OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Literature/1960/Quine

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Wikimedia
### w: Willard Van Orman Quine
### w: Word and Object

| w: Indeterminacy of translation | w: Semantic holism |

## Chronology

* Literature/1983/Barwise $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1981/Putnam $^{[^]}$
* Chisholm, Roderick (1976). Person and Object: A Metaphysical Study. London: G. Allen & Unwin. $^{[^]}$
* Putnam, Hilary (1975). Mind, Language and Reality, Philosophical Papers Vol. 2, Cambridge University Press. $^{[^]}$
* Ricoeur, Paul (1975). The Rule of Metaphor: Multi-Disciplinary Studies in the Creation of Meaning in Language. Robert Czerny, Kathleen McLaughlin & John Costello, trans., London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1972/Kripke $^{[^]}$
* Quine, Willard (1960). Word and Object. MIT Press. $^{[^]}$
* Chomsky, Noam (1959). "A Review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior." Language, 35(1): 26-57. $^{[^]}$
* Gellner, Ernest (1959). Words and Things: A Critical Account of Linguistic Philosophy and a Study in Ideology. London: Gollancz. $^{[^]}$
* Snow, Charles Percy (1959). The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution (Rede Lecture). Cambridge University Press, 1959. $^{[^]}$
* Chomsky, Noam (1957). Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton. $^{[^]}$
* Russell, Bertrand (1957). "Mr Strawson on Referring." Mind 66: 385-389. $^{[^]}$
* Skinner, B. F. (1957). Verbal Behavior. Acton, Massachusetts: Copley Publishing Group. $^{[^]}$
* Austin, J. L. (1955). How to Do Things with Words. The William James Lectures delivered at Harvard University in 1955, ed. by J. O. Urmson. Oxford: Clarendon, 1962. $^{[^]}$
* Black, Max (1954). "Metaphor." Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 55, pp. 273-294. $^{[^]}$
* Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1953). Philosophical Investigations. Blackwell Publishing. $^{[^]}$
* Strawson, Peter (1950). "On Referring." Mind, vol. 59, no. 235, pp. 320-344. $^{[^]}$
* Ryle, Gilbert (1949). The Concept of Mind. University Of Chicago Press. $^{[^]}$
* Korzybski, Alfred (1933). Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics. 5th ed., Institute of General Semantics, 1994. $^{[^]}$
* Wells, H. G. (1933). The Shape of Things to Come. Hutchinson. $^{[^]}$
* Russell, Bertrand (1926). "The Meaning of Meaning." Dial, vol.81 (August 1926) pp. 114-121. $^{[^]}$
* Ogden, C. K. & I. A. Richards (1923). The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. $^{[^]}$
* Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1922). Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Frank P. Ramsey & C. K. Ogden, trans., Kegan Paul, 1922. $^{[^]}$
* Russell, Bertrand (1921). The Analysis of Mind. London: George Allen & Unwin. $^{[^]}$
* Welby, Victoria Lady (1911). Significs and Language: The Articulate Form of Our Expressive and Interpretive Resources. H. Walter Schmitz, ed., John Benjamins, 1985. $^{[^]}$
* Russell, Bertrand (1905). "On Denoting." Mind, vol. 14, pp. 479-493. $^{[^]}$
# Literature/1959/Gellner

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Wikimedia
### w: Ernest Gellner

