OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# History and evolution of the English Language
## History of English

* History of English in 10 Minutes
* Interactive timeline of the history of English
* How do we Study Language Evolution
* Language Change in English
* Language and Definitions

## Conversion

* Verbing
* Language Change in English
* Language and Definitions

## Language Change and Specialisation

* English As An Asian Language
* Saami Language

## British or American English?

* Common differences between British and American English
* Confounding Discrepancies
* Spelling Differences
* Americans are Ruining English

## The State of English Today

The British government are encouraging people to actively learn foreign languages, reasoning this will help them find employment in times of economic crisis. Does this then signify the end of the global English dominance? Arguably not, as at the same time the governmental decision is to make second language learning in schools optional. This sends the clear message that English is the only necessary language. What an interesting contradiction.
Reading:
* Language learning to end recession
* English is All We Need
Assignment: Write a comparative analysis of the two texts. Explore how they are constructed to achieve their purpose and how they use language and style to target the audience. When you have written your own analysis, read the sample analysis below.
# History and economics of philanthropy in the United States

Welcome to Westminster's HEPUS wiki! This wiki was created in the spirit of this idea, and the purpose is for all of us to learn more about the organizations which are the focus of your group projects and site visits. You should not only share your impressions, thoughts, reactions in the section assigned to your group, but you should also read the other sections to expand your knowledge and understanding of philanthropic services provided in Atlanta.
* The Good Samaritan Health Center
* The Marcus Institute
* The Woodruff Arts Center
* The Temple-- Hebrew Benevolent Congregation of Atlanta, GA
* All Saints' Episcopal Church, Atlanta
* Odyssey Atlanta
* Southeastern Council of Foundations

## Quotes

"All of us know more than one of us" -unknown

## Discussion questions and essay ideas

* What might be some dynamics of cryptoeconomics relate to crowd funding philanthropic endeavors?
* What might be some cryptoeconomic considerations relate to crowd funding philanthropic endeavors?
* What are some economic considerations related to crowd funding and philanthropy?
* How has crowdfunding changed the economics of philanthropy over the last decade or so?

## Readings
### Wikipedia

* List of wealthiest charitable foundations
* Foundation (nonprofit)
* List of wealthiest charitable foundations
* Charity (Template)
* Volunteering
* Mutual-benefit nonprofit corporation
* Fundraising
* Donation
* Altruism
* Public-benefit nonprofit corporation
* Voluntary association
* Private foundation
* Charitable organization
* Charitable trust
* Charitable trusts in English law
* Financial endowment
* List of charitable foundations
* List of water-related charities
* Youth philanthropy
* List of philanthropists
* Open Philanthropy (organization)
* Effective altruism (Template)
* Philanthropy

### External

* The Economics of Charitable Giving: What Gives? 2005
* Three Essays on the Economics of Philanthropy
# MDLD/product set

Start=product set Target=Product set/Two sets/Definition
# MDLD/real number

Start=real number Target=Real numbers/Completeness/Axiom
# MDLD/real part

Start=real part Target=Complex numbers/Real and imaginary part/Definition
# MDLD/rational number

Start=rational number Target=Number sets/Overview/Section
# MDLD/rank (matrix)

Start=rank (matrix) Target=Matrix/Column rank/Definition
# MDLD/real cosine function

Start=real cosine function Target=Trigonometric functions/R/Series/Introduction/Section
# MDLD/real exponential function

Start=real exponential function Target=Real exponential function/Via series/Definition
# MDLD/real cotangent function

Start=real cotangent function Target=Tangent and cotangent/Real/Definition
# MDLD/real interval

Start=real interval Target=Real numbers/Intervals/Definition
# MDLD/real numbers

Start=real numbers See=real number MDLD/real number Target=Real numbers/Completeness/Axiom
# Man vs. Wild/Paleolithic vs. Neolithic/Let's Be Civilized!

* Culture - Beliefs, knowledge, & pattern of living that a group of people living together acquire.
* Civilization - Complex culture that produces a surplus of food, est. a large town w/gov't, & has specialization of labor.

### The Big Six Characteristics

* Government - To regulate the land and the people
* Religion - Priests and temples built. Human burials.
* Food Surplus - Result of agriculture. Means people have more time.
* Social Class - Some members of society are given higher status than others.
* Specialization of Labor - People have time for a specific job.
* Writing in a Highly Developed Culture - Pictograms/Music/Architecture/Art

### First Four Civilizations

* Tigris and Euphrates River Valley
* Nile River Valley
* Indus River Valley
* Huang He Valley

#### How do archaeologists learn the age of an artifact??

* Carbon dating (only on organic objects): Amount of carbon left determines age!

