OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# An Ancient Greek Word List

Here students can find a variety of commonly used Greek nouns and verbs, both irregular and regular. The mnemonic study of these nouns and verbs will fully enhance a student of Classical Greek to grasp the complex language and will forever aid their philological study. This list is divided into two different lists, one listing verbs, and their irregular form and the other common nouns found in the majority of Classical Greek grammar books.
(Under construction: V.1 of the verb list will contain only the present indicative in the first person singular of a verb and other forms will be added at a later date. Additionally, all verbs will be listed alphabetically)
AS THIS PAGE IS STILL UNDER CONSTRUCTION A GOOD ALTERNATIVE CAN BE FOUND HERE, AND MORE CAN BE FOUND ON THE SITE THE PDF IS SOURCED FROM
ἄγω: I do, drive
αἰρέω: I take (act.) or I choose (mid.)
ἀκούω: I hear (if the subject of the hearing is a person, it is used along with the genitive but if what is heard is a 'thing' then it takes the accusative)
βαίνω: I walk, go
βάλλω: I throw
βούλομαι: I want, wish, desire (This verb always takes the infinitive: βοὐλομαι παὐειν)
γίγνομαι: I become, I am born again (rare)
γιγνώσκω: I know, recognize
δεῖ: It is necessary for + ACC + INF
διδάσκω: I teach
δίδωμι: I give
δύναμαι: I am able
ἐάω: I allow
εἰμί: I am (Caution, this verb can be easily confused with the future indicative of ἔρχομαι (εἶμι)
ἔρχομαι: I go
εὑρίσκω: I find
ἔχω: I have
(under construction: The noun, adjective and adverb list (V.1) shall contain the most basic vocabulary and will be based on the vocabulary found within the lessons on this page in order to aid study and comprehension)
ἀγαθός, -ή, -όν': good, noble, courageous
ἀγρός, ὁ: land, territory, field, country(side)
ἄδικος: unjust, cruel, against the law
ἀδύνατος, -ον: unable, incapable
ἀεί or αἰεί: always (adverb)
ἀθάνατος, -ον: immortal
αἰτίᾱ, ἡ: responsibility, cause
αἴτιος, -ᾱ, -ον: responsible, reason, cause
# Amotivation

This psychology resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
Amotivation refers to the absence of motivation. It is the baseline or neutral motivational state.
# Amplitude

The amplitude or peak amplitude of a wave or vibration is a measure of deviation from its central value. Amplitudes are always positive numbers (for example: 3.5, 1, 120) and are never negative (for example: -3.5, -1, -120). Amplitudes are positive because distance can only be greater than zero or equal to zero; negative distance does not exist.
The distance from the top of one peak to the bottom of another is called peak-to-peak amplitude. Another way to describe peak-to-peak amplitude is to say that it is the distance between the maximum positive value and the maximum negative value of a wave.
Vertical distribution of the deep water waves amplitudes is shown below:
# Computer Networks/Standards

This lesson introduces computer network standards.

## Objectives and Skills

Objectives and skills for the standards portion of Network+ certification include:
* Analyze a scenario and determine the corresponding OSI layer
** Layer 1 – Physical
** Layer 2 – Data link
** Layer 3 – Network
** Layer 4 – Transport
** Layer 5 – Session
** Layer 6 – Presentation
** Layer 7 – Application
* Explain the basics of network theory and concepts
** Encapsulation/de-encapsulation
** Modulation techniques
*** Multiplexing
*** De-multiplexing
*** Analog and digital techniques
*** TDM
** TCP/IP suite
*** ICMP
*** UDP
*** TCP

## Readings

* Wikipedia: OSI model
* Wikipedia: Internet protocol suite

## Multimedia

* YouTube: Understanding the OSI Model - CompTIA Network+ N10-006 - 5.1
* YouTube: Network Fundamentals - CompTIA Network+ N10-006 - 5.2
* YouTube: The TCP/IP Suite - CompTIA Network+ N10-006 - 5.2

