OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 3D Modelling/Examples/Web 3D Tour

* Real World Lab: the AFrame library can be used to explore a real physical location in Wikiversity, so that the learner is able to imagine what the physical location is like (see Real World Lab)
* WebVR Museum Tours Make virtual tour through a Museum (helpful to prepare a real visit)
** AFrame Museum: includes background sound e.g. on Firefox.
** Lourvre Museum Paris - Predefined route with auto rotate and side navigation.
* WebTour with Image Maps: Compare a 3D WebTour in Aframe with a WebTour created with Image Maps generated in Wikiversity.
* Create 3D Models: Start to create your own 3D-Models

## Learning Resource

* download the basic 360 degree VR tour (developed by Viktor Aigenseer on GitHub 2018)
* Learn Hugin to create 360 degree images like Aldara Park image from Wikimedia Commons in Aframe
* Use a spherical image in WikiCommons to create 360-degree panorama with WikiCommons4AFrame
# 3D Modelling/Geographic Terrains

In this learning resource is based on the Open Community Approach and focuses on the 3D terrain modelling. The models can use
* fictional 3D terains,
* based on real Digital Elevation Models e.g. from Open Street Map,
* from open content 3D models of terrains in which you want to place your 3D objects as environment or
* by Photogrammetry, which provides a point cloud of your 3D terrain for further 3D editing in you Open Source software.

## Learning Task

* (Blender and Digital Elevation Model) Explore the digital elevation models. Import a 3D model of a greographical region of choice from Open Streetmap in Blender (Blender OSM Import plugin). A map (in Open Street Map) is in mostly perceived a 2D resource. Explain how the third dimension can be loaded into Blender surface terrain.
* (Land Slides and Disaster Management) Extreme event could cause land slides. Explain how Digital Elevation Model with a comparison of pre and post disaster DEM could help identify where land slides occurred and where the land slides blocked road for emergency and rescue.
* (Photogrammetry) Explore the 3D model of the moon and explain how a 3D model can be created with photogrammetry.
# 3D Modelling/Examples/VR-Headsets - Controller
## Introduction

The objective of this learning resource is to introduce the basic technical operations to move in a digital space and manipulate objects in the virtual digital space.

## Outline

* Change viewing direction in a 3D scene, i.e. look right, left, up or down and the 3D scene will change according to the viewing direction.
* Space position sensors to determine the position in real space and the movement in real space are transferred to analog movements around virtual 3D space. This is about the technical possibilities to diagnose the position in space e.g. via cameras.
* Besides the viewing direction in space, there are also digital objects in space to manipulate (e.g. put a digital cup from a digital cupboard on a digital table)
# 3D Modelling/Examples/Red-Green Anaglyph
## Red-Green Anaglyph Videos and Images

The 3D perception is determined by the provision of different images to each eye. Red-Green Anaglyphic Videos and Images use implement this concept by combining a red and an green image into one image.

### Examples Images/Videos

The 3D effect can only be seen with a low cost paper red-green glasses:
* Series of 3D-images concatenate in a Youtube-Video
* Steam Train in Turkey (Youtube)
* Grand Canyon
* Anaglyph 3D Video Animation - Cartoon Full HD Red Cyan Movie with Blender
* Red/green anaglyph: Glasses
* GIMP Plugin Fu-Script for Red-Green Anaglyph Images
* Combine 3D Modelling and Animation and anaglyph 3D view

### Learning Task

* Explain how you could use a 3D model of a building (e.g. created with Photogrammetry to generate Anaglyph 3D images.
* Shift the camera view in eye distance horizontally for the 3D model of your choice and export the two images of the camera view.
* Process the left and right image as Anaglyph 3D image.