### Sites/Settlements you need to know

* Stonehenge - Archaeological site in England, begun in Neolithic Era and ended in Bronze Age.
* Aleppo - Early city in the Fertile Crescent in Syria. Now an ISIS stronghold.
* Jericho - Early city in the Fertile Crescent in Israel. Known for walls (defensive).
* Catalhoyuk - Settlement (Neolithic) in Turkey
# Management Of Community Acquired Pneumonia
## Diagnostic Tests

* CBCD, electrolytes, glucose, BUN, Cr
* ABG on RA
* blood cultures (draw 2 before treatment, at least 10 min. apart)
* sputum gram stain and culture
* CXR (PA and lateral)
* acid fast stain of sputum if cough > 1 month or suspicious CXR for TB
* thoracocentesis if pleural effusions present
** stain, culture, pH, leukocyte count, differential

## General Management

* analgesics/antipyretics
* ensure adequate hydration
* oxygen therapy to O2 sat ≥ 90%
* consult RT, PT, OT, speech language pathologist, dietician as needed

## Hospitalization

* When to admit
** Age >65 yrs
** Decreased immunity (cancer, diabetes, AIDS, splenectomy)
** Mental status changes
** Increased A-a gradient
** Two or more lobes involved
** No home
** Organ failure (↑Cr, bone marrow suppression, severe hypotension, liver failure)
** WBC > 30,000/mm3 or < 4000/mm3 (sepsis)

## Treatment

* if no pathogen identified, empirically treat
** NO COMORBIDITIES: po macrolide or doxycycline
** WITH COMORBIDITIES: po beta-lactam plus macrolide, or fluoroquinolone, quinolones (levofloxacin)
** if suspect ASPIRATION: amoxicillin-clavulanate or levofloxacin and metronidazole
* treat empirically until pathogen identified by sputum or blood culture, then use specific therapy
* OUTPATIENT: treat for 10 - 14 days
** Followup with GP, CXR in 8-12 weeks
* INPATIENT: treatment length based on response to therapy, comorbid illnesses, complications
** usually treat bacterial infections until patient is afebrile for >72 hours
*** resolution of respiratory symptoms, fever, PaO2 level, WBC, and findings on serial CXR
* give influenza and pneumococcal vaccine on day of discharge
* smoke cessation

### Poor prognostic factors

* age, men, nursing home
* comorbidities: cancer, liver, CHF, CVDTV
, renal
* O/E: LOC, RR, BP, pulse, temperature
* labs: pH, pO2, ↓hematocrit, ↑BUN, ↓Na, ↑glucose, pleural effusion
# Managerial Accounting

Welcome to the Managerial Accounting learning project of the Wikiversity Master of Business Administration Program.

## Getting started

Managerial Accounting refers to the broad application of accounting concepts to financial data to create reports to be interpreted by management. Such financial data, in contrast to Financial Accounting, does not have to comply with GAAP, the FASB, or the filing requirements of the SEC, since it is meant only for internal consumption within an organization.
The major subjects to learn include:
* Introduction
* cost accounting
* activity based costing
* project costing
* budgeting
# Man vs. Wild/Vocab

* Agriculture - Plants and farming/starts during Neolithic Era.
* Aleppo - City in Syria
* Anthropologist - Studying of humanity/human culture.
* Archaeologist - Study skeletons/artifacts of the past.
* Artifact - Archaeological findings that has been offered from man (bowl, etc.).
* Catalhoyuk - A neolithic settlement in Anatolia (Turkey).
* Cave Art - Paintings on caves [Homo sapiens in Paleolithic Era].
* Civilization - Society of people: Make food, city, organized government.
* Cultural Diffusion - Spreading of cultural-ness, religion, languages... through trade and travel.
* Domestication of Animals - Making animals to obey, easy to contain.
* Fire - Used for warmth, protection, light - first used by homo erects.
* Hunter-Gatherer - Nomadic peeps living by eating.
* Jericho - Ancient city in Palestine; known for walls.
* Lucy the Hominid - A hominid found in Ethiopia.
* Neolithic Era - 9000 - 8000 b.c. in Middle East; new stone age, more development
* Nomadic - No home, but from place to place.
* Paleolithic Era - Old stone age.
* Scavenger - Finding food/no kill.
* Stone Tools - Tools from stone, first developed by homo habilis.
* Stonehenge - Prehistoric monument in England.
# Management as a profession

A profession is a well-defined body of knowledge which is learned intellectually, and with an organizational sense. To enter a profession, a person has to undergo the relevant course and write the exam. It is primarily concerned with serving others. Professionals work either for charges or fees.
For students of BBA

## Requirements

A profession is an occupation which requires special skills. It's backed by knowledge and training. It needs skills and a special body of knowledge.

