OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# MediaWiki Project/Search feature master namespaces checkbox

Add a new Check box to the MediaWiki search function. The new check box should allow users to quickly select or deselect all of the namespaces.
# MediaWiki API/PowerShell

The following code samples demonstrate functions that may be used in Windows Powershell scripts to access the MediaWiki API.
Note: The API has changed since this code was written. Most of it still works, but the parts that use query-continue no longer function correctly. Anyone starting new bot development is encouraged to use Pywikibot instead.
# MediaWiki API/Pywikibot

The following code samples demonstrate functions that may be used in Python scripts with Pywikibot to access the MediaWiki API.

## API Documentation

* Wikimedia: Pywikibot API documentation

## PAWS Test Platform

Wikimedia hosts a Pywikibot web shell for easy bot testing. See mw:Manual:Pywikibot/PAWS for more information.

## Hello Pywikibot

Simple example to begin testing Pywikibot.
# Media Selection Strategies

When developing your instructional materials you will need to consider your media options. The choice you make may be based on projected availability of media where instruction is to take place, ability of instructor and learners to use the media, cost, flexibility, durability, and convenience. This section will provide you with some strategies to help you make the right choice for your needs.
| Type | Benefits | Considerations | Examples |
| Simulations | permits independence in learning process contextualizes content can provide multiple perspectives develops thinking strategies | can be expensive feedback important to success | ]] |
| Training Games | highly motivational encourages teamwork uses problem solving skills develops communication skills | may require extensive preparation flexibility important | ]] |
| Web Sites | many resources multiple perspectives can provide for silent reflection | requires computer & internet access quality varies greatly requires self-motivation | ]] |
| Role Playing | real world situations promotes understanding of other positions emphasizes working together | difficult with large groups can require extensive guidance to be effective | ]] |
8 Steps for Conflict Resolution
Angry Neighbors Mediation
| Instructional Design | Interpersonal behaviors | < Content Development Strategies | Lesson Summary > |
# Introduction to psychology

Welcome to Introduction to Psychology which provides learning resources that can be used to introduce learners to psychology.

## Objectives

At the end of the course the student will be able to:
* Describe the scientific methods utilized in the study of human behavior;
* Appreciate the diversity of the field of psychology and the dynamic nature of its continuing development and growth;
* Understand the influence of biology, learning histories, situations, cognition, personality, and cultural factors, in the shaping and development of human behavior;
* Understand the concepts, histories, methods of investigation, and theories of the different subfields of psychology;
* Appreciate the importance of psychological principles as they apply to everyday life.

## Outline

* Introduction to psychology as a science
* Biological basis of behavior
* Consciousness
* Human development
* Intelligence
* Language and cognition
* Learning
* Memory
* Media and communications psychology
* Motivation and emotion
* Personality and individual differences
* Psychological disorders
* Psychotherapy and intervention
* Research methods in psychology
* Sensation and perception
* Social psychology

## Textbooks

Introductory psychology textbooks tend to cover a similar range of topics. It is recommended that this course use Introduction to Psychology (Wikibooks), as well as other online resources.
OpenStax has a free online introductory psychology textbook: Psychology 2e

### Other

* Saul Kassin's 'Psychology'.
* Psychology by Alan J. Fridlund, Daniel Reisberg, Henry Gleitman. This textbook has been used for Stanford, Penn, MIT, and Harvard Introduction to Psychology courses.
* Bernard J. Luskin, Casting the Net Over Global Learning, New Developments in Workforce Training and Online Psychologies, Griffin Publishing Group, 2002.

