OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Survey research and design in psychology/Lectures/Psychometric instrument development

Lecture 6: Psychometric instrument development
This is the sixth lecture for the Survey research and design in psychology unit of study.

## Outline

This lecture recaps the previous lecture on exploratory factor analysis, and introduces psychometrics and (fuzzy) concepts and their measurement, including (operationalisation), reliability (particularly internal consistency of multi-item measures), validity and the creation of composite scores.
This lecture is accompanied by a computer-lab based tutorial.

## Readings

* Bryman, A. & Cramer, D. (1997). Concepts and their measurement (Ch. 4). In Quantitative data analysis with SPSS for Windows: A guide for social scientists (pp. 53-68). Routledge. UCLearn reading list (Psychometric instrument development)
* DeCoster, J. (2000). Scale construction notes.
* Howitt, D. & Cramer, D. (2005). Reliability and validity: Evaluating the value of tests and measures (Ch. 13). In Introduction to research methods in psychology (pp. 218-231). Harlow, Essex: Pearson. UCLearn reading list (Psychometric instrument development)
* Howitt and Cramer (2014a). Chapter 37: Reliability in scales and measurement: Consistency and agreement (pp. 515-528). UCLearn reading list (Psychometric instrument development)
* Wikiversity:
** Composite scores
** Measurement error
** Reliability and validity

## Handouts

* Lecture slides (Google Slides)
* 2018 handouts:
** Download 6 slides to a page:
** Download 3 slides to a page:
# Survey research and design in psychology/Lectures/Review

Lecture 12: Review & summary
This is the twelfth (and final) lecture for the Survey research and design in psychology unit of study.

## Outline

Reviews Survey research and design in psychology, a semester-long (150-hour), third year undergraduate psychology research unit which focused on survey research methods and survey design. This lecture emphasises the second-half of the unit's content on MLR, ANOVA, significance testing, power, and effect size, as well as providing advice about the lab report and final exam assessment items.

## Recordings

These are the 2011 lecture recordings:
* echo360 (rich media)
* mpv (video)
* mp3 (audio)
# Survey research and design in psychology/Lectures/Summary & conclusion

Lecture 10: Summary & conclusion
This is the tenth lecture for the Survey research and design in psychology unit of study.

## Outline

Summary and conclusion to the Survey research and design in psychology lecture series.

## Assumed knowledge

* Previous lectures

## Readings

* None

## Handout

* Lecture slides (Google Slides)
* 2018 handouts:
** Download 6 slides to a page:
** Download 3 slides to a page:
# Survey research and design in psychology/Lectures/Recordings
## Lecture recordings

* Access the lecture recordings via: https://echo360.org.au/section/2c6ea16e-25f6-4b81-8150-31ae15a2ea3c/public
# Survey research and design in psychology/Lectures/Resources

The lecture resources include presentation slides, and sometimes additional notes.
# Survey research and design in psychology/Lectures/Qualitative research

Lecture: Qualitative research
This is the 2011 lecture for the Survey research and design in psychology unit of study.

## Outline

This lecture introduces qualitative research and qualitative analysis.

## Readings

* Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77-101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
* Taylor-Powell, E. & Renner, M. (2003). Analyzing qualitative data. University of Wisconsin-Extension.
# Survey research and design in psychology/Lectures/Survey research

Lecture 01: Survey research
This is the first lecture for the Survey research and design in psychology unit of study.

## Outline

This first part of this lecture presents an overview of the unit:
* Unit outline (key points)
* Assessment
** Survey admin guidelines

## Surveys

These surveys were designed for use by an undergraduate psychology class (Survey Research and Design in Psychology, 2005-2018):
* Time and Stress Questionnaire for University Students v.1 (TSQFUS1)
* The University Student Satisfaction and Time Management Questionnaire v.9 (TUSSTMQ9)
* The University Student Motivation & Satisfaction Questionnaire v.2 (TUSMSQ2)
Students used these surveys to collect data, entry data, and conduct analyses for a lab report.

