OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Forensics/Analysis/The basic features of human voice

With the help of special teams, the investigated voices, which are already acquired across interceptions of calls or common recordings. They are submitted to analyses that allow us to identify the characteristics of the voice, with the end to find a supposed culprit. Every day, the experts in "Forensic acoustics" take as a study object recordings of supposed extortionists, kidnappers, terrorists, etc. The analysis of voices that is realized in this area, (with judicial previous order) begins with the exact transcription of the dialogue contained in the tape. Some peculiarities like the elimination of phonemes, regional words, between others, must be born in mind by the forensic audio laboratory at the moment of the transcription of the tape. The transcriptions must be exact and the tape cleanliness in order to individualize the voice, because the morphologic characteristics of system of phonation are only in the human being. The dialogue is studied analyzed in different perspectives such as linguistically, semantically and grammatically , what verbs it uses and how it uses them, if it omits phonemes. With judicial previous order, the cassettes are submitted to studies to determine how there is the original sound of each of the vowels and consonants since they go out of the vocal cords. So, changing the accent, having flu, speaking slowly or more rapid is not inconvenient to identify a supposed culprit.
# Forest Ecosystems

The Colorado Plateau is a forest ecosystem. It needs Adaptive Management to handle Climate Change.

## Forest Ecosystems and Government Agencies

The ponderosa pine forest (Pinus ponderosa) on the Colorado Plateau are managed though several government agencies. The United States Forest Service (USFS), Bureau of Land Management (BLM), National Park Service (NPS), and other local agencies are the key stake holders in how the forest is managed.

## Forest Ecosystem Restoration

Pinus ponderosa forests have undergone intense forest restoration. Controlled burns to remove unwanted and potentially dangerous biomass and forest thinning have been the main applications used in the Pinus ponderosa restoration. The fire regimes have changed greatly in the last 100 years due to anthropogenic causes. Historically, frequent, low intensity ground fires burned the unwanted debris and promoted a healthy forest. Now fires are less frequent, this creates a denser forest which more fuel to be burn. This leads to high intensity “crown” fires which can get out of control and endanger wildlife and humans. Grazing, logging, and fire suppression are the biggest contributors to these drastic change in fire regimes. Much research has been done and still needs to be done to represent how the biotic communities have responded to these prescribed burns and thinning projects in the Pinus ponderosa forest on the Colorado Plateau. (See sources for more information)

## Adaptive management

Adaptive Management (AM) embodies environmental awareness and is a flexible management tool which uses statistical analysis to apply to appropriate spatial and temporal scales while use technology to build models used to synthesize alterative option applied to the area studied. AM is crucial in the political areana to offer alternatives in negotiation. The application of AM is a key tool to combat global climate change because of its wide range of application and flexibility. (See sources for more information)
# Forensics/Analysis/Examples 1

The suicidal notes constitute a source invaluable of knowledge, since they provide a spontaneous exhibition of the thoughts and emotions of lavíctima about the act and its reasons of having taken this decision. There seems to be no difference as for social, mental or physical condition entity the persons who leave notes and those who nolo do, with few exceptions, these are coherent.
# Forensics/Analysis/First steps before analize the handwriting

The main basis of handwriting analysis as a science is that every person in the world has a unique way of writing. When we were all kids at school, some people learned to write based on a special notebook of calligraphy - a style of writing. To take into account our script is based depending on when and where we grew up. So at first, all of us probably wrote in a similar way to the children of our age and location. But with the passage of time, those features of writing that we learned in school – our style features - it has became the underlying method in our own handwriting. We develop individual characteristics that are unique to us and distinguish our fist and lyrics of that of another person. Most of us do not write in the way we did in elementary school. And while two or more people can share a couple of individual characteristics, the possibility that these people share 10 or 20 individual characteristics is so unlikely that many Judicial calligraphers experts would say that it is impossible.
# Forensics/Analysis/First steps before analize the human voice

The goal of the recognition automatic speech (RAH) is to imitate the process of recognition which takes place the receiver in the comunication. There are several levels of recognition in a human process, and different automatic recognition systems implement all-some or only the most basic depending on what is it application and complexity.

