OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Financial and Legal Costs/Insurance Premiums

| Unit 4.8-Financial and Legal Costs | Introduction | Bank Charges | Insurance Premiums | Export Credit Insurance | Legal Fees | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 4.1 | Unit 4.2 | Unit 4.3 | Unit 4.4 | Unit 4.5 | Unit 4.6 | Unit 4.7 | Unit 4.8 | Unit 4.9 Return to Trade Finance Module 4: Payment Methods |

## Insurance Premiums

In general terms, insurance is a transfer of risk from one party to another (an insured to a carrier) for a consideration referred to as a premium. A credit insurance policy specifically insures the extension of credit from one company to another by guaranteeing, according to the terms and conditions of the policy, that a seller will be paid either by a buyer or an insurance company.

### Coverage

Policies can be tailored to meet specific needs. A general coverage policy can cover shipments to buyers through various combinations of coverage:
* blanket limits on all customers
* coverage on specific customers for specific amounts
* protection for larger accounts only where these customers represent a significant concentration of risk
* for businesses with large numbers of small balance accounts
Preset limits are structured around the credit rating of the Governing Mercantile Agency named in the policy (usually the credit rating agency used in the credit department or industry). This method demonstrates the flexibility of contemporary insurance policies by associating a table of ratings from the "governing agency" with predetermined limits of exposure. These agencies are either non-industry specific such as Dun & Bradstreet or industry specific such as Lyon's Furniture, Lumberman's Credit Association or Jewelers Board of Trade.

### Costs of Insurance

Insurance costs depend on many factors: policy structure, creditworthiness of the risks involved, and the amount of retention of risk assumed by the insured. Typically a policy of domestic credit insurance would range between 1/10% of sales to 4/10% of sales. Additional considerations include the degree of risk (or quality of the customers and countries); historical loss experience in the organization; current credit extension and collection operating procedures; level of experience or expertise (as evaluated by the insurer); and the concentration or distribution of risk throughout the customer base. However, as with any insurance product, the quality of what is being insured will have a bearing on the cost of the insurance. Thus the insurance supplier should be viewed as a partner in the credit management objective. Consequently, the better job the company is doing, the more economical the insurance is in protecting the company against a catastrophic loss.
# Free lance scholar/Financial
## Examples

Add your own section to let others in on your plans.

### My academic budget

This gives you some idea of what it costs to be a free lance scholar
One month US$1000/month
which gives you $300/month travel to Boston/NYC. $300/month for one week hotels. and then $400/month for books and other expenses.
It is possible given the current internet culture to be a free lance scholar on much less, provided you have web access and/or live near a library or possibly a book store with a free read policy. Or to paraphrase the movie Good Will Hunting Your entire education can boil down to overdue library charges and internet fees, if you are exceptionally motivated and able to digest the information. Of course you will not recieve the recognition for your work unless you are able to access the culture of peer review, and understand the basic conventions of said culture. Access to the culture is becoming easier thanks again to the internet.
Roadrunner 06:52, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

### Quintessential skill set

I have little or no access to funds. I have worked for so long without money, it has become second-nature for me to deal with performance and operational matters without currency. The products and services I offer need only attention for prospective collaborators. The trick is to reduce expenses and gather resources directly from nature's surpluses. I could use a welding machine. I made a loom by hand and used it to weave a guitar strap. I'm working on a plan to build a bio-dome over a 40 ft deep well and a solar-powered pump made from a unique donut design from the public domain. I can train animals. I play a mean guitar and a big piano. I need some help with bandwidth, but other than that, the life I want is coming together. Wikiversity is a big help.
CQ 20:28, 7 September 2009 (UTC)
# Free online peer reviewed journals
## General directories

* Directory of Open Access Journals
* Free Medical Journals
* Highwire Press freely available journals - many journals not completely free, but it tells you when the free access for articles starts for each journal
* Education-line

## Specific journals
### Multitopic

* arXiv - Electronic preprint archive for Physics, Mathematics, Computer Science and Quantitative Biology, orginial public domain science database started in 1991
* Philica - Instant academic publishing with transparent peer-review for articles on any subject