* w: Ordinary language philosophy

## Chronology

* Chisholm, Roderick (1976). Person and Object: A Metaphysical Study. London: G. Allen & Unwin. $^{[^]}$
* Quine, Willard (1960). Word and Object. MIT Press. $^{[^]}$
* Gellner, Ernest (1959). Words and Things: A Critical Account of Linguistic Philosophy and a Study in Ideology. London: Gollancz. $^{[^]}$
* Russell, Bertrand (1957). "Mr Strawson on Referring." Mind 66: 385-389. $^{[^]}$
* Austin, J. L. (1955). How to Do Things with Words. The William James Lectures delivered at Harvard University in 1955, ed. by J. O. Urmson. Oxford: Clarendon, 1962. $^{[^]}$
* Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1953). Philosophical Investigations. Blackwell Publishing. $^{[^]}$
* Strawson, Peter (1950). "On Referring." Mind, vol. 59, no. 235, pp. 320-344. $^{[^]}$
* Ryle, Gilbert (1949). The Concept of Mind. University Of Chicago Press. $^{[^]}$
* Huxley, Aldous (1940). Words and Their Meanings. The Ward Ritchie Press, 1940. $^{[^]}$
* Korzybski, Alfred (1933). Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics. 5th ed., Institute of General Semantics, 1994. $^{[^]}$
* Russell, Bertrand (1926). "The Meaning of Meaning." Dial, vol.81 (August 1926) pp. 114-121. $^{[^]}$
* Ogden, C. K. & I. A. Richards (1923). The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. $^{[^]}$
* Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1922). Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Frank P. Ramsey & C. K. Ogden, trans., Kegan Paul, 1922. $^{[^]}$
* Russell, Bertrand (1921). The Analysis of Mind. London: George Allen & Unwin. $^{[^]}$
* Welby, Victoria Lady (1911). Significs and Language: The Articulate Form of Our Expressive and Interpretive Resources. H. Walter Schmitz, ed., John Benjamins, 1985. $^{[^]}$
* Russell, Bertrand (1905). "On Denoting." Mind, vol. 14, pp. 479-493. $^{[^]}$
# Literature/1960

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Subpages

* Literature/1960/Bruner $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1960/Lewis $^{[^]}$
* Licklider, J. C. R. (1960). "Man-Computer Symbiosis." In: IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics, vol. HFE-1, pp. 4–11. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1960/Maron $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1960/Miller $^{[^]}$
* Quine, Willard (1960). Word and Object. MIT Press. $^{[^]}$
# Literature/1958

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Subpages

* Literature/1958/Eliade $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1958/Polanyi $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1958/Smith $^{[^]}$
# Literature/1959

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Subpages

* Chomsky, Noam (1959). "A Review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior." Language, 35(1): 26-57. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1959/Condon $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1959/Crosby $^{[^]}$
* Gellner, Ernest (1959). Words and Things: A Critical Account of Linguistic Philosophy and a Study in Ideology. London: Gollancz. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1959/Hampshire $^{[^]}$
* Snow, Charles Percy (1959). The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution (Rede Lecture). Cambridge University Press, 1959. $^{[^]}$
# Literature/1957/Skinner

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Wikimedia
### w: Verbal Behavior

| w: Behaviorism w: Radical behaviorism w: Cognitive revolution | w: Cognitive psychology w: Cognitive science w: Contextualism |

## Chronology

* Literature/1976/Skinner $^{[^]}$
* Neisser, Ulric (1967). Cognitive Psychology. Prentice Hall. $^{[^]}$
* Chomsky, Noam (1959). "A Review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior." Language, 35(1): 26-57. $^{[^]}$
* Gellner, Ernest (1959). Words and Things: A Critical Account of Linguistic Philosophy and a Study in Ideology. London: Gollancz. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1959/Hampshire $^{[^]}$
* Cherry, Colin (1957). On Human Communication: A Review, a Survey, and a Criticism . The M.I.T. Press, 1966. $^{[^]}$
* Chomsky, Noam (1957). Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton. $^{[^]}$
* Russell, Bertrand (1957). "Mr Strawson on Referring." Mind 66: 385-389. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1957/Sargant $^{[^]}$
* Skinner, B. F. (1957). Verbal Behavior. Acton, Massachusetts: Copley Publishing Group. $^{[^]}$
* Austin, J. L. (1955). How to Do Things with Words. The William James Lectures delivered at Harvard University in 1955, ed. by J. O. Urmson. Oxford: Clarendon, 1962. $^{[^]}$
* Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1953). Philosophical Investigations. Blackwell Publishing. $^{[^]}$
* Strawson, Peter (1950). "On Referring." Mind, vol. 59, no. 235, pp. 320-344. $^{[^]}$
* Ryle, Gilbert (1949). The Concept of Mind. University Of Chicago Press. $^{[^]}$
* Hayakawa, S. I. (1949). Language in Thought and Action. Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1949. $^{[^]}$
* Skinner, B. F. (1948). Walden Two. Macmillan Co., 1948. $^{[^]}$
* Huxley, Aldous (1940). Words and Their Meanings. The Ward Ritchie Press, 1940. $^{[^]}$
* Richards, I. A. (1936). The Philosophy of Rhetoric. Oxford University Press. $^{[^]}$
* Korzybski, Alfred (1933). Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics. 5th ed., Institute of General Semantics, 1994. $^{[^]}$
* Russell, Bertrand (1926). "The Meaning of Meaning." Dial, vol.81 (August 1926) pp. 114-121. $^{[^]}$
* Ogden, C. K. & I. A. Richards (1923). The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. $^{[^]}$
* Russell, Bertrand (1921). The Analysis of Mind. London: George Allen & Unwin. $^{[^]}$
* Russell, Bertrand (1905). "On Denoting." Mind, vol. 14, pp. 479-493. $^{[^]}$

