OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mongolian horse archery

Mongolian horse archery is a traditional practice that combines skilled horsemanship with expert archery. This ancient art has been a critical part of Mongolian culture for centuries, playing a significant role in hunting, warfare, and sporting competitions. The prowess of Mongolian horse archers was a key factor in the success of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan.

### Historical Background

Mongolian horse archery dates back to the early nomadic tribes of the Central Asian steppes. The ability to shoot accurately from horseback provided a significant tactical advantage in both hunting and combat. During the 13th century, the Mongol Empire used these skills to conquer vast territories, making Mongolian horse archers legendary.

### Equipment
#### Bows

* Design: Traditional Mongolian bows are composite bows made from wood, horn, and sinew. These materials give the bow its unique combination of strength and flexibility.
* Size: The bows are relatively short, making them easier to handle on horseback.
* Construction: The bows are typically crafted with a reflex design, allowing them to store significant energy and shoot arrows with great power.

#### Arrows

* Materials: Arrows are usually made from wood with feather fletchings.
* Types: Different arrowheads are used depending on the purpose, such as hunting or combat.

#### Quivers

* Design: Quivers are often worn on the hip or back, designed to allow quick access to arrows while riding.

### Techniques
#### Horseback Riding

* Skills: Riders must be adept at controlling their horses with their legs and body weight, leaving their hands free for shooting.
* Training: Horses are trained to respond to subtle cues from the rider, ensuring smooth and stable movement during archery.

#### Archery

* Shooting Style: Mongolian archers typically use a thumb draw, where the thumb pulls back the string and the index finger wraps around the thumb for support.
* Practice: Training often includes shooting at stationary and moving targets to improve accuracy and timing.

### Cultural Significance
#### Historical Importance

* Warfare: Horse archery was a crucial component of Mongolian military tactics, enabling fast and flexible combat strategies.
* Hunting: It also played a significant role in traditional hunting practices, providing a means to capture game efficiently.

#### Modern Revival

* Competitions: Today, horse archery is celebrated in festivals and competitions, both in Mongolia and internationally.
* Cultural Heritage: Efforts are being made to preserve and promote this traditional skill as part of Mongolia's cultural heritage.

### Festivals and Competitions
#### Naadam Festival

* Overview: The Naadam Festival is one of Mongolia's largest and most celebrated events, featuring competitions in horse racing, wrestling, and archery.
* Horse Archery: Participants showcase their skills in traditional horse archery, demonstrating techniques passed down through generations.
# Monitoring

Monitoring systems are responsible to collect, show and generate alarms in monitored devices such us: servers or network devices.

## Tools

Linux includes different tools for collecting, observe and monitoring systems metrics or performance, such as: sysstat, atop, dstat and vmstat. Some of them include recording and alerting capabilities while others just visualization capabilities.

## Monitoring solutions

Zabbix and Nagios have been historically tools used to perform monitoring across different servers or devices. Other tools included Icinga (Nagios fork), Prometheus and Netdata.

## Alerting capabilities

Netdata support email alerts and is planned to add support to Slack.
prometheus alertmanager support different notifications methods

## Activities

* Review wikipedia list of software monitors: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_monitor#List_of_software_monitors
* Review wikiversity articles covering system, software or network monitors: monit, Nagios, Prometheus (software), netdata, sar and Zabbix
* Identify key differences between network monitoring, system monitoring and application performance monitoring (APM).
* Implement a solution to detect disk array failures: System administration/ProLiant/Remove a disk from your redundant storage array and review OS logs
* Monitoring disk space:
** Configure sysstat for collecting disk space usage
** Configure Netdata with diskspace plugin
* Monitor your RAID devices:
** Software RAIDs: mdadm
** Hardware RAIDs: HPE Array Controllers
# Mongolian camel
### Feature