### Agriculture and fisheries

* Agronomy Journal - all except 2006 issues freely available
* Crop Science Journal - all except 2006 issues freely available
* Soil Science of America Journal - all except 2006 issues freely available
* Acta agriculturae Slovenica - all issues available. Seems two-thirds of content is in Slovenian, the other third in English.
* Vadose Zone Journal - all except 2006 issues freely available
* Agraarteadus - Journal of Agricultural Science - all issues available - all content in both Estonian and English.
* Journal of Environmental Quality - all except 2006 issues freely available
* Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education - all issues including and before 2004 freely available (see 'archived issues')
* Agricultura Técnica - all issues available - all articles in Spanish, all abstracts also available in English. Some articles are in English as well as Spanish.
* Agricultural Engineering International - all issues available
* Agrociencia - all issues available - from 2000 onwards all articles are in both Spanish and English. Before 2000 I don't see any English articles, though I might be wrong.
* Agronomy Research - all issues available - Estonian journal all in English.
* Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine - all issues seemingly available
* Applied Ecology and Environmental Research - all issues available
* Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment - all issues available, only some in English (mostly in French)

### Computer science

* INFOCOMP Journal of Computer Science
* Journal of Object Technology
* Journal of Computing

### Earth science

* Oil Shale - all issues since 1990 available

### Education

* Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice (open access, but restricted copyright)

### Mathematics

* Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society

### Medicine

* WikiJournal of Medicine

### Internet and technology

* First Monday
* Computers and composition digital press

### Psychology

* Psychology/Journals

### Qualitative research

* Forum:Qualitative Social Research (in English and German)
# Freedom of Information/Exemptions

Freedom of information laws generally start out with a class of documents (e.g. all official documents of government agencies) and then allows exemptions from this class. This page sets out the exemptions and refers to the implementation of those exemptions in various jurisdictions.

## Comparison across jurisdictions

Where the table below refers to a legislative provision without specifying an Act, presume it refers to that jurisdiction's FOI Act or equivalent.
| Exemption | Australia (Commonwealth) FOI Act 1982 (Cth) | United States 5 USC 552(b) |
| Documents already publicly available | s 12 | |
| Museum artefacts &c | s 13 |
| National security | s 33 | (1) |
| Cabinet documents | s 34 |
| Law enforcement & public safety | s 37 | (7) |
| Otherwise statutorily secret | s 38 | (3) |
| Legal professional privilege | s 42 | (5) |
| Confidential information (as in legal liability for breach of confidence) | s 45 | |
| Contempt of Parliament or of a court | s 46 |
| Trade secrets and commercially-valuable information | s 47 | (4) |
| Foreign/federal relations | ss 33(a)(iii), (b), 47B |
| Deliberative processes/working papers | s 47C | (5) |
| Adverse affect on government finances | s 47D |
| Adverse effect on government operations | s 47E |
| Personal information | s 47F | (6) |
| Business information | s 47G |
| Research (scientific &c) | s 47H |
| Adverse effect on the economy | s 47J |
| Parliamentary Budget Office documents | s 45A |
| Electoral rolls | s 47A |
| Information about wells | N/A | (9) |

## What public interests are protected by each exemption?
### Museum artefacts &c

This exemption was intended 'to ensure that private collections of papers deposited with these institutions are not available' (EM, FOI Bill 1978, 7 [27]).
But note that an agency cannot avoid the FOI Act by depositing its papers with a museum/Archives/etc: EM, FOI Bill 1978, 7 [29]

### Deliberative processes/working papers

'[The exemption] is based on the view, as expressed the United States Supreme Court, that the frank discussion of legal and policy matters in writing might be inhibited if the discussion were made public and 'that human experience teaches that those who expect public dissemination of their remarks may well temper candour with a concern of appearance ..... to the detriment of the decision-making processes'.': EM, FOI Bill 1978, 20 [100]
'[A]mongst the wide class of [internal working papers], there will be many documents that can be made public without harm to the public interest, whether because they are documents of a routine or predominantly factual character or because the information contained in them has already been made public.': EM, FOI Bill 1978, 21 [103].
# Freedom of Information