## Reasons why it's not considered a profession

Management is a well-defined body of knowledge. There are organizations made to regulate whatever managers do. There's also a code of conduct for managers. But management is not considered a profession because it needs a minimum number of qualifications, it's essential for its' practitioners to register themselves with a professional body (though that's not obligatory) and there's no universally accepted code of conduct.

## Reasons why it's considered a profession

It's considered a profession because it consists of special knowledge, has formal training methods, fees, has a code of conduct, and has a representative organization.

## Conclusion

Profession is an activity where specialised knowledge in specific field is acquired and it is used for the welfare of the entire society. In return fees is charged, doctors, lawyers, CA, engineers, etc are professional.
# Man vs. Wild/Paleolithic vs. Neolithic

Just think of Neolithic as a totally new and improved age... kind of like cars!

## Paleolithic or Neolithic

Paleolithic: Earliest known use of stone tools (Homo habilis)... Known as simply "Era". Pretty simple compared to the Neolithic era. Neolithic: Or "New Stone Age", progression for humans.

##### Review

* Temporary. 20 to 60 people could travel together in bands
* Paleolithic
* Agriculture revolution - Learned that plants could be seeds/Domestication of animals
* Neolithic
* Specialization of Labor
* Neolithic
* Temporary shelter.. changed as a result of season/weather.
* Paleolithic
* Non-reliable food source
* Paleolithic
* Nomadic when it came to resources
* Paleolithic
* Trade grew
* Neolithic

##### Examples of Paleolithic/Neolithic settlements/sites?

* Stonehenge, in England, started during the Neolithic era, and completed in the Bronze Age.
* Catalhoyuk, in Anatolia, Turkey, is a Neolithic settlement in which 10,000 people lived there, while nearly the rest of the world were nomadic.
# Management

Management (or managing) is the administration of an organization, whether it is a business, a not-for-profit organization, or government body.
Management includes the activities of setting the strategy of an organization and coordinating the efforts of its employees (or of volunteers) to accomplish its objectives through the application of available resources, such as financial, natural, technological, and human resources. The term "management" may also refer to those people who manage an organization - managers.

## Resources

* Brainstorming

## See Also

* Portal: Management
* Wikipedia: Management
* MIT: Management Courses
# Management for Planners

The purpose of this module is to introduce the management concepts and its domain areas as applicable in urban and regional planning fields. The module topics would acquaint students with the basic management principles and understanding regarding various dimensions of management to assist in decision making process related to urban and regional planning, urban infrastructure development, municipal service delivery and governance. The learners would be equipped thoroughly in theoretical context, application areas, case studies and practical exercises in areas of urban management, urban infrastructure development, urban service delivery and among other critical areas of built environment field.

## Chapter 1: Management Concepts

Unit-1: Introduction, Key Definitions & Terminology Characteristics, Functions, Processes, Nature Principles of Management / Planning, Organizing,Leading, Control Significance of Management
Unit-2: Theories of Management Types of Management: Financial, Marketing,Human Resources,Change Management Management and Administration Managerial Skills, Levels of Management
Unit-3: Management and Planning Management by Objectives (MBO) Results Based Management (RBM) Project Management Systems
# Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Preface
## Preface

Motivation and emotion: Improve your life (2013) is a collection of over 100 collaboratively-authored chapters (mainly by 3rd year undergraduate psychology students at the University of Canberra. The chapters focus on applied psychology topics in motivation and emotion and are pitched at a self-help audience. Pick a topic that intrigues you and hopefully you will learn what psychological science (theory and research) has to say about how to improve this aspect of your life.
The 2013 book chapters are each unique chapters which also build and extend on similar work by students in Motivation and emotion in 2010 and 2011. In 2010, the focus was on developing textbook style chapters and in 2011, the focus was on addressing a self-help audience.
In addition to the students (who are more appropriately considered to be emerging academics), the following people also contributed to the book and the chapters:
* James Neill, unit convener and editor
* Courtney Reis, tutor
# Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/DM2/"Commentario" to Elsevier journal: Primary Care Diabetes
## "COMMENTARY" to the Elsevier journal: Primary Care Diabetes

