OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# PlanetPhysics/Robert Rosen
## Robert Rosen

(1934-1997): American mathematician, theoretical biologist/mathematical biophysicist and Professor of Biophysics, worked first between 1964 and 1973 at the Center for Theoretical Biology at Buffalo, New York, and after 1974 at Dalhousie University. He completed his PhD studies in Mathematical Biophysics with Professor Nicolas Rashevsky, the Founder of Mathematical Biophysics and Mathematical Biology at the University of Chicago in the Committee for Mathematical Biology. During this very productive period he developed a categorical representation of Metabolic-Repair systems or $(M,R)$--systems for organisms, their relational structure and biodynamics. His last books entitled "Life Itself"" and "Essays on Life Itself" address the fundamental question "What is Life?", biological complexity and logical-mathematical foundations of theoretical biology. He served as President of the Society for General Systems Research, (now "ISSS ), during 1980-82. Rosen's abstract relational biology approach focuses on a definition of living organisms, and all complex systems, in terms of their internal "organization" as open systems that cannot be reduced to their interacting components because of the multiple relations between metabolic and repair components that govern the organism's complex biodynamics. He deliberately chose the `simplest' graphs and categories for his representations of Metabolic-Replication Systems in small categories of sets endowed only with the discrete topology of sets, envisaging this choice as the most general and less restrictive. It turns out however that the categories of $(M,R)$-systems are "Cartesian closed , and may be considered in a very strict mathematical sense as subcategories of the category of sequential machines or automata, in a somewhat ironical vindication of the French philosopher Descartes' supposition that `all animals are only ellaborate machines' or mechanisms. The latter, mechanistic view prevails even today in most of general biology, but not in sociology or psychology.\\
On the other hand, Rosen's metabolic-replication systems-- when extended to generalized, variable $(M,R)$-systems-- that were endowed with unique algebraic and variable topological structures, are different from any type of classical automaton, with the possible exception of quantum automata. Rosen's relational approach to Biology is an extension and amplification of Nicolas Rashevsky's treatment of $n$-relations in, and among, organismic sets that he developed over two decades as a representation of both biological and social `organisms'.
Robert Rosen's contributions to abstract relational biology as well as theoretical biology are however much more numerous and substantial than the concise, outline presentation of his work provided in this brief biography. The reader may find many more interesting details in the following bibliography related to Robert Rosen's contributions to Mathematical Biophysics, Mathematical and Theoretical Biology.
# PlanetPhysics/Reynolds Transport Theorem

Let $F(\mathbf {r} ,t)$ represent the amount of some physical property of a continuous material medium per unit volume. The total amount of this property present in a finite region ${\cal {V}}$ of the material is obtained through the volume integral.
   $\int _{\cal {V}}F(\mathbf {r} ,t)\;dV$
If this property is being transported by the action of the flow of the material with a velocity $\mathbf {u} (\mathbf {r} ,t)$, then Reynolds' transport theorem states that the rate of change of the total amount of $F$ within the material volume is equal to the volume integral of the instantaneous changes of $F$ occuring within the volume, plus the surface integral of the rate at which $F$ is being transported through the surface ${\cal {S}}$ (bounding ${\cal {V}}$) to and from the surrounding region.
   ${\frac {d}{dt}}\int _{\cal {V}}F(\mathbf {r} ,t)\;dV=\int _{\cal {V}}{\frac {\partial F}{\partial t}}\;dV+\int _{\cal {S}}F\mathbf {u} \cdot \mathbf {n} \;dS$
Here, $\mathbf {n}$ is a unit vector indicating the normal direction of the surface (oriented to point out of the volume).
# WikiJournal of Medicine/Related

Related projects include:
# Private networks

Private networks are networks that use a private Internet Protocol (IP) address space, following the standards described in Request for Comments (RFC) 1918 and 4193. These activities will review private networks, the relevant RFCs, and then show you how to identify whether or not your network is using the private IP address space.