The types of documents which may be sought under freedom of information laws are infinite. This section links to pages which discuss some of the more common or notable types or classes of documents.
* Personal Files
* Current Issues
* Official diaries
* Financial information
* Exemptions

## Specific jurisdictions

* Australian Law/Freedom of Information
* United Kingdom Law/Freedom of Information

## Other issues in freedom of information

* Charges for access
# Freedom of Information/Charges for access

This page provides a cross-jurisdictional comparison of how applicants may be charged for, or contribute financially to the cost of, access to documents under freedom of information legislation.
| Jurisdiction | Basis for charges | Major exceptions | Further information |
| Australia (Commonwealth) | Schedule of cost per hour for specified activities such as 'search and retrieval' and 'decision-making', regardless of actual cost | Financial hardship disclosure would be in the public interest | |
| United States of America | Cost per hour of time spent by agency, with each agency setting its own schedule of fees (check this) | Requests not made for commercial purposes are given various discounts or exemptions, especially educational institutions, scientific institutions and the media | ? |
| United Kingdom | Actual costs incurred in reproducing and delivering the information, such as photocopying and postage, but not staff or contractor time | ? | FOI Act 2000, s 9 and Freedom of Information and Data Protection (Appropriate Limit and Fees) Regulations 2004, reg 6(2) |
# Free license music

Welcome to the Wikiversity learning project for Free license music. This is where Wikiversity participants can learn about sources of music that is licensed under a free license.

## Resources

* Jamendo
* Students of musicology may find the International Sheet Music Library Project to be a helpful source of public domain, and donated scores.
* The Werner-Icking Music Archive also has a large library of scores available for download.
# Free machining

Free machining is a manufacturing process utilizing steel, which has specially been designed to increase the machinability of a material during machining.

## What is machinability?

Machinability is a property of a material that is usually defined by four factors. These factors include (1) surface finish and integrity of the machined part, (2) obtained tool life or tool wear, (3) the magnitude of force and power required, and (4) ease of chip (excess material) production. Commonly this is achieved by alloying the material with sulfur or lead.

## Leaded steels

Free machining steels are commonly produced by adding lead to molten steel in order to serve as a solid lubricant during the machining process. The process of free machining increases the machinability of the steels and consequently reduces the costs incurred by steel producers. The lubricating effect of lead is due to the lead particles shearing (breaking) off and building up on the chip-tool interface (contact point). As the tool machines the steel, the built up lead flows under the tool and along the leaded steel. Since lead has a low shear stress, it reduces the friction between the tool and the metal. As a result, the tool slides along the lead particles more efficiently. It is believed that the magnitudes of forces and power required to machine the steel is further reduced by the presence of lead in steel. This occurs due to the lead reducing the shear stress in the primary shear zone (focused area of machining). Leaded steels are are still the major type of free machining steels used today, inspite of lead's toxicity. Attempts to substitute other non-toxic metals with similar properties, such as bismuth and tin, have to-date met with only limited success in the steel industry.

## Resulfurized and rephosphorized steels

Adding sulfur to steels results in raised stresses within the primary shear zone of the steel. During machining, the chips that are produced are small and easily break up, increasing tool life and also increasing the ease of chip production. From this, the machinability of the material increases in the same manner as leaded steels; the cutting force and power required to complete the process are reduced.
# Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Banner

* Motivation and emotion:
* Understanding and improving our motivational and emotional lives using psychological science (2020)
# Ivan Illich: Deschooling Society/Learning Webs

Notes for Chapter 6.

## An Objection: Who Can Be Served by Bridges to Nowhere?

* "Only hindsight will allow us to discover if the Great Cultural Revolution will turn out to have been the first successful attempt at deschooling the institutions of society". See also: Socialist Education Movement.
Question: Do we have to invent a conspiracy theory to account for the way schools function (and dis-function) or is it possible that schools are the natural result of unavoidable limitations arising from brick-and-mortar schooling for all?

