OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Trigonometric functions/Arctangent/Definition

The inverse function of the real tangent function is
    $\mathbb {R} \longrightarrow ]-{\frac {\pi }{2}},{\frac {\pi }{2}}[,x\longmapsto \arctan x,$
and is called arctangent.
# Trigonometry/Angles

An angle is made of two rays with a common endpoint in a single plane.
All angles consist of a few primary parts: an initial and a terminal ray, and an angle measure.
The vertex of the angle is the point at which the initial and terminal ray intersect. Rotating about the vertex from the initial to the terminal ray gives the angle measure.
The measure of an angle is defined as the length of an arc between the initial ray and the terminal ray of a unit circle whose center is at the common end point. There are different ways to measure the size of an angle. It may be given in terms of :
An angle is frequently denoted by a greek letter, typically $\theta$. When an angle $\theta$ is measured in radians, there is the following relationship between $s$ (the arc length on a circle cut off by that angle), $r$ (the radius of that circle), and $theta$ measured in radians:
$s=r\theta \,$.
Using elementary algebra:
$\theta ={\frac {s}{r}}$ and $r={\frac {s}{\theta }}$
Thus, value of θ could be measured using any circle and not just the unit circle by taking the ratio of the arc length to the radius. Further the size of θ is independent of the size of the circle, since the ratio remains the same as the radius and arc length change proportionally. Also, with this interpretation of the angle measure, notice that the angle is measured by taking the ratio two quantities which would have the same units of measure namely, what ever units we are measuring length. As such the resulting angle measure is said to be unitless which has important ramifications in applied settings.
Reading: Wikipedia: Measuring Angles
Videos: Introduction to angles Angles (part 2) Angles (part 3) Radians and Degrees
Quiz: Quiz
# Trigonometric functions/R/Inverse functions/Analytic properties/Section
## Corollary

The real sine function induces a bijective, strictly increasing function
    $[-\pi /2,\pi /2]\longrightarrow [-1,1],$
and the real cosine function induces a bijective, strictly decreasing function
    $[0,\pi ]\longrightarrow [-1,1].$

### Proof

$\Box$

## Corollary

The real tangent function induces a bijective, strictly increasing function
    $]-\pi /2,\pi /2[\longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,$
and the real cotangent function induces a bijective strictly decreasing function
    $[0,\pi ]\longrightarrow \mathbb {R} .$

### Proof

$\Box$
Due to the bijectivity of sine, cosine, tangent and cotangent on suitable interval, there exist the following inverse functions.

## Definition

The inverse function of the real sine function is
    $[-1,1]\longrightarrow [-{\frac {\pi }{2}},{\frac {\pi }{2}}],x\longmapsto \arcsin x,$

## Definition

The inverse function of the real cosine function is
    $[-1,1]\longrightarrow [0,\pi ],x\longmapsto \arccos x,$

## Definition

The inverse function of the real tangent function is
    $\mathbb {R} \longrightarrow ]-{\frac {\pi }{2}},{\frac {\pi }{2}}[,x\longmapsto \arctan x,$

## Definition

The inverse function of the real cotangent function is
    $\mathbb {R} \longrightarrow ]0,\pi [,x\longmapsto \operatorname {arccot} x,$

## Theorem

The inverse trigonometric functions have the following
    ${\left(\arcsin x\right)}'={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}\,.$
    ${\left(\arccos x\right)}'=-{\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}\,.$
    ${\left(\arctan x\right)}'={\frac {1}{1+x^{2}}}\,.$
    ${\left(\operatorname {arccot} x\right)}'=-{\frac {1}{1+x^{2}}}\,.$

### Proof

For example, for the arctangent, we have, due to fact,
    ${\begin{aligned}(\arctan x)^{\prime }&={\frac {1}{\frac {1}{\cos ^{2}(\arctan x)}}}\\&={\frac {1}{\frac {\cos ^{2}(\arctan x)+\sin ^{2}(\arctan x)}{\cos ^{2}(\arctan x)}}}\\&={\frac {1}{1+\tan ^{2}(\arctan x)}}\\&={\frac {1}{1+x^{2}}}.\end{aligned}}$
$\Box$
# Web Languages
## Learning Project Summary

* Suggested Prerequisites:
** None
* Time investment:
** Non-technical Activities: 2-3 hours of study, 1 hour in completion of the exercises
** Technical Activities: 2-3 hours per language.
* Assessment suggestions:
* Portal:
* School:
* Department:
* Stream
* Level:Novice