Camels possess excellent night and day vision and a keen sense of smell, allowing them to detect water sources and even family scents from up to 30 kilometers away. Their spatial awareness helps them navigate deserts, making them invaluable companions for herders. The mineral-rich vegetation of the Gobi provides essential nutrients, enhancing their ability to retain water.
Unlike other animals, camels can survive long periods without water. During dehydration, their urine condenses to as little as 0.5 liters. Remarkably, they can reabsorb urine from their kidneys, combining it with rumen microorganisms to produce protein, thus conserving water.
Additionally, camels can raise their body temperature to reduce sweating and water loss. They can drink up to 80 liters of water in one go and store it in their stomachs for gradual use. With significant fat reserves—up to 100 kg—they can metabolize fat for water, releasing 107 ml of water for every 100 grams of fat broken down. Experiments show that camels can endure 56-70 days without food and water, 78 days with food but no water, and 86-131 days with only water. Their ability to produce drier, less dense feces, along with their behavior of sunbathing to minimize heat absorption, showcases their remarkable adaptability to extreme conditions.
# Mongolian musical instruments

Before the democratic revolution in 1911 several instruments had been restricted to noblemen or for use in monastery ceremonies. The yatga especially wasn't allowed to commoners if the number of strings exceeded eight; only at court could the eleven or twelve stringed yatga be played.
In contrast most of the Mongolic ethnicities adopted four instruments for folk music and other oral performances: the Tovshuur, huuchir, morin khuur and the tsuur. Nowadays some ethnicities changed from the tovshuur to the shanz.
In modern times some instruments have been adapted like the 21-stringed yatga (about 10 strings added), the morin khuur (modification of the sound box and string material) - or invented in the 1960s for completing orchestras like the "ih huur", a horse headed double bass, also having a trapezoid sound box.
Instruments
Plucked
stringed and skinned instrument made from a 4-foot long spoon-alike nomad tool for airag making, especially popular in Oirat territories. All tovshuur are homemade and because of this, the materials and shape of the tovshuur vary depending on the builder and the region. For example, depending on the tribe, the string might be made of horsehair or sheep intestine. The body of the tovshuur is bowl shaped and usually covered in tight animal skin. Also this musical instrument originated from ancient nomads. This musical instrument is much forgotten today in Mongolia.
Bowe
Morin Khuur (Mongolian: "морин хуур") - the national instrument of Mongolia.It is a typical Mongolian two-stringed instrument. The body and the neck are carved from wood. The end of the neck has the form of a horse-head and the sound is similar to that of a violin or a cello. The strings are made of horsetail hair. It is played with a bow made of willow, stringed with horsetail hair and coated with larch or cedar wood resin.

### Struck

Yoochin hammered dulcimer of varying strings struck using two bamboo hammers

### Wind

* Tsuur (Mongolian: ᠴᠤᠭᠤᠷ/цуур) - end blown flute without mouthpiece, mostly made from light wood, like bamboo, other materials:
* Buree class (Mongolian: "бүрээ") - clarinet style of blown instruments
** Ever Buree - (Mongolian: "эвэр бүрээ") - horn-shaped clarinet
** Bayalag Buree - (Mongolian: "баялаг бүрээ" ) - straight clarinet
** Hiidiin buree - long and deep as an alp horn
** Tsagaan buree - Mongolian seashells
* Limbe - (Mongolian: "лимбэ") - end blown flute with a mouthpiece
* Bishguur (Mongolian: Mongolia Language) - oboe like in appearance with a double reed, a long hardwood body and copper or brass bell
# Monoid ring/ZW is XY/Unitary operators/Exercise

Determine for the monoid ring $K[X,Y,Z]/(ZW-XY)$ the canonical unitary differential operators (and their order) for the monomials
* $X$,
* $XY$,
* $X^{2}$.
# Guided Tours/Topic List
### Presentation

| Introduction | Topic List | Guided Tours for Students in Class | This presentation was made possible by Wikiversal/WikiverSuite, which is made possible by your donation. Thank you for your support. | Guided Tours for Students in Class |
* Guided Tours for Students in Class
* Guided Tours for Teachers
* Guided Tours for Researchers
* Guided Tours for Individual Learners
* Guided Tours for Community Builders
* Other Guided Tours at Wikiversity
* How to Create a Guided Tour
# Guided Tours for Individual Learners/More Courses at Wikihigh
### Presentation

