OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Educational Media Awareness Campaign/Physics/POTD 9

Gallery of featured media for physics
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Physics Picture of the Day
The Formation of a Rainbow
1. Spherical droplet 2. Places where internal reflection of the light occurs 3. Primary rainbow 4. Places where refraction of the light occurs 5. Secondary rainbow
6. Incoming beams of white light 7. Path of light contributing to primary rainbow 8. Path of light contributing to secondary rainbow 9. Observer
10. Region forming the primary rainbow 11. Region forming the secondary rainbow 12. Zone in the atmosphere holding countless tiny spherical droplets.
Diagram showing how primary and secondary rainbows are formed. Click on the image for a full size version which you can freely re-use and modify. Print it and use it for your lessons, integrate it into your pages on Wikiversity, or use it in other learning resources and websites. Use the links below to find more images like this one.
Guide to rainbow media - Prism images - Light images Mechanics images - Electromagnetism images - Optics images - Atomic physics images Images relating to physics in general This image is a part of the Educational Media Awareness Campaign, raising awareness among educators about the availability and usage of millions of free internet media in education. :
# Astronomy college course/Astronomy (wikipedia)/Quiz02/1

I think you should make the question more detailed and professional. You could phrase the question as "What is being represented in this image?"Ah2559 (discuss • contribs) 02:44, 26 January 2016 (UTC)
# Astronomy college course/Astronomy (wikipedia)/Quiz02/2

This question should be changed to ask 'Who is famous for taking an X-ray photo of his wife?' I believe this would be a better question, because the point of this question should be focusing on the X-ray pioneer and not on his wife. -Nathankr42
# Astronomy college course/Astronomy (wikipedia)/Quiz02/5

I think that this question is off worded and not observably accurate. First, 'blue things'. Looking over the picture, one can find multiple blue things as well as different shapes of blue. The picture is not a good example of the phenomenon the question is focused on. The wording is off because 'blue things' is very vague. -Nathankr42
# Astronomy college course/Astronomy (wikipedia)/Quiz02/9

This question is not that important. We don't need to know where neutrinos can be observed, it would be more important to know what they are. Changing the question would help better our understanding of neutrinos, rather than where they can be observed. -Nathankr42
# Astronomy college course/Astronomy (wikipedia)/Quiz01/9

There is a misspelling in the question. 'Astronmers' should be 'Astronomers'. -Nathankr42
# Astronomy college course/Astronomy (wikipedia)/Quiz01/Original version of this quiz

Astronomy_college_course#AstronomyTemplate:EduV/protected
# Astronomy college course/Astronomy (wikipedia)/Quiz02/3

I feel that the word "in" at the end of the question is not needed and only confuses the reader. -Xlynn89x
Maybe ask students what a Earth based infrared observatories are. Nal2020 (discuss • contribs) 03:14, 27 January 2016 (UTC)Nal2020
# Astronomy college course/Chasing Pluto

View the PBS-NOVA video here ...Contributions subpage (attribution) Quizbank/How to use testbank
* Click to download a PDF (in multiple versions) for classroom use
* Click for online viewing of this PDF (the second part of each version shows the answers)

## References and footnotes

* ↑ Construction of this quiz was collaborative effort that included anonomous IP edits by students in a computer lab. All students are encouraged to become w:wikimedia editors. Wikimedia includes Wikipedia, Wikiversity, as well as other sisters such as Commons and Wikibooks. The sharing of the same username among all these sisters is now standard.. Student's should know that IP editing from your own personal computer attracts attention to your IP address. You get far more privacy by becoming a registered Wikimedia editor. Having said that, students in a computer lab my help develop this or other quizzes by going to in-class_contributions. The instructor can assign Presidential aliases. Only one computer at a time should edit the space reserved for each president.
# BCP/Lonicera x heckrottii/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for Lonicera x heckrottii (Flame Honeysuckle). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

### Logs
#### 2007 Logs

* --SB_Johnny | 14:17, 15 January 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:02, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* SBJ 12:05, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 23:17, 20 May 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 17:27, 23 May 2007 (UTC)
* SBJ 09:18, 25 May 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:21, 26 May 2007 (UTC)
* SBJ 19:25, 31 May 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 23:49, 31 May 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:47, 3 June 2007 (UTC)
* SBJ 16:16, 7 June 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 15:33, 9 June 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 09:23, 30 June 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 20:08, 1 July 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 23:52, 22 July 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 15:48, 4 August 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:56, 1 September 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 07:17, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 13:05, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 13:20, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:12, 17 November 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 12:01, 1 December 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 14:15, 23 December 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 09:33, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

