OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# English-Chinese/Raw wheat is not edible as it cannot be digested for human. Wheat must be cooked for human consumption

Raw wheat is not edible as it cannot be digested for human. Wheat must be cooked for human consumption.
生小麦不能食用，因为它不能被人体消化。 小麦必须煮熟供人食用。
# English-Chinese/Reducing saturated fat reduces risk of cardiovascular disease

Cutting down on saturated fat reduced risk of cardiovascular disease by 17% including heart disease and stroke.
减少饱和脂肪可使心血管疾病风险降低17％，包括心脏病和中风。
# English-Chinese/Refined grains

Refined grains, in contrast to whole grains, refers to grain products consisting of grains or grain flours that have been significantly modified from their natural composition. The modification process generally involves the mechanical removal of bran and germ, either through grinding or selective sifting. Further refining includes mixing, bleaching, and brominating; additionally, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron are often added back in to nutritionally enrich the product. Because the added nutrients represent a fraction of the nutrients removed, refined grains are considered nutritionally inferior to whole grains. However, for some grains the removal of fiber coupled with fine grinding results in a slightly higher availability of grain energy for use by the body. Furthermore, in the special case of maize, the process of nixtamalization (a chemical form of refinement) yields a considerable improvement in the bioavailability of niacin, thereby preventing pellagra in diets consisting largely of maize products.
与 全谷物 相比，精制谷物 是指 由 谷物 或 谷物粉 组成的 谷物制品，明显 改变了 其 天然成分。精制过程 通常 涉及 通过 研磨 或 选择性 筛分机械 去除 麸皮 和 胚芽。进一步 精炼 包括 混合，漂白 和 溴化；此外，硫胺素，核黄素，尼克酸 和 铁 常常 被添加 回 以 丰富 产品的 营养。由于 添加的 营养物 代表了 一部分 被去除的 营养物质，精制谷物 被认为 营养 不如 全谷物。但是，对于 一些 谷物 来说，纤维的 去除 和 精细 研磨的 结合 使 人体 使用 谷物 能量的 可用性 略高。此外，在 玉米的 特殊 情况下，灰化过程（精炼的 一种 化学 形式）使 烟酸的 生物利用度 得到 显著 改善，从而 防止 主要 由 玉米 产品 饮食 造成的 糙皮病。
# English-Chinese/Religion is a belief that is believed by a group of people

Religion is a belief that is believed by a group of people.
宗教 是 一群人 相信 的 信仰。
# English-Chinese/Recently, soy protein popularity has increased due to its use in health food products, and many countries allow health claims for foods rich in soy protein

Recently, soy protein popularity has increased due to its use in health food products, and many countries allow health claims for foods rich in soy protein.
最近，大豆蛋白质的普及由于其在保健食品中的使用而增加，并且许多国家允许对富含大豆蛋白质的食品的健康声称。
# English-Chinese/Rectum

The rectum is a part of the large intestine which forms a part of the gastrointestinal system. The rectum ends in the anus which is the end of the gastrointestinal system. It is where feces or stools are stored temporarily before coming out of the anus.
直肠 是 构成 胃肠系统 一部分的 大肠的 一部分。直肠 终止于 胃肠系统 末端的 肛门。在 出 肛门 之前，粪便 暂时 储存 在 那里。
# English-Chinese/Region

Region is a geographic term used in many ways in the different types of geography. In general, a region is a medium-scale area of land or water.
区域 是 在 不同 类型的 地理中 以 多种 方式 使用的 地理术语。一般而言，一个 地区 是 中等规模的 土地 或 水域。
# English-Chinese/Regional food preparation traditions, customs and ingredients often combine to create dishes unique to a particular region

Regional food preparation traditions, customs and ingredients often combine to create dishes unique to a particular region.
区域食品制作的传统，习俗和食材通常结合在一起，创造出特定区域独特的菜肴。
# Evidence-based assessment/Instruments

HGAPS is finding new ways to make psychological science conferences more accessible!
Here are examples from APA 2022 and the JCCAP Future Directions Forum. Coming soon... ABCT! ~ More at HGAPS.org ~
This is a list of scoring information for free, validated psychological assessment measures currently on Wikipedia.