## Activities

* Read Wikipedia: Private network.
* Review RFC 1918 and RFC 4193 and compare the detailed specifications to the Wikipedia summary.
* Use Ipconfig to view your IP address.
* If you have an IPv4 address, review the private IPv4 address spaces and see if your IP address is within one of the private address ranges.
* If you have an IPv6 address, review the private IPv6 address spaces and see if your IP address is a unique local address (fc00::/7), site local address (fec0::/10), link local address (fe80::/10), or public address.
# Private Wiki Project

To whom it may concern: If the community prefers, I could place this in a subspace associated with Wright State University Lake Campus. But I am a strong advocate of Miraheze/Wikiversity collaboration, and using private wikis on Miraheze is a good example.

## Tasks

* Replace caption in image link with For [[Special:ListUsers|use]] by a student at [[wikiversity:Wright State University Lake Campus|'''Wright State Lake Campus''']]]] .

### Finish this essay
## Essay

People are divided between those who believe that governments should spend less on higher education, and those who believe college education should be free of charge. It is possible to satisfy the wishes of both factions. Much of higher education can be described in very simplistic terms:
* Acquisition of knowledge (learning of facts).
* Learning to apply this knowledge (application and in some cases teaching).
* Receiving accreditation for mastery in the field (the grade).
In some cases, the application of this knowledge is difficult and time-consuming to teach. Nurses, doctors, teachers, and engineers need to practice their future trade under well supervised conditions. But the situation is far simpler for much of college education, especially in the first two years. Some disciplines are extremely suitable for this private wiki approach. For example any student wishing to become an educator can immediately begin to use wikis to develop lesson plans, lessons, and exam banks. In this way some could establish reputations as an educator without any formal training what-so-ever. Quality pages developed by a talented but inexperienced educator may be published on Wikiversity, and then improved by more experienced educators.

## Links

* A Private Wiki Project on Miraheze
# Probability

Probability theory is the study of uncertainty.
The mathematical theory of probability is very sophisticated, and delves into a branch of analysis known as measure theory.

## Free Probability Textbooks

* http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/teaching_aids/books_articles/probability_book/book.html
* Probability and Statistics EBook
# Probabilistic assessment of structures
## Optimization Study of Beam with Sudden Profile Change

This example deals with application of SBRA (Simulation Based Reliability Assessment) method for safety assessment of a welded steel beam with a sudden profile variation. Close attention is paid especially to the determination of the position where the profile changes.

### Assignment

The beam is simply supported. Span is L = 4 m, material grade is steel S235. The beam is exposed to two uniformly distributed loads. The design values are: dead load g = 10 kN/m, long lasting live load q = 8 kN/m. Assess I-profiles of this steel welded beam (see Fig. 2) regarding the bending moment. Determine the position where the profile is to be changed with respect to the material savings. Lateral-torsion buckling of the beam is prevented. Do not assess the serviceability limit state. The design probability of failure is Pf,lim <= 0.00007.

#### Structure Response to the Load 'S'

The variable value of the load is equal to the product of its maximum value and the coefficient expressing its variation by the assumptive distribution, then g = 10 kN/m ∙ gvar, q = 8 kN/m ∙ qvar. Individual distributions follow in the chart (Fig.3).
The bending moment behavior along the beam Mx = ½ ∙ (g + q) ∙ (L ∙ x - x2) is traced by AntHill [2] software. The variables taking part in this simulation are g, q.

#### Structure Resistance 'R'

The variable value of the steel yield stress is equal to the coefficient expressing its variation by the assumptive distribution, then f = fvar. The variable values of the profile moduli are equal to the products of their nominal values and the coefficients expressing their variation by the assumptive distributions, then W1 = W1,nom ∙ Wvar, W2 = W2,nom ∙ Wvar. Individual distributions follow in the chart (Fig.5).
The nominal values of the cross-sections properties are W1,nom = 1.64E-4 m3, W2,nom = 1.25E-4 m3. The profiles 1 and 2 are displayed on Fig.2. The structure resistance is defined as the product Mr = W ∙ f, than Mr1 = W1 ∙ f, Mr2 = W2 ∙ f.

### Assessment

Critical cross-sections, considering the bending moment, are for Profile 1 the center of the beam (x = 2 m), for Profile 2 the place of its sudden profile variation (x = ?).

### Profile 1, x = 2 m

In the center of the beam's span is the failure probability Pf = 0.000053 < Pf,lim = 0.00007. Profile 1 satisfies the requirements, calculated by AntHill [1] software.

