OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Observational astronomy/Extrasolar planet

This learning project will study extrasolar planets. It is very difficult to directly detect planets orbiting distant stars. There are, however, a number of indirect methods. The first activity here will focus on the radial velocity method. Later, another activity will be created that uses the transit method.

## Activity

In this activity you will use a computer program called the Systemic Console to examine radial velocity data for stars known to have one or more planets. The goal is to figure out the planetary configuration that best fits the observational data and look for additional planets. The Systemic website contains detailed instructions on how to participate. Here is an overview of the steps involved:
* First, read the introductory pages at Armchair Planet Hunting and What is Systemic?
* Then, follow the instructions to install the Downloadable Console.
* After the software is installed, start the program and go through the steps described in the three part tutorial:
** Console Tutorial #1
** Console Tutorial #2
** Console Tutorial #3
* At this point you should pick a few different stars and try to find the planetary system that is the best fit to the data. A good fit will have a low ChiSq value in the console.
Uploading your results is an end in itself and will help the Systemic project progress. Here at Wikiversity we will concentrate on trying to find the best fit for a small number of the stars in the database. Later, we will be studying exoplanets that are known to transit. So, we'll begin by looking at a few of these systems. If you are going to continue, please sign your name under Active Participants at the talk page.
* Choose HD189733 from the Real Star pulldown menu in the Systemic Console. Try to find a planetary system that best fits the data. Some other systems to try are:
** HD 209458 (Note: for this star there are two datasets. Try both HD 209458 and HD209458_B06K in the Systemic Console. How do the results compare?)
** TrES-1
** WASP-1
** XO-1
# Observational astronomy/RZ Cas

* Observational astronomy/RZ Cas contains raw data or machine-readable data. Please do not edit.
* You are encouraged to modify the descriptive header and/or footer, but please do not edit the data within Observational astronomy/RZ Cas. You are invited to discuss the topic and/or copy the contents to a new page where anyone may participate.
Below are observations of the brightness of the star RZ Cassiopeiae for Observational astronomy/Variable stars.
Copy and paste the information below into an editor and save it with the filename rz_cas.csv.
Please do not edit the data below as this will cause errors when trying to load the file using software.
Start copying on the next line
Stop at the end of the above line
If you are curious, here is the Field identifier key.
# Psychological activities

This page is about and for the development of psychological activities for use in teaching and learning.

## Examples of activities

* Johari window
* Social psychology (psychology)/Tutorials
# Psychological capital

This psychology resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
Positive psychological capital (Wikipedia), or PsyCap, is a theoretical combination of hope, optimism, self-efficacy, and resilience.
# Psychological disorders

This psychology resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.

## Definition

A psychological disorder is a condition that causes significant disturbance to thinking, emotional regulation, or behavior. Psychological disorders are defined by either the DSM-V-tr or the ICD-11-tr. Both have listed over 300 disorders.
# Psycholinguistics/Words, Meaning, and Word Recognition
## Introduction

* What are words?
Words and their meanings refer to the oral utterances made to describe, demand or explain a particular action, event, feeling or object. Every culture in the world has developed a collection of words to use when referring to objects, people, places, or ideas. In some cultures, there are multiple meanings for the same word, and in others, there are multiple words of the same meaning.
* What are words composed of?
Words are made up of, depending on the word or culture, a collection of sounds or a single sound. It is the collection of sounds, their arrangement and order which make words recognizable and distinguishable to their speakers.

## Word Beginnings

* When were words first used?
* What were some of the first words of various cultures? Why these?
naon ue

## Meanings of Words

* What types of words were first used?
* What were the meanings of the first words, and what were their purpose in society?

## Word Recognition

* What words are most easily recognized?
* How can word recognition be made easier?

## Learning Activity

* Explanation
* Instructions
* Conclusion
# Psychological measurement

This psychology resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
Psychological measurement seeks to validly measure differences between individuals and groups in psychosocial qualities such as attitudes and personality.
Psychological measurement focuses on developing and testing tools to validity measure psychological qualities (such as knowledge, attitudes and opinions, emotions, cognitions, and personality).
# Psychological Literacy
## Overview

Brief over view of the topic
# Psychological distress

Psychological distress (or mental distress) is a non-specific term used to describe an overall negative emotional state.

