OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Educational Media Awareness Campaign/History/POTD 9

Gallery of featured media for history
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History Picture of the Day
Battle of the Little Big Horn
This map shows the battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876, at which the Sioux defeated the US Army under General Custer. Battle plans of many other battles are available to use in educational resources. Click on the image for a full size version which you can freely re-use and modify. Print it and use it for your lessons, integrate it into your pages on Wikiversity, or use it in other learning resources and websites. Use the links below to find more images like this one.
Battle maps - Battle paintings - Military maps Indigenous peoples of North America - Images relating to the history of the United States History images in general This image is a part of the Educational Media Awareness Campaign, raising awareness among educators about the availability and usage of millions of free internet media in education. :
# Educational Media Awareness Campaign/Human anatomy/POTD 2

Gallery of featured media for biology
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Educational Picture of the Day
The Respiratory System
This is a complete diagram of the human respiratory system. The respiratory system consists of the airways, the lungs, and the respiratory muscles that mediate the movement of air into and out of the body. A numbered version is also available. Click on the image for a full size version which you can freely re-use and modify. Print it and use it for your lessons, integrate it into your pages on Wikiversity, or use it in other learning resources and websites. Use the links below to find more images like this one.
Medical images - Anatomy images - Biology images This image is a part of the Educational Media Awareness Campaign, raising awareness among educators about the availability and usage of millions of free internet media in education. :
# Educational Media Awareness Campaign/History/POTD 3

Gallery of featured media for history
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History Picture of the Day
Pangaea
Pangaea is the name given to a super-continent which existed some 200 million years ago at the time of the earliest dinosaurs. Pangaea consisted of all the present-day continents drawn into one landmass. Click on the image for a full size version which you can freely re-use and modify. Print it and use it for your lessons, integrate it into your pages on Wikiversity, or use it in other learning resources and websites. Use the links below to find more images like this one.
Images of Pangea - Images of the Earth Plate tectonics images - Geography images Prehistory images - History images This image is a part of the Educational Media Awareness Campaign, raising awareness among educators about the availability and usage of millions of free internet media in education. :
# Educational Media Awareness Campaign/History/POTD 5

Gallery of featured media for history
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The Black Death
This map shows the spread of the black death across Europe in the period 1347 to 1351. The coloured areas represent the year in which the area was affected. Click on the image for a full size version which you can freely re-use and modify. Print it and use it for your lessons, integrate it into your pages on Wikiversity, or use it in other learning resources and websites. Use the links below to find more images like this one.
Maps of the history of Europe - Images of the Middle Ages Images relating to the Black Death - The Wikimedia Atlas of European history History images in general This image is a part of the Educational Media Awareness Campaign, raising awareness among educators about the availability and usage of millions of free internet media in education. :
# English-Chinese/Disease

A disease or medical condition is an unhealthy state where something bad happens to the body or mind. Diseases can cause pain, parts of the body to stop working the right way, or death.
疾病 或 医疗状况 是 身体 或 心智 发生 不良状况的 不健康状态。疾病 会 导致 疼痛，身体的 某些 部位 停止 正常工作 或 死亡。
# English-Chinese/Dietary sources of protein include both animals and plants

Dietary sources of protein include both animals and plants: meats, dairy products, fish and eggs, as well as grains, legumes and nuts. Vegans can get enough essential amino acids by eating plant proteins.
蛋白质的膳食来源包括动物和植物：肉类，乳制品，鱼和蛋，以及谷物，豆类和坚果。 纯素食者可以通过食用植物蛋白获得足够的必需氨基酸。
# English-Chinese/Dietary supplement

A dietary supplement (or food supplement or nutritional supplement) can be a pill, powder, or a liquid form that helps enhance food that a person or animal may eat. The supplement can provide nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, fiber, fatty acids, or amino acids.
膳食补充剂（或 食品补充剂 或 营养补充剂）可以 是 药丸，粉末 或 液体 形式，其 有助于 增强 人 或 动物的 食物。补充剂 可以 提供 营养素，如 维生素，矿物质，纤维，脂肪酸 或 氨基酸。
# English-Chinese/Diets low in potassium can lead to hypertension and hypokalemia

