OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# PHP Sessions
## Just what are sessions?

Sessions are a method to store information relating to a user in an environment where the user has no direct control. They can be thought of as cookies that are stored on the web server, as opposed to the user's browser.

## How to use sessions

Before using sessions in any way, shape or form you need to start the session. This is done by calling the session_start function before any HTTP headers have been sent, i.e. before anything has been echoed or printed to the browser. Note that any errors that occur will be sent to the browser (depending on your PHP configuration).
Session information is stored in a special variable called $_SESSION. It is very easy to get and set elements that are added to this special array.
Now this may not seem very clever, in fact, it may look like a waste of energy and time doing this, but the real beauty can be seen when we navigate to another page that looks like the following:
The above will echo Nick assuming we visited the first page previously.

## Sessions and security

When dealing with sessions, a unique key is assigned to the user, the Session key. This key is commonly stored as a cookie on the user's machine, and only lasts as long as the browser is open. The session key is the string that is used to fetch the session information on the server.
Common sense dictates that if this session key was to be given to another individual, then it would be possible for that individual to gain access to the session that the user was using, compromising the session's integrity.
It is for this reason that it would make sense to regenerate this session key every once in a while. This can be done easily by using the session_regenerate_id function.
To delete a session completely, the function session_destory should be used.
# Sustainable Development Goals/SDG15

Life on Land - Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss

## Learning Tasks

* Explore the concept of Ecosystem-Services and identify ecosystem services that are provide by the life on land?
* Identify exploitation of resources in the area of "SDG15: Life on Land", that are not sustainable?
# Sustainable Development Goals/SDG7

Affordable and Clean Energy - Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
Goal 7 targets :
* By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services
* By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix
* By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency
* By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology
* By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States, and land-locked developing countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of support

## Lessons

* Energy Supply
* Wave Power
# Sustainable Development Goals/SDG4

Quality Education - Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
* Major progress has been made for education access, specifically at the primary school level, for both boys and girls. However, access does not always mean quality of education, or completion of primary school. Currently, 103 million youth worldwide still lack basic literacy skills, and more than 60 per cent of them are women
* Target 1 "By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and Goal-4 effective learning outcomes"- shows the commitment to nondiscriminatory education outcomes

## Learning Task

* (Open Educational Resources) Explore the concept of Open Educational Resources and explain how this concept can contribute to SDG4!
* (Capacity Building) Explaing how capacity building can be implemented in a sustainable way and how it is linked to other goals (e.g. in the context of One Health).
* (Benefits and Drawbacks) Explain possible challenges (e.g. Quality Assurance) and benefits of Open Educational Resources and explore ways to solve problems and challenges that you see (see e.g. Public-Private-Versioning, community driven quality assurance, ...)!
* (Resilience) See how mobile data collection and generation of aggregated information can be used to improve Resilience of communities. The Youtube video by Dan Josef (2018) is used in a Webinar improve quality of education combined with benefit for communities as feedback or an optimized response in the context of Humanitarian Open Street Map Team HOT
* (SDG-Tagging of Learning Resources) If you are an author of learning resources in Wikiversity, then try to analyse the objectives and content of your learning resources. Do those learning resources refer of one or multiple SDGs? Assign those SDGs to your learing resource and pose questions that support learning of sustainability concepts with your provided material.
* (Green Open Access) Green Open Access reduces bias on publication and access to the publication because neither the author nor the reader has to pay for the access to content. Quality Assurance of commercial publication are performed free of charge by the scientist, how can you adapt this quality assurance concept to Green Open Access. Analyse how WikiJournal of Medicine and WikiJournal of Science work!
* (Developing Countries) Explore the sustainability in the context of Developing Countries. What are the challenges, if people starving and basic needs for security, shelter and peace are not covered? Expose yourself in a desert to a hot day and a very cold night. You learnt, that trees and vegetation are important to protect the soil from erosion. You know that trees provide shade during day time. Would you cut down the last tree for firewood if you are freezing due the fact that temperature is close to $5^{\circ }C$? What are your implications for sustainability for people that battle to survive the next day, week or month?
# Sustainable Development Goals/SDG6

