OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Craters by radiation/Quiz

Crater astronomy is a lecture included as a quiz-section minilecture in the radiation astronomy course on the principles of radiation astronomy.
You are free to take this quiz based on crater astronomy at any time.
To improve your scores, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{principles of radiation astronomy}} template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.
As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.
Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.
To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* Craters may have an equal probability of having a meteorite origin or an electric current arc origin.
# Cow eye dissection
## Introduction

In grade 8 science the students dissect an eye. This wiki will be created by students from Magee Secondary school with the help of their science teacher, Mr. Rozitis.
What do the human eye and cow eye have in common? There are many similarities and a few differences. Examining the cow eye can help students understand how their own eyes work.

## Safety Issues

* The cow eye is raw meat. Make sure you wash your hands and all utensils after completing the dissection to ensure that all bacteria has been washed off.
* Keep your hands away from your mouth and eyes when handling the cows eye.
* Ensure you discard of all the cow eye parts as instructed by your teacher.
* Be careful of the sharp objects the can cut you or one of the other students.
* Be mindful and respectful of other students and the task at hand.
CAUTION: If you get grossed out easily do NOT do this.

## Materials

* preserved cow eye
* dissecting tray
* paper towels
* sharp scissors with a point
* prod
* protective gloves

## Procedures

Part 1 The Outside of the Eye
* Put on your gloves. Examine the outside of the cow eye. Notice that it is covered in a layer of fat and muscle. The fat is a white-yellow tissue and the muscle is the brownish tissue. It may be beneficial to remove some of the fat and/or muscle, as it may be helpful for observation of the Sclera.
Part 2 The Inside of the Eye
* Use the prod to poke a hole in the eye halfway between the cornea and the optic nerve.
* Separate the two parts

## Questions

* List four differences between the anatomy of the cow eye and a human eye.
* Is the image that is cast on the retina at the back of the eye upright or inverted? Draw a ray diagram to explain your observations.
# GMAT Test Help/GMAT Sentence Correction Quizzes/Quiz 8

GMAT Sentence Correction Quizzes --Vipulpratap 02:58, 6 June 2008 (UTC)
# GNS3

GNS3 is a software emulator for networks that allows the combination of virtual and real devices to simulate complex networks. It is based on a combination of Dynamips emulation software to host Cisco IOS images and Virtual PC Simulator to simulate network hosts. It also integrates with QEMU and VirtualBox virtual machines.

## Lessons

* Cisco Networking/CCENT/Lab Setup
* Web Science/Part1: Foundations of the web/Ethernet/Summary, further reading, homework/script

## See Also

* Wikipedia: GNS3
# GNU Image Manipulation Program

GIMP is an image manipulation package managed by gimp.org and available for Linux, Windows, and Mac OS X. GIMP is "free" in the GNU sense of the word; the user is free to use, copy, study, modify or redistribute GIMP as Free software.
Books for this lesson

## Installing GIMP

Add notes for installing GIMP on your operating system below.

### Linux

GIMP is included as the standard image editor on most general purpose Linux distributions, including Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, Mandriva, and SUSE, etc..

### Installing GIMP for Windows

Visit the GIMP for Windows Current Stable download page.
You basically download 2 packages:
* The GIMP installer
* The help package in your language (optional)
Run the installers. If you have problems leave a message on the talk page.