## Using these surveys

These instruments and their items are free to use, adapt etcetera under a Creative Commons Attribution International 4.0 license.
However, be aware that the surveys in their current format are intentionally designed to not be "perfect" so that emerging scholars studying subjects such as "Survey research and design in psychology" can collect data and then practice exploratory factor analysis .
There is also intentionally no scoring key . Factor analysis is recommended to help determine the underlying factor structure and to identify which items to use to calculate composite scores. In other words, there is a latent structure, but you'll need to work it out. For example, for university student motivation, see these suggestions. Composite scores representing underlying constructs can then be used for descriptive statistics and hypothesis testing.

## Psychometrics

There are no reported psychometrics for newly developed items and scales in these survey instruments. Where intact, previously published measures were included, psychometrics may be available.
Users of these surveys should be prepared to conduct their own psychometric analyses (factor structure, reliability, and validity) based on their own samples.
# Survey research and design in psychology/Lectures/Power & effect sizes

Lecture 09: Power & effect sizes
This is the ninth lecture for the Survey research and design in psychology unit of study.

## Outline

Explains use of, and issues involved in:
* significance testing
* inferential decision making
* statistical power
* effect sizes
* confidence intervals
* publication bias
* academic integrity

## Conclusions

* Decide on H$_0$ and H$_1$ (1 or 2 tailed)
* Calculate power beforehand and adjust the design to detect a minimum effect size (ES)
* Report statistical power, statistical significance, ES, confidence interval
* Compare results with meta-analyses and/or meaningful benchmarks
* Take a balanced, critical approach, striving for objectivity and academic integrity

## Readings

* Howitt and Cramer (2014a):
** Chapter 35: The size of effects in statistical analysis: Do my findings matter? (pp. 487-494)
** Chapter 36: Meta-analysis: Combining and exploring statistical findings from previous research (pp. 495-514)
** Chapter 38: Confidence intervals (pp. 529-539)
** Chapter 40: Statistical power: Getting the sample size right (pp. 562-586)
* Wilkinson, L., & APA Task Force on Statistical Inference. (1999). Statistical methods in psychology journals: Guidelines and explanations. American Psychologist, 54, 594-604.

## Handout

* Lecture slides (Google Slides)
* 2018:
** Download 6 slides to a page:
** Download 3 slides to a page:
# Survey research and design in psychology/Lectures/Survey design

Lecture 02: Survey design
This is the second lecture for the Survey research and design in psychology unit of study.

## Outline

This lecture discusses the nuts and bolts of good survey design for research in the social sciences, including
* Research process
* Types of surveys
** Strengths and weaknesses of survey administration methods
* Survey design
* Levels of measurement
* Sampling
* Biases
** Non-sampling
*** Threats to internal validity e.g., Demand characteristics
** Sampling

## Readings

As per Lecture 01 readings.

## Slides

* Lecture slides (Google Slides)
* 2018 handouts:
** Download 6 slides to a page:
** Download 3 slides to a page:

## Video

* Watch this 2 min. video clip from Yes Minister about how to get the poll results you want.
# Teaching Elementary School Health Education/Mental and Emotional Health/Personality

This page is part of this wikibook: b:Teaching Elementary School Health Education/Mental and Emotional Health.
Personality is an indivdual's unique pattern of characteristics. This makes indivduals different from another. Some things that affect personality is heredity, environment, attitudes, and behaviors. Teaching students to value their personalities and express them is vital in mental and emotional health. Click here for a link over brainstroming over student's personalities. Personality Brainstroming
# Teaching EFL Listening via FUN WITH ENGLISH Books/Introductory Lesson

Mr. Danoff's Lesson Plan Data (Dates relate to when lesson was administered) :
| Date: | Lesson Length (Min): | Location: | Textbook: | Chapter #: | Lesson #: | Topic: | Number of Students: | Document Version: |
| 7 Sep 2010 | 45 | English Salon | None | N/A | 1 | Student & teacher introductions. | 25+ | 2.0 |
Mr. Danoff's FWE Lessons
* Research Center
* Semester One Fall 2009 7A & 8A
* Semester Two Spring 2010 7B & 8B

## Preface

My first week at this positon started on Wednesday, September 1st 2009. Until that Friday I was basically doing version 0.1 (based this lesson largely off lessons I gave in Japan the year prior) of this plan to 50-ish students in their own classrooms. After that my colleague Mr. Brown arrived and I taught version 2.0 to 25+ kids in the English Salon. Overall they went OK, nobody got killed, but I ran my first class of second semester quite differently. I'd recommend basing your first lesson off the latter, not this. I was too much of a friend here, by round two I introduced myself as their teacher.

