OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# US States/North Carolina/Facts and information

North Carolina is a state in the Southeastern United states. It was one of the original thirteen colonies and now borders Virginia, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia.
Size: 52,669 square miles (28th in country)
Nickname: Tar Heel State -- the origin is clothed in mystery, but it probably evolved from the fact that during the Colonial period, the colony’s chief exports were tar, pitch and turpentine.
Origin of Name: North Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England, from the Latin “Carolus.”
Song: “The Old North State” by Judge William Gaston
Rock: Granite
"State Bird": Cardinal
"Highest point": Mt. Mitchell-6684'above sea level
Vegetable: Sweet Potato
* The oldest town in the state is Bath, incorporated in 1705.
* On January 15, 1795, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill was the first state university in the country to open its doors for students.
* The first silver mine in the country was the Silver Hill Mine, which opened in 1833 about 10 miles from Lexington.
* Putt-Putt Golf(also known as mini golf) was invented in Fayetteville.
* The first forestry school in the United States was established in Transylvania County in 1898 by Dr. Carl A. Schenck.
* The first abbey cathedral in North America was Belmont Abbey – located in Belmont, North Carolina – established by a papal edict in 1910.
* Babe Ruth hit his first professional home run in Fayetteville on March 7, 1914.
* The Tar Heel State has more paved miles of road than any other state in the United States – over 78,000 miles.
* The first state-supported institution to emphasize the performing arts was the North Carolina School of the Arts in Winston-Salem.
* Millions of years ago, the area was home to 50-foot-long alligators, and huge megalodon sharks roamed the waters.
* The New River, which runs through Ashe County, is the oldest river in North America and second oldest in the world.
* More than 120 species of trees are found in North Carolina – more than can be found from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean.
* North Carolina boasts more than 200 waterfalls, including the highest on the East Coast: the 411-foot-high, two-tiered Whitewater Falls in Transylvania County.
* North Carolina has 1,500 lakes 10 acres or more in size and 37,000 miles of fresh water streams.
* There are more than 1.2 million acres of national forest land in the Tar Heel State.
* Blackbeard, America’s most famous pirate, established a residence and married his 14th wife in Bath, NC, in 1718.
* At around 500 million years old, the North Carolina Uwharrie Mountains are the oldest in the nation and among the oldest in the world.
* Cape Hatteras lighthouse, built of brick in 1870, is 208 feet tall, making it the tallest brick lighthouse in the United States.
It is said that North Carolina is a "valley of humility between two mountains of conceit".
# US States/Michigan/21st century
## Settlements

Michigan is divided into several regions, with the Southeast region accounting for over half of the states population. A large portion of the state's population lives in Metro Detroit.

## Industry
### Automotive

The headquarters to the automakers Chrysler, Ford Motors, and General Motors are located in the Detroit metropolitan area.
After 2008, the automotive industry in Michigan was faltering, but it may be rebounding as of 2011.

### Medical

Michigan Life Sciences Corridor
# US States/Missouri/21st century

Kansas City, Missouri is a computer science hub used for the specialty of agricultural engineering.
# Virtues/Virtues analysis form
## Virtues Analysis

Use this form to collect and organize reasons for or against a particular moral proposition.
Proposition:
* Virtue
* Politeness
* Fidelity
* Wisdom
* Temperance
* Courage
* Justice
* Generosity
* Compassion
* Mercy
* Gratitude
* Humility
* Simplicity
* Tolerance
* Purity
* Gentleness
* Good Faith
* Humor
* Love

### Instructions:

* Write the proposition you are analyzing, such as voluntary euthanasia, at the top of the form.
* Consider how each of the listed virtues might speak for or against that proposition. Record those reasons in the reasons for or reasons against columns for that virtue. Take care to consider viewpoints of all stakeholders in the issue. Using the euthanasia example, the concerns of the patient as well as his or her relatives and friends should be considered. Perhaps the state, healthcare providers, and insurance agencies also have a stake in this issue.
* Not all the cells need to be filled. Concentrate on the most valid and compelling reasons for or against the proposition.
* Using the reasons collected in the form, draw your own conclusion and write your own narrative for or against the proposition. Describe how you decided the issue for the good.
* Print this out or create your own form for your use. The "Download as PDF" or "Printable version" feature under the "Print/Export" menu to the left can help create a useful form for your use.
Please do not fill out this on-line form for your assessment. Print out a copy for your use to preserve this on-line copy for others to copy and use.
# Virtues/Virtues assessment form
## Virtues Assessment

