OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Northern Arizona University/Environmental Ethics/Journals/Maggie R's Journal

Journal Entry #1: August 31, 2009-- Cooperation versus competition. It is an idea that I have not given much thought to before taking this class. I have grown up in the science world believing the work of Darwin, thus believing in the ideas of chance variation, the struggle for survival and the heritability of traits. It was not until this class that I really gave much thought to Leopold and his ideas of cooperation. Now that there is a contradiction to the way in which nature works, I am not sure what I believe.
Darwin’s theory on evolution makes sense. In nature, it can be seen on a daily basis. The finches of the Galapagos Islands are of course the most well-known example of this theory. Over time, the strongest and biggest finches were the ones that survived and over time, their beaks adapted to the available food sources on the island and was passed down to their offspring, while the birds without sufficient beaks dwindled and died off—survival of the fittest. This idea that everything in nature competes with each other works and makes sense. However, so does the idea of cooperation, as known as mutualism in the science world. This idea of mutualism is also seen on a daily basis. The bird that eats bacteria off of a rhino’s skin, the fish that eats bacteria off of a shark’s teeth, the fungus that helps certain plants grow. These are examples of cooperation within nature. Humans also belong in nature and this where the ideas of cooperation and competition become confusing and tricky. Homo sapiens display acts of both cooperation and competition in our daily lives. Why is that we express both? Some might say that it is because we are a superior species. However, I feel that the reason we display both theories is because we as a species have the ability of free will. I do not think that this is an issue of deciding which one theory is correct in nature. In fact, they are both correct; it is more a matter of how these two ideas coexist in nature and work together in the complex web of our ecosystems to produce the balancing processes of nature. Therefore, Darwin and Leopold do not necessarily have contradicting ideas, but two ideas that help to explain how nature works and function because of cooperation and competition.
# Northern Arizona University/Environmental Ethics/Journals/Sample Journal

This is the entry
This is the paragraph
# Northern Arizona University/Environmental Ethics/Journals/McWane F.'s Journal

Leopold journal entrys
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real function/Derivative/Monotonicity/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Theorem 15.7
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real function/Extrema/Higher derivatives/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Theorem 17.4
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real function/Extrema/Second derivative/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Corollary 15.9
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real exponential function/Representation/Continuation/Remark/Remarkreferencenumber

Remark 12.17
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real function/Continuity in a point/Characterization/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Lemma 10.4
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real function/Derivative zero/Constant/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Corollary 15.6
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real function/Open interval/Local extrema/Differentiable/Derivative zero/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Theorem 15.3
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real function/Continuous/Addition, multiplication, inverting/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Lemma 10.6
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real function/Extrema/Second derivative/Fact/Proof/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 15.15
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real function/Taylor formula/(n+1)-times continuously differentiable/Lagrange/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Theorem 17.2
# MediaWiki/Engine/index.php

index.php is the main web entry point for the MediaWiki engine. The source code is at svn:trunk/phase3/index.php/. The documentation is at . A brief description is at mw:Manual:Index.php.

## variables

(documentation: mw:Manual:Global variables,mw:category:MediaWiki configuration settings,mw:category:variables, )
In rough order of appeareance:

## requires

* webstart.php
* wiki.php (mw:manual:wiki.php)
* AjaxDispatcher.php
# MediaWiki API

MediaWiki API is a web-based interface to MediaWiki wikis such as Wikipedia and Wikiversity. The API may be used to write bots, which are manual or automated scripts used to monitor and update pages on the wiki. This learning project documents different API resources and provides code samples in different scripting languages.

## Documentation

* Primary documentation for the MediaWiki API is available at http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API:Main_page
* Documentation on the Pageview API is available at https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Analytics/AQS/Pageview_API

## Scripting Languages

Because the API is simply a web interface, it may be accessed from any programming or scripting language that has the ability to submit web-based GET and POST requests and read server responses. Common approaches include Python, Perl, and .NET.