Diets low in potassium can lead to hypertension and hypokalemia.
低钾饮食 可 导致 高血压 和 低钾血症。
# English-Chinese/Digestion

Digestion is the way that an organism changes a substance into nutrients. This happens in the gastrointestinal system. Humans start digesting food in the mouth. Food is chewed by the teeth. Food is swallowed, which means it goes through the esophagus. It goes into the stomach, where it is mixed with acid.
消化 是 生物体 将 物质 转化为 营养物质的 方式。这 发生 在 胃肠系统 中。人类 开始 消化 食物 在 嘴里。食物 被 牙齿 咀嚼。食物 被吞食，这 意味着 食物 会 通过 食道。它 进入 胃中，与 酸 混合。
# English-Chinese/Do you want any coffee?

Do you want any coffee?
你想要咖啡吗？
# English-Chinese/Dinosaur

Dinosaurs were the dominant land animals of the Mesozoic era. Over 500 different genera of dinosaurs are known. Fossils of dinosaurs have been found on every continent, and there are still frequent new discoveries.
恐龙 是 中生代时期的 主要 陆地 动物。已知 超过 500种 不同的 恐龙属。每个 大陆 都有 恐龙 化石，而且 还有 新的 发现。
# English-Chinese/Direct current

Direct current (DC or "continuous current") is the flow of electricity in a single direction, from the positive to the negative terminals (potential, poles).
直流电（直流 或 “连续电流”）是 单向 电流，从 正端 到 负端（电位，电极）。
# English-Chinese/Divide the candy among yourselves

Divide the candy among yourselves.
你们把糖果分享吧。
# English-Chinese/Dogs, elephants, and horses are all animals

Dogs, elephants, and horses are all animals.
狗，大象和马都是动物。
# Informal learning activities/Af

Afghnn
This inserts a link to the country or area, in this case Afghanistan, into a Places & Buildings item.
# Informal learning activities/AgBv

Arg/Blv
This inserts links to two countries, in this case Argewntina and Bolivia, into a Places & Buildings item.
# Informal learning activities/Al

Algr
This inserts a link to the country or area, in this case Algeria, into a Places & Buildings item.
# Informal learning activities/Anl

Antl
This inserts a link to the country or area, in this case Anatolia, into a Places & Buildings item.
# Informal learning activities/Arm

Armn
This inserts a link to the country or area, in this case Armenia, into a Places & Buildings item.
# Informal learning activities/As

Asm
This inserts a link to the country or area, in this case Assam, into a Places & Buildings item.
# Informal learning activities/Ab

Albn
This inserts a link to the country or area, in this case Albania, into a Places & Buildings item.
# Informal learning activities/Ag

Argntn
This inserts a link to the country or area, in this case Argentina, into a Places & Buildings item.
# Informal learning activities/Alk

Alsk
This inserts a link to the country or area, in this case Alaska, into a Places & Buildings or Buildings and Places item.
# Informal learning activities/Ar

Astr
This inserts a link to the country or area, in this case Austria, into a Places & Buildings item.
# English-Chinese/Furu is a fermented and salted doufu

Furu is a fermented and salted doufu.
腐乳是一种发酵和盐渍的豆腐。
# English-Chinese/Galaxy

A galaxy is a gravitationally bound system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter.
星系 是 由 恒星，恒星残余物，星际气体，尘埃 和 暗物质 组成的 引力束缚系统。
# English-Chinese/Gastrointestinal tract

The gastrointestinal tract is an organ system within humans and other animals which takes in food, digests it to extract and absorb energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste as feces. The mouth, esophagus, stomach and intestines are part of the gastrointestinal tract.
胃肠道 是 人类 和 其他 动物 体内的 器官系统，摄入 食物，消化 食物 来 提取 和 吸收 能量 和 营养物质，并 把 剩余的 废物 作为 粪便 排出。口腔，食道，胃 和 肠道 是 胃肠道的 一部分。
# English-Chinese/Fruits benefit from proper post harvest care