## Reviews

* Chomsky, Noam (1959). "A Review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior." Language, 35(1): 26-57. $^{[^]}$
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2011-2012)/Part I/Exercise sheet 24

    Warm-up-exercises

### Exercise

Compute the definite integral
    $\int _{2}^{5}{\frac {x^{2}+3x-6}{x-1}}dx$

### Exercise

Determine the second derivative of the function
    $F(x)=\int _{0}^{x}{\sqrt {t^{5}-t^{3}+2t}}dt\,.$

### Exercise

An object is released at time $0$ and it falls freely without air resistance from a certain height down to the earth thanks to the (constant) gravity force. Determine the velocity $v(t)$ and the distance $s(t)$ as a function of time $t$. After which time the object has traveled $100$ meters?

### Exercise

Let $g\colon \mathbb {R} \rightarrow \mathbb {R}$ be a differentiable function and let $f\colon \mathbb {R} \rightarrow \mathbb {R}$ be a continuous function. Prove that the function
    $h(x)=\int _{0}^{g(x)}f(t)dt\,$
is differentiable and determine its derivative.

### Exercise

Let $f\colon [0,1]\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$ be a continuous function. Consider the following sequence
    $a_{n}:=\int _{\frac {1}{n+1}}^{\frac {1}{n}}f(t)dt\,.$
Determine whether this sequence converges and, in case, determine its limit.

### Exercise

Let $\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }a_{n}$ be a convergent series with $a_{n}\in [0,1]$ for all $n\in \mathbb {N}$ and let $f\colon [0,1]\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$
be a Riemann-integrable function. Prove that the series
    $\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\int _{0}^{a_{n}}f(x)dx$
is absolutely convergent.

### Exercise

Let $f$ be a Riemann-integrable function on $[a,b]$ with
    $f(x)\geq 0\,$
for all $x\in [a,b]$. Show that if $f$ is continuous at a point $c\in [a,b]$ with $f(c)>0$, then
    $\int _{a}^{b}f(x)dx>0\,.$

### Exercise

Prove that the equation
    $\int _{0}^{x}e^{t^{2}}dt=1\,$
has exactly one solution $x\in [0,1]$.

### Exercise

Let
    $f,g\colon [a,b]\longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
be two continuous functions such that
    $\int _{a}^{b}f(x)dx=\int _{a}^{b}g(x)dx\,.$
Prove that there exists $c\in [a,b]$ such that $f(c)=g(c)$.
    Hand-in-exercises

### Exercise (2 marks)

Determine the area below the graph of the sine function between $0$ and $\pi$.

### Exercise (3 marks)

Compute the definite integral
    $\int _{1}^{7}{\frac {x^{3}-2x^{2}-x+5}{x+1}}dx$

### Exercise (3 marks)

Determine an antiderivative for the function
    ${\frac {1}{{\sqrt {x}}+{\sqrt {x+1}}}}.$

### Exercise (4 marks)

Compute the area of ​​the surface, which is enclosed by the graphs of the two functions $f$ and $g$ such that
    $f(x)=x^{2}{\text{ and }}g(x)=-2x^{2}+3x+4.$

### Exercise (4 marks)

We consider the function
    $f\colon \mathbb {R} \longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,t\longmapsto f(t),$
with
    $f(t)={\begin{cases}0{\text{ for }}t=0,\\\sin {\frac {1}{t}}{\text{ for }}t\neq 0\,.\end{cases}}\,$
Show, with reference to the function
    $g(x)=x^{2}\cos {\frac {1}{x}}\,,$
that $f$ has an antiderivative.

