# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/C

The A-Z of Parkinson's Symptoms
C
Catalepsy (timelss, tireless, effortless maintenance of postures) :
( To subpage for editing >> )
Catalepsy
Tireless, timeless , effortless maintenance of postures.
The following references are relevant:-
Azam et al (2010) Design, synthesis and anti-Parkinsonian evaluation of 3-alkyl/aryl-8-(furan-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine-2(3H)-thiones against neuroleptic-induced catalepsy and oxidative stress in mice.
Nayebi et al (2010) Buspirone improves 6-hydroxydopamine-induced catalepsy through stimulation of nigral 5-HT(1A) receptors in rats.
Mahmoudi et al (2011) Buspirone improves the anti-cataleptic effect of levodopa in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats.
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Catalepsy.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
Pubmed (abstracts)
Pubmed_Central (Full_Text)
Google_Scholar
References
↑ Azam, F.; El-gnidi BA.; Alkskas, I.A. and Ahmed, M.A.
(2010) AbstractJ. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem. 25 (6) 818 – 826. Design, synthesis and anti-Parkinsonian evaluation of 3-alkyl/aryl-8-(furan-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine-2(3H)-thiones against neuroleptic-induced catalepsy and oxidative stress in mice. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20429782
↑ Nayebi, A.M.; Rad, S.R.; Saberian, M.; Azimzadeh, S. and Samini, M.(2010) Abstract Pharmacol. Rep. 62 92) 258 – 264 Buspirone improves 6-hydroxydopamine-induced catalepsy through stimulation of nigral 5-HT(1A) receptors in rats. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20508280
↑ Mahmoudi, J.; Nayebi, A.M.; Samini, M.; Reyhani-Rad, S.; and Babapour, V. (2011) Abstract Pharmacol. Rep. 63 (4) 908 – 914. Buspirone improves the anti-cataleptic effect of levodopa in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22001978 :
Catatonia (holding of statuesque postures) :
( To subpage for editing >> )
Catatonia Holding of statuesque postures
The following references are relevant:-
Northoff et al (1997) Glutamatergic dysfunction in catatonia? Successful treatment of three acute akinetic catatonic patients with the NMDA antagonist amantadine.
Bhati et al(2007) Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Empirical Treatments for Catatonia
Carroll et al(2007) Katatonia - A New Conceptual Understanding of Catatonia and a New Rating Scale
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Catatonia.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
Pubmed (abstracts)
Pubmed_Central (Full_Text)
Google_Scholar
References
↑ Northoff, G.; Eckert, J. and Fritze, J.
(1997) Full text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 62 (4) 404 – 406.
> Glutamatergic dysfunction in catatonia? Successful treatment of three acute akinetic catatonic patients with the NMDA antagonist amantadine. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1074105/
↑ Bhati, Mahendra T. Catherine J. and O'Reardon, John P. (2007) Full Text Psychiatry (Edgmont). 4 (3) 46–52. Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Empirical Treatments for Catatonia http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2922358/
↑ Carrol, Brendan T.; Kirkhart, Rob: Ahuia, Niraj; Soovere, Ilo; Lauterbach, Edward C.; Dhossche, Dirk and Talbert, Rebecca. (2007) Full Text Psychiatry (Edgmont). 4 (3) 46 – 52. Katatonia - A New Conceptual Understanding of Catatonia and a New Rating Scale. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2729619/ :
Chorea (involuntary, desultory flickering movement) :
( To subpage for editing >> )
Chorea
Involuntary, desultory flickering movement.
The following references are relevant:-
Barbeau et al (1965) Fingerprint Patterns in Huntington's Chorea and Parkinson's Disease
Reuter et al (2000) Late onset levodopa responsive Huntington's disease with minimal chorea masquerading as Parkinson plus syndrome
Ciammola et al (2011) Atypical Parkinsonism Revealing a Late Onset, Rigid and Akinetic Form of Huntington's Disease
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Chorea.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
Pubmed (abstracts)
Pubmed_Central (Full_Text)
Google_Scholar
References
↑ Barbeau, Andre; Trudeau, Jean-Guy and Coiteux, Carl (1965) Full Text Can. Med. Assoc. J. ; 92 (10): 514 – 516. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1928158/
↑ Reuter, I.; Hu, M.; Andrews, T.; Brooks, D.; Clough, C. and Chaudhuri, K. (2000) Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 68 (2) 238 – 241. Late onset levodopa responsive Huntington's disease with minimal chorea masquerading as Parkinson plus syndrome http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1736772/
↑ Ciammola, A.; Sassone, J.; Poletti, B.; Menacacci, N.; Benti, R. and Silani,, V. (2011) Full Text Case Report Neurol. Med. 2011 696053. Atypical Parkinsonism Revealing a Late Onset, Rigid and Akinetic Form of Huntington's Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3420516/ :
Choreoathetosis (iinvoluntary, jerky, snake-like movement, udually of the arms) :
( To subpage for editing >> )
Choreoathetosis
Involuntary jerky snake-like movements usually of the arms.