## General Characteristics of New Formal Educational Institutions

* "A good educational system should have three purposes: it should provide all who want to learn with access to available resources at any time in their lives; empower all who want to share what they know to find those who want to learn it from them; and, finally, furnish all who want to present an issue to the public with the opportunity to make their challenge known....It should use modern technology to make free speech, free assembly, and a free press truly universal and, therefore, fully educational......Technology is available to develop either independence and learning or bureaucracy and teaching."
Question: Rather than looking for some kind of social revolution that would transform schooling, is it possible that new technology must come first? Can information technology change the function of bricks-and-mortar schools in a revolutionary way?

## Four Networks

Can a community like Wikiversity provide elements of these "four networks"?
* "Educational Objects....made available to students" - Open Educational Resources
* "permit persons to list their skills" and "the conditions under which they are willing to serve as models for others who want to learn these skills" - Wikiversity:Userboxes
* "a communications network which permits persons to describe the learning activity in which they wish to engage, in the hope of finding a partner for the inquiry" - Portal:Reading groups
* "Reference Services to Educators-at-Large" - participant lists
# Ivan Illich: Deschooling Society/Ritualization of Progress

Illich sets out to "demythologize" school by addressing a series of myths about school.

### The myth of institutionalized values

Illich claims that school produces a false need in the very young and that once we have accepted the myth that we need school we are then "... easy prey for other institutions." He suggests that schooling transfers responsibility from the self to the institution and that this leads us to an unquestioned reliance on the institutions of society, which we could infer Illich distrusts.

### The myth of measurement of values

"In a schooled world the road to happiness is paved with a consumer's index."
In this section Illich claims that "personal growth is not a measurable entity" but that school tries to make it so by breaking up learning into subjects and prefabricated curriculums. This has the result of making people unaware of the advantages and benefits of "unmeasured experience", which because it is unmeasurable becomes threatening. Once people are 'schooled' into believing in the power of measurements they will accept all kinds of rankings, scales and indexes.

### The myth of packaging values

A critique of curriculum production that likens it to an assembly line with the "distributor-teacher" who Illich suggests delivers the product to the "consumer-pupil". Illichs metaphor suggests that curriculum is the product that is marketed to a wide audience to justify the cost of its production. Mentions Parkinson's Law.

### The myth of self-perpetuating progress

A kind of logic of progressing to higher and higher levels of "curricular consumption". Illich criticizes this kind of "open ended consumption" of schooling as an "eternal progress" that never leads to maturity and hinders any kind of organic development that could take place.
# Iwaidja language

Iwaidja, in phonemic spelling Iwaja, is an Australian language with about 150 speakers in northernmost Australia. Historically from the base of the Cobourg Peninsula, it is now spoken on Croker Island and is still being learned by children.

## Background Information

* Wikipedia:Iwaidja

## Resources

* Lexicon
* Discourse Phonology
* Narrative Discourse
* Phonemes
* Phrases
* Procedural Discourse
* Verb system
# J.F.C. Fuller

part of the School of Strategic Studies

## Online Reading Material
### Wikimedia Articles

* John Frederick Charles Fuller - Wikipedia article.

### Primary Texts

* Decisive Battles Of The U.S.A.. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, Inc., 1942.
* The Foundations of the Science of War. London: Hutchinson, 1926.
* Generalship: Its Diseases and Their Cure. A Study of The Personal Factor in Command. Harrisburg: Military Service Publishing Co., 1936.
* The Generalship Of Ulysses S Grant. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1929.
* Lectures On F.S.R. II. London: Sifton, Praed & Co., 1931.
* Lectures on F.S.R. III - Operations Between Mechanized Forces. London: Sifton, Praed & Co., 1932.
* The Reformation of War. London: Hutchinson, 1923.

### Commentaries and Articles

* Coroalles, Anthony M., "Master Weapon -- The Tactical Thought of J.F.C. Fuller Applied to Future War", Military Review, 71(January 1991), pp.62-72.
* Langendorf, Jean-Jacques, "John Frederick Charles “Boney” Fuller : le plus grand penseur militaire du XXe siècle ?", Stratégique, 76 (1999/4).
* Reid, Brian H., "J.F.C. Fuller and B. H. Liddell Hart--A Comparison", Military Review, 70 (May 1990), pp.64-73.

