OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1000 Songs/Of the Father's love begotten (Prudentius)

Of the Father's love begotten (Prudentius)
1000 Songs

## Text
### Author

Written by Aurelius Predentius Clemens, mainly known as Predentius. 348A.D.-405A.D.

### Translations/Challenges

Latin txt by Prudentius, tranlated into English for the English Hymnal in 1906, and an extended version by J.M. Neale.

### Editor's Choice

Translation by J.M. Neale. English.

## Music
### Tune

Of The Father's Heart Begotten, was based on the poem "Corde Natus, by Prudentius. It was translated and paired with medieval plainchant melody. So yes it was sang as a chant.

### Editor's Choice
## Background
### Author biography

Pruentius was born in the Roman Province of Tarraconensis around 348 A.D. He lived his life as a Roman Christian Poet. But, before becoming a poet Prudentius practiced law with minimal success, and also served as a provincial governor. During his life we was influenced by many early christian authors such as Tertullian, and St. Ambrose. He also spent a majority of his time reading the bible, which guided him in his poetic inspiration. Two of his hymns "Of The Father's Love Begotten", and "Earth Has Many A Noble City", are still in used in modern churches today.
# 1000 Songs/O Gladsome Light of the Father Immortal (anon)

O Gladsome Light of the Father Immortal
1000 Songs
# Algebra/Completing the Square

Completing the square is one method used to solve quadratic equations. Completing the square means that you will find the roots of a perfect square trinomial.
See: http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algebra/Completing_the_Square
See: http://www.themathpage.com/alg/complete-the-square.htm#complete
# Algebra/Linear transformations

Def. a "map between vector spaces which respects addition and multiplication" is called a linear transformation.

## Linear algebra

Def. an "algebra over a field" is called a linear algebra.
# Algebra/Trinomials

Trinomials are a special kind of algebraic equation that looks like this: x²+4x+4=0
There are two main things you can do with trinomials: create them and factor them.
Creating trinomials
If you have the following expressions, you can multiply them into a trinomial following the FOIL method. The letters all stand for something different:
First Outer Inner Last
This is the method that I learned last year and it always works well for me. For more help, you may email me at isabellamasters@hotmail.com. Here is how to do the foil method:
(x+6)(x+5)
Multiply the first term in each expression. x*x=x² Multiply the outer terms. x*5=5x. Multiply the inner terms. 6*x=6x. Multiply the last terms. 6*5=30
Now take all that (hope you had it written down) and add it all together like this:
x²+5x+6x+30
Since 5x and 6x both are like terms, because they both are of the same degree of x, we can add them together to get 11x.Do NOT add 5x and x², you can never, ever do that!
Factoring Trinomials You can factor trinomials by basically taking everything we just did and doing it backwards. I'll show you.
x²+13x+42
You have to find two integers that multiply up to 42 and add up to 13. What about 2 and 21? Multiplies up to 42, but together, you come up with 23. What about 6 and 7? That works! So then you just write it like before:
(x+6)(x+7)
Now let's try another, but a bit different:
(x+2)(x-1)
This one has a negative, but it isn't much harder. You should get:
x$^2$+2x-x-2
Which adds up to...
x$^2$+x-2
Notice how the 2 is now negative, instead of positive. That negative sign indicates that the factors have to subtract to 1 instead of add up to one. Reversing this would be the exact same way as shown above, only instead of adding the factors, you subtract them to get the middle term.
See? Math is easy!
# Algebra/Proofs

An Algebraic Proof is a proof of a Theorem (or Lemma or Corollary) that relies highly on symbolic manipulation of equations to go from the assumption(s) to the conclusion(s). An algebraic proof may be contrasted with a combinatorial proof, which involves more discussion of the objects themselves, rather than the symbols representing them.

## Example

Theorem: ${n \choose k}+{n \choose k+1}={n+1 \choose k+1}$.
Proof:
# Algebra/Solving Equations
### Solving Equations

