OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Demography

Demography literally translated from the Greek term means a description of people. On the other hand, the United Nations (UN) Demographic Dictionary describes demography as the scientific study of human populations primarily with respect to size, their, structure and their development.
Demography therefore is concerned with the current size and characteristics of human populations, how they were attained, and how they are changing. Changes in the characteristics of human populations is governed by the three main Population Processes: Fertility, Mortality and Migration. In turn, when these processes act, there are corresponding Population Outcomes which include changes in Population Size, Age and Sex Structure, and Spatial Organization.
While these main processes are the primary concern of demographers, it proves invaluable should these things not be detached from their relationships with other disiplines. As such, demography draws and contributes to the other fields of sciences ranging from Health and Medicine and Teletraffic to the social sciences such as Sociology, Anthropology and Political Science.

## What do Demographers do?

Demography includes the study of human populations by statistical methods. Demographers basically deal with the measurements of the number of people in each region of the country:
* being born (hatch)
* living (match)
* dying (dispatch!)
Demographers also have to measure
* health
* fertility
* marriage rates
* contraception
* ageing rate
* mortality rate
Finally demographers measure migrations:
* internal migration = urbanization (or rural-urban migration)
* external migration ( --> immigration and emigration --> ).
Data from statistical censuses are the basic inputs, but have to be augmented with input from questionnaires and surveys. The trends are extrapolated (projected forwards).
The practical purpose is that the output forms the basis for the prediction of number of customers for public and private services and products.

## See Also

* Demography/Overview
* School of Urban studies and planning
* Wikipedia: Demography
# Democracy Project/Observations on Open Source Governance

The Democracy Project has sparked the first debate about its content. The issue identified by a visitor to the Introduction is that the Project's suggested ground rules attempt to limit the ability of visitors to edit the text. This limit violates the spirit of the Wikibooks project. How will this resolve? Two options exist: either the Open Source Constitution will change, thus changing the definition of the right to vote, or the Introduction will be altered. --Mchogan 08:18, 10 November 2006 (UTC)
    Above user is from Wikibooks, see b:User talk:Mchogan, ----Erkan Yilmaz uses the Wikiversity:Chat (try) 09:58, 9 August 2008 (UTC)
# Dental Anatomy, Histology and Embryology

Department of Dental Anatomy [DA], Dental Histology [DH] and Embryology
# Dental anatomy
## Superficial Anatomy

Human teeth can be distinguished by various anatomical landmarks that they have in common, but which are uniquely different for each type. These are:
* Cusps
* Ridges
* Fossae
* Cingula
* Grooves
While there exists natural variation between all mouths, usually the class traits of teeth provide sufficient evidence to identify any given tooth, it's type and which quarter it originates from.

### Permanent Dentition

Permanent teeth are generally larger in size than primary, and their roots more compactly positioned. They are also more apt to wear and discoloration, mainly because they spend much longer in the individual's mouth.

#### Incisors

Incisors are the four most anterior teeth in each jaw, eight in total. There are two central and two lateral incisors each in the mandibular and maxillary jaws. The class traits of incisors include
Typically, the maxillary incisors are of larger dimensions than the mandibular, and while maxillary central incisors are larger than lateral, in the mandible it is the other way around.

#### Canines

Also referred to as cuspids, due to their single cusp, canines have the largest root-to-crown height in the mouth.

#### Premolars

Also called bicuspids,

#### Molars
##### Wisdom Teeth

The third molar, or wisdom teeth, are the least predictable in the mouth. Often a knobby lump of irregular tubercles,

### Primary dentition
#### Incisors

As with permanent teeth, there are eight incisors.

#### Molars

The predecessors of the permanent pre molars,
# Design for the Environment/Interior Panels

[This is a sample report page for Design for the Environment]
After the brief summary of what this project is about, you will name a subsection called Project Information, which will include the following:
* Your MIE315 section and project group numbers
* A list of the team members names and in brackets their Wikiversity log-in name
Then the body of the report will start. Make sure to include a hyper-linked table of contents for easy navigation (this should be placed after the brief summary), and a proper list of references for your notes and external links (with hyperlinks if applicable) at the end. Good luck!
--SRego 19:54, 19 March 2008 (UTC)
# EuroLex/F/Maisonette