All fruits benefit from proper post harvest care, and in many fruits, the plant hormone ethylene causes ripening.
所有水果都受益于适当的收获后护理，并且在许多水果中，植物激素乙烯导致成熟。
# English-Chinese/Futurism

Futurism was a modern art and social movement which originated in Italy in the early 20th century. It was largely an Italian phenomenon, though there were parallel movements in Russia, England and elsewhere. The Futurists practiced in every medium of art, including painting, sculpture, ceramics, graphic design, industrial design, interior design, theater, movies, fashion, textiles, literature, music, architecture and even gastronomy.
未来主义 是 一种 现代艺术 和 社会运动，起源于 20世纪初的 Italy。这 主要 是 Italy的 现象，尽管 在 Russia，英国 和 其他 地方 有 同样的 运动。未来主义者 在 各种 艺术 媒介中 实践，包括 绘画，雕塑，陶瓷，平面设计，工业设计，室内设计，戏剧，电影，时装，纺织品，文学，音乐，建筑 甚至 美食。
# English-Chinese/Galaxy cluster

Galaxy clusters are large collections of galaxies. They consist of hundreds of galaxies and galaxy groups, bound together by gravity. Galaxy clusters are much larger than galaxy groups, like our Local Group.
星系团 是 星系的 大集合。它们 由 数百个 星系 和 星系群 组成，通过 重力 束缚 在一起。星系团 比 星系群 大得多，就像 我们的 本星系群。
# English-Chinese/Gallbladder

The gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ in your abdomen. It stores about 50 ml of acidic liquid (bile) until the body needs it for digestion. That liquid helps digest fat. The gallbladder is about 7-10cm long in humans. It is dark green in color because of the bile in it. It is connected to the liver and the duodenum by the biliary tract.
胆囊 是 腹部的 梨形器官。它 储存 约 50mL的 酸性 液体（胆汁），直到 人体 需要 消化。这种 液体 有助于 消化 脂肪。人体中 胆囊 长 约 7-10cm。由于 胆汁的 存在，它 呈 深绿色。它 通过 胆道 与 肝脏 和 十二指肠 相连。
# English-Chinese/Gas

A gas is one of the four most common states of matter. In a gas the molecules move freely and are independent of each other. This makes it different from a liquid where the molecules are loosely attached. It is also different from a solid where the bonds are strong and hold the molecules together.
气体 是 四种 最常见的 物质状态 之一。在 气体中，分子 自由 移动 并 彼此 独立。这 使得 它 与 分子 松散 连接的 液体 不同。它 也 不同于 分子 强力 键合 在一起的 固体。
# English-Chinese/Fruits are the means by which flowering plants spread seeds

Fruits are the means by which flowering plants spread seeds.
果实是开花植物传播种子的手段。
# English-Chinese/Fungus

A fungus (plural: fungi) is a kind of living organism: yeasts, moulds and mushrooms are types of fungi. The fungi are a separate kingdom of living things, different from animals and plants.
真菌 是 一种 生物体：酵母，霉菌 和 蘑菇 是 真菌的 类型。真菌 是 一个 独立的 生物 王国，与 动植物 不同。
# CIVICS/Lake Arpi Case Study

The case study area Lake Arpi is located in the north-western part of Armenia, in the province of Shirak bordering Georgia and Turkey.

## Background

The national park Lake Arpi is located in the province of Shirak in the north-western part of Armenia. The national park was established in 2009. The lake lays 2 023 m above sea level and the total area is about 22 km². In the 1950s, the lake was artificially increased by the government up to 4.5 km² and became the second important water source of the country next to Lake Sevan. The lake used for hydropower production as well as for irrigation, belongs to the Ramsar Convention. The region struggles with extreme and inhospitable climate conditions. The overall ranging is from 1500 to 3100 m above sea level and the mean temperature from -13 up to +13°C with a vegetation period of 160 days, 2400 hours of sunshine a year and 550 mm of mean annual precipitation. Biogeographically the region is represented by steppes, meadow-steppes, alpine meadows, sub-alpines and wetlands. Steppes are located mostly between 1800 and 2500 m and grow on chernozem soils. Field steppes just occur along northern slopes and are dominated by Stipa tirsa. The region of Lake Arpi is treeless.

