OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Encorporating STEM in Va. Education

This page is a collaborative project to gather resources/lessons to increase the use of STEM thinking and teaching in Virginia schools.
Please post lesson SOL's and short summary in space below. Place your lesson in grade order, above or below what is already present.
2nd Grade- Math 2.10, Science 2.1, History 2.1, Computer Technology 2.1-4
2nd Grade - Math SOL 2.10, Computer Technology 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4
4th Grade-Science SOL 4.7, Math SOL 4.7 & 4.9, Computer Technology 3-5.4, 3-5.5, 3-5.6 Lesson Summary: Students will work within a PBL to design and construct a spaceship to travel to an assigned planet. They will research planets using a cyber hunt.
9th Grade- Earth Science 4, Algebra 7, Computer Technology 9-12.6, Computer Technology 9-12.8
9th Grade- Earth Science Science 6, Computer Technology 9-12.6, Computer Technology 9-12.9 Lesson summary: Students will use videos and models to understand the different types of rocks and processes. After studying rock types, processes and rock formations, students will conduct their own research on a famous rock feature (i.e. Mt. Rushmore) and develop a presentation on their assigned feature.
10th Grade - Chemistry 1, 3, 5; Geometry 10 & 14, C/T 9-12.8 Lesson summary: Students will discover and predict how a chemical's 3-D geometry influences physical and chemical properties. Students use 3-D simulation and traditional model kits to investigate and determine the VSEPR theory geometry, polarity, and intermolecular force for molecular compounds. Next students investigate various compounds evaporation cooling and relate the differences to each chemical's intermolecular force.
9th Grade- BIO.4d, C/T 9-12.6, A.11
6th grade - The student will be able to understand that differences in air pressure from fronts causes thunderstorms and can be identified by measuring barometric pressure.
Science 6.6 The student will investigate and understand the properties of air and the structure and dynamics of Earth’s atmosphere. b) pressure, temperature, and humidity;
Math 6.15 The student will a) describe mean as balance point; and b) decide which measure of center is appropriate for a given purpose. Technology Research Tools
C/T 6-8.6 The student will use technology to locate, evaluate, and collect information from a variety of sources. • Use databases and spreadsheets to evaluate information. • Use technology resources such as calculators and data collection probes for gathering information. • Use Internet and other electronic resources to locate information in real time.
# InformationTechnology/WikiversityProject

This project contains learning materials for a course, including syllabus, links to readings, presentations, and work submitted by students.
# Information Organization

* Descriptive Cataloguing
** Introduction to Resource Description (RDA formerly AACR2R)
** Cataloging of Integrating Resources (formerly Serials Cataloging)
** MARC21
* Classification
** Library of Congress Classification (LCC)
** Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC)
** Superintendent of Documents Classification (SuDocs)
* Subject Analysis
** Thesaurus Construction
** Indexing
** Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH)
** Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
** Folksonomies (tagging)
* Metadata
** Dublin Core (DC)
** Encoded Archival Description (EAD)
** Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS)
* Collection Development
** Collection Analysis
** Acquisitions
# InformationTechnology

Wikiversity Project Description
This project houses materials for IDT 507: Information Technology, a course offered at SUNY Polytechnic Institute in the Information Design & Technology (IDT) master's program.

### Course Description

   Assesses the development and social impact of information and communication technologies. Focuses on emerging technologies of the 21st century and the convergence of traditional with new media. Examines the technical features and characteristics of information and communication technologies, and assesses the evidence for significant social impact associated with their diffusion.
More specifically, the course will trace the social and cultural history of information technologies in five eras:
* Oral: speech, oral tradition , orality, talking drums,
* Writing: alphabet, writing, manuscripts,
* Printing: printing press,, print culture, postal culture,
* Electronics: telegraph, telephone, radio television,
* Digital media: computing, computer networks, Internet culture

### Primary Textbook

* The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood

### Learning Activities

* Contributing to Wikipedia
* Contributing to Wikidata (Bibliographic and diffusion)
* Conducting Original Research
# Information

