OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Human vision and function

This subject introduces you to the human visual system from the eye to the cortex. Normal function is presented by explaining characteristics of light as an electromagnetic energy spectrum; the anatomy and physiology of the eye; visual pathways to the brain, vision (including colour vision and 3D perception). The subject will enable you to identify and understand the five major eye diseases affecting populations globally (Refractive error (the need for corrective lenses/glasses), cataract, diabetic eye disease, glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration). Patient case scenarios will be used to help you understand the medical (drug) and surgical treatment and management of these diseases.

## Topics and Learning Materials

Your first task is to watch the introductory video which explains the subject format.
Next, work through each of the topics (How the eye works; Understanding vision & Vision in real life) in order to complete this on-line subject and prepare for subject assessment.
Part 1: How the eye works
Part 2: Understanding vision: visual acuity, colour vision and 3D perception
Part 3: Vision in real life: case studies

## Learning objectives

* Explain how the normal eye and brain enable perception of objects.
* Describe and document measurement of visual function.
* Describe common eye diseases as deviations from normal function.
* Discuss the sociological implications for individuals with decreased vision.
* Analyse a problem and clearly define and communicate the outcomes that will resolve or manage it.

## Assessment

3x 60 min online quizzes
1x group poster, submitted online, approx. 1000 words per group member
Assessment resources
* Academic Integrity and Plagiarism: Academic integrity is paramount when preparing your work. Please see the La Trobe University guidelines regarding Academic Integrity and Plagiarism.
* Referencing Style: You will be expected to reference your work using APA style (this style is used by the Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University). Here is an example of APA Style.
* Additional Resources: If you need extra help with studying and assignments, please refer to Develop Your Skills.

## Acknowledgements

The subject outline, topic areas and case studies were created by Ms Jean Pollock (DipAppSci (Orthoptics,GradDip (Neurosciences) MSc) and the on-line version was created by Dr Meri Vukicevic (B.Orth, Phd) together with input from staff in the Department of Clinical Vision Sciences, La Trobe University and Educational Designer Leigh Blackall
# Human research ethics

This research resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
* Purpose of research: Public good
* Permission: In order to access a community of interest, the researcher must seek permission from the "gatekeepers" of the institution or community group through appropriate ethics avenues (Rice & Ezzy, 2001) which is likely to include research ethics committees (IRB).
* Informed consent
* Anonymity
* Right to results
# Human rights
## Resources

* The Wikiversity course on Assessing Human Rights.
* Hampshire Police "Keep calm and know your rights": http://www.hampshire.police.uk/internet/news-and-appeals/campaigns/keep-calm-and-know-your-rights
** Wallet card: http://www.hampshire.police.uk/internet/asset/2279debd-1f04-4e01-9ae4-7d0a188caaaG/838191%20HC%20Keep%20Calm%20cards%20to%20print.pdf
* Essay on Advancing human rights, worldwide.
* Wikipedia article on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
* The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
# Human skin pigmentation

Welcome to the Wikiversity learning project for human skin pigmentation. Participants explore melanin, melanosomes, melanocytes, MSH and its receptors and the control of skin pigmentation.

## Learning project organization

This learning project is initially organized around suggested reading and discussion. Feel free to add new reading and subsections for questions and discussion.

## Melanocytes
### Melanin biosynthesis

* Characterization of a Melanosomal Transport System in Murine Melanocytes Mediating Entry of the Melanogenic Substrate Tyrosine
* A new enzymatic function in the melanogenic pathway. The 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase activity of tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP1)
* Polymerization of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid to melanin by the pmel 17/silver locus protein

### Melanosome biogenesis

* Darkness descends with two Rabs

### Tanning

* Regulation of constitutive and UVR-induced skin pigmentation by melanocortin 1 receptor isoforms

## Melanosomes passed to keratinocytes

Laboratory mice provide a useful experimental system for investigation of the cellular mechanisms of mammalian skin pigmentation.
* Mouse coat color mutations: from fancy mice to functional genomics
Working with mice, the transcription factor Foxn1 and the growth factor FGF2 were found to be involved in the melanocyte-keratinocyte interactions that allow melanosomes to be distributed in the skin. Foxn1 was originally studied because of its importance in the development of the thymus as revealed by Foxn1 mutant nude mice. Foxn1 mutations also cause failure of human hair growth.
* The quest for the mechanism of melanin transfer
* Tunneling nanotubes: a new route for the exchange of components between animal cells
# Human physiology

This Human physiology "link-book" provides links to Wikiversity topics and Wikipedia articles about the basics of physiology. The idea with it is that there already is lots of information on physiology on Wikipedia, constantly being edited, updated and improved. This page gathers just the articles needed to get the basics of physiology in one single place.