### Exercise (3 marks)

Let
    $f,g\colon [a,b]\longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
be two continuous functions and let $g(t)\geq 0$ for all $t\in [a,b]$. Prove that there exists $s\in [a,b]$ such that
    $\int _{a}^{b}f(t)g(t)dt=f(s)\int _{a}^{b}g(t)dt\,.$
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2011-2012)/Part I/Exercise sheet 26

    Warm-up-exercises

### Exercise

Determine the partial fraction decomposition of
    ${\frac {3X^{5}+4X^{4}-2X^{2}+5X-6}{X^{3}}}.$

### Exercise

Determine the coefficients in the partial fraction decomposition of the Example by replacing $X$ with some numbers.

### Exercise

Determine the complex and the real partial fraction decomposition of
    ${\frac {1}{X^{2}(X^{2}+1)}}.$

### Exercise

Determine the complex partial fraction decomposition of
    ${\frac {1}{X^{3}-1}}.$

### Exercise

Determine the complex and the real partial fraction decomposition of
    ${\frac {1}{X^{3}(X-1)^{3}}}.$

### Exercise

Determine the complex and the real partial fraction decomposition of
    ${\frac {X^{3}+4X^{2}+7}{X^{2}-X-2}}.$

### Exercise

Determine the complex and the real partial fraction decomposition of
    ${\frac {X^{7}+X^{4}-5X+3}{X^{8}+X^{6}-X^{4}-X^{2}}}.$

### Exercise

Determine an antiderivative (primitive function) of the function
    ${\frac {1}{x^{2}+5}}.$

### Exercise

Determine an antiderivative (primitive function) of the function
    ${\frac {1}{x^{2}-5}}.$

### Exercise

Determine an antiderivative (primitive function) of the function
    ${\frac {1}{2x^{2}+x-1}}.$

### Exercise

Determine an antiderivative of the function
    ${\frac {5x^{3}+4x-3}{x^{2}+1}}$
through partial fraction decomposition.

### Exercise

We consider the function
    $f\colon \mathbb {R} \setminus \{1\}\longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,x\longmapsto {\frac {x^{5}+3x^{3}-2x^{2}+x-1}{(x-1)^{2}(x^{2}+1)}}.$
a) Determine the real partial fraction decomposition of $f$.
b) Determine an antiderivative of $f$ for $x>1$.

### Exercise

Find a representation of the rational number $1/60$ as a sum of rational numbers, such that every denominator is a power of a prime number.
    Hand-in-exercises

### Exercise

Write the rational function
    ${\frac {2x^{3}-4x^{2}+5x-1}{4x+3}}$
in the new variables $u=4x+3$. Compute the antiderivative through the real partial fraction decomposition and through the substitutio$u=4x+3$.

### Exercise

Determine the complex and the real partial fraction decomposition of
    ${\frac {1}{X^{4}-1}}.$

### Exercise

Determine the complex and the real partial fraction decomposition of
    ${\frac {1}{X(X-1)(X-2)(X-3)}}.$

### Exercise

Determine an antiderivative (primitive function) of the function
    ${\frac {1}{1+x^{4}}}.$

### Exercise

Determine an antiderivative (primitive function) of the function
    ${\frac {3x-5}{(x^{2}+2x+7)^{2}}}.$

### Exercise

Determine an antiderivative (primitive function) of the function
    ${\frac {7x^{6}-18x^{5}+8x^{3}-9x^{2}+2}{x^{7}-3x^{6}+2x^{4}-3x^{3}+2x-5}}.$
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2011-2012)/Part I/Exercise sheet 22

    Warm-up-exercises

### Exercise

Determine the Taylor polynomial of degree $4$ of the function
    $\mathbb {R} \longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,x\longmapsto \sin x\cos x,$
at the zero point.

### Exercise

Determine all the Taylor polynomials of the function
    $f(x)=x^{4}-2x^{3}+2x^{2}-3x+5\,$
at the point $a=3$.