Information/bicameral

### Exformation

Exformation (originally spelt eksformation in Danish) is a term coined by Danish science writer Tor Nørretranders in his book The User Illusion published in English 1998. It is meant to mean explicitly discarded information. However the term has also been used for other meanings related to information, for instance “useful and relevant information” or a specific kind of information explosion

#### Meaning as proposed by Nørretranders

Effective communication depends on a shared body of knowledge between the persons communicating. In using words, sounds, and gestures, the speaker has deliberately thrown away a huge body of information, though it remains implied. This shared context is called exformation.
Exformation is everything we do not actually say but have in our heads when, or before, we say anything at all -- whereas information is the measurable, demonstrable utterance we actually come out with.
If someone is talking about computers, what is said will have more meaning if the person listening has some prior idea what a computer is, what it is good for, and in what contexts one might encounter one. From the information content of a message alone, there is no way of measuring how much exformation it contains.
In 1862 the author Victor Hugo wrote to his publisher asking how his most recent book, Les Misérables, was getting on. Hugo just wrote "?" in his message, to which his publisher replied "!", to indicate it was selling well. This exchange of messages would have no meaning to a third party because the shared context is unique to those taking part in it. The amount of information (a single character) was extremely small, and yet because of exformation a meaning is clearly conveyed.

### User illusion

The user illusion is the illusion created for the user by a human-computer interface, for example the visual metaphor of a desktop used in many w:graphical user interfaces. The phrase originated at Xerox PARC.
Some philosophers of mind have argued that consciousness is a form of user illusion. This notion is explored by Tor Nørretranders in his 1991 Danish book Mærk verden, issued in a 1998 English edition as The User Illusion: Cutting Consciousness Down to Size. He introduced the notion of exformation in this book.
According to this picture, our experience of the world is not immediate, as all sensation requires processing time. It follows that our conscious experience is less a perfect reflection of what is occurring, and more a simulation produced unconsciously by the brain. Therefore, there may be phenomena that exist beyond our peripheries, beyond what consciousness could create to isolate or reduce them.
# English-Chinese/Proteins are large biomolecules consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid

Proteins are large biomolecules consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid.
蛋白质是由一条或多条氨基酸长链组成的大型生物分子。
# English-Chinese/Protein can be found in all cells of the body and is the major structural component of all cells in the body, especially muscle

Protein can be found in all cells of the body and is the major structural component of all cells in the body, especially muscle. This also includes body organs, hair and skin.
蛋白质可以在身体的所有细胞中找到，并且是身体中所有细胞的主要结构成分，尤其是肌肉。 这还包括身体器官，头发和皮肤。
# English-Chinese/Proteins are essential nutrients for the human body. They are one of the building blocks of body tissue and can also serve as a fuel source

Proteins are essential nutrients for the human body. They are one of the building blocks of body tissue and can also serve as a fuel source.
蛋白质是人体必需的营养素。 它们是身体组织的构建块之一，也可以作为燃料来源。
# English-Chinese/Protein

Proteins are long-chain molecules built from small units known as amino acids. They are joined together with peptide bonds.
蛋白质 是 由 称为 氨基酸的 小单位 构建的 长链分子。它们 通过 肽键 连接 在一起。
# English-Chinese/Promise

When a person agrees to do something or to not do something, that person is making a promise. A promise can be made verbally (by saying it), or it can be written down as a contract. Breaking a promise, or not keeping it, can sometimes be illegal, such as when a contract is not kept.
当一个人同意做某事或不做某事时，那个人就是在做出承诺。承诺可以口头（通过说），或者可以作为合同写下来。违背承诺或不遵守承诺，有时可能是非法的，例如在没有遵守合同时。
# English-Chinese/Protein can be found in a wide range of food

Protein can be found in a wide range of food.
蛋白质可以在各种食物中找到。
# English-Chinese/Protein is a nutrient needed by the human body for growth and maintenance

Protein is a nutrient needed by the human body for growth and maintenance.
蛋白质是人体生长和维持所需的营养素。
# English-Chinese/Proteins are also used in membranes, such as glycoproteins