## People of the buffer zone

18 villages are located at the buffer zone of the Lake Arpi national park. In total 1150 households are living here.The most important economic activity of the region is livestock production. Relatively low range productivity, found along slopes of north extern exposure over-grazing and poor range control is responsible for the visible range deterioration in some areas. The communal grazing areas are leased of by the communities to livestock owners on a 25-year lease basis. Prestudy visits to the region have shown that the region is also suffering by bad infrastructure, poverty and very bad utility supply (mostly of gas). Furthermore mobility, job opportunities and market connections are insufficient. Especially during winter period the region is isolated from the rest of the country.
# CIVICS/Material on South Caucasus Minority Issues

This page provides commented access to material on minority issues from regarding the three South Caucasus countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbeijan.

## Georgia
### General national minority politics

* Niklas Nilsson, Johanna Popjanevski (2009) State Building Dilemmas: The Process of National Integration in Post-Revolutionary Georgia. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program (CACI-SRSP)
       The paper descreibes some of the attempts of the Georgian government in "state building" after the Rose Revolution - e.g. though the focus on the use of the Georgian language in public life. If not implemented carefully, the respective policies can have discriminatory effects on minorities with low command of the Georgian language. As examples, the Armenians in Javakheti and the Azeris in Kvemo Karteli are discussed.

### Armenian Georgians

* International Crisis Group (2011) Georgia: The Javakheti Region’s Integration Challenges. Policy Briefing, Europe Briefing N°63, Tbilisi/Yerevan/Brussels, 23 May 2011. online available
       It contains a map of the ethnic composition of the villages in the Javakheti project region (from ECMI).
* WikiLeaks cables of the US Ambassy in Javakheti online available
       Much background also on the Baku-Tblisi-Javakheti-Kars Railroad, and on Armenian views on the issue. The US Millennium Challenge Corporation has had projects on agriculture in Javakheti.
# COBOL/Arrays
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Arrays compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* JDoodle
* paiza.IO
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* TutorialsPoint: COBOL
* GnuCOBOL Manual
# CIVICS/Material on South Caucasus Biodiversity
## All of (South) Caucasus
### The idea of transboundary conservation

* European Greenbelt Initiative

## Georgia

* Georgia Department of Protected Areras, Overview of Protected Areas
# CIVICS/Quantitative Research Methods

Stefan Schwarze
University of Goettingen, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Goettingen, Germany
Spring School - Integrative Conservation Planning in the South Caucasus - Tbilisi, March 05-10, 2012
Why do we need economic data for conservation planning?
Two domains for socio-economic assessments in conservation planning:
Costs of conservation
Acquisition and transaction costs: Costs involved buying the land
Management costs: Costs for managing the park (staff, vehicles, offices, etc.)
Damage costs: Damages of crops and livestock due to wild animals
Opportunity costs: Potential economic benefits from using the park area for economic activities instead of protecting it
CIVICS
# Electronic Circuits/The BJT Modes

Depending on the different bias conditions on the emitter-base Junction(EBJ) and the collector-base junction(CBJ), the following modes of operation of BJT are obtained:
| Mode | EB junction | CB junction |
| Cut-off | Reversed | Reversed |
| Forward -Active | Forward | Reversed |
| Reverse -Active | Reversed | Forward |
| Saturation | Forward | Forward |
It is important to note that these rules apply for the PNP transistor as well. We don't care how the diode gets forward biased, merely that it is forward biased.
# Electronic Circuits/Transistor Active Mode conditions

Typically we want to have a transistor to operate in what is called active mode. Active mode is when the Base-Emitter junction is forward biased and the Base-Collector Junction is Reverse biased. For the npn this means that the Base has a higher potential than the Emitter and a lower potential than the collector. Now, confusion happens because even though this seems like a simple rule Ve < Vb < Vc there are two ways of looking at it. One way states that only that equation must be obeyed in order to get forward-mode the other way throws a new condition on it. The new condition states that: Not only does Vb have to be higher then Ve it must be higher by a certain amount, the same holds true for Vc. Vc must be higher then Vb by a certain amount. This amount is Vbe(on) and Vce)on) respectively.