## Measures
### Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire

An observer screening tool:
* Goodman, R. (1997) The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 581 -586.
* Goodman, R., Meltzer, H. & Bailey, V. (1998) The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a pilot study on the validity of the self-report version. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 7, 125 -130.
* Goodman, R., Ford, T., Simmons, H., et al (2000) Using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) to screen for child psychiatric disorders in a community sample. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 534 -539.

### The everyday feeling questionnaire

* Uher, R., & Goodman, R. (2010). The everyday feeling questionnaire: The structure and validation of a measure of psychological well-being and distress. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 45, 413-423. doi: 10.1007/s00127-009-0074-9
# Lunar Boom Town/LOX Domestic and Exports/Lunar LOX Facility Design Study

Needed:
* Production volumes
* Installation schedule
* Location, deliverables requirements, and volume of specific customers.
Design Study Approach
* Review existing technical literature and applicable terrestrial facilities and technologies
* Detail assumptions/projections of representative customer base
* Line out major facility requirements and components sufficient for business planning
Deliverables:
* Project Customer and Facility site maps.
* Major subsystem and equipment list
* Logistics plan, quantities, transport methods, etc.
* Operations plans, who works where when responsibilities etc.
* Projected operations costs and production capacities
# Lunar Boom Town/Luna's Tomatoes, Juice and Picante Sauce

Customers
* Domestic Households
* Domestic Hotels
* Aldrin Cycles
* Lagrange Construction Shacks
* Lagrange Settlement

## Production methods

* Terran methodsSelf_Paced_Reading_Labs/Food_Processing/Making_Tomatoe_Paste#Routing_Information
* lunar tomatoes
    see: Wikimanual of Gardening:Tomato and Lunar Boom Town/LED Greenhouse Harvesting
* terran tomato paste
    imported from Terran in carbon-carbon or plastic container providing mass inflow of water, carbons, nitrogen, other in what proportion?
* cometary ice or lunar ice or terran hydrogen plus lox
Insert photograph of simulated lunar glass production tools here along Process and Instrumention Diagram (P&ID) or (PID) pronounced "Pid" short i.

## Products Out

Pilot's Choice Tomato Juice Tomatoe Paste for export Boom Town Boomers Boomiest Picante or BitSquared Picante
Need demand projections mass flow equations cost of production estimates Charge Rate currently estimate $1X10^6/bottle
Category Cottage Manufacturing?
# Lunar Boom Town/Lunar Exports Direct to Terra
## Mass Drivers

Massive investment and installation. Launch capsules and/or lifting bodies with silica based heat shields.

## Metals Based Solid Rockets

May be less capital intensive to get started. Again use lifting bodies and silica heat shields for aerobraking and to fly to Terran Spaceport retrieval zone destination. Possibly small inflight correction rockets required to achieve acceptable atmospheric entry window.
# Lunar Boom Town/Lunar Social Media
## Lunar Getaway Service

The need to get away to the moon will not be enjoyed without an ability to reduce social media entering the seclusion zone. This can be managed by social media experts that channel social media away from the secluded customer.

## Home Planet Patching

Media fixes for Earth Media delays.
# Lunar Boom Town/Lunar base light cycles
## Posing the question

To those who know, what would be the technical limitations of such a setup? How much time out of the year does the far side of the moon face the sun? Other limitations making this idea impractical?

