OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Electronics Fundamentals/Lecture Capacitors and Analysis

* EE112 Edit/View
* Electronic Engineering
* EE Electronics_fundamentals
* Lecture, Resistors and Ohms law
* Lecture, Basic Resistive Circuit Analysis
* Lecture, Capacitors and Analysis
* Lecture, Inductors and Analysis
* Lecture, Transformers and Analysis
* Lab, Transformer design for Mains use
* Lab, Inductor design for SMPS use
* Lab, Transformer design for SMPS use
* Lab, Inductor design for RF use
* Mid-term Exam
* filters
* Diodes
* Transistor switch
* JFET and MOSFET switch
* TRIAC
* Final Exam

## To do

this page
# Electronics/Inductors

The foundation of modern electrical engineering was the discovery by Faraday that when the magnetic flux through a loop of wire was varied, a voltage was set up in the wire. This process is called electromagnetic induction.
* A conductor wound in the form of a coil is called an inductor (or solenoid)
* An inductor has a strong magnetic field that has many uses
* Inductance opposes current change

## Inductance

Inductance is the property by which it opposes the change in current through a circuit.

   ### $L=N{\frac {l}{A}}$

L = Inductance in Henry N = Number of turns in wire coil A = Area of coil in square ² meter l = Average length of coil in meters

## Magnetic of Inductance
   ### $B=I\cdot L$

L = Inductor in Henrys

## Magnetic of Turns
   ### Φ = N B A

A-area of cross section of the coil

## Voltage of Coil's Inductance
   ### ${\frac {dB}{dt}}={\frac {dIL}{dt}}=L{\frac {dI}{dt}}+I{\frac {dL}{dt}}=L{\frac {dI}{dt}}$ = -ξ
## Voltage of Coil's Turns
   ### ${\frac {d\phi }{dt}}={\frac {dNBA}{dt}}=A(N{\frac {dB}{dt}}+B{\frac {dN}{dt}})=AN{\frac {dB}{dt}}$
## Reactance
   ### ${\frac {V}{I}}={\frac {L{\frac {dI}{dt}}}{I}}=j\omega L$
## Impedance
   ### $Z_{C}=R_{C}+X_{L}=R_{L}+j\omega L$
## Phase Angle

For an inductor without resistance, the voltage and current is out of phase by 90$^o$ (π/2 radians).
For an inductor with resistance, the voltage and current is out of phase by θ:

   ### Tan θ = ${\omega L}{R}$ = 2πf L/R$_L$

When there is a change of angle, the frequency also changes. This can be used to shift the frequency:

   ### f = ( 2π / Tanθ ) ( R$_L$ / L )

As frequency is one over time:

   ### t = ( Tanθ / 2π ) (L / R$_L$ )
## Frequency Response

    $\omega =0,X_{L}=0$, Shorted Circuit. I = 0
    $\omega =00,X_{L}=00$, Opened Circuit. I ‡ 0
    $\omega =0,X_{L}=R_{L}$, Shorted Circuit. I = V / 2 R$_L$
I - can be drawn, at certain frequency the value of current does not change with. So this circuit can be used as a high pass filter.
# Electronics Fundamentals/Lecture Inductors and Analysis

* EE112 Edit/View
* Electronic Engineering
* EE Electronics_fundamentals
* Lecture, Resistors and Ohms law
* Lecture, Basic Resistive Circuit Analysis
* Lecture, Capacitors and Analysis
* Lecture, Inductors and Analysis
* Lecture, Transformers and Analysis
* Lab, Transformer design for Mains use
* Lab, Inductor design for SMPS use
* Lab, Transformer design for SMPS use
* Lab, Inductor design for RF use
* Mid-term Exam
* filters
* Diodes
* Transistor switch
* JFET and MOSFET switch
* TRIAC
* Final Exam