## Sample Code

* PowerShell
* Pywikibot
* Pageview API

## See Also

* Programming bots on Wikimedia projects
* Pywikipediabot
# Media

Media (or medium) means convey. The some of organs of humans and animals detect changes to their environment and transfer they to the brain.These are called "Sensory organs", and through our Sensory organs, we are aware of all aspects of our environment. The senses include sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch.We make decisions based on images, sounds, odors, tastes and touches that are received by our eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin.
In Science Communication Each of these organs is called " Media".
Note: Research shows 90% the change environment of humans and animals detect by 'eyes' and 'ears' then are transmitted to the brain.

## Multimedia

Simultaneously detection of multiple sensory organs called " Multimedia ".

## Media Tools

Appliances, which causes a change in any of the organs of eye, ear , nose , tongue and skin of human and animal is called " Media Tools ". for example:
* Mirror , Horn , Perfume
* Tribune
* Photo , Book , Newspaper
* Radio , Television , Cinema (Multimedia)
* Internet (Multimedia)
# MediaWiki/Engine

The MediaWiki engine is a complex application that builds user-editable pages from a source code residing on a web server. This resource will eventually provide diagrams and descriptions of the Wiki software that makes Wikiversity run.

## What is PHP?

PHP is a high level, dynamic, server side scripting language. It is superior to raw HTML as it does away with static content and is far more efficient. It has become popular in recent years as it is open source (free), while alternatives such as ASP are not.
MediaWiki makes extensive use of PHP to generate dynamic content. w:Server-side scripting is capable of user authentication, maintaining resilient client-server relationships via dynamic web pages through a relational database interface characterized as a content management system.
PHP scripts access an extensive SQL (Structured Query Language) database to track and log the history of pages, who is editing what, links to other pages, page sections and subsections, and a host of other dynamic content objects. To fully understand the MediaWiki engine requires a working knowledge of PHP and SQL databases. The MediaWiki codebase revolves around a relational database management system written primarily for MySQL.
This page and all other MediaWiki pages begin and are modified through a master page named index.php. A useful exercise is to click View -> Page Source while you have an editor open. Look for this code:
That form tag is essentially the core of the MediaWiki Engine.

### PHP Learning materials

Topic:PHP is the main Learning project:
* Introduction to PHP <- start here
* 25 Essential PHP Functions

### MediaWiki engine

* http://svn.wikimedia.org/viewvc/mediawiki/ - Source code
* http://svn.wikimedia.org/doc/main.html - documentation, main page
* mw:Manual:Installation
* mw:Manual:Code
* mw:Manual:Database layout

## What is MySQL?

MySQL is a multithreaded, multi-user, SQL Database Management System. It is often accessed and managed through PHP-driven content management systems like MediaWiki.
The open source MySQL is owned and sponsored by a single for-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, which holds the copyright to most of the codebase. Both the MySQL server software itself and the client libraries are distributed under a dual-licensing format. MediaWiki deploys MySQL under the GNU General Public License.

### MySQL Learning materials

Topic:MySQL is the main learning project:
* Introduction to MySQL
* MySQL at Wikipedia
* MySQL at Wikibooks
# MediaWiki/Engine/wiki.php

This file / (reference:) defines the class MediaWiki(reference:) - to be the base class

## Functions

* MediaWiki
* setVal( $key, &$value )
* getVal
* initialize ( &$title, &$output, &$user, $request)
* checkInitialQueries
* preliminaryChecks
* initializeSpecialCases
* articleFromTitle
* initializeArticle
* finalCleanup ( &$deferredUpdates, &$loadBalancer, &$output )
* doUpdates ( &$updates )
* doJobs
* restInPeace
* performAction( &$output, &$article, &$title, &$user, &$request )
# MediaWiki

MediaWiki is wiki software, released under the GPL, that is used by Wikimedia projects as well as other sites. It is an implementation of a wiki, a content pool that anyone can freely edit. It is developed using Gerrit.