### Macintosh

To run the GIMP on the Macintosh in OSX prior to 10.5 (Leopard), you need to do two things, first install X11 then install GIMP. OSX 10.5 comes with X11 bundled.
GIMP uses the X Windows System, which is a an open source way to support a graphical user interface. If you have OSX 10.4 (Tiger), X11 installs very easily from the OSX 10.4 install disk (Apple's webpage for X11). Insert your OSX 10.4 install disc #1 and scroll down to find the "Optional Installs". Double click on the Optional Installs package. Go through a series of dialog windows until you reach a window where you can select the type of software you want to install. X11 is in the "applications" folder. Click the check box next to X11 in order to install X11. Click the install button.
Suggestions.
* Before you install X11, take the time to backup your hard drive.
* Before you install X11, take the time to repair your hard drive using disc utility.
* After you install X11 from the software install disk, run Software Update and get the latest version of X11 from Apple.
Install GIMP A simple way to install GIMP is to use Gimp.app. Download Gimp-2.2.11.dmg (Universal) and double click on the disc image to start the installation.
There is also a growing MacGIMP community project at www.wilber-loves-apple.org. Also with more recent builds for OSX 10.4/10.5 users.
Warning The GIMP organization also has instuctions for downloading the source code for GIMP. This is NOT what you want or need. Be sure to access the SourceForge version (called "GIMP.app") as mentioned above.

#### Downloading "GIMP.app"

I downloaded the file using FoxFire and dTaOneClick. This plug in for FoxFire allows you to stop and start the download which took me about 8 hours at 31K baud.

## Learning resources

* Getting started
* Gimp Introduction for Beginners (Youtube) by Chris Navarre
* Gimp Tutorials (Youtube) by TJ FREE

## Using Gimp

* GIF Animation
* Image maps

## To do list

* Make an article on how to use every specific tool.
# GMAT Test Help/GMAT Sentence Correction Quizzes/Quiz 7

GMAT Sentence Correction Quizzes/Quiz 8
--Vipulpratap 03:07, 6 June 2008 (UTC)
# GMAT Test Help/GMAT Sentence Correction Quizzes/Quiz 6

GMAT Sentence Correction Quizzes/Quiz 7 --Vipulpratap 03:06, 6 June 2008 (UTC)
# GNU Octave

GNU Octave is a free-as-in-freedom mathematical software package and a programming language, with considerable compatibility with MATLAB, a proprietary package. This page complements Wikipedia and Wikibooks. It should help readers who want to learn GNU Octave rather than just read about it. For a start, the page collects links to learning materials outside of Wikiversity.

## Getting started

To get started, one can use octave-online.net, avoiding the need to install Octave. Using that environment, one can peruse Using Octave from octave.org, try the examples and modify them. One can then move to the Octave Programming Tutorial in Wikibooks and solve the exercises that it has.
A quick glance, to be expanded:
* sin(3)
** Evaluates an expression and outputs the result.
* x = 0:0.1:7; plot (x, sin (x));
** Plots sine function on the given range, with the given step of 0.1.
* plot(x, sin(x), x, cos(x))
** Building on the above, plots multiple functions.
* m = [1, 1, 2; 3, 5, 8; 13, 21, 34]
** Creates a matrix.
Links:
* Try Octave online, octave-online.net

## Compatibility with MATLAB

As per octave.org, "The Octave syntax is largely compatible with Matlab." Moreover, differences between Octave and MATLAB are usually considered to be bugs.
Links:
* GNU Octave#MATLAB compatibility, wikipedia.org
# Federal Writers' Project – Life Histories/2017/Fall/Section 26/John Abner
### John H. Abner

Born in 1876, John, an African American man, farmed from a young age and worked his whole life in farming. He has been married 3 times and has 15 children, counting those who have passed. Six with his first wife, Maggie Sellars and Nine with his second wife Annie Liza; he had no children with his third wife. He says the reason he had so many children is because he needed help on the farm, and as he bought more land, the more children he needed. John always played it safe and never over reached his bounds, and this is why he thinks he succeeded after the tobacco crash beginning in 1930.

