, it potentially can be seen as a period of scrutiny for central values and axioms of the culture where it occurs (Turner 1969) - one where normal limits to thought, self-understanding, and behavior are undone. In such situations, the very structure of society is temporarily suspended.
| w: Communitas w: Ambiguity w: Implicature | w: Interpretivism w: Symbolism w: Symbolic anthropology |

## Chronology

* Turner, Victor (1986). The Anthropology of Performance. PAJ Publications.
* Turner, Victor (1986). The Anthropology of Experience. University of Illinois Press.
* Turner, Victor (1985). Liminality, Kabbalah, and the Media. Academic Press.
* Turner, Victor (1982). From Ritual to Theatre: The Human Seriousness of Play. PAJ Publications.
* Turner, Victor & Edith Turner (1978). Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture: Anthropological Perspectives. Columbia University Press. $^{[^]}$
* Turner, Victor (1977). "Ndembu Divination and its Symbolism," in: David Landy, ed., Culture, Disease, and Healing: Studies in Medical Anthropology. New York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 175–182.
* Douglas, Mary (1975). Implicit Meanings: Essays in Anthropology. Routledge. $^{[^]}$
* Grice, Paul (1975). "Logic and Conversation," pp. 41-58, in: Cole, Peter & Jerry L. Morgan eds. (1975). Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 3: Speech Act. New York: Academic Press. $^{[^]}$ -- cf. w: implicature
* Turner, Victor (1974). Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society. Cornell University Press.
* Geertz, Clifford (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books. $^{[^]}$
* Turner, Victor (1969). The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-structure. Aldine de Gruyter.
* Turner, Victor (1967). The Forest of Symbols. Cornell University Press.
* Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1953). Philosophical Investigations. Blackwell Publishing. $^{[^]}$
* Ryle, Gilbert (1949). The Concept of Mind. University Of Chicago Press. $^{[^]}$
* Richards, I. A. (1936). The Philosophy of Rhetoric. Oxford University Press. $^{[^]}$
* Empson, William (1930). Seven Types of Ambiguity, 2nd ed., London: Chatto & Windus, 1949. $^{[^]}$
* Malinowski, Bronislaw (1923). "The Problem of Meaning in Primitive Languages." Supplement to: Ogden & Richards (1923), pp. 296-336. $^{[^]}$
* Ogden, C. K. & I. A. Richards (1923). The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. $^{[^]}$

## Reviews

* Maniura, Robert (2004). Pilgrimage to Images in the Fifteenth Century: The Origins of the Cult of Our Lady of Częstochowa. Boydell Press. $^{[^]}$ -- 2004/Maniura#Excerpts
# Literature/1979

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Subpages

* James S. Albus (1979). "Mechanisms of Planning and Problem Solving in the Brain". Mathematical Biosciences 45: 247-293. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Agassi $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Bach $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Bateson $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Beer $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Berlin $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Black $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Bronfenbrenner $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Campbell $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Carr $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Codd $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Ellison $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Dreyfus $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Erickson $^{[^]}$
* Farradane, Jason (1979). "The Nature of Information," Journal of Information Science 1(1): 13-17. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Fischer $^{[^]}$
* Gibson, Jame J. (1979). The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Gombrich $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Glanville $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Grice $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Habermas $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Hacking $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Hofstadter $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Jones $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Kahneman $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Karttunen $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Korfhage $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Kuhn $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Latour $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Levy $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Lewis $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Lovelock $^{[^]}$
* Lyotard, Jean-François (1979). The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. University of Minnesota Press, 1984. $^{[^]}$
* McCorduck, Pamela (1979). Machines Who Think. 25th anniversary edition, Natick, MA: A K Peters, Ltd., 2004. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/McNeill $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Nicholls $^{[^]}$
* Ortony, Andrew, ed. (1979). Metaphor and Thought, Cambridge University Press. 2nd. ed. 1993. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Paul $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Popper $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Prigogine $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Reddy $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Robertson $^{[^]}$
* Rorty, Richard (1979). Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature. Princeton University Press. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Searle $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Schutz $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Slamecka $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Swinney $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Umpleby $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Varela $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Wallerstein $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Wheeler $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Winograd $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Zeeuw $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1979/Zukav $^{[^]}$
# Digital Media Concepts/Porsche Ignition

When sitting down in and attempting to start a Porsche, one will quickly realize that the ignition is not found on the left of the steering wheel. The ignition key in most all Porsches is located to the left of the steering wheel, an iconic characteristic of the brand's vehicles.

