OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Programming Fundamentals/Introduction/Swift
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Swift compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* paiza.IO
* repl.it
* Online Swift Playground

## See Also

* Apple: A Swift Tour
# Programming Fundamentals/Introduction/Using an Online IDE

An integrated development environment (IDE) is a software application that provides code editing, build automation, and debugging for the software development process. This activity introduces an online IDE which may be used to develop and test programs. This activity will help you understand IDEs and the software development process.

## Objectives

* Understand the features included in integrated development environments (IDEs).
* Use an online IDE to run a simple program.

## Prerequisites

* Review Wikipedia: Integrated development environment.

## Introduction

Review the following Python3 Hello World program.

### Questions

* What symbol is used to indicate annotations or comments?
* Is any word used to indicate the beginning of a program?
* Is any word used to indicate the end of a program?
* What word is used to indicate output?
* What capitalization and punctuation rules are followed?
* How is sequencing used in Python?

### Further Research

* Use the TIOBE Index to review current programming language popularity. Where is Python currently located on the index?

## Activity

Compare two or more of the following free online development environments.
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* InterviewBit
* paiza.IO
* Programiz
* PythonTutor
* Python Fiddle
* repl.it
* RexTester
* Trinket
* TutorialsPoint
* Python Online
* Python Playground
* LabEx

### Questions

* Compare and contrast the features included in the different IDEs. Which IDE has more features? Which IDE seems easiest to use?
* Copy the Python3 Hello World program code and try to run it in your selected IDEs. Which IDE do you prefer?

## Applications

* Consider how IDEs are used in the software development process.
* Identify specific steps you will want to take when writing and testing computer programs.
* Discuss your activity experience with your classmates. What surprised you? What have you learned that you can apply to your own school or work environment?
# Programming Fundamentals/Loops/C++
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own C++ compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* paiza.IO
* PythonTutor
* repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* C++
* Wikibooks: C++ Programming
# Programming Fundamentals/Loops/Block
## Try It

Go to Blockly Demo or use your own Block compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* Blockly
* Gameblox
* Micro:bit
* Scratch
* Snap
* Tynker

## See Also

* Blockly
# Programming Fundamentals/Loops/C
## Try It

Copy
* CodeChef
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* InterviewBit
* paiza.IO
* PythonTutor
* repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Wikibooks: C Programming
# Programming Fundamentals/Introduction/Writing Pseudocode

Pseudocode is an informal high-level description of the operating principle of a computer program or other algorithm. This activity introduces basic pseudocode concepts and how to put them together to represent the steps to complete a simple task. This activity will help you understand pseudocode and how to use it in the program planning process.

## Objectives

* Understand basic pseudocode concepts.
* Select a set of terms to use when writing pseudocode for programming.

## Prerequisites

* Review Wikipedia: Pseudocode.

## Introduction

Review the following pseudocode example.

### Questions

* What symbol is used to indicate annotations or comments?
* What word is used to indicate the beginning of a program?
* What word is used to indicate the end of a program?
* What word is used to indicate output?
* How are sequencing and indenting used in pseudocode?
* What capitalization and punctuation rules are followed?

### Further Research

* What word should be used to indicate input?
* What word should be used to indicate a process or calculation?
* What word should be used to indicate a decision or choice?
* What software applications are available to help create pseudocode?

## Activity

With a partner, consider the following scenario: Assume you are sitting in a classroom. You are directing your partner to write your name on the board in the front of the classroom and then return to their seat.
What steps are necessary to make this happen? Write pseudocode that documents the steps. Compare your pseudocode with your partner's pseudocode. Discuss any differences and make adjustments, if necessary.

## Applications

* Consider how pseudocode may be used in the program planning and documentation process.
* Identify specific steps you will want to take when planning and writing computer programs.
* Discuss your activity experience with your classmates. What surprised you? What have you learned that you can apply to your own school or work environment?
# Programming Fundamentals/Loops/BASIC
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own BASIC compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* repl.it

## See Also

* Wikibooks: BASIC Programming
# Psychiatry/Quiz

Psychiatry is a lecture from the school of medicine and the psychology department.
You are free to take this quiz at any time.
To improve your score, read the lecture and the extra resources listed in the See also, External links section and in the {{medicine resources}} template.
As a help, have a second window with the lecture available, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or use association.
As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.
Some questions in this quiz are taken from quizzes in Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Fear and Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Oxytocin and emotion.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* A dominant group is almost never humane.
# Psycho-social dynamics/Being a supply teacher

(For Admin: Please do not attach a banner to this page for its format! Please read the conventions on Psycho-social Dynamics. Suggestions on how best to proceed most welcome :)
I did not come to teaching through the normal route. Whereas most teachers hate supply, and don't like starting at a new school until the kids have got to know them, I thrived in such environments. I learned many different skills, and put into place many of the principles and teaching techniques I learned in my PGCE. Implementing these skills in a mainstream school from the beginning of the academic calendar has been difficult for me. I hope to outline my skills, work ethos, philosophy and intentions for the future. --Fidocancan 21:18, 28 November 2007 (UTC)
# Paleontology/History

For now please refer to the wikipedia article on the w:History of paleontology.
People who have influences palaeontology are listed:
# Paleontology/Can you identify this fossil and the material it was fossilized in?