## Secure data removal

We must proceed to capture secure data for further treatment and analysis. The devices extract all information from a mobile device (address book, record calls, voice, pictures, text messages, etc.).

## LPC (Linear Predictive Coding) analysis

The LPC analysis focuses as a process of separation between the fine structure of the spectrum (harmonic frequency distribution) and the spectral envelope (formed by the peaks corresponding to each element of the signal).

## Histogram

Graphical representation of the fundamental frequency (F0) of the audio signal, its average value and the corresponding deviation. Statistical values also provide us with the percentage of time with voice and non-voice, and the intensity of the signal.

## Double FFT analysis and transfer function

Through a mathematical calculation we can relate and compare 2 audio signals to establish similarities or differences in the domain of the frequency, amplitude and time. Very reliable procedure for locating small fragments, phrases or words that have been cut or replaced by others.
# Forensics/Analysis/The basic analysis

is the sample valid? -That is, has the style of the writing been affected by any external influences? Eg., an uneven writing surface; an awkward writing position; or written on the move (in a car or train,etc.). You cannot analyse a sample that is not reliable. For the purpose of checking slope and coverage it is more difficult to analyse samples that have been written on lined paper.
size -There are many aspects to the size of writing and alone it doesn’t indicate many things. Size (and especially the relative size of letter parts) needs to be considered along with other factors. There are some simple indicators however.Small writing is generally a strong indicator of a detailed, technical personality. Large rounded and dominant central case letters indicate a friendly and sociable personality.
letter-word slope - Is there a consistent slope to the letters and therefore the words in the sample? Check by drawing lines through the up and downward strokes. Backwards slopes indicate an introverted personality; forward slopes are extraverted. Upright strokes indicate a personality who is motivated by factors other than people, (ie neither extrovert nor introvert). The degree of slope reflects the degree of extraversion or introversion. The degree of consistency of the slope(ie parallel strokes) indicates the degree of emotional consistency.
line slope - Writing which rises to the right shows optimism and cheerfulness.Sagging to the right shows physical or mental weariness.(This applies to signatures sloping-downwards also.)
flow - One of the essential indicators, but like any other factornot to be used on its own. Generally, restraint is indicated every time the pen leaves the paper, and the converse applies. Gushing, eager, impulsive people have a more continuous flow of writing. Flowing writing has linked letters and sometimes linked words. Thoughtful, considered people will havefewer linked letters and no linked words. Artistic and conceptual people who like space and time around them will often have completely separated letters. (It follows that pressure at school on some children to ‘write joined-up’ - because the common view is that to do otherwise is ‘not grown-up’ - is unnatural and often counter-productive. In any event continuity of flow does not correlate to intelligence.)
spacing -Space between words indicates social attitude to others. Close words are a sign of sociability. Large spaces between words indicate the person is comfortable alone, and may even distrustothers. Spacing between letters shows artistic spatially aware character, (artists, etc.)
decoration and distortion - Don’t confuse the two. Decoration is intended;distorted is malformed and unintentional. Both are different to unfinished letters,which is a different indicator. Decoration is generally a sign that the writer wishes to be noticed more than he or she is at present. Malformed letters indicate a variety of things which must be dealt with individually. Unfinished words can be a sign of intelligence and impatience.
# Health and Safety

The Health and Safety learning project is devoted to discussions regarding health and safety in Ontario, Canada.

## Learning Project Summary

This learning project hosts discussions about health and safety with an emphasis on the work place.

## Goals

To promote an environment that is conducive to the health and safety of all individuals. The Health and Safety project intends to provide a means for individuals to correspond in a collaborative manner. The intention is to promote the internal responsibility system as outlined by the Occupational Health and Safety Act.

## Questions

* How is 'competent' (trained) person legally defined?
* What is the difference between 'incident' and 'accident'? Is a company legally obligated to keep a record of 'near misses'?
* How is an employer obligated with regards to the safety of a person working alone at night or on the weekend?