### Notices

* Clicking around on links gives you supplementary information, but is not required for the basic knowledge. Rather, it could be misleading and delaying the progress of reading the book. Thus, use them only as far as that you understand what they mean in the primary text. However, by moderately clicking on related links, you can turn this basic physiology book into a comprehensive one, deciding yourself how deep into the subject you want to go.
* The sections describing the history of things can be omitted, because it is physiology you want to learn about, not history. The body has its functions, no matter who discovered them.
* Just as history, sections of articles concerning animals and plants etc. can also be left out.

## Introduction

w:Physiology

## Physiology of cells and molecules

To be able to describe the functions of organs, it is essential to first know about the parts forming them, i.e. cells.
* w:cell (biology)
w:Cell membrane
    w:electrophysiology
    w:action potential
w:Signal transduction w:Regulation of gene expression w:neurotransmission

### Cellular and molecular physiology

* Biomembrane Transport
* Excitable Cells
* Cell-Cell Communication

## the Nervous system

* w:Nervous system#Vertebrates
* Neuroscience

## the Respiratory system

w:Respiratory system

## the Cardiovascular system

w:Circulatory system

## the Urinary system

w:Urinary system

## the Gastrointestinal system

w:Gastrointestinal tract

## the Endocrine system

w:Endocrine system

## the Reproductive system

w:Reproductive system
* w:Sex organ
* w:Sexual differentiation

### Male Reproductive system

w:Testicle

### Female Reproductive system

w:obstretics
# Human rights and social justice

* Welcome to the course "Human Rights and Social Justice" online at wikiversity
* Human Rights and Social Justice
* Welcome to the course page on wikiversity. Currently, the course is designed to complement the classroom course being offered by Dr. Sonika Gupta. The online course is NOT a repository of additional reference text for the material that no one will read anyways. It is meant to be a participation based course where the reading assignments given in the classroom can be studied in a collaborative fashion. As the course progresses, we may find more uses of the online course.
* You can start by going on to the reading assignments pages that are already there. Remember, this is a wiki. Which means, you can read what others have posted or contribute to the course yourself. What can you contribute to this course? We can discuss that in the classroom.
* Why do we need an online course?
* There are hundreds of reasons. Well, to start off and give you one - we need to be more active! The reading assignments given in the classroom are there to encourage classroom participation, if we know what the class is talking about, we would be able to chip in with our two cents easily. Ultimately, that is what a class wants - participation!
* However, bless us hardworking souls, we never have a reading assignment done before we come to the class. How is this supposed to encourage classroom discussion? Whatever teaching methods are employed to make us more active in the classroom are essentially useless if we don't put in some effort ourselves!
* So how does an online course help us in being active?
* In more ways than one. Use your imagination and try to find out more uses for this course. For now, we have support pages for all the four reading assignments. When you are reading them, you can make a brief outline of the articles or go through the outlines others have created.
* It doesn't make sense that everyone of us struggles in getting the desire to start reading the assignment! If we already have something in our hands, we won't need to start from scratch! Also, you can post quotes, sentences and words from the assignments which you do not fully grasp. This is beneficial for everyone, because we'd then take it as a task to understand them and help you out. Thus, the whole class would be more actively engages in the learning process.
| Developing more on this idea. Possibilities with the online course To discuss more about the course or to ask for help on editing here at wikiversity, please add your message on the site discussion page. I understand this page may not be very self explanatory. In case of any confusion or doubt, please open up and ASK on the discussion page. Here is the link again to the site discussion page. | Section heading right Reading Assignments Thomas Hobbes John Locke Jean Jacques Rousseau Global politics Development of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law |
# Critical History/Haitian Revolution

Critical History
Introduction
· History as Social Product
· What if . . .?
· Case Study 1: Haitian Revolution
· Case Study 2:
· Conclusion :
# Critical History/What if . . .?
## Presentation

Critical History
Introduction
· History as Social Product
· What if . . .?
· Case Study 1: Haitian Revolution
· Case Study 2:
· Conclusion :
* Bibliography
* Future-War Fiction: The First Main Phase, 1871-1900, I.F. Clarke
# Critical History/Conclusion

Critical History
Introduction
· History as Social Product
· What if . . .?
· Case Study 1: Haitian Revolution
· Case Study 2:
· Conclusion :
# Critical History/History as Social Product
## Presentation

Critical History
Introduction
· History as Social Product
· What if . . .?
· Case Study 1: Haitian Revolution
· Case Study 2:
· Conclusion :
* From Russell Ackoff
* Data = symbols
* Information = data that has been processed to provide useful answers to "who", "what", "where", and "when" questions
* Knowledge = application of data and information to answers "how" questions
* Understanding = appreciation of "why"
* Wisdom = understanding which has been evaluated through reflection
# Critical History/Introduction
## Presentation

Critical History
Introduction
· History as Social Product
· What if . . .?
· Case Study 1: Haitian Revolution
· Case Study 2:
· Conclusion :
* Learning Outcomes
* The learner will
* Know the different phases in the production of historical knowledge
# Critical Pedagogy/Case Studies

Critical pedagogy may be best illustrated by case studies in real life.