Identify this fossil and the maerial it was fossilized in. Once identified the fossil image will be replaced and the old image archieved.
Please include the scientific name of the species and source of your information.
# Paleontology

Paleontology is divided into various subjects for the study of extinct species that once existed on the planet. A major part of the study is the process of fossilization and relationships of species to one another. Fossil specimens are assessed according to the geological structures they are preserved in. Preservation is based on corresponding geological processes; rock materials, climactic conditions, and the ecological processes present at the time the species was fossilized.

## Prerequisites

* None, but some knowledge of geology, taxonomy, anatomy, fossilization, evolution, ecology, and systematics would be of benefit.
* External study requires a field of specialization as a prerequisite, usually in geology.
* Time investment - Not described as to date, but maybe 30 minutes a day.

## Content summary

To learn how the process of preserving evidence of past life occurs, how it is used as evidence for evolutionary theory, the correlation of rock formations to fossilization, and the time periods of geologic structures.

## Goals

This learning project offers learning activities to ____.
* Educate and pass on the knowledge of past events and their causes and consequences.
* Understand and develop hypothesis following the scientific principle of correct scholarly examination and to prove or disprove a theory on the basis of evidence provided.
* Also follow Paleontological Society Code of Fossil Collecting.
At the end of your studies your work should be produced in the following example, Maury, Carlotta Joaquina 1934, Fossil Invertebrata from northeastern Brazil. Bulletin of the AMNH ; v. 67, article 4 .

## Resources

* Wikipedia Readings
* Wikibooks Readings
* External Resources

## Lessons

* Introduction
* Evolution
* Anatomy
* History
* Assignments

## See Also

* Molecular Paleontology Reading Group - the recovery of DNA from ancient human, animal, and plant remains.
* Portal:Life Sciences
# Paleontology/Assignments
## Assignment for Lesson 1

Describe a period in the geologic record and the life that fossils have provided an exsistence of. The length of the time period can be 1-100 million years. 500 words long.

### Activities

* Write Wikibook on Palaeontology
* Activity 2.Identification.

### Readings

Each activity has a suggested associated background reading selection.
In this reading it is advisable that you take these guide to university study seriously. They are designed to help you with what is required of you in your studies.

#### *Reading 1.

* Study guide:
** Wikibooks:How to pass a course
** Wikibooks:How to pass a course/Assignments
** Wikibooks:How to pass a course/Taking notes
** Wikibooks:How to pass a course/If you must cram
** Wikibooks:How to pass a course/Exams
** Wikibooks:How to pass a course/Practice

#### *Reading 2.

This is the basic concept of what palaeontology is all about. It encoumpases these 3 areas in the study, along with a few others disiplines like geology, climatology, chemistry etc, though you are usually required to major in only one field.
* Wikipedia article: Wikipedia:Fossil, Wikipedia:Fossil birds Wikipedia:Paleontology, Wikipedia:Geologic time scale

#### *Reading 3.

More specialised fields of study.
* Wikipedia:Dinosaur-bird connection
* Wikipedia:Category:Evolutionary biology, an index of palaeontological fields and relevant areas of biology.

#### Reading 4.

Paleopedia a wiki on the subject.

#### Reading 5.

* Elements of Geology, The Student's Series, Written by Sir Charles Lyell, Bart., F.R.S., (1871) at Geology.com a bit out of date but offers useful insight on the subject.
# Paleontology/External Resources
## Study guides

* EvoWiki.org related material

## Undergraduate

Units at Monash University as a template. Other Universities' structures will be viewed, and an appropriate course structure will be developed.
* Cardiff Univertity School of Earth, Ocean and Planetary Sciences, Undergraduate streem.
* Syllabus for the Ohio State University.

