OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tamil Language/Vowels
## Introduction

As it is the first step towards learning the Tamil language, it is important to learn the letters as early as possible. Kindly note that learning a 'letter' is comprised of two parts - learning the associated 'sound' and learning the 'symbol', it is inevitable to learn them both together.
Hence my suggestion to you, the learner, is to spend enough time in learning these letters. One effective way, I would follow to learn foreign languages, is to dedicate a separate note book for practicing writing the letters. You can try the vertical then horizontal method to quickly yet effectively learn these letters - start with the first letter and repeatedly write it 15 or 20 times vertically down a column, every time making sure to pronounce it (like 'a' 'a' 'a'... ’அ’ ‘அ’ ‘அ’... Sure enough this sounds childish, but that's how we learned our first language, didn't we?) then move on to the next letter ('ஆ’ ‘ஆ ‘ஆ’... Here!) writing it in the adjacent column and so on so forth.
Once done with all the 12 vowels, start writing all of them in a row - horizontally! Repeat this for some 10 or 15 times, again making sure to pronounce every letter correctly. The idea here is to familiarize single letters (and sounds) first and then to acquire them in group (this would help to avoid confusion between similar looking symbols and sounds!)
Make sure to spend at least half an hour a day. Initially you should spend more time writing vertically and gradually increase horizontal writing (reducing vertical writing). After the first few practice sessions, start to write without seeing - recollecting both the symbol and the sound from your own memory (I use to use a piece of paper to cover up the already written row when I move on to the next row, making sure to write from memory every single time!)
For horizontal writing, you can split the letters in to two or three groups, in case you find it difficult to learn all of them at once (this will be particularly useful with learning the consonants which are more in number!) However, your ultimate goal should be to be able to write all the letters at once without missing or confusing any of them!
Happy learning, feel free to share your own experience and methods in the discussion page of this material.

## Writing the Vowels

| Vowel | Pronunciation Help | Length |
| அ | u as in nut | short |
| ஆ | a as in father | long |
| இ | i as in ink | short |
| ஈ | e as in easy | long |
| உ | u as in put | short |
| ஊ | oo as in bloom | long |
| எ | e as in pen | short |
| ஏ | a as in ate | long |
| ஐ | i as in ice | long |
| ஒ | o as in one | short |
| ஓ | o as in show | long |
| ஔ | ou as in house | long |
Course: Tamil Letters Back to Tamil Department
# Tangent/Cotangent/Derivative/Fact

tangent function
    $\mathbb {R} \setminus {\left({\frac {\pi }{2}}+\mathbb {Z} \pi \right)}\longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,x\longmapsto \tan x,$
is differentiable, with
    $\tan \!'(x)={\frac {1}{\cos ^{2}x}}\,,$
and the cotangent function
    $\mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {Z} \pi \longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,x\longmapsto \cot x,$
is differentiable, with
    $\cot \!'(x)=-{\frac {1}{\sin ^{2}x}}\,.$
# The Great War and Versailles/Ideas or proposed study tasks or essay topics.

Instructions: Be Bold. Propose action. Reorganize this page to accurately reflect current reality. Sign on to assist. Help anonymously. Pat someone on the back or go award a barnstar for valuable contributions to Wikiversity and ultimately to future Terran and Galactic students and sophonts. Have some fun. Do not panic but do something you are convinced is useful, appropriate, and personally enjoyable. Invite a friend to dance, study, or think freely either with you and your team or solo. Later.
Proposed
Active
    Current Team Members
   * Lazyquasar 02:51, 26 November 2005 (UTC)
Completed substantially by this course's participants to date:
Section One
    Also known as the "Tangier Crisis" or "First Moroccan Crisis". Link to w:Tangier Crisis added to lecture one. Lazyquasar 08:16, 26 November 2005 (UTC)
# The Great War and Versailles/Assignment One

Please note that I have included both a long and a short assignment so students can determine their involvement in the course based upon their own time commitment. It is not required to do both, but please at least try to accomplish the shorter one. Also, let me know if anyone is having a problem obtaining the Howard book so we can work something out. I'll be assigning other sections from that book in the future, as that is the main book of the class. --Polizano 17 July 2005 (UTC)
* Short assignment: Read pages 1-31 in The First World War by Michael Howard (Oxford University Press, 2003) ISBN 0192804456.
* Longer assignment: Read (or skim) The Long Fuse: An Interpretation of the Origins of World War I by Laurence Lafore (Waveland Press, 1997) ISBN 0881339547 -- This book is 284 pages. It is a little too soft on Germany and Austria-Hungary, focusing on strict mobilization schedules as the cause of the war, and totally trashes Serbia. Still, it does an excellent job of chronicling each of the prewar crises and how they affected the view of each power going into the crisis of 1914. It does an especially notable job breaking down the makeup of Austria-Hungary. It also goes through the diplomacy of 1914, though takes a rather superficial look at Germany's actions.
* Supplemental: Timeline of the July Crisis.
# The Greenhouse Effect