## Links

Ontario
Ministry of Labour
WSIB
e-laws.gov.on.ca
CSA
YWAP

## Active Participants

74.15.7.29 04:08, 3 December 2008 (UTC)
# Healthy lifestyle

A healthy lifestyle is one which helps to keep and improve people's health and well-being. Many governments and non-governmental organizations have made big efforts in healthy lifestyle and health promotion.

## Basic components of a healthy lifestyle

A healthy lifestyle is often associated with the following:
* Family traditions
* Health education
* Healthy lifestyle/Physical attractiveness
* Likable occupation
* Safe environment
* Adequate nutrition
* Physical fitness activities
* Absence of bad habits
* Personal hygiene
* Love and tenderness
* Positive social communications
* Focusing on what matters
* Stress Management

## Other websites

* Health Promotion at the Open Directory Project
* Healthy Cities – WHO EURO Office
* HSE Health Promotion Website from the Health Service Executive, Republic of Ireland
* Politics of Health Group
* Health-EU Portal Health Prevention and Promotion in the EU
# Health informatics

Health Informatics
Health Informatics is concerned with the collection, storage, manipulation and transmission of medical and health data in order to produce information and knowledge which leads to improved health care for all sectors of society. Health Informatics necessarily involves:
* an understanding of how computer systems work and what they are capable of,
* an appreciation of how individuals and organizations “know” things, and
* an understanding of information systems, as health care is often provided by large organizations.
To become familiar with health informatics, it is useful to have experience with Health Datasets.

## Resources

Health Informatics World Wide - a comprehensive index of Health Informatics/Medical Informatics resources. University of Otago: Dept. of Health Informatics - a multi-disciplinary post-graduate teaching and research program. Essential Information Management Skills – a small sample from the University of Otago’s Health Informatics Introductory Course.
# Healthcare rationing
## Lecture Material
### Fall 2009

Healthcare Rationing Outline Fall 2009
Healthcare Rationing Lecture

## NPR Reports

Drug Advertising
Drug Advertising transcript
NPR segment about the rising drug use due to drug advertising
The Cost of Care
The cost of care transcript
NPR story about how the current healthcare system encourages doctors to provide more care than needed.
US vs Holland Healthcare
US vs.Holland on healthcare transcript
NPR segment comparing healthcare in the US and Holland
Patient Healthcare Information Sharing
Patient Healthcare Information Sharing transcript
NPR segment on how patients are starting to share their own medical information on the Internet
Employer Health Insurance
Employer Health Insurance Transcript
NPR segment about how the US got to an employer financed health insurance system.
Breast Cancer Screening
Breast Cancer Screening transcript
NPR Segment on breast cancer screening. This serves as a good case study on issues in healthcare reform and financing
How a Bone Disease Grew to Fit the Prescription
How a Bone Disease Grew to Fit the Prescription Transcript
NPR segment on "disease creep" in healthcare.

## Articles

Argument for healthcare rationing An article by Peter Singer lays out the choices facing Americans
Breast Cancer Screening decision
Evidenced Based Healthcare
Healthcare Decisions A good article about the fallacy of the "death panels."
# Health media

This page collects general media related to Health studies. Our goal is to eventually direct Librarian assistance to the task of finding free and reusable media to add to health related content on Wikiversity.
# Health mentoring course

The course is currently under development in the German Wikiversity.

## Course phases

* Introduction
* Psychology
* Nutrition science
* Fitness
* Avoiding diseases
* Prevention
* Target audiences
* Wellness
# Health and the Social Web

Health and the Social Web (Health 2.0) aims to engage you in an important and emergent area of expertise that is increasingly important and very challenging for public health and rehabilitation practitioners. The social web requires skill sets that are not typically taught in health courses. Social web-based information, mobilisation, collaboration and evaluation is of a different quality than non-virtual equivalents.

## Topics

* Understanding the underlying philosophy, issues and dilemmas of the social web
* Using key social web licensing & copyright(left) conventions and basic site maintenance practices
* Engaging in the basics of usability, design and style as these relate to the social web (wikis, emails, micro-blogs, etc)
* Deploying social web applications to support community-based health teaching, promotion and mobilisation

## Learning Objectives

* Work collaboratively in large open collaborative projects relating to health across the social web.
* Set up, maintain and use health related websites across the social web.
* Implement copyright law and privacy protocols as it applies to the social web and maintaining a basic website.
* Apply universal design principles to develop websites and communication protocols on the social web.
* Critically engage in ethical discussion as a health practitioner, around use of the social web.