* Original language: French
* Original form and meaning: maisonnette - 1. a small house, a cottage
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Czech | mezonet | ... | 'a flat within a larger house or block, especially one on two floors, usually with its own separate entrance' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | maisonnette | ... | 'a flat within a larger house or block, especially one on two floors, usually with its own separate entrance' | '...' | ... |
| English | maisonette | 19c | 'meaning 1; and also: a flat within a larger house or block, especially one on two floors, usually with its own separate entrance US equivalent: duplex.' | '...' | http://www.allwords.com |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| French | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Maisonette | ... | 'a flat within a larger house or block, especially one on two floors, usually with its own separate entrance' also called "Einliegerwohnung"' | '...' | ... |
| Hungarian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | maisonette | ... | 'a flat within a larger house or block, especially one on two floors, usually with its own separate entrance' | '...' | ... |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Polish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Swedish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |

### Annotations

maisonnette: diminutive of "maison"

### Information on Other Languages

The French term for a flat within a larger house or block, especially one on two floors, usually with its own separate entrance is "appartement en duplex".
The Spanish term for a flat within a larger house or block, especially one on two floors, usually with its own separate entrance is "dúplex".
# EuroLex/F/Marriage

* Original language:French
* Original form and meaning:mariage 'wedding'
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| English | marriage | 13th c. | 1. 'the condition of being a husband or wife, the relation between married persons, spousehood, wedlock', 2. 'entrance into wedlock, the action, or an act of marrying, the ceremony or procedure by which two persons are made husband and wife', 3. 'a particular matrimonial alliance or union', 4. 'intimate union', 5. 'cards: in certain games the 'declaration' of a king and queen of the same suit' | 1. 'in certain phrases used for the marriage vow', 2. 'a person viewed as a prospective husband or wife, a (good or bad) match' | OED |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| French | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Mariage | 16th c. | 1.'wedding' (old-fashioned), 2.'a card-game', 3.'wedding, dower, king and queen in solo card-game'(dial.), 4.'exaggeration, bumbledom'(dial.), 5.'wedding of two pairs of siblings'(dial.), 6.'alliance between two families' (dial.), 7.'change for card-game'(dial.) | '...' | Birken-Silvermann 2003: 132 |
| Hungarian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | marriaggio | 19th c. | 1.'wedding', 2.'card-game brought by the French in 1849' (dial.) | '...' | Birken-Silvermann 2003: 132 |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Polish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | mariaj | After 1850 | 'wedding, alliance' | '...' | Birken-Silvermann 2003: 132 |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Swedish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
# EuroLex/F/Patrol

Cf. also Patrouille (EuroLex).
* Original language: French
* Original form and meaning: patrouille 'patrol, reconaissance patrol'
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| English | patrol | 17th c. | 1. 'the action of going the rounds of a garrison, camp, etc. for the purpose of watching , guarding, and checking irregularities of disorder', 2. 'a detachment of troops sent out in advance of a column, regiment, etc, to reconnoitre the country and to gain information of the presence and movements of the enemy' | '...' | OED |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| French | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Patrouille | 16th c. | From soldier's slang: 'patrol, reconaissance patrol' | Integrated as military term | Birken-Silvermann 2003: 127 |
| Hungarian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | pattuglia | 16th c. | '...' | | Birken-Silvermann 2003: 127/128 |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Polish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Swedish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
# EuroLex/F/Parasol

* Original language: French
* Original form and meaning: parasol 'sunshade'
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| English | parasol | 15th c. | 1. 'a light portable screen or canopy carried as a defence from the sun, a sunshade: used by persons of high rank in the East, and hence, by women in Europe, etc., in the form of a small, light umbrella, often ornamental or gaily coloured', 2. (a) 'anything serving as a defence from the rays of the sun', (b) 'an aircraft having wings raised above the fuselage' | '...' | OED |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| French | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Parasol | 17th c. | 1.'sunshade, umbrella' (dial.), 2.'coltish woman' (dial.) | 'sunshade' (dial., familiar until 1880, old-fashioned 1944) | Birken-Silvermann 2003: 137 |
| Hungarian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Polish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Swedish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
# EuroLex/F/Menage

