OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Jumping

Jumping is a form of movement in which a body propels itself through the air along a ballistic trajectory. Jumping should be distinguished from running because in jumping the entire body is temporarily airborne by the relatively long duration.
Some animals, such as the kangaroo, employ jumping as their primary form of locomotion, while others, such as frogs, use it only as a means to escape predators. Jumping is also a key feature of various activities and sports, including the long jump, high jump, and show jumping.

## Classification

One way to classify jumping is by the manner of foot transfer. In this classification system, five basic jumping forms are distinguished:
* Jump - jumping from and landing on two feet
* Hop - jumping from one foot and landing on the same foot
* Leap - jumping from one foot and landing on the other foot
* Assemble - jumping from one foot and landing on two feet
* Sissonne - jumping from two feet and landing on one foot
* Bound - a leap onward or upward
# Judith Jarvis Thomson and "A Defense of Abortion"

Judith Jarvis Thomson was an American philosopher (October 4, 1929 – November 20, 2020), mostly known for her studies on ethics.
She was born in New York. She received her MA on philosophy from Cambridge University at 1956 and PhD degree on philosophy from Columbia University at 1959. Later on, she worked as a professor in various universities including Cambridge, Columbia University, MIT and Yale.
Thomson is well known for her discussion about a very famous thought experiment 'Trolley Problem'. This thought experiment was firstly used by Philippa Foot, on her paper “The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of Double Effect”. However, Thomson is the one coinining the name Trolley Problem, and extending the cases of the problem to take a closer look into the factors contributing to the decissions.
She discussed about ethics around Abortion in her paper "A Defense of Abortion".

## A Defense of Abortion

Generaly discussion on abortion relys on the discussion about whether a fetus is an human with rights or not. In this paper J.J. Thomson argues that abortion would be permissible even if a fetus is a complete human, therefore skipping the discussion.

## See Also

* Abortion on Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
* Judith Jarvis Thomson on Jewish Women's Archive
# LMCC/Dyslipidemia

* abnormal elevation of plasma cholesterol or triglycerides
* this disorder increases the risks associated with obesity, diabetes and alcohol use

## Assessment
### Signs of Hyperlipidemia

* atheromata - plaques in blood vessel walls
* xanthoma - plaques or nodules composed of lipid laden histiocystes in the skin and eyelids
* tendinous xanthoma - lipid deposits in tendons
* corneal arcus (arcus senillis) - lipid deposits in corena
* levels should be measured every five years in those > age 20
* prior to labs, also assess for coronary artery disease risk factors
* labs drawn are:
** total cholesterol
** LDL-C (bad cholesterol)
*** Note: LDL-C cannot be calculated if triglyceride levels are >4.5mmol/L
** HDL-C (good cholesterol)
** triglyceride levels

## Risk Category
### Emerging risk factors for hypertriglyceridemia

* lipoprotein a
* genetic risk
* hormone replacement therapy
* infectious agents
* metabolic syndrome
* must also estimate 10 year risk for developing coronary artery disease using the Framingham heart data

### Risk Factors for CAD

Major
1. Smoking
2. Diabetes
3. Hypertension
4. Hyperlipidemia
5. Family History of CAD
Minor
1. Obesity
2. Sedentary lifestyle
3. Hyperhomoysteinemia

### Target Lipid Values for Primary Prevention of CAD

* once risk is established, target levels can be set
| Risk Category | LDL-C(mmol/L) | Total-cholesterol:HDL-C ratio |
| High 10 year risk of CAD > 20%/history of DM/history of atherosclerotic disease | <2.5 | <4 |
| Moderate 10 year risk 11%-19% | <3.5 | <5 |
| Low 10 year risk < 10% | <4.5 | <6 |
* note: There are no longer any target triglyceride levels

## Management

* use risk level as a guide for treatment
* use dietary/lifestyle modification for 3 months before initiating drug therapy:
** weight loss
** exercise
** avoid EtOH and smoking
** blood glucose control
** increase omega-3 fatty acid intake
* after the initiation of drug therapy, lipids should be measured after 6 weeks and 3 months.
** if adequate reevaluate in 6 months
** monitor ALT, AST and CK every 6 months for signs of transaminitis or myositis, a potential side effect of using lipid lowering agents.