## Unorgnised information
### definition

An inductor resists a change in current. At rest or 0 current flow, if voltage is applied, the applied voltage on an ideal inductor will not matter only the current available from the supply. The current will ramp up from 0 amps to infinity or whatever limit the power supply has. The point at which the current flow can no longer increase is called saturation and may be at a point defined by the parasitics of a non ideal inductor. If the circuit loop is closed cutting off the power supply, using an ideal inductor, the same current flow will be maintained forever. If the loop is opened the voltage available on the ends of the loop will be whatever is required to maintain the same current flow in the gap or load. The higher the voltage required to maintain the current the quicker the inductor will empty. A real inductor has Rseries or series resistance of the coil's wire therefore applied voltage matters. A dynamic element that involves variation of an electric field produced by voltage In its simples from it is constructed by two parallel metal plates and a dielectric material in between the plates.Parameter L is called inductance of the coil and its unit is henry (H)

### Inductor charge at X time with Y voltage

$Amps=\left({\frac {Vsource}{Rseries}}\right)*\left(1.0-e^{\left(-Time*{\frac {Rseries}{Inductance}}\right)}\right)$ $e$ is inverse natural log or normally $e^{x}$ on most calculators.

### Inductor Impedance

2*pi*Frequency*Inductance=Zl

### Inductor shape inductance calculations

* round single layer
* round multilayer
* torroidal multilayer
* single flat wire
** permiablty related info

## To do

this page
# Electronics/Tools
## Hand tools
### Scriber

A scriber is a tool used to remove tracks off Printed Circuit Boards

### Heat shrink

A heat shrink is used on sensitive components

### Wire strippers

A wire strippers is used to strip ends off wires

### Wire cutters

A wire cutters is a used to cut excess off component

## Power tools
### Solder iron

A solder iron is used to solder wires together and components to Printed Circuit Board

## Other
### Voltmeter

A voltmeter used to measure current of Printed Circuit Boards

### Solder

A solder is used to used with solder iron to release solder

### De-solder

A desolder is used to desolder wires from and components from Printed Circuit Board

### Clamps

Clamps are used to hold workpieces when working
# Electronics/Bipolar Junction Transistors

A bipolar transistor consists of three layers separated by a semi-conductor material. There are two types the NPN and the PNP. Both types perform the same function, however they are different in polarity. A transistor resembles two diodes connected end to end. While you cannot actually make a transistor with two diodes it is a good analogy.
In an NPN transistor, if the base and the emitter are the same voltage it prevents the E-B junction from conducting. It is referred to as Zero Bias and will not let current flow between the emitter and the collector. In order for it to conduct the voltage at the base will have to be greater than that at the emitter. At some point the voltage will be high enough for current to flow from the emitter to the collector. The voltage at which it starts to conduct is called the breakover voltage. When the base voltage(Eв) is positive, it is referred to as forward biased. Likewise if it is negative it is reverse biased. The base voltage is normally reverse biased as long as the voltage is less than the supply voltage. When a transistor is reverse biased, and the voltage reaches such a point that it over comes the reverse bias and the breakover point, an avalanche breakdown occurs. When the collecter current versus(Iс) the base voltage(Eв) curve reaches a point in which it levels off the transistor will then be saturated. The transistor at that point is wide open and conducting at its maximum.
For a PNP transistor is just the opposite. If you substitute positive for negative and negative for positive a PNP will conduct the same as an NPN.
# Electronics
## Fundamental Concepts

* Current
* Voltage
* Resistance

## Basic Electronic Elements

* Resistors
* Capacitors
* Inductors

## DC Circuit Analysis

* Ohm's Law
* Kirchhoff's Current Law
* Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
* Voltage division
* Thévenin's Theorem

## AC Circuit Analysis

* Frequency Response
* Bode plot
* Transient Analysis

## Semiconductors

* Diodes
* Transistors
* Bipolar Junction Transistors
* Field Effect Transistors

## Integrated Circuits

* Operational Amplifier
# English-Chinese/An act is a law

An act is a law made by the government.
法令是政府制定的法律。
# English-Chinese/Anaerobic exercise can strengthen muscles and bones