## Lesson
### Introduction

Learning Outcome: Students and teacher will learn one another's names, and get to know each other.

### Plan

* Introduce Myself
** 4 Minutes
** Name, country, home city, favorite foods and sports.
** Check to see if they understand.
* Have students make a line.
** 5 Minutes
** Tell students they have to line up by birthday, and that they can only speak in English.
* Name and Pictures
** 10 Minutes
** Tell students to come forward, shake hands with me and tell me their English and Chinese names.
** I will then take a picture and they have to write their names down, along with their favorite food.
** Afterwards, students have to fill in the desks accordingly, not where they were sitting before.
* Students Interview One Another
** 20 Minutes
** Students will interview one another to introduce their partner to the class.
** Name? Favorite Food? Least Favorite Food? Hobby? Dream? Why do you want to study English? Fear?
*** Pick 3 questions, based on their level.
* Ask if Students Have Any Questions for Me
** 5 Minutes
** If they don't move on.

#### Extra Time

* 2 Truths, 1 Lie
** 15 Minutes
** Ask if they know what a lie is?
** Explain that we are going to play a game where they will write down 2 truths & 1 lie.
** Prompts:
*** My favorite food is ...
*** My dream job is ...
*** I am afraid of ...
*** My favorite music is ...
*** My favorite subject is ...
* Hangman
** 5 Minutes

## Addendum
### Acknowledgments

Idea for negotiation rules with the kids came from my boss at East Meets West China at our 2009 Orientation Meeting in Shanghai.
# Teaching Elementary School Health Education/Mental and Emotional Health/Emotions and the Mind-Body Connection

This page is part of this wikibook: b:Teaching Elementary School Health Education/Mental and Emotional Health
The mind-body connection is the close relationship between mental and physical responses. The body responds to the way you think, feel and act. When someone is stressed, upset, or anixous, the body can tell when something is not right. Therefore it responds. We do not want our student's body to respond in a negative way. Creating a good health status, promotes paying attention to the mind-body connection. Expressing emotions in healthful ways is essential for healthful relationships. The following link is a lesson over dealing with stress in a positive way. Bag It
# WikiJournal Preprints/preload XML/doc
## Usage

This template is used on an article's /XML subpage to transclude the {{Article_info}} from an article page. When transcluded onto an /XML subpage, that template instead calls {{Article_XML}} to format up as XML.
It is used via a preload link from articles currently lacking XML.
# WikiJournal Preprints/preload draft

WikiJournal Preprints Open access • Publication charge free • Public peer review
WikiJournal of Science
WikiJournal of Humanities
WikiJournal of PPB
Editorial guidelines Ethics statement Bylaws Indexing Financials and reports 1-year/3-year plan Proposed platform Meeting minutes Calendar
WikiJournal User Group is a publishing group of open-access, free-to-publish, Wikipedia-integrated academic journals. <seo title=" Wikiversity Journal User Group, WikiJournal Free to publish, Open access, Open-access, Non-profit, online journal, Public peer review "/>
This article is an unpublished pre-print not yet undergoing peer review.
To submit this article for peer review, please: Submit authorship declaration form
Create peer review location

## Article information

Author: Firstname Lastname
* ↑ email@address.com

## First Heading

Manuscript text goes re

### Subheading
## Additional information
### Acknowledgements

Any people, organisations, or funding sources that you would like to thank.

### Competing interests

Any conflicts of interest that you would like to declare. Otherwise, a statement that the authors have no competing interest.