* Original language: French
* Original form and meaning:ménage 'household, housekeeping, cleanup (of house)'
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| English | menage | 13th c. | 'the management of a household, housekeeping' | 'the members of a household, a man's household' | OED |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| French | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Menage | End of 17thc., 18th c. | 1.'economical housekeeping', 2.'household, cruet stand', 3.'housekeeping' (dial.), 4.'catering for steelworkers'(dial.), 5.'catering for troops' (dial.), 6.'food, meal' (dial., milit.), 7.'dining area, to dine'(dial.) | '...' | Birken-Silvermann 2003: 130 |
| Hungarian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | ménage | 16th c. | 1.'housekeeping', 2.'economical housekeeping'(dial.) | '...' | Birken-Silvermann 2003: 130 |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Polish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | menaj | After 1850 | 'household' | '...' | Birken-Silvermann 2003: 130 |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Swedish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |

### Annotations

- OED: The Oxford English Dictionary: Second Edition. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1989
# EuroLex/F/Migraine

* Original language: French
* Original form and meaning: migraine - 1. migraine, headache
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Czech | migréna | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | migræne | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | migraine | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| English | migraine, also called megrim | 14c | 'meaning 1' | '...' | http://www.etymonline.com |
| Estonian | migreen | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | migreeni | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| French | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Migräne | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Hungarian | migrén | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | emicrania | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Latvian | migrēna | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | migrena | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | migrene | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Polish | migrena | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | migréna | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | migrena | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | migraña | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Swedish | migrän | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |

### Annotations

Etymology: ME megrim, from OF migraigne, from vulgar pronunciation of LL hemicrania "pain in one side of the head, headache", from Gk hemikrania, from hemi- "half" + kranion "skull". The ME form was re-spelled 1777 on F model.
Source: http://www.etymonline.com; http://www.allwords.com

### Information on Other Languages

Portuguese: enxaqueca
# EuroLex/F/Musket

* Original language: French
* Original form and meaning: mousquet - 1. musket
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Czech | mušketa | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | musket | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | musket | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| English | musket | 16c | 'meaning 1' | ' mousquette - meaning "sparrow-hawk", borrowed: 1425' | http://www.etymonline.com |
| Estonian | musket | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | musketti | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| French | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Muskete | 16c | 'meaning 1' | 'a fish species' | http://www.koeblergerhard.de/derwbhin.html |
| Hungarian | muskéta | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | moschetto | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Latvian | muskete | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | muškieta | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | muskett | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Polish | muszkiet | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | mosquete | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | mušketa | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | mušketa | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | mosquete | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Swedish | musköt | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |

### Annotations

Etymology: from MF mousquette, a kind of sparrow-hawk, diminutive of mosca "a fly", from L musca. The hawk so called either for its size or because it looks speckled when in flight. Early firearms were often given names of beasts (cf. dragoon), and the equivalent word was used in It to mean "an arrow for a crossbow". The MF word was borrowed earlier (c.1425) in its literal sense of "sparrow-hawk".
Musketeer "soldier armed with a musket" is 1590, from F mousquetaire, from mousquette.
Source: http://www.etymonline.com
# EuroLex/F/Niche

* Original language: French
* Original form and meaning: niche - 1. gap, cavity, recess; 2. niche (social, personal, natural); 3. market gap; 4.dog kennel
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Czech | nika | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | niche | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | nis | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| English | niche | 17c | 'meaning 1, 2, 3' | '...' | http://www.etymonline.com |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| French | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Nische | ... | 'meaning 1, 2' | '...' | ... |
| Hungarian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | nicchia | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Latvian | niša | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | niša | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | nisje | ... | 'meaning 1, 4' | '...' | ... |
| Polish | nisza | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | nicho | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | nika | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | niša | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | nicho | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Swedish | nisch | ... | 'meaning 1, 4' | '...' | ... |

### Annotations

Etymology:
Source: http://www.etymonline.com

### Information on Other Languages

meaning 1:
Finnish: syvennys
Estonian: orv
Hungarian: fülke
meaning 4:
Czech: místečko, pevné místo
Danish: rette hylde
Dutch: plaats
Estonian: (oma) koht
Finnish: elämäntehtävä
Hungarian: hely
Italian: posto
Latvian: īsta
Lithuanian: tinkama vieta
Polish: odpowiednie miejsce
Portuguese: lugar
Slovak: vhodné miesto
Slovenian: mesto
Spanish: hueco