### Profile 2, x = ? m

With assistance of AntHill [1] software, the probability of failures is found in individual positions near the estimated location of the sudden profile change.
The profile should be changed in position x = 1 m from the support. The failure probability in this location Pf = 0.000027 (see Fig.9) < Pf,lim = 0.00007. Profile 2 satisfies the requirements. Calculated by AntHill [1] software.

### Conclusions

This study outlines the opportunity of using SBRA method for the global reliability assessment. The used example is very simple; however, it is possible to assess more complicated statically determined structures.
# Wiki business plan
### Products

Create a product with a subpage.
* One or More Laptops Per Person
* Linux Boxes
* One Green Car Per Person
* Feed Everyone Project
* openPhone
* Book Reader (e-ink)

## Divisions

Hypothetically, divisions we may be interested in developing.
    Energy
    Aerospace
    Media
    Technology
    Agriculture
    Aquaculture
    Automotive
    Manufacturing
    Construction
    Engineering
    Natural resources
    Finance
    Marketing
    Real estate

## Subpages

* Wikipedia readings
* See also
* External links
# Wiki business plan/Energy

What is Energy?
There are several types of energy. Human energy. Fuel energy such as gasoline or biofuels. We can all understand electric energy that is running your PC right now.
Which types of energy do we want to teach about?
What types of energy do people want to learn about?
Energy development, or methods of producing electricity and power is our greatest challenge currently. More specifically sustainable energy is currently incapable of meeting the basics of expected energy levels for refrigeration, heat and air, lights etc. due primarily to poor battery capabilities.
High cost of initial per watt investments as well as the learning curve to operate alternative energy sources continues to be a challenge to realizing true solutions to our current energy challenges.
Unlike traditional grid based electrical systems you cannot simply flip a switch and forget about your energy with alternative energy such as solar.
Human energy, or the energy expended by people in order to achieve a certain goal or operation is also an area that needs to be evaluated. I.E. how do we reduce the amount of physical energy required in order to achieve certain goals. For example can we take people who have lower amounts of energy due to health or age and still achieve a certain level of production from them? Whether it be in the area of teaching or physical production. However there exists the potential to utilize the natural energy of the body to create electricity usable for our alternative electrical needs?
Overall this and other wikis could use some specific definitions to guide people to create worthwhile content development.
# Wiki business plan/External links

* The idea at Cambrian House
* Solar Cell Farms
* National Cooperative Business Association
* Writing a business plan at Amex
* Harvard resources
* Business plan @ inc.com
* Business plan @ entrepreneur.com
* Google.org investment proposals for plugin hybrid projects
* November 2007 Scientists convert biodiesel byproduct glycerin into ethanol
* Open Moko Buying interest list - a potential model
* July 2008 Creative Commons Business Models
# Wiki business plan/Feed Everyone Project

There is some outrageous amount of people on this earth that do not have adequate and reliable sources of nutrious and healthy food. This project aims to remedy that.

## FAQ

How is this related to Wikiversity?
    Wikiversity is a place for learning. It is hoped that by participating in this project, people will learn something along the way. We learn by doing.
Is this project some sort of communist scheme?
    No. This is part of a business plan, and very much capitalistic. Profit is intended to be made.

## Reflections

We have to consider that is lives that we are saving so the first thing that we're improving is lives and nothing is more valuable than life. I recomend to collaborate with The Venus Project too.

## Proposal

There's a project in which Latin America build aqueducts from the Andes Mountains using gravity as the Roman aqueducts that still carrying water and make it in a distributed way to avoid creating cities overcrowded, and about food create a culture of respectful gathering of fruits in the Jungles of Latin America, just that, gathering, not agriculture, organizing big explorers groups of the jungle across the rivers and using GPS, respecting indigenous cultures and not invading their land. And with that avoid monoculture and their pests and toxic insecticides. Also build irrigation systems in the steppes for the most appropriate crops depending on the type of soil, maybe similar to the systems used in the Aztec cities and also a similar project for Africa and the Himalayas.
# Wiki business plan/Intelligence