The following references are relevant:-
Teräväinen and Calne (1980) Action tremor in Parkinson’s disease
Bhidayasiri and Truong,(2004) Chorea and related disorders
Perkovic et al (2010) Sildenafil induced choreoathetosis in men with Parkinson's disease.
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Choreoathetosis.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
Pubmed (abstracts)
Pubmed_Central (Full_Text)
Google_Scholar
References
↑ H Teräväinen, H. and Calne, (1980) Full Text D.B. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 43(3) 257 – 263 Action tremor in Parkinson’s disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC490518 /
↑ Bhidayasiri, R, and Truong, D. (2004) Full Text
Postgrad. Med. J. 80 (947) 527 – 534. Chorea and related disorders http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1743104/
↑ Perkovic. O.; Vitezic, D.; Rudez, J.; Vitezic, M.; Kovacevic, M.; Mrsic-Pelcic, J.; Ljubicic, D. and Jurjevic ,A.(2010) AbstractInt. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.. 48 (1) 76 – 78. Sildenafil induced choreoathetosis in men with Parkinson's disease.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20040342 :
Clonus (vibrato-like reaction to forced muscle stretching) :
( To subpage for editing >> )
Clonus
Vibrato-like reaction to forced muscle stretching.
The following references are relevant:-
Hofmann (1962) Observations on peripheral servo mechanisms in Parkinsonian rigidity
Burke et al (1972) Tonic vibration reflex in spasticity, Parkinson's disease, and normal subjects
Findley et al (1981)
Tremor, the cogwheel phenomenon and clonus in Parkinson's disease
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Clonus.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
Pubmed (abstracts)
Pubmed_Central (Full_Text)
Google_Scholar
References
↑ Hofmann, William Ward .J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 25 (3) 203 – 207. (1962) Full Text Observations on peripheral servo mechanisms in Parkinsonian rigidity http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC495444/
Burke, David; Andrews,Colin J. and James W.(1972)Full TextTonic vibration reflex in spasticity, Parkinson's disease, and normal subjectshttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC494108/
↑ Findley, L.J.; Grety, M.A. and Halmagy, G.M.(1981)Full TextTremor, the cogwheel phenomenon and clonus in Parkinson's disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC491035/ :
Cognitive Impairment :
( To subpage for editing >> )
Cognitive impairment
Problems with mental processes such as thinking, learning and judging
See also
Dementia
The folllowing references are relevant.
Goldman and Litvan (2011) Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease
Litvan et al(2011) MDS Task Force on Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s disease: Critical Review of PD-MCI
Weintrub et al (2011) Neurodegeneration Across Stages of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson Disease
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Cognitive_Impairment.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
Pubmed (abstracts)
Pubmed_Central (Full_Text)
Google_Scholar
References
Goldman, J.G. and Litvan, I.(2011) Full TextMinerva Med. 102 (6) 441 – 45>Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Diseasehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3370887/
↑ Litvan, I.; D Aarsland, D.; Adler, C. H.; Goldman, J. G.; Kulisevsky, J.; Mollenhauer, B.; Rodriguez-Oroz, M. C.; AI Tröster, Al and D Weintraub, D. (2011) Full TextMov. Disord. 26 (10) 1814 – 1824. MDS Task Force on Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s disease: Critical Review of PD-MCI http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181006/
↑ Weintrub, Daniel; Doshi, Jimit;Koka, Deepth; Davatzikos, Christos; Diderowf, Andrew D.; Duda, John E.; Wolk, David, Moberg, Paul J.; Xie, Sharon X. and Clark, Christopher M.(2011) Full TextArch. Neurol. 68 (12) 1562 – 1568. Neurodegeneration Across Stages of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3290902/ :
Cogwheel rigidity :
( To subpage for editing >> )
Cogwheel rigidity
Stiffness in the muscles, with a jerky quality when arms and legs are repeatedly moved.