### Exercise

Let $\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }c_{n}(x-a)^{n}$ be a convergent power series. Determine the derivatives $f^{(k)}(a)$.

### Exercise

Let $p\in \mathbb {R} [Y]$ be a polynomial and
    $g\colon \mathbb {R} _{+}\longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,x\longmapsto g(x)=p{\left({\frac {1}{x}}\right)}e^{-{\frac {1}{x}}}.$
Prove that the derivative $g'(x)$ has also the shape
    $g'(x)=q{\left({\frac {1}{x}}\right)}e^{-{\frac {1}{x}}}\,,$
where $q$ is a polynomial.

### Exercise

We consider the function
    $f\colon \mathbb {R} _{+}\longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,x\longmapsto f(x)=e^{-{\frac {1}{x}}}.$
Prove that for all $n\in \mathbb {N}$ the $n$-th derivative $f^{(n)}$ satisfies the following property
    $\operatorname {lim} _{x\rightarrow 0}\,f^{(n)}(x)=0\,.$

### Exercise

Determine the Taylor series of the function
    $f(x)={\frac {1}{x}}\,$
at point $a=2$ up to order $4$ (Give also the Taylor polynomial of degree $4$ at point $2$, where the coefficients must be stated in the most simple form).

### Exercise

Determine the Taylor polynomial of degree $3$ of the function
    $f(x)=x\cdot \sin x\,$
at point
    $a={\frac {\pi }{2}}\,.$

### Exercise

Let
    $f\colon \mathbb {R} \longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,x\longmapsto f(x),$
be a differentiable function with the property
    $f'=f{\text{ and }}f(0)=1.$
Prove that $f(x)=\exp x$ for all $a\in \mathbb {R}$.

### Exercise

Determine the Taylor polynomial up to fourth order of the inverse of the sine function at the point $0$ with the power series approach described in an remark.
    Hand-in-exercises

### Exercise (4 marks)

Find the Taylor polynomials in $0$ up to degree $4$ of the function
    $f\colon \mathbb {R} \longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,x\longmapsto \sin {\left(\cos x\right)}+x^{3}\exp {\left(x^{2}\right)}.$

### Exercise (4 marks)

Discuss the behavior of the function
    $f\colon [0,2\pi ]\longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,x\longmapsto f(x)=\sin x\cos x,$
concerning zeros, growth behavior, (local) extrema. Sketch the graph of the function.

### Exercise (4 marks)

Discuss the behavior of the function
    $f\colon [-{\frac {\pi }{2}},{\frac {\pi }{2}}]\longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,x\longmapsto f(x)=\sin ^{3}x-{\frac {1}{4}}\sin x,$
concerning zeros, growth behavior, (local) extrema. Sketch the graph of the function.

### Exercise (4 marks)

Determine the Taylor polynomial up to fourth order of the natural logarithm at point $1$ with the power series approach described in remark from the power series of the exponential function.

### Exercise (6 marks)

For $n\geq 3$ let $A_{n}$ be the area of ​​a circle inscribed in the unit regular $n$-gon. Prove that $A_{n}\leq A_{n+1}$.
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2011-2012)/Part I/Exercise sheet 27

    Warm-up-exercises

### Exercise

Let
    $f\colon \mathbb {R} \longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
be an increasing function and $b\in \mathbb {R}$. Show that the sequence $f(n)$, $n\in \mathbb {N}$, converges to $b$ if and only if
    $\operatorname {lim} _{x\rightarrow +\infty }\,f(x)=b\,$
holds, i.e. if the limit of the function for $x\rightarrow +\infty$ is $b$.

### Exercise

Let $I$ be an interval, $r$ a boundary point of $I$ and
    $f\colon I\longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
a continuous function. Prove that the existence of the improper integral
    $\int _{a}^{r}f(t)dt$
does not depend on the choice of the starting point $a\in I$.

### Exercise

$I=r,s$ be a bounded open interval and
    $f\colon I\longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
a continuous function, which can be extended continuously to $[r,s]$. Prove that the improper integral
    $\int _{r}^{s}f(t)dt$
exists.