## Lectures

* Questions and comments
* Chapter 1: Definition and History - Key words - Questions
* Chapter 2: Research Methods - Key words
* Chapter 3: Biological foundations - Key words
* Lecture 4: Developmental Psychology (briefly)
* Lecture 5: Sensation and Perception
* Lecture 6: Consciousness
* Lecture 7: Learning
* Lecture 8: Retention and Forgetting
* Lecture 9: Cognitive Processes
* Lecture ten: Motivation and Emotion
* Lecture 11: Psychological Testing and Individual Differences
* Lecture 12: Personality Principles
* Lecture 13: Abnormal Personality Patterns
* Lecture 14: Therapies
* Lecture 15: Social Psychology
# Introduction to psychology/Key words for chapter one

Define these terms
abnormal behavior
applied psychology
behavior
behaviorism
clinical psychology
cognitive psychology
consumer psychology
counseling psychology
developmental psychology
educational psychology
environment
environmental psychology
experimental psychology
forensic psychology
functionalism
gestalt psychology
heredity
industrial/organizational psychology
introspection
psychiatry
psychoanalysis
psychoanalyst
psychodynamic psychology
psychology
sociocultural perspective
sport and excercise psychology
structuralism
system of pyschology
theory
unconscious
# Introduction to psychology/Key words for chapter two
### Define these terms.
#### Directional hypothesis

This page refers to it as a causal relationship.
# Introduction to psychology/Methodology and Statistics

This psychology resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
Gossip and rumours will often be used describe someone's behavior. They aren't acceptable to psychologists because psychologists because they require more reliable measures and accurate reports, their methods are established to meet those requirements. This lecture describes those methods and the statistics used to report, analyze and interperet this data.

## Methods
### Experimental method

Considered the most disciplined method. Using this method, an experimentor manipulates a variable to be studied, chooses the response to be measured, and controls exraneous influences that might inappropriately affect the results of the experiment. A variable is a characteristic of anything that can have two or more values.

### Case study method

Using this method, a single participant is studied to further detail than the experimental method. While the data collected is more detailed and is relevent to the participant, generalising the data to a larger group of people is generally not possible. Examples of uses for case studies are for cognitive research with someone with brain damage, whose condition is known yet unique or for treatment of mental problems such as phobias.
# Introduction to psychology/Psy102/Admin
## To do

* Fix up categories after move
* Add links to available lecture recordings
# Introduction to problem solving

SS 2017
This side is directed at students of the course Introduction to Problem Solving at the University of Applied Science Vorarlberg .
* how to write an abstract
* how to write a Thesenpapier
* slide set for a Thesenpapier
* Assessment criteria for a Thesenpapier
* Template for my Thesenpapier
* academic writing at the FHV
Introduction to Probem Solving is a course on bachelor-level.
Day-to-day work in management comprises dealing with problems in a goal-oriented manner and designing decision-making processes. As a rule important decisions are being increasingly made by groups that are also responsible for these decisions. Managers are therefore required to be able to employ the cycle of solving problems to achieve goal-oriented decisions (in groups).
The course Solving Problems is also available as a complement to this course.

## Lecturer

* Prof. Dr. Falko Wilms (homepage | klick & mail)

## Lessons

The design of processes of problem solving along the work-sharing value creation requires the person in charge their own cognitive, methodological and so¬ziale skills. Therefore, the LV behavioral science, business administration-nomic and mathematical aspects (more human) treated problem-solving processes in an organizational context, particularly
* Systems Theory (see: Systems Theory)
* Hierarchies of objectives
* problem-solving cycle
* Mental models
* Münchhausen Trilemma (see: Münchhausen Trilemma)
* Bounded Rationality (see: Bounded Rationality)
* decision rules (see: Decision rules)
* multi staffing decision rules
* Cooperation Coordination
# Introduction to psychology/Lectures/Motivation and emotion

This is a resource page for an Introduction to Motivation and Emotion 1st year undergraduate psychology lecture.

## About

* Why is this person playing the violin?
* Why are you reading this page?
* Why did you get out of bed this morning?
* Why do people bother doing anything?
* Ultimately, how can we explain behaviour?
* Addressing such questions is the focus of psychological study of motivation.
* What emotions are these people experiencing?
* Why are they experiencing these emotions?
* What purpose do emotions serve?
* What emotions are there?
* How can we better understand and manage emotions?
* Addressing such questions is the focus of psychological study of emotion.