## Subpages

Special:Prefixindex/MediaWiki/

## About
### Miscellaneous

* MediaWiki features
* Installation and configuration
* MediaWiki Tutorial with screenshots: how to install and configure Mediawiki, how to change skins; how to add extensions

### Technical

* MediaWiki architecture
* MediaWiki history
* MediaWiki roadmap

## Installing

* mw:Manual:Installation
* mw:Manual:Configuration settings

## Discussion questions and essay ideas

* Will MediaWiki ever become easier to upgrade and maintain for less technical users?
# MediaWiki/Codebase

MediaWiki.org's Home at Wikiversity.

## Getting started

So you want to learn the nuts and bolts of MediaWiki?
The best way to start is to just download MediaWiki! (... or you may want to just RTFM (Read The Fine Manual).

## MediaWiki roadmap

From MediaWiki.org:
    There is currently no official roadmap for MediaWiki development. Since version 1.6, releases are quarterly snapshots of the development trunk, which is kept continuously in a runnable state. - read more

## MediaWiki architecture

MediaWiki General Architecture :
| User Layer | Web Clients |
| Network Layer | Apache Webserver |
| Logic Layer | MediaWiki's PHP scripts PHP |
| Data Layer | File System MySQL Database Caching System |

### Learning projects

* Topic:MySQL
* Topic:PHP
* Topic:Databases
* Topic:Apache
* Topic:Web Design
# Multiple linear regression/Quiz

Multiple linear regression practice quiz
# Multiple Sclerosis

Those who have become victims of Multiple Sclerosis, either directly or through the suffering of your friend or family member with the disease, can only wonder just how it might have happened. While the cure is unknown, and treatments are restricted, there is some information available which may be helpful to you.
To obtain a better comprehension of the causes of Multiple Sclerosis, you will need to comprehend precisely what the disease does. Whenever a person has MS, they'll experience degeneration with the nerves of the central nervous system. The nerves with the brain and spinal-cord are inflamed with lesions, or plaques, and therefore are stripped of myelin. Myelin will be the sheath of fatty insulation that wraps across the axons of the neurons within the brain. It will help regulate the speed by which messages are sent from your brain to the body.
Once the neurons lose their myelin sheath, your brain will no longer talk with all of those other body parts as it should. So, when a disease such as Multiple Sclerosis occurs, some of the body's functions could be affected. The patient may have trouble with their vision, their speech, their motor skills- no two cases are exactly alike, and they're as individual as the patient that has it. Some patients experience instances of weakness from the limbs as well as other symptoms, but feel normal in between outbreaks, while other patients will feel as though their motor skills are steadily and gradually deteriorating.
Many people are identified as having MS as young adults. The problem is more common in women and Caucasians, even though it is unclear why. An individual is not born with Ms, and it's also not just a genetic disease, though research has revealed those having a genealogy from the disease could be more prone to it. Research has also shown that those who live away from the equator are more more likely to get MS, which could attribute the condition to being partially brought on by environmental factors including low contact with Vitamin D in sunlight.
A separate disease, called Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency, or CCSVI, is theorized to be linked among many possible multiple sclerosis causes. People that have CCSVI do not really have Multiple Sclerosis, however. The situation is characterized by problematic veins leading back from the central nervous system for the heart, which causes difficulties in blood flow. While a surgery to essentially "stretch" the veins continues to be developed, it is rarely performed outside medical trials. Many medical professionals debate that the surgery is too risky and can do more harm than good, though more evidence to aid it may soon become available.