## Content summary

Which Language To Choose Which language you choose may be a more a matter of preference rather than need. Today most of the major languages will do almost anything you want. However, each language has its own strengths and may be more appropriate depending on the project.
The good news is that trying out each of the major languages is fairly easy to do once you have an environment setup. Moreover, you can try most of them for free with the right tools! Although the ideal situation would be for each student to work on all the languages, there may be only specific ones you are interested in. In this case, pick at least two languages and work on the exercises below.
Common Web Development Languages
* ASP.Net
** using VB.Net
** using C#.Net
* PHP
* Ruby
* Python
* Java
** Java Servlets
** Java Applets
** Java Server Pages
** Java Beans

## Goals

* Students will be able to compare and contrast major web development languages.
* Students will be able to create basic "Hello World" programs in multiple languages.
* Students will have created a simple but non-trivial program in mulitple languages.
* It is not an objective of this section to be a replacement for indepth study in a particular language.

#### Activities

Non-technical Exercises
* For your selected languages find out the following:
** What is the main website for the language?
** What is the most popular development environment for the language.
** What deployment environment is necessary to run programs? Do you need a particular web server? What frameworks do you need to have running?
* Does your language use LAMP or WAMP?
Programming Exercises
* Hello World: For your selected languages write and run a simple "Hello World" program. This program should return the string "Hello World". Since most languages would allow you to have an HTML form of some type, make sure this program returns the value of a variable that is set to the value "Hello World."
* Simple Math: Create a web page with two textboxes and a button. A user can enter numbers in each textbox and when the button is clicked, the two numbers are added and the result displayed.
* MasterMind:
** Create an array with 4 places.
** Initialize the array with the the letters A,B,C,D randomly. Repeats are allowed. Create a form with 4 text boxes.
** Create a form with 4 text boxes and a "guess" button.
** Every time a user clicks on the guess button the program compares the input to the array and returns a result:
*** The number of letters that are in the correct position and the correct letter.
*** The number of letters that are in the solution but are not in the correct position.

#### Tests and Quizzes

What are web programming languages
# Web Science/All learning units talk

this page is a public watchlist for the web science MOOC.
please do not remove it as its existence is crucial for the success of the navigational template of the course

## general / intro

* Talk:Web_Science
* Talk:Web_Science/Part1:_Foundations_of_the_web

### ethernet

* Talk:Web_Science/Part1:_Foundations_of_the_web/Internet_Architecture/Ethernet
* Communication over a shared Medium
* Ethernet Header
* Minimum Package length vs Maximum cable length
* Collision Detection
* Summary, Further readings & Homework

### ip

* Talk:Web_Science/Part1:_Foundations_of_the_web/Internet_Architecture/Internet_Protocol
* Motivation for IP
* Classfull IPv4 networks
* IP forwarding algorithm
* IP header
* Summary, Further readings & Homework

### tcp

* End to End Principle and Connection oriented Communication
* 3 way handshake
* Port Numbers
* Sliding Window and Flow Control
* Summary, Further readings, Homework

### dns

* Tree Structure
* Terminology
* Zones
* Review some facts about DNS
* Delegating DNS Queries
* DNS Address Resolution
* Summary, Further readings & Homework

### internet vs www

* Summary of the Internet Architecture
* Motivation and Requirements for the World wide web
* Design Principles of the Web
* Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
* Summary, Further readings, Homework

### http

* Making HTTP requests
* A Simple Web Client
* A Simple Web Server
* The HTTP Header
* Content negotiation
* Summary, Further readings, Homework

### web content

* Problem Setting for Web Content Formats
* Working with XML
* HTML for Web Document Structures
* Layout Elements in HTML
* Motivating Separation of Content and Layout
* Cascading Stylesheets (CSS)
* Media Content
* Metadata
* Summary, Further readings, Homework
# Web Science/All learning units

| Video and script | Associated Lesson |
| | Communication over a shared Medium |
| | Ethernet Header |
| | Minimum Package length vs Maximum cable length |
| | Collision Detection |
| no video | Summary, Further readings & Homework |
The following video of the flipped classroom associated with this topic are available:
You can find more information on wiki commons and also directly download this file
# Web Science/Enroll/2013

* PART1: Week1: Ethernet · Internet Protocol · Week2: Transmission Control Protocol · Domain Name System · Week3: Internet vs world wide web · HTTP · Week4: Web Content · Dynamic Web Content
* PART2: Week5: How big is the Web? · Descriptive Web Models · Week6: Advanced Statistic Models · Modelling Similarity · Week7: Generative Modelling of the Web · Graph theoretic Web Modelling
* PART3: Week8 : Investigating Meme Spreading · Herding Behaviour · Week9: Online Advertising · User Modelling
* PART4: Week10 : Copyright · Net neutrality · Week11: Internet governance · Privacy
This page is the archived version of 2013s class that was being held:
Feel free to enroll in the Web Science MOOC and study the web with us! In order to be enrolled, click and add your name (and short information about you) in Students category (if you are a participant of a Master Web Science program) or as an Online Student (if you join us via the Internet). Before editing this page it is recommended to be registered at Wikiversity (or at Wikipedia).