## Resources

* Teaching the iGeneration (William M. Ferriter and Adam Garry), ebook or paper (cost)
* The Art of Community (Jono Bacon), (first edition is free)
* Yahoo Style Guide, eBook (cost) or Web-site (free)
* FLOSS related articles by Richard Stallman, Eric Raymond and Bruce Perens, (free)
# Health Systems

* Lesson Plan
* Aims and Objectives:
* To define the health care system and state its goals
* To describe the different methods of health care financing
* To list the different health care models in use

## Health Care Systems

A health care system is an organization to deliver health care. There are many variations of health care systems around the world.
The goals for health systems, according to the World Health Report 2000 - Health systems: improving performance (WHO, 2000), are good health, responsiveness to the expectations of the population, and fair financial contribution. Duckett (2004) proposed a two dimensional approach to evaluation of health care systems: quality, efficiency and acceptability on one dimension and equity on another.
There are generally five primary methods of funding health care systems:
* direct or out-of-pocket payments
* general taxation
* social health insurance
* voluntary or private health insurance
* donations or community health insurance.
One recent study published by the National Bureau of Economic Research found no systematic relationship between the cost efficiency of health care systems and the type of financing used. The author concluded "that almost all financing choices are compatible with efficiency in the delivery of health care."
Health care has the following characteristics:
* The provision of critical health care treatment is often regarded as a basic human right, regardless of whether the individual has the means to pay—some treatments cost more than a typical family's life savings.
* Health care professionals are bound by law and their oaths of service to provide lifesaving treatment.
* Asymmetric information
* High risk level
Health care models include:
* Purely private enterprise health care systems are comparatively rare. Where they exist, it is usually for a comparatively well-off subpopulation in a poorer country with a poorer standard of health care–for instance, private clinics for a small, wealthy expatriate population in an otherwise poor country. But there are countries with a majority-private health care system with residual public service (see Medicare, Medicaid).
* The other major models are public insurance systems:
** Social security health care model, where workers and their families are insured by the State.
** Publicly funded health care model, where the residents of the country are insured by the State.
** Social health insurance, where the whole population or most of the population is a member of a sickness insurance company.
In almost every country with a government health care system a parallel private system is allowed to operate. This is sometimes referred to as two-tier health care. The scale, extent, and funding of these private systems is very variable.
# Health mentoring course/Prevention
## Vaccinations

| Cholera Diphtheria Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) Yellow fever Haemophilus influenzae Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B Human papillomavirus (HPV) Influenza (flu) Japanese encephalitis Measles Neisseria meningitidis | Mumps Pertussis (whooping cough) Streptococcus pneumoniae Poliomyelitis Rotavirus Rubella Tetanus Rabies Tuberculosis (TB) Typhoid fever Chickenpox (varicella zoster virus) |

## Footnotes

* 1 2 3 4 tropical disease
* ↑ primarily on the southern hemisphere
# Copolymerization
## Aims

* Statistical free radical copolymerization
* Copolymer composition

## Introduction

* Polymerization of two or more monomers
* Properties of the polymer depend on monomer composition and time

## Statistical copolymerization

| RM1• + M1 → RM1M1 | rate=k$_{11}$[RM1•][M1] |
| RM1• + M2 → RM1M2 | rate=k$_{12}$[RM1•][M2] |
| RM2• + M1 → RM2M1 | rate=k$_{21}$[RM2•][M1] |
| RM2• + M2 → RM2M2 | rate=k$_{22}$[RM2•][M2] |
* Monomers are consumed at different rates
* Therefore the polymer composition changes during the reaction
* Instantaneous copolymer equation
* $F_{A}={\frac {r_{A}f_{A}^{2}+f_{A}f_{B}}{r_{A}f_{A}^{2}+2f_{A}f_{B}+r_{B}f_{B}^{2}}}$
* Defines the polymer composition at any moment in time.
* F$_A$ = amount of monomer A in the polymer.
* f$_A$ = amount of monomer A in the monomer feed.
* F$_A$ + F$_B$ = 1
* f$_A$ + f$_B$ = 1
* Reactivity ratios
* $r_{A}={\frac {k_{AA}}{k_{AB}}}$ and $r_{B}={\frac {k_{BB}}{k_{BA}}}$
* Defines the relative rates of reaction.
* Ratios are set for any pair of monomers.
* No variation with solvent, concentration, temperature, etc.
* r$_A$ > 1 → HOMO propagation preferred
* r$_A$ < 1 → CROSS propagation preferred
# Copyright