The Greenhouse Effect is the process by which greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, etc.) absorb and re-radiate thermal energy. This process is what warms our surface up. This course is known as the "Greenhouse Effect" because the gases work like the glass walls and roof of a greenhouse, which allow solar energy to enter, but not allowing thermal energy from escaping. The amount of energy receiving from the sun and the amount of energy returned to space have to be nearly equal in order for Earth to remain habitual. This balance is known as the "radiation balance".

### The Concern

However, scientists have started to notice data that shows that the average global temperature has been increasing in the past century. This is really starting to concern scientists. This increase in average global temperature is known as Global Warming. Some scientists hypothesize that the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have increased, thus, more energy is being re-radiated back than needed. Human activity, such as burning fossil fuels/deforestation, may be increasing levels of greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide) in the atmosphere.
# The History of Dancing
## Lessons

* Ancient dances
* Medieval dances
* 19:th century dancing
* 20:th century dancing
* 21:st century dancing
There are a number of different types of dancing that have first occurred during the 20th and 21st centuries. They include:
* Freestyle dance;
* Slow Dance;
* Street Dance; etc
# The History of Dancing/Ancient dances

The first type of dance was ballet. Louis xiv made dance popular in the 1600's. Louis xiv was called the Sun King, because he danced as Apollo. Before Ballet, dance was a way to communicate to each other and religious figures. For example in Egypt, some people danced to the goddess Sekhmet when mourning of a loss.
# Sign language/ASL

American Sign Language (ASL) is the predominant sign language of deaf communities in the United States and most of anglophone Canada..

## See Also

* Wikipedia: American Sign Language
# Signal Processing

Signal processing is a discipline that encompasses the analysis, modification, and synthesis of various signals, for example, audio and video.

## Pre-requisites

* Calculus

## Lessons

* Signals and systems
** Signals
** Time Domain
** Frequency domain
** Fourier Series
** Fourier Transforms
** Linear Time Invariant Systems
** Dirac Delta Function
** Convolution
** Discrete Time Fourier Transform
** Discrete Fourier Transform
** Fast Fourier Transform
* Filters
** FIR filters
** IIR filters
** Passive Analogue Filter Design
** Adaptive Filters
* Digital Signal Processing
* Detection and Estimation
* Periodograms
* Statistical Signal Processing

## Tools

* MATLAB

## Related topics

* Digital signal processing
* Telecommunications engineering
** Digital communications

## Textbooks

* Dimitris G. Manolakis and Vinay K. Ingle, Applied Digital Signal Processing, Cambridge University Press, 2011.
* Alan V. Oppenheim and Ronald W. Schafer, Discrete-Time Signal Processing, Prentice-Hall, 1999.
* Digital Signal Processing, Wikibooks

## Offsite Courses
### With video lectures

* Digital Signal Processing, S.C. Dutta Roy, IIT Delhi.
* Advanced Digital Signal Processing - Multirate and wavelets, V.M. Gadre, IIT Bombay.
* Adaptive Signal Processing, Mrityunjoy Chakraborty, IIT Kharagpur.
* Digital Signal Processing, Oppenheim, Alan., 1987. (MIT OpenCourseWare: Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
* Digital Signal Processing, Paolo Prandoni and Martin Vetterli, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Upcoming.

### Without video lectures

* Digital Signal Processing, Govind Sharma, IIT Kanpur.
* Signals and Systems, Oppenheim, Alan., Spring 2011. (MIT OpenCourseWare: Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
* Discrete-Time Signal Processing, Oppenheim, Alan., Fall 2005. (MIT OpenCourseWare: Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
* Digital Signal Processing, Jar-Ferr Yang, National Cheng Kung University, Autumn 2013
* Signal Processing for Communications, Suhas Diggavi, EPFL, 2007.
* Introduction to DSP, C.S. Ramalingam, IIT Madras, Spring 2011.
* Digital Signal Processing, C.S. Ramalingam, IIT Madras, Fall 2013.
* Signal Processing & Filter Design, Stephen Roberts, University of Oxford, Fall 2003.
* Digital Signal Processing, Dan Ellis, Columbia University, Summer 2014.
* Digital Signal Processing and Digital Filters, Mike Brookes, University of London, Autumn 2014.