### Pharmacology: Lipid Lowering Agents

* statins: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
** Atorastatin (Lipitor)
** Lovostatin (Mevacor)
** Pravastatin (Pravachol)
** Simvastatin (Zocor)
** Rosuvastatin (Crestor)
* bile acid sequestrants
* nicotinic acid
* fibrates
* psyllium
* cholesterol absorption inhibitors (ie. ezetimibe)

## Isolated hypertriglyceridemia

* normal HDL-C and total cholesterol with elevated triglycerides
** mild: TG > 2.0mmol/L
** marked: TG > 4.5mmol/L
* principal therapy is lifestyle modification
* drug therapy is nicotinic acid or fibrates
# LMCC/Periodic Health Examination

Purpose of the PHE
* primary prevention
** identifying risk factors for common diseases
** promotion of healthy behaviour
* secondary prevention
** early disease detection to allow early treatment and prevent progression
* update patient's clinical data
* fostering the patient-physician relationship
The College of Family Practitioners of Canada provides up to date evidence based PHE checklist forms

## Periodic Health Exam

| | General Population | Special Populations |
| Discussion | dental hygiene noise control and hearing protection smoking cessation, nicotine replacement therapy dietary advice on leafy green vegetables and fruits seat belt use injury prevention moderate physical activity sun exposure problem drinking screening/counselling STD counselling nutritional counselling | Pediatrics: home visits for high risk families developmental milestones Adolescents: sexual activity and contraception smoking prevention Perimenopausal women: osteoporosis/risks and benefits of HRT Adults > 65 cognitive impairment fall assessments |
| Physical | breast exam blood pressure BMI measurements | Pediatrics exam of hips, eyes and hearing serial heights, weights and head circumference visual acuity testing Adults > 65 visual acuity testing audio testing First degree relative with melanoma full body skin exam |
| Tests | Hemoccult test Sigmoidoscopy mammogram (50-69) and pap smear (18-69) | Pediatrics routine hemoglobin blood lead screening Diabetetics urine dipstick fundoscopy TB high risk groups Mantoux skin testing STD High risk groups HIV antibody screening gonorrhea screen chlamydia screen Familial Adenomatous Polyposis sigmoidoscopy and genetic testing HNPCC colonoscopy |
| Therapy | folic acid supplementation in women of child bearing age varicella vaccine children 1-12 and immunocompromised rubella vaccine for non-pregnant women pharmacologic treatment of hypertension with DBP > 90 mmHG | Pediatrics routine immunizations hepatitis B immunization Influenza high risk groups outreach stragetgies for vaccination amantadine prophylaxis for those exposed to index case annual immunization TB high risk groups: INH prophylaxis for household contacts INH prophylaxis for high risk sub-groups Immunocompetent institutionalized > 55 pneumococcal vaccination |
# LMCC/Regular Visits
## Schedule

* newborn
* 1 week post discharge
* 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 24 months
* yearly until age 6
* every other year until age 11, then yearly until 18

## History

* pregnancy/neonatal history
* feeding/diet
* immunizations
* developmental assessment
* growth, energy, appetite, sleep and review of systems
* past medical history, medications, allergies, family history and social history

## Physical Exam

* Growth parameters:
** serial height
** weight
** head circumference (until age 2)
# LMCC/Obesity
## Body Mass Index

$\left({\frac {\text{weight}}{\text{height}}}\right)^{2}$ (ie. (kg/m)²)

### Classification of weight in adults

| Classification | BMI |
| Underweight | <18.5 |
| Normal | 18.5-24.9 |
| Class I Obese | 30-34.9 |
| Class II Obese | 35 - 39.9 |
| Class III Obese | >40 |
* waist circumference (not waist to hip ratio) can be added to increase the specificity of the BMI. Those at high risk are:
** Men > 102 cm
** Women > 88 cm
* There is a U shaped relationship between BMI and mortality, with those over and underweight showing an increase in mortality