## Options to Create Anaglyph Images

* Take TWO snapshots of the same object (move 4cm/1.5in to right - avoid up/down movement). Use GIMP with add a new script-fu folder e.g. Documents/GimpScripts. Store the anaglyph script from script-fu-make-anaglyph.scm.
* Learn how to install the Anaglyph script in GIMP step by step.
| Left Image | Right Image | Anaglyph Result |
| Mircophone Image LEFT | Mircophone Image RIGHT | Mircophone Image ANAGLYPH |
    Remark: You see that,
   * the cyan image shifted to the left and
   * the red image shifted to the right.
    place the filters of the glasses as follows:
   * cyan filter is placed before the right eye and
   * red filter is placed before the left eye (opposite of shift of colored images)
* Create an anaglyph Video in Blender.

## Crop Overlapping Area

Crop the overlapping area of the object in ONE image. The shift of one image to match specific elements in the left and right eye image determines the size of the overlapping area. The single eye image are processed with a red and cyan/green filter and to the colored images are merged into one image with opacity of the layers.

### Create Red-Green 3D Anaglyph Media

* (Images and GIMP) See 3D Red/Cyan Image Creation in GIMP Tutorial by Roy Lee (2011) Youtube Video
* (Videos and Blender) Anaglyph (3D Glasses) Tutorial (Blender 2.75+) by BenU. The tutorial will also include
** the download of a 3D model for Blender,
** animations in Blender,
** creating the 3D anaglyph video finally.

## Learning Task

* Learn about the generation of Anaglyph 3D images.
* Learn how to install the Anaglyph script in GIMP step by step.
* Explain why the two images for the OpenSource Anaglyph Plugin in Gimp needs a horizontal shift of about 3-4cm to generate the 3D illusion with the Red-Green-glasses.
* Explain the purpose of the color filters of your 3D glasses.
# 3D Modelling/Examples/3D with Primitives
## AFrame

* AFrame: explore the Aframe examples on the AFrame Homepage to learn about the options your have, when you want to dig deeper into the AFrame framework.
** Use the WebApp JSON3D4Frame, which creates a 3D model with geometric primitives.
** WebApp JSON3D4Frame can be downloaded as ZIP and it runs offline in a browser.
** Water Molecule with AFrame

## AR.js

* Place your 3D model on a marker with AR.js by using WebApp JSON3D4Frame.
* Explore the AR.js Studio as OpenSource tool to create your own marker based models for learning resources.
# 3D Printing of Open Source Hardware for Science/Final project
## Final Project Assignment

* Identify scientific/engineering lab need on campus (ideally yours) for a 3D printable substitute for existing or planned purchase -- reserve it on List of Projects below
* Meet with users to determine exact needs/acquire additional funds/components for multipart equipment
* Design 3D printable components with OS CAD packages
* Log in to NIH 3DP account and post STLs, and include all source files from OS CAD package. Then on wiki (e.g. Appropedia.org) make a landing page and post directions, explanation of what it is and a price estimate for a commercial equivalent as well as links back to the NIH.
* Presentation, Print components, build and bring to class if possible
* Add picture,link Appropedia landing page and "savings per replica" and a hyperlink to cost source on gallery below.
The best projects will be selected to be in the next part.

## List of projects and people

* project name, ~~~~ to sign it

## Gallery

    Open Source Hardware for Science
* Source Laboratory Sample Rotator Mixer and Shaker, $50 device replaces $1000 commercial system
# Engineering Projects/DinoModel/Howard Community College

Howard Community College is starting this project in the fall of 2011.
       Fall2012
# Engineering Projects/DinoModel
## Idea

Projects Start with an idea. The idea for a project is typically a few sentences. The sentences should inspire problem statements. If only this section exists, then nobody has worked on the project yet.

## Goals

Projects are broken up into subsystems. Each project proceeds on a different path, with different milestones within the conceive, design, implement and operate framework. This should contain links to subsystems and a discussion of the pitfalls to expect, the best practice project process path in each subsystem.
The goal is to provide framework to capture the information associated with huge problems. A quadcopter project may be split up into vision systems, motor control systems, power, air frames, gryo/accelarometer software, copter GPS, target GPS, communication systems, fail safe systems, testing apparatus, etc. The cardboard boat project could be splitup into quickly built boats, racing boats, themed boats, dramatic sinking boats, battle boats, etc.