## Case Studies

Special:Prefixindex/Critical Pedagogy/Case Studies/

## See Also

* Category:Pedagogy
# IT Security/Threats/Tools

This lesson covers security tools.

## Objectives and Skills

Objectives and skills for the security tools portion of Security+ certification include:
    Given a scenario, use appropriate tools and techniques to discover security threats and vulnerabilities.
   * Interpret results of security assessment tools
   * Tools
   ** Protocol analyzer
   ** Vulnerability scanner
   ** Honeypots
   ** Honeynets
   ** Port scanner
   ** Passive vs. active tools
   ** Banner grabbing
   * Risk calculations
   ** Threat vs. likelihood
   * Assessment types
   ** Risk
   ** Threat
   ** Vulnerability
   * Assessment technique
   ** Baseline reporting
   ** Code review
   ** Determine attack surface
   ** Review architecture
   ** Review designs

## Readings

* Wikipedia: Vulnerability Scanner and related articles.

## Multimedia

* YouTube: Vulnerability Scanning Overview - CompTIA Security+ SY0-401: 3.7
* YouTube: Assessment Tools - CompTIA Security+ SY0-401: 3.7
* YouTube: Assessment Types - CompTIA Security+ SY0-401: 3.7
* YouTube: Assessment Techniques - CompTIA Security+ SY0-401: 3.7
# IT Service Management/Collection
## IT Service Management
### Learning Guide

This learning guide supports the Wikiversity course IT Service Management, available at http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/IT_Service_Management.

## Overview

IT Service Management, also known as ITSM, focuses on the implementation and management of quality information technology services through people, processes, and information technology, based on standardized process improvement frameworks and methodologies.
This course comprises seven lessons on IT service management. Each lesson includes a combination of Wikipedia readings, YouTube videos, and hands-on learning activities. The course also assists learners in preparing for ITIL Foundation certification.
This entire Wikiversity course can be downloaded in book form by selecting Download Learning Guide in the sidebar.

## Preparation

This is a third-semester, college-level course. Learners should already be familiar with IT Service and Support concepts.

## Lessons

* Service Management
* Service Strategy
* Service Design
* Service Transition
* Service Operation
* Continual Service Improvement
* Additional Topics

## Multimedia

* YouTube: ITIL - A Simple Explanation
* YouTube: ITIL Overview 2011 Edition

## See Also

* HDI
* ITIL
* IT Service and Support

## External Links

* ITIL Exam Preparation 2011
* Cybrary: Free ITIL Foundation Course
* EdX: IT Support Fundamentals
# IT Service Management

IT Service Management, also known as ITSM, focuses on the implementation and management of quality information technology services through people, processes, and information technology, based on standardized process improvement frameworks and methodologies.
This course comprises seven lessons on IT service management. Each lesson includes a combination of Wikipedia readings, YouTube videos, and hands-on learning activities. The course also assists learners in preparing for ITIL Foundation certification.
This entire Wikiversity course can be downloaded in book form by selecting Download Learning Guide in the sidebar.

## Preparation

This is a third-semester, college-level course. Learners should already be familiar with IT Service and Support concepts.

## Lessons

* Service Management
* Service Strategy
* Service Design
* Service Transition
* Service Operation
* Continual Service Improvement
* Additional Topics

## Multimedia

* YouTube: ITIL - A Simple Explanation
* YouTube: ITIL Overview 2011 Edition

## See Also

* HDI
* ITIL
* IT Service and Support

## External Links

* ITIL Exam Preparation 2011
* Cybrary: Free ITIL Foundation Course
* EdX: IT Support Fundamentals
# IT Security/Threats/Threat Mitigation/Intrusion Detection Systems

An intrusion detection system (IDS) is a device or software application that monitors a network or systems for malicious activity or policy violations. There are some free and open source products available on the market such as:
* ACARM-ng
* AIDE
* Bro NIDS
* Fail2ban
* OSSEC HIDS
* Prelude Hybrid IDS
* Sagan
* Samhain
* Snort, GPLv2+ developed by Cisco.
* Suricata
# IT Security/Threats/Wireless Attacks

This lesson covers wireless attacks.

