# Literature/1978/Argyris

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Excerpts

* An organization is like an organism each of whose cells contains a particular, partial, changing image of itself in relation to the whole. And like such an organism, the organization’s practice stems from those very images. Organization is an artifact of individual ways of representing organization.
* Hence, our inquiry into organizational learning must concern itself not with static entities called organizations, but with an active process of organizing which is, at root, a cognitive enterprise. Individual members are continually engaged in attempting to know the organization, and to know themselves in the context of the organization. At the same time, their continuing efforts to know and to test their knowledge represent the object of their inquiry. Organizing is reflexive inquiry ....
* [Members] require external references. There must be public representations of organizational theory-in-use to which individuals can refer. This is the function of organizational maps. These are the shared descriptions of the organization which individuals jointly construct and use to guide their own inquiry ....
* Organizational theory-in-use, continually constructed through individual inquiry, is encoded in private images and in public maps. These are the media of organizational learning. (pp. 16-17)
* ... those sorts of organizational inquiry which resolve incompatible organizational norms by setting new priorities and weightings of norms, or by restructuring the norms themselves together with associated strategies and assumptions. (p. 18)

## Reviews

| A's assumptions about B | ← | B's behavior towards A |
| A's behavior towards B | → | B's assumptions about A |
| A mutual self-fulfilling prophecy based on mistaken attributed assumptions about motives (wiki-adapted) |||

### Bob Dick et al

    Bob Dick and Tim Dalmau (1999). Values in Action: Applying the Ideas of Argyris and Schön, second edition. Chapel Hill, Qld.: Interchange. online
A person's governing values are typically expressed in an action strategy, which has consequences. Most commonly, the beliefs are assumptions about the other person's motives: unchecked ascriptions of the governing values of her theory-in-use. Behind these lies a world view, including a set of social rules governing behavior.
... notice that communication depends upon a very highly developed and practiced set of skills. Notice, too, that like many complex skills, most of it happens outside awareness. As we develop through our very early years, we absorb the complex communication style of those around us.
Michael Argyle and his colleagues (for example, Argyle and others, 1981) would say that we learn a complex set of social rules that we use fairly consistently, but often find hard to express explicitly. We can expect that when we communicate we do not always consciously know what we do. Conditions therefore favor the development of incongruence between theory-in-use and espoused theory.
Argyris and Schön suggest that we all have a strong propensity to hold inconsistent thoughts and actions. The links between what we think we are trying to achieve and the way we go about it are often not what we imagine: our espoused theories differ from our theories-in-use.
To put it simply, we don't always practice what we preach, however sincerely. The difference between espoused theories and theories-in-use applies at the level of national strategies, organizational management strategies, and small group and interpersonal behaviors.
A core assumption ... is that people seldom reveal their assumptions about each other, especially about motives. When they act on their assumptions, their motives are very often misunderstood. The common result is the mutual self-fulfilling prophecy ... : each person's assumptions are maintained by the other's behavior and support the person's own behavior.

### Mark K. Smith

    Smith, M. K. (2001) 'Chris Argyris: theories of action, double-loop learning and organizational learning', the encyclopedia of informal education, http://www.infed.org/thinkers/argyris.htm.

## Wikimedia

| w: orgnizational learning w: learning organization w: reflective practice w: action learning w: action research w: action science w: action theory (sociology) w: action theory (philosophy) | w: mind map w: critical theory w: situated cognition w: contextualism w: double-loop learning w: second-order cybernetics w: Peter Senge w: Reginald Revans |

## Chronology

* Argyris, Chris and Schön, Donald (1974). Theory in Practice: Increasing Professional Effectiveness. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 0-87589-230-2
* 1975/March/J $^{[^]}$
* Argyris, Chris (1976). Increasing Leadership Effectiveness. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-01668-3
* Chandler, Alfred (1977). The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977. $^{[^]}$
* Noble, David (1977). America By Design: Science, Technology, and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism, New York: Knopf, 1977. ISBN 978-0-394-49983-3 $^{[^]}$
* Annis, David B. (1978). "A Contextualist Theory of Epistemic Justification," American Philosophical Quarterly, 15(3): 213–219. $^{[^]}$
* Argyris, Chris and Schön, Donald (1978). Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1978. ISBN 0-201-00174-8 $^{[^]}$
* Argyris, Chris (1980). Inner Contradictions of Rigorous Research. New York: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-060150-8
* Argyris, Chris (1982). Reasoning, Learning, and Action: Individual and Organizational. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 0-87589-524-7
* Literature/1983/Schoen $^{[^]}$
* Argyris, Chris, Putnam, Robert W., Smith Diana McLain (1985). Action Science: Concepts, Methods, and Skills for Research and Intervention. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 0-87589-665-0
* Literature/1990/Senge $^{[^]}$
* Argyris, Chris (1993). Knowledge for Action: a Guide to Overcoming Barriers to Organizational Change. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 1-55542-519-4

## Comments

* 1 2 3 4 Both look analogous to Language in Thought and Action (1949), hence synonymous to, namely, "theory in thought" and "theory in action". Their "theory of action" (vs. reaction) may stem from "theory of encoding" (vs. decoding), both in communication, as shown on the right.