## Le Mans Race

The 24 Hours of Le Mans is an endurance race held annually near Le Mans, France. This race incorporated a Standing start, where drivers would have to run to their vehicles, get in, start the car, switch it into gear, and drive away.

### Awards

Porsche has 19 outright wins, the most out of any manufacturer.
Years: 1970–1971, 1976–1977, 1979, 1981–1987, 1994, 1996–1998, 2015–2017

#### Innovation

These wins are most often attributed to the placement of the ignition. When the race starts and the drivers must run to and start the car, they must use their right hand to start the car, then switch the car into gear. Those who are driving Porsches are able to turn the key and switch the gear at the same time, shaving off a little bit of time. That split-second advantage grew into minutes over the 24 hour period, explaining Porsche's impressive record.

## Controversy

There are different explanations as to why Porsches have the ignition to the left of the steering wheel:
* Porsche dealers will tell the story about how it pays tribute to racing; "The left hand starts the engine: as early as 1925, the placement of the ignition switch to the left of the steering wheel enabled race drivers to start their engine even while they were still climbing into their car during the start from the pit wall at Le Mans. And when something works well, we keep it that way."
* Another source claims that "In the early Postwar period, when the company amounted to a mere handful of men hammering and welding in an old sawmill, electrical wire was scarce. Putting the switch on the left 'saved a little bit of wire, a little bit of money,... and maybe 200 grams.'"

## Legacy

While a lot of Porsche owners love to echo the racing story to anyone willing to listen, most people forget that some of Porsche's production models, including different iterations of the
* 356
* 9141955 Porsche 550 Spyder 34
* 924
* 944
* 968
    and
* 928
that had the ignitions located on the right of the steering wheel.
In more recent years, the placement of the ignition has been consistently on the outside of the wheel, closest to the door.
Whatever story you choose to believe, Porsche is still an impressive brand with a rich history worth exploring.
# Digital Media Concepts/Photoshop
## History

Photoshop has been a popular program throughout the 21st century. It all started way back in the 1980s when a PhD student named Thomas Knoll was playing around with his Mac Plus and noticed that his computed failed to display grayscale images on his display. He found this issue to be concerning so he decided to figure out a way to fix the problem at hand. As he was figuring out his approach, his brother John Knoll suggested he create a program devoted to image editing. The prototype name was called 'Display' which was soon changed to Image pro.
As a year went by, the project was looking promising. The Image-pro had many features that set it apart from other software at the time. At this given moment the two decided to start selling the product which was then renamed to the Photoshop we know today. Though it may have sounded like a revolutionary product, the two had a hard time attracting interest from other companies. In 1988 the Knoll brothers struck a deal with Adobe which gave the rights to the wholesale to them. This was the birth of Photoshop 1.0 which was publicly released in 1990. As time went on, future updates attracted millions of users to the same program we know today as Adobe Photoshop.

## Exhibitions

Photoshop changed the game of photo editing completely. The transformation from cutting and pasting pictures to cover parts of an image no longer is needed. Photographers were able to make changes to their images which would have otherwise been impossible without Adobe Photoshop. This technology gives amateurs and professionals easy access to software. Many images that were altered by Photoshop (from past to present) were exhibited all around the world to show a legacy of this revolutionized concept.

## Software or Hardware

Adobe Photoshop CC 2018 19.0 (Current) Type: Raster Graphics Editor Runs on Windows/macOS

## External Links

https://www.adobe.com/ https://www.photoshop.com/
# Homocysteine

Homocysteine is an uncommon amino acid. The molecular formula is HOO=CCH(NH$_2$)(CH$_2$)$_2$SH.

## Catabolism

Homocysteine is produced by the hydrolysis of the common amino acid methionine.
    Methionine + Water → Homocysteine + Methanol
Homocysteine can also be produced by the hydrolysis of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
    S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + water ↔ adenosine + homocysteine
This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase. This enzyme is involved in normal T-cell and macrophage function.