## Activities

* Review StudyTonight: Comparison of OSI Reference Model and TCP/IP Reference Model. Draw your own personal reference chart comparing the Internet protocol suite four-layer model to the OSI seven-layer model.
* Review the information boxes on the top right of Wikipedia: OSI model and Wikipedia: Internet protocol suite. Identify protocols you recognize from both information boxes and add them to your reference chart. At a minimum, you should include Ethernet, IP, TCP, UDP, DHCP, DNS, HTTP, IMAP, POP, and SMTP.
* Observe network layers in operating system software.
** Review PluralSight: Windows 7 Advanced Network Configuration.
** Examine network connection properties on your system. Identify which OSI and Internet protocol suite layers each of the connection items represents. Add these to your reference chart.
* Consider why the OSI seven layer model is sometimes referred to as a theoretical model while the Internet protocol suite might be referred to as an operational model.
* Use a protocol analyzer to observe protocol layering and encapsulation.
** Install Wireshark.
** Review Wireshark: User's Guide.
** Use Wireshark to capture network traffic.
# Computer Networks/Ping/TTL

The ping command has an option to configure the Time To Live (TTL) of the packet to be transmitted. These activities will show you how to use the ping command with a custom TTL.

## Preparation

To prepare for this activity:
* Start Windows.
* Log in if necessary.

## Activity 1 - Ping with a Custom TTL

To ping with a custom TTL:
* Open a command prompt.
* Type ping 8.8.8.8 and press Enter. 8.8.8.8 is the IPv4 address of one of Google's public DNS servers.
* Observe the results. The ping request should be successful.
* Type ping -i 1 8.8.8.8 and press Enter.
* Observe the results. The ping request should fail with TTL expired in transit. The response should also indicate the IP address of the router where the TTL expired.
* Type ping -i 2 8.8.8.8 and press Enter.
* Observe the results. Then repeat the ping command, each time increasing the TTL (-i) parameter by one until the ping is successful again. The first TTL count which results in success indicates the number of routers or "hops" between your computer and Google's public DNS server.
* Close the command prompt to complete this activity.

## Readings

* Wikipedia: Ping (networking utility)
* Wikipedia: Time To Live
# Computer Networks/Route/Modify

Route is a Windows command that displays and updates the network routing table. These activities will show you how to use the route command to modify the local routing table.
Note: To complete this activity, you must have an administrative user account or know the username and password of an administrator account you can enter when prompted.

## Preparation

To prepare for this activity:
* Start Windows.
* Log in if necessary.

## Display Local Routing Table

To display the local routing table:
* Open an elevated/administrator command prompt.
* Type route print and press Enter.
* Observe the active routes by destination, network mask, gateway, interface, and metric.

## Delete a Route

To delete a route:
* Observe the routing table entry for network destination 0.0.0.0 listed in Activity 1. The gateway listed for this network is the default gateway. Make note of this gateway address for use in restoring this route.
* Type ping 8.8.8.8 to test Internet connectivity. The ping should be successful.
* Type route delete 0.0.0.0 and press Enter to delete the routing table entry for the default gateway.
* Type route print and press Enter.
* Observe the active routes by destination, network mask, gateway, interface, and metric. Note the missing entry for network destination 0.0.0.0.
* Type ping 8.8.8.8 to test Internet connectivity. The ping should fail.

## Add a Route

To add a route:
* Type route add 0.0.0.0 mask 0.0.0.0 <gateway>, where <gateway> is the gateway address listed for network destination 0.0.0.0 in Activity 1. For example, if the gateway was 192.168.1.1, you would type route add 0.0.0.0 mask 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1. Then press Enter.
* Type ping 8.8.8.8 to test Internet connectivity. The ping should be successful. If not, repeat Activity 2 and then use ipconfig /renew to update your DHCP-assigned IP address and default gateway.
* Close the command prompt to complete this activity.

## Readings

* Wikipedia: route (command)
# Computer Networks/Routing

This lesson introduces routing.