## Family

John had 15 children in his lifetime from two women, both who died. His first wife, Maggie Sellars, had six children with John before passing. His second wife, Annie Liza Lee, had his last nine before she also passed. After Annie, John married a third woman, _________.
# Eigenvalues/Endomorphism/Matrix/Fact

Let $\varphi \colon V\rightarrow V$ be an endomorphism on the finite-dimensional $K$-vector space $V$, and let ${\mathfrak {u}}=u_{1},\ldots ,u_{n}$ denote a basis of $V$. Let $M=M_{\mathfrak {u}}^{\mathfrak {u}}$ be the describing matrix of $\varphi$ with respect to the basis.
$v\in V$ is an eigenvector of $\varphi$ for the eigenvalue $a$ if and only if the coordinate tuple
$v$
$M$
$a$
# Eigentheory/R/One-dimensional/Elementary/Example

A linear mapping from $\mathbb {R}$ to $\mathbb {R}$ is the multiplication with a fixed number $a\in \mathbb {R}$ (the proportionality factor). Therefore, every number $v\neq 0$ is an eigenvector for the eigenvalue $a$, and the eigenspace for this eigenvalue is the whole $\mathbb {R}$. Beside $a$, there are no other eigenvalues, and all eigenspaces for $\lambda \neq a$ are $0$.
# Eigenspace/Given value/Determine/1/Exercise

Determine the eigenspace and the geometric multiplicity for $-2$ of the matrix
    ${\begin{pmatrix}2&1&3\\5&0&7\\9&3&8\end{pmatrix}}.$
# Eigentheory/R^2/Elementary/Example

A linear mapping from $\mathbb {R} ^{2}$ to $\mathbb {R} ^{2}$ is described by a $2\times 2$-matrix with respect to the standard basis. We consider the eigenvalues for some elementary examples. A homothety is given as $v\mapsto av$, with a scaling factor $a\in \mathbb {R}$. Every vector $v\neq 0$ is an eigenvector for the eigenvalue $a$, and the eigenspace for this eigenvalue is the whole $\mathbb {R} ^{2}$. Beside $a$, there are no other eigenvalues, and all eigenspaces for $\lambda \neq a$ are $0$. The identity only has the eigenvalue $1$.
The reflection at the $x$-axis is described by the matrix ${\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\end{pmatrix}}$. The eigenspace for the eigenvalue $1$ is the $x$-axis, the eigenspace for the eigenvalue $-1$ is the $y$-axis. A vector $(s,t)$ with $s,t\neq 0$ is not an eigenvector, since the equation
    $(s,-t)=\lambda (s,t)\,$
does not have a solution.
A plane rotation is described by a rotation matrix ${\begin{pmatrix}\operatorname {cos} \,\alpha &-\operatorname {sin} \,\alpha \\\operatorname {sin} \,\alpha &\operatorname {cos} \,\alpha \end{pmatrix}}$ for the rotation angle $\alpha$, $0\leq \alpha <2\pi$ For $\alpha =0$, this is the identity, for $\alpha =\pi$, this is a half rotation, which is the reflection at the origin or the homothety with factor $-1$. For all other rotation angles, there is no line sent to itself, so that these rotations have no eigenvalue and no eigenvector (and all eigenspaces are $0$).
# Egyptology/Literature
## The Admonitions of Ipuwer