## Atherosclerosis

Elevated levels of serum homocysteine is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease. Among individuals with type 2 diabetes elevated plasma homocysteine levels are associated with an increased risk of macroangiopathy and nephropathy. It is unclear if this increased risk is due to the homocysteine itself, the methanol which is produced as a by-product of homocysteine biosynthesis, or some other mechanism which is correlated with homocysteine biosynthesis. Some authors believe that methanol causes arteriosclerosis. Other authors believe that arteriosclerosis is caused by homocysteine via some direct but yet to be explained mechanism.

## Chronic infection

Elevated serum homocysteine levels, in spite of normal dietary methionine intake, may therefore suggest a chronic infection.
# Homogeneous linear system/Dimension estimate/Fact/Proof

The solution space of one linear equation in $n$ variables has dimension $n-1$ or $n$. The solution space of the system is the intersection of the solution spaces of the individual equations. Therefore, the statement follows by applying fact to the individual solution spaces.
# Homeschooling/California

In California, children must be enrolled in school by the year in which they are 6 by Sept. 1st (so children with birthdays on Sept. 2nd would not have to enroll until the following year, when they are nearly 7). Kindergarten is not mandatory. Mandatory schooling ends on a child’s 18th birthday (whether or not they have graduated, though of course they can continue in school after that time) Students who have graduated high school may be done before the age of 18, as can students age 16 or older who have passed the CHSPE . Public schools, including charter schools and ISPs, and tutored students are required to be in session a minimum of 175 days of the year, but there are no specific requirements for private homeschoolers to be in session a certain number of days or hours.

## Legal options for homeschooling in California

* Charter Schools (local or online)
* Independent Study Program (ISP) or Home Study Program (HSP) through a public school
* Tutoring by a credentialed teacher (you or someone else)
* Private Satellite Programs (PSP): these are private schools
* Private school in your home

## Resources

There are two non-profit, volunteer-run homeschool organizations serving all California homeschoolers.
* Homeschool Association of California (HSC) "serve[s] the homeschoolers of California in a wide variety of ways." For example, it provides legal, support, social, and informational services, including an annual convention and several camping trips.
* California Homeschool Network (CHN) "monitors and responds to legislation which may pose a threat to homeschooling" and "inform[s] and empower[s] homeschooling families, educate[s] the public, and foster[s] community among home educators in the state of California." It also holds an annual convention.

### Resources by region
#### Counties

* Fresno County
# Homeschooling/California/Fresno County

There is an active homeschooling community in Fresno County.

## Events and Activities

From time to time, families in the area will organize informal activities. These are frequently announced in the various support groups (see below).
* Park Days. Families week meet at area parks regularly throughout the week. Anyone is welcome to attend, although certain groups may focus on specific age groups or locations.
* Family nights. In 2015, several Fresno County homeschoolers organized a family-to-family picnic, which included a used curriculum sale and information session. These events have continued to be offered in the spring and late summer in 2016. They are announced in the area support groups (see below) and by word-of-mouth.

## Peer-to-Peer Local Support groups

* For Mountain or Valley area homeschoolers (Christian Homeschoolers of the Central Valley)
* Field trips for local homeschoolers
* This is a secular group for the Fresno and Madera County areas

### Learning cooperatives

Cooperatives for homeschoolers are groups of families that provide a variety of learning or social opportunities.
* Fresno/Clovis area co-op (Sierra Co-op)
* Fresno area co-op (Synergy Homeschool Co-op)
* Fresno area Christian co-op (CHEFA)
* Lighthouse Christian School
Lighthousefresno.com
# Homeostasis of Calcium and Phosphorus