Use this form to assess the virtue of each candidate, adjusted to the requirements of the position.
| Virtue | Importance | Candidate 1 | Candidate 1 | Candidate 2 | Candidate 2 | Candidate 3 | Candidate 3 |
| | 1, 3, or 9 | Raw | Weighted | Raw | Weighted | Raw | Weighted |
| Politeness | | | | | | | |
| Fidelity | | | | | | | |
| Wisdom | | | | | | | |
| Temperance | | | | | | | |
| Courage | | | | | | | |
| Justice | | | | | | | |
| Generosity | | | | | | | |
| Compassion | | | | | | | |
| Mercy | | | | | | | |
| Gratitude | | | | | | | |
| Humility | | | | | | | |
| Simplicity | | | | | | | |
| Tolerance | | | | | | | |
| Purity | | | | | | | |
| Gentleness | | | | | | | |
| Good Faith | | | | | | | |
| Humor | | | | | | | |
| Love | | | | | | | |
| Total: | | | | | | | |

### Instructions:

* Assign an importance to each virtue for the role this person will fill. Use 1 for low, 3 for medium, or 9 for high. For example, if you are hiring a hospice nurse, you might rate gentleness high. For a soldier, perhaps courage is rated high. For a romantic partner, Love is important! It may be helpful to begin by identifying one or two virtues that are especially important to this selection and assigning them a 9. Then identify one or two that are distinctly less important and assign them each a 1. Complete the form by assigning a weight of 3 to the remaining virtues.
* Score each candidate (in the raw column) on the extent to which they live each virtue. Use 1 for low, 3 for medium, or 9 for high. Add columns if more than 3 candidates are being considered
* Multiply the importance of each virtue times the raw score to get the corresponding weighted score for each row and for each candidate.
* Total the columns. The higher score favors the candidate with the most suitable character. In some cases a particular virtue is essential to the assignment. For example, good faith may be essential when hiring an accountant. In that case, the score on that particular virtue is paramount, and the total is less important.
* Note that performance virtues are not included here and may be the most important factor in some cases. If you are choosing a plumber his soldering ability is probably more important than his sense of humor.
* Print this out or create your own form for your use. The "Download as PDF" or "Printable version" feature under the "Print/Export" menu to the left can help create a useful form for your use.
Please do not fill out this on-line form for your assessment. Print out a copy for your use to preserve this on-line copy for others to copy and use.
# Virtues/Quick Reference

This quick reference lists moral virtues.
* Politeness—Inviting civility
* Fidelity—Consistency
* Wisdom—Good judgement
* Temperance—Moderation
* Courage—Resolve to act virtuously
* Justice—Fairness
* Generosity—Giving, not taking
* Compassion—Concern for the suffering of others
* Mercy—Forgiveness
* Gratitude—Rejoicing is what is
* Humility—Open to learning
* Simplicity—Revealing the essence
* Tolerance—Open to variety
* Purity—Benevolence
* Gentleness—Care of others
* Good Faith—Truthfullness
* Humor—Appreciating unexpected perspectives
* Love—Attraction toward the good
* Good—Well-being
* Moral Integration—Doing good
# Virtues/eight values
## Rushworth Kidder’s Shared Values

After interviewing 24 courageous and thoughtful men and women of conscience from around the world, author Rushworth Kidder concluded that eight values are widely, almost universally, accepted. These common values are:
* love (compassion)—Caring for others, helping others,
* truthfulness—honesty, keeping your promises, communicating clearly and accurately, veracity, being trustworthy,
* fairness—following the Golden Rule, equality, symmetry,
* freedom—freedom of expression, freedom from oppression, freedom of action when combined with personal responsibility,
* unity—community, inclusiveness, cooperation, valuing our interdependencies,
* tolerance—acknowledging the dignity of all, respecting the rights of others, refusing to hate, being open to other points of view,
* responsibility—care for yourself, care for others, care for the future, and
* respect for life—do not kill.
# Virtues/Reflections on the virtue of politeness
## Student reflections on the virtue of politeness

Students who have been inspired to share their reflections on the virtue of politeness have linked their contributions below.
* Link your reflections here.
# PlanetPhysics/Direction Cosine Matrix to Axis Angle of Rotation

