OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cultural Issues Affecting International Trade/Culture Defined

| Unit 1.2-Cultural Issues Affecting International Trade | Introduction | Culture Defined | Culture Applied | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 1.1 | Unit 1.2 | Unit 1.3 Return to Trade Finance Module 1: Political and Economic Risk |

## Culture Defined

Culture is defined as the integrated system of learned behavior patterns that are distinguishing characteristics of the members of any given society, including everything that a group thinks, says, does and makes – its customs, religion, language, material artifacts and shared systems of attitudes and feelings. Understanding culture involves understanding people, which is, as we all know, an extremely difficult task. Today, because of technology, the internet, the media, travel, and the opening of once-closed societies, culture attitudes have shifted somewhat, becoming more dynamic and less geographically sensitive.
Geert Hofstede, a Dutch psychologist, interviewed thousands of IBM employees during his employment and subsequently developed a cultural model which he claims summarizes the different cultures.
Hofstede’s model contains five dimensions, with each dimension given a value between 1 and 120:
* individualism versus collectivism – looks at the relationship between individuals and others in their society.
* power distance – quantifies how well individuals accept the different levels of power that may be evident among them.
* uncertainty avoidance – looks at how well individuals accept uncertainty and risk.
* masculinity versus femininity – ranks the extent to which a society embraces masculine values (assertiveness, status, financial rewards) versus feminine values (quality of life). Societies with a stronger masculine culture tend to emphasize the differences in the role of the sexes.
* long-term versus short-term orientation – added to help distinguish the difference in thinking between the East and the West.
Models like Hofstede’s provide international managers with a tool to differentiate, compare, and understand cultures and the individuals they will be dealing with abroad. Two important points every international business person must remember:
* Understanding culture does not mean judging or ranking cultures or individuals. One’s own culture is not the standard against which others are to be judged. Avoid being ethnocentric.
* Applying too many generalizations is dangerous. A manager must understand culture as a framework in which to deal with individual business partners.
There is a saying in international business, “Business is based on relationships.” Developing strong relationships with individuals is often the best way to make business ventures successful.
# Cultural Issues Affecting International Trade

| Unit 1.2-Cultural Issues Affecting International Trade | Introduction | Culture Defined | Culture Applied | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 1.1 | Unit 1.2 | Unit 1.3 Return to Trade Finance Module 1: Political and Economic Risk |

## Unit 1.2- Cultural Issues Affecting International Trade

Understanding cultural differences is a critical aspect of international business. An international manager is not expected to master the cultures of the world; however, understanding the ways culture affects business is necessary. When selecting markets for entry or as a source of supply, an international manager must become familiar with the specific cultural factors, business etiquette and issues involved in conducting business abroad.

### Unit Objective

The goal of this material is to introduce you to cultural issues that may arise in a buyer’s country and the impact they may have on payment and money transmission methods, as well as the level of government control, corruption issues and sources of financing that may or may not be available in the country. By the end of this unit your will be able to:
* identify cultural issues that may impact trade finance negotiations.
* identify cultural issues that may affect international finance methods.

### Unit Outline

* Introduction
* Culture Defined
* Culture Applied
* Summary
* Resources
* Activities
* Assessment
Correlation: Materials from this unit correlate with NASBITE CGCP's Knowledge Statement 04/01/02: Knowledge of cultural issues of buyer’s country which may impact payment methods, money transmission methods, language used, credit control procedures, level of governmental control, corruptionissues, and sources of finance
# Complex socio-ecological systems/Exploring Resilience

Discussants: Simone and Bob
Holling, C.S. 2001. Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological and social systems. Ecosystems 4: 390-405. [Note: this paper is essentially a short version of the Panarchy book, and thus is perhaps the critical reference of the semester.]
Cumming, G.S. et al. 2005. An exploratory framework for the empirical measurement of resilience. Ecosystems 8: 975-987.
Walker, Brian et al. 2006. A handful of heuristics and some propositions for understanding resilience in social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society 11(1): 13.
Additional reading:
Jannsen, M. A., M. L. Schoon, W. M. Ke, and K. Borner. 2006. Scholarly networks on resilience, vulnerability and adaptation within the human dimensions of global environmental change. Global Environmental Change 16: 240-252.
Folke, C. S.R. Carpenter, B. Walker, M. Scheffer, T.Chapin, and J.Rockström. 2010. Resilience Thinking: Integrating Resilience, Adaptability and Transformability. Ecology and Society 15(4): 20. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss4/art20/
# Bromley by Bow Centre/Study Circles on Wikiversity/Study Circles