Co-authors contribute with a short review of one or more selected subjects with references. The published comment is intended to be used with meeting ILO/WHO, Naitonal authorirties, Medical Associations news etc. Co-authors, please select 1 or more subjects on the list and write 25-100 words evidence based with 1-3 references on the selected Subject + Abstract 10-15 words also with 1-3 references. Deadline 30 Nov 2021 (article submission expected before April 2022)
* List of topics to be included in the article (to be revised)
* 1. Seafarers and fishers Int guides med exam for T2DM urine stix for suggar
* 2. Which other transport jobs that have obligatory medical exams routine
* 3. Social Determinants of Health and Diabetes
* 4. EU Screening for T2DM
* 5. WHO Screenings guide for T2DM
* 6. Patients compliance to advice
* 7. Economics early diagnosis T2DM
* 8. Qualies gain early diagnosis
* 9. Years of living gains
* 10. Lab issues: 30-50% false negatives by urine stix
* 10. Serious consequenses loss years loss good life and income.
* 11. HbA1c is diagnostic valid - history
* 12. Supplemental Fasting blood sugar diagnostic value
* 13. Other relevant lab test
* 14. Conclusiones
* 15. Recommendations
* ILO/WHO National maritime authorities - Board of health
* National Central registration of the results and publication of the results
* ↑ https://www.journals.elsevier.com/primary-care-diabetes
* ↑ Brown, Pam. ‘Waist Circumference in Primary Care’. Primary Care Diabetes 3, no. 4 (November 2009): 259–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2009.09.006
writing subject 12:
# Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/DM2/COMMENTARY to: Primary Care Diabetes
## "Commentary"/"Brief Report" to "Primary Care Diabetes"

Co-authors are invited to contribute with a short review of one or more selected topics in the list below with references. The published COMMENTARY is intended to be used with meetings with ILO/WHO, Naitonal Authorirties, Medical Associations etc. Co-authors select 1 or more topics on the list and write a 25-100 words review with 1-3 references on the selected topic + Abstract 10-15 words with 1-3 references. Deadline 30 Nov 2021 (Article submission 1000 words, 20 references for Commentary/Brief Report, expected April 2022) Reviews can be entered below: Click on "Edit" and write your contributtions, remember to click "Publish changes"
* List of topics to be included in the article (to be revised)
* 1. Seafarers and fishers Int guides med exam for T2DM urine stix for suggar
* 2. Which transport jobs that have obligatory medical exams routine, which of them use urine stix for suggar
* 3. Social Determinants of Health and Diabetes
* 4. EU Screening guidelines for T2DM
* 5. WHO Screening guidelines for T2DM
* 6. Patients compliance to given advice
* 7. Economics gains by early diagnosis T2DM
* 8. Qualies gained early diagnosis
* 9. Years of living gains
* 10. Lab issues: 30-50% false negatives by urine stix
* 10. Consequenses loss years loss good life and income.
* 11. HbA1c validity diagnostic, history development
* 12. Supplemental Fasting blood sugar diagnostic value
* 13. National/European/Int Central registration of prevalence of T2DM in work groups results publication of the results
* 14. Conclusiones
* 15. Recommendations
* ILO/WHO National maritime authorities - Board of health National Central registration of the results and publication of the results
* ↑ https://www.journals.elsevier.com/primary-care-diabetes
* ↑ Brown, Pam. ‘Waist Circumference in Primary Care’. Primary Care Diabetes 3, no. 4 (November 2009): 259–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2009.09.006
REVIEWS
Click on "Edit" then write your contributtions directly in these pages and click "Publish changes"
# Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/DATA COMPILING