## Masters

Sample degrees offered at various Universities.
* University of Bristol Palaeobiology Masters degree
* Cardiff University School of Earth, Ocean and Planetary Sciences

## External links to news and other information

* Bubl links on palaeontology
* The Palaeobiology and Biodiversity Research Group
* Berkeley University Introduction to Palaeontology
* ABC Science in Australia
* The palaeontology portal.
* Palaeontology Department Natural History Museum in the United Kingdom.
* Science daily information about new fossil species

## Publications

* The Palaeontological Association
* Elements of Geology, The Student's Series, Written by Sir Charles Lyell, Bart., F.R.S., (1871) at Geology.com

## Blogs and forums on Palaeontology

* Palaeoblog
* Tetrapod Zoology blog
* International fossil forum

## Additional readings

* Wikipedia:Paleontology
* Wikibooks:Purpose/2. Life/Endnotes
* s:The New Student's Reference Work/Fossil
* s:The Origin of Species
* Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. A good site for the taxonomy of vertebrate species.
* Palaeos.org A wiki on taxonomy.
* The first Palaeos site.

### Books

* General
Guide to Fossils 2003, by Philip's, Octopus Publishing Group Ltd, London. ISBN 0-540-08374-7.
* Geology
McGeary. D and Plummer.C.C (1994), Physical Geology Earthe revealed, Wm . C. Brown Publishers, Dubuque. ISBN 0-697-12687-0.

## External news

* http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/5220784.stm Australian 'Nessie' fossils found .
* http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/09/060929-sea-monster.html New Species of Ancient Sea Creature Discovered -- Under Ping-Pong Table.
* http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/16215340.htm Bay Area scientist reveals rare fossil discovery in Antarctica.
* http://abc.net.au/science/news/stories/2007/1862805.htm?ancient Spiky oddball once prowled ocean by Will Dunham
# Paleontology/Evolution

In this lesson you will get an overview of the process that were involved in Universal evolution. We will start of with the Universe then the evolution of the Milky Way, the planets with a focus on the Earth and its process to biological evolution.

## The Universe

In w:Theoretical physics and w:observational cosmology the description of what makes up the Universe is in order to clarify terminology by w:George Ellis, U. Kirchner and W.R. Stoeger recommend using the following terms:
* w:the Universe for the theoretical model of all of the connected space-time in which we live.
* w:universe domain for the observable universe or a similar part of the same space-time.
* w:universe for a general space-time (either our own Universe or another one disconnected from our own),
* w:multiverse for a w:set of disconnected space-times.
* w:multi-domain universe to refer to a model of the whole of a single connected space-time in the sense of w:chaotic inflation models.

## Topics

* 1- Evolution of the Universe, the Solar System and the Earth.
* 2- Geology structure and chemistry of the Earth.
* 3- Dating using relative and absolute scales.
* 4- Plate tectonics and the structure of the Earth's crust.
* 5- Rock and minerals formations includes igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks and processes.
* 6- Evolution of life
* 7- Atmosphereic and oceanic formation on the Earth and other planets during geological time.
* 8- Geology and the environment.
# Real numbers/Bounded subset has supremum/Fact

Every nonempty subset of the real numbers, which is bounded from above,
supremum
$\mathbb {R}$
# Real numbers/Completeness/Axiom

The real numbers $\mathbb {R}$ form a complete Archimedian ordered field.
# Real numbers/Bounded monotonic increasing sequence/Cauchy sequence/Fact/Proof

Let $b\in \mathbb {R}$ denote a bound from above, so that $x_{n}\leq b$ holds for all $x_{n}$. We assume that ${\left(x_{n}\right)}_{n\in \mathbb {N} }$ is not a Cauchy sequence. Then there exists some $\epsilon >0$ such that for every $n_{0}$, there exist indices $n>m\geq n_{0}$ fulfilling $x_{n}-x_{m}\geq \epsilon$. Because of the monotonicity, there is also for every $n_{0}$ an $n>n_{0}$ with $x_{n}-x_{n_{0}}\geq \epsilon$. Hence, we can define inductively an increasing sequence of natural numbers satisfying
    $n_{1}>n_{0}{\text{ such that }}x_{n_{1}}-x_{n_{0}}\geq \epsilon ,$
    $n_{2}>n_{1}{\text{ such that }}x_{n_{2}}-x_{n_{1}}\geq \epsilon ,$
and so on. On the other hand, there exists, due to the axiom of Archimedes, some $k\in \mathbb {N}$ with
    $k\epsilon >b-x_{n_{0}}\,.$
The sum of the first $k$ differences of the subsequence $x_{n_{j}}$, $j\in \mathbb {N}$, is
    ${\begin{aligned}x_{n_{k}}-x_{n_{0}}&={\left(x_{n_{k}}-x_{n_{k-1}}\right)}+{\left(x_{n_{k-1}}-x_{n_{k-2}}\right)}+\cdots +{\left(x_{n_{2}}-x_{n_{1}}\right)}+{\left(x_{n_{1}}-x_{n_{0}}\right)}\\&\geq k\epsilon \\&>b-x_{n_{0}}.\end{aligned}}$
This implies $x_{n_{k}}>b$, contradicting the condition that $b$ is an upper bound for the sequence.
# Real numbers/Completeness/Introduction/Section

Within the rational numbers there are Cauchy sequences which do not converge, like the Heron sequence for the computation of ${\sqrt {5}}$. One might say that a nonconvergent Cauchy-sequence addresses a gap. Within the real numbers, all these gaps are filled.