Proteins are also used in membranes, such as glycoproteins.
蛋白质也用于膜，例如糖蛋白。
# English-Chinese/Prominent among the meat preparations of the Middle East are grilled meats, or kebabs

Prominent among the meat preparations of the Middle East are grilled meats, or kebabs.
中东肉类制品中最突出的是烤肉或烤肉串。
# English-Chinese/Proteins are polymer chains made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Proteins are polymer chains made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
蛋白质是由通过肽键连接在一起的氨基酸制成的聚合物链。
# Innovation and Entrepreneurship/Resources

* Case studies/ Articles/ Books
* In this section you can find links to articles, publications and books related to social media tools and ‎their various applications ‎
* ‎1.Blogs in teaching – Monash University
* Monash University page on blogs tells everything about ‎using blogs in teaching. This is an excellent page with links to popular blogging services, educational ‎blogs and case studies on the use of blogs in teaching different subjects.‎
* ‎2. Social media in teaching (In Finnish)– LeMill
* ‎LeMill is a web community for finding, authoring and sharing ‎learning resources.Social media in teaching by Teemu Leinonen and Social media and network ‎sites for teachers by Riina Vuorikari provide descriptions and examples of use for ‎different types of social media tools for different teaching needs.‎
* ‎3. Twitter in classroom
* ‎31 interesting ways to use ‎Twitter in classroom, a presentation by Doug Belshaw gives simple ways to use Twitter for ‎information retrieval, connecting to people etc,.‎
# Innovation and Entrepreneurship/Videos

* Articles/Publications/Videos/Books
* ‎1. BBC’s Dragons’ Den
* BBC’s Dragons’Den is a series of video shows on Entrepreneurs ‎pitching for investment in the Den from the ‘ Dragons’, who are five venture capitalists willing to ‎invest their own money into the ventures of the budding entrepreneurs, in exchange for equity. ‎The Dragons Den webpage also contain an online resource bank called the ‘Business School’ to ‎learn about nine essential elements of business. It also connects to many of BBC business links and ‎external sources useful for doing business.‎
# Inorganic chemistry/Atomic Structure

Each atom has Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons. Neutral atom, has equal amount of protons and electrons. Protons have positive charge "+", and electrons are negative "-", and thanks to the nature of neutrality, neutrons are uncharge particles. All protons and neutrons are called as nucleons of atom, and electrons surround around this nucleons ( we call these shells as orbitals, and they are most probable space that we can find electrons, more than 90%).
If we want to show the symbol of elements we need to know two definitions, atomic number, and mass number. The total mass of atom collect from the mass of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Since the mass of electron is very, very small, we can ignore it in total mass of atom. So if we want to measure the mass of atom, we can measure it with the amount of protons and neutrons that we have in atom. We call this number as mass number "A". Another useful definition is atomic number "Z", this number is the amount of protons that we have in atom.This information can be given simply in the form:
# Innovation and Entrepreneurship/Open Educational Resources

* Links to Open Educational Resources
* Links to open educational web resources for teaching and learning in many fields are listed ‎here.‎
* ‎1. Wikieducator Open Educational Resources ‎
* Wikieducator ‎portal
* providing links to exemplary open educational resources, institutional repositories, subject ‎portals and collections and community developed content in many fields of education. This ‎is a valuable portal for educators around the globe.
* ‎2. The Aspen Institute Center for Business Education (CBE)‎
* The Aspen Institute Center for Business Education equips business leaders for the 21st century with a ‎new management paradigm—the vision and knowledge to integrate corporate profitability and ‎social value. CBE is a part of the Aspen Institute Business and Society Program (BSP), an ‎organization dedicated to developing leaders for a sustainable global society. ‎
* Caseplace.org is a dynamic and ‎practical on-line resource for up-to-date case studies, syllabi, and innovative teaching ‎materials on business and sustainability - from corporate governance and ethical issues to ‎sustainable development. It is the leading resource for business school teaching materials that ‎incorporate social and environmental elements into mainstream b-school discussion ‎topics.CasePlace.org partners with case publishers and top business journals to connect the ‎real-world practice of sustainability to education in the business school classroom. Their case ‎collection is carefully selected from the largest and most prominent case publishers, including ‎Harvard Business School Publishing, ecch, Darden and Ivey and the most high quality ‎materials that touch carefully on social, environmental and ethical issues are chosen. ‎
* ‎3.Cloudworks‎
* The vision statement of Cloudworks’ states that "it is a site for finding, sharing ‎and discussing learning and teaching ideas, experiences and issues”. Cloudworks emphasis is on ‎building a dynamic collection of ideas and experiences; via a variety of educational content ‎‎(learning designs, case studies, resources and tools) plus active discussions about the use and ‎effectiveness of this content in different contexts.‎
* 4.Open Course Ware Consortium
* Many links to OCW courses and OCW organization at OCW Consortium
# Inorganic chemistry