## Video

* Introduction to motivation and emotion (Youtube, 1 hour 41 mins, 5 April, 2015)

## Slides

* Slides (Slideshare)
* 2015 Semester 1 handouts:
** Download 6 slides to a page:
** Download 3 slides to a page:

## Readings

* Burton, L., Westen, D., Kowalski, R. (2012). Psychology (3rd ed.). Milton, Queensland, Australia: Wiley.
# Linux/Basic commands/du

du (abbreviated from disk usage) is a standard Unix program used to estimate file space usage—space used under a particular directory or files on a file system.

## du examples

* du -h --max-depth=1 | sort -hr or du -h -d 1 | sort -hr
* du -sh -- *
* du -ah --exclude="*.txt" /tmp/
* Display only current File system: du -ha -x /tmp/
* du -ha --time /tmp/
* Files larger than 100M: du -h -t 100M -a /tmp

## Activities

* Learn about du usage:
    -a, In addition to the default output, include information for each non-directory entry
    -c, display a grand total of the disk usage found by the other arguments
    -d #, the depth at which summing should occur. -d 0 sums at the current level, -d 1 sums at the subdirectory, -d 2 at sub-subdirectories, etc.
    -H, calculate disk usage for link references specified on the command line
    -k, show sizes as multiples of 1024 bytes, not 512-byte
    -L, calculate disk usage for link references anywhere
    -s, report only the sum of the usage in the current directory, not for each directory therein contained
    -x, only traverse files and directories on the device on which the pathname argument is specified.
# Link Layer
## Protocols

A number of protocols utilised in the Link Layer are listed here

### Spanning Tree Protocol

The Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP) is an algorithm employed by bridges and switches to try and ensure that switching loops do not occur in the network topology. Capable of shutting down redundant links until they are needed, STP is a staple for enterprise networks. There have been many different types of the spanning-tree protocol to appear over the years such as the Multiple Spanning-Tree Protocol (MSTP), Per-VLAN Spanning-Tree Protocol (PVST), Rapid Spanning-Tree Protocol (RSTP), and Rapid Per-VLAN Spanning-Tree Protocol (RPVST).

#### Rapid Per-VLAN Spanning-Tree Protocol (Cisco Proprietary)

The Rapid Per-VLAN Spanning-Tree Protocol is a Cisco enhancement to the standard Per-VLAN spanning tree protocol that existed before it. One of the major advantages of this protocol is that it converges much faster than Per-VLAN STP and it also has a concept of "Alternate" backup ports in the event the elected root port goes down to that it doesn't invoke the STA (Spanning Tree Algorithm) which can utilize CPU cycles and cause network outages by bringing down links.

#### Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)

This is a Cisco proprietary protocol that is extremely useful in network documentation. When this is enabled on the switch and per interface one could log into a switch and issue a simple command to find all connected routers and switches and what ports they are connected to both locally and on the remote device. This also includes things like model and sometimes IOS version. Cisco recommends that this protocol ONLY be ran on devices where it needs to be run and on those devices to only enable CDP on the specific ports. If these are enabled on ports connected to a PC a user could utilize a traffic sniffer to pick up on the information transmitted.

#### Link Layer Discovery Protocol (IEEE 802.1AB)

Unlike the above CDP this is a vendor neutral "device discovery" protocol that operates at the link layer. On Juniper and HP switches you will utilize this instead of CDP (since CDP will not be available) to perform discovery devices connected to your switch.

#### VLAN Trunking Protocol - VTP (Cisco Proprietary)

The VLAN trunking protocol is a Cisco proprietary link layer protocol that propagates VLAN database information from a VTP switch designated as a VTP server to all other switches in the network ask to keep all VLAN databases in the network consistent.

## See Also

* Internet Protocol Analysis - Link Layer
# Linux/Basic commands/awk

AWK is a language/utility designed and used mainly for text processing.