Solving equations is very easy. Take any ordinary equation, such as:
2x+7=13
It may look tough, but when broken down, it is very simple. All you have to do is take it step-by-step, and perform opposite operations on each side. Opposite operations are operations that cancel each other out, such as addition and subtraction, and multiplication and division. So, the first step would be to get rid of that annoying "+7", so you subtract seven from both sides, like so:
2x+7-7=13-7 2x=6
(You may leave out the first step shown in the gap above as you get better, but beginners may want to add that step in.) Now you have a fairly simple equation. What number multiplied by two will give you six? Why, three, of course! If you didn't get that, you may want to go backward a few years. But how did you get that? Think. You divided six by two. And that's what you do:
2x/2=6/2 x=3
The goal of solving one equation is leave the variable alone. Solving equation is possible by using 1 step (+, - *, /) or 2 step ( a math operation combination) or more than 2 steps.
Once you get good at some basic equations, you may want to tackle equations with variables on both sides, like this:
7x+3=5x+7
To do that, simply bring all the x's over to one side and solve like a normal equation.
7x-5x+3=5x-5x+7 2x+3=7 2x+3-3=7-3 2x=4 2x/2=4/2 x=2
Well, good luck!
# English-Chinese/Streptococcal pharyngitis, also known as strep throat, is an infection of the back of the throat including the tonsils caused by group A streptococcus (GAS)

Streptococcal pharyngitis, also known as strep throat, is an infection of the back of the throat including the tonsils caused by group A streptococcus (GAS).
链球菌性咽炎，也称为链球菌性咽喉炎，是咽喉后部的感染，包括由A组链球菌（GAS）引起的扁桃体。
# English-Chinese/Stomach

The stomach is part of the digestive system. It is an internal organ between the esophagus and the small intestines. The stomach is the third stage in the digestive process. It holds food after ingestion. Food in the stomach then passes through to the small intestine where most of the food's nutrition is absorbed.
胃 是 消化系统的 一部分。它是 食道 和 小肠 之间的 内部器官。胃 是 消化过程的 第三 阶段。它 摄入后 会 保存 食物。然后，胃中的 食物 通过 小肠 吸收 大部分 食物 营养。
# English-Chinese/Stress plays a relatively minor role in hypertension. Specific relaxation therapies are of unclear benefit

Stress plays a relatively minor role in hypertension. Specific relaxation therapies are of unclear benefit.
压力在高血压中起着相对较小的作用。 具体的放松疗法效果不明。
# English-Chinese/States of matter

There are four common states of matter (or phases) in the universe: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. The state of matter affects a substance's properties, such as density, viscosity (how well it flows), malleability (how easy it is to bend), and conductivity.
宇宙中 有 四种 常见的 物质状态（或 相）：固体，液体，气体 和 等离子体。物质的 状态 会 影响 物质的 性质，如 密度，粘度（流动性 如何），延展性（弯曲 容易度）以及 电导率。
# English-Chinese/Stolon

The stolon is a term often used in botany. It describes horizontal stems that grow across the ground or underground. The ground stolon is a stolon that grows along the ground; the rhizome is also a stolon, but it is underground and grows along the ground.
匍匐茎是植物学中经常使用的术语。 它描述了横跨地面或地下生长的水平茎。 地面匍匐茎是沿着地面生长的匍匐茎; 根茎也是匍匐茎，但它是地下的并且沿着地面生长。
# English-Chinese/String instrument

A string instrument is a musical instrument that makes sound by vibrating the strings on it. The strings are plucked to produce sounds. Each string has a different frequency. The desired frequency can be obtained by adjusting the tension on the string.
弦乐器 是 一种 乐器，通过 振动 琴弦 来 发出 声音。琴弦 被弹拨 而 产生 声音。每条 弦 具有 不同的 频率。通过 调整 琴弦的 拉力 可以 得到 所需的 频率。
# English-Chinese/Stone Age

The Stone Age was an ancient time when people made tools from stone. Wood, bones, and other materials were also used for tools, but those things don't last as long, so more stone tools are found. Hard stone was used to cut things.
石器时代 是 人们 用 石头 制作 工具的 古老时期。木材，骨头 和 其他 材料 也 用于 工具，但 这些 东西 不会 持续 很长时间，因此 找到 更多的 石材工具。坚硬的 石头 被用来 切割 东西。
# English-Chinese/Stress aggravates allergic conditions

Chronic stress can aggravate allergic conditions.
慢性压力会加重过敏症状。
# English-Chinese/Stomatitis

Stomatitis is inflammation of the mouth and lips. It refers to any inflammatory process affecting the mucous membranes of the mouth and lips, with or without oral ulceration.
口腔炎 是 口腔 和 嘴唇的 炎症。它 指 任何 影响 口腔 和 嘴唇 粘膜的 炎症 过程，伴有 或 不伴有 口腔溃疡。
# English-Chinese/Stroke

A stroke is an event which damages part of your brain. This can happen if an artery that feeds blood to the brain gets clogged, or if it tears and leaks.
中风 是 部分 脑部 受损的 状况。如果 向 脑部 供血的 动脉 堵塞，破裂 或 泄漏，就会 发生 这种 情况。
# Assistant teacher course/Teachers' handbook/Voluntary educational year/external links
### Teacher exchange programs