#### 2008 Logs

* (no archived logs yet)

##### Recent Logs

* SB Johnny-LM 29 April 2008 (from written logs)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:38, 17 May 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:12, 27 May 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 11:01, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:32, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny 09:31, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
# BCP/Lotus corniculatus

Lotus corniculatus
| Flowering plant Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Lotus corniculatus (Birdsfoot Trefoil) Identifying Characteristics Habit:Herbaceous forbFlowers:The flowers develop into small pea-like pods or legumes.Foliage:five leaflets, but with the central three held conspicuously above the others, hence the use of the name trefoil.Stem:The height of the plant is variable, from 5-20 cm, occasionally more where supported by other plants; the stems can reach up to 50 cm long. It is typically sprawling at the height of the surrounding grassland.Growing Conditions:It is most often found in sandy soils.Life Cycle: Perennial Recent Logs Jomegat 23:00, 1 June 2010 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Late Spring, Early Summer, Mid Summer, Late Summer, Early Fall, Mid Fall
Regional data: New Hampshire: May, June, July, August , September, October Central Pennsylvania: August , September
Additional images:
# BCP/Lonicera pileata/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for Lonicera pileata (Privet Honeysuckle). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

### Logs
#### 2008 Logs

* (no archived logs yet)

##### Recent Logs

* SB_Johnny-LM May 13 2007 (from photographs)
* SB Johnny-LM 20:23, 21 May 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 17:27, 23 May 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:21, 26 May 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:38, 17 May 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:11, 27 May 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:57, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
# BCP/Lonicera x bella/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for the plant Lonicera x bella (Bell's Honeysuckle). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

##### Recent Logs

* SBJ 12:05, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 23:17, 20 May 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 17:27, 23 May 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:21, 26 May 2007 (UTC)
* SB Johnny-LM 11:45, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

##### Archived Logs

(If there are more than 5 signatures under the recent logs heading, move the oldest logs to under this heading (generally leave the 3 most recent).
* (no archived logs yet)
# BCP/Lonicera x heckrottii

Lonicera x heckrottii
| Flower cluster and foliage Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Lonicera x heckrottii (Flame Honeysuckle) Identifying Characteristics Habit:Twining vineFlowers:in terminal clusters, tubular, red to pink, with orange to yellow throatsFoliage:opposite, sessile, upper leaves clasping the stemsFruit:bright red drupesLife Cycle: perennial woody vineSimilar Plants:sometimes confused with L. sempervirens Recent Logs SB Johnny-LM 29 April 2008 (from written logs) --SB_Johnny | 10:38, 17 May 2008 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 10:12, 27 May 2008 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 11:01, 4 June 2008 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 10:32, 14 July 2008 (UTC) --SB_Johnny 09:31, 23 September 2008 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Mid Winter, Mid Spring, Late Spring, Early Summer, Mid Summer, Late Summer, Early Fall, Mid Fall, Late Fall, Early Winter
Regional data: Southeastern Pennsylvania: (cultivated) January, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December
Additional images:
# BCP/Lonicera sempervirens

Lonicera sempervirens
| Inflorescence and foliage Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Lonicera sempervirens (Coral Honeysuckle) Identifying Characteristics Habit:Twining woody vineFlowers:Tubular, red to pinkFoliage:Opposite, clasping the stem near the tips of the branchesStem:Twining, with exfoliating bark on older stemsScent:FaintFruit:Black drupesLife Cycle: Woody perennialSimilar Plants:Often confused with Lonicera x heckrottii Recent Logs SB Johnny-LM 12:59, 18 July 2007 (UTC) SB Johnny-LM 00:11, 6 August 2007 (UTC) (from a datestamped photograph) --SB_Johnny | 09:20, 28 June 2008 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 10:00, 14 July 2008 (UTC) --SB_Johnny 13:13, 9 September 2008 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data:
Regional data: Southeastern Pennsylvania: (cultivated) , June, July, August, September
Additional images:
# BCP/Loropetalum chinense/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for the plant Loropetalum chinense (Chinese Fringe Flower). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

##### Archived Logs

(If there are more than 5 signatures under the recent logs heading, move the oldest logs to under this heading (generally leave the 3 most recent).
* (no archived logs yet)

##### Recent Logs

* (no logs yet)
# BCP/Lonicera x bella

Lonicera x bella
| Search for Lonicera x bella on commons) Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Lonicera x bella (Bell's Honeysuckle) Identifying Characteristics Recent Logs SBJ 12:05, 12 May 2007 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 23:17, 20 May 2007 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 17:27, 23 May 2007 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 10:21, 26 May 2007 (UTC) SB Johnny-LM 11:45, 9 May 2008 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data:
Regional data: Southeastern Pennsylvania: (invasive or naturalized) May
Additional images:
# BCP/Lonicera sempervirens/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for Lonicera sempervirens (Lonicera sempervirens). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

