OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Planets/Mercury

Mercury is the smallest and innermost planet in the Solar System.

## Location

Sun | Mercury | Venus | Earth | Mars | Jupiter | Saturn | Uranus | Neptune

## History

It is named after the Roman deity Mercury, the messenger of the gods.
Two spacecraft have visited Mercury: Mariner 10 flew by in 1974 and 1975; and MESSENGER, launched in 2004, orbited Mercury over 4,000 times in four years before exhausting its fuel and crashing into the planet's surface on April 30, 2015. The BepiColombo spacecraft is planned to arrive at Mercury in 2025.

## Features
### Orbit

Its orbital period around the Sun of 87.97 days is the shortest of all the planets in the Solar System.
The first image in the gallery, below, is a computer program result for the orbit of Mercury. View is from above the ecliptic (North Pole). Mercury is in yellow. A circular orbit with the same semi-major axis is in grey for reference. The orbit is plotted in brighter colours above the ecliptic and darker below. Major axis is drawn showing perihelion (q) and aphelion (Q). Positions show every 5 days before and after the perihelion on May 20, 2006. For illustration the size of the sphere is inversely proportional to the distance from the Sun. The Sun is in the center. Yellow segment points toward the vernal point. Data for the plot is from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
The second image is an animation of the revolutions of Mercury, Venus and Earth around the Sun. Mercury takes 88 days to complete an orbit, thus the animation shows it revolving around the Sun approximately 4.14 times (yellow trail) compared to Earth's 365 days (blue trail).
* Orbit of Mercury is in Polar view, generated by a computer program. Credit: Eurocommuter.
* Animation of Mercury's and Earth's revolution around the Sun. Credit: Lookang, Todd K. Timberlake and Francisco Esquembre.

### Craters

Mercury's surface is heavily cratered and similar in appearance to Earth's Moon. Craters on Mercury range in diameter from small bowl-shaped cavities to multi-ringed impact basins hundreds of kilometers across. They appear in all states of degradation, from relatively fresh rayed craters to highly degraded crater remnants. Mercurian craters differ subtly from lunar craters in that the area blanketed by their ejecta is much smaller, a consequence of Mercury's stronger surface gravity.
The largest known crater is Caloris Basin, with a diameter of 1,550 km. The impact that created the Caloris Basin was so powerful that it caused lava eruptions and left a concentric ring over 2 km tall surrounding the impact crater. At the antipode of the Caloris Basin is a large region of unusual, hilly terrain known as the "Weird Terrain".
An unusual crater with radiating troughs has been discovered which scientists called "the spider."
# Planets/Neptune

Neptune is the eighth and farthest known planet from the Sun in the Solar System.

## Location

Sun | Mercury | Venus | Earth | Mars | Jupiter | Saturn | Uranus | Neptune

## History

Neptune is not visible to the unaided eye and is the only planet in the Solar System found by mathematical prediction rather than by empirical observation. Unexpected changes in the orbit of Uranus led Alexis Bouvard to deduce that its orbit was subject to gravitational perturbation by an unknown planet. The position of Neptune was subsequently calculated from Bouvard's observations, independently, by John Couch Adams and Urbain Le Verrier after his death. Neptune was subsequently observed with a telescope on 23 September 1846 by Johann Galle within a degree of the position predicted by Le Verrier. Its largest moon, Triton, was discovered shortly thereafter, though none of the planet's remaining 13 known moons were located telescopically until the 20th century. The planet's distance from Earth gives it a very small apparent size, making it challenging to study with Earth-based telescopes. Neptune was visited by Voyager 2, when it flew by the planet on 25 August 1989; Voyager 2 remains the only spacecraft to visit Neptune.