## Join our Mailinglist

There is a mailing list for the course available at http://list.uni-koblenz.de/mailman/listinfo/web-science-mooc. Feel free to join this list for efficient communication among students.

## Instructors

* Prof. Dr. Steffen Staab
* Rene Pickhardt

## students

* add yourself

## Students

* David Filip --DavidFilip (discuss • contribs) 11:32, 24 October 2013 (UTC)
* Jane Kruchinina--Jane Kruch (discuss • contribs) 22:03, 23 October 2013 (UTC)
* Roman Sokolov - Master Web Science student (Russia) --Oleamm (discuss • contribs) 15:53, 23 October 2013 (UTC)
* Knut Jackowski
* Bocardodarapti (discuss • contribs) 18:29, 16 October 2013 (UTC)
* Lkastler (discuss • contribs) 14:25, 22 October 2013 (UTC)
* pavi
* Miriam Kölle
* Yuan
* Maximilian Weigel (discuss • contribs) 09:43, 23 October 2013 (UTC)
* Sergey Dedukh ----Sergeyd (discuss • contribs) 09:36, 24 October 2013 (UTC)
* Rouslan Kvashchanka (discuss • contribs) 12:23, 24 October 2013 (UTC)
* Kuo Tung-Yin --> Schin(discuss • contribs) 19:30, 24 October 2013 (UTC)
* Rahul Arora --Rahul
* Marienoel Romanos --Marienoelromanos (discuss • contribs)10:18, 26 October 2013
* Hiba Soussy
* Georges Jamous
* Romy Bou Arbid ---Romyba (discuss • contribs) 26 October 2013 (USJ)
* Nourrice hamza ---Nourrice (discuss • contribs) 26 October 2013 (USJ)
* Samar Youssef
* Rachelle Haber
* Irina Karpowa
* Martin Körner
* Camille Khoury
* Pascal Watwat
* Arefin
* Anurag
* Paarth
* Sajid
* Thomas
* Konstantyn
* Aida rz
* saqib waheed
* Olga Zagovora
* John Green
* Aldar Antonov
* Alexander Pugachev
* Norhidayah Azman
* Leutha (discuss • contribs)

## Facilitators (Remote)

* Stefan Bazan - Saint-Joseph University of Beirut (discuss • contribs)
# Web Foundations/Servers and Data

This lesson introduces servers and data.

## Objectives and Skills

Objectives and skills for this lesson include:
* Identify technologies for enhancing the user's Web experience, including programming languages, multimedia technologies.
* Demonstrate knowledge of languages commonly used to provide database connectivity to Web sites.
* Identify common strategies for managing an end user's experience and improving site creativity.
* Test and analyze Web site performance issues.

## Readings

* Wikipedia: Web server
* Wikipedia: Web application development
* Wikipedia: Ajax (programming)
# Web Foundations/Tables

This lesson introduces tables.

## Objectives and Skills

Objectives and skills for this lesson include:
* Use the most current version of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML5) to create Web pages.
* Design Web pages to industry standards.

## Readings

* Wikipedia: HTML table
* Wikibooks: HyperText Markup Language/Tables

## Examples
### Table
### Combined

Example:
| Column 1 | Column 2 | Column 3 |
| Data 1 | Data 2 | Data 5 |
| Data 3 | Data 4 | Data 5 |
| Data 6 |||

## Activities

* Complete the tutorial TutorialsPoint: HTML Tables
# Web Science/Enroll

* PART1: Week1: Ethernet · Internet Protocol · Week2: Transmission Control Protocol · Domain Name System · Week3: Internet vs world wide web · HTTP · Week4: Web Content · Dynamic Web Content
* PART2: Week5: How big is the Web? · Descriptive Web Models · Week6: Advanced Statistic Models · Modelling Similarity · Week7: Generative Modelling of the Web · Graph theoretic Web Modelling
* PART3: Week8 : Investigating Meme Spreading · Herding Behaviour · Week9: Online Advertising · User Modelling
* PART4: Week10 : Copyright · Net neutrality · Week11: Internet governance · Privacy
Feel free to participate by ether enrolling as a student or by adding teaching materials and resources to our pool of resources.