## Tutorials

This section lists tutorials for those that to learn only what is needed to push a project forward. Tutorials are typically about tools. There are tutorials with different starting points, but the same ending point: enough technical competency to begin working on an aspect of a particular project. So many tutorials may be unique to a project. Other tutorials may be shared by many projects. This is why they are in article space, not stubs of existing projects.

## Current Status

The goal here is to provide links to individual team pages, or summarize the success of various teams with links to pages describing how they did it so others can repeat, improve or extend.

## College/Universities

All the above is summary information that comprises the wiki of all students in general engineering classes using this site. To see the people involved, the actual engineering projects, and the pain-money-time involved, click on the university names listed here. Colleges should add their name to each project they every work on under this heading. This page should contain the details of the projects, teams and individuals. This way colleges and individual students can build up portfolios.

## College/Universities

Howard Community College
# Engineering Projects/Electric Cars
## Idea

Electric car motors can be almost picked up by one person. Fuel injection, cooling systems, exhaust systems are replaced with much lighter regeneration systems. An old pickup can be converted to an electric car. Some hybrids can be converted. All hybrids can be taken apart and put together.
Another idea: start outfitting a car like Goggle's. Popular Science (10/20, Kane) reports, "Sebastian Thrun, a Stanford professor and head of the project, and Google engineer Chris Urmson, delivered a keynote speech at the IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems in San Francisco, explaining how the" Google's self-driving fleet of Priuses work. "The 'heart of the system' is its Velodyne 64-beam laser that sits on the roof of the Prius, creating the 3-D map of the surrounding environment." This "image is combined with existing high resolution maps programmed into the car. Four radars (one for the front, back, left and right) are used to give the car far-sighted vision for handling high speeds on freeways." Also, there is "a camera near the rear view mirror for monitoring stop lights. GPS, an inertial measurement unit, and wheel encoder keep track of where the car goes."

## Subsystems

    Energy storage
    Regenerative Breaking
    Autopilots

## Colleges/Universities

    Howard Community College
# Engineering Projects/Electric Cars/Howard Community College

Howard Community College is starting this project in the fall of 2011.
       Fall2011
# Engineering Projects/Electric Cars/Howard Community College/Fall2011

       550_ecars
       550_ekart
       550_ekart_v.2
# Engineering Projects/DinoModel/Howard Community College/Fall2012

p1-504-nathan
# Engineering Projects/DinoModel/Howard Community College/Fall2012/p1-504-nathan

This is designed for a person working on a project for 4 weeks as part of a 3 credit class. Please copy this form to your user page. Then delete everything in italics when filling out this form.

## Week0 Activities
### Write problem/project Goal

My goal is to recreate the way people create dinosaur action figures. Most dinosaur figures nowadays are hard and stiff, and they hardly seem too realistic. Also, they have a limited range of motion, in which some dinosaurs can't even move their mouthes (ex. ceratopsians/stegosaurs). I want to create something less stiff and more flexible. My figures will actually have an equal range of motion as their real live counterparts.

### My First Task

I will begin by creating the skull of my first prototype.

## Week1 Activities
### Summary of actual work over first weekend

I used the drumel tool, drill, and handsaw to mold wood pieces into dinosaur skull shapes. First I cut small pieces of wood from available platforms. Then I used the drumel tool to shape the edges of the piece into a narrow snout. Unlike clay, wood is hard and brittle, not soft and flexible. It requires proper precision to cut it into a specific shape without ruining it, even with specially designed tools. I decided to make Tyrannosaurus my first prototype skull. But the final product looked more like Giganotosaurus. I decided to keep it for reference (and for a future Giganotosaurus body).

### Week1 Narrative

I did some research on dinosaur skeletons to better understand their basic structure.

### My Second Task

Construct a second prototype skull with a hinge jaw.