## Way 1

If Ve < Vb < Vc holds true then the npn transistor is in active mode

## Way 2

If Ve + Vbe(on) < Vb and Vb + Vce (on) < Vc the transistor is in active mode

## discussion

This comes from the fact that a diode doesn't function correctly below about .7 volts. Typical values for Vbe(on) and Vce (on) are around .4 - .5 volts. You have to decide when to use which model. Typically you use way 2 when there is no feedback present.

## Model Discussion

This model illustrates Way 2. It is a very very simple way to model the transistor but is useful for determining modes. What you will find in this course is a hierarchy of transistor models. With simple models only good for certain applications. In this case This model will allow you to determine what mode the npn transistor is in.
# Electronic Communications/Activities

| Unit 4.9-Electronic Communications | Introduction | Communication and Technology | Communicating Methods | Guidelines and Standards | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 4.1 | Unit 4.2 | Unit 4.3 | Unit 4.4 | Unit 4.5 | Unit 4.6 | Unit 4.7 | Unit 4.8 | Unit 4.9 Return to Trade Finance Module 4: Payment Methods |

## Activity

This activity is a web research exercise designed to allow you to research and identify the different types of communication systems set up by banks. Choose a commercial bank that conducts international banking and identify
* the bank’s website.
* the type of internal letter of credit application systems.
* eUCP opportunities.
* foreign currency exchange systems.
* currency transfer and tracking systems.
# Electronic Communications/Assessment

| Unit 4.9-Electronic Communications | Introduction | Communication and Technology | Communicating Methods | Guidelines and Standards | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 4.1 | Unit 4.2 | Unit 4.3 | Unit 4.4 | Unit 4.5 | Unit 4.6 | Unit 4.7 | Unit 4.8 | Unit 4.9 Return to Trade Finance Module 4: Payment Methods |
# Electronic Circuits/Transistor Active Mode Equations

If a npn transistor is known to be in active mode the following equations will always hold true for it:
* ic = Is*exp(Vbe/Vt)
* ic = B*ib
* ic = ie - ib
* B = ic/ib
* a = B/(B+1)
* ie = ic + ib
* ie = Is*exp(Vbe/Vt) + ib
* ie = B*ib + ib
* ie = ib(B + 1)
* Vbe = vb - Ve
* Vce = Vc - Ve

## Terms

* B, Beta is a manufacturing constant
* Vt, is the thermanl voltage typically around 25mV, but one shouldnt assume so unless you have to
* Vbe, is typically around .7v, but one shouldnt assume so unless you have to.

## Conculsions

Given Beta and one current nearly any piece of relevant information can be found.
# Electronic Communications

| Unit 4.9-Electronic Communications | Introduction | Communication and Technology | Communicating Methods | Guidelines and Standards | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 4.1 | Unit 4.2 | Unit 4.3 | Unit 4.4 | Unit 4.5 | Unit 4.6 | Unit 4.7 | Unit 4.8 | Unit 4.9 Return to Trade Finance Module 4: Payment Methods |

## Unit 4.9-Electronic Communications

Having agreed to use a letter of credit for payment in an international transaction, an international manager needs to understand how to use electronic communications for transmission of the letter of credit itself as well as the associated documentation. In addition it is essential to understand the guidelines that have been established for electronic communications and any affect this may have on smooth flow of documentation and payment.

### Unit Objective

This material will introduce you to the methods by which buyers and sellers can communicate and exchange documents required by appropriate methods of payment as they relate to receipt of timely payment of goods and/or services in an international business transaction.
By the end of this unit you will be able to :
* identify the electronic methods of communicating and exchange of documents required for the international transaction.
* identify the risks and characteristics of each method of communication.

### Unit Outline

* Introduction
* Communication and Technology
* Communicating Methods of Payment and Fund Remittance
* Communication Guidelines and Standards
* Summary
* Resources
* Activities
* Assessment
Correlation: Materials from this unit correlate with NASBITE CGCP's Knowledge Statement 04/04/09: Knowledge of communication of letters of credit, collections, and associated documents electronically via the Internet (e.g., eUCP, SWIFT)