## Other materials

* Introduction to Digital Filters with Audio Applications, Julius O. Smith III, Stanford University.
* Filter design, Wikipedia.

### Review sheets

* Tables of Common Transform Pairs, Marc Ph. Stoecklin, 2012.
# Signals and systems

This course focuses on the analysis and classification of various signals and systems. The lessons below provide the background information and basic procedures necessary to begin manipulating and understanding signals. The terminology used here is necessary to understand for most signal processing courses.

## Lessons

* Signals and Systems
** Continuous-time signals
** Discrete-time signals
** Exponential signals
** Sinusoidal signals
** Unit step function
** Unit impulse function
** Continuous-time systems
** Discrete-time systems
** System properties
* Linear time-invariant systems
** Continuous-time LTI systems
** Discrete-time LTI systems
** Properties of LTI systems
** Singularity functions
* Fourier series
** CT Fourier series
** DT Fourier series
** Orthogonal representation of signals
** Exponential fourier series
** Trigonometric fourier series
** Dirichlet conditions
** Properties of fouries series
*** Least squares approximation property
*** Parseval's theorem
** Gibbs phenomenon
* Fourier transform
** CT Fourier transform
** DT Fourier transform
** Properties of Fourier transform
*** Energy of aperiodic signals
*** Duality in Fourier transform
*** Modulation of Fourier transform
** Application of Fourier transform
*** Amplitude Modulation
*** Multiplexing with Fourier transform
*** Sampling theorem
*** Signal filtering by Fourier transform
** Duration
*** ESD
*** PSD
** Bandwidth
*** Essential bandwidth
** Uncertainty Principle of Fourier transform
* Laplace transform
** CT Laplace transform
** Bilateral Laplace transform
** Unilateral Laplace transform
** Bilateral transforms using Unilateral transforms
** Properties of Unilateral Laplace transform
*** Initial-value theorem
*** Final-value theorem
** Inverse Laplace transform
** Application of Laplace transform
** State equations of Laplace transform
* Z-transform
** Feedback Z-transform

### Software simulation

* MATLAB

## Related topics

* Digital signal processing

## Active participants

* Muhammad - EEE, Islamic University of Technology, Bangladesh

## Study books

* Signals and Systems: Alan V. Oppenheim and Alan S. Willsky with S. Hamid Nawab. Pearson Education.
* Continuous and Discrete Signals and Systems: Samir S. Soliman and Mandyam D. Srinath. Prentice-Hall of India.

## Online resources

* Lecture Notes at MIT
* Lecture Notes at JHU
* OpenCourseWare MIT
# Signal Processing/Time Domain

The most common representation of signals and waveforms is in the time domain. However, most signal analysis techniques work only in the frequency domain. The time domain representation of a typical Continuous-time Signal is $s(t)$ and that for a typical Discrete-time signal is $s[n]$.
# Sign language
## Possible specific studies

Topics have been classified according to connections shown on the Wikipedia article, these classifications are not to be taken as authoritative.
* w:Signed English
* w:Manual alphabet
* w:Manually Coded Language
* w:Home sign
w:BANZSL
   * BSL
   * w:Auslan
   * w:NZSL
   * w:Maritime Sign Language
   * w:South African Sign Language
* w:French Sign Language
   * w:Quebec Sign Language
   * /ASL (w:American Sign Language)
      * w:Bolivian Sign Language
      * w:Thai Sign Language
      * w:Ugandan Sign Language
      * w:Kenyan Sign Language
      * w:Philippine Sign Language
      * w:Malaysian Sign Language.
   * w:Irish Sign Language
   * [[w:Austro-Hungarian Sign Language
   * w:Russian Sign Language (Moldovan, Ukrainian)
      * w:Lithuanian Sign Language
      * w:Georgian Sign Language
      * w:Mongolian Sign Language
      * w:Czech Sign Language
      * w:Hungarian Sign Language
      * w:Slovak Sign Language
      * w:Romanian Sign Language
      * w:Bulgarian Sign Language
      * w:Polish Sign Language
   * w:Dutch Sign Language
   * w:Flemish Sign Language
   * w:Belgian-French Sign Language
   * w:Spanish Sign Language,
   * w:Mexican Sign Language
   * w:Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS)
* w:Scandinavian Sign Language family
   * w:Finnish Sign Language
   * w:Swedish Sign Language
   * [[w:Norwegian Sign Language]
   * w:Danish Sign Language
      * w:Icelandic Sign Language
* w:German Sign Language
   * w:Israeli Sign Language
* w:Nicaraguan Sign Language
* w:Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language
* w:Providence Island Sign Language.
* w:Eastern Arabic Sign Language.
* w:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
* w:Kata Kolok in a village in w:Bali
* w:Adamorobe Sign Language in w:Ghana
* w:Yucatec Maya sign language in w:Mexico
* w:Plains Indian Sign Language
* w:Australian Aboriginal sign languages
   * w:Warlpiri Sign Language
   * w:Warumungu language
   * w:Diyari language,
   * w:Kaytetye language and w:Akitiri Sign Language
   * w:Arrernte language
   * w:Warlmanpa language
* w:Japanese Sign Language family.
   * w:Japanese Sign Language
   * w:Taiwanese Sign Language
   * w:Korean Sign Language