### Response

There is no dark side of the moon... There is a side that never points towards earth, but all of the moon receives pretty much the same light, just like on earth.
# Lunar Boom Town/Links to technical papers

You can help by looking over some of these and helping generate ideas and sort out interlocking tradeoffs:
* Single Stage to Orbit
* http://www.spacer.com/spacenet/text/lunar-b.html
* http://www.kathryncramer.com/lunar_development/2004/11/maximizing_food.html
* Lunar fiberglass
* Solar Power for Earth from Moon
* Space Settlement
* http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Advanced_Automation_for_Space_Missions
* Extraterrestrial Materials and Construction
* Handbook of Lunar Materials
* Self Replicating Robots for Lunar Development
* Strategies for a Permanent Lunar Base
* w:Lunar ice
* Toward a SPARTAN Scenario for Use of Lunar Materials
* Processing Glass Fiber from Moon/Mars Resources
# Lunar Boom Town/Nitrogen Commodity Imports and Futures

Nitrogen provides a significant amount of the Earth's atmosphere, and without it, all life on Earth would perish, since both plants and animals use and expel nitrogen during natural biological functioning. If there are humans on Earth's moon, there will also be nitrogen there. Moon rocks also contain some Nitrogen, but it would require energy to process it. Any nitrogen found on the moon is expected to be closer to the surface. Fortunately, the moon has less atmosphere than Earth, so solar harvesters could concentrate and provide this energy. When illuminated by the sun, the surface of the moon can reach up to 127 degrees Celsius (260 Fahrenheit).
# Lunar Boom Town/Nitrogen commodity imports and futures

Background: Nitrogen is required for a breatable atmosphere for people, livestock and plants.
Customers: Air plants, farms, explosives manufacturers, fertilizer manufacturers,
Known sources: Earth atmosphere, Earth imports such as food, other?
Establishing Price: Shipping price of containerized liquid nitrogen, byproduct of food imports (amino acids have nitrogen), byproduct of some explosive imports, minute traces available from regolith processing,
Profit model. Import and resale with markup. Establish reserves. Establish commodity market. Buy low sell high. Sell options and futures.
Capital requirement: Large. Need reserve storage. Long term import transportation contracts.
# Lunar Boom Town/Moonlet Swingby Company

A moonlet, an artificial massive satellite of the moon could be used by incoming or outgoing spacecrafts for swing by, brokering delta v.
Initially a small NEAR object caught by the moon with some help by asteroid deflection strategies could gradually grow by debris bought or traded (against slingshot energy) from spaceships, as well as other techniques.
# MDLD/matrices

Start=matrices See=matrix MDLD/matrix Target=Matrix/IxJ/nxm/Definition
# MDLD/matrix

Start=matrix Target=Matrix/IxJ/nxm/Definition
# MDLD/natural number

Start=natural number Target=Number sets/Overview/Section
# MDLD/matrix product

Start=matrix product Target=Matrix multiplication/Definition
# MDLD/natural logarithm

Start=natural logarithm Target=Natural logarithm/Real/Via exponential function/Definition
# MDLD/monotone (real sequence)

Start=monotone (real sequence) Target=Real numbers/Sequence/Increasing and decreasing/Definition
# MDLD/maximum (R)

Start=maximum (R) Target=Realvalued function/Set/Maximum/Definition
# MDLD/modulus function (R)

Start=modulus function (R) Target=Real numbers/Modulus/Definition
# MDLD/matrix multiplication

Start=matrix multiplication Target=Matrix multiplication/Definition
# MDLD/modulus (C)

Start=modulus (C) Target=Complex numbers/Modulus/Definition
# Quiet Mind/Questions

Students have posed these questions as they study the course and complete the exercises. We are fortunate in having answers provided here by Richard Hawley, the author of “A Quiet Mind” brochure that this course is based on.
Question #1: In the course you give the instruction: “When you notice you are thinking, drop it and be present.” Can you provide the student any more guidance on how to drop the thought? Do I simply think “stop thinking” or does that increase the discursive thinking?
Response: The short answer is return to observing the breath. Practically speaking, it has been helpful to me to remember that it is not necessary to complete the thought, and it is encouraging to know that it doesn’t matter how long I have been caught up in some thought. Also, at times it helps to return to my mantra (this...breath; or even “Help me”). The simpler the better!
Question #2: Does the transition from the discursive thinking state to the pure perception state occur with a “Pop” analogous to several visual experiences, such as donning 3D glasses at a 3D movie, or seeing the 3D image encoded in an Autostereogram? If not, please describe the experience of the transition.
Response: It is a sudden, completely undramatic return to being-here-now. A little enlightenment came to me reading Bernadette Roberts' statement that “In truth, the unitive \ life is utterly real, common, ordinary, and unspectacular, it may be boring. It is not easy living." Our understanding of the completeness and oneness of all phenomena appears to us with a pop! But I myself have not experienced a final and ultimate realization. For me, there have always been more and greater realizations as I continue to learn with new situations.