Inorganic Chemistry is the study of substances that are not organic, and thus are largely compounds with no carbon. As such, many very important products can be made of substances defined as inorganic. Silicon chips, transistors, LCD screens, fiber-optic cables, and many catalysts are the result of reseach in inorganic chemistry.
Inorganic chemical reactions are divided into 4 categories: combination reactions, decomposition reactions, single displacement reactions, and double displacement reactions.
Combination reactions involve a reaction where there is only 1 product, while there are 2 or more reactants. An example of this is the formation of water vapor when hydrogen and oxygen gas is reacted. Both hydrogen and oxygen combine to make water as the sole product.
2H$_2$ + O$_2$ → 2H$_2$O
Decompostion reactions involve the breaking down of a complex molecule into numerous simpler molecules. Such as the decomposition of Calcuim Carbonate into Calcium Oxide and Carbon Dioxide gas:
CaCO$_3$ → CaO + CO$_2$
Single replacement reactions involve the replacement of one atom in a compound by another atom. This is usually written as
A + BX → AX + B
An example is the substitution of calcium for sodium in sodium chloride.
2NaCl + Ca → 2Na + CaCl$_2$
Double replacement reactions involve two elements switching out of compounds to replace each other.
CaCl$_2$ + 2 AgNO$_3$⇒ Ca(NO$_3$)$_2$ + 2 AgCl

## Course I

* Introduction to Inorganic chemistry
* Atomic Structure
* Simple Bonding Theory
* Symmetry and Group Theory
* Molecular Orbitals
* Acid–Base and Donor–Acceptor Chemistry
* The Crystalline Solid State
* Chemistry of the Main Group Elements
* Coordination Chemistry: Structures and Isomers
* Coordination Chemistry: Bonding
* Coordination Chemistry: Electronic Spectra
* Coordination Chemistry: Reactions and Mechanisms
* Organometallic Chemistry
* Organometallic Reactions and Catalysis
* Parallels between Main Group and Organometallic Chemistry
# Innovation and Entrepreneurship/Tools

* Links to tools
* ‎This page contains a number of useful links to the Web 2.0 tools and social media tools that can be ‎used in teaching, presentations, collaboration and communication activities.‎
* 1.Common Craft ‎
* Common Craft is a small company building a library of ‎educational videos that can be licensed for use in classrooms, on Learning Management Systems, ‎Intranets and on websites. The Common Craft website contains short and simple ‎‎videos in plain English that explain social media and web 2.0 tools ‎in an interesting way.‎
* ‎2.OpenOffice.org
* OpenOffice.org 3 is the leading open-source office software suite ‎for word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, graphics, databases and more. It is available in ‎many languages and works on all common computers. It stores all the data in an international open ‎standard format and can also read and write files from other common office software packages. It ‎can be downloaded and used completely free of charge for any purpose. This is an interesting tool ‎for a wide variety of usage in education.‎
* ‎3.Kathy Schrock guide page
* The Kathy Schrock guide page ‎contains an extensive list of Web 2.0 tools with brief descriptions of use. Her Diigo list of Web 2.0 ‎tools is also very useful to know and ‎understand hundreds of free and easy to use tools.‎
* ‎4.Centre for Learning and Performance Technologies (C4LPT)‎
* C4LPT is one of the most visited learning sites on social ‎media and technology. It contains a number of free resources on social media tools for ‎working and learning. The Directory Of Learning Tools has over 2,000 Tools For Learning - for schools, ‎colleges, universities and the workplace. The Top 100 tools for learning provides descriptions of the ‎tools and ranks them based on voting by professionals.
* ‎5. Cool Tools for Schools
* ‎Cool Tools for Schools is an excellent wiki ‎page that has information on interesting Web 2.0 tools that can be used for various class room ‎activities. It gives a list of tools for each category such as presentation, collaboration, research, ‎videos, slide shows, music, maps, graphs etc,.‎
# Innovation and Entrepreneurship/Online Interest Groups