## See Also

* Wikipedia: Multiple sclerosis
# Multiple linear regression/Activity/Life expectancy
## Activity: Life expectancy

* If you're curious about how multiple regression can be applied, complete a Life Expectancy Calculator (takes ~15 minutes). This will use a regression equation (behind the scenes) to predict how long you will live.
* What could you do to improve your life expectancy? (probably change your behaviour on some of the key predictors)
* What do you estimate the unstandardised regression coefficients to be for each of the variables the calculator recommends you could change in order to increase your life expectancy?
* What do you think the an 80% confidence interval would be for your life expectancy estimate? (can be estimated via this very short Life Expectancy Calculator (takes <1 minute).
# Multiple linear regression/Multivariate outliers
## Multivariate outliers

Check whether there are influential multivariate outlying cases using Mahalanobis distance & Cook’s D. Using PASW:
* Linear Regression - Save - Mahalanobis and Cook's D - OK
* SPSS will create new variables called mah_1 and coo_1.
* Check the Residuals Statistics table in the output for the maximum Mahalanobis and Cook’s distances.
* The maximum Mahalanobis distance should not be greater than the critical chi-square value with degrees of freedom equal to number of predictors, with critical alpha (α) =.001.
* Cook’s D should not be greater than 1.
* If outliers are detected, check each case, and consider removing the case from the analysis.
* See also Francis 5.1.4.2 Screening for influential case
# Multiple linear regression/Types

There are several types of MLR, including:
| Type | Characteristics |
| Direct (or Standard) | All IVs are entered simultaneously |
| Hierarchical | IVs are entered in steps, i.e., some before others Interpret: R$^2$ change, F change |
| Forward | The software enters IVs one by one until there are no more significant IVs to be entered |
| Backward | The software removes IVs one by one until there are no more non-significant IVs to removed |
| Stepwise | A combination of Forward and Backward MLR. Stepwise regression will do the most efficient job of quickly sorting through many IVs and identifying a relatively simple model based only on the statistically significant predictors. |
Forward, Backward, and stepwise regression hands the decision-making power over to the computer which should be discouraged for theory-based research.
For more information, see Multiple linear regression I (Lecture)
# Multiplexor

A multiplexor is a device which takes in multiple signals and outputs a single signal. It works as an electronic switch.
The non-select inputs are numbered in binary, so for a multiplexor with two select inputs, the first signal (A) would be labelled 00, the second (B) labelled 01, the third (C) labelled 10 and the forth (D) labelled 11. This means if none of the select input signals is on, the first non-select input signal (A) is copied to the output. If both are on, the fourth (D) is copied across. It is normal to have the inputs labelled up using their binary labels on schematic diagrams as shown below
Rather than continue with the ascii art, i'll represent this in the following way:
It can be noted that 2^N non-select signals require N select signals. So 8 non-select signals require 3 select signals. In the diagram below A-H are the non-select inputs with their binary code before them, X,Y and Z are the select inputs and Output M is the multiplexor result. A-H and X-Z each have a value of 0 or 1 fed into them. Depending on the values of X,Y and Z, the value of M changes to the value fed into one of A-H.
If X = 0, Y = 1, Z = 0 for example, M = the value fed into C.
Attempt the problem below with all numbers being the values fed into the inputs.
What value is copied to M?
The correct answer is 0 because E is selected when X=1 Y=0 and Z=0 and the value fed into E is 0.
Now try X=1, Y=1, Z=0 for the diagram above
The answer is 0 again, this time from G.
# JavaScript/Date calculator

To calculate the difference between dates, the entered dates are first converted to Unix epoch time stamps, counting up from January 1, 1970. Then, the difference in seconds is converted back to days.
In order to return a positive value, the time stamps are then compared so the earlier time stamp is subtracted from the more recent one.
At the end, an object is generated which contains the number of days and a custom-generated text. It is stored into a variable so it can be alerted to the user.
The supported input date formats are "2024-10-11", "Oct 11, 2024" (with and without comma), and "11 Oct 2024". For example, calcDate("2021-01-01","2022-01-10") returns { total_days: 374, result: "1 year 9 days" }. The worded month can optionally be written out. Make sure not to miss quotation marks (both " and ' work), so the entered dates are interpreted as strings.
# JavaScript/Epoch time converter