## Written forms of sign languages

* w:SignWriting
* w:Hamburg Notation System
* w:Stokoe notation

## Primate use of sign language

    Main article: Great ape language –Primate use of sign language
There have been several notable examples of scientists teaching non-human primates basic signs in order to communicate with humans. Notable examples are:-
* Chimpanzees: Washoe and Loulis
* Gorillas: Michael and Koko.

## Gestural theory of human language origins

    Main article: Origin of language –Gestural theory
The gestural theory states that vocal human language developed from a gestural sign language. An important question for gestural theory is what caused the shift to vocalization.
# Social Skills/Small Talk

Small talk is a great way to initiate and maintain casual conversations with acquaintances. Here's a list of topics that are generally safe, neutral, and can help break the ice in various social situations:
* What's New:
** "What's new with you?"
** "What have you been up to lately?"
* Weather:
** "How's the weather been treating you lately?"
* Current Events:
** "Have you heard about any interesting news lately?"
* Weekend Plans:
** "Any exciting plans for the weekend?"
* Hobbies:
** "Do you have any hobbies or activities you enjoy in your free time?"
* Travel:
** "Have you been on any interesting trips recently?"
* Books or Movies:
** "Read any good books or watched any interesting movies lately?"
* Local Events:
** "Are there any upcoming events in the area that you're looking forward to?"
* Food:
** "Have you tried any new restaurants or recipes lately?"
* Pets:
** "Do you have any pets? What are their names?"
* Sports:
** "Do you follow any sports teams? How are they doing this season?"
* Work:
** "How's work been for you recently?"
* Technology:
** "Have you discovered any cool apps or gadgets lately?"
* Music:
** "Do you have a favorite type of music, or have you been to any concerts?"
* Upcoming Holidays:
** "Any special plans for the upcoming holiday?"
* TV Shows:
** "Have you been watching any interesting TV shows lately?"
* Fitness:
** "Do you have any favorite workout routines or activities?"
* Art and Culture:
** "Have you visited any museums or art galleries recently?"
* Gardening:
** "Do you have a green thumb? Any favorite plants or flowers?"
* Family:
** "How is your family doing? Any exciting news to share?"
* Goals and Aspirations:
** "Is there something you're currently working towards or excited about?"
Remember, the key to successful small talk is to be genuine and responsive. Listen actively to the other person's responses, and don't be afraid to share a bit about yourself as well. Small talk is a two-way street that helps build connections and create a comfortable atmosphere in social interactions.
# Upper Limb Orthotics/Rotator cuff injuries

The rotator cuff is a commonly injured area of the shoulder. Injuries to the rotator cuff often require orthotic intervention.
The following articles are useful to extend your understanding. Day, et. al. The stabilising role of the rotator cuff. T. R. Duquin, J. W. Sperling: Rotator Cuff Disorders Ellenbecker, T and Cools, A., Rehabilitation of shoulder impingment syndrom and rotator cuff injuries: an Evidence based review
# Upper Limb Orthotics/Outline of critiques

As you are required to document a critique, either through video or photographically and written, for your Enquiry 2 assignment, an overview of the purpose of critque and skills that you need to exhibit will be presented. Critque is a technique that is used through the P&O course and will also be used when you are working in the industry. Joellen has experience in assessing and presenting critques through her clinical and academic work and will provide you will direction for your critques in this subject and others including FAA, TTA, KHA, TFA and others.
# Upper Limb Orthotics/Presentation of projects

This presentation gives you a chance to display your wikipage to the rest of the class, you should outline your case study and the process you went through to make, fit and assess your orthosis. This is assessed on the marking matrix attached.
# Upper Limb Orthotics/Prefabricated upper limb orthosis