## Pool of resources

All the materials on this site are open educational resources and can be reused for anybody who whishes to do a lecture.
We are also maintaining a list of public available slide decks and lectures on web science - which might not be Open educational resources - which might inspire some of our design descisions for the course. Feel free to add your teaching materials and course concepts to this list.

## Instructors

* Prof. Dr. Steffen Staab
* Rene Pickhardt

## students

* David Filip --DavidFilip (discuss • contribs) 11:32, 24 October 2013 (UTC)
* Jane Kruchinina--Jane Kruch (discuss • contribs) 22:03, 23 October 2013 (UTC)
* Roman Sokolov - Master Web Science student (Russia) --Oleamm (discuss • contribs) 15:53, 23 October 2013 (UTC)
* Knut Jackowski
* Bocardodarapti (discuss • contribs) 18:29, 16 October 2013 (UTC)
* Lkastler (discuss • contribs) 14:25, 22 October 2013 (UTC)
* pavi
* Miriam Kölle
* Yuan
* Maximilian Weigel (discuss • contribs) 09:43, 23 October 2013 (UTC)
* Sergey Dedukh ----Sergeyd (discuss • contribs) 09:36, 24 October 2013 (UTC)
* Rouslan Kvashchanka (discuss • contribs) 12:23, 24 October 2013 (UTC)
* Kuo Tung-Yin --> Schin(discuss • contribs) 19:30, 24 October 2013 (UTC)
* Rahul Arora --Rahul
* Marienoel Romanos --Marienoelromanos (discuss • contribs)10:18, 26 October 2013
* Hiba Soussy
* Georges Jamous
* Romy Bou Arbid ---Romyba (discuss • contribs) 26 October 2013 (USJ)
* Nourrice hamza ---Nourrice (discuss • contribs) 26 October 2013 (USJ)
* Samar Youssef
* Rachelle Haber
* Irina Karpowa
* Martin Körner
* Camille Khoury
* Pascal Watwat
* Arefin
* Anurag
* Paarth
* Sajid
* Thomas
* Konstantyn
* Aida rz
* saqib waheed
* Olga Zagovora
* John Green
* Aldar Antonov
* Alexander Pugachev
* Norhidayah Azman
* Leutha (discuss • contribs)
* Olga Zagovora (discuss • contribs) 19:10, 2 November 2014‎
* User:Mg Aung Myo Kyaw (discuss • contribs) 18:43, 20 December 2014‎
* Learnerktm (discuss • contribs) 06:57, 13 May 2015 (UTC)
* Tun Tun Aung
* Johannes Kirchner
* M R Hasan
* Shakibul Alam Risvy (discuss • contribs) 13:52, 23 March 2017 (UTC)
# Web Science/Flipped Classroom

* PART1: Week1: Ethernet · Internet Protocol · Week2: Transmission Control Protocol · Domain Name System · Week3: Internet vs world wide web · HTTP · Week4: Web Content · Dynamic Web Content
* PART2: Week5: How big is the Web? · Descriptive Web Models · Week6: Advanced Statistic Models · Modelling Similarity · Week7: Generative Modelling of the Web · Graph theoretic Web Modelling
* PART3: Week8 : Investigating Meme Spreading · Herding Behaviour · Week9: Online Advertising · User Modelling
* PART4: Week10 : Copyright · Net neutrality · Week11: Internet governance · Privacy
Starting on October 29th every Monday and Wednesday at 10:15 am CET there will be flipped classroom sessions in G210
More information on how to join the stream will be available soon at this page.
* Follow our mailinglist http://list.uni-koblenz.de/mailman/listinfo/web-science-mooc
* Etherpad http://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/websciencemooc
* twitter hashtag: #websciencemooc
so you won't miss updates.
# Why do plants store food?

Plants Store their extra food in fruits, stems, roots, and leaves.
* Storing the food helps them to use it in winter and survive because there is very little sunlight available and so they photosynthesize less. For example, carrots store food in their roots and live on it all winter and in summers a new plant grows from these roots.
* When they have extra food they store it in their seeds and when the seed grows it gets its food from the plant until the plant can photosynthesize and produces its food.
Good food storage is very important for a plant. Without this, their leaves would not be able to photosynthesis and would not be able to produce any food. Rhubarb plants have poisonous leaves so that animals do not eat them.
# Why gravity?