## Composition

The Scooter is another storm, a white cloud group farther south than the Great Dark Spot. Its nickname is due to the fact that when first detected in the months before the 1989 Voyager 2 encounter it moved faster than the Great Dark Spot. Subsequent images revealed even faster clouds.
The Small Dark Spot is a southern cyclonic storm, the second-most-intense storm observed during the 1989 encounter. It initially was completely dark, but as Voyager 2 approached the planet, a bright core developed and can be seen in most of the highest-resolution images.
The persistence of companion clouds shows that some former dark spots may continue to exist as cyclones even though they are no longer visible as a dark feature. Dark spots may dissipate when they migrate too close to the equator or possibly through some other unknown mechanism.
# Planets/Saturn

Saturn is a planet in the solar system, the more distant from the sun than Jupiter but closer than the other gaseous giants Uranus and Neptune.

## Location

Sun | Mercury | Venus | Earth | Mars | Jupiter | Saturn | Uranus | Neptune

## History

Babylonian astronomers systematically observed and recorded the movements of Saturn. In ancient Hebrew, Saturn is called 'Shabbathai'. Its angel is Cassiel. Its intelligence or beneficial spirit is Agiel (layga) and its spirit (darker aspect) is Zazel (lzaz). In Ottoman Turkish, Urdu and Malay, its name is 'Zuhal'.
Ancient Chinese and Japanese culture designated the planet Saturn as the earth star.

## Composition

Saturn is one of the gas giants.
The rings of Saturn are the most extensive ring system of any planet in the Solar System. They consist of countless small particles, ranging in size from micrometers to meters, that orbit about Saturn. The ring particles are made almost entirely of water ice, with a trace component of rocky material. There is still no consensus as to their mechanism of formation. Although theoretical models indicated that the rings were likely to have formed early in the Solar System's history, new data from Cassini suggest they formed relatively late.
# Planets/Sciences/Quiz

Planetary sciences is the lecture about planets and planetary systems. It is included in the course on the principles of radiation astronomy.
You are free to take this quiz based on the lecture at any time.
Once you’ve read and studied the lecture itself, the links contained within the article/lecture, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{principles of radiation astronomy}} or {{radiation astronomy resources}} templates you should have adequate background to score 100 %.
Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.
The quiz may be taken as many times as you wish to help improve your score and increase your knowledge.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* The science of planetness concerns the effects on the astronomical object from its orbiting a star, or more than one star.
# Planets/Quiz

Planets is a lecture and an article. Planetary science is a field within astronomy that focuses on spheroidal, substellar astronomical objects apparently in an orbit around a star.
You are free to take this quiz based on planets at any time.
To improve your scores, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{radiation astronomy resources}} template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.
As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.
Suggestion: have the lecture available in a separate window.
To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information using more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* Planets are only those substellar astronomical objects in revolution around one or more stars.
# Maritime Clinical Colloquial Network/May 14: 8:00-9:30

Colloquium Sat 14-5-2016 8:00-9:30
* Present dr Gabriel, Rimsky, Thania, Irene, Olaf
* Ongoing research Thania presented study results on 100 seafarers (60 patients and 40 health examinations)
* The rest of the day was dedicated to Zotero reference program
* The program is installed and ready to be used by all staff, Gabriel and Raphael will assist anyone who needs help
* EVALUATION of The 2 months plan, the group would like to continue, permission to continue every 2 weeks is given from head of HR Lic. Jorge Rodriguez
* Next Colloquium vill be Sat 28-5-2016 8:00-9:30
* Planning for the rest of the year is done
# Maritime Clinical Colloquial Network/May 28: 8:00-9:30

Colloquium Sat 28-5-2016 8:00-9:30
* Present: Dr.Olaf, Dra. Irene Jácome, Dra. Thania Aguilar
* Ongoing research Thania continue to present study results on 100 seafarers (60 patients and 40 health examinations)
* Thania and Rimsky: Zotero reference program
* The program is installed and ready to be used by all staff, Thania, Gabriel and Raphael will assist anyone who needs help
* Planning for the rest of the year was discussed
# Maritime Clinical Colloquial Network/Nov 05: 8:00-9:30