## Objectives and Skills

Objectives and skills for the wireless attacks portion of Security+ certification include:
    Explain types of wireless attacks.
   * Rogue access points
   * Jamming/Interference
   * Evil twin
   * War driving
   * Bluejacking
   * Bluesnarfing
   * War chalking
   * IV attack
   * Packet sniffing
   * Near field communication
   * Replay attacks
   * WEP/WPA attacks
   * WPS attacks

## Multimedia

* YouTube: Rogue Access Points and Evil Twins - CompTIA Security+ SY0-401: 3.4
* YouTube: Wireless Interference - CompTIA Security+ SY0-401: 3.4
* YouTube: Wardriving and Warchalking - CompTIA Security+ SY0-401: 3.4
* YouTube: Bluejacking and Bluesnarfing - CompTIA Security+ SY0-401: 3.4
* YouTube: Wireless IV Attacks - CompTIA Security+ SY0-401: 3.4
* YouTube: Wireless Packet Analysis - CompTIA Security+ SY0-401: 3.4
* YouTube: Near Field Communication - CompTIA Security+ SY0-401: 3.4
* YouTube: Wireless Replay and WEP Attacks - CompTIA Security+ SY0-401: 3.4
* YouTube: WPA Attacks - CompTIA Security+ SY0-401: 3.4
* YouTube: WPS Attacks - CompTIA Security+ SY0-401: 3.4
# Instructional design/Exercise
## Module 3 – Exercise

Now that you’ve completed module 1 & 2, let’s practice what you’ve learnt. Choose a topic and list out key points that you think a student should know about it and create an enhanced assignment from module 2. Add to the below table by clicking the edit button to the top right of the page.
| Your name | Topic | Key Points | Problem Definition | Improvements |
| Avriel Lee | Sensory, short-term, and working memory | *Perception and attention are guided by prior knowledge Information processing is easier when to-be-learned information is distributed in the working memory Resources and data limitations constrain learning | At an “Invest in yourself” company which sells income stream training to students on topics like real estate, stock market investing, Infopreneuring and social media marketing. These past few months due to low sales and student retention, the company decided on revamping how the students learned the material, successfully applying it, and then purchasing another stream of training with us. In the past, we’ve used traditional methods like seminar training, online training modules and hard copy manuals accompanied with audio/video DVDs. These work with some people but we are trying to wide range of students to boost sales and have students learn better, be successful and having that profitable training pay off, stay with the company. | Real estate investing, to new students would include a either a physically live training session or a webinar live training session that would introduce the definitions, concepts and need-to-know of real estate investing. Followed by a 4 to 8 (depending on the subject), 1 hr long recorded training modules that would have quizzes to test the students understanding of the material. On completion of the online modules, students will be assigned a mentor where he will guide students on making their first real estate deal. |
# Instructional design/Force field analysis

Back to ID Homepage > Force field analysis > What is FFA? > How FFA is presented in a figure? > A case study for practicing FFA > Other FFA figure > Making change successful > How FFA is used?

## Introduction

Six months ago, Anna, an internal performance consultant at Indiana University, completed a needs analysis and assessment for the Risk Management Department. Today she sat in the office of her client, the Risk Management Manager, for an update on the status of project that was initiated based upon her recommendations. As the manager started talking, Anna realized that something was not going well.
Manager: We have been trying to implement the plans you and our department had set up six months ago, but now it seems that many unexpected things have happened and obstructed our implementations. I like these valuable recommendations and I don't think we did improperly in data collection, but recently I have a feeling that we planned everything too perfect to be true.
Anna: Well, I know what you mean. Probably it is not enough to only think about and conduct what we want because at the same time, our plans also increase tension and the degree of conflict.
Manager: Yes, conflict. And now I don't even have confidence to tell my supervisor when these will work out and bring benefits to the department. Do you have any suggestion?
Anna: Uh......
Do you ever wonder why your plan is never implemented? Have you ever felt that you have a lack of method to help you identify your client's problem? As you might know, there are many ways to analyze data for planning, implementation, and evaluation. In this lesson, you will be able to know one of them, force field analysis (FFA), a technique for introducing change in organizations.

## Objectives

During the lesson, you will be acting as a consultant practicing and applying the knowledge of force field analysis to various examples and cases. The lesson will guide you to use this method in the field of needs analysis. In other words, given the characteristics and examples of force field analysis, you will be able to define its role and functions in organization development. After completing the lesson, you are expected to:
   * State the role of force field analysis,
   * Identify the elements in a force field analysis figure and explain the meaning of the figure, and
   * State the functions of force field analysis.

## Lesson Organization

Three main sections of the lesson with their subsections are listed below. Navigate to each section by clicking the "Next" at the bottom of each page. Return to previous pages by clicking the "Back" on the bottom of each page. Or you can follow the labeled links at the top of each page which correspond to each of these sections:
   * What is FFA?
   * How FFA is presented in a figure?
   ** A case study for practicing FFA
   ** Other FFA figure
   ** Making change successful
   * How FFA is used?
Click the Next button to continue.
| ID Homepage | Force field analysis | Next > |