## Objectives and Skills

Objectives and skills for the routing portion of Network+ certification include:
* Explain the basics of routing concepts and protocols
** Loopback interface
** Routing loops
** Routing tables
** Static vs dynamic routes
** Default route
** Distance vector routing protocols
*** RIPv2
** Hybrid routing protocols
*** BGP
** Link state routing protocols
*** OSPF
*** IS-IS
** Interior vs exterior gateway routing protocols
** Autonomous system numbers
** Route redistribution
** High availability
*** VRRP
*** Virtual IP
*** HSRP
** Route aggregation
** Routing metrics
*** Hop counts
*** MTU, bandwidth
*** Costs
*** Latency
*** Administrative distance
*** SPB

## Readings

* Wikipedia: Routing
* Wikipedia: Distance-vector routing protocol
* Wikipedia: Link-state routing protocol
* Wikipedia: Routing Information Protocol
* Wikipedia: Open Shortest Path First
* Wikipedia: Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
* Wikipedia: Border Gateway Protocol
* Wikipedia: Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol
* Wikipedia: Hot Standby Router Protocol

## Multimedia

* YouTube: Routing Tables - CompTIA Network+ N10-006 - 1.9
* YouTube: Route Aggregation and Redistribution - CompTIA Network+ N10-006 - 1.9
* YouTube: Routing Metrics - CompTIA Network+ N10-006 - 1.9
* YouTube: Static and Dynamic Routing - CompTIA Network+ N10-006 - 1.9
* YouTube: Link State, Distance Vector, and Hybrid Routing Protocols - CompTIA Network+ N10-006 - 1.9
* YouTube: IGP and EGP - CompTIA Network+ N10-006 - 1.9
* YouTube: High Availability - CompTIA Network+ N10-006 - 1.9

## Activities

* Use the Tracert command to test network routing.
* Use the route command to display and modify the local routing table:
** Use the route command to display the local routing table.
** Use the route command to modify the local routing table.
* Use a router emulator to set up and configure a basic router. (Note: The emulator will not save configuration changes.)
** Under Setup, configure advanced routing.
*** Enable RIP.
*** Receive and transmit using RIPv2.
** Add a static route to 192.168.2.0/24 using:
*** Destination IP: 192.168.2.0
*** Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
*** Default Gateway 192.168.1.2
*** Hop Count: 1
*** Interface: LAN
* Ask your school or business organization's IT personnel to describe the routing environment. What routers are in use? Which routing protocols are in use? Are any static routes in use? How many locations and how many subnets are managed by the routers?
# Computer Networks/Route

Route is a Windows command that displays and updates the network routing table. These activities will show you how to use the route command.

## Lessons

* Internet Protocol Analysis - Routing

## Readings

* Wikipedia: route (command)

## Activities

* Display Local Routing Table
* Modify Local Routing Table
# Computer Networks/Route/Print

Route is a Windows command that displays and updates the network routing table. These activities will show you how to use the route command to display the local routing table.

## Readings

* Wikipedia: route (command)

## Preparation

To prepare for this activity:
* Start Windows.
* Log in if necessary.

## Display Local Routing Table

To display the local routing table:
* Open a command prompt.
* Type route print.
* Press Enter.
* Observe the active routes by destination, network mask, gateway, interface, and metric.
* Close the command prompt to complete this activity.
# Computer Networks/Tools and Utilities

This lesson covers network tools and utilities.

## Objectives and Skills

Objectives and skills for the network tools and utilities portion of Network+ certification include:
* Given a scenario, analyze and interpret the output of troubleshooting tools
** Command line tools
*** ipconfig
*** netstat
*** ifconfig
*** ping/ping6/ping -6
*** tracert/tracert -6/traceroute6/traceroute -6
*** nbtstat
*** nslookup
*** arp
*** arping
*** mac address lookup table
*** pathping
** Line testers
** Certifiers
** Multimeter
** Cable tester
** Light meter
** Toner probe
** Speed test sites
** Looking glass sites
** WiFi analyzer
** Protocol analyzer

## Readings

* Wikipedia: Network utility and related articles.