Preliminary program
Present:
* Vaccination guide (Dra. Thania) To be discussed and later adapted with modifications??
* Guidelines for pre-diabetes: diagnosis and follow up (Dr. Raphael Pretto)
* caso del estudio de Obesidad en Marinos.(Dra. Thania Aguilar, Dr. Rimsky Sucre / )Publicar articlulo /ppt ??
* Presentacion power point de caso medico TBC. Con enfoque maritimo internacional (Dr. Gabriel Sucre) - Publicar articulo /ppt
* A case of serious exanthema (irritant?) in a seafarer cleaning a dieseltank (Dra. Thania) (ppt and/or clinical case publish) Publicar articlulo /ppt ?
* Ongoing research Thania continue presented the new revised ppt study on 100 seafarers (60 patients and 40 health examinations) Publicar articlulo /ppt ?
* Thania and Gabriel: Zotero reference program - status?
* Ishiharas test, needs for repeat the test every 2nd year? (Dra. Thania)…
# Maritime Clinical Colloquial Network/March 23: 7:30-9

Colloquium Agenda Wednesday 23-3-2016 7:30-9:00
* Present:
* Welcome
* Vision and mission continued Rimsky and Thania
* Ongoing research Thania
* Clinical guidelines Pre-diabetes Dayra traera las guias de diagnostico de la ADA
* Start to develp new issue for clinical guidelines?
* Report and discussion of a clinical case
* History and theory 10 minutes, proposal for the next colloquium
* Discussion of a selected scientific article of the week New Article TMAS-Sweden
* Agenda and tasks for the next colloquium
* Evaluation of the day
# Maritime Clinical Colloquial Network/March 26: 7:30-9

Colloquium Agenda Sat 26-3-2016 7:30-9:00
* Present
* Welcome
* Objectives for the Colloquia
* Wikiversity pages
* The 2 months plan
* Vision and mission
* Clinical guidelines ICD-10 or ICPS classification
* Selection of the first issue for clinical guidelines - glucosuria
* Ongoing research
* Organising team
* Agenda for the next colloquium
* Group or individual tasks for next meeting
* Evaluation of the day
# Maritime Clinical Colloquial Network/Oct 01: 8:00-9:30

Present:Dr. Gabriel Sucre, Raphael Pretto, Marietta, Olaf and Mrs. Rosa Maria Aguirre
* Welcome to Rosa Maria Aguirra for the first time in the colloquium,
* Vaccination guide The Danish Maritime Authority vaccination guidelines was discussed. To be continued.
* Presentacion power point de caso medico TBC. Con enfoque maritimo internacional (Dr. Gabriel Sucre) - will prepare a ppt for these pages and maybe other publication later
* The search and download PDF articles from Medicina Maritima 2004-2014 was introduced
# Maritime Clinical Colloquial Network/May 14: 7:30-9

Colloquium Agenda Sat 14-5-2016 7:30-9:00
* Present dr Gabriel, Rimsky, Thania, Irene, Olaf
* Ongoing research Thania presented study results on 100 seafarers (60 patients and 40 health examinations)
* The rest of the day was dedicated to Zotero reference program
* The program is installed and ready to be used by all staff, Gabriel and Raphael will assist anyone who needs help
* EVALUATION of The 2 months plan, the group would like to continue, permission to continue every 2 weeks is given from head of HR Jorge Rodriguez
* Planning for the rest of the year will come later
# Maritime Clinical Colloquial Network/March 23: 9:00-10:30

Colloquium Agenda Wednesday 23-3-2016 9:00-10:30
* Present: Dr. Olaf; Dr. Rimsky Sucre; Dra. Aguilar; Dra. Williams; Dra. González.
* Welcome
* Vision and mission Rimsky and Thania continued discussion how to supplement
* Ongoing research Thania (obesity study)
* Clinical guidelines Pre-diabetes las guías de diagnostico will be continued (Dayra)
* Report and discussion of a clinical case:* Blanca revisará un caso reciente de TBC multiresistente.
* History and theory 10 minutes, proposal for the next colloquium
* Discussion of a selected scientific article - postponed New Article TMAS-Sweden
* Agenda and tasks for the next colloquium (Maimoniedes will be added to the photos)
# Maritime Clinical Colloquial Network/Nov 12: 8:00-9:30