This epoch time converter can convert dates into Unix epoch time stamps and vice versa. It makes use of the sophisticated date and time parsing abilities included in JavaScript.
The input format is automatically detected. If the input is only numerical without any other characters, it is presumed to be a UNIX epoch time stamp. Otherwise, it is presumed to be a date. A four-digit input value is presumed to be a year.
The script also detects URL hashes (characters after "#" in the URL), which can be used to enter a value as well, and for memorizing the last input. The URL hash will be updated when pressing the ↵ Enter key or clicking the "Auto-detect and convert" button. The result is previewed after each key press.
There are additional buttons for interchanging the input and the result, for calculating the current epoch time stamp, and for clearing the input field. The last adds convenience for mobile users.
The code contains comments to facilitate understanding each part.
# JavaScript/Introduction

JavaScript is part of the requirement for web-technology learning. It is specifically useful for web design. JavaScript is a dialect of ECMAScript which is based on root computing languages such as C. Studying the related languages will give you the student advanced standing in JavaScript. However, some conventions are/were unique to JavaScript.
* From a computer science perspective, JavaScript is a language standard which a graduate programmer should be able to employ/deploy as an application. Building a minimal JavaScript engine should require no more than two weeks work in a language such as C++. However, developing a good application may require a bigger collaboration. (Consult the standards for this task).
* JavaScript can be wrapped in other languages for the deployment of applications to several technologies.
* JavaScript can be used to design games, databases, or servers.
* ActionScript utilizes ECMAScript for timeline technology as used in animation.
* JavaScript is not just a trivial project/design language. It can be used for enterprise and industry wide projects and collaborations. A JavaScript expert could be required to undertake all/any level(s) of enterprise related training to handle the use of JavaScript for their professional employment.
# JavaScript/JavaScript Objects

* JavaScript has a language that allows scripts to be more logically operated than a batch file. The language is not of the application running the environment. JavaScript interacts with the specific languages used in several technologies.
* By setting out a language, beyond the environmental activities, all JavaScript objects are available in most interpreting applications. If an application (program) attribute has been utilized for JavaScript, then most likely it can be called by our script (within secure allowances). Its the Object Model!
Subject classification: this is a design resource. :
Subject classification: this is a technology resource. :
Subject classification: this is an information technology resource. :
Subject classification: this is an engineering resource. :
The following JavaScript script lessons allow the coder to specifically create objects to direct the script process. This lesson outlines further use of the JavaScript language. Objects as used in JavaScript are part of the study of current web technology and the implications from other languages migrating to new and extended uses. Programmers migrating from other languages bring a lot of variety to the functionality and purpose of objects in JavaScript. JavaScript was designed to be immediately learn-able and useful for migrating programmers in the industry.

## Programming with Objects

Programming with objects is fundamental to a few (code) languages. Some object concepts can be emulated in JavaScript. Arrays are an example of an emulation which is consistent to programmer's fundamentals. Yet, the arrays in JavaScript are just name-based, and therefore, can be utilized under variations according to the (fundamental) theme. For example, with an array, any position can be utilized without an immediate predecessor in the adjacent memory position. So, 'memory-slot one' is not needed to 'start in memory-slot two'.

### Array Objects

Here's a simple example in a prompt-box-program within a webpage.
This example is a more complex way to add two numbers. It involves not using the "+" positive operator. (More easily done with a-(-b)).

### Predefined Objects

The use of predefined objects is slightly different to coder-defined objects. See: This collection with the about.com tutorials.
Note: You can simply review the operation of a predefined object by entering smaller scripts at the console command-line. The console is available in browsers with developer tools. In the same way a Mathematician plugs in variables, the object-orientated-language coder needs to plug in objects. Learning to cycle through development and testing, in this way, is an essential skill. With modern medias popularity, it may be shrewd to review demonstration videos from around the world. Some coders learn to 'test' at an early age. Don't be frightened away by the younger demonstrators. Young coders are often interested in producing games at skill levels beyond standard classwork.