## Week2 Activities
### Summary of actual work over second weekend

After my first prototype failed, I decided to give the Tyrannosaurus skull another try. This time, not only was I successful in molding the exact shape, but I also had a new plan. When I carved the skull out, I also left a small yet thick panel of wood at the back of the bottom of the skull. When the time comes, I can use that panel to create a functional mandible.

### Week2 Narrative

I gathered some ball joits stripped from some of my old toys to create poseable joints.

### My Third task

Complete the hinge jaw.

## Week3 Activities
### Summary of actual work over third weekend

How is what you did different than what you planned?

### Week3 Narrative

Tell a detailed story describing what you did for your team over the weekend.

### My Fourth task

Record what you are planning on doing for the team during the final weekend of project work.

## Week4 Activities
### Summary of actual work over fourth weekend

How is what you did different than what you planned?

### Week4 Narrative

Tell a detailed story describing what you did for your team over the weekend.

### Complete Team Page

Fill out the Team Form (should have already copied the form, created the team page, linked to it and started filling it out).
# Engineering Projects/Electric Cars/Howard Community College/Fall2011/550 ecar-gocart
### Problem Statement

Put the last negotiated problem statement with the instructor or client of the project here.

### Summary

Put an overall, one paragraph summary here with links to the team weekly reports.

### Poster

Put a graphic in wikimedia, include the graphic here or link to it here. The graphic should be suitable for creating a traditional project poster.

### Story

Tell a story of the project. Describe how split up, what the obstacles were, what testing was done, what informal decisions were made, what assumptions were made, what the results were. This is a longer version of the summary with links to all the details collected associated with the project. These links could be to software, links to videos, links to project pages with pictures, etc. Think of the story as a summary of the team weekly reports on one long page rather than a short paragraph like the summary.

### Decision List

List all formal decisions made with links to their documentation such as a decision tree or decision matrix.

### Material List

Figuring out what to purchase, what to build, what everything costs is a huge part of engineering. Typically there is a list of materials in stock, materials that are ordered, materials that should be ordered next time there is money, materials that have not been fully justified. These issues are part of healthy management of the engineering lab but are associated with a particular college. The detail needs to be published in this "Done" form. However in the project root, just a list of materials is necessary.

### Software List

Installing and learning different software packages is part of most engineering project just like the materials list.

### Time

Time estimates and actual time consumed measurements helps justify salaries (grades). The only way to gain respect for estimated project time and costs is to practice.

### Tutorials

Most projects consist of making instructions to jump start the next team, shrink the learning of tools and software to the minimum, advice on where to purchase materials, how to assemble, etc. Tutorials modified or created are described here with links.

### Next Steps

If this is not filled out, the next team may have to repeat each of your steps just to figure out what the next step is. It is best to write this immediately at the end of the project while creating the summary, poster, presentation, and story.

## Subjective Critera

While reading these sections, practicing engineers are building up the following impressions about the document. So the following categories are more subjective:

### Repeatablitly

Is there enough detail to repeat the work?

### Integrity

Proving something doesn't exist or doesn't work usually requires exhaustion. Simply saying "it can not be done" is like challenging a pro basketball player (engineer) to one-on-one basketball (find a solution). It does not inspire respect. All the different ways respect is created can be found throughout the wikibook General Engineering Introduction.
# Engineering Projects/Costume
## Project Costume

Build costumes using helmets, shirts, street jackets, lillypad arduinos, EL wires, switches, led's
possibly implement piezometric electricity, by bending metal to produce lights.

## Conceive

Project 2. Costume Task 1-order embroidery hoops (send links to Professor to be ordered, I chose two different sizes)

## Design

possibly implement piezometric electricity, by bending metal to produce lights, along with leds. decide which or if both work best

## Tutorials

old documentation
# Elasticity/Constitutive example 2
## Example 1

Convert the stress-strain relation for isotropic materials (in matrix form) into an equation in index notation. Show all the steps in the process.