* Amity Institute (amity.org)
* Comenius Assistantship (ec.europa.eu)
* British Council: Foreign Language Assistants (britishcouncil.org)
* The Japan Exchange and Teaching Programme (jetprogramme.org)
* Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (ECA) of the U.S. Department of State (exchanges.state.gov)
* Education, Youth Outreach and Community Development (peacecorps.gov)
* CIEE: The Council on International Educational Exchange (ciee.org)
* Council for International Exchange of Scholars (cies.org)
* NAFSA: Association of International Educators (nafsa.org)
* The International Partnership for Service-Learning and Leadership (IPSL) (ipsl.org)
* World Learning (worldlearning.org)
* WorldTeach (worldteach.org)
* English Language Fellow Program (elf.georgetown.edu)
* English Teaching Volunteer Work in the Developing World with Projects Abroad (projects-abroad.org)
* International Volunteer Work Teaching English in the Developing World with Projects Abroad (projects-abroad.co.uk)
* Educators/Exchange Programs (dmoz.org)

#### German

* Pädagogischer Austauschdienst (PAD) - German Educational Exchange Service
* Robert Bosch Stiftung: Völkerverständigung macht Schule - Robert Bosch Foundation
* Zentralstelle für das Auslandsschulwesen (ZfA) - Central Office for German Schools in Foreign Countries
* Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD) - German Academic Exchange Service
# Assistant teacher program

* Wikiversity
* Assistant teacher program
Welcome to the Wikiversity assistant teacher program!
Participants in this content development project create, organize, and develop learning resources for assistant teacher courses suitable for use in junior high school and high school. A goal is to allow derived courses to rearrange available material in different ways and to add or remove optional material as desired.

## News

* The Subdivision was founded. --Fasten 22:16, 31 December 2007 (UTC)
* Individual curriculum is now a mandatory course phase. --Fasten 13:22, 17 March 2008 (UTC)
* The Research forum has been added. --Fasten 10:08, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

## Research

The Wikiversity assistant teacher program is an ongoing research project. You can contribute to practical research and verification if your school has implemented any kind of program that invites pupils to participate in teaching or mentoring, such as learning by teaching or youth mentoring. If you do not intend to contribute to the courses you can submit your observations and criticism to the forum.
For the discussion of research projects and findings there is a Symposium page. Literature references can be posted under Further reading.
Teachers and schools interested to work with the Wikiversity assistant teacher program in the development phase can register on the Partner school program page.

## Courses

| Assistant teacher course | ATP tutor course |
| ATP mentor training | Parenting driver's license — the parent education course |
| Health mentoring course | Assistant teacher program in adult education |
| Assistant teacher program in developing countries | |
| Kurs:Gesundheitsmentor (German) | Kurs:Einführungskurs für Assistenzlehrer (German) |
| Kurs:Wiederaufarbeitung von PCs (German) | |
Completion: 0% , 25% , 50% , 75% , 100%

## Optional course units

If you think you can improve a module or write a better one with a different approach you are free to add your own module to the list below, even if it covers topics that are already covered elsewhere. Instructors can select the modules they prefer and replace regular modules with optional modules. Writing your own module does not give you a right to lock out other authors; if somebody wants to improve a module you wrote the usual search for consensus should be applied.

### Assistant teacher course

* Grades for social behavior
* Chess
* School surveys
* Teaching and mentoring in primary school
* Practical philosophy
* Biography work
* Responsible consumers
* Respect economy

## Discussion

* Forum for general discussions about the assistant teacher program.
* Topic talk:Assistant teacher program for discussions concerning content development.

## Maintenance

Changes to important pages can be reviewed with the following links:
* pages linked from the course
* pages of the handbook
* pages of mentor training
* courses and optional modules
* Category:Assistant teacher program templates
Some pages may appear several times, some pages may not appear in any list and some pages that appear may not belong to the assistant teacher program.
# Assistant teacher course/Theory of education
## Theory of education

| Activity: | group work, discussion |
| Group size: | unlimited |
| Preparation: | preparing sources |
| Instructors: | 1 |
| Duration: | ? |