Clean Water and Sanitation - Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
The first three out of eight targets include:
* "By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all."
* "By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations."
* "By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally."
WASH experts have stated that without progress on Goal 6, the other goals and targets cannot be achieved. Safe drinking water and hygienic toilets protect people from disease and enable societies to be productive. Attending school and work without disruption is a precursor to education and employment, both of which are the foundation of alleviating poverty. A study from 2016 showed how sanitation, when done with a resource recovery and reuse focus can contribute towards achieving at least fourteen of the SDGs, especially in an urban context. Recovering the resources embedded in excreta and wastewater like nutrients, water and energy contributes towards achieving Goal 12 (sustainable consumption and production) and Goal 2 (zero hunger) while ensuring adequate sanitation and wastewater management along the entire value chain in cities contributes to Goal 11 (sustainable cities and communities), Goal 1 (no poverty) and Goal 8 (decent work and economic growth).

## Learning Resources

* Water and Solar Water Still
# Sustainable Development Goals/SDG3

Good Health and Well-being - Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
* Significant strides have been made in increasing life expectancy and reducing some of the common killers associated with child and maternal mortality, and major progress has been made on increasing access to clean water and sanitation, reducing malaria, tuberculosis, polio and the spread of HIV/AIDS.
* However, only half of women in developing countries have received the health care they need, and the need for family planning is increasing exponentially, while the need met is growing slowly - more than 225 million women have an unmet need for contraception.
* An important target is to substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from pollution-related diseases.
* 3.1 By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births
* 3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births
* 3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases
* 3.4 By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being
* 3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol
* 3.6 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents
* 3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes
* 3.8 Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all
* 3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination

## Learning Task

* Explore the SDG3 activities on United Nations SDG website and identify how SDG3 is linked to other Sustainable Development Goals (e.g. Education, )
* Analyse especially SDG3 Malaria programme and analyse how this activities are linke Humanitarian Openstreetmap Activities.
# Sustainable Development Goals/SDG5

Gender Equality - Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
* Providing women and girls with equal access to education, health care, decent work, and representation in political and economic decision-making processes will fuel sustainable economies and benefit societies and humanity at large
* While a record 143 countries guaranteed equality between men and women in their Constitutions by 2014, another 52 had not taken this step. In many nations, gender discrimination is still woven through legal and social norms
* Though goal 5 is the gender equality stand-alone goal, the SDG's can only be successful if women are completely integrated into each and every goal
* Eliminating violence such as trafficking and sexual exploitation and abolishing harmful traditional practices against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation.
* Adopting and strengthening sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels.
* putting a stop to all forms of discrimination against all women and girls globally.
* Compulsory completion of secondary education for the girl child
* Implementation and accessibility of the Sexual and Reproductive health Rights to women and girls globally
* Aiding women and girls empowerment through technology
* Listen to girls: SDGs can deliver transformative change for girls only if they have been consulted and their priorities and needs have been taken into account. Girls should be viewed as agents of change and not as beneficiaries – therefore their engagement in the implementation of the SDGs is crucial. For this we need to recognise the leadership potential of girls. We have witnessed firsthand the massive contributions that girls and young women as volunteers delivered for MDGs
# Sustainable Development Goals/SDG16

Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions - Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels

## Learning Task

* Analyse the learning resource about Grand challenges and explain which challenges can be assigned to SDG16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions.
* Explain how the absence of peace and justice will have a major impact on other SDGs. Mention the relevant SDGs and the linkage between them (Systems Thinking - Task)
# Sustainable Development Goals/SDG17

Partnerships for the Goals - Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development

## Example

Wikiversity is an open learning resource that can provide capacity building material, that is adapted to local and regional requirements and constraints to accomplish the Sustainable Development Goals.
# The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Adi Vishvanatha

Detailed description of each heritage Site - Adi Vishvanatha, Vishvanatha, Vishalakshi Kshetra
Adi Vishvanatha temple

### Location

25º 18.683’N and 83º 00.642’E

##### Exact location on a map

Godaulia-Chauk road, Bansphatak, near Satyanarayan Mandir, House No. CK 38/ 8.