## Epidemiology

* Prevelence of obesity is > 14% (Canada)
* There has been a doubling of childhood obesity in North America over the last 20 years

## Assessment

* Calculate BMI and waist circumference
* Ask about comorbidities
** Coronary artery disease
** Hypertension
** Smoking
** Lipid profile
** diabetes
** Sleep apnea
** Osteoarthritis
** Gallstones
* Assess motivation for weight loss and any surrounding support or obstacles
* Examine past attempts and assess for efficacy
* physical exam and investigations are based on specific patient complaints

## Management
### Weight Loss

If:
* BMI>30
* BMI 25-29.9 or high waist circumference and 2 risk factors
* weight loss is not to exceed 1kg/week with an initial goal of 10% loss in 6 months.

### Weight Prevention

* BMI 25-29.9 and less than 2 risk factors

### Dietary Therapy

* women: 1000-1200kcal/day
* men: 1200-1600kcal/day
* reduce usual intake by:
** Obese: 500-1000kcal/day
** Overweight: 300-500kcal/day
* these reduction will result in a loss of 1kg/week
Temporary and/or drastic diets do not generally lead to long term weight loss. By reducing the caloric intake suddenly, the body will enter a "starvation mode" and losing fat will be more difficult.[factual?]
What most people who are obese need is a "permanent" change in their eating habits. Progressive substitution of bad products with healthy products will help reduce the shock from a sudden change in their eating style. A reduction of calories about 10% (maximum 20%) of their original caloric intake should do.[factual?]

### Behavioural therapy

* involve patients in goal setting
* self monitor for dietary intake and exercise
* reward when goals are acheived (not with food though)
* dietary behaviour: eat slower, use smaller plates
* modify environmental cues that prompt undesired eating

### Pharmacotherapy

* use if lifestyle changes do no work after 6 months
* appropriate if BMI > 30 or >27 with co-morbidities/risk factors
* sibutramine
** appetite suppresant
** inhibits norepinephrine and seretonin reuptake
** side effects: increased BP, tachycardia
* orlistat
** reduces GI fat absorption
** side effects: reduction in fat soluable vitamins, stool leakage diarrhea
* ezetimibe
** cholesterol absorption inhibitor
** side effects:arthralgias, back pain, diarrhea

### Surgery

* for severe obesity
* "stomach stapling", a bariatric procedure
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real numbers/Series/Cauchy-criterion/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Lemma 9.4
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real numbers/Series/Cauchy-criterion/Fact/Proof/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 9.9
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real positive number/Root/Unique existence/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Theorem 8.13
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real numbers/Nested intervals/Point/Fact/Proof/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 8.20
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real numbers/Series/Rules/Fact/Proof/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 9.8
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real numbers/Nested intervals/Point/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Theorem 8.12
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real numbers/Heron's method/Convergence/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 8.9
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real numbers/Modulus/Properties/Fact/Proof/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 5.23
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real numbers/Ordering axioms/Archimedean/Implications/Fact/Proof/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 5.21
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real numbers/Sequences/Squeeze criterion/Fact/Proof/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 7.17
# PlanetPhysics/Principles of Quantum Physics

The following is a contributed new topic on:
# PlanetPhysics/Principles of Thermodynamics

\newcommand{\sqdiagram}[9]{Failed to parse (unknown function "\diagram"): {\displaystyle \diagram #1 \rto^{#2} \dto_{#4}& \eqno{\mbox{#9}}} }
In particular, such thermodynamic laws impose essential constrains on the equations of state and state functions that are employed to describe all closed thermodynamic systems. However, the thermodynamic treatment of open systems is not yet a `closed book'. One also notes that such thermodynamic laws that hold for all closed systems may still be further derived from statistical mechanics.