Calcium and phosphorus, which are part of the teeth and bones, are important in the organism. As we need a large amount of these minerals, it is necessary to incorporate them in our diet. At the same time, these minerals are involved in other functions, among which we can mention (table 1):
| Calcium | Phosphorus |
| Neuromuscular excitation | Enzyme regulation |
| Blood Coagulation | Functional integrity of cells and organic processes |
| Secretory processes | Supply of oxygen to the tissues |
| Membrane integrity | Buffer in urine and plasma |
| Transport in the plasma membrane | Energy storage through formation of molecules |
| Enzymatic reactions | Part of the DNA and cell membranes |
| Release of hormones and neurotransmitters | Involved in the supply of oxygen to the tissues |
| Bone mineralization | Bone mineralization |
Table 1: Functions of calcium and phosphorus in the organism.
Calcium is the fifth element in order of abundance. An adult has almost 1 kg of calcium, which is combined with phosphorus forming hydroxyapatite crystals, mainly in bones. This represents 99% of the total calcium; the other 1 % is part of the extra and intracellular fluid. Therefore, we can say that the physiology of the metabolism of calcium and phosphate are closely related processes and therefore should be studied together [Kalantar-Zadeh 2010]. The amount of phosphorus in the organism differs from calcium levels because the ingestion of phosphorus in the diet is high and its absorption in the intestine has no limitations. In comparison, the ingestion of calcium is more limited in the diet, and its absorption by the intestine is less efficient [Peacock, 2010]. The excretion of both minerals is through the urine, regulated by the kidney. Phosphorus deficiency in the diet is rare and only generates bone loss, pain, debility and anorexia. Moreover, calcium deficiency can produce bone diseases, such as osteoporosis. The bones are more fragile and weaker, because of the loss of minerals. This deficiency is more common in women with menopause.
# Homeschooling/Primary school
## Primary school stream

This is a place for homeschooling primary school students to share resources and tips. Wikiversity is an ideal tool for homeschoolers due to its "learn by doing" philosophies and many do-it-yourself resources! Any primary schoolers or parents/primary homeschool educators of primary schoolers interested in participating in this stream and sharing advice and recommendations should sign below:
* your name here!
* PoizonMyst 23:54, 30 June 2010 (UTC)
* Sixteenkats (discuss • contribs) 19:40, 12 August 2016 (UTC)
# English-Pinyin/Black wood ear is an edible fungus

Black wood ear is an edible fungus. Its shape is like an ear with a black color. It usually grows on elder wood.
Hēimù'ěr shì yī zhǒng shíyòngjūn. Tā de xíngzhuàng jiù xiàng yīgè hēisè de ěrduǒ. Tā tōngcháng shēngzhǎng zài lǎomù shàng.
# English-Pinyin/Astronomy includes

Astronomy includes the study of physical and chemical properties of celestial objects and processes.
Tiānwénxué bāokuò yánjiū tiāntǐ hé guòchéng de wùlǐ hé huàxué tèxìng.
# English-Pinyin/Astronomy studies celestial objects

Astronomy studies celestial objects (such as stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets and nebulae) and processes (such as supernovae explosions, gamma ray bursts, and cosmic microwave background radiation).
Tiānwénxué yánjiū tiāntǐ (rú héngxīng, xīngxì, xíngxīng, wèixīng, xiǎoxíngxīng, huìxīng hé xīngyún) hé guòchéng (rú chāoxīnxīng bàozhà, gamma shèxiàn bàofā hé yǔzhòu wēibō bèijǐng fúshè).
# English-Pinyin/Astronomy is the study of everything outside the atmosphere of Earth

Astronomy is the study of everything outside the atmosphere of Earth.
Tiānwénxué shì yánjiū dìqiú dàqìcéng yǐwài de yīqiè.
# English-Pinyin/Canada

Canada is the country in the north of North America. Its capital is Ottawa.
Canada shih Beeimeeizhou beeibuh de guorjia. Ta de shooudu shih Ottawa.
# English-Pinyin/Astronomical object may be any body

Astronomical object may be any body or structure in the observable universe.
Tiāntǐ kěyǐ shì kěguānchá yǔzhòu zhōng de rènhé wùtǐ huò jiégòu.
# English-Pinyin/Astronomical object refers to

Astronomical object refers to something that astronomy studies.
Tiāntǐ shì zhǐ tiānwénxué yánjiū de wùtǐ.
# English-Pinyin/Black hole

Black hole is the center of a galaxy where its attractive force is very strong that the light around it is pulled into it. So the central area is dark and called a black hole.
Heidohng shih yi geh xingxih de zhongxin, ta de xilih feicharng qiarngdah, ta zhouweir de guang beih ta xi jihnquh. Suooyii zhongxin dihqu shih hei`ahn de, yin`err jiaohzuoh heidohng.
# English-Pinyin/Astronomical object includes

