# Evidence-based assessment/Prescription phase

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# Prescription Phase
## Overview

The prescription phase is the second phase of the Evidence-Based Assessment Approach. This phase begins at the intake interview building off of the prediction phase. This phase is about figuring out what is the best direction to go in next by using gathered information so far for case conceptualization. Case conceptualization is a provisional map of a person’s presenting problems that describes the territory of the problems and explains the processes that likely caused and are maintaining the problems. A good case conceptualization describes problems and processes in ways that are verifiable.” Good case conceptualization will provide a roadmap for intervention but it is always open for revisions or changes in directions.

## Rationale

The big differences in treatment prescription are between externalizing and internalizing disorders, or perhaps between subtypes of conduct disorder versus other disruptive behavior disorders, or unipolar versus bipolar mood disorders. The distinction between oppositional defiant disorder or disruptive behavior disorder not otherwise specified does not change the choice of treatment, so we do not lose predictive or prescriptive information by lumping them together. If there is no electronic medical record, then some sort of random sampling of charts or cases can provide a good snapshot of services – perhaps drawing 5 or 10 percent of cases at a clinic from each month to get a picture of services throughout the year including the variation in referral patterns between the school year and summer.

## Tables and figures
### Coverage of common diagnostic interviews

| | Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) | Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.) |
| Anorexia Nervosa | Yes | Yes (also bulimia, binge eating) |
| Antisocial Personality | | Yes |
| Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder | Yes | Yes |
| Autism Spectrum Disorder | Yes | |
| Bipolar (adults) | | Yes |
| Bipolar (child) | Yes | Yes |
| Conduct disorder | Yes | |
| Depression (youth) | Yes | Yes |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | Yes | Yes |
| Self harm | (in depression module) | Yes |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder | Yes | Yes |
| Oppositional defiant disorder | Yes | |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | Yes | Yes |
| Schizophrenia | Yes | Yes (psychotic disorders) |
| Simple phobia | Yes | |
| Social anxiety disorder | Yes | Yes |
| Substance use disorder | Yes | Yes (separate modules for alcohol and non-alcohol) |
| Traumatic brain injury | | |

### Performance of common diagnostic interviews

| Measure | Format (Reporter) | Age Range | Administration/ Completion Time | Interrater Reliability | Test-Retest Reliability | Construct Validity | Content Validity | Highly Recommended | Free and Accessible Measures |
| Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (KSADS PL) | Semi-structured Interview | 6-18 | 45-75 minutes | G | A | E | G | X | Homepage PDF |
| Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA) *not free | Structured Interview | Parent of 6-17 year old Youth 9-17 | 70-120 minutes | A | A | A | G | | Homepage |
| Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA) *not free | Structured diagnostic interview | 9-18 | 1.5 hours | G | A | G | G | X | Homepage Child Parent |
| Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-V (SCID) | Semi-structured interview to be administered by a clinician or an experienced rater | Adults (Ages 18+) | 1-2 hours | G | G | G | G | Y | -Available for purchase from APA Publishing (Note: Not free) -Modified PDF Version (not most recent version, SCID-I) -Located on Penn Lab, See Appendix 1 for schizophrenia modules |
| SADS (Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia) | Interview (Patient) | Adult | 1-2 hours | G | G | G | G | Y | |
| Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID) | Interview | Children | 34 minutes | G-E | G-E | | | | |
Note: L = Less than adequate; A = Adequate; G = Good; E = Excellent; U = Unavailable; NA = Not applicable
See also the "Interviews are not Perfect" page if you are interested in this in more detail.

### Performance of common interview-based severity ratings

| Measure | Format (Reporter) | Age Range | Administration/ Completion Time | Interrater Reliability | Test-Retest Reliability | Construct Validity | Content Validity | Highly Recommended | Free and Accessible Measures |
| Children's Depression Rating Scale - Revised (CDRS-R) | Structured Interview | 6-12 | 15-20 minutes | G | A | G | G | X | Link to purchase CDRS-R PDF (excerpt) |
| KSADS Mania Rating Scale | Semi-structured interview to be administered by a clinician or an experienced rater | 5-18 | 10-30 minutes | G | G | G | G | Y | |
| KSADS Depression Rating Scale | Semi-structured interview to be administered by a clinician or an experienced rater | Adult | 1-2 hours | G | G | G | G | Y | |
| YBOCS | Interview | | | | | | | | |
Note: L = Less than adequate; A = Adequate; G = Good; E = Excellent; U = Unavailable; NA = Not applicable
See also the "Interviews are not Perfect" page if you are interested in this in more detail.