### Logs
#### 2008 Logs

* (no archived logs yet)

##### Recent Logs

* SB Johnny-LM 12:59, 18 July 2007 (UTC)
* SB Johnny-LM 00:11, 6 August 2007 (UTC) (from a datestamped photograph)
* --SB_Johnny | 09:20, 28 June 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:00, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny 13:13, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
# BCP/Loropetalum chinense

Loropetalum chinense
| Loropetalum chinense, flowers & foliage Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Loropetalum chinense (Chinese Fringe Flower) Identifying Characteristics Habit:ShrubLife Cycle: Perennial Recent Logs (no logs yet) (view all logs) |
Global data:
Regional data:
Additional images:
| Loropetalum chinense, leaves with measurement | Loropetalum chinense, fruit with measurement |
# Bell's theorem/Qed-her
## About Qed-her

The image of Qed-her was discovered while using the keyword "genie" to look for an open-source clip-art image on Commons to serve as the "observer" who mysteriously announces the ball's color in the remote suitcase. The disappointment in not finding a "conventional genie" disappeared when it was discovered that this Egyptian genie of the underworld is so "hidden" that one must visit Italian Wikipedia to find it (see Wikipedia:Qed-her to see if this genie is still hidden).
The "trick" of using only three observables in order to simplify the calculation was falsely attributed to the genie on the main page of this resource. The trick was more likely introduced by an online chat with v:User_talk:Gill110951 on the symmetries of Bell's inequality. To appreciate the genie's "trick", look at slide 7 of this discussion, where six variables are used: (X$_1$,Y$_1$,Z$_1$,X$_2$,Y$_2$,Z$_2$). This trick allows us to use only three variables, and this simplifies the algebraic steps a bit.

#### Another website also uses Egyptian icons

After Qed-her was oncoroporated into this resource, another website was discovered that uses Egyptian icons. It claims to "disprove" Bell's theorem:
          <nowiki> http://libertesphilosophica.info/blog/lpmain/ </nowiki>
The following websites disagree:
* Scott Aaronson (blog)
* Richard Gill (Cornell University Archives: Quantum Physics)
* Florin Moldoveanu (Cornell University Archives: Quantum Physics)

#### On the quote concerning whether Bell's theorem is paradoxical

Although he did not write these exact words, credit for this statement should probably go to Mermin, who was attempting to legitimize the view held by some physicists that the philosophical implications of Bell's theorem have been overstated.

## The weeping angles of Doctor Who

the weeping angel has not yet been observed on Wikiversity.]] In a delightful irony, an image of a weeping angel can be placed on Wikipedia, but not on Wikiversity, because the copyright renders the image unavailable on Commons:Main Page. I believe such an upload is possible on Wikiversity, but why bother?
Instead, the reader should be referred to Wikipedia:Weeping Angel#Quantum mechanics

## References and footnotes

* ↑ See the caption to the right of Calculation in the lede to Bell's theorem. Wikipedia & Co. usually frown on such untruths, but I hope an exception can be made here.
* ↑ All these websites, however, represent unrefereed work. Nevertheless, Bell's theorem is widely accepted, in spite of the fact that it was violated by reality.
# Bell's theorem/Scary angel

Confused? See Wikipedia:Weeping Angel and learn about Doctor Who. See also A card game for Bell's theorem and its loopholes
# Bell's theorem/Summary
## lede

Here we
The purpose of this page is to summarize the three part calculation derivation of Bell's Theorem, which is intended for students.

## outline

* Define variables x y and z. assume understanding of polarization

### Define X, Y, Z

MyFirstAssignment

## Gallery

* Caption1
* Caption2
# Buddhism/Early History
## Early History of Buddhism up to the Third Century B.C.E.

An exploration of the general knowledge of the history of Buddhism from the enlightenment of the Buddha up to the Buddhist Missionary activities launched in the reign of Emperor Asoka. Special attention are paid to the following topics:
* Expansion of Buddha’s ministry during his life time;
* Establishment of the Bhikkhu and Bhikkhuni orders, origin and development of Buddhist monasteries;
* Causes that led to the first three Buddhist Councils and their contribution to Buddhism and its literature;
* Emergence of Buddhist Schools and their impact on the development of Buddhist thought;
* Relationship between Buddhism and the state up to the period of Emperor Asoka; and
* Spread of Buddhism beyond Indian frontiers.