* Links to online interest groups/Social Media groups/Angel Investor groups for entrepreneurs
* ‎1. London Women Mean Business – LinkedIn group
* London Women Mean Business is a ‎networking group managed by Business Link in London. Use the group to network, access ‎free business support, find out about free events, and ask questions about all aspects of ‎running a small or medium sized business in London. Exclusive invites to women-only events ‎and access to free guides and information.‎
* ‎2. UnLtdWorld – Social Network for Entrepreneurs
* UnLtdWorld is a open platform social ‎network aimed at connecting social entrepreneurs, social innovators and socially-minded ‎people. It allows entrepreneurs to build a personal business community, make connections, ‎collaborate and network to make new contacts. It also helps to promote business, get business ‎insights and find resources, toolkits and guides.‎
* ‎3. European Entrepreneurship & Innovation @ Silicon Valley‎
* This LinkedIn‎ and Facebook group serves ‎Europeans, Americans and other entrepreneurs, venture investors, universities, corporations, ‎technology transfer offices, innovation professionals, service providers, academics and policy ‎makers with an interest in European technology entrepreneurship and innovation, practised in ‎Silicon Valley, northern California and/or Europe. Europe includes those countries from ‎Ireland to Russia, and from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean.‎
# Inorganic chemistry/Introduction to Inorganic chemistry
## Inorganic Chemistry

* Inorganic chemistry : everything else except organic chemistry

## Contrasts with Organic Chemistry

* Single and Multiple Bonds in Organic and Inorganic Molecules
** Gary L. Miessler, Paul J. Fischer, and Donald A. Tarr, Inorganic chemistry (5th edition, 2014), Ch. 1. Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry
# Euler's number/Exponential series/Definition

The real number
    $e:=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{k!}}\,$
is called Euler's number.
# Euler's number/Exponential series/Interest/Remark

For Euler's number there is also the description
    $e=\lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }{\left(1+{\frac {1}{n}}\right)}^{n}\,,$
so that $e$ can also be introduced as the limit of this sequence. However, the convergence in the exponential series is much faster.
# Euler's number/Interest estimates/Exercise

Show the following estimates.
a)
    ${\binom {n}{k}}\cdot {\frac {1}{n^{k}}}\leq {\frac {1}{k!}}\,,$
b)
    ${\left(1+{\frac {1}{n}}\right)}^{n}\leq \sum _{k=0}^{n}{\frac {1}{k!}}\,.$
# Euler's number/Computation with exponential series/4 digits/Exercise

Compute by hand the first $4$ digits in the decimal system of
    $\exp 1.$
# Euclidean plane/Circle and piercing line/Cut/Exercise

Let $a,b,r\in \mathbb {R}$, $r>0$, and let
    $K={\left\{(x,y)\in \mathbb {R} ^{2}\mid (x-a)^{2}+(y-b)^{2}=r^{2}\right\}}\,$
be the circle with center $M=(a,b)$ and radius $r$. Let $G$ denote a line in $\mathbb {R} ^{2}$ with the property that there exists at least one point $P$ on $G$ such that $d(M,P)\leq r$. Show that $K\cap G\neq \emptyset$.