The following references are relevant:-
Lance et al(1963) Action tremor and the cogwheel phenomenon in Parkinson’s disease
Findley et al (1981) Tremor, the cogwheel phenomenon and clonus in Parkinson’s disease
Ghiglione et al(2005) Cogwheel Rigidity
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Cogwheel rigidity.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
rigidity Pubmed (abstracts)
rigidity Pubmed_Central (Full_Text)
rigidity Google_Scholar
References
↑ Lance, James W.; Schwab, Paul S. and Peterson, Elizabeth R. (1963) Full Text Brain 86 (1) 85 – 110 Action tremor and the cogwheel phenomenon in Parkinson’s disease http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/86/1/95.extract
↑ Findley, L.J.; Gresty, M.A. and Halmagy, G.M.(1981) Full TextJ. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 1981 44 (6) 534 –5 46. Tremor, the cogwheel phenomenon and clonus in Parkinson's disease.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC491035/
↑ Ghiglione, Paolo, Mutani, Roberto and Chio, Adriano (2005) Full Text Jama 62 (5) http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=788358 :
Coma :
( To subpage for editing >> )
Coma
Deep unconsciousness with loss of awareness
The following references are relevant:-
Guillan(1925) A clinical study of encephalitis lethargic – based on 62 cases
Jang et al (2009) Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus can enter the central nervous system and induce neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration
Nakamagoe et al (2009) Parkinsonism with organophosphate poisoning
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Coma.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
Pubmed (abstracts)
Pubmed_Central (Full_Text)
Google_Scholar
References
↑ Gullan, A. Gordon (1925) Full Text Br. Med. J. 1 (3364) 1120 – 1124. A clinical study of encephalitis lethargic – based on 62 cases http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2227105/
↑ Jang, Haeman; Boltz, David; Sturm-Ramirez, Katharinr; Shepherd, Kennie R.; Jiao, Yun; Webster, Robert and Smeyne, Richard J. (2009) Full Text Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 106 (33) 14063 – 14068. Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus can enter the central nervous system and induce neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2729020/
↑ Nakmgoe, Kyotaka; Watanabe, Masahiki; Takeda, ohoru; Mizutani,Taro; and Tamaoka, Ahira (2009) Full Text BMJ Case Rep. bcr04.2009.1766. > Parkinsonism with organophosphate poisoning http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3029951/ :
Compulsive behaviour :
( To subpage for editing >> )
Compulsive behaviour
Out-of character uncontrollable urges, for instance gambling.
The following references are relevant:-
Djamshidian et al (2010) Risk and learning in impulsive and non-impulsive patients with Parkinson’s disease
Djamshidian et al (2011) Novelty seeking behaviour in Parkinson’s disease
Bostwick et al (2012) Frequency of New-Onset Pathologic Compulsive Gambling or Hypersexuality After Drug Treatment of Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Compulsive behaviour.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
behaviour Pubmed (abstracts)
behaviour Pubmed_Central (Full_Text)
behaviour Google_Scholar
References
↑ Djamshidian, Atbin; Jha Ashwani; O’SWullivan, Sean S.; Silveira-Moriyama, Laura; Jacobson, Clare; Brown, Peter; Lees, Andrew and Averbeck, Bruno B. (2010) Full Text Mov. Disord. 25 (13) 2203 – 2210 Risk and learning in impulsive and non-impulsive patients with Parkinson’s disease. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3093055/
↑ Djamshidian, Atbib; O’Sullivan, Sean. S.; Wittman, Bianca C.; Lees, Andrew J. and Averbeck, Bruno B. (2011) Full TextNeuropsychologia. 49 (9) 2483 –2 488. Novelty seeking behaviour in Parkinson’s disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3137690/
↑ Bostwick, J. Michael ; Hecksel, Kathleen A.; Stevens, Susanna R.; Bower, James H. and Ahlskog, J. Eric . (2012) Full Text Mayo Clin. Proc. 84 (4) 310 – 316. Frequency of New-Onset Pathologic Compulsive Gambling or Hypersexuality After Drug Treatment of Idiopathic Parkinson Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3137690/ :
Constipation :
( To subpage for editing >> )
Constipation
Decreased ability of intestinal muscles to move stool through the bowels
Gao et al (2011) A Prospective Study of Bowel Movement Frequency and Risk of Parkinson’s Disease
Forsyth et al (2011) Increased Intestinal Permeability Correlates with Sigmoid Mucosa alpha-Synuclein Staining and Endotoxin Exposure Markers in Early Parkinson's Disease
Wang et al (2013) Early recognition of pelvic floor dyssynergia and colorectal assessment in Parkinson's disease associated with bowel dysfunction.
