# Fundamentals of Neuroscience/Exams

Conceptual Overviews (lessons 1-5)
Quiz I
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1
All of these are subfields of neuroscience EXCEPT:
Neurology
Neuropharmacology
Computational neuroscience
Nephrology
Neuroimaging
2
What is the part of the neuron which primarily receives signals?
Axon
Dendrite
Myelin
Cell body
3
A sensory neuron located in the hand would be considered a:
Peripheral afferent neuron
Peripheral efferent neuron
Central afferent neuron
Central efferent neuron
4
What cell in the brain is capable of phagocytoisis as part of immune function?
Schwann Cells
Oligidendroctyes
Microglia
Macroglia
5
All of these are functions of glia cells EXCEPT:
Synthesizing neurotransmitters
Maintaining a proper ionic milieu
Promoting neuron survival
Synthesizing myelin
6
Control of the body's voluntary muscles is orchestrated by the:
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
Somatic nervous system
7
Rapid heart-rate, sweating, dilated pupils, and faster breathing indicate activation of this nervous system branch:
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
Somatic nervous system
8
Select all of the following which are closely related to the action of the neurotransmitter dopamine:
Reward circuits
Sleep
Memory
Impulse control
Inhibition
9
T/F: There is a higher concentration of sodium ions (Na+) outside the cell than inside.
True
False
10
What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system?
Glutamate
GABA
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Sertonin
11
Opening a potassium ion (K+) channel would have what effect on the neuron's membrane potential?
Depolarization
Hyperpolarization
Firing of an action potential
12
Many insecticides and nerve agents work by blocking the degradation of acetylcholine in the synapse. What effect would this have on the cells?
The presynaptic neuron would run out of acetyl choline and no longer be able to signal the postynaptic neuron
As levels of acetylcholine rise, it would be toxic to the cells
Acetycholine would keep telling the postsynaptic neuron to fire, leading to uncontrolled firing
13
What is the "all-or-none" principle of synaptic transmission?
When neurotransmitters is released, it will either open all of the sodium channels or none of them depending on how much is released
If the membrane potential exceeds a certain threshold, then the cell will send a single signal, otherwise it will send none
If the excitation is strong enough to trigger an action potential, then a hyperpolarization phase must ensure, otherwise no hyperpolarization will occur
14
Because the resting potential is _______, depolarization means __________ while hyperpolarization means __________.
negative, more positive, more negative
negative, more negative, more positive
positive, more positive, more negative
positive, more negative, more positive
15
T/F: The corpus callosum is made of grey matter
True
False
16
Select all of the following brain structures that exist as pairs in the brain:
Hippocampus
Temporal lobe
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Amygdala
17
All of the following are considered part of the brain stem EXCEPT:
Cerebellum
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
18
Select all of the following which are functions of the hypothalamus:
Feeding
Fighting
Fleeing
Fornicating
19
Select all of the following brain regions which are correctly matched to their function:
Thalamus- relaying information between the two brain hemispheres
Midbrain- regulating sleep
Amygdala- modulating heart rate and respiration
Cortex- complex cognitive processes
Cerebellum- fine-tuning motion
20
Select all of the following brain regions which are (still) correctly matched to their function:
Occipital lobe- motion detection and color perception
Temporal lobe- emotion and fear responses
Parietal lobe- spatial awareness
Cerebrum- Memory formation
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Focused Topics (lessons 6-10)
Quiz II
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1
The peripheral nervous system is derived from what embryonic structure?
Neural tube
Neural crest
Diencephelon
Telencephelon
2
The first basic step in development is:
Cell differentiation
Neural tube formation
Neural crest formation
Neurilation
3
During early childhood, what is the predominant change occurring in the brain?
Growth of connections
Gyrus formation in the cortex
Enlargement of neurons
Loss of connections
4
T/F: Myelination occurs at every stage of post-natal brain development
True
False
5
What is the neurological term for the brain's ability to undergo changes?
Adaptivity
Maleability
Plasticity
Flexability
6
What brain region, crucial to sleep patterns, is sensitive to changes in light?