## Multimedia

* YouTube: Command Line Tools - CompTIA Network+ N10-006 - 4.2
* YouTube: Physical Testing Tools - CompTIA Network+ N10-006 - 4.2
* YouTube: Web-based Troubleshooting Tools - CompTIA Network+ N10-006 - 4.2
* YouTube: Protocol Analyzers - CompTIA Network+ N10-006 - 4.2

## Activities

Network tools and utilities have been used throughout this course. The following activities may be used for review.
* Use data link layer utilities:
** getmac
** arp
** ipconfig /all
* Use network layer utilities:
** ping
** tracert
* Use transport layer utilities:
** netstat
** nbtstat
* Use application layer utilities:
** nslookup
** Wireshark
# Digital Media Concepts/Samsung Galaxy Fold
## Basic Description

This a phone by Samsung that has a hinge so you can open like a book in which you can use a mini tablet.
# Continuity/D to R/Point/Unit fractions/Power of tens/Exercise

Let $D\subseteq \mathbb {R}$ be a subset, $f\colon D\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$ a function and $a\in D$ a point. Show that the following properties are equivalent.
* $f$ is continuous in $a$.
* For every $n\in \mathbb {N} _{+}$, there exists some $m\in \mathbb {N} _{+}$ such that for the estimate holds.
    $\vert {x-a}\vert \leq {\frac {1}{m}}\,$
    $\vert {f(x)-f(a)}\vert \leq {\frac {1}{n}}\,$
* For every $s\in \mathbb {N}$, there exists some $r\in \mathbb {N}$ such that for the estimate holds.
    $\vert {x-a}\vert \leq {\frac {1}{10^{r}}}\,$
    $\vert {f(x)-f(a)}\vert \leq {\frac {1}{10^{s}}}\,$
# Continuity/R/x sine 1 over x/Exercise

Show that the function
    $f\colon \mathbb {R} \longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
defined by
    $f(x)={\begin{cases}x\cdot \sin {\frac {1}{x}}{\text{ for }}x\neq 0\,,\\0{\text{ else}}\,,\end{cases}}\,$
is continuous. Is it possible to sketch the graph of this function?
# Continuity in a point/K/Characterization/Fact/Proof

Suppose that (1) is fulfilled and let ${\left(x_{n}\right)}_{n\in \mathbb {N} }$ be a sequence in $T$ converging to $x$. We have to show that
    $\lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }f(x_{n})=f(x)\,$
holds. To show this, let $\epsilon >0$ be given. Due to (1), there exists a $\delta >0$ fulfilling the estimation property (from the definition of continuity) and because of the convergence of ${\left(x_{n}\right)}_{n\in \mathbb {N} }$ to $x$ there exists a natural number $n_{0}$ such that for all $n\geq n_{0}$ the estimate
    $d(x_{n},x)\leq \delta \,$
holds. By the choice of $\delta$ we have
    $d(f(x_{n}),f(x))\leq \epsilon {\text{ for all }}n\geq n_{0},$
so that the image sequence converges to $f(x)$.
Suppose now that (2) is fulfilled. We assume that $f$ is not continuous. Then there exists an $\epsilon >0$ such that for all $\delta >0$ there exist elements $z\in T$ such that their distance to $x$ is at most $\delta$, but such that the distance of their value $f(z)$to $f(x)$ is larger than $\epsilon$. This holds in particular for every $\delta =1/n$, $n\in \mathbb {N} _{+}$. This means that for every natural number $n\in \mathbb {N} _{+}$, there exists a $x_{n}\in T$ with
    $d(x_{n},x)\leq {\frac {1}{n}}{\text{ and with }}d(f(x_{n}),f(x))>\epsilon .$
This sequence ${\left(x_{n}\right)}_{n\in \mathbb {N} }$ converges to $x$, but the image sequence does not converge to $f(x)$, since the distance of its members to $f(x)$ is always at least $\epsilon$. This contradicts condition (2).
# Continuous Function/Primitive function exists/Fact/Proof