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Constipation.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
Pubmed (abstracts)
Pubmed_Central (Full_Text)
Google_Scholar
References
↑ Gao, Xiang; Chen, Honglei; Schwarzchild, Michael and Ascherio, Alberto (2011) Full Text Am. J. Epidemiol. 174 (5) 546 – 551. A Prospective Study of Bowel Movement Frequency and Risk of Parkinson’s Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3202149/
↑ Forsyth, Christopher B.; Shannon, Kathleen M.; Kordower, Jeffrey H.; Voigt, Robin M.; Shaikh, Maliha; Jaglin, Jean A.; Eates, Jacob D. and Dodiva, Hemraj B.(2011) Full Text PLoS One. 2011; 6(12): e28032. Increased Intestinal Permeability Correlates with Sigmoid Mucosa alpha-Synuclein Staining and Endotoxin Exposure Markers in Early Parkinson's Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3228722/
↑ Wang, C. P.; Sung, W.H.; Wang, C. C. and Tsai, P. Y. color="maroon">(2013) Full Text Colorectal Dis.2013.1111/codi.12105. [Epub ahead of print] Early recognition of pelvic floor dyssynergia and colorectal assessment in Parkinson's disease associated with bowel dysfunction. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23320499 :
Contractures (permanent contraction at joints)) :
( To subpage for editing >> )
Contractures
Permanent contraction at joints.
The following references are relevant:-
Ebin (1951) Surgical Treatment of Parkinsonism: Indications and Results
Kyriakides and Hewer (1988) Hand contractures in Parkinson's disease.
Shah et al (2005) Flexion contracture after total knee arthroplasty in a patient with Parkinson's disease: successful treatment with botulinum toxin type A.
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Contractures.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
Pubmed (abstracts)
Pubmed_Central (Full_Text)
Google_Scholar
References
↑ Ebin, Judah (1951) Full Text Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med. 27 (11) 653 – 678. Surgical Treatment of Parkinsonism: Indications and Results http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1930137/
↑ Kyriakides, T. and Hewer, R. L. (1988) Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 51 (9) 1221 – 1223. Hand contractures in Parkinson's disease. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1033032/
↑ Shah, S.N.; Hornyak, J. and Urquhart, A. G. (2005) Full TextJ. Arthroplasty 20 (8) 1078 - 1080. Flexion contracture after total knee arthroplasty in a patient with Parkinson's disease: successful treatment with botulinum toxin type A. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16376267 :
Coprolalia(exclamatory swearing and the use of hostile or obscene epithets0 :
( To subpage for editing >> )
Coprolalia
Exclamatory swearing and use of hostile or obscene epithets.
Daniele et al (1997) Obsessive-compulsive behaviour and cognitive impairment in a parkinsonian patient after left putaminal lesion.
Shale et al (2005) Tics in a patient with Parkinson's disease†
Dale et al (2007) Contemporary encephalitis lethargica presenting with agitated catatonia, stereotypy, and dystonia-parkinsonism.
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Coprolalia.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
Pubmed (abstracts)
Pubmed_Central (Full_Text)
Google_Scholar
References
↑ Daniele, A.; Bartolomeo, P.; Cassetta, E.; Bentivoglio, A. R.; Gainotti, G.; Albanese, A. and Bartolomeo, P. (1997) Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 62 (3) 288 – 289. Obsessive-compulsive behaviour and cognitive impairment in a parkinsonian patient after left putaminal lesion. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1064163/?page=1
↑ Shale, Heidi; Fahn, Stanley and Mayeux, Richard (2005) Full Text Tics in a patient with Parkinson's disease† http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mds.870010111/abstract
↑ Dale, R. C.; Webster, R. and Gill, D. (2007) AbstactMov. Disord. 22 (15) 2281 - 2284. Contemporary encephalitis lethargica presenting with agitated catatonia, stereotypy, and dystonia-parkinsonism. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17914719 :
< Back to Parkinson's Symptoms
Links to the symptoms of Parkinson's in alphabetical order:
| A | B | C | D | E |
| F - G | H | I - L | M - N | O |
| P - Q | R | S | T | U - Z |
(Click to go to table for editing)