Present:Thania, Olaf and Marietta
Agenda:
* Search and download PDF articles in Medicina Maritima - was tested and it works fine
* Caso del estudio de Obesidad en Marinos.(Dra. Thania Aguilar, Dr. Rimsky Sucre / was re-published in Slide Share and discussed
* The possible foundation of a new IMHA-Research Centre in Panama/Latin America was discussed.
These issue remain for the next colloquia
* Guidelines for pre-diabetes: diagnosis and follow up (Dr. Raphael Pretto)
* Presentacion power point de caso medico TBC. Con enfoque maritimo internacional (Dr. Gabriel Sucre) - Publicar articulo /ppt
* A case of serious exanthema (irritant?) in a seafarer cleaning a dieseltank (Dra. Thania) (ppt and/or clinical case publish) Publicar articlulo /ppt ?
* Ongoing research Thania study on 100 seafarers (60 patients and 40 health examinations)publication and pptx
* Thania and Gabriel: Zotero reference program - status?
* Ishiharas test, needs for repeat the test every 2nd year? (Dra. Thania)…
* Vaccination guide (Dra. Thania)
# Physics equations/02-One dimensional kinematics/Q:definitions

* Solutions to many wikiquiz questions (pdf)
* Physics_equations/Equations#02-One_dimensional_kinematics
* Testbank
# Physics equations/01-Introduction

No wikiquizzes are yet available.

### Activities

A:percentErr | A:FermiQuestion | A:mathReview | A:reviewCALCULUS
# Physics equations/01-Introduction/A:reviewCALCULUS
### Calculus

If f and g are functions of x and a and b are constants, then: ${\frac {d}{dx}}x^{n}=nx^{n-1}.$
${\frac {d(af+bg)}{dx}}=a{\frac {df}{dx}}+b{\frac {dg}{dx}}.$ ${\frac {d(fg)}{dx}}={\frac {df}{dx}}g+f{\frac {dg}{dx}}.$
${\frac {dh}{dx}}={\frac {dh}{dg}}{\frac {dg}{dx}}.$ $\left({\frac {f}{g}}\right)'={\frac {f'g-g'f}{g^{2}}}.$
If y=y(x) and x=x(y) are inverse functions then: ${\frac {dx}{dy}}={\frac {1}{dy/dx}}.$
Indefinite integrals, where $C$ is the arbitrary constant of integration:
    $\int \!x^{n}\,dx={\frac {x^{n+1}}{n+1}}+C,\quad (n\neq -1)$
    $\int \!x^{-1}\,dx=\ln |x|+C,$

### Exponential and trigonometric functions

If a is a constant, then: ${\frac {d}{dx}}\left(e^{ax}\right)=ae^{ax}.$ ${\frac {d}{dx}}\left(\ln x\right)={1 \over x},\quad x\neq 0$ $\Rightarrow (\ln f)'={\frac {f'}{f}}\quad$ wherever f is positive.
    $(\sin ax)'=a\cos x\,$ $(\arcsin x)'={1 \over {\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}\,$ $(\cos ax)'=-a\sin x\,$ $(\arccos x)'=-{1 \over {\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}\,$ $(\tan x)'=\sec ^{2}x={1 \over \cos ^{2}x}=1+\tan ^{2}x\,$ $(\arctan x)'={1 \over 1+x^{2}}\,$ $(\sec x)'=\sec x\tan x\,$ $(\operatorname {arcsec} x)'={1 \over |x|{\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}}\,$ $(\csc x)'=-\csc x\cot x\,$ $(\operatorname {arccsc} x)'=-{1 \over |x|{\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}}\,$ $(\cot x)'=-\csc ^{2}x={-1 \over \sin ^{2}x}=-(1+\cot ^{2}x)\,$ $(\operatorname {arccot} x)'=-{1 \over 1+x^{2}}\,$

### Fundamental theorem of calculus

    $\int _{a}^{b}{\frac {dF}{ds}}\,ds=\int dF=F|_{a}^{b}=F(b)-F(a)$
       $\Rightarrow {\text{If }}\;F(x)=\int _{a}^{x}f(s)\,ds,\,$ ${\text{ then }}\;{\frac {dF}{dx}}=f(x)$