Copyright means that someone, somewhere has the legal and automatic right to manage the ways that written or recorded material is used by other people. The copyright symbol with a date and name is merely a courtesy to help - its absence does not imply it is not copyright.
Curiously, even Wikiversity material is copyrighted! We have to deliberately agree that anyone can use or copy material, and even then we can limit that concession for example by insisting it is not sold or published for profit.

## Definitions

* w:All rights reserved means that to use material, it is necessary to contact the copyright holder (usually the author) and comply with any instructions (usually provide an attribution and pay a fee). Failure is a 'civil wrong' that may mean going to court and being ordered to pay compensation.
* Creative Commons offers a range of permissions, and is one of several legal definitions for w:shareware
* w:Public Domain: copyright expires after a time, then anyone can do anything with that material. The period varies: in some countries, material produced by public authorities is public domain immediately it is published, while other material produced by commercial corporations copyright restrictions may be extended to 100 years or more

## Questions

* If you put a picture of yourself online, who owns it?
* If you post a picture on Facebook, who owns the picture?

## Extention

* What other 'free use' copyright organizations are there (copyleft, GNU....)?

## Initial reading:

* Intellectual property (Wikipedia)
* Copyright (Wikipedia)
* All rights reserved
* Copyleft (Wikipedia)
* Creative Commons
* Public domain

## Resources

/Law: studies in copyright law.
# Copyright/Law

* This is a list of cases involving copyright law:
* Indian copyright law
* Gramophone Co v Shanti Films
* Civic Chandran v Ammini Amma
# Core Knowledge and cultural literacy (US)
## Organization of the stream

Lower school: The first eleven units in this stream comprise a U.S. grammar school, or combined elementary and middle school, curriculum. This includes a prepatory sequence as might be encountered for pre-school and/or kindergarten.
Upper school: The final four units in this stream comprise a U.S. high school curriculum.

## Units in Core Knowledge and cultural literacy (US)

Early Learning Essentials
Grade School Essentials
High School Essentials
# Cornish
## Current Lessons Avaliable

* Kernowek Onan

## Cornish Department Home Page

Cornish Department

## Participants

If you're interested in helping instruct or just want to learn, add your name in the appropriate list below!

### Interested Students
##### Complete (or near complete) Beginners

Merlyn Cooper Rhian Davies James Fletcher Fletch 2002 00:34, 18 January 2008 (UTC) Paul Keeley paulk Reid Trevarthen Nick Udell
Jeff Cole Daniel Archdale Vikki Hodgson Paul Young /> AC'hM : Bright new design ! Suzi Clements
Jen M., from LA, CA -- beginner, some phrases -- 06/2016
Ashley Gordon Clear every dayDawne Lightbourne ~ Cornwall & other ancient Kingdoms and their language... Lihaas

##### Advanced Beginners

Jezz Amalveor

##### Proficient Students

Stephen Owen Rule: I would love to learn to enable me to teach the language better. SteCymru14 on YouTube
Scorpio: I'm interested in any Celtic language. I've already signed up at the Breton stream. I'll get more active approximately a week later.

### Interested teachers
##### Proficient Speakers

--Kernoweger 22:12, 18 August 2009 (UTC)

##### Advanced Learners

Stephen Owen Rule: Would love to teach any Celtic language, especally a Brythonic one. I'm with Shaun on this one, except I'm helping with the Welsh, Breton and Devonian streams.... Meur ras - Diolch - Trugarez SteCymru14 on YouTube