Study Circles on Wikiversity
Back
Introduction
· Study Circles
· What is Wikiversity
· Getting Started
· Useful Wikiversity links
Next
Learning by sharing
Bromley by Bow Centre, Thursday 2nd February 2012 :

## Study Circles

Study circles emerged towards the end of the nineteenth century as a popular method of developing self-education in a collective and democratic framework. They were generally linked social movements like temperance, social democracy or other aspects of the labour movement. They have remained popular particularly in Scandanavia.
       ”If someone tells you: ’This is exactly the way a study circle should look and this is the way it should work’ - You must answer him right in the face: you are a humbug, sir, a genuine humbug, sir!" Richard Sandler, first leader of the Workers' Educational Association

## The Swedish experience

In Sweden the study circle is a mass phenomenon with about 2 million participants, however as many people participate in more than one circle, the actual number of individuals is substantially less. Research in Sweden has revealed the following characteristics of Study Circles:
* Voluntary participation
* Open access
* Mixed ages
* Self-organised
* No examinations
* Small groups (5 - 10)
* Meet once a week (3hrs including breaks)
* Facilitators need not be experts
* Equal participation by all
* No restrictions on area of studies
* Can be linked to political, religious and social viewpoints

## Development on Wikiversity

The development of Study Circles is currently being pioeneered on Wikiversity as part of the University of East London Social Enterprise BA being organised from the Bromley by Bow Centre Communiversity.
# Bromley by Bow Centre/Study Circles on Wikiversity/What is Wikiversity

Study Circles on Wikiversity
Back
Introduction
· Study Circles
· What is Wikiversity
· Getting Started
· Useful Wikiversity links
Next
Learning by sharing
Bromley by Bow Centre, Thursday 2nd February 2012 :

## What is Wikiversity?

* It's free
* Wikiversity is a Wikimedia Foundation project
* Let's check the Wikiversity Main Page.
* Let's check About Wikiversity

## What is Mediawiki?

Mediawiki is piece of open-source software developed for wikipedia.
It provides an archive (history) of each wikipage, so that:
* There is a record of every previous version of the page
* Errors can easily be reverted.
* Each persons contribution can be recporded in line with intellectual property licensing which covers Wikimedia projects
* Let's check the Mediawiki on wikipdeia.
* Katrina PeopleFinder Project as an example of a project using Mediawiki.

## Creative Commons License

* See link at the bottom of the page!
# Bucharest

Bucharest (IPAc-en|ˈ|b|j|uː|k|ər|ɛ|s|t; in Romanian: București, IPA-ro: bukuˈreʃtʲ) is the capital municipality, cultural, industrial, and financial centre of Romania. It is the largest city in Romania and located in the southeast of the country, at Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found., lies on the banks of the Dâmbovița River, less than 70 km (43.5 mi) north of the Danube River.
Bucharest was first mentioned in documents in 1459. It became the capital of Romania in 1862 and is the centre of Romanian media, culture and art. Its architecture is a mix of historical (neo-classical), interbellum (Bauhaus and art deco), communist-era and modern. In the period between the two World Wars, the city's elegant architecture and the sophistication of its elite earned Bucharest the nickname of "Little Paris" (Micul Paris). Although buildings and districts in the historic city centre were heavily damaged or destroyed by war, earthquakes, and above all Nicolae Ceaușescu's program of systematization, many survived. In recent years, the city has been experiencing an economic and cultural boom.
According to 2011 census, 1,883,425 inhabitants live within the city limits, a decrease from the figure recorded at the 2002 census. The urban area extends beyond the limits of Bucharest proper and has a population of about 1.9 million people. Adding the satellite towns around the urban area, the proposed metropolitan area of Bucharest would have a population of 2.27 million people. According to Eurostat, Bucharest has a larger urban zone of 2,183,091 residents. According to unofficial data, the population is more than 3 million. Bucharest is the 6th largest city in the European Union by population within city limits, after London, Berlin, Madrid, Rome, and Paris.
Economically, Bucharest is the most prosperous city in Romania and is one of the main industrial centres and transportation hubs of Eastern Europe. The city has big convention facilities, educational institutes, cultural venues, traditional "shopping arcades" and recreational areas.
* ↑ Bucharest, the small Paris of the East, on the Museums from Romania web site.
* ↑ Bucica, 2000, p.6.
* ↑ "Adevarul: The BMZ in numbers". Retrieved 29 September 2011.
* ↑ "EVZ". Retrieved 1 June 2009.
* ↑ PriceWaterhouseCoopers Global Regional Attractiveness Report Romania
# Bromley by Bow Centre/Study Circles on Wikiversity