## Principles of Thermodynamics
### Basic Concepts

{Thermodynamic systems}: Closed vs. Open systems.
Thermodynamic Processes: Reversible vs. Irreversible := equilibrium vs. Non-equilibrium

### The Zeroth Principle
#### Thermal Equilibrium definition. Temperature and Molecular Motions

Temperature is a measure of the degree of molecular motion: the higher the average magnitude of velocities in a system measured at equilibrium with the system, the higher the temperature is (the hotter the system is).
absolute temperature scale
[More to come...]
Whereas absolute temperatures of molecular systems can only take on positive values, spin temperature--or spin-lattice temperature-- for example, may take on `negative' values as a result of spin population inversion through Polarization, or cross-polarization.
Such cross-polarization processes might be thus utilized in designing and operating quantum `computers' or quantum nano-robots.

### The First Principle

Total \htmladdnormallink{energy {http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CosmologicalConstant.html} Conservation}

### The Second Principle

During any thermodynamic process the entropy of a closed system always increases if the closed system is not at equilibrium (when the latter becomes constant), [or, equivalently, that perpetual motion machines are impossible].

### The Third Principle

The entropy of any crystalline system tends to zero in the limit of absolute zero temperature.

### Discussion

Suggested Fourth Principle: the Onsager reciprocity \htmladdnormallink{relations {http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/Bijective.html} for non-equilibrium, open systems}
Remark: Commonly, the four principles of reversible thermodynamics are also known as "the four thermodynamic laws ".
# PlanetPhysics/Program2

A program (or computer program/software ) consists of an ordered set of logical instructions that are processed or executed by the computer hardware; this is carried out either sequentially (by one processor) or in parallel (as in parallel computation or multitasking by several processors operating in parallel). The computare hardware that executes the program usually consists of either one or several computer central processing units (CPUs), often also controlling peripherals, such as computer monitor(s), printers, scanners, digital cameras, speakers, etc.
Mathematically, any computer program can be expressed in terms of recursive functions and/or algorithms. Computer programs are "executable programs or the "source code from which executable programs are derived (e.g., compiled). Often the distinction is made between the basic machine language and higher-level languages/programming language s that are then translated (or compiled) into the machine language.
# Thucydides: The Peloponnesian War

"The absence of romance in my history will, I fear, detract somewhat from its interest; but if it be judged useful by those inquirers who desire an exact knowledge of the past as an aid to the interpretation of the future, which in the course of human things must resemble if it does not reflect it, I shall be content. In fine, I have written my work, not as an essay which is to win the applause of the moment, but as a possession for all time." — Thucydides I,22.

## A Reading Group

A reading group for discussion of Thucydides History of The Peloponnesian War (431 - 404 BC). If you are interested in this text, please add your name to the list of participants and put this page on your watchlist.

### News

2008-03-24: We have finished the first two books - in 12 chat sessions (logs available) - international collaboration with Italian, German Wikiversity/Wikibooks.

### Structure

The Peloponnesian War is arranged in the following books:
    author book time (BC) status Thucydides Book 1 Book 2 431 - 429/428 Book 3 428 - 426/425 discussion Book 4 Book 5 Book 6 Book 7 Book 8 Xenophon (book: Hellenica) Book 1 Book 2

## The Text

The Peloponnesian War by Thucydides
* different translations
    Richard Crawley: The History of the Peloponnesian War
    Thomas Hobbes
    Benjamin Jowett

## Schedule and tasks
### Next meeting

* date: postponed untill after the northern spring or southern autumn/fall.
* time:
   * topic: Book 3, aphorism 50-75
       (Even if you can not read all aphorisms before, we can give you a short intro -> My history teacher always told: history is better in one aspect than e.g. mathematics because you can join at any time.)
   * place: IRC chat, we will join at #thucydides (don't forget to also look in #wikiversity-en)
* add yourself here, if you want to join:
      * Erkan Yilmaz
      * Daanschr
      * Pietrodn
      * Enlil Ninlil
      * you ?