### Taylor series and Euler's equations

    $e^{x}=1+x+{\frac {x^{2}}{2!}}+{\frac {x^{3}}{3!}}+\dots$
    $\sin x=x-{\frac {x^{3}}{3!}}+{\frac {x^{5}}{5!}}-{\frac {x^{7}}{7!}}+\cdots$
    $\cos x=1-{\frac {x^{2}}{2!}}+{\frac {x^{4}}{4!}}-{\frac {x^{6}}{6!}}+\cdots$
       $\Rightarrow \;e^{i\theta }=\cos \theta +i\sin \theta$
# Physics equations/02-One dimensional kinematics/Q:definitions/Testbank

Study: http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Physics_equations/Sheet/All_chapters
# Physics equations/01-Introduction/A:mathReview
### Common misconceptions

$\left({\frac {1}{x}}+{\frac {1}{y}}\right)^{-1}\neq x+y$ and ${\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}}}\neq a+b$.

### Percent

The $X\%$ symbol means $X/100$. A quick and dirty way to find the percent difference is to divide the big number by the small:
${\frac {BIG}{SMALL}}=1+\underbrace {\frac {BIG-SMALL}{SMALL}} _{percent\;difference}$

### Trigonometry

$\sin A={\frac {\textrm {opposite}}{\textrm {hypotenuse}}}={\frac {a}{\,c\,}}\,.$  $\cos A={\frac {\textrm {adjacent}}{\textrm {hypotenuse}}}={\frac {b}{\,c\,}}\,.$  $\tan A={\frac {\textrm {opposite}}{\textrm {adjacent}}}={\frac {a}{\,b\,}}={\frac {\sin A}{\cos A}}\,.$

### Logarithms and exponents are inverse functions

    $y=b^{x}\iff x=\log _{b}y$
The $\iff$ implies that the statements are equivalent.
The three most common bases are $b=2,e,10$.
The natural log is defined as $\ln y\equiv \log _{e}y$.
If $f=f(x)$ and $g=g(y)$ are inverse functions, then:
    $g(f(x))=x$ and $f(g(y))=y$, and we write:
$f=g^{-1}$ and $g=f^{-1}$.
Warning: Do not be confused about this notations. The inverses are NOT multiplicative inverses:
    $f^{-1}\neq {\frac {1}{f}}$.
Complexities occur when the inverse is not a true function, or equivalently, when the inverse is multi-valued:
    $\tan ^{-1}(\tan \theta )=\theta \;or\;\theta +\pi$
Here the problem arises because,
    $\tan(\theta )=\tan(\theta +\pi )$,
so that knowing the tangent of angle does not precisely tell you what the angle was.
    $\tan ^{-1}$ is called the 'arctangent', or the 'inverse tangent'. $\sin ^{-1}$ is called 'arcsine', or the 'inverse sine' and so forth.

### Quadratic equation

This quadratic equation, $ax^{2}+bx+c=0$, has the solutions:
    $x={\frac {-b\pm {\sqrt {b^{2}-4ac}}}{2a}},$

### Factoring

If $f(x)\cdot g(x)\cdot h(x)=0$ then $f(x)=0\;or\;g(x)=0\;or\;h(x)=0$
Example:
If $x(x-2)(x-5)=0$ then $x=0\;or\;x=2\;or\;x=5$
# Physics equations/02-One dimensional kinematics

    Q:definitions
    Q:equations
    How things work college course/Motion simple arithmetic quiz
# Physics equations/01-Introduction/A:percentErr

Suggests that big/small is a quick and dirty way to calculate uncertainty and error