Astronomical object includes objects like nebulae, star clusters, galaxy clusters, galaxies, stars, protostars, planets, satellites, comets, asteroids.
Tiāntǐ bāokuò xīngyún, xīngtuán, xīngxìtuán, xīngxì, héngxīng, yuánhéngxīng, xíngxīng, wèixīng, huìxīng, xiǎoxíngxīng děng wùtǐ.
# English-Pinyin/Astronomy is a natural science

Astronomy is a natural science.
Tiānwénxué shì yī mén zìrán kēxué.
# ICT in Education/Change Projects/2016B Uganda Staff and Students capacity building

Title of the change project :
Change agent :
Email :
Name of the organisation :
Country :
Started date :
Status (finished/ongoing) :
1. Background of the project (problem):
2. Objectives :
3. Stakeholders :
4. List of Activities :
5. Expected result ;
6. Actual result :
7. The Project organisation :
Last Updated :
# ICT in Education/Change Projects/2016C Bolivia Short Course Program in Distance Training

Title of the change project : "Long distance assistance"
Change agent : Pamela Uribe
Email : pam_uribe@hotmail.com
Name of the organisation : UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRES
Country : BOLIVIA
Started date : November/2016
Status (finished/ongoing) :
1. Background of the project (problem): long distances ín La Paz department most of the time does not allow all students go to university. Even we have specifical courses for rural area once they have finished their classes the need a kind of support in order to have the abillity to do the Tesis.
2. Objectives :
3. Stakeholders :
4. List of Activities :
5. Expected result ;
6. Actual result :
7. The Project organisation :
Last Updated : 20/02/217
# ICT in Education/Change Projects/2016B Zimbabwe Capacitating Lecturers

Title of the change project :CAPACITY BUILDING THROUGH DEVELOPING LECTURERS’ ICT COMPETENCES IN THE FACULTY OF EDUCATION AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE
Change agent : Oswell Hapanyengwi
Email : oswelltap@gmail.com
Name of the organisation : University of Zimbabwe
Country : Zimbabwe
Started date : 06 September 2016
Status (finished/ongoing) : Ongoing
1. Background of the project (problem):
At my university there is a drive towards the use of ICT in teaching beyond the mere use of PowerPoint. The facilities are there, intenetconnectivity is very good, but most of the lecturers especially those whose subjects appear not to have anything to do with ICT including me are not ICT savvy. So, my major interest is to know what I can do with ICT in improving my teaching. I would then want to pass on this knowledge to my lecturers starting with the 14 we discussed during group work. The challenge as I see it is lack of knowledge of how to use ICT as a tool in pedagogy. This is the context of my change project. At least this week I have learnt about the flipped classroom. This is an example of the kind of change it would like to implement in my Faculty. I am hoping that through the coaching sessions and your expertise the project succeed. So the title is, and can change as per your advice
2. Objectives :
The objectives of the project are to:
i. develop in lecturers the capacity to integrate ICTs in the teaching learning activities as tools that facilitate student learning;
ii. equip lecturers with information on available ICTs that are free for their use pedagogical activities
iii. enable lecturers to impart skills on ICT use to their student teachers, and
iv. make the Faculty of Education the model of fully integrating ICTs in pedagogical development.
3. Stakeholders :
Faculty of Education
University of Zimbabwe
Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education
Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education, Science and Technology Development
4. List of Activities :
i. Consultations with the university Computer Centre it can assist in the change project;
ii. workshops with 14 Faculty of Education lecturers;
iii. Training of lecturers in Education on how to integrate ICTs in pedagogy
5. Expected result ;
i.14 lecturers are able to use ICTs to vary their teaching methods;
ii. all lecturers in the Faculty of Education trained in integrating ICTs in their planning and execution of learning activities;
iii. all lecturers in the Faculty of Education will be able to do all their teaching through ICTs; and
iv. the Faculty of Education as the hub for ICT integration that associate teachers colleges can work with in integrating ICTs in their programmes.
6. Actual result :
7. The Project organisation : LifeAcademy
Last Updated :