Study Circles on Wikiversity
Back
Introduction
· Study Circles
· What is Wikiversity
· Getting Started
· Useful Wikiversity links
Next
Learning by sharing
Bromley by Bow Centre, Thursday 2nd February 2012 :
In this session we will cover:
* Study Circles
* What is Wikiversity
* Getting Started
* Useful Wikiversity links
# Bromley by Bow Centre/Study Circle One

The information here is designed to relate to:
* UEL: IS3501 - 2011-12 Organising People, Resources and Power
* UEL: IS3503 - 2011-12 Business Models and Client Based Design
# Bromley by Bow Centre/Study Circles on Wikiversity/Getting Started

Study Circles on Wikiversity
Back
Introduction
· Study Circles
· What is Wikiversity
· Getting Started
· Useful Wikiversity links
Next
Learning by sharing
Bromley by Bow Centre, Thursday 2nd February 2012 :

## How can I get involved?

* As a member you identify your contributions and get a set of personal pages where you can engage in discussions.
* Consider what would be the most suitable username for you to use.
* You can start an account here.

## How can I edit pages?

* Some editing tips
* Edit Interface
* How to start a new page
    You don't need "sign" your submissions to content pages — that's recorded automatically and shown on the History of the page. But you are definitely encouraged to sign your contributions to the Discussion page and any Talk page. Do this with four tildes (~). Here's more about signatures.
    Wikipedia's guidance on contributing generally apply to Wikiversity as well. If you don't want your writing to be edited or redistributed by others, do not submit it.
    Be sure to visit the Colloquium for general discussions. For real-time chat with other Wikiversity users, check out our Chat page.
# Donations

If you are interested in donating time and knowledge, money, land, or other resources to Wikiversity, this is the place to be.
Would you have land somewhere on Earth you might be interested in donating to Wikiversity?
All donations are appreciated. Aside from one's time, one way to contribute to Wikiversity is through monetary support. The easiest and most sure-fire way to give Wikiversity monetary support would be to donate directly to the Wikimedia foundation. Currently, systems are not setup within Wikiversity to allow for people to sponsor projects or directly support the endeavors of Wikiversity itself.
One novel situation that could potentially become reality would be for Wikiversity to reach brick-and-mortar status. It seems the fastest way for this to occur would be for a group or individual to donate some land to Wikiversity. Perhaps, if this were to occur, then participants could maintain the land in a wiki fashion...
# BCP/Silene vulgaris/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for the plant Silene vulgaris (Bladder Campion). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

##### Recent Logs

* --Jomegat 15:58, 29 July 2007 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 02:42, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 23:07, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
* --Turnvater Jahn 16:16, 20 May 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 02:07, 20 June 2010 (UTC)

##### Archived Logs

(If there are more than 5 signatures under the recent logs heading, move the oldest logs to under this heading (generally leave the 3 most recent).
* (no archived logs yet)
# BCP/Sicyos angulatus/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for the plant Sicyos angulatus (Burr Cucumber). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

##### Recent Logs

* --SB_Johnny | 14:57, 31 August 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:07, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 07:02, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

##### Archived Logs

(If there are more than 5 signatures under the recent logs heading, move the oldest logs to under this heading (generally leave the 3 most recent).
* (no archived logs yet)
# BCP/Silene dioica

Silene dioica
| Flowers and foliage Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Silene dioica (Red Campion) Identifying Characteristics Habit:Light forests, meadows, Staudenfluren (in eng.?)Flowers:radial Turnvater Jahn 20:38, 21 May 2008 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data:
Regional data: Leipzig Lowlands, Saxony, Germany: May
Additional images:
# BCP/Sinapis arvensis

Sinapis arvensis
| Inflorescence Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Sinapis arvensis (Wild mustard) Identifying Characteristics Recent Logs --Juan Pisek 18:14, 11 October 2007 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data:
Regional data: South Bohemia, Czech Republic: October
Additional images:
# BCP/Silene dioica × S. latifolia/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for the plant Silene dioica × S. latifolia (Hybrid Campion). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

##### Recent Logs

* --Jomegat 16:14, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

##### Archived Logs

(If there are more than 5 signatures under the recent logs heading, move the oldest logs to under this heading (generally leave the 3 most recent).
* (no archived logs yet)
# BCP/Silene latifolia/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for Silene latifolia (White Campion). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

### Logs
#### 2008 Logs

* --SB_Johnny | 12:45, 17 May 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:54, 27 May 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 3 June 2008 (from photos)
* --SB_Johnny | 11:22, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 22:46, 10 June 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 23:14, 15 June 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 03:27, 22 June 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 07:37, 22 June 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 23:17, 1 July 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 08:46, 2 July 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 03:01, 13 July 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:31, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 01:03, 20 July 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 01:19, 26 July 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 22:01, 2 August 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny 12:23, 9 August 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 01:14, 17 August 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 00:00, 24 August 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 00:04, 30 August 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny 09:15, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