### Ethics statement

An ethics statement, if appropriate, on any animal or human research performed should be included here or in the methods section.
# WikiJournal Preprints/X-Sketchbook—Publishing and Place: Textbook of the Future

WikiJournal Preprints Open access • Publication charge free • Public peer review
WikiJournal of Science
WikiJournal of Humanities
WikiJournal of PPB
Editorial guidelines Ethics statement Bylaws Indexing Financials and reports 1-year/3-year plan Proposed platform Meeting minutes Calendar
WikiJournal User Group is a publishing group of open-access, free-to-publish, Wikipedia-integrated academic journals. <seo title=" Wikiversity Journal User Group, WikiJournal Free to publish, Open access, Open-access, Non-profit, online journal, Public peer review "/>
This article is an unpublished pre-print not yet undergoing peer review.
To submit this article for peer review, please: Submit authorship declaration form
Create peer review location

## Article information

Author: Simon Worthington
* ↑ German National Library of Science and Technology https://ror.org/04aj4c181
* ↑ simon.worthington@tib.eu

## First Heading

Manuscript text goes here

### Subheading
## Additional information
### Acknowledgements

Any people, organisations, or funding sources that you would like to thank.

### Competing interests

Any conflicts of interest that you would like to declare. Otherwise, a statement that the authors have no competing interest.

### Ethics statement

An ethics statement, if appropriate, on any animal or human research performed should be included here or in the methods section.
# WikiJournal Preprints/Zoosemiotics

WikiJournal Preprints Open access • Publication charge free • Public peer review
WikiJournal of Science
WikiJournal of Humanities
WikiJournal of PPB
Editorial guidelines Ethics statement Bylaws Indexing Financials and reports 1-year/3-year plan Proposed platform Meeting minutes Calendar
WikiJournal User Group is a publishing group of open-access, free-to-publish, Wikipedia-integrated academic journals. <seo title=" Wikiversity Journal User Group, WikiJournal Free to publish, Open access, Open-access, Non-profit, online journal, Public peer review "/>
This article is an unpublished pre-print not yet undergoing peer review.
To submit this article for peer review, please: Submit authorship declaration form
Create peer review location

## Article information

Author: Trace Fleeman y Garcia
* ↑ Oregon Institute for Creative Research
* ↑ tracefleemangarcia@gmail.com

## History

Zoosemiotics was first developed by the American linguist Thomas Sebeok (1920-2001) in 1963.

### Subheading
## Subfields and recent developments

Zoosemiotics has been greatly expanded upon by Italian semiotician Dario Martinelli, who has introduced a number of specialized subfields within zoosemiotics, such as anthropological zoosemiotics and zoomusicology.

## Additional information
### Acknowledgements

Any people, organisations, or funding sources that you would like to thank.

### Competing interests

Any conflicts of interest that you would like to declare. Otherwise, a statement that the authors have no competing interest.

### Ethics statement

An ethics statement, if appropriate, on any animal or human research performed should be included here or in the methods section.
# WikiJournal Preprints/preload XML
## Usage

This template is used on an article's /XML subpage to transclude the {{Article_info}} from an article page. When transcluded onto an /XML subpage, that template instead calls {{Article_XML}} to format up as XML.
It is used via a preload link from articles currently lacking XML.
# WikiJournal Preprints/preload intro

To save your draft, click the "publish page" button in the top right. When you are ready to submit the article for peer review, fill in the authorship declaration form (further information here)

## Use

The page above is a the notification text that will be displayed when submitting a manuscript via WikiJournal Preprints
# WikiJournal Preprints/preload review
## Usage

This template is used via a preload link from articles currently lacking a talkpage to pace peer reviews on. It inserts a "#section-h:" selective transclusion of the article's {{article_info}} template.
# Programming Fundamentals/Variables/Assembly
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Assembly compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* IDEone
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Assembly language
* syscall
* Wikibooks: x86 Disassembly
* TutorialsPoint: Assembly Programming
* LMU: NASM Tutorial
* IBM: Linux assemblers: A comparison of GAS and NASM
* Github: The Holy Book of X86
# Programming Fundamentals/Strings/PowerShell
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own PowerShell compiler / interpreter / IDE.

### Online

* There are some options, but none are fully functional at this time.