### Solution

The stress-strain relation is
    ${\begin{bmatrix}\varepsilon _{11}\\\varepsilon _{22}\\\varepsilon _{33}\\\varepsilon _{23}\\\varepsilon _{31}\\\varepsilon _{12}\end{bmatrix}}={\frac {1}{E}}{\begin{bmatrix}1&-\nu &-\nu &0&0&0\\-\nu &1&-\nu &0&0&0\\-\nu &-\nu &1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&1+\nu &0&0\\0&0&0&0&1+\nu &0\\0&0&0&0&0&1+\nu \\\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}\sigma _{11}\\\sigma _{22}\\\sigma _{33}\\\sigma _{23}\\\sigma _{31}\\\sigma _{12}\end{bmatrix}}$
Let us expand out the terms and put all of them in a similar form. Thus,
    ${\begin{aligned}E\varepsilon _{11}&=(1+\nu )\sigma _{11}-\nu (\sigma _{11}+\sigma _{22}+\sigma _{33})(1)\\E\varepsilon _{22}&=(1+\nu )\sigma _{22}-\nu (\sigma _{11}+\sigma _{22}+\sigma _{33})(1)\\E\varepsilon _{33}&=(1+\nu )\sigma _{33}-\nu (\sigma _{11}+\sigma _{22}+\sigma _{33})(1)\\E\varepsilon _{23}&=(1+\nu )\sigma _{23}-\nu (\sigma _{11}+\sigma _{22}+\sigma _{33})(0)\\E\varepsilon _{31}&=(1+\nu )\sigma _{31}-\nu (\sigma _{11}+\sigma _{22}+\sigma _{33})(0)\\E\varepsilon _{12}&=(1+\nu )\sigma _{12}-\nu (\sigma _{11}+\sigma _{22}+\sigma _{33})(0)\end{aligned}}$
We know that $\sigma _{11}+\sigma _{22}+\sigma _{33}=\sigma _{kk}$. Also a quantity that is $1$ when $i=j$ and $0$ when $i\neq j$ can be represented by the Kronecker $\delta$. Therefore, we can write the above equations as
    $E\varepsilon _{ij}=(1+\nu )\sigma _{ij}-\nu \sigma _{kk}\delta _{ij}$
or,
    $\varepsilon _{ij}={\frac {(1+\nu )}{E}}\sigma _{ij}-{\frac {\nu }{E}}\sigma _{kk}\delta _{ij}$
# Elasticity/Constitutive example 6
## Example 6

Given:
For an isotropic material
    $K=\lambda +{\frac {2}{3}}\mu ~,~~~E={\frac {\mu (3\lambda +2\mu )}{\lambda +\mu }}~,~~~\nu ={\frac {\lambda }{2(\lambda +\mu )}}$
Verify:
* $\mu ={\frac {E-3\lambda +r}{4}}$
* $K={\frac {E+3\lambda +r}{6}}$
where $r={\sqrt {E^{2}+9\lambda ^{2}+2E\lambda }}$.