### Discussing publications

The participants should have had enough time to devise their own theories and perspectives by now. In this course phase the participants should discuss relevant passages from publications in the field of education. An example is the quote below from John Dewey's Democracy and Education. The quote should be discussed in relation to the previous course phase "Theory formation". More quotes can be found, for instance, in the teachers' handbook.
The recommended procedure is to form work groups who are given several passages each. The same passage can be handed out several times to different groups. For each quote the group should be given more context (e.g. whole chapters or collections of earlier passages that are relevant for understanding the passage). The groups should be given time to read and discuss the passages they have received and should lead the following discussion when their passages are presented.
Applying the understanding gained the groups should prepare to ask the relevant questions so others can make the relevant conclusions and not prepare a full (but potentially boring) explanation of what the passages aim to convey. The groups can also prepare incompatible perspectives (irrespective of their actual opinions) and challenge each other's perspectives in the discussion. The preparation can arrange for the opportunity of Socratic debate following a predetermined course.
* This resource has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. This applies worldwide. You are advised to consider the possibility of extraterrestrial intellectual property rights claims that do require mentoring duties in compensation ("either mentoring or trouble with extraterrestrials").
* Content released into the public domain may be used for any purpose without attribution, including commercial activities and creation of derivative works.
# Assistant teacher course/Testing and grading
## Testing and grading

Testing and grading by assistant teachers can have the effect to degrade the quality of both. On the other hand assistant teachers have the advantage of being able to test and grade much smaller groups and receive motivation and an opportunity for personality development through the responsible task. An important distinction appears to be where to apply testing and grading by assistant teachers and where not.
| Activity: | lecture, group work |
| Group size: | unlimited |
| Preparation: | none |
| Instructors: | 1 |
| Duration: | ? |

### Grading conference

A grading conference can be seen as an important purpose of the assistant teacher office. The work leading up to a grading conference is made meaningful by the grading conference.
Grading the work of assistant teachers in their office could provide motivation for the assistant teachers to take their office more seriously.
* A disadvantage is that assistant teachers could be motivated to confirm their teachers' views about pupils receiving grades.
* A possible advantage is that teachers could test if assistant teachers did, in a responsible office, have the courage to defend their point of view and the ability to consider and appreciate the experience and perspective of others.
Should assistant teachers receive a grade for their contribution to a grading conference? What psychological advantages and disadvantages can you imagine?
The participants should be told that the underlined passages are criteria for citizenship education (see Instructors' guide), which should provoke some curiosity to see the whole list of criteria for citizenship education, especially after the citizenship education phase. If nobody asks for the list the instructor can discuss with the group why nobody asked.
Important observations that can be made here are that grading the work of assistant teachers provides motivation for dispute, which can be used to train valuable social skills. The motivation received from a further grade for the assistant teacher office may not be a very strong motivation for all assistant teachers but for some assistant teachers it may provide a valuable degree of additional motivation. In general the assistant teacher office itself should be a source of motivation but is this source of motivation possibly damaged if the well-known motivation through grades is attached to it? Is it, on the other hand, a valuable motivation if an assistant teacher can lose assistant teacher status through bad grades?
Should a later group of assistant teachers reject the contradicting motivations they can either attempt to abandon grading for assistant teachers or form a committee on appeals to encourage challenging decisions seen as unfair. In either case the procedure provides motivation to do something sensible, which means the initial group of assistant teachers should decide on grading the work of assistant teachers.
# Assistant teacher program/Biography work
## Biography work

| Activity: | group work |
| Group size: | unlimited |
| Preparation: | handouts |
| Instructors: | special requirements |
| Duration: | ? |
Biography work is a module that can be associated with training as a healthcare assistant or can be used independently.
# Calculus/Limits/Exercises

* $\lim _{x\to \infty }\left[\cos {\left({\frac {1}{x}}\right)}\right]^{x^{3}\log {(1+{{1} \over {x}})}}$
* $\lim _{x\to \infty }{\frac {1}{x}}$ in $\mathbb {R} ^{+}$
    Answer: 0.
    Answer: $\alpha$
    Answer: 0
    Answer: $-\infty$
* $\lim _{x\to \infty }{\frac {{\sqrt[{x}]{x+\sin {x}}}\left(2+\sin {x}\right)^{x}}{x!}}$
* $\lim _{x\to \infty }{\frac {{\sqrt {x^{3}+x}}-x{\sqrt {x}}}{x+6\sin {x}}}$
# Calculus/Calculus I
## Content

* Chapter 1 - Functions (mathematics)
* Chapter 2 - Functions (mathematics)/Graphs
* Chapter 3 - Functions (mathematics)/Limit
* Chapter 4 - Functions (mathematics)/Gradient of a function
* Chapter 5 - Functions (mathematics)/Differentiation of a function
* Chapter 6 - Functions (mathematics)/Integration of a function
# Calculus/OffsiteCourses

Lamar
* Calculus I
* Calculus II
MIT
* Single Variable calculus, Fall 2006, Prof. David Jerison(Video Lectures)
* Single Variable calculus, Fall 2005, Prof. Jason Starr
* Calculus II
# Calculus/Quick Reference

This quick reference lists formulas often used in solving calculus problems.