## Basic Examples

* Prepend a variable string ($STRING_TO_PREPEND) at the beginning of every line
    cat file.txt | awk '{print "'$STRING_TO_PREPEND' "$0}'
In case text to prepend is a variable ($PREPEND_TEXT_VAR):
    echo "$ORIGINAL_TEXT" | awk -v AWK_PREPEND_VAR="$PREPEND_TEXT_VAR" '{print AWK_PREPEND_VAR" "$0}'
Prepend time before every line
    echo "$ORIGINAL_TEXT" | awk -v time="$(date)" '{print time" "$0}'
* Remove leading spaces at the beginning of a line:
    awk ' {$1=$1} 1 '
* Print line if field value is larger than:
    awk '$FIELD_NUMER>VALUE'
    Example: awk '$4>3.1416'

## Activities

* Read stackoverflow awk questions: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/awk?tab=Votes
# Linux/Basic commands/cp

cp command is used for copying files and directories. It lacks progress bar indicator, but you can use progress -w command to display the percentage of copied data or use rsync command.
Ansible also includes a cp module with limited scalability (>hundreds of files)

## Options

    -a, --archive
    -l, --link hard link files instead of copying

## Activities

* Understand the differences between cp, scp and rsync: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/20244585/how-does-scp-differ-from-rsync
* Understand --sparse option and usage cases
* Learn how to not overwrite a file with -n, --no-clobber option or using rsync -a -v --ignore-existing src dst
# Linux/Basic commands/date (Unix command)

date command allows to print or set the system date and time.

## Activities

* Read date man page: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/date.1.html
# Link Layer/Per-VLAN Spanning-Tree Protocol (PVST)

Cisco developed, implemented and published the Per-VLAN Spanning Tree (PVST) proprietary protocol using its own proprietary Inter-Switch Link (ISL) for VLAN encapsulation, and PVST+ which uses 802.1Q VLAN encapsulation
# Link/Subpage test

This page is an example of a subpage. See Wikiversity:Subpages.
# Metacognition

Metacognition is commonly understood as "thinking about thinking". It refers to awareness of one's thinking such that it empowers one to regulate (change) one's thinking. Thus, metacognition is critical for human learning.

## Reading

* Multiple demonstrations of metacognition in nonhumans: Converging evidence or multiple mechanisms?
* Assessing students' metacognitive skills
# Metal and non metal

There are many metal and non metal thing that we use in our everyday life. Metals and non metal things interact differently due to increase and decrease of heat. Metal is shiny and transfers electricity but non metal is usually not shiny and does not transfer electricity. Gas is non metal and does not transfer electricity. Different type of metal and non metal melts down at different temperature. If you hit an Iron plate and Carbon plate with another piece of Iron different things will happen. Iron plate will not break and a sound of collision between the two plates will be heard. On the other hand Carbon will not make sound but it will be broken.
# Learning Java/Programming tips
## When to use methods

The ideal method only handles one function, and is named appropriately. Using methods increases readability of your code and makes it easier to expand or change your software. You can also call your methods from separate places, reducing the total number of lines of code. Methods are also used to retrieve data from an object and store data in objects. These methods are called getters and setters. Example:
Methods are allowed to call other methods, but only if they have a different functions. Try using common sense when deciding whether use methods or not. There are multiple analysis tools to see if you are using methods right and efficiently. You should avoid having methods with a lot of lines of code, it often (but not always) indicates that the method can be broken up in smaller methods.

## About Arrays

Arrays should be used for variables that have something to do with each other. Basically, arrays are a sets of variables, and arrays are a variable themselves. Here are some examples which declare arrays.
Simply declaring an array in this way does not allocate space for the elements of the array. Declaring the array with a list of elements will allocate the space for the elements and also assign their values.
To create an array one must use the new operator and specify the length of the array.
Each array has an int member called length. It is simply how many items are in the array.
You need to initialize each part of the array. To "access" the members of the array:
Note: Do NOT use arrays when the members have nothing to do with each other. This causes code errors!

## Basic Tips for Improving Code
### Code formatting

Code formatting is necessary to understand your code more easily. For example, the following is very hard to understand because it is not properly formatted:
In much better format:
Notice that the code is easier to understand. Every single new block that has { and } should have whitespace preceding it. Example:
To further improve the readability of your code, you should insert one empty line between methods:
A good alternative is:
You should make a new line after every statement/declaration. If a statement is too long, you can break it down.
Some Integrated Development Environments like Netbeans IDE have an auto-formatting function built in.