Please items that may be of interest to the business plan here.
* http://innovation.spigit.com/Idea/View?ideaid=39
* Clean tech investor summit
# Wiki business plan/Funding

Possible sources of funding include the following.
# Wiki business plan/See also

* Portal:Social entrepreneurship
* School:Business
* School:Entrepreneurship
* Topic:Wiki business ventures
* Wikiversity's Business Incubator
* Novel economic mechanisms
* Efficiency in Computing Project
* OpenMoko
* Wikiversity NPC
* Resources for Developing a Financial Plan
* Trade Finance
# Wiki business plan/Wikipedia
## Wikipedia

* Balanced Scorecard
* Break even analysis
* Business plan
* Content of a business plan
* Distribution
* Financial plan
* IRR
* NPV
* Pro forma
* Promotion
* Pricing
* Risk analysis
* Strategic Staircase
* Supply chain
* Post scarcity
* Terminal value
* Tata Group
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Causes/Toxins/Ziram
## Background

Ziram is an organic zinc salt used as a fungicide. It has been in use since 1949. The formula is C$_6$H$_{12}$N$_2$S$_4$Zn and the name is derived from Zinc dithiocarbamate. It is marketed under a variety of names and is used primarily on almonds and stone fruits.

## Research

2008
Chou et al examined the effect of Ziram on dopaminergic cells in vitro and concluded:-
   “These results demonstrate that ziram causes selective dopaminergic cell damage in vitro by inhibiting an important degradative pathway implicated in the etiology of PD. Chronic exposure to widely used dithiocarbamate fungicides may contribute to the development of PD, and elucidation of its mechanism would identify a new potential therapeutic target.”
2011
Wang et al examined the relationship between the incidence of PD and exposure to toxins in the Central Valley of California and concluded:-
   “Those exposed to ziram, maneb, and paraquat together experienced the greatest increase in PD risk. Our results suggest that pesticides affecting different mechanisms that contribute to dopaminergic neuron death may act together to increase the risk of PD considerably.”

## Further Reading

2006
Wang, X.F.; Li, S.; Chou, A.P. and Bronstein, J.M. Neurobiol Dis. 23(1):198-205.
Inhibitory effects of pesticides on proteasome activity: implication in Parkinson's disease. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16626962
Today
Extoxnet database entry for Ziram.
http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/ziram.htm
PAN pesticides database entry for Ziram
http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC34731
   Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Ziram.
   This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
Pubmed (abstracts)
Pubmed_Central (Full_Text)
Google_Scholar

## Related Pages

Causes > Toxins
Sub Pages:
    Cadmium - Copper - Dieldrin - Manganese - Maneb - Mercury - MPTP - n-Hexane - Paraquat - Rotenone - Toluene - Trichloroethylene - Ziram
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Causes/Toxins/Mercury

   The Phrase "Mad as a Hatter" is a reference to Mad Hatter Disease which is a form of Parkinsonism that traditionally afflicted milliners, who were exposed to continual inhalation of Mercury vapour, used in felting when making hats.

## Background

Mercury is a chemical element (Symbol Hg) with an atomic number of 80.
It is used in lighting, in thermometers, as as an amalgam for filling teeth and in cosmetics such as mascara.

## Research

1989
Ngim & Devasthasan carried out an epidemiologucal study on 54 idiopathic PD patients in Singapore and established a statistical link between mercury levels in the body and the occurrence of PD.
2003
Miller et al gives a detailed description of a case of mercury exposure.
2004
Bates et al evaluated a cohort of 20,000 people to see whether they had incurred an increased disease risk (including PD) from mercury amalgam fillings. Their results state,” Results were generally reassuring, and provide only limited evidence of an association between amalgam and disease.”
2006
Dantzig set out to test the hypothesis that there might be a link between the onset of Parkinson’s Disease, Grover’s Disease and blood mercury levels is the body. Grover’s Disease manifests itself as itchy red bumps on the chest and back. He (she?) formed a cohort of 14 randomly selected PD patients an 14 matching controls.
Of the 14 patients with Parkinson's Disease, 13 had Grover's Disease and detectable blood mercury. None of the patients in the control group had a cutaneous eruption and only 2 of the 14 had detectable blood mercury. This extraordinary finding, which will set most PD patients into scratching their chests, appeared in a peer-reviewed journal and has not, so far, been corroborated elsewhere.