### Exercise

the rules of definite integrals.

### Exercise

Decide whether the improper integral
    $\int _{1}^{\infty }{\frac {x^{2}-3x+5}{x^{4}+2x^{3}+5x+8}}dx$
exists.

### Exercise

Determine the improper integral
    $\int _{0}^{\infty }e^{-t}dt.$

### Exercise

Let $I=[a,b]$ be a bounded interval and let
    $f\colon ]a,b[\longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
be a continuous function. Let ${\left(x_{n}\right)}_{n\in \mathbb {N} }$ be a decreasing sequence in $I$ with limit $a$ and let ${\left(y_{n}\right)}_{n\in \mathbb {N} }$ be an increasing sequence in $I$ with limit $b$. Assume that the improper integral $\int _{a}^{b}f(t)dt$ exists. Prove that the sequence
    $w_{n}=\int _{x_{n}}^{y_{n}}f(t)dt\,$
converges to this improper integral.
    Hand-in-exercises

### Exercise

Compute the energy that would be necessary to move the Earth, starting from the current position relative to the Sun, infinitely far away from the Sun.

### Exercise

Decide whether the improper integral
    $\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{(x+1){\sqrt {x}}}}dx$
exists and compute it in case of existence.

### Exercise

Give an example of a not bounded, continuous function
    $f\colon \mathbb {R} _{\geq 0}\longrightarrow \mathbb {R} _{\geq 0},$
such that the improper integral $\int _{0}^{\infty }f(t)dt$ exists.

### Exercise

Decide whether the improper integral
    $\int _{-1}^{1}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-t^{2}}}}dt$
exists and compute it in case of existence.

### Exercise

Decide whether the improper integral
    $\int _{1}^{\infty }{\frac {x^{3}-3x+5}{x^{4}+2x^{3}+5x+8}}dx$
exists.

### Exercise

Decide whether the improper integral
    $\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin x}{x}}dx$
exists.
(Do not try to find an antiderivative for the integrand.)
# Northern Arizona University/Environmental Ethics/Journals/September

As I sit here looking out over the canopy that covers most of the town of Flagstaff I am reminded of the stories told of Leopold's realization on his farmland in Wisconsin. I'm not sure if anyone notices the little intricacies of what has adapted, over time, to the arrival and expansion of humans on this plot of "land". Oddly enough I do not hear many birds. Nothing but the occasional chopping of wood or hammering of some project that someone has undertaken. In the distance a train rumbles through as its echoes reverberate throughout the forest. Where have all the birds gone? I'm not an expert on the migration or local ecology of birds but I would have guessed that with such an abundance of real estate I would be listening to a symphony of calls and cackles rather than the high-pitch grumblings of the nearby yapper-dog. Perhaps Leopold and I have both experienced the quiet setting of September.
I find it interesting that we debate and toil over land management issues while all other species just continue to use the land the way they always have. We, humans, have used our greatest ability, thought, to complicate and redefine a very simple stage for us to perform on. How often do people think of the crow that flies overhead or the movement of the leaves indicating a push of air? Such an amazing act to witness yet we're more concerned with what time our favorite tv show comes on or making it to an important meeting. What can be more important than witnessing the glorious motion of life and time and space?
When I look out and see the slow motion of the swaying trees and all the interrelated motions of creatures that share the land, I feel that I'm connected to them by the simple statement "I am". We all share this. We may not share the same home or inhabit the same body but we all form an "I Amness" in our experience. My experience, in this sense, is no different than the ponderosa pine or the black lab or my neighbor. There is a subjective nature that we all share yet there are objective divisions that disable many of us to see our interrelated bonds. My body, my thoughts, and all that I see are nothing more than objects, quantifiable organizations of matter cooperatively working side-by-side to continue this thing called life. But what is it about this "life" that connects me to the past? What is it about this life that connects me to you or any other organism? There is a part of me that observes everything including myself. This "I Amness" of realization connects me back to every living thing that has ever witnessed, even if only for a short moment, its own existence. Am I to think that a dog has never realized its own self? How would a dog 'know' to get excited when its owner comes home? Is there not some memory indicating to that animal that it has experienced a moment of I Amness that it desires to experience again?