## Definition

An ordered field $K$ is called complete or completely ordered, if every Cauchy sequence in $K$
The rational numbers are not complete. We require the completeness for the real numbers as the final axiom.

## Axiom

The real numbers $\mathbb {R}$ form a complete
Now we have gathered together all axioms of the real numbers: the field axioms, the ordering axiom and the completeness axiom. These properties determine the real numbers uniquely, i.e., if there are two models $\mathbb {R} _{1}$ and $\mathbb {R} _{2}$, both fulfilling these axioms, then there exists a bijective mapping from $\mathbb {R} _{1}$ to $\mathbb {R} _{2}$ which respects all mathematical structures (such a thing is called an "isomorphism“).
The existence of the real numbers is not trivial. We will take the naive viewpoint that the idea of a "continuous number line“ gives the existence. In a strict set based construction, one starts with $\mathbb {Q}$ and constructs the real numbers as the set of all Cauchy sequences in $\mathbb {Q}$ with a suitable identification.
# Real numbers/Bounded sequence/Zero sequence/Product/Fact/Proof/Exercise

Let ${\left(x_{n}\right)}_{n\in \mathbb {N} }$ be a null sequence and let ${\left(y_{n}\right)}_{n\in \mathbb {N} }$ be a bounded real sequence. Show that also the product sequence $(x_{n}y_{n})_{n\in \mathbb {N} }$ is a null sequence.
# Real numbers/Cauchy sequence/Definition

A real sequence ${\left(x_{n}\right)}_{n\in \mathbb {N} }$ is called a Cauchy sequence, if the following condition holds.
For every $\epsilon >0$, there exists an $n_{0}\in \mathbb {N}$, such that for all $n,m\geq n_{0}$, the estimate
    $\vert {x_{n}-x_{m}}\vert \leq \epsilon \,$
holds.
# Real numbers/Completeness/Nested intervals/Roots/Section
## Definition

A sequence of closed intervals
    $I_{n}=[a_{n},b_{n}],\,n\in \mathbb {N} ,$
in $\mathbb {R}$ is called (a sequence of) nested intervals, if $I_{n+1}\subseteq I_{n}$ holds for all $n\in \mathbb {N}$, and if the sequence of the lengths of the intervals, i.e.
    ${\left(b_{n}-a_{n}\right)}_{n\in \mathbb {N} },$
converges
$0$
In a family of nested intervals, the length of the intervals are a decreasing null sequence. However, we do not require a certain velocity of the convergence. An interval bisection is a special kind of nested intervals, where the next interval is either the lower or the upper half of the preceding interval.

## Theorem

Suppose that $I_{n}$, $n\in \mathbb {N}$, is a sequence of nested intervals in $\mathbb {R}$. Then the intersection
    $\bigcap _{n\in \mathbb {N} }I_{n}$
contains exactly one point
$x\in \mathbb {R}$

### Proof

$\Box$

## Theorem

For every nonnegative real number $c\in \mathbb {R} _{\geq 0}$ and every $k\in \mathbb {N} _{+}$ there exists a unique nonnegative real number $x$ fulfilling
    $x^{k}=c\,.$