The prefabricated upper limb lecture and practical series is delivered by Rod Cooper from AOT. Rod will deliver a lecture and practical focusing on the funtions, benefits and drawbacks, use and requirements of prefabricated upper limb orthoses.
# WikiJournal Preprints/Template:Main

Error: no page names specified (help).
# WikiJournal of PPB/Contact

WikiJournal of Psychology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Open access • Publication charge free • Public peer review • Wikipedia-integrated
Volume 1(1)
Previous
Editorial guidelines Ethics statement Bylaws Financials Calendar
WikiJournal WikiJournal of Psychology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences is an open-access, free-to-publish, Wikipedia-integrated academic journal for Psychologial health and wellbreing topics. <seo title=" WJP, WikiJPPB, Wiki.J.PPB., WikiJPPB, Wikiversity Journal PPB, WikiJournal of PPB, WikiJournal PPB, Wikipedia PPB, Wikipedia PPB journal, WikiPPB, Wikipsychology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences Free to publish, Open access, Open-access, Non-profit, online journal, Public peer review "/>
* WikiJournal of Psychology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
* An open access journal with no publication costs – About
* www.WikiJPPB.org ISSN: XXXX-XXXX Frequency: Continuous Since: 2023 Funding: Wikimedia Foundation Publisher: WikiJournal User Group
* On social media
* RSS feed
* Facebook
* Twitter
* YouTube
* Mailing list
* Member of
* Contact
* Contribute
Discussion forum: Discussion page
* Ideas and discussion
* News
General inquiries: ContactWikiJPPB.org
* Questions
* Comments, suggestions and feedback
* Grievances
Social media:
* Facebook
* Twitter
Subscribe to the public mailing list of the journal Subscribe to general WikiJournal mailing list
# WikiJournal of PPB/Potential upcoming articles

WikiJournal of Psychology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Open access • Publication charge free • Public peer review • Wikipedia-integrated
Volume 1(1)
Previous
Editorial guidelines Ethics statement Bylaws Financials Calendar
WikiJournal WikiJournal of Psychology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences is an open-access, free-to-publish, Wikipedia-integrated academic journal for Psychologial health and wellbreing topics. <seo title=" WJP, WikiJPPB, Wiki.J.PPB., WikiJPPB, Wikiversity Journal PPB, WikiJournal of PPB, WikiJournal PPB, Wikipedia PPB, Wikipedia PPB journal, WikiPPB, Wikipsychology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences Free to publish, Open access, Open-access, Non-profit, online journal, Public peer review "/>
* WikiJournal of Psychology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
* An open access journal with no publication costs – About
* www.WikiJPPB.org ISSN: XXXX-XXXX Frequency: Continuous Since: 2023 Funding: Wikimedia Foundation Publisher: WikiJournal User Group
* On social media
* RSS feed
* Facebook
* Twitter
* YouTube
* Mailing list
* Member of
* Contact
* Contribute
Stages used in these tables refer to the following steps:

## Pre-publication steps

1. Manuscript has been received and an authorship declaration form has been submitted 2. The editorial board has decided on article suitability 3. A peer review coordinator has been designated 4. Comments from the peer review have been presented to the author(s) (a second peer review is given a second number) 5. Author(s) have responded to the peer review and made amendments accordingly 6. The peer reviewer has been given opportunity to assess the amendments 7. The editorial board has decided whether to publish the work in the journal

## Post-publication steps

8. A doi code has been generated and the article added to the relevant journal issue 9. A PDF version has been generated 10. Relevant material has been transferred to Wikipedia (or sister project) by the authors or editors 11. Other unfinished tasks (given in comment field)
The table below is generated from the records on Wikidata, with the exception of the Notes column, which can be edited in Visual Editor
| Stage | Wikidata | Article | Submission | Editors | Reviewers | DOI | PDF | WP | Notes |
| 1 | [[d:|]] | [[|]] | | | | & | | | |
+ [add] an article using Q number (via source editor)
# WikiJournal of PPB/Editorial board/Application
## Editorial board application of

Areas of expertise:
Relevant experience:
    Professional -
    Publishing -
    Open -
I confirm that I will act in accordance with the policies of the WikiJournal of Psychology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. ~~

## Use

Above is a draft that preloads when someone wishes to apply to be on the Editorial board. It can be invoked with the link below:
   https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Special:NewSection/Talk:WikiJournal_of_PPB/Editorial_board&preload=WikiJournal_of_PPB%2FEditorial_board%2FApplication