#### Area

0.06ha

### Historical/cultural/natural significance

The first original site of Vishveshvara/ Vishvanatha is an issue of historical investigation. However it is accepted that the first destruction took place in 1194 by the order of Qutb-ud-din Aibak. By the end of 13th century the Vishvanatha temple was built in the compound of Avimukteshvara, which continued till mid 15th century. In 1448 Muhmud Shah Sharqui demolished this temple and built on the site the Razia Bibi mosque. Later on in the western part of the compound, the present temple was made.
6.Authenticity (as according to article 24 to 34 of operational guidelines): It is believed that the yoni (basement) of the linga is the original one representing the 13th century temple. In the inner sanctum sanctorum there are images of Ekdanta Vinayaka (“Ganesha with one tusk”), Sun-god, and very late additions of Rama and his family. In the compound exist the shrines of goddess Shringar (“beauty”) Gauri and Saubhagya (“auspicious wife) Gauri. Under an old fig tree there is an image of Sani (Saturn god), and nearby is a shrine of Yaksha (“Vegetal god”) Bhairava.
=== Description ===: 8.History and development (as under columns 5 and 6)

### Present state of conservation

There is no such specific organisation to take care of preservation and conservation, except the temple trust which look after all the aspects, from management to maintenance.

### Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property

No specific measures are taken to conserve and preserve the temple, however cleanliness, repairing and white washing are carried at regular basis.

### Ownership

The temple is administered and managed by the temple trust.
# The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Agastyeshvara (Agastakunda)

Detailed description of each heritage Site - Ranamahal Ghat to Tripurabhairavi Ghat
Agastyeshvara Temple

### Location

25º 18.511’ North and 83º 00.418’ East (Agastyeshvara Temple).

##### Exact location on a map

Agastakunda, near Godaulia (Agastakunda, D 36 / 11).

#### Area

0.02ha (three separate properties)

### Historical/cultural/natural significance

The Agastyeshvara linga is said to have been established by the Vedic sage Agastya. In the early puranic literature Agastya is represented to have humbled the Vindhya mountains by making them prostrate themselves before him when they tried to rise higher and higher till they well-nigh occupied the sun’s disc and obstructed his path. This myth refers to typify the progress of the Aryans towards the south in their conquest and civilisation of India, the humbling of the mountain standing metaphorically for the removal of physical obstacles in their way. His wife was Lopamudra, who in most cases represented as an image near Agastya. This temple presents the important lingas of Varanasi, representing the microcosm of the city. The inner sanctum is surrounded by a wider circumambulatory path, which is of course blocked in the south by a holy fig (Ficus religiosa) whose lower stamen and roots spread in a way that it destroys the main building. The central figure in the inner sanctum is Agastyeshvara, south of which in the stone slab is the image of Lopamudra, his wife. In the east are Kedareshvara, Visveshvara and Dattatreya. In the western veranda is one-mouth linga, Sutikshana, named after one of the students of Agastya. The other images present in the temple are Narasimha, Parvati, Hanuman, Ganesha, Nava Grahas (nine planets) and Kali, and about seventy votive lingas established by the devotees who took a vow that after completion of their pilgrimage and wish would install a linga. In the eastern wall towards the circulatory path is a big size sun disc. The presence of Dattatreya at two places indicates influence of Trantrism. This is obviously noted by the predominance of votive lingas that in the past this was a very popular temple among the devout Hindus of the south, especially from Maharashtra and Gujarat.
=== Description and History ===:

### Present state of conservation

Except by the temple trust and the local public organisations, those work on their own ways, there are no specific action plans, programmes and strategies for conservation and preservation of the ghats.

### Specific measures being taken for conserving the specific property

It is expected that by the support of active people participation, awareness to save the age-old rich heritage, and development under the Master Plan (and its judiciary control) the ghat heritage will be protected and conserved for the better befit to the society.