## Calculating percent difference

The difference between two numbers depends on units used a difference of 0.3 meters a difference of 30 cm. But the percent difference is universal.The purpose of this exercise is to show that a quick way to compare two numbers is to divide the large number (BIG) by the small number (SMALL):
${\frac {BIG}{SMALL}}=1+\underbrace {\frac {BIG-SMALL}{SMALL}} _{percent\;difference}$
a) Your boss doesn't believe that
    ${\frac {BIG}{SMALL}}=1+{\frac {BIG-SMALL}{SMALL}}$
Use simple high school algebra to convince him/her in a way that reflects your understanding of mathematics, as well as your communication skills.
b)There are actually several ways to calculate percent difference between two numbers. Given any two numbers, x and y, let BIG denote the larger (assuming both are positive), SMALL denote the smaller, AVE denote the average, (x+y)/2. And finally, it is often the case that one of the two values is the correct, or TRUE value, while the other was measured, which we may denote as MEAS. For example:
* 9.8 is the TRUE value of g
* 10.4 is the MEAS (measured) value of g
* 10.4 is also BIG
* 9.8 is also SMALL
Perform the calculation using these numbers to four significant digits and show that to excellent approximation,
${\frac {MEAS-TRUE}{TRUE}}\approx {\frac {BIG-SMALL}{TRUE}}\approx {\frac {BIG-SMALL}{AVE}}\approx {\frac {BIG-SMALL}{SMALL}}$
Of these the first is always considered correct. But the last is very handy because it can be found by calculating $BIG/SMALL$ and subtracting one. On a calculator it is a single operation, ${\frac {104}{98}}=1.0612$, from which we conclude that there is a 6% difference.
c) Repeat the calculation using 9.8 and 11.4 (with 9.8 being true)
d) Repeat using 9.8 and 16.4 (with 9.8 being true)
e) What can you say about when it is necessary to carefully define how the percent difference between two numbers was calculated?
f) One advantage of the $BIG/SMALL$ method is that you can say that they differ by a factor of $BIG/SMALL$ when the ratio is uncomfortably large. You are writing a report and your conclusion in involves the numbers 2.8 and 1.5. In a one sentence conclusion to your report you want to compare these numbers using both a percent and a ratio. Finish this sentence:
       To appreciate the difference between 2.8 and 1.5, ...
# Psychology/Textbooks
## Wikibooks

    See the social sciences bookshelf for a complete list.
* Biological Psychology
* Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience
* Introduction to Psychology
* Psychological Testing
# Psychology/Images

General use psychology images.
# Psychology/Learning resources

* Dominant group/Psychology
* Psychology/Articles
* Psychology/Journals
* Psychology/Textbooks
* Psychology/Wikis
# Psychology/Journals
## All psychology journals

* ERA FOR Code 17: Psychology
* List of psychology journals (Wikipedia)

## Open access psychology journals

This section lists open psychology journals and their rankings.
* scimagojr
* DOAJ
| Journal | Notes |
| Advances in Cognitive Psychology | |
| Annual Review of Critical Psychology | |
| Applied Psychology In Criminal Justice | |
| Athletic Insight | |
| The Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health | |
| Australian Journal of Educational & Developmental Psychology | ERA Rank B. Papers accepted for publication become the copyright of the publisher. Green: Author pre- and post-prints can be made available. |
| The Behavior Analyst Today | |
| Behavior and Social Issues | |
| Current psychology letters | |
| Current Research In Social Psychology | |
| Dynamical Psychology: An International, Interdisciplinary Journal of Complex Mental Processes | |
| E-journal of Applied Psychology | ERA Rank C Uses Open Journal Systems. Authors give journal a license to publish. The journal uses [Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.1 Australia cc-nd 2.1 Australia licensing]. |
| International Journal of Wellbeing | |
| Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis | |
| Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior | |
| Journal of New Media in Neural and Cognitive Science and Education | |
| Psychological Test and Assessment Modeling | ERA Rank C Articles are available at no-cost electronically Licensing is unclear |
| Psychological Topics | ERA Rank: None |
| Special Group in Coaching Psychology | |
| The Open Psychology Journal | ERA Rank: None Authors who publish in Bentham OPEN Journals retain copyright to their work. Articles are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution non-commercial License. Author is required to pay an article processing fee of several hundred $US. |
# Psychology/What is psychology?
## What is psychology?

Psychology is a social science which focuses on understanding the human mind, brain, and behaviour.
# Psychology/Wikis

Educational wikis with learning resources for psychology:
* The Psychology Wiki
* Social Interaction Dynamics Wiki