## Offline Reading Material
### Primary Texts

* Armament and History . New York: Da Capo Press, 1998. ISBN 0306808595
* A Military History of the Western World. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1954-1956. 3 vols.
* The Conduct of War, 1789-1961: A Study of the Impact of the French, Industrial, and Russian Revolutions on War and Its Conduct. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1961. 352 p.

### Commentaries and Articles

* Gat, Azar, Fascist and Liberal Visions of War: Fuller, Liddell Hart, Douhet, and Other Modernists. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0198207158
* Reid, Brian H., J.F.C. Fuller: Military Thinker. New York: Saint Martin's Press, 1987. ISBN 0333419162
* Reid, Brian H.,Studies in British Military Thought: Debates With Fuller and Liddell Hart. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. ISBN 0803239270
* Searle, Alaric, "Was There a “Boney” Fuller after the Second World War? Major-General J. F. C. Fuller as Military Theorist and Commentator, 1945-1966", War in History, 11/3 (2004), pp. 327-357.

### Biographical Works

* Trythall, Anthony J., "Boney" Fuller: Soldier, Strategist, and Writer, 1878-1966. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1977.
# J.R.R. Tolkien

Welcome to this learning project about J.R.R. Tolkien!
Learning, teaching, and research related to J. R. R. Tolkien has potential education value in the spheres of literature and history of literature.
By studing JRR Tolkien you can learn how to become a better writer. You can learn about linguistics (he invented languages for his fictional works), and more.

## Required Texts

Specific editions are not required, but you should reference your edition when making citations. We'll read by chapter instead of page number.
* The Silmarillion, J.R.R. Tolkien.

### Lessons

* Unit 1: The Silmarillion
** Lesson 1: Tolkien, War, and Multi-cultural Community
*** Reading: Please read the following chapters first (about 50 pages).
**** Ainulindale
**** Valequenta
**** I. Of the Begining Days
**** II. Of Aule and Yavanna
**** III. Of the Coming of the Elves and the Captivity of Melkor
**** IV. Of Thingol and Melian
**** V. Of Eldamar and the Princes of the Eldalie
**** VI. Of Feanor and the Unchaining of Melkor
*** Discussion
**** Discuss the reading here: /1.1 Classroom
** Lesson 2: Cosmography and Morality
*** Reading: Please read the following chapters first (about 40 pages).
**** VII. Of the Silmarils and the Unrest of Melkor
**** VIII. Of the Darkening of Valinor
**** IX. Of the Flight of the Noldor
**** X. Of the Sindar
**** XI. Of the Sun and Moon and the Hiding of Valinor
**** XII. Of Men
# Ivan Illich: Deschooling Society/Phenomenology of School

Brief chapter, approximately 8 pages, where Illich sets out to try to define 'school'. He defines school as the "age-specific, teacher-related process requiring full-time attendance at an obligatory curriculum." Then goes on to unpack the individual elements of his definition.

## Age

This section of the chapter mostly questions the assumptions that schooling and society makes of what constitutes "children" and "childhood". Illich briefly outlines how the definition of childhood, as distinct from infancy, adolesence or youth is essentially a construct of the 'bourgeoisie'. He claims that up until the 20th century, 'children' were "made at home with the help of preceptors and private schools." Industrial society provides the means to mass produce 'childhood' and create schools for the masses. The modern phenomenon of school is then seen to produce childhood. Illich points out how in rural areas away from industrial cities that most people do not "experience childhood."
See also: Childhood

## Teachers and Pupils

"School is an institution built on the axiom that learning is the result of teaching. And institutional wisdom continues to accept this axiom, despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary."
Most learning in life takes place outside of the school system. Illich claims that research shows that most of what children learn in school comes from "peer groups, from comics, from chance observations, and above all from mere participation in the ritual of school...", rather than from teachers. (It should be noted that he does not reference or cite this research.)