Let $a\in I$ be an arbitrary point. Due to fact, there exists the function
    $F(x)=\int _{a}^{x}f(t)\,dt\,,$
and because of the Fundamental theorem, the identity $F'(x)=f(x)$ holds. This means that $F$ is a primitive function for $f$.
# Continuous Function/Primitive function exists/Fact

Let $I$ denote a real interval, and let
    $f\colon I\longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
denote a continuous function.
$f$
# Continental shelves/South west African

The countries on the southwestern coast of Africa include (north to south) Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire), Angola, Namibia, and South Africa.
On the orthographic map of Africa on the left South Africa is the southern-most country outlined. Going northward along the southwest coast are South Africa, Namibia, Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire), Republic of the Congo (Congo), Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, and Cameroon.

## Cameroon continental shelves

The map on the right shows the location of Bonga Field off Nigeria where colors browns to gray approximately represent areas near or above sea level during the last ice age (currently 1,000 meters up to sea level).

## Angolan continental shelves

As with other bathymetric maps yellow is 2,000 to 1,000 meters depth and orange to red is 1,000 meters to sea level. This latter depth zone represents those areas most likely near, at or above sea level during the last ice age. The region of the map is centered on the Kwanza river continental shelves off shore Angola.

## Namibian continental shelves

As with other near surface continental shelves, those off-shore of Namibia, in the sea-floor map on the right, yellow is 2,000-1,000 meters in depth, orange is 1,000 to near sea level, and red is just below sea level. Orange to red is 1,000 meters up to just below sea level. During the last ice age, features in orange to red were likely just below to above sea level.

## South African continental shelves

Several features apparently could have substantial portions at or above sea level due to the previous ice age during the last 50 kyrs. These include the Madagascar Ridge, the Mozambique Plateau, the Southwest Indian Ridge, and the Del Cano Rise. The Kerguelen Plateau is closer to and likely an extension of the Antarctic continental shelves.
In the image on the left the light blue colors correspond to the zone from 1,000 meters to sea level.
# Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery (CI/CD)

CI is the practice of integrating code into a repository and building/testing each change automatically, as early as possible. There are several tools in the market to facilitate Continuous Integration / Continuous Delivery (CI/CD) practices, such as GitLab and Jenkins.
GitLab included by default CI functionalities since 22/09/2015 in GitLab 8.0 and CD functionalities since 2016. GitLab CI/CD pipelines are configured using a YAML file called .gitlab-ci.yml
Other CI tools include: Azure DevOps, Bamboo, CircleCI, CloudBees, DevOps/Jenkins X, Gitlab, GitHub, Shippable, JetBrains TeamCity and Travis.

## Activities

* Review wikipedia comparison of CI tools: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_continuous_integration_software
* Read StackOverflow CI questions: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/continuous-integration?tab=Votes
# ECSTRA/Leave-Taking

roltaco Typical forms:
1. forms to say good-bye
    1.1. informally
    1.2. formally
2. ways to bring the conversation to an end
    2.1. a simple "Ok, good-bye now"
    2.2. a phrase like "I want to go now"
    2.3. a phrase like "I have to go now, I have to do something else"
    2.4. a phrase like "It's already late now"
    2.5. a phrase like "I don't want to bother you any longer"
    2.6. a phrase like "We've already talked for too long"
    2.7. you say what you have to do now (if there really is something)
    2.8. you invent a reason
    2.9. other strategies
3. does the interlocutor let you go or does s/he first try to persuade you to stay?
(Please remember our guidelines.)
# Direct current/Project basics

This is a guide to direct current electronic projects. Here are the basics to starting projects, and there are links to specific DC projects.

## Common tools

* Multimeter
* Solder
* Electronic board: breadboard, printed circuit board

## Semiconductors

Diodes

## Integrated circuits

Integrated circuits are chips that have basic circuits internally, and can be wired to externally for greater use.

### 555 timer

There are variants to the 555 chip for the same purpose but for more outputs: 556 chip. This chip is used to time circuits.