## Instruments

Special:Prefixindex/Evidence-based assessment/Instruments/
# Evidence-based assessment/Culturally Informed Assessment

HGAPS is finding new ways to make psychological science conferences more accessible!
Here are examples from APA 2022 and the JCCAP Future Directions Forum. Coming soon... ABCT! ~ More at HGAPS.org ~
Start of page
# Basic psychology/Lecture 1 quiz

Fill in the blanks from Lecture One, on basic pyschology Lecture One..
Definition
Psychology is probably derived from two Ancient Greek Words, psyche, meaning
and logos, meaning
Because psychology is viewed in many different ways, a
definition is required.
Complete this definition of psychology
"Psychology is the
, scientific study of
, and mental
# Basics of civil engineering

Civil Engineering was perhaps the first branch of engineering. In this lesson, we plan to cover the fundamentals of Civil Engineering through the following topics

## Fundamental and Applied Mechanics

* Elasticity and Plasticity
* Stress and Strain
Stress is a normalized measure of force. It is defined as the force acting on an element divided by the area over which it acts. Stress is measured by Pascals (Pa) in the SI system where 1 Pa is equivalent to a 1 newton force acting upon a 1 metre square area. In English units, Stress is commonly measured by pounds-force per square foot (psf) or pounds-force per square inch (psi).
Strain is a measure of deformation, defined as the change in an element dimension divided by the original dimension. It is dimensionless or sometimes expressed as a percentage.
* Elastic Properties
* Structural Dynamics

## Civil Engineering Materials

* Conventional Materials
* Modern Materials

## Civil Engineering Disciplines

* Foundation Engineering
* Geotechnical
* Infrastructure
** Road
** Rail - Canton Viaduct
** Airports
* Power (Generation)
* Sub & Superstructure
* Water

## Transport Engineering

Transportation engineering is a major branch in civil engineering, which deals with bridges,culverts,railways,runways and roads of different types.

## Environmental Engineering

* Water Supply Engineering
* Sanitary Engineering
* GIS & Remote Sensing
* Coastal/Shore Protection Engineering
# Basic underground mining

So, you dig a tunnel into the ground and hopefully get something worthwhile out of the ground.
Can someone beef this up please?
Lots of things to learn
An underground is necessarily (by definition) under the ground. So the first thing is how do you get under the ground? The first obvious thing is you dig a hole. If the ore body is close to the surface then the mining method used is "open pit mining". Many of the isses about mining are common to open pit and underground mining, but I started with the latter.
Entry Portal or Pithead
If your starting place is a vertical face then the entry point is called a "Portal". However if you dig a hole vertically you need some sort of "winding gear" or "crane" to allow for access. Portal entry has advantages as it allows mobile equipment to move itself into the mine.
In either case you need a tunnel.
Three broad types of tunnel: Vertical (Rise) Horizontal (Drive) and Decline
All of these tunnels may be raw or lined. For safety's sake a lined tunnel is a much better idea. This means that the sides of the tunnel are coated and bolted or some sort of artificial liner (pipe or casing) is inserted into the raw tunnel to give it additional strength and to stop the native material from bursting into the tunnel.
Hanging wall Footwall
Stopes Drive Decline
Stress
Autocompression
Boggers and Bogging (Mucking?) Underground Trucks and Hauling Integrated Tool Carriers (ITs or ITCs) Raise Bore Boxhole
Drilling Jumbo
Blasting Charging Shotfiring Detonators
Shotcreting Meshing Bolting Cable Bolting
Safety and Security Lighting Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Tagboards
Danger Signs
Slabs Blocks Boulders Sumps
Mono Pumps
Jumbos
Fans Ventilation Vent Bags Risers
The list is endless
# Basics of Thelema

Thelema is a religious, spiritual, psychological, and philosophical system that was essentially founded with the penning of Liber AL vel Legis by Aleister Crowley in 1904.
Thelema (θέλημα) is a Greek word meaning "will," which is used in the New Testament to often connote God's will. In the system of Thelema, it refers to each person's unique path in life.
Liber AL vel Legis states, "The word of the Law is Thelema... Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law... Thou hast no right but to do thy will... Love is the law, love under will... There is no law beyond Do what thou wilt." Therefore, the Will is obviously central to every facet of Thelema.