Anaerobic exercise, which includes strength and resistance training, can firm, strengthen, and tone muscles, as well as improve bone strength, balance, and coordination.
无氧运动，包括力量和阻力训练，可以巩固，加强和调整肌肉，以及改善骨骼强度，平衡和协调。
# English-Chinese/Anaphylaxis can triggered suddenly

Depending on the rate of severity, anaphylaxis can include skin reactions, bronchoconstriction, swelling, low blood pressure, coma, and death. This type of reaction can be triggered suddenly, or the onset can be delayed.
根据严重程度，过敏反应可包括皮肤反应，支气管收缩，肿胀，低血压，昏迷和死亡。 这种类型的反应可以突然触发，或者可以延迟发作。
# English-Chinese/An advertisement is a public notice which advertises something

An advertisement is a public notice which advertises something; pictures and writing from a company which many people can see.
广告是一种广告宣传的公告；许多人都可以看到的公司的图片和文字。
# English-Chinese/An amusement park has games

An amusement park has games, special food, and rides like a roller coaster and a merry-go-round.
游乐园里有游戏，特色食物，过山车和旋转木马等游乐设施。
# English-Chinese/Anabolism

Anabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that build molecules from smaller units. Enzymes take little molecules and stick them together to make bigger molecules. Some of these enzymes are anabolic steroids.
合成代谢 是 从 较小 单位 构建 分子的 一组 代谢 途径。酶 吸收 小分子 并 将 它们 粘在一起 以 制造 更大的 分子。这些 酶中的 一些 是 合成代谢 类固醇。
# English-Chinese/Anaphylactic reactions occur most often in sensitive patients

Anaphylactic reactions occur most often in sensitive patients who have been exposed to a surgeon's latex gloves during abdominal surgery, but other mucosal exposures, such as dental procedures, can also produce systemic reactions.
过敏反应最常发生在腹部手术期间接触过外科医生乳胶手套的敏感患者，但其他粘膜暴露，如牙科手术，也可能产生全身反应。
# English-Chinese/An account

An account is an arrangement with a bank or other company to do business.
账户是与银行或其他公司开展业务的安排。
# English-Chinese/An argument for buying a red car

An argument for buying a red car is that it would look cooler than a blue one.
购买红色汽车的一个论点是它看起来比蓝色汽车更酷。
# English-Chinese/An example of addition is 2+2=4

An example of addition is 2+2=4.
加法的例子是2+2=4。
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Polynomial ring/Field/Zeroes/Number/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Corollary 6.6
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Prime factorization/Existence/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Theorem 2.6
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Polynomial ring/Field/Zero/Linear factor/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Lemma 6.5
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Polynomial function/Function behavior from differentiability/Fact/Proof/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 15.14
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Polynomial ring/Ordered field/Positivity/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 6.19
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Polynomial/K/Interpolation/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Theorem 6.8
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Polynomial function/R/Continuous/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Corollary 10.7
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Polynomial ring/Field/One variable/Euclidean division/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Theorem 6.3
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Power series/R/Same variable/Cauchy product/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 12.3
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Plane/Lines/Number of intersection points/Example/Examplereferencenumber

Example 2.1
# Federal Writers' Project – Life Histories/2020/Fall/105/Section071

Leslie Frost
This project is associated with English 105.071 at the University of North Carolina.

## Project

Students in the course have studied the Federal Writers' Project Papers at UNC's Wilson Library. Each student has chosen an individual to research and record on our class website.