The Admonitions of Ipuwer is a poem preserved on the recto of a single papyrus (Papyrus Leiden I 344) which belongs to the collection of the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden (National Museum of Antiquities of Leidien) (Enmarch 2005: 1). Despite the fact that the papyrus is from the New Kingdom, the poem preserved on it is supposed to be from the Middle Kingdom (Parkinson 1991: 60).
The papyrus is in appalling conditions. The beginning and its end are completely lost (Faulkner 1973: 210), however we can understand the story. A man, called Ipuwer, appeared in the court of an unnamed pharaoh and described the chaotic state of Egypt which could probably refer to the memory of the events that had occurred in the First Intermediate Period. The order is upset by a social revolution, the rich become poor and the poor rich, foreign people invade Egypt from the delta, nomes are destroyed and wasted and social anarchy is spreading all over the land, while cultural values are broken under the indifferent gaze of society.
The first full comprehensive publication of this text was made by the Egyptologist Sir Alan Gardiner (1909) in the early twentieth century. He was also the first scholar who translated and traduced the papyrus from hieratic to English.
Gardiner (1909) interpreted the events of social chaos and anarchy which appear in this literary text of the Middle Kingdom as a reflection of a concrete historical situation which had happened in the First Intermediate Period according to the similarities that it has with the historical background of that period.
A series of publications contain the full or partial translation of the Admonitions along with comments and some notes. These works contain the required references for those who wish to investigate it such as the current location of the manuscript which contains the text, its date of composition, its current state of conservation, the story and a brief historical background of the subject. Among these publications we can find: A. Erman (1927: 92-108); R. Faulkner (1964: 24-36; 1973: 210-229); M. Lichtheim (1973: 149-163); J. M. Serrano Delgado (1993: 80-84); R. Parkinson (1991: 60-61 y 121-122; 1998: 166-199; 2002: 204-216); W. Helck (1995); S. Quirke (2004: 140-150) y R. Enmarch (2005; 2008).
In conclusion, the importance of studying this text lies in the messages that it contains, which allows us to think about how the ancient Egyptian social structure was conceived in cultural imagination.
# Egyptology/Resources

* This resource is part of the History of Europe to 1648 course

### Time Estimation

Time estimation for the completion of the required material in this section.
* Lecture = 30 min.
* Required Reading & Review Questions = 40-50 min.
* Test Yourself Questions = 30-40 min.

### Lecture

Coming Soon
Outline
* The Old Kingdom (2700-2134 B.C.)
* The Middle Kingdon (2134-1640 B.C.)
* The New Kingdom (1640-1070 B.C.)
* Egypt in Decline (1070-525 B.C.)
* Society and Economy
* Language, Script, Writing and Literature
* The Egyptian Religion
* The Sciences in Ancient Egypt
* Art and Architecture

### Required Reading

* Ancient Egypt. Read the whole text.
* From the Egyptian pantheon essay read the first part only.

### Review Questions

* Outline the poltical situation during the Old Kingdom.
* What was life like in the New Kingdom period.
* Describe the administrative structure.
* Describe the social structure.
* Describe agriculture.
* What were the hyreroglyphics?
* Who were Osiris, Isis, Horus, and Ra
* What is mummification?

### Additional Information

* Pharaoh Khufu/Cheops
* Pharaoh Tutankhamun
* Pharaoh Ramesses II
* Ancient Egyptian religion
* Ancient Egyptian medicine
* Giza pyramid complex
# Federal Writers' Project – Life Histories/2020/Fall/105i/Section 026

Leslie Frost
This project is associated with English 105i.026 at the University of North Carolina.

## Project

Students in the course have studied the Federal Writers' Project Papers at UNC's Wilson Library. Each student has chosen an individual to research and record on our class website.

## Life Histories

Special:Prefixindex/Federal Writers' Project – Life Histories/2020/Fall/105i/Section 026/
Use the following to create a new life history subpage:
# Federal Writers' Project – Life Histories/2020/Fall/105/Section 61

This project is associated with English 105i.050 at the University of North Carolina.

## Project

Students in the course have studied the Federal Writers' Project Papers at UNC's Wilson Library. Each student has chosen an individual to research and record on our class website.
# Federal Writers' Project – Life Histories/2020/Fall/105/Section 068

This project is associated with English 105.068 at the University of North Carolina.

## Project

Students in the course have studied the Federal Writers' Project Papers at UNC's Wilson Library. Each student has chosen an individual to research and record on our class website.
Life Histories
Special:Prefixindex/Federal Writers' Project – Life Histories/2020/Fall/105/Section 068/
# Federal Writers' Project – Life Histories/2023/Fall/Section18/Why So Many Greek Restaurants?

Why so many Greek restaurants?
# Federal Writers' Project – Life Histories/2023/Fall/Section20
## Project

Students in the course have studied the Federal Writers' Project Papers at UNC's Wilson Library. Each student has chosen an individual to research and record on our class website.