### Audio amplifier

The LM386 is an audio amplifier chip.

## Motors

BLDC

## Open source hardware

Arduino

## Wikiversity projects

* Robotics Projects
* Amplifier
# Disability Services

Although Wikiversity does not provide specific services for participants with disabilities, there are a number of adaptations that people can make that will assist them in their learning. These include the following. Participants are encouraged to add to the list as they find new strategies that are helpful.

## Visual impairments

* Enlarged font
* Audiobooks
* VoiceOver utilities

## Reading comprehension difficulties

* Identifying key point in each paragraph rather than trying to retain everything

## Working Memory difficulties

* Use of notebook or PDA
* Breaking down large tasks into smaller tasks
* Mastering the first step before moving on to the next
* Use of laminated check lists
* Mnemonic strategies
* Reading for understanding rather than memorizing

## Performance anxiety

* Relaxation strategies

## Pain Problems

* Ergonomic work stations
* Dvorak keyboard layout
* Voice dictation software

## Student Discussion

Students with disabilities are also encouraged to form discussion/support groups with other students. Further, it will be helpful to discuss the impact of the disability on the learning experience with instructors and other students, as this may enhance the learning of everyone.

## See Also

* Assistive Technology
# Direct sum/Linear mapping/Fact/Proof

The mapping is well-defined, since the representation $v=v_{1}+v_{2}$ with $v_{1}\in U_{1}$ and $v_{2}\in U_{2}$ is unique. The linearity follows from
    ${\begin{aligned}\varphi (av+bv')&=\varphi _{1}{\left((av+bv')_{1}\right)}+\varphi _{2}{\left((av+bv')_{2}\right)}\\&=\varphi _{1}{\left(av_{1}+bv'_{1}\right)}+\varphi _{2}{\left(av_{2}+bv'_{2}\right)}\\&=a\varphi _{1}(v_{1})+b\varphi _{1}(v'_{1})+a\varphi _{2}(v_{2})+b\varphi _{2}(v'_{2})\\&=a\varphi _{1}(v_{1})+a\varphi _{2}(v_{2})+b\varphi _{1}(v'_{1})+b\varphi _{2}(v'_{2})\\&=a\varphi (v)+b\varphi (v')\end{aligned}}$
# Dirichlet conditions

Dirichlet conditions guarantee that a periodic function $x(t)$ can be exactly represented by its Fourier transform.

## Readings

* Wikipedia: Dirichlet conditions

## Conditions
### Condition 1

The function must be absolutely integrable over a single period $T$. This is equivalent to the statement that the area enclosed between the abcissa and the function is finite over a single period.
$\int _{T}|x(t)|<\infty$

### Condition 2

Given any finite period of time the number of local maxima and minima of $x(t)$ within that period is finite.

### Condition 3

Given any finite period of time there is a finite number of discontinuities in the function $x(t)$
# Direct sum/Linear mapping/Fact

Let $V$ be a $K$-vector space together with a direct sum decomposition
    $V=U_{1}\oplus U_{2}\,.$
Let $W$ be another $K$-vector space and let
    $\varphi _{1}\colon U_{1}\longrightarrow W$
and
    $\varphi _{2}\colon U_{2}\longrightarrow W$
denote linear mappings.
    $\varphi (v):=\varphi _{1}(v_{1})+\varphi _{2}(v_{2})\,,$
where $v=v_{1}+v_{2}$ is the direct decomposition, a linear mapping
    $\varphi \colon V\longrightarrow W.$
# English-Chinese/The poultry farming industry that accounts for chicken production takes on a range of forms across different parts of the world

The poultry farming industry that accounts for chicken production takes on a range of forms across different parts of the world.
以鸡肉生产为主的家禽养殖业在世界各地都有各种形式。
# English-Chinese/The prevalence of latex allergy in the general population is believed to be less than one percent

The prevalence of latex allergy in the general population is believed to be less than one percent.
一般人群中乳胶过敏的患病率被认为低于百分之一。