## Life Histories

Special:Prefixindex/Federal Writers' Project – Life Histories/2020/Fall/105/Section071/
# PlanetPhysics/Laplacian in Cylindrical Coordinates

The Laplacian operator in cylindrical coordinates is
   $\nabla _{cyl}^{2}={\frac {1}{r}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial r}}\left(r{\frac {\partial }{\partial r}}\right)+{\frac {1}{r^{2}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial \theta ^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial z^{2}}}$
# PlanetPhysics/Legendre Polynomials

The Legendre polynomials generate the power series that solves Legendre's differential equation:
$\left(1-x^{2}\right)P''(x)-2xP'(x)+n(n+1)P(x)=0.$
This ordinary differential equation with variable coefficients is named in honor of Adrien-Marie Legendre (1752-1833). While quite literally following in the footsteps of Laplace, he developed the Legendre polynomials in a paper on celestial mechanics. In a strange tangled web of fate, the Legendre polynomials are heavily used in electrostatics to solve Laplace's equation in spherical coordinates
$\nabla ^{2}\Phi _{sph}=0$
The series can be easily generated using the Rodrigues' formula $P_{n}(x)={\frac {1}{2^{n}n!}}{d^{n} \over dx^{n}}(x^{2}-1)^{n}.$
The first six polynomials are:
$P_{0}(x)=1$\\ $P_{1}(x)=x$\\ $P_{2}(x)={\frac {1}{2}}\left(3x^{2}-1\right)$\\ $P_{3}(x)={\frac {1}{2}}\left(5x^{3}-3x\right)$\\ $P_{4}(x)={\frac {1}{8}}\left(35x^{4}-30x^{2}+3\right)$\\ $P_{5}(x)={\frac {1}{8}}\left(63x^{5}-70x^{3}+15x\right)$\\
Not yet done....
# PlanetPhysics/Large Hadron Collider
## Largest Particle Accelerators

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC)--built by CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research)-- is currently reported as the highest energy particle accelerator; for protons the maximum energy reached at LHC is 7 TeV per proton. Planned experiments are the `hunt' for the Higgs boson(s) and for quantum particles predicted by (quantum) supersymmetry. Under the French-Swiss border near Geneva--at some 570 feet below the sea level-- the 17 miles toroidal, underground tunnel serving the LHC also includes a Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) as well as two additional adjacent experimental labs, ALICE and TOTEM, a high-energy physicist's `Alice in Wonderland ' territory. ALICE is a Large Ion Collider Experiment station, and TOTEM is a "Total Cross Section, Elastic Scattering and Diffraction Dissociation" laboratory also using the LHC particle beam(s). The LHC physics collaboration keeps busy over 10,000 coworkers from more than 100 countries; these are truly exciting times for the high energy particle physicists as well as theoretical physicists working on supersymmetry, symmetry breaking, Higgs boson physics, unified field theories and superstrings/ theories. There is only one very big catch: like most French grand establishments, the LHC facility is closed for repairs (of two superconducting magnets), and it has been out of action since September 10th, 2008. Hopefully, once the two superconducting magnets are re-configured--supposedly until September '09, the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), or Proton Super Synchrotron (PSS), will provide very interesting data unavailable elsewhere.
{\mathbf [More to come... when/iff PSS is on ...]}
# PlanetPhysics/Lie Algebras
### Lie algebras in quantum theories

Continuous symmetries often have a special type of underlying continuous group, called a Lie group . Briefly, a Lie group $G$ is generally considered having a (smooth) $C^{\infty }$ manifold structure, and acts upon itself smoothly. Such a globally smooth structure is surprisingly simple in two ways: it always admits an Abelian fundamental group, and seemingly also related to this global property, it admits an associated, unique--as well as finite--Lie algebra that completely specifies locally the properties of the Lie group everywhere. There is a finite Lie algebra of quantum commutators and their unique (continuous) Lie groups. Thus, Lie algebras can greatly simplify quantum computations and the initial problem of defining the form and symmetry of the quantum Hamiltonian subject to boundary and initial conditions in the quantum system under consideration. However, unlike most regular abstract algebras, a Lie Algebra is not associative, and it is in fact a vector space. It is also perhaps this feature that makes the Lie algebras somewhat compatible, or consistent, with quantum logics that are also thought to have non-associative, non-distributive and non-commutative lattice structures.