## References:

* ↑ pp. 204\205. Bernadette Roberts. (1984). The Experience of No-Self. Boston: Shambhala. or It might be Bernadette Roberts. (1985). The Path To No-Self. Boston: Shambhala.
# Quiet Mind/Note on gender inclusive language
## Note on gender-inclusive language:

For the generic use of pronouns with human referents, ‘E’ is sometimes used here for the nominative case (= he, she), and ‘hir’ for the other cases (=, e.g., him, her, his). We are fortunate that in English it is easy to make our language gender inclusive. There is no reason not to do so, and every reason not to postpone doing so. To use E or hir is as simple as to use ‘Ms.’ to refer to any woman (= Miss or Mrs.); and in speaking, the pronunciation is the same as currently used terms. That is, ‘E’ is pronounced almost like the word ‘he’, and ‘hir’ is pronounced exactly like the word ‘her.’ The term ‘hir’ dates back to Chaucer, though he used it as a plural (= their).
# Quiz/High level quizwriting software
## Pseudo code for numerical testwriting

The user of this code needs to know the language well enough to pose and solve problems using the language. These skills are generally included in any introductory college course on that language. It is preferable, but not mandatory that the user know a few wikitext commands, such as the break, "<br>" , and $E=mc^{2}$.
The user needs only the most primitive knowledge of how the high level language handles strings. The creation of new lines, concatenation of strings, and the conversion of numbers to strings are all handled by the code.
# Set of finite points/Function/Continuous/Exercise

Let $T\subseteq \mathbb {R}$ be a finite subset and let
    $f\colon T\longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
be a function. Show that $f$ is continuous.
# Set theory/Characterization of inclusion/Exercise

Let $A$ and $B$ be sets. Show that the following facts are equivalent.
* $A\subseteq B$,
* $A\cap B=A$
* $A\cup B=B$,
* $A\setminus B=\emptyset$,
* There exists a set $C$ such that $B=A\cup C$,
* There exists a set $D$ such that $A=B\cap D$.
# Set theory/Empty set/Definition

The set which does not contain any element is called the empty set, denoted by
    $\emptyset .$
# Set theory/Simple rules/1/Exercise

Let $A,\,B$ and $C$ denote sets. Prove the identity
    $A\setminus {\left(B\cap C\right)}={\left(A\setminus B\right)}\cup {\left(A\setminus C\right)}\,.$
# Set theory/Inclusion in union/Equivalence/Exercise

Let $A,B,C$ denote sets. Show that the following statements are equivalent.
* $A\subseteq B\cup C$.
* $A\setminus B\subseteq C$
* $A\setminus C\subseteq B$.
# PlanetPhysics/Coordinates of a Point

The position of a moving particle may be given at any time by giving its rectangular coordinates $x,y,z$ referred to a set of rectangular axes fixed in space. It may be given equally well by giving the values of any three specified functions of $x,y,x$, if from the values in question the corresponding values of $x,y,z$ may be obtained uniquely. These functions may be used as coordinates of the point, and the values of $x,y,z$ expressed explicitly in terms of them serve as formulas for transformation from the rectangular system to the new system. Familiar examples are polar coordinates in a plane, cylindrical and spherical coordinates in space, the formulas for transformation of coordinates being
transformation from rectangular to polar coordinates
$x=r\cos \phi$ $y=r\sin \phi$
transformation from rectangular to cylindrical coordinates
$x=r\cos \phi$ $y=r\sin \phi$ $z=z$
transformation from rectangular to spherical coordinates
$x=r\cos \theta$ $y=r\sin \theta \cos \phi$ $z=r\sin \theta \sin \phi$
It is clear that the number of possible systems of coordinates in unlimited. It is also clear that if the point is unrestricted in its motion, three coordinates are required to determine it. If it is restricted to moving in a plane, since that plane may be taken as one of the rectangular coordinate planes, two coordinates are required.
The number of independent coordinates required to fix the position of a particle moving under any given conditions is called the number of degrees of freedom of the particle, and is equal to the number of independent conditions required to fix the point.
Obviously these coordinates must be numerous enough to fix the position without ambiguity and not so numerous as to render it impossible to change any one at pleasure without changing any of the others and without violating the restrictions of the problem.
# PlanetPhysics/Cosmological Difficulties of Newton's Theory
### Cosmological Difficulties of Newton's Theory