## Recommended Reading:

* History of Buddhism in Ceylon - Ven. Walpola Rahula
* Buddhist India - Rhys Davids. Calcutta, 1955
* Early History of the Spread of Buddhism and the Buddhist Schools - N. Dutt
* History of Buddhist Thought - E. J. Thomas, London, 1933
* Indian Buddhism - A. K. Warder, Delhi, 1980
# Buddhism/Emergence and Basic Buddhist Teachings
## Emergence of Buddhism and Basic Buddhist Teachings

Religious and philosophical background and basic Buddhist teachings embodied in the Pali Canon are examined in this module. The following topics are emphasized for the religious and philosophical background of Buddhism:
* Pre-Buddhist paths of emancipation and traditional means of knowledge;
* Pre-Buddhist teaching of Dhyana and Samapati;
* Pre-Buddhist beliefs in Karma;
* Rebirth and the concept of soul;
* Origin, evolution and objectives of the ascetic movement;
* Metaphysical and Non-empirical concepts;
* Six religious teachers and their life stories and philosophies;
* Self-indulgence and self-mortification (Kamasukhallikanuyoga and Attakilamathanuyoga); skeptical and materialist tendencies.
The following topics are emphasized for the basic teachings embodied in the Pali Canon. Three characteristics of existence; four noble truths; interdependent origination; Analysis of Khandha, Dhatu and Ayatana; Kamma; Rebirth; Buddhist Analysis of Sassatavada and Ucchedavada; Attention should also be paid to the Buddhist analysis of the following topics: world and its inhabitants; sense perception; psychology; ethics; reason, revelation and experience. Four fold analysis of questions and the Buddhist attitude towards language should also be studied here.

## Recommended Reading:

* What The Buddha Taught, W. Rahula, Buddhist Missionary Society, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia – 1978
* Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, K.N. Jayatilake, Motilal Banarsidas, Delhi -- 1980
* Causality : The Central Philosophy of Buddhism, D.J. Kalupahana, Honolulu, The University Press of Hawaii – 1975
* History of Buddhist thought, E.J. Thomas , London-1953
* The Buddha’s Ancient Path, Piyadasi Thera , Taiwan-1995
# Buddhism/North American Culture
## Buddhist Culture in North America

According to a recent Higher Education Research Institute study, about one percent of American college students self-identify as Buddhist. What factors and conditions resulted to the making of this recent phenomenon?
# Buddhism/Origins
## Origins of Buddhism and the Basic Concepts of Culture

A systematic knowledge on the early period of Buddhist civilization is expected with special emphasis on the topics given below :
* Buddhist critique of its religio-philosophic environment
* Special Characteristics of the life of the Buddha
* Fundamental teachings of Buddhism :
- The Buddhist theory pertaining to the nature of sentient being; - the true nature if empirical exsistence according to Buddhism; - Buddhist analysis of perception , mind and matter; - the Buddhist teaching on Critical outlook , universal love , adaptability, Democratic nature.
* Social, political and economic thought in Buddhism

## Recommended Reading:

* Studies in the Origin of Buddhism , G.C. Pande , Delhi ,1983
* Buddhist Thought in India, E.Conze , London , 1982
* A Theory of Causality in Early Buddhism , W.S. Karunaratne , Colombo , 1988
* Buddhist Philosophy: A Historical Analysis , D.J. Kalupahana, Honolulu , 1976
# Buddhism/Pali Language

Pali is a Middle-Indo Aryan language which serves as the language in which the canonical texts of Theravada Buddhism are maintained. It is also the language used for chanting in the Theravada tradition.
A knowledge of source languages is vitally necessary to any serious student of religion. Without a working knowledge of these languages, the student will remain reading about a religion, even if (s)he is reading a translation of a primary source, rather than reading the bases of the religion directly without an intermediary to fill the head with doctrines and expectations about a religion's nature. The primary language of Buddhism is Sanskrit, but Pali is also used by all Theravadin Buddhists, and the Pali Canon is the core textual body of all Buddhist schools. Therefore, an understanding of Pali is very important to a person seeking a graduate-level understanding of the religion.

## Requirements

The student is expected to understand the following:
* The origins of the language
* The origins of the Pali Canon
* Ability to recite from memory the Pali alphabet
* A full knowledge of pronunciation
* The relationship between Pali and other Prakrits, particularly the mutual influence between it and Sanskrit
* A working vocabulary
* Culminating in an ability to read and comprehend Buddhist scriptures in the original Pali without a translation as aid

## Sources

* Wikipedia article on Pali