### Good Comments

Good comments can help make your code look neat. They should tell what you are doing overall, not what you are doing on each line. For example, you can comment an if statement if it is complex, but not every statement has to be commented:
An example of bad commenting would be:

### Quick way to convert numbers to strings

There will be a lot of times you need a String and you're working with numbers. This is one of the faster ways to convert numbers to String, but it's not very neat.

### Getting numbers from strings

When you need to extract numbers from a string you can use the Wrapper classes to parse them into the number you need.
* Project: Java
* Previous: Important Java Classes — Learning Java/Programming tips — Next: Fundamental Exercises
# Learning and memory

Welcome to the Learning and Memory learning project.

## Reading
### Wikibooks

* Introduction to Psychology - Learning

## Watch video

* http://www.archive.org/details/Motivati1948

## Discussion

* Do experiments with laboratory animals provide a useful model for some aspects of human learning?
# Learning Java/Swing and AWT

There are two main ways to create a GUI in Java. There is the AWT, which was the first one, and is older. Then there is Swing. Swing is a newer way of making a GUI. All objects in Swing are derived from AWT, and most objects in Swing start with the letter J.
Hint: Oracle has developed JavaFX to replace both Swing and AWT. Since Java SE 7, update 6 it is bundled with Java SE. "JavaFX is a set of graphics and media packages that enables developers to (...) deploy rich client applications that operate consistently across diverse platforms" . As of 2017, Swing and AWT are not declared as deprecated.

## Making a JFrame

a JFrame is an extended kind of window in Java, it is created like this:
explanation:
The first statement creates the frame. It is not necessary to give the frame a title, JFrame works as well.
The second statement sets the size and position of the frame, first the position(x,y) (in pixels) and the second the size(x,y)
The third statement sets what happens when you press "x". there is also DO_NOTHING_ON_CLOSE, I think you can guess what this does.
The last statement sets the frame visible. It is no use making a frame if it is not visible. You can also say setVisible(false), which you can use when you would like to remove a component from a frame (for example if you want a warning message to disappear).

### Components

there are quite a lot of components in Java. Here are some examples (a full list for your JDK is in the java documentation):
JLabel a simple label that cannot be pressed, and shows a piece of text.
JButton a Button that can be pressed.
to figure out if a button is pressed you can write:
then you should make a ActionPerformed method(see example)
JCheckBox is a widely known on/off switch, common in many user interfaces.
To figure out if it is activated, you need to call its method isSelected. JCheckBox also fires an action event when changing the state, so it is possible to register an action listener for it, same as for a button. This allows to update something else immediately when the box state changes.
notice that you can only add one Item to a window. This Item will take up all the window room. To add more components to a frame, add them to a Container, and set a flowLayout, like this:

## Example

in this example a JCheckBox and a JLabel are added to a JFrame, so that the Label is only visible when the CheckBox is activated.
# Literature/1961

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Subpages

* Literature/1961/Booth $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1961/Jones $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1961/Lewis $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1961/Lucas $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1961/Lewon $^{[^]}$
# Literature/1960/Licklider

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Summary

Man-computer symbiosis is an expected development in cooperative interaction between men and electronic computers. It will involve very close coupling between the human and the electronic members of the partnership. The main aims are 1) to let computers facilitate formulative thinking as they now facilitate the solution of formulated problems, and 2) to enable men and computers to cooperate in making decisions and controlling complex situations without inflexible dependence on predetermined programs. In the anticipated symbiotic partnership, men will set the goals, formulate the hypotheses, determine the criteria, and perform the evaluations. Computing machines will do the routinizable work that must be done to prepare the way for insights and decisions in technical and scientific thinking. Preliminary analyses indicate that the symbiotic partnership will perform intellectual operations much more effectively than man alone can perform them. Prerequisites for the achievement of the effective, cooperative association include developments in computer time sharing, in memory components, in memory organization, in programming languages, and in input and output equipment.

## Wikimedia

| w: Human-computer interaction | w: Digital library |

## Chronology

* Licklider, J. C. R. (1965). Libraries of the Future. MIT Press. $^{[^]}$
* Licklider, J. C. R. (1960). "Man-Computer Symbiosis." In: IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics, vol. HFE-1, pp. 4–11. $^{[^]}$