| Presentation Generator | More Courses at Wikihigh | List of Topics | This presentation was made possible by Wikiversal/WikiverSuite, which is made possible by your donation. Thank you for your support. | List of Topics |
* Soon there will be more courses available at Wikihigh. This school is still under construction and not fully operational yet. The portal, State of Wikihigh, has the latest information on what is going on with Wikihigh. Wikihigh Course Catalog
# Guided Tours for Individual Learners/Presentation Generator
### Presentation

| Wiki User Page Builder | Presentation Generator | More Courses at Wikihigh | List of Topics | This presentation was made possible by Wikiversal/WikiverSuite, which is made possible by your donation. Thank you for your support. | More Courses at Wikihigh |
* The spirit of Wikiversity is learning by doing, not struggling with wiki technicalities. Wikihigh offers this course to show you how to use Wikiversal software to generate a wiki-embedded presentation such as the one you're looking at right now.
# Guided Tours for Individual Learners/Topic List
### Presentation

| Introduction | Topic List | Wiki User Page Builder | This presentation was made possible by Wikiversal/WikiverSuite, which is made possible by your donation. Thank you for your support. | Wiki User Page Builder |
* Wiki User Page Builder
* Presentation Generator
* More Courses at Wikihigh
# Guided Tours for Individual Learners/Introduction
### Presentation

| Introduction | Topic List | List of Topics | This presentation was made possible by Wikiversal/WikiverSuite, which is made possible by your donation. Thank you for your support. | Topic List |
* This wiki-embedded presentation is a guide to all the guided tours deemed useful to the individual learner here at Wikiversity.
# Guided Tours for Individual Learners/Wiki User Page Builder
### Presentation

| Introduction | Wiki User Page Builder | Presentation Generator | List of Topics | This presentation was made possible by Wikiversal/WikiverSuite, which is made possible by your donation. Thank you for your support. | Presentation Generator |
* Better user pages encourage better communication and better collaboration. Did you create and set up your user page? Wiki User Page Builder, which is part of Wikiversal software, generates an impressive yet functional wiki user page for your Wikiversity account in a short amount of time. Wikihigh, a school at Wikiversity, offers this course in how to use the Wiki User Page Builder. Here is a sample wiki user page that was generated by the software. When you have such a user page, it is easier to organize your information here at Wikiversity and you make it easier for others to interact with you.
# Java Tutorial/Trail: Java Web Toolkit (JWT)
## Java Web Toolkit (JWt)

While JWt is not yet as polished as Swing it has similarities with Swing in many design decisions and is even a little bit easier to use for many common tasks. The documentation is not yet as good as the documentation from Oracle but the open questions are fairly easy to analyze.
At least the Java version of WT (JWt) does have some major bugs left (or had bugs left in Summer 2012) and cannot yet be recommended for serious projects, but given the quality of the framework that shouldn't cause a problem for the development team.
One would probably wish for caching of large tables on the client side. Tables reload data dynamically, which may appear convenient and much more polished than the more usual "next page" button below a table, but that causes server load and possibly more network delay for the user, because scrolling is not as reliable as jumping to the next page of results. A scrollTo method in WTableView allows to position a table on a particular row programmatically, however.
An advantage of the duo Wt and JWt can be to use JWt for rapid application development and then to compile the final application in C++, which is the alternative with higher performance.
# Java Tutorial/Trail: Java and Javascript
## Java and JavaScript
### Java to JavaScript communication

The class netscape.javascript.JSObject found in the JRE directory in the "lib/plugin.jar" archive is the object that allows communication with the JavaScript engine. The content of the JAR is automatically available inside the Java environment of the web browser. The following code instantiates the JSObject:

#### JSObject

JSObject offers the following methods:
| java.lang.Object | call (java.lang.String methodName, java.lang.Object args) | Calls a method on a JavaScript object. |
| java.lang.Object | eval (java.lang.String s) | Evaluates an expression string in JavaScript. |
| java.lang.Object | getMember (java.lang.String name) | Returns a named member of a JavaScript object. |
| java.lang.Object | getSlot (int index) | Returns an indexed member of a JavaScript object. |
| static JSObject | getWindow (java.applet.Applet applet) | Returns a JSObject for the window containing the applet. |
| void | removeMember (java.lang.String name) | Removes a named member of a JavaScript object. |
| void | setMember (java.lang.String name, java.lang.Object value) | Assigns a named member of a JavaScript object. |
| void | setSlot (int index, java.lang.Object value) | Assigns an indexed member of a JavaScript object. |

### JavaScript to Java communication

Calling Java methods from JavaScript is almost too easy, because the Java code exposes all public functions, not just methods intended for communication with the enclosing HTML page. If the applet or object tag has an id of "myApplet" the following code calls into the Java applet:
    var myApplet = document.getElementById ("myApplet");
    myApplet.publicMethod;
It is even possible to call methods unrelated to the applet itself with the Packages keyword:
    myApplet.Packages.java.lang.System.out.println;

### Example: Mozilla Persona for Applets

This example applet communicates with JavaScript to permit a login to the Mozilla Persona authentication system offered by Mozilla. Discerning readers will notice that the assertion returned by the authentication system could require some sort of verification, which should, for security reasons, not be implemented in the applet. One method of verification is the Remote Verification API.
# Java Tutorial/Trail: Javolution
## Javolution

Overview :
| javolution.context | Provides real-time Context to facilitate separation of concerns and achieve higher level of performance and code predictability. |
| javolution.io | Provides utility classes for input and output (such as Struct and Union for direct interoperability with C/C++). |
| javolution.lang | Provides fundamental classes and interfaces; some of which are either missing from the java.lang package or are not available for all platforms (including J2ME CLDC). |
| javolution.testing | Provides classes and interfaces to facilitate all aspects of testing including unit tests, performance, regression, etc. |
| javolution.text | Provides classes and interfaces to handle text. |
| javolution.util | Provides high-performance collection classes and miscellaneous utilities; although this package provides very few collection classes, they are substitutes for most of java.util.* classes (for example, java.util.IdentityHashMap would be a FastMap with an identity key comparator). |
| javolution.xml | Provides support for the encoding of objects, and the objects reachable from them, into XML; and the complementary reconstruction of the object graph from XML. |
| javolution.xml.sax | Provides SAX2 and SAX2-Like parsers; the later being several times faster than conventional SAX2 parsers (by avoiding String allocations while parsing). |
| javolution.xml.stream | Provides StAX-like XML readers/writers which do not require object creation (such as String) and are consequently faster and more time predictable than standard StAX classes. |
| javolution.xml.ws | Provides classes and interfaces to create and handle web services. |
# Java Tutorial/Trail: Java software testing
## Java software testing

Unit testing in Java has become quite convenient with frameworks like JUnit. The test cases are classes in the same packages as the classes they are meant to test, but they do not necessarily reside in the same directories. Test cases and tested classes are often combined from different classpath entries in order to separate compile time and run time content. The test cases perform tests on methods and aspects of methods; besides the most common execution paths they also verify boundary conditions, special cases and even the correctness of the exceptions thrown by a method. The exceptions thrown by a method are part of its contract and thus must be tested for correctness, which is obvious in cases where exceptions are caught and further program execution depends on the type or details of the exception caught.
A test case should aim to be as simple as possible but as complex as necessary in order to test a given aspect. Complex test code should be refactored into test case and supporting methods. The supporting methods can then be tested independently and the test no longer relies on the correctness of complex code that cannot be tested.

### JUnit

* JUnit
# Java Tutorial/Trail: NASA World Wind
## NASA World Wind

NASA World Wind Java is a Java virtual globe application with an extensive set of APIs. The application is licensed under the NASA Open Source Agreement.

### Examples for beginners
#### SimplestPossibleExample

The SimplestPossibleExample.java is a tiny program with about thirty lines of code. It creates a WorldWindowGLCanvas window inside a frame.