## Further Reading

Wikipedia entry on mercury laboratory uses of mercury

## Related Pages

Causes > Toxins
Sub Pages:
    Cadmium - Copper - Dieldrin - Manganese - Maneb - Mercury - MPTP - n-Hexane - Paraquat - Rotenone - Toluene - Trichloroethylene - Ziram
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Causes/Toxins/Toluene
## Background

Toluene is a benzene derivative with the chemical formula C$_6$H$_5$CH$_3$. It is used in the manufacture of solvents, paint thinners, lacquers, sealants, printing inks, fuel additives and adhesives. It is a colourless liquid with a distinctive smell. It is the subject of solvent abuse as repeated inhalation induces a euphoric, dissociative state.

## Research

1999
Hageman et al presented the results of an evaluation of 3 patients who had had sustained exposure to solvents including toluene. They had developed Parkinson symptoms but were unresponsive to levodopa.
2002
Aydin et al carried out MRI scans of 41 patients who had chronically abused solvents – including toluene. They noted significant permanent damage to parts of the brain including the basal ganglia. Some of the patients were showing signs of Parkinson’s Disease.
2003
Pals et al (2003) examined the records of 423 Belgian P.D. patients and found clusters corresponding to their degree of exposure to zinc and toluene.

## Further Reading

2003
Eisenberg, Daniel P. 150 Quart. J. Biol. Med. 19 150—159.
Neurotoxicity and Mechanism of Toluene Abuse
http://www.einstein.yu.edu/home/einsteinquarterly/PDFs/Volume_19/Number_4/19Eisenberg150.pd]
Today
   Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Toluene.
   This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
Pubmed (abstracts)
Pubmed_Central (Full_Text)
Google_Scholar

## Related Pages

Causes > Toxins
Sub Pages:
    Cadmium - Copper - Dieldrin - Manganese - Maneb - Mercury - MPTP - n-Hexane - Paraquat - Rotenone - Toluene - Trichloroethylene - Ziram
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Causes/Toxins/Dieldrin
## Background

Dieldrin is an insecticide which was invented in the 1940s. However once it is used it is persistent and seems to gain in toxicity as it passes up through the food chain. It has been linked to a number of diseases in humans and, as a result, it has been banned in many countries.

## Research

2001
Uversky et al showed that pesticides including Dieldrin were responsible for the formation of alpha-synuclein fibrils in dopaminergic neurons.
2005
Kanthasamy et al produced evidence linking Dieldrin to the onset of Parkinson’s Disease.
2006
Richardson et al established the toxicity of Dieldrin to dopaminergic neurons. Their conclusions state:-
   "These data suggest that developmental exposure to dieldrin leads to persistent alterations of the developing dopaminergic system and that these alterations induce a "silent" state of dopamine dysfunction, thereby rendering dopamine neurons more vulnerable later in life."
2007
Hatcher et al demonstrated that dopaminergic neurons (in mice) were severely damaged by Dieldrin.

## Further Reading

PAN Pesticides Database. http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC33416
2008
Kanthasamy, Anumantha G.; Kitazawa, Masashi; Yang, Yonglie; Anantharam, Vellareddy; and Kanthasamy, Arthi. (2008) Mol. Brain 1. 12.
Environmental neurotoxin dieldrin induces apoptosis via caspase-3-dependent proteolytic activation of protein kinase C delta (PKCdelta): Implications for neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2584097/?tool=pmcentrez
2010
Martyniuk, Christopher J.; Kroll.; Doperalski, Nicholas J.; Barber, David S. and Denslow, Nancy D. (2010) Toxicol. Sci. 117 (1) 190-199
Genomic and Proteomic Responses to Environmentally Relevant Exposures to Dieldrin: Indicators of Neurodegeneration?
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2923291/?tool=pmcentrez

## Related Pages

Causes > Toxins
Sub Pages:
    Cadmium - Copper - Dieldrin - Manganese - Maneb - Mercury - MPTP - n-Hexane - Paraquat - Rotenone - Toluene - Trichloroethylene - Ziram