### Related links

* Department of Thelemic Studies
* Metaphysics - The Thelemic Universe
* Thelemic Ethics
* The Practice of Thelema
# Basic nursing

Nurses may receive their education and training through many avenues. In the United States,a licensed nurse may be a Licensed Vocational(Practical) Nurse or a Registered Professional Nurse. A Licensed Vocational Nurse completes a one to 2 year vocational/technical education program and provides defined patient care tasks under the direction of a Registered Nurse or physician. A Registered Professional Nurse has 3 options available for their professional educational program; a hospital based school of nursing, a community or junior college offering an Associate Degree, or a 4 year Bachelor of Science program at a college or university. In past decades, Registered Professional Nurses were trained not at a university level but at an apprenticeship level through a hospital school of nursing. Whilst nursing is progressing towards being a more academic area of study and developing its own body of knowledge, a great deal of nurses' education and training requires an emphasis on practical application which is achieved in clinical rotations in a health care setting. To complete this assignment it will probaly be necessary to secure a job or work placement as a care assistant, auxilliary nurse, support worker or similar support role, and provide written support that you can achieve each of the learning proficiencies. This assignment can be completed many times and it may in fact be in your best interests to complete it every few months or so. I welcome any edits anyone feels should be made especially because this assignment will need to be edited to make it appropriate for those working outside the united kingdom.
Proficiency 1: Practicing in an ethically accountable manner.
Proficiency 2: Striving to enhance the knowledge of the profession of nursing as well as personal knowledge and skills.
Proficiency 3: Evaluation, record keeping, clinical judgement and assessment in nursing.
Proficiency 4: Nursing management.
# Exercise and metabolic disease/prostate

This is a resource created by exercise physiology students about prostate cancer related androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and exercise. It provides an overview of prostate cancer and ADT, in relation to the following topics:
* Diagnosis
* Prevalence
* Pathophysiology
* Medical and Clinical Considerations
ADT and exercise are then discussed on the following pages:
* Exercise Training
* Exercise Prescription
# Exercise and metabolic disease/BCRL/Pathophysiology

Lymphoedema is the accumulation of excess fluid in any part of the body that has experienced damage to the lymphatics. One of the lymph systems primary functions is to transport proteins such as cancer cells, bacteria and viruses. It also removes excess fat, water, foreign material and cellular debris from the tissues of the body.
The type of molecules that enter the lymph system differ from those collected in veins. Openings to the lymph system are larger than the opening of the veins, therefore larger molecules such as cancer] cells and viruses, can only be removed from the tissues via the lymphatic system. The molecules enter the initial openings of the lymphatic system, fluid then moves through the lymph vessels until it reaches the lymph nodes. Lymph nodes trap toxins and harmful materials which stop them from entering the blood.
There are white bood cells located in the lymph nodes which form antigens to the bacteria that has been traped in the node triggering an immune response. The immune response happens in the specific tissue that the lymph node services, preventing the development of infections in that area. If lymph nodes are damaged or removed, the immune response is damaged as is the ability for it to remove large particles and eccess fluids from the tissue in the area. If only one lymph node is removed the damage is only very small, the more nodes that are removed the more impact it has on the bodies ability to deal with inflammation, injury and infections.
More information can be found on Wikipedia's lymphatic system page.
References
<references>
* ↑ Mortimer PS. The pathophysiology of lymphedema. Cancer 1998;83:2798-2802[PubMed:9874400]
* ↑ Szuba A, Rockson SG. Lymphedema:anatomy, physiology and pathogenesis. Vasc Med 1997;2:321-326. [PubMed: 9575606]
# Exercise and metabolic disease/Reflection Activity

The resource created will be used in a mock case study during class time. This will provide an opportunity to reflect on the resource and further develop it.

## Task

* Each groups created resource will be passed on to a different group. Using the resource, the group will perform a mock case study in a role play during class.
* After the role play, each group will reflect on the use of the resource using the questions below. Individuals within the group should submit their critical reflections on to the discussion page of the wiki for the resource they were allocated in the case study.
The assessment of this activity will be based on the assessment overview. The reflection has been set-up so that you can practice constructively improving scholarly work as well as think critically about the resource and the information contained in it.