### Windows

* Microsoft:Starting Windows PowerShell

### macOS / Linux

* HowToGeek: How to Install Microsoft PowerShell on Linux or OS X

## See Also

* Microsoft: Getting Started with PowerShell
* PowerShell
# Programming Fundamentals/Strings/Pseudocode
## See Also

* Pseudocode
# Programming Fundamentals/Strings/Ruby
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Ruby compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* Ideone
* paiza.IO
* PythonTutor
* repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Wikibooks: Ruby Programming
# Programming Fundamentals/Strings/Perl
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Perl compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* Ideone
* paiza.IO
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Wikibooks: Perl Programming
# Programming Fundamentals/Strings/Python3
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Python3 compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* InterviewBit
* paiza.IO
* Programiz
* PythonTutor
* Python Fiddle
* repl.it
* RexTester
* Trinket
* TutorialsPoint
* Python Online
* Python Playground
* LabEx

## See Also

* Python Programming
* Wikibooks: Python Programming
* Wikibooks: Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 3
# Programming Fundamentals/Strings/Swift
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Swift compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* paiza.IO
* repl.it
* Online Swift Playground

## See Also

* Apple: Swift Programming Language
# Programming Fundamentals/Strings/VB.NET
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own VB.NET compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* paiza.IO
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Wikibooks: Visual Basic .NET
# Tamil Language/Quiz

* புதிர் 1 - தமிழ் எழுத்துகள்
* Quiz 1 - Tamil Letters (Vowels and Consonants)
* This quiz is intended to be attempted after learning Tamil Letters lesson to your own satisfaction.

## Before you begin

* 'Honesty is the best policy' - it is, especially when you are your own teacher (yes, YOU are your teacher here, I'm just your teaching assistant!)
* The questions are designed to focus much on pronunciation (few questions regarding facts about the letters are added only to make sure to not bore you!)
* If you find yourself scoring less than 60%, consider going through lesson 1 again (and make sure to take this quiz with an interval of at least two days)

## Part 2 - Consonants

| Back to the Lesson | Next Lesson - More Letters |
# Tamilism

Tamilism or Tamil Religion is an Ancient and Ethnic Religion of Tamil People. It denotes the religious traditions and practices of Tamil people and also known as Tamil Religion. Tamilism accommodate Siththaantham, Tamil folk tradition, Ancestor Worship and Tamil language is Considered to The Divine Language of Tamil People. Tamilism also includes the traditional and cultural customs of Tamil People from Sangam Era.
The Root of Tamilism go backs to Sangam Era and it is believed to be the Oldest Religion. It is related with Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Jainism and Bhuddism,
Demographically, Tamilism is followed by few Tamils in Tamilnadu, Srilanka, Malaysia, South Africa, Mauritius, Reunion, Singapore, and Many emigrant Tamils retain elements of a cultural, linguistic, and religious tradition that predates the Christian era and Follow Tamilism as their religion.
The Text of Tamilism includes Tolkāppiyam(Oldest Living Tamil literature), Patiṉeṇmēlkaṇakku, Patiṉeṇkīḻkaṇakku, Thiruvasagam, and few others. These texts discuss theology, Ethics, philosophy and mythology, and provide vast information on the lifestyle of ancient Tamil People.

## Resources

* https://dravidapozhil.pmu.edu/pdf/Hegemony-of-Religious-Texts-and-Development-of-Tamil-Ritual-System-called-Thamiḻ-Arccaṉai.pdf
* https://tamilreligion.org/home/
* https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/tamil-religions
* https://books.google.com/books?id=JFRRl1vv0kwC&pg=PA393
* https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062405

## See Also

* Wikipedia: Tamil
# Tangent/Cotangent/Derivative/Fact/Proof

Using the quotient rule, fact, and the circle equation, we get
    ${\begin{aligned}(\tan x)^{\prime }&={\left({\frac {\sin x}{\cos x}}\right)}^{\prime }\\&={\frac {(\cos x)(\cos x)-(\sin x)(-\sin x)}{\cos ^{2}x}}\\&={\frac {1}{\cos ^{2}x}}.\end{aligned}}$
The derivative of the cotangent function follows in the same way.
# Tangent/Derivative/Fact/Proof/Exercise

Determine the derivative of the function
    $D\longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,x\longmapsto \tan x={\frac {\sin x}{\cos x}}.$