## Differentiation

Wikipedia includes a useful summary of differentiation rules. These include rules for computing the derivatives of the sum, product, and other combinations of functions.

### Rules for basic functions

Here are the rules for the derivatives of the most common basic functions, where a is a real number.
* Derivatives of powers:
    ${\frac {d}{dx}}x^{a}=ax^{a-1}.$
* Exponential and logarithmic functions:
    ${\frac {d}{dx}}e^{x}=e^{x}.$
    ${\frac {d}{dx}}a^{x}=a^{x}\ln(a),\qquad a>0$
    ${\frac {d}{dx}}\ln(x)={\frac {1}{x}},\qquad x>0.$
    ${\frac {d}{dx}}\log _{a}(x)={\frac {1}{x\ln(a)}},\qquad x,a>0$
* Trigonometric functions:
    ${\frac {d}{dx}}\sin(x)=\cos(x).$
    ${\frac {d}{dx}}\cos(x)=-\sin(x).$
    ${\frac {d}{dx}}\tan(x)=\sec ^{2}(x)={\frac {1}{\cos ^{2}(x)}}=1+\tan ^{2}(x).$
* Inverse trigonometric functions:
    ${\frac {d}{dx}}\arcsin(x)={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}},\qquad -1<x<1.$
    ${\frac {d}{dx}}\arccos(x)=-{\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}},\qquad -1<x<1.$
    ${\frac {d}{dx}}\arctan(x)={\frac {1}{1+x^{2}}}$
# English-Chinese/The Hawaii state of the US is the islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean

The Hawaii state of the US is the islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.
美国的夏威夷州是太平洋中部的群岛。
# English-Chinese/The 90° angle is called a right angle

The 90° angle is called a right angle.
90°角 称为 直角。
# English-Chinese/The Chinese Mainland, is the part of China not including the Republic of China controlling Taiwan, Kinmen, Matsu, and the Pescadores

The Chinese Mainland, is the part of China not including the Republic of China controlling Taiwan, Kinmen, Matsu, and the Pescadores. The term also excludes Hong Kong and Macau.
中国大陆是中国的一部分，不包括控制台湾，金门，马祖和澎湖的中华民国。 该术语也不包括香港和澳门。
# English-Chinese/The DASH diet (high in nuts, fish, fruits and vegetables, and low in sweets, red meat and fat) has been shown to reduce blood pressure, lower total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol and improve metabolic syndrome

The DASH diet (high in nuts, fish, fruits and vegetables, and low in sweets, red meat and fat) has been shown to reduce blood pressure, lower total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol and improve metabolic syndrome. A high fiber diet appears to lower the risk.
DASH饮食（坚果，鱼，水果和蔬菜含量高，甜食，红肉和脂肪含量低）已被证明可降低血压，降低总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇并改善代谢综合征。 高纤维饮食似乎可以降低风险。
# English-Chinese/Thailand

Thailand is a country in Southeast Asia. Its neighbours are Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, and Myanmar. The capital city is Bangkok. Thailand is the only country in Southeast Asia that was not ruled by Western countries as it served as a buffer zone between English and French colonies.
泰国是东南亚的一个国家。它的邻国是老挝，柬埔寨，马来西亚和缅甸。首都是曼谷。泰国是东南亚唯一一个不受西方国家统治的国家，因为它是英国和法国殖民地之间的缓冲区。
# English-Chinese/The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major oceans

The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major oceans.
北冰洋 是 世界 五大洋中 最小 和 最浅的。
# English-Chinese/That bee is flying to the flower

That bee is flying to the flower.
那只 蜜蜂 飞向 花朵。
# English-Chinese/That machine gun is an automatic

That machine gun is an automatic.
那机枪是自动的。
# English-Chinese/That tastes bitter

That tastes bitter.
这味道很苦。
# English-Chinese/The European Union has imposed strict regulations on the import from Brazil of Brazil nuts in their shells, as the shells have been found to contain high levels of aflatoxins, which can lead to liver cancer

The European Union has imposed strict regulations on the import from Brazil of Brazil nuts in their shells, as the shells have been found to contain high levels of aflatoxins, which can lead to liver cancer.
欧盟已经对从巴西进口巴西坚果的外壳实施了严格的规定，因为已经发现外壳含有高水平的黄曲霉毒素，这可能导致肝癌。