## Life Histories

Special:Prefixindex/Federal Writers' Project – Life Histories/2023/Fall/Section20/
Use the following to create a new life history subpage:
# Digital signal processor

Digital Signal Processors (DSP) are electronics component that converts Analog/Digital signal to IP packets and vice versa. These reside on phones that does the conversion. They also reside on Voice gateways. Voice Gateways are routers on which PSTN/service provider lines are terminated. These lines are often analog (if it is CO line) or Digital (if it is T1/E1). The gateway will also have an ethernet interface. The DSPs will convert the PSTN signaling and protocol stack to IP signaling and protocol stack. They also aid in call conferencing, transcoding and compressing voice packets.
For more information to DSPs please visit DSP tutorial
# Digital technology projects

Digital_technology_projects/academic_disciplines_relativity_S:BJ
# Digital signal processing
## Course Checklist

| Lesson Name | Description |
| 01: Overview of DSP | An introductory explanation of what DSP is, why we use it, and what you can do with it |
| 02: Sampling and Quantization | A comparative look at analog and digital signals in the real world |
| 03: Math | Math. |

## Resources
### Books

* Understanding Digital Signal Processing, 2nd edition, Richard G. Lyons, 2004. Free online edition available.
* The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing By Steven W. Smith, Ph.D. Free online version and downloadable PDF chapters.
* Signal Processing for Communications, Paolo Prandoni and Martin Vetterli. Free online edition and PDF.
Two books by Martin Vetterli (EPFL), Jelena Kovacevic (CMU), Vivek K Goyal (MIT). Free PDFs:
* Foundations of Signal Processing,
* Fourier and Wavelet Signal Processing
A collection of DSP books by Julius O. Smith III, Stanford University:
* Mathematics of Discrete Fourier Transform
* Introduction to Digital Filters
* Physical Audio Signal Processing: for Virtual Musical Instruments and Digital Audio Effects
* Spectral Audio Signal Processing
The Theory and Technique of Electronic Music by Miller Puckette, creator of Pure-Data and Max.

### Courses

* Coursera: Intro to DSP (four parts), Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Switzerland.
* Digital Signal Processing, MIT, 1987. Archived course. Video lectures, PDF slides, solutions to exercises.
# Dignity/You are worthy simply because you exist
## You are worthy simply because you exist

These words, from the poem Desiderata help to make the point:
Consider each of the natural, living organisms show below:
| "Amber Flush" rose | Snow Leopard | Child playing | You |
| Beautiful, Fascinating, Worthy | Beautiful, Fascinating, Worthy | Beautiful, Fascinating, Worthy | Beautiful, Fascinating, Worthy |
Which of these is the most beautiful?, Fascinating?, Precious?, Worthy? Why?
Welcome, accept, and enjoy the dignity of yourself.
Contemplate the essence of your being.
Enjoy this Faces of Dignity photo gallery.
# EuroLex/F/Belle époque

* Original language: French
* Original form and meaning: belle époque - 1. an era of artistic and cultural refinement in a society, especially in France at the beginning of the 20th century (late 19th century until World War I)
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| English | belle époque | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| French | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Belle Époque | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Hungarian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | Belle Epoque | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Polish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Swedish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
# EuroLex/F/Bouillon

* Original language: French
* Original form and meaning: bouillon - 1. soup (broth, beef tea (BrE))
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | bouillon | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | bouillon | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| English | bouillon | 1656 | 'meaning 1' | '...' | http://www.etymonline.com/ |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| French | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Bouillon | ... | 'meaning 1; and also (in microbiology): culture medium for microorganisms and tissue cultures' | '...' | ... |
| Hungarian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Polish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Swedish | buljong | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |

### Annotations

Etymology: from French bouillir "to boil", from OFr boillir
Source: http://www.etymonline.com/

### Information on Other Languages

Italian: brodo
Portuguese: caldo de carne
Spanish: caldo, consomé