#### 2009 Logs

* Jomegat 01:29, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
* Jomegat 00:53, 15 July 2009 (UTC)
* Jomegat 03:49, 2 August 2009 (UTC)
* Trinity507 20:51, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

##### Recent Logs

* Jomegat 00:35, 12 June 2010 (UTC)
# BCP/Silene vulgaris

Silene vulgaris
| Flowers Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Silene vulgaris (Bladder Campion) Identifying Characteristics Recent Logs --Jomegat 15:58, 29 July 2007 (UTC) --Jomegat 02:42, 26 August 2007 (UTC) --Jomegat 23:07, 21 September 2007 (UTC) --Turnvater Jahn 16:16, 20 May 2008 (UTC) Jomegat 02:07, 20 June 2010 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data:
Regional data: New Hampshire: June, July, August , September
Additional images:
# BCP/Silene dioica × S. latifolia

Silene dioica × S. latifolia
| Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Silene dioica × S. latifolia (Hybrid Campion) Identifying Characteristics Habit:Herbaceous forbLife Cycle: Perennial, biennial Recent Logs --Jomegat 16:14, 3 August 2007 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data:
Regional data: New Hampshire: August
Additional images:
# BCP/Silene latifolia

Silene latifolia
| Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Silene latifolia (White Campion) Identifying Characteristics Recent Logs Jomegat 00:35, 12 June 2010 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Late Spring, Early Summer, Mid Summer
Regional data: Southeastern Pennsylvania: (invasive or naturalized) May, June, July, August, September New Hampshire: (invasive or naturalized) June, July, August
Additional images:
# DNA Microarray Virtual Lab
## DNA MICROARRAY

TEACHING OBJECTIVE:
* Observe a high-tech lab technique in action in this excellent Flash application, whilst learning how cancer cells and healthy cells express genes differently.
TASK OUTCOMES:
* By the end of this activity, students will be able to:
** describe the function and origin of the DNA Microarray
** perform a simple virtual lab to compare the microarrays of healthy cells and cancer cells
** illustrate how cancer cells express genes differently to healthy cells
** Explain the function of reverse transcriptase in a biotechnological application
TIME REQUIRED:
* 20-30 minutes
INTRODUCTION:
In this excellent Flash application from learn.genetics (Utah university), students are introduced to the 'new' science of genomics and are shown how a DNA microarray works. Thay are then instructed to carry out a virtual microarray that illustrates the genetic difference between a healthy skin cell and a melanoma cell. Students can use this task as a means to learn about genomics and the use of reverse transcriptase and to revise protein synthesis.
MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:
* DNA Microarray virtual lab from
* Teacher-set questions
OTHER RESOURCES NEEDED:
* Individual access to computers is beneficial
* Internet connection
* Macromedia Flash Player (latest version)
INSTRUCTIONS:
* Send students to the learn.genetics homepage and ask them to find the DNA microarray in the virtual labs section.
* Students complete the microarray learning excercise individually.
SAMPLE QUESTIONS
* What is the main difference between Genetics and Genomics? (scale of work and time consumption)
* Which of the following statements are true?
** An erythrocyte and a skin cell in the same body contain the same DNA. (T)
** Different genes are expressed in different cell types within the same organism. (T)
** Gene expression can be observed as production of tRNA. (F - mRNA)
** Each spot on a Microarray represents one gene. (T)
** A cancer cell will express most of the same genes as a healthy cell. (T)
** Reverse transcriptase makes a new strand of RNA. (F - it makes copy DNA (cDNA))
* Produce a flow-chart of the process of a microarray
* If a gene is not expressed, what would you expect to see on a microarray scan?
** green marker
** red marker
** yellow marker
** no marker (T)
IDEAS FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATION
* learn.genetics has a number of excellent Flash applications and podcasts suitable for DP Biology.
SOURCES AND REFERENCES:
* wikipedia: DNA Microarray
* learn.genetics at the University of Utah

## Wikimedia

* w: DNA separation by silica adsorption
# DNA integrated circuit

A DNA integrated circuit is a integrated circuit semiconductor system incorporating or interacting with deoxyribonucleic acids or other molecules. The interaction of molecules with the IC system may be due to the adsorption of the molecules on the IC, or the electromagnetic or mechanical interaction of the IC with molecules.
Depending on the attachment methodology, the molecules incorporated into a dIC may be other than deoxyribonucleic acid.
proposes one way to attach molecules to CMOS integrated circuits.