### General Lie algebra definition and Examples

A Lie algebra over a field $k$ is a vector space ${\mathfrak {g}}$ together with a bilinear map Failed to parse (syntax error): {\displaystyle [\ ,\] : \mathfrak{g}\times\mathfrak{g}\to\mathfrak{g}} , called the Lie bracket and defined by the association $(x,y)\mapsto [x,y]$. The bracket is subject to the following two conditions:
* $[x,x]=0$ for all $x\in {\mathfrak {g}}$.
* The Jacobi identity: $[x,[y,z]]+[y,[z,x]]+[z,[x,y]]=0$ for all $x,y,z\in {\mathfrak {g}}$.
{\mathbf Examples:}
Any vector space can be made into a Lie algebra simply by setting $[x,y]=0$ for all vectors $x,y$. Such a Lie algebra is an Abelian Lie algebra.
If $G$ is a Lie group, then the tangent space at the identity forms a Lie algebra over the real numbers.
$\mathbb {R} ^{3}$ with the cross product operation is a non-Abelian three dimensional (3D) Lie algebra over $\mathbb {R}$.
Consider next the annihilation operator $a$ and the creation operator $a\dagger$ in quantum theory. Then, the Hamiltonian $H$ of a harmonic quantum oscillator, together with the operators $a$ and $a\dagger$ generate a 4--dimensional (4D) Lie algebra with commutators: Failed to parse (syntax error): {\displaystyle [H, a] = âˆ’a} , $[H,a\dagger ]=a\dagger ,$ and $[a,a\dagger ]=I$. This Lie algebra is solvable and generates after repeated application of $a\dagger$ all of the eigenvectors of the quantum harmonic oscillator.
# PlanetPhysics/Linking Control Summary
## Controlling Linking Summary

This is a PM article that was written by mathwizard, and also applies to PlanetPhysics linking of entries. You can see the complete entry at: $http://planetphysics.org/op=getobj\&from=collab\&id=18$

### Introduction

Noosphere's automatic linking system handles most inter-entry linking instances properly. However, a small fraction of the time, it does not have enough information based on concept label metadata (titles, synonyms, defines) and classification metadata to resolve ambiguous links. In these cases, something extra must be done to correct linking.
There are two families of methods to accomplish this. The first involves improving the metadata, beyond concept labels and classification. We introduce linking policy metadata to accomplish this.
The second family of methods involves pseudo-\LaTeX commands to steer the linking. We call this the in-situ method.
In-situ controls should be considered a last resort, as it is much more elegant and labor-effective to separate link controls from the text. For example, consider a situation where someone points out a problem with a link in your entry, entry $A$. The errant link is due to a term defined in entry $B$. This problem could be fixed if the author of $B$ improved its linking policy, or if you used an in-situ link steering command in $A$. However, assume that the same linking problem is also present in 100 other entries, all of which link to $B$. Rather than fixing the 100 entries with in-situ commands, it makes much more sense for the author of $B$ to modify its linking policy once, solving all 100 errant link instances.
The two families of methods are described below.

## Linking Policy

The linking policy of an entry is a text field containing a set of directives, one per line. The currently-supported directives are described below.

### Link Priority

This directive has the following syntax:
priority <N> [LABEL]
where \verb=<N>= is a number and \verb=[LABEL]= is an optional concept label defined by the entry. The default priority is 100, and integer values from 0 to 32767 are accepted. Smaller numbers mean higher priority. Examples are:
priority 10 normal priority 200 "mapping function"
This directive is used as a tie-breaker when classification directives and category-based link steering fail to find a unique destination. Setting the priority higher than normal (closer to zero) results in an entry (or concept) being linked to "by default". Setting it lower (above 100) would result in the entry or concept being linked to automatically only when the categorization of the other entry overlaps.