### Ownership

The Temple Trust owns the temple.
# The US Presidents/George Washington

| Revolution | 1st President | 2nd President |
| Revolution | George Washington 1789–1797 | John Adams 1797–1801 |
For an in depth look at the 1st US President, follow this link: George Washington.
Elected: 1st Term in 1789 (only US election to occur in an odd-numbered year)
Elected: 2nd Term in 1792
Presidency: 1789 to 1797

## Major US Laws

The following is a list of major laws in US History signed by George Washington during his presidency:
* Residence Act of 1790, allowing the President to select a location for the future capital of the country.
* The first 10 Amendments were added to the Constitution as the Bill of Rights in 1791.
* He also gave his famous Farewell Address in 1796 before retiring from the Presidency

## Major US Events

The following is a list of major events in US History during the presidency of George Washington:
* US governmental operations started under the new US Constitution on March 4, 1789.
* The first session of the Supreme Court convened on February 2, 1790.
* The Whiskey Rebellion was quelled by state militia in 1794, proving the strength of the new Constitution.
* Vermont (1791), Kentucky (1792), and Tennessee (1796) joined the Union.

## Foreign Affairs

The following is a list of events in US Foriegn Affairs during the presidency of George Washington:
* w:Jay Treaty

## Major World Events

The following is a list of major events in World History during the presidency of George Washington:
* The French Revolution began, establishing the First French Republic.
* George Washington had nothing to with it the first 3 years.

## Interesting Facts

* George Washington was the only US president ever to have been elected unanimously by the Electoral College, which he was during both terms.
* Washington refused to run for a third term once his second term was done, setting a precedent for future presidents, a tradition which held until Franklin Delano Roosevelt's third election in 1940.
# The US Presidents/Thomas Jefferson

| 1st President | 2nd President | 3rd President | 4th President | 5th President |
| George Washington 1789 - 1797 | John Adams 1797 - 1801 | Thomas Jefferson 1801 - 1809 | James Madison 1809 - 1817 | James Monroe 1817 - 1825 |
# Sport research

Resource for conducting research in Sport and Exercise Science studies. Whilst the resource can be used by anyone, it has been established to support undergraduate (Bachelor of Sport Studies - Honours) and postgraduate (Masters in High Performance Sport) students at UC and UCRISE (formerly UCNISS). There is considerable more information that can be added, this will occur over time, but feel free to contribute.

## Learning Objectives

On successful completion of the candidature, students will be able to:
* Source and critically appraise research in an identified Sport or Exercise Science research field;
* Design and execute a research project to a publishable standard acceptable in their field of study;
* Undertake an independent analysis of data relating their research project to existing literature and a wider societal relevance; and
* Communicate the results of an independent research project in a form acceptable to the field of study.

## Assessment

Formative
* Seminar Presentation
* Supervisor feedback on drafts
* Journal Club
Summative
* Critical Review Article
* Research Presentation
* Manuscript
see the course handbook for details.

## Activities

Go through the activities...
* What is research?
* Research design
* Finding research
* Critiquing the literature
* The Research Proposal
* Validity and reliability of data
* Ethics
* Data analysis and visualisation
* Writing
* Getting published
* Grant applications
* Presenting your work
# Programming Fundamentals/Arrays/C Sharp
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own C Sharp compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* C# Pad
* .NET Fiddle
* Ideone
* paiza.IO
* Rextester
* repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* C Sharp
* Wikibooks: C Sharp Programming
# Programming Fundamentals/Arrays/BASIC
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own BASIC compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* repl.it

## See Also

* Wikibooks: BASIC Programming
# Programming Fundamentals/Arrays/COBOL
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own COBOL compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* JDoodle
* paiza.IO
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* TutorialsPoint: COBOL
* GnuCOBOL Manual
# Programming Fundamentals/Arrays/Clojure
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Clojure compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* Ideone
* paiza.IO
* repl.it
* RexTester
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Wikibooks: Clojure Programming
* Clojure for the Brave and True
* TutorialsPoint: Clojure
* ClojureDocs: Clojure Core
# Programming Fundamentals/Arrays/C
## Try It

Copy
* CodeChef
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* InterviewBit
* paiza.IO
* PythonTutor
* repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Wikibooks: C Programming
# Programming Fundamentals/Arrays/C++
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own C++ compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* paiza.IO
* PythonTutor
* repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* C++
* Wikibooks: C++ Programming