Reticular formation
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Thalamus
Occipital lobe
7
Select all of the phenomena which can promote drowsiness and sleep:
Percieved light level
Decreased neurotrasnmitter availibility
Buildup of adenosine
Action of the hormone melatonin
Action of the hormone melanin
8
Differences between NREM and REM sleep include all of the following EXCEPT:
Eye movement
Temporary paralysis
Selective brain region deactivation
Occurance of Dreams
Neural activity patterns
9
Select all of the following which are theories for sleep's biological utility:
Replenishing neurotransmitter levels
Replenishing hormone levels
Establishing new channels and receptors
Breaking down more ATP
Boosting proper development and learning
10
T/F: Inhibitory neurons in the cortex lead to a loss of consciousness during sleep
True
False
11
All of the following are true of semantic memories EXCEPT:
They pertain to concrete facts
They are a form of declarative memory
They are ultimately stored in the cerebrum
They can include autobiographical memories
12
Select all of the following which must occur for a working memory to be maintained:
Biochemical changes occur at the synapse
A neuronal 'loop' is replayed
Sensory regions are recruited to reconstruct perceptions
The hippocampus is highly activated
13
Long term potentiaion (LTP) is:
A process of creating new connections and associations to form a memory
A process of removing inhibitory inputs impeding a certain memory circuit
A process of strengthening already existing synaptic connections
14
Select all which occur during memory recall:
The memory experience is recreated in the brain
The memory is moved from the hippocampus to the cerebrum
Neuronal connections forming the memory may be altered
Enough of the accompanying memory 'network' must be activated to recover the memory
Neurons within the memory network must synchronize their firing
15
After passing through the primary auditory cortex, what is the first language processing area words pass through?
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
Geschwind's territory
16
All of the following are involved in articulation of language EXCEPT:
Primary motor cortex must be highly activated
Specific phonemes must be selected to form words
Muscle movements of facial muscles must be precisely coordinated
Broca's area must oversee speech production
17
T/F: Broca's area, Wernicke's area, and Geshwind's territory are almost always found on only the left side of the brain
True
False
18
An emergent property is one that:
Emerges unexpectidely with few indications of its origins
Generates complex behavior out of the interactions of simple parts
Is inevitable and must result from a certain stimulus input
Is formed by a circuit
19
T/F: Emotion is a largely conscious experience independent of rational judgement
True
False
20
Select all of the brain regions correctly matched with their role in emotion:
Thalamus- tagging sensory input as emotionally arousing or not
Amygdala- center for fear and aggression
Anterior cingulate- controlling emotional responses with rational inhibition
Hypothalamus- signaling information about emotional cues to the thalamus
Prefrontal cortex- abnegating immediate reward for goal-oriented behavior
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Senses and Movement (lessons 11-15)
Quiz III
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1
The purpose of the eye's lens is to:
Magnify images
Focus light
Enhance images
Reflect light
2
How is visual information sorted by preliminary optic pathways?
Input from the left eye travels to the left visual cortex, and vice versa
Input from the left eye travels to the right visual cortex, and vice versa
Input from the left field of vision travels to the left visual cortex, and vice versa
Input from the left field of vision travels to the right visual cortex, and vice versa
3
All of the following are true about the visual system EXCEPT:
Cone cells are more abundant than rod cells
Rod cells are adept at motion detection
Cone cells are concentrated where visual acuity is greatest
Rod cells do not respond selectively to different wavelengths of light
4
Select all of the following which accurately describe cortical visual processing:
Each successive layer processes increasingly complex visual information
The primary visual cortex (V1) already processes motion information
Color perception begins at the V2 layer of the occipital cortex
Depth perception is generated by advanced level spatial understanding pathways
The visual stream passing through the parietal lobe is responsible for object recognition
5
Which of the following best describes how sound waves enter the cochlea?
Pressure waves in the air vibrate a membrane on the cochlea
Specialized nerve cells detect air vibration and send this information to the cochlea
Pressure waves trigger the movement of a series of bones which vibrate the cochlea
6
T/F: The first nervous system cells involved in hearing are hair cells
True
False
7
What role do mechanoreceptors play in the cochlea?
Detecting vibrations of the cochlear membrane
Detecting the movement of fluid within the cochlea
Detecting the force exerted by the ossicles
The cochlea does not contain any mechanoreceptors
8
All of the following are true about auditory processing EXCEPT:
Sound location is determened by interaural time differnces
Pitch information is encoded by what area of the cochlea gets activated
Both the primary and secondary auditory cortices are on the temporal lobe
The first destination of the auditory nerve coming from the ear is the primary auditory cortex
9
T/F: The olfactory bulb is linked to the limbic system
True
False
10
The chemicals responsible for smell and taste are, respectively:
Olfactants and gustants
Olfactants and tastants
Odorants and gustants
Odorants and tastants
11
Perceptual qualities in both taste and smell are generated by
Activation of receptors specific for certain perceptions
Activation of collections of receptors in different patterns
Differential activation of receptors at specific regions of the tongue or olfactory bulb
Co-activation of two receptor types by a specific stimulus
12
Select all of the following which could be detected by a mechanoreceptor:
Vibration
Stretch
Pressure
Temperature
Pain
13
How is a given class of receptor's sensitivity primarily determined?