### Themes for next meeting

* topic: ...
* organization:
      * experimenting with an audio session ?
      * using/creating a mailing list (e.g. open or closed) ? you can get info about meeting times, ... by mail

### What was done so far ?

* past meetings

### Proposals

(Propositions of Daan)
* (Some typical questions a historian should ask): What is the purpose of the text of Thucydides? (Does he have a political aim? Is he honest with his facts?) What story is being told? Do we miss some information? What can we know about the Greek society thanks to the text?
* In what way can we improve the Wikipedia articles related to the Peloponnesian Wars and Thucydides? There is a big chance that the wikipedia articles have not been created by people who had the original sources or high quality secondary literature at hand, so improvement could be easy. For more information, see Wikipedia:WikiProject critical source examination.
* The reading groups are a new phenomenon. How can we make them more fun in order to atract a base of people who want to stay? One way is to have an active social bonding of something, but it should be linked to the activity, the reading and discussing of books.
# Three-dimensional standard quadric/Not affine/Example

Let $K$ be a field and consider the ring
    $R=K[x,y,u,v]/(xu-yv)\,.$
The ideal ${\mathfrak {p}}=(x,y)$ is a prime ideal in $R$ of height one. Hence the open subset $U=D(x,y)$ is the complement of an irreducible hypersurface. However, $U$ is not affine. For this we consider the closed subscheme
    ${\mathbb {A} }_{K}^{2}\cong Z=V(u,v)\subseteq \operatorname {Spec} {\left(R\right)}\,$
and $Z\cap U\subseteq U$. If $U$ were affine, then also the closed subscheme $Z\cap U\cong {\mathbb {A} }_{K}^{2}\setminus \{(0,0)\}$ would be affine, but this is not true, since the complement of the punctured plane has codimension $2$.
# Three disks/Plane packing and pizza packing/Exercise

Determine the areas of the regions, surrounded by the blue curves, sketched on the right.
# Three cities/Symmetric/Rail connection/Exercise

The city $S=(0,0)$ shall be connected by rails with the two cities $T=(a,b)$ and $U=(a,-b)$ with $a\geq 0$, $b>0$. The rails shall run along the $x$-axis until it ramifies into the two directions. Determine the ramification point, with as few rails as possible.
# Programming Fundamentals/Files/PowerShell
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own PowerShell compiler / interpreter / IDE.

### Online

* There are some options, but none are fully functional at this time.

### Windows

* Microsoft:Starting Windows PowerShell

### macOS / Linux

* HowToGeek: How to Install Microsoft PowerShell on Linux or OS X

## See Also

* Microsoft: Getting Started with PowerShell
* PowerShell
# Programming Fundamentals/Files/Java
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Java compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* InterviewBit
* paiza.IO
* PythonTutor
* repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Wikibooks: Java Programming
# Programming Fundamentals/Files/PHP
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own PHP compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* Online PHP
* paiza.IO
* repl.it
* W3Schools

## See Also

* Wikibooks: PHP Programming
# Programming Fundamentals/Files/BASIC
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own BASIC compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* repl.it

## See Also

* Wikibooks: BASIC Programming
# Programming Fundamentals/Files/Perl
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Perl compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* Ideone
* paiza.IO
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Wikibooks: Perl Programming
# Programming Fundamentals/Files/Lua
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Lua compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* Ideone
* repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Lua.org: Reference Manual
# Programming Fundamentals/Files/C++
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own C++ compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* paiza.IO
* PythonTutor
* repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* C++
* Wikibooks: C++ Programming
# Programming Fundamentals/Files/C Sharp
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own C Sharp compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* C# Pad
* .NET Fiddle
* Ideone
* paiza.IO
* Rextester
* repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* C Sharp
* Wikibooks: C Sharp Programming
# Programming Fundamentals/Files/Node.js
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Node.js compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* Ideone
* Repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Wikibooks: JavaScript
# Programming Fundamentals/Files/C
## Try It

Copy
* CodeChef
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* InterviewBit
* paiza.IO
* PythonTutor
* repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Wikibooks: C Programming