DATA FOR ANALYSIS - NEW DATA ON THE WAY :
| YEAR | COUNTRY | PLACE | QUEST | DATE | Pilot=N | Final=N | CARE | STUDENT ANALYSIS | Thesis | Publication |
| 2020 | Thailand | Kasetart | CoPSoQ | Feb | | 323 | OJ | Ebjerg, BaScPubH | Done | |
| 2021 | France | All schools | GHQ12 | marts | 1400 | 230 | DL | Esbjerg, MScPhubH | Done | On the way |
| 2021 | Thailand | Kasetart | GHQ12 | feb | 323 | 320 | OJ | Esbjerg | Done | |
| 2021 | Venezuela | Caribe | GHQ12 | feb | 37 | 35 | OJ | Esbjerg | Done | |
| 2021 | Spain | Basque | GHQ12 | feb | 31 | 28 | LC | Esbjerg | Done | |
| 2021 | Iceland | Fishing | Saf-Climate | may | 80 | 100 | OJ | Reykjavik | Done | Published |
| 2021 | Thailand | Student | GHQ12 | Aug | | 298 | | Agreement | Done | |
| 2021 | Panamá | Stevedores | Musculo(NMQ) | July-Aug | 101 | 101 | | Victoria, DK | Ongoing | |
| 2021 | Costa Rica | Stevedores | Clinical data | Jan21-Sep21 | | 3051 | | Autores | Waiting | On the way |
| 2021 | Costa Rica | Port Med clinic | Diseases | Aug- | | | | | | - |
| 2021 | Panamá | UMIP | GHQ12 | Oct 1-30 | 73 | | UMIP | for thesis in 2022 | BScPH | |
| 2021 | Spain | Casa del Mar | Hb1aC | Aug21-Feb2022 | 200 | 400 | LC+HE | | | |
| 2021 | Colombia | Mar Med clinic | Hb1aC | Dec-Feb2022 | 75 | 300 | CENDIATRA | Not decided | | |
| 2022 | Japan | Mar University | GHQ12 | Dec 2021 --> | | | Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology (TUMSAT), | Naruphun Chotechuang | | |
| 2022 | Panama | UMIP | GHQ12 | Feb | exp | 300 | IS | | Thesis | |
# Journeys in film

Journeys in Film was founded in 2003 to broaden global learning through the powerful combination of age-appropriate films from around the world and interdisciplinary classroom materials designed to develop 21st century academic skills for Middle School students.

## Films

Our program uses film as a "window" to help students in America's classrooms mitigate attitudes of cultural bias and racism, develop a deeper understanding of global issues, and prepare youth for effective participation in the world economy.

## Materials

Journeys in Film curricular materials provide innovative standards-based lessons that foster deeper learning with real-life connections, resulting in an immersive high-impact experience for secondary students in any educational setting. This approach helps educational systems enrich their academic offerings without increasing personnel or operating costs, while meeting their federal and state educational performance mandates.

## Methodology

Our methodology applies visual storytelling as a tool for engaging students - connecting them with their peers and locations around the world while building skills in math, science, language arts, social studies, visual arts, media literacy and intercultural communication.

## Teaching guide

Download a free interdisciplinary teaching guide for teaching high school students about South African culture and HIV AIDS based on the film Beat the Drum. Beat the Drum is a contemporary South African film about the devastation of HIV / AIDS. It follows a young boy, Musa, who is orphaned after his parents die of the disease. In order to help his grandmother, he leaves his village in KwaZulu, Natal to find his uncle. As he makes the physical journey from his remote village to the urban landscape of Johannesburg, the film follows his emotional quest for survival, understanding, and community. Thanks to the generous support through a grant made by The Fledgling Fund, Journeys in Film is proud to provide a complete inter-disciplinary curriculum guide for FREE.
Liam Neeson is the National Spokesperson for Journeys in Film.
# Jugular Venous Pulses
## Inspection

* Cyanosis
* Frankly distended external jugular veins
* Periorbital edema
* Neck masses
* Lines/tubes

## Procedure

* Position the patient with the head on the pillow and sterno cleido mastoid muscles relaxed
* Start with the head of the bed @ 30 degrees. Adjust the bed angle to visualize the JVP in the lower 1/2 of the neck.
* Ask the patient to lift their chin slightly (the traditionally taught method of allowing the head fall to the left mistakenly obscures the pulse beneath a contracted sternocleidomastoid muscle).
* Use tangential lighting, examining both sides of the neck
* Identify the external juglular vein then the internal which pulses through soft tissue.

## The 5 ways to distinguish the internal jugular vein (JVP) from the carotid

* JVP is not palpable
* JVP is occludable with light pressure above the sternal end of the clavicle
* JVP changes with bed angle
* JVP descends with inspiration
* The JVP is multiphasic while the carotid is monophasic
* Measure the JVP relative to the sternal angle
* > 4cm is abnormal

## Components of the JVP

Components of the JVP
* A wave - increase in atrial pressure that reflects atrial contraction (A = Atrial contraction)
* C wave - tricupsid valve closure
* V wave - filling of atrium with tricuspid closed (V = venous filling)
* X descent - atrial relaxation
* X' descent - ventricular emptying pulls down atrium
* y descent - passive flow of blood from atrium to ventricle
Note: The carotid pulsation generally falls over the c wave

## Abdomino jugular reflux (AJR)

* apply firm pressure to the abdomen for 10 seconds
** normally the JVP will rise transiently then fall back to normal within 10 seconds
** the AJR is positive if the JVP stays elevated for more than 10 seconds then falls to normal when the pressure is removed
* do not do this maneuver if the JVP is already high