Receptor shape and location on the body
Receptor density and shape
Receptor depth in the skin and density
All receptors within a given class are equally sensitive to stimulation
14
How are sensory inputs organized by the primary sensory cortex?
According to location on the body
According to receptor type
According to stimulus type
According to receptor depth in the skin
15
Select all of the ways a nociceptor may be activated:
Directly by physical damage to the cell
Directly by a strong pressure applied to the cell
Directly by the loss of cells
Indirectly by chemicals released by damaged cells
Indirectly by chemicals released by immune cells
Indirectly by psychological influences
16
Differences between touch processing and pain processing include:
Many classes and types of mechnoreceptors vs few varying types
Passing through intermediate processing steps vs direct route to the cortex
Most receptors near the surface of the skin vs most buried in the lower dermis
One main cortical processing area vs very diffuse processing
17
What is the neurotransmitter used at neuromuscular synapses?
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Seretonin
Many types of neurotransmitters are usually used
18
What is the role of the basal ganglia in movement?
Generating movement commands
Filtering out excess movement commands
Atuning muscle coordination
Processing inputs from muscle spindles
19
What is the role of muscle spindles in movement?
Causing muscle fibers to contract
Causing muscle fibers to relax
Detecting muscle stretch following contraction
Detecting muscle fatigue (through lactate levels)
20
T/F: Involuntary motion only requires basic input from the brainstem or cerebellum
True
False
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Disorders (lessons 16-20)
Quiz IV
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1
All of the following are symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorders EXCEPT:
Impaired communication
Social difficulties
Repetitive behavior
Lack of focus
Improper sensory processing
2
The chief distinction between an Autism diagnosis and one for Asperger's Syndrome is:
Acquisition of language
Exceptional abilities in one subject
Severity of behavioral restriction
General intelligence scores
3
Select all of the following which ADD and ADHD have in common:
Impulsivity
Disorganization
Hyperacitivity
Inattention
4
The brain region most implicated in ADD/ADHD and which is targeted by most drugs is:
Parietal cortex
Prefrontal cortex
Basal ganglia
Limbic System
5
Select all of the following that are BOTH learning disabilities, and correctly matched:
Dyscalcula- Difficulties in mathmatics
Dysliria- Difficulties in reading comprehension
Dyslexia- Difficulties in writing
Dysgraphia- Difficulties in drawing pictures
6
T/F: A learning disability can be distinguished from intellectual disabilities by specific versus general impairment
True
False
7
The two abnormalities which accumulate in Alzheimer's patients are:
Beta Amyloid plaques and Gama scleroses
Tau neurofibularly tangles and Gama scleroses
Beta Amyloid plaques and Tau neurofibularly tangles
Delta fissures and Beta Amyloid plaques
8
The brain region which degenerates in Parkinson's disease is the:
Basal ganglia
Substantia nigra
Primary motor cortex
Cerebellum
9
Certain drugs can alleviate some of the symptoms of Parkinson's by repleting what neurotransmitter:
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Serotonin
10
What causes multiple sclerosis?
Broad brain degeneration due to aging and plaque buildup
Localized brain degeneration due to the death of certain cells
Breaking of axonal connections to other neurons due to damage
Loss of myelin due to autoimmune attacks
11
Select all of the following which are probable contributing causes to anxiety disorders:
Dopamine depletion
Heightened hormonal sensitivity
Selective neurological degeneration
GABA depletion
12
All of the following are symptoms of schizophrenia except:
Absence of emotional responses
Distorted perceptions of reality
Elevated levels of aggression
Behavioral disorganization
13
T/F: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are commonly prescribed in cases of depression.
True
False
14
Most of the neurological damage caused by an average car accident would be because of:
Direct impact and vascular damage
Whiplash and swelling
Direct impact and swelling
Whiplash and vascular damage
15
Select all of the following which are signs of a stroke:
Hallucinations
Weakness on one side of the body
Drastic mood changes
Speech issues
16
T/F: General seizures often result in various types of hallucinations
True
False
17
Select all of the following involving to dysfunctions in regulation of the neurotransmitter GABA:
Depression
PTSD
Epilepsy
Addiction
ADHD
18
All of the following are immediate priorities in treating brain injury EXCEPT:
Reducing swelling for trauma
Enhancing blood flow for stroke
Clearing obstructions for stroke
Reducing inflammation for stroke
19
Select all of the following which are correctly defined:
Tolerance- gradual reduction in substance's harm
Withdrawl- period of severe discomfort following substance abstenance
Relapse- return to treatment
20
Based on the neurological definition of addiction, what is capable of being addictive?
Any drug
Any ingested substance
Any behavior
Any substance or behavior
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* Brain anatomy
* Name that brain region!
* help |