## In-Situ Link Controls

The in-situ methods involve pseudo-\LaTeX commands you can put in your entry to steer linking. As mentioned before, they should be considered a last resort, with proper concept labels, classification, and linking policy as the first lines of defense.

### Link Suppression

Sometimes it makes sense to block linking entirely for a portion of an entry, rather than simply steering a link to a different target.
# PlanetPhysics/Lepton

Def. A lepton is a spin 1/2 particle a fermion that does not interact via the strong force. To date there are three known types of leptons. They are the electron, the muon ($\mu$), and the tauon ($\tau$) with their corresponding anti-particles that carry opposite charge ($+$ instead of $-$). Neutrinos are also leptons and are divided in three categories that follow their massive partners, $e,\,\mu \,,\tau$.
All leptons (with the notable exceptions of all neutrino types) have electrical charge, and their masses are well established. Also the number of leptons is conserved in interactions and nuclear reactions even though the mass of the system might change. Flavour on the other hand is not conserved like in the case of neutrino oscillations or muon decay.
# PlanetPhysics/List of Notable Algebraic Topologists and Category Theoreticians
## Notable algebraic topologists

* Sir Michael Francis Atiyah
* Karol Borsuk
* Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer
* Ronald Brown (mathematician)
* Nicolas Bourbaki
* Henri Cartan
* Jean Dieudonn\'e
* Otto Hermann K\"unneth
* Charles Ehresmann
* Samuel Eilenberg
* Peter Freyd
* Alexander Grothendieck
* Heinz Hopf
* Maxim Kontsevich
* Saunders Mac Lane
* Witold Hurewicz
* Egbert van Kampen
* William Lawvere
* J.P. May
* Barry Mitchell (mathematician)
* Grigori Perelman
* Nicolae Popescu
* Daniel Quillen
* Robert Rosen
* Jean--Pierre Serre
* Dennis Sullivan
* J. H. C. Whitehead
# Open Conference on Open Education/Planning

During Open Education Week (11-15 March 2013), La Trobe University hosted the Open Education Conference. Following on from the Radical Learning Project and CTLC Colloquium panel discussion of OERs in 2012, the Open Education Conference is a clear indication that there is already active participation Open Education and a need for La Trobe University to address OE in policy.

### Purpose

To understand existing OER practice in the University, To promote discussion of OER, and produce a list of recommendations for La Trobe University.

### Planning Group

The La Trobe Open Education Week planning group consisted of cross faculty, library and CTLC representation. Planning Group comprised of
* Leigh Blackall (Health Sciences)
* Ruth Jelley (FBEL)
* Annabel Orchid (FBEL)
* Simon Huggard (Library)
* Roderick Saddler (Library)
* John Hannon (CTLC)
* Emma Yench (FSTE)
* Donna Bisset (HUSS)
* Mungo Jones (HUSS)

### Meetings and information management

The planning group held bi-weekly meetings in February and March supported by a Wiki maintained throughout the planning stage to ensure open and collaborative panning and communication among the planning group. http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Talk:Open_Education_Week_2013/La_Trobe_University_Open_Conference

### Targeted Audience

* La Trobe teaching staff
* La Trobe Faculty educational designers
* CTLC
* La Trobe librarians
* other librarians
* other teaching staff
* Melbourne Free University
* Wikipedia and Wikimedia Australia

### Communication

* UniNews
* Planning Group Networks
* Conference Poster

### Date

March 12th 2013

### Venues

* LIMS 205
* HUED108

### Sychronous communications and event records

* Video and Audio streaming on the day provided through Google Hangouts
* Meeting Words
* Twitter hash tag #openltu

### Agenda

A loose agenda was developed based on suggestions throughout the meetings, with the final agenda set on the day.
* Introductions and agenda
* Who's doing what
* Critical ideas
* Lunch and open networking
* Examples of assessment
* Producing OERs
* Practical steps
* Recommendations