WHY GRAVITY?
Science is all about curious observations and the related experiments. Have you wondered, why is going uphill lot more tiring than going downhill? One of the long standing goals of physics is to understand the gravitational force- the force that holds you and me to earth. This force also reaches out through our milky way galaxy,holding together billions of stars in the galaxy and the countless molecules and particles between stars.
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION People have always observed the movements of moon, planets, stars and other celestial bodies for thousands of years. The earliest model for planetary motion was geocentric model which was proposed stating that all the celestial bodies, stars,the sun and the planets all revolve around the earth which was regarded as the center of the universe. For about 1400 years,this model was widely accepted. Later it was Nicolas Copernicus who suggested and proposed that the earth and other planets revolved around the sun in circular orbits. It was Johannes Kepler who proposed the three laws of planetary motion by the name of Kepler's laws of planetary motion. Later it was Sir Isaac Newton who did the great achievement by proposing the universal law of gravitation.
Here are some reasons why gravity is interesting and necessary: Gravity will actually affect you more or less depending on the mass of the planet you are standing on.
In order to escape the earths gravity you would need to be travelling at seven miles per second,known as earth's escape velocity.
Gravity varies even on different parts of earth,that is mainly because earth is not a perfect sphere and it's mass is unevenly distributed.
Any objects that has mass right from the smallest grain to the biggest star in the sky has gravity.
Gravity is just one of four universal forces and it's actually very weak.
As you accelerate, you will be able to experience the larger effect of gravity.
In the absence of air resistance, all the objects falling down to earth due to gravity have the same speed.
If the sun disappeared right now, it would take eight minutes for us to realize it till the gravitational waves finally stops hitting us.
GRAVITY is a necessary and not an evil.
# Why humans are sometimes sexually attracted to foreigners or others from outside their community

In England there is a traditional song, All the Nice Girls Love a Sailor, here a lady sings All the Nice Girls Love a Sailor. We all know what sailors are but what is that indefinable something about a sailor that women can recognise? Sometimes girls and women form casual relationships with sailors but relationships with outsiders can be long term. A nice girl sometimes marries a sailor or other outsider. Men can be attracted to outsiders as well, an example is when a sailor falls in love with a girl at every port he visits.
Favourable mutations, ie mutations that help humans to survive and reproduce happen throughout the world, in all ethnic groups and in all communities. Favourable mutations take time to spread throughout humanity. When humans form sexual partnerships with others from a different community there is a chance that the outsider will give their child favourable genes that have not reached their community yet. An outsider with favourable genes that have not reached a girl or woman’s community may be from another racial group or from another country, he may alternatively be from another part of her country or from a different village on the far side of a hill.
Genetics cuts both ways. The sailor may have favourable genes that are not in the girl’s community. It’s just as likely that he has unfavourable genes that never were in her community or have been eliminated in her community. To explain why forming relationships with outsiders can improve reproductive fitness we need to take Natural selection into account as well.
* Some children from mixed partnerships will have unfavourable genes from one or both parents and such children will tend to die. When they die the problem is eliminated.
* Children from mixed partnerships can just as easily have favourable genes from either or both parents. In that case the fortunate children will tend to survive as will their children, the grandchildren of the original couple, the great-grandchildren will also tend to survive and indeed the descendants of the original mixed couple will tend to survive till all favourable genes that have been introduced have reached equilibrium in the community.

## Evolution and Racism

Evolutionary theory does not lead to racism when correctly studied. As shown above the theory of natural selection provides a strong case for encouraging racial and other mixing. For more about evolution, creationism and racism see :- Evolution and racism
# Windows Server Administration/Reliability/Terms flashcards
## Instructions

* Click on the flashcard text to show the answer.
* Click on Next Card to show the next flashcard.
    Log in to hide the Clear the cache of this page? message before each new flashcard.
* Maintenance Terms
* A patch that can be applied without shutting down and restarting the system or program concerned to reduce unavailability of service is a _____. hot patch
* Next Card
# Windows Server Administration/Reliability/Lesson flashcards
## Instructions

* Click on the flashcard text to show the answer.
* Click on Next Card to show the next flashcard.
    Log in to hide the Clear the cache of this page? message before each new flashcard.
* Maintenance Lesson
* Windows Server Update Services (WSUS) is _____. WSUS downloads these updates from _____ and then _____. Windows Server Update Services (WSUS) is a server service developed by Microsoft that enables administrators to manage the distribution of updates and hotfixes released for Microsoft products to computers in a corporate environment. WSUS downloads these updates from the Microsoft Update website and then distributes them to computers on a network.
* Next Card