## Timeline

Reflections should be submitted to the discussion page of the wiki by the end of week 14.

## Resources
### Reflection Questions

* What parts of the resource were most useful in working with the "client" and why?
* Can you suggest improvements to the practical use of the resource? Rationalise any improvements and provide examples where possible.
* Was the resource factually accurate? Use references to support your response.
* What are your thoughts on the layout of the resource? Describe what changes you might make to improve ease of understanding of the resource. If you are aware of anything that may improve the resource (e.g. a video, reference to further reading etc) include them here.
* Describe any personal experiences you have had, or anticipate, in professional life and how such a resource might be used in practice.

### Role play

You will be provided with details about the role play in class.
# Exercise and metabolic disease/BCRL/Prevalence

Breast cancer continues to be the most common cancer among women in Australia and lymphedema following breast cancer treatment is currently also a significant chronic condition in today’s cohort of breast cancer patients. There is general consensus that a higher rate of BCRL is associated with surgery to the axilla & the data showing the onset of the condition indicates that majority of the cases occur within the first 18 months post-surgery. Following successful treatment of breast cancer, lymphedema still remains a long term and late issue despite the advancements in surgical and radiotherapy techniques $^$.
In Australia, it is highlighted that at least 1 in 10 breast cancer patients will experience lymphedema in the first 18 months of recovery. Moreover, at least 30% of women who have experienced breast cancer have, or would have had lymphedema in the first 18 months post-surgery. Approximately two thirds of these women who are classified as having chronically diagnosed lymphedema developed symptoms which were measurable after 6 months of surgery. It is also noted that the odds of developing lymphedema is significantly increased with more extensive surgery and having axillary dissection with more than 20 lymph nodes removed.
It is evident that BCRL is somewhat prevalent in our community, further meriting greater awareness, whereby health professionals and those at potential risk should be educated and assisted in preventing and detecting lymphedema early $^{[4]}$.

## Lymph Node

References
<references>
* ↑ Jemal, A., et al., Cancer statistics, 2002. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 2002. 52(1): p. 23-47.
* ↑ Deo, S., et al., Prevalence and risk factors for development of lymphedema following breast cancer treatment. Indian journal of cancer, 2004. 41(1): p. 8.
* ↑ Edwards, T.L., Prevalence and aetiology of lymphoedema after breast cancer treatment in southern Tasmania. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery, 2000. 70(6): p. 412-418.
* ↑ Hayes, S.C., et al., Lymphedema after breast cancer: incidence, risk factors, and effect on upper body function. Journal of clinical oncology, 2008. 26(21): p. 3536-3542.
# History/Categorization

This is a unified categorization guide for the School of History.

## Introduction

The categorization of History pages is very important, and should be considered a high priority for the School—the Browse feature at Wikiversity relies 100% on proper categorization, as does the History Portal. Unless projects and Departments are properly categorized, new participants are much less likely to find the content they're looking for, and are less likely to contribute to the School. It's worth noting that Portal:History gets significantly more traffic than School:History does.

## Categorizing Guidelines
### General Guidelines

* No History pages should be placed in Category:History except for major portal pages. All other History pages should be filed under the History sub-categories (as follow).
* Where appropriate, all projects should be categorized under each of the following three categories (in a relevant sub-category):
** Category:Historical Subjects by Area (for the region the project applies to)
** Category:Historical Subjects by Period (for the time period the project took place in)
** Category:Historical Subjects by Topic (for any topical categories which might apply)
** Not all of these categories will always apply—a Period category is unlikely to be helpful for a History project spanning centuries, for example.
* It is helpful to browse the history categories in the areas you are interested in, so that you will be most familiar with where things should go.

#### Further Tips

* If you would like your learning project to be listed at Wikiversity:Browse, you should add it to Category:Learning projects.
* For additional exposure, it would be good to place your learning projects in the appropriate subcategory of Category:Resources by type. This will especially help other instructors who are thinking of developing similar sorts of materials for their own courses.
* It may also be useful to list your projects under the appropriate learning level: Category:Pre-school Education, Category:Primary education, Category:Secondary Education, Category:Tertiary Education, Category:Non-formal Education, or Category:Research.