### Proof

We define recursively nested intervals $[a_{n},b_{n}]$. We set
    $a_{0}=0\,$
and we take for $b_{0}$ an arbitrary real number with $b_{0}^{k}\geq c$. Suppose that the interval bounds are defined up to index $n$, the intervals fulfil the containment condition and that
    $a_{n}^{k}\leq c\leq b_{n}^{k}\,$
holds. We set
    $a_{n+1}:={\begin{cases}{\frac {a_{n}+b_{n}}{2}},{\text{ if }}{\left({\frac {a_{n}+b_{n}}{2}}\right)}^{k}\leq c\,,\\a_{n}{\text{ else}},\end{cases}}\,$
and
    $b_{n+1}:={\begin{cases}{\frac {a_{n}+b_{n}}{2}},{\text{ if }}{\left({\frac {a_{n}+b_{n}}{2}}\right)}^{k}>c\,,\\b_{n}{\text{ else}}.\end{cases}}\,$
Hence one bound remains and one bound is replaced by the arithmetic mean of the bounds of the previous interval. In particular, the stated properties hold for all intervals and we have a sequence of nested intervals. Let $x$ denote the real number defined by this nested intervals according to fact. Because of exercise, we have
    $x=\lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }a_{n}=\lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }b_{n}\,.$
Due to fact, we get
    $x^{k}=\lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }a_{n}^{k}=\lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }b_{n}^{k}\,.$
Because of the construction of the interval bounds and due to fact, this is $\leq c$ but also $\geq c$, hence $x^{k}=c$.
$\Box$
This uniquely determined number is denoted by ${\sqrt[{k}]{c}}$ or by $c^{1/k}$.
# Real numbers/Constant sequence/Example

A constant sequence $x_{n}:=c$ converges to the limit $c$. This follows immediately, since for every $\epsilon >0$, we can take $n_{0}=0$. Then we have
    $\vert {x_{n}-c}\vert =\vert {c-c}\vert =\vert {0}\vert =0<\epsilon \,$
for all $n$.
# Numerical algorithms
## Description

Numerical Algorithms is a set of courses in the Department of Scientific Computing in the School of Computer Science.
As a topic of study, it has a lot of overlap with Topic:Numerical analysis.

## Introduction

What are numerical algorithms?
Short history?

## Scope

In these courses, students learn the basic tools and language of Scientific Computing.

## Prequisites

Students willing to follow the courses in Numerical Algorithms should have taken the following courses or equivalents thereof:
* Basic Analysis
* Basic Linear Algebra
* Introduction to Programming with some knowledge of either Matlab, C or Pascal.

## Courses

The courses in Numerical Algorithms are designed to be followed in the order presented here.
* Finite Arithmetic
* Floating point
* Interpolation and Extrapolation
* Least-Squares Method
* Root Finding in one Dimension
** Bisection Method
** Newton's Method
** Secant Method
* Root Finding in many Dimensions
* Numerical Integration and Differentiation
** Monte Carlo Integration
* Numerical Integration of ODEs

## Active Participants

The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this department, you can list your name here (this can help small departments grow and the participants communicate better; for large departments a list of active participants is not needed).
* Pedro.Gonnet 08:22, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
# Numerical Analysis/stability of RK methods/Exercises
## Exercises
### Ex:1

find the stability function for RK2 which is given by: $y_{n+1}=y_{n}+hf(t+{\frac {h}{2}},y_{n}+{\frac {hf(t_{n},y_{n})}{2}})$
Solution:
applying this method to the test equation $y'=\lambda y$
    we get ${\begin{aligned}y_{n+1}&=y_{n}+h\lambda y_{n}+{\frac {(h\lambda )^{2}}{2}}y_{n}\\\Rightarrow \end{aligned}}$
the stability polynomial $\phi (z)=1+h\lambda +{\frac {(h\lambda )^{2}}{2}}$

### Ex:2

find the absolute stability region for RK2.
Solution:
by setting $z=h\lambda$
    $\Rightarrow$ the abs.stability region is given by $\{z\in \mathbb {C} ||1+h\lambda +{\frac {(h\lambda )^{2}}{2}}|<1\}$

### Ex:3

find the characteristic polynomial for RK2.
Solution:
it is $r^{i+1}=(1+z+{\frac {z^{2}}{2}})r^{i}$ divide both sides of the equation by $r^{i};r\neq 0$ you get $r^{i+1}=(1+z+{\frac {z^{2}}{2}})r^{i}$
    $\Rightarrow \phi (r,z)=r-1+z+{\frac {z^{2}}{2}}$

### Ex:4

is RK2 stable, if it is what type of stability.
Solution:
you get $r^{i+1}=(1+z+{\frac {z^{2}}{2}})r^{i}$ by setting z=0,
    $\Rightarrow r=1$
    so the method is strongly stable since r=1, is the only root, and has a value of 1.

### Ex:5

determine the stabilityfo Back Ward Euler method which is given by: $y_{n+1}=y_{n}+hf(t_{n+1},y_{n+1})$
Solution:
applying this method to the test equation $y'=\lambda y$
    we get ${\begin{aligned}y_{n+1}&={\frac {1}{1-h\lambda }}y_{n}\\\Rightarrow &={\frac {1}{1-z}}y_{n};z=h\lambda \\\end{aligned}}$
    let $G(z)={\frac {1}{1-z}}$
    since G(z) approaches 0, ans Re(z) approaches infinity,
then B.E.M is L-stable.