From Relativity: The Special and General Theory by Albert Einstein Part from the difficulty discussed in section 21, there is a second fundamental difficulty attending classical celestial mechanics, which, to the best of my knowledge, was first discussed in detail by the astronomer Seeliger. If we ponder over the question as to how the Universe, considered as a whole, is to be regarded, the first answer that suggests itself to us is surely this: As regards space (and time) the universe is infinite. There are stars everywhere, so that the density of matter, although very variable in detail, is nevertheless on the average everywhere the same. In other words: However far we might travel through space, we should find everywhere an attenuated swarm of fixed stars of approrimately the same kind and density.
This view is not in harmony with the theory of Newton. The latter theory rather requires that the universe should have a kind of centre in which the density of the stars is a maximum, and that as we proceed outwards from this centre the group-density of the stars should diminish, until finally, at great distances, it is succeeded by an infinite region of emptiness. The stellar universe ought to be a finite island in the infinite ocean of space \footnotemark.
This conception is in itself not very satisfactory. It is still less satisfactory because it leads to the result that the light emitted by the stars and also individual stars of the stellar system are perpetually passing out into infinite space, never to return, and without ever again coming into interaction with other objects of nature. Such a finite material universe would be destined to become gradually but systematically impoverished.
In order to escape this dilemma, Seeliger suggested a modification of Newton's law, in which he assumes that for great distances the force of attraction between two masses diminishes more rapidly than would result from the inverse square law. In this way it is possible for the mean density of matter to be constant everywhere, even to infinity, without infinitely large gravitational fields being produced. We thus free ourselves from the distasteful conception that the material universe ought to possess something of the nature of a centre. Of course we purchase our emancipation from the fundamental difficulties mentioned, at the cost of a modification and complication of Newton's law which has neither empirical nor theoretical foundation. We can imagine innumerable laws which would serve the same purpose, without our being able to state a reason why one of them is to be preferred to the others; for any one of these laws would be founded just as little on more general theoretical principles as is the law of Newton.
# PlanetPhysics/Conservation of Linear Momentum

If the net \htmladdnormallink{force {http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Thrust.html} acting on a particle is zero, then to total linear momentum of that particle is conserved. }
Recall that the momentum of a particle of mass $m$ is given by $\mathbf {p} =md\mathbf {r} /dt$, where $\mathbf {r}$ is the position vector of that particle. Now, by Newton's First Law, if no force is acting on a particle, then it will remain in constant (or zero) velocity. This can be phrased mathematically as $\mathbf {F} =d\mathbf {p} /dt=0$, which leads directly to the desired result; that if the net force acting upon a particle is zero, then the total linear momentum of that particle is constant in time, and hence, conserved.
The above result can be taken further, by considering what happens when the net force in a given direction is zero. Let $\mathbf {s}$ be a vector such that $\mathbf {F} \cdot \mathbf {s} =0$. This means that in the direction of the vector $\mathbf {s}$, the force vanishes. Substituting the relation between force and momentum into the equation, it is seen that $d\mathbf {p} /dt\cdot \mathbf {s} =0$. Assume that $\mathbf {s}$ is independent of time, and integrate this equation. Trivially, the result is that $\mathbf {p} \cdot \mathbf {s} =c$, where $c$ is a constant. This result means that in the direction of $\mathbf {s}$, the component of total linear momentum is conserved. Since the force vanishes in this direction, it means that the component of momentum in the direction of vanishing force is conserved.