#### HelloWorldWind

The program HelloWorldWind.java is only slightly more complex and instantiates a BasicModel.

#### ApplicationTemplate

ApplicationTemplate.java provides a template for applications based on NASA World Wind and is used by several other programs in the examples directory.

#### Shutdown

Shutting down NASA World Wind is non-trivial and has its own beginner's example: Shutdown.java. Apparently the WorldWindow class does have a shutdown method and the class WorldWind has a static shutDown method to reset WorldWind to its initial state in order to conserve memory (e.g. for applets that are not currently used).
# Finite elements/Bubnov Galerkin method
## (Bubnov)-Galerkin Method for Problem 2

The Bubnov-Galerkin method is the most widely used weighted average method. This method is the basis of most finite element methods.
The finite-dimensional Galerkin form of the problem statement of our second order ODE is :
Since the basis functions ($N_{i}$) are known and linearly independent, the approximate solution $u_{h}$ is completely determined once the constants ($a_{i}$) are known.
The Galerkin method provides a great way of constructing solutions. But the question is: how do we choose $N_{i}$ so that these functions are not only linearly independent but arbitrary? Since the solution is expressed as a sum of these functions, the accuracy of our result depends strongly on the choice of $N_{i}$.
Let the trial solution take the form,
    $u_{h}(x)=\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}N_{i}(x)~.$
According to the Bubnov-Galerkin approach, the weighting function also takes a similar form
    $w_{h}(x)=\sum _{j=1}^{n}b_{j}N_{j}(x)~.$
Plug these values into the weak form to get
    $\int _{0}^{1}\left[\left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}{\cfrac {dN_{i}}{dx}}\right)\left(\sum _{j=1}^{n}b_{j}{\cfrac {dN_{j}}{dx}}\right)+\left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}N_{i}\right)\left(\sum _{j=1}^{n}b_{j}N_{j}\right)-x\left(\sum _{j=1}^{n}b_{j}N_{j}\right)\right]~dx=0$
or
    $\int _{0}^{1}\left[\sum _{j=1}^{n}b_{j}\left({\cfrac {dN_{j}}{dx}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}{\cfrac {dN_{i}}{dx}}+N_{j}\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}N_{i}-x~N_{j}\right)\right]~dx=0$
or
    $\int _{0}^{1}\left[\sum _{j=1}^{n}b_{j}\left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left(a_{i}{\cfrac {dN_{j}}{dx}}{\cfrac {dN_{i}}{dx}}+a_{i}N_{j}N_{i}\right)-x~N_{j}\right)\right]~dx=0~.$
Taking the sums and constants outside the integrals and rearranging, we get
    $\sum _{j=1}^{n}b_{j}\left[\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}\int _{0}^{1}\left({\cfrac {dN_{i}}{dx}}{\cfrac {dN_{j}}{dx}}+N_{i}N_{j}\right)~dx-\int _{0}^{1}x~N_{j}~dx\right]=0~.$
Since the $b_{j}$s are arbitrary, the quantity inside the square brackets must be zero. That is
    ${\text{(21)}}\qquad {\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}\int _{0}^{1}\left({\cfrac {dN_{i}}{dx}}{\cfrac {dN_{j}}{dx}}+N_{i}N_{j}\right)~dx-\int _{0}^{1}x~N_{j}~dx=0\qquad j=1\dots n~.}$
Let us define
    ${\text{(22)}}\qquad {K_{ji}:=\int _{0}^{1}\left({\cfrac {dN_{i}}{dx}}{\cfrac {dN_{j}}{dx}}+N_{i}N_{j}\right)~dx\qquad {\text{and}}\qquad f_{j}:=\int _{0}^{1}x~N_{j}~dx~.}$
Then we get a set of simultaneous linear equations
    ${\text{(23)}}\qquad {\sum _{i=1}^{n}K_{ji}a_{i}=f_{j}~.}$
In matrix form,
    ${\mathbf {K} \mathbf {a} =\mathbf {f} ~.}$