### Specific Topics
#### National Histories

    Examples: US History, History of Germany, etc.
* National histories should be filed under Category:History by Nation in addition to the subject-specific categories listed above.
** Remember when doing so to use the format "[[Category:History by Nation|[Nation Name]]]", as many national history project pages start with "history of" instead of the nation's name. Example: "[[Category:History by Nation|Germany]]", for History of Germany. Doing this ensures that the page will be categorized in a way that will make it easier to find.

#### Departments

* In order to be listed at Wikiversity:Browse, Category:Departments should be added to all departments. Additionally, the School of History has its own internal department category: Category:History departments.
# History

—George Santayana
History is the study of the past. Events occurring before the invention of writing systems are considered prehistory. "History" is an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of information about these events. Historians place the past in context using historical sources such as written documents, oral accounts, ecological markers, and material objects including art and artifacts.

## See Also

* Portal: History
* Wikipedia: History
* MIT: History Courses
* Open Michigan: History Courses
# Haskell/Functions

Functions in Haskell are one of its fundamental constructs. Some familiar functions like addition or multiplication are binary, taking two arguments and returning a single value. Formally, functions are binary relations between two sets, such that each member of the first set maps exactly to one member of the second set. 1 + 1 will always return 2, at least in decimal.
In Haskell, functions are largely defined not only by their definitions,
f x = x
but also by their declarations, which contain the types of their inputs and outputs.
f :: Integer -> Integer
bounds x to the set of Integers, which maps directly to the set of Integers. (1 == 1, after all)
Functions can be thought of abstractly as black boxes, which take input and return output. This is the basis for the lambda calculus, another heavy influencer of Haskell.
# Haskell

Hello, and welcome to the Haskell computer programming course.

## Contributing

All contributions are appreciated. Even newcomers are welcome to make changes, remember Be bold !
If you're a prospective student, don't be shy; Haskell has a reputation for being difficult but hopefully we can convince you that this is mostly undeserved. Additionally we hope to show you the wonders of functional programming and the intersection of mathematics and programming. Finally, please let us know if you have trouble learning or understanding anything in this course.
If you're a prospective contributor, feel free to any topic you feel comfortable with. There's quite a bit of work to be done here. Feel free to make large changes if you need to; the structure of certain parts of this course haven't been as meticulously designed as they should be yet and may need to be changed significantly.

## Scope and Purpose

This course will have multiple uses based on how far and which sections are covered by the student. Various lesson plans will be laid out.
This course is likely going to be an advanced course but will start from the basics and hopefully should be completely usable by any motivated student, regardless of prior programming or mathematical knowledge (assumptions of knowledge will be documented so that links to other courses can be provided).
This course focuses on developing strong mathematical foundations and intuitions that aspiring Haskell programmers will find valuable both while using Haskell and possibly in other contexts as well.
Haskell is in an interesting place because it is both very interesting from an academic/research perspective but also a powerful tool for rapidly producing high quality code (in terms of speed, safety, and extensibility). This course will attempt to give a strong foundation for the more theoretical aspects of Haskell, but will also provide projects and problems to assist students in becoming comfortable and productive with Haskell as a tool for solving problems.

## Lessons for Beginners

* Introduction
* Basic Haskell
* Functions
* Thinking with types
* Higher-order functions
* Recursion, folding, and map-reducing
* Laziness
* Typeclasses
* Functors
* Applicative
* Monads
* Syntactic sugar

## Intermediate Lessons

* Language extensions
* Foldable and traversable
* Monad transformers
* Parsing
* Dealing with text properly
* Comonads
* Profunctors
* Basic lenses
* QuickCheck and testing
* Arrows

## Advanced Lessons

* Quantification
* More lenses
* Generalized abstract data types
* Type families
* Foreign function interface
* Concurrency and parallelism
* Optimization
* Core
* Plated

## Class Projects

Ideally class projects can be designed in such a way that students can:
* Do something novel
* Do something interesting
* Create it as they learn (build off of their previous work)
* Show mastery of various topics and ability to use Haskell as a productive tool
A few ideas for this are:
* Making an interpreter
* Making an emulator
* Making a compiler
* Making a website
* Making a text editor
* Making a video game

## Further Reading

* Wikibooks: Haskell
* Wikipedia: Haskell (programming_language)