### Solution

From the second equation that has been given
    $E\lambda +E\mu =3\mu \lambda +2\mu ^{2}$
or,
    $2\mu ^{2}-(E-3\lambda )\mu -E\lambda =0$
Therefore,
    $\mu ={\frac {(E-3\lambda )\pm {\sqrt {(E-3\lambda )^{2}+8E\lambda }}}{4}}$
or,
    $\mu ={\frac {(E-3\lambda )\pm {\sqrt {E^{2}+9\lambda ^{2}+2E\lambda }}}{4}}$
or,
    $\mu ={\frac {E-3\lambda \pm r}{4}}$
To find out whether the plus or the minus sign should be placed before $r$ in the above equation, we put everything in terms of $\nu$ and $E$. Thus,
    ${\begin{aligned}\mu &={\frac {E}{2(1+\nu )}}\\\lambda &={\frac {\nu E}{(1+\nu )(1-2\nu )}}\\E-3\lambda &={\frac {E(1-2\nu ^{2}-4\nu )}{(1+\nu )(1-2\nu )}}\\8E\lambda &={\frac {8\nu E^{2}}{(1+\nu )(1-2\nu )}}\end{aligned}}$
Plugging these into the equation for $\mu$, multiplying both sides by $(1+\nu )(1-2\nu )$ and dividing by $E$, we get
    $2(1-2\nu )=(1-2\nu ^{2}-4\nu )\pm {\sqrt {(1-2\nu ^{2}-4\nu )^{2}+8\nu (1+\nu )(1-2\nu )}}$
The limiting value of $\nu$ is 0.5. Plugging this value into the above equation, we get,
    $0=-1.5\pm 1.5$
The above can be true only if the sign is positive. Therefore, the correct relation is
    $\mu ={\frac {E-3\lambda +r}{4}}$
Plugging this relation into the first of the given equations, we have,
    ${\begin{aligned}K&=\lambda +{\cfrac {2}{3}}\left({\cfrac {E-3\lambda +r}{4}}\right)\\&={\cfrac {6\lambda +E-3\lambda +r}{6}}\\K&={\cfrac {E+3\lambda +r}{6}}\end{aligned}}$
# Elasticity/Constitutive example 3
## Example 3

Given: The strain energy density for a material undergoing small strain
    ${\text{(1)}}\qquad U({\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }})=\int _{0}^{\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:d{\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}~.$
Show: For linear elastic deformations and small strains,
    ${\text{(2)}}\qquad U({\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }})={\frac {1}{2}}{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:{\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}~.$

### Solution

If the strain energy density is given by equation (1), then (for linear elastic materials) the stress and strain can be related using
    ${\text{(3)}}\qquad \sigma _{ij}={\frac {\partial U({\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }})}{\partial \varepsilon _{ij}}}$
We will show that equation (2) is equivalent to equation (3). We start off with equation (2) and work backward.
    ${\text{(4)}}\qquad U({\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }})={\frac {1}{2}}\sigma _{ij}\varepsilon _{ij}$
For linear elastic materials,
    ${\text{(5)}}\qquad \sigma _{ij}=C_{ijkl}\varepsilon _{kl}$
Substituting equation (5) into equation (4), we get,
    ${\text{(6)}}\qquad U({\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }})={\frac {1}{2}}C_{ijkl}\varepsilon _{kl}\varepsilon _{ij}$
Recall that, for a second order tensor ${\boldsymbol {A}}\,$,
    ${\frac {\partial A_{ij}}{\partial A_{kl}}}=\delta _{ik}\delta _{jl}$
and that for a fourth order rensor ${\mathsf {C}}\,$ (substitution rule),
    $C_{ijkl}\delta _{ir}=C_{rjkl}\,$
Differentiating equation (6) with respect to $\varepsilon _{rs}\,$, we have,
    ${\begin{aligned}{\frac {\partial U({\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }})}{\partial \varepsilon _{rs}}}&={\frac {1}{2}}C_{ijkl}\varepsilon _{kl}\delta _{ir}\delta _{js}+{\frac {1}{2}}C_{ijkl}\varepsilon _{ij}\delta _{kr}\delta _{ls}\\&={\frac {1}{2}}C_{rskl}\varepsilon _{kl}+{\frac {1}{2}}C_{ijrs}\varepsilon _{ij}\end{aligned}}$
Using the symmetry of the stiffness tensor, we have,
    ${\begin{aligned}{\frac {\partial U({\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }})}{\partial \varepsilon _{rs}}}&={\frac {1}{2}}C_{rskl}\varepsilon _{kl}+{\frac {1}{2}}C_{rsij}\varepsilon _{ij}\\&={\frac {1}{2}}\sigma _{rs}+{\frac {1}{2}}\sigma _{rs}\\&=\sigma _{rs}\end{aligned}}$
Therefore,
    $\sigma _{ij}={\frac {\partial U({\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }})}{\partial \varepsilon _{ij}}}$
which is the same as equation (3). Hence shown.