The angle of rotation can be found from the trace of the direction cosine matrix to axis angle of rotation matrix $A_{11}+A_{22}+A_{33}=3cos(\alpha )+(1-cos(\alpha ))(e_{1}^{2}+e_{2}^{2}+e_{3}^{2})$
Noting that the axis of rotation is a unit vector and has a length of 1 means
$e_{1}^{2}+e_{2}^{2}+e_{3}^{2}=1$
therefore
$A_{11}+A_{22}+A_{33}=1+2cos(\alpha )$
rearranging gives
   $\alpha =cos^{-1}({\frac {1}{2}}(A_{11}+A_{22}+A_{33}-1))$
Inverse cosine is a multivalued function and there are 2 possible solutions for $\alpha$. Normally, the convention is to choose the principle value such that $0<\alpha <\pi$
As long as $\alpha$ is not zero, the unit vector is given by
   $\left[{\begin{matrix}e_{1}\\e_{2}\\e_{3}\end{matrix}}\right]=\left[{\begin{matrix}{\frac {(A_{23}-A_{32})}{2sin(\alpha )}}\\{\frac {(A_{31}-A_{13})}{2sin(\alpha )}}\\{\frac {(A_{12}-A_{21})}{2sin(\alpha )}}\end{matrix}}\right]$
Above equation should be proved at some time...
# PlanetPhysics/Dirac's Delta Distribution

It is widely known that distributions play important roles in Dirac's formulation of quantum mechanics. An example of how the Dirac distribution arises in a physical, classical context is also available on line.
The Dirac delta $\delta (x)$ distribution is not a true function because it is not uniquely defined for all values of the argument $x$. Somewhat similar to the older Kronecker delta symbol, the notation $\delta (x)$ stands for
$\delta (x)=0\;=for=\;x\neq 0,\;=and=\;\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\delta (x)dx=1$.
Moreover, for any continuous function $F$:
$\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\delta (x)F(x)dx=F(0)$
or in $n$ dimensions:
$\int _{\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\delta (x-s)f(s)\,d^{n}s=f(x)$
one could attempt to define the values of $\delta (x)$ via a series of normalized Gaussian functions (normal distributions) in the limit of their width going to zero; however, such a limit of the normalized Gaussian function is still meaningless as a function, even though one sees in engineering textbooks especially such a limit as being written to be equal to the Dirac distribution considered above, which it is not. An example of how the Dirac distribution arises in a physical, classical context is available on line.
The Dirac delta , $\delta$, can be, however, correctly defined as a linear functional , i.e. a linear mapping from a function space, consisting e.g. of certain real functions, to $\mathbb {R}$ (or $\mathbb {C}$), having the property $\delta [f]\;=\;f(0).$ One may consider this as an inner product $\langle f,\,\delta \rangle \;=\;\int _{0}^{\infty }\!f(t)\delta (t)\,dt$ of a function $f$ and another "function" $\delta$, when the well-known formula $\int _{0}^{\infty }\!f(t)\delta (t)\,dt\;=\;f(0)$ holds.\
# PlanetPhysics/Dirac Equation

The Dirac equation is an equation derived by Paul Dirac in 1927 that describes relativistic spin $1/2$ particles (fermions). It is given by:
   $(\gamma ^{\mu }\partial _{\mu }-im)\psi =0$
The Einstein summation convention is used.

### Derivation

Mathematically, it is interesting as one of the first uses of the spinor calculus in mathematical physics. Dirac began with the relativistic equation of total energy:
   $E={\sqrt {p^{2}c^{2}+m^{2}c^{4}}}$
As Schr\"odinger had done before him, Dirac then replaced $p$ with its quantum mechanical operator, ${\hat {p}}\Rightarrow i\hbar \nabla$. Since he was looking for a Lorentz-invariant equation, he replaced $\nabla$ with the D'Alembertian or wave operator
   $\Box =\nabla ^{2}-{\frac {1}{c^{2}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial t^{2}}}$
Note that some authors use $\Box ^{2}$ for the D'alembertian. Dirac was now faced with the problem of how to take the square root of an expression containing a differential operator. He proceeded to factorise the d'Alembertian as follows:
   $\nabla ^{2}-{\frac {1}{c^{2}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial t^{2}}}=(A{\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}+B{\frac {\partial }{\partial y}}+c{\frac {\partial }{\partial z}}+D{\frac {i}{\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}})^{2}$
Multiplying this out, we find that:
   $A^{2}=B^{2}=C^{2}=D^{2}=1$
And
   $AB+BA=BC+CB=CD+DC=0$
Clearly these relations cannot be satisfied by scalars, so Dirac sought a set of four matrices which satisfy these relations. These are now known as the Dirac matrices, and are given as follows:
   $A={\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&-1&0\\0&0&0&-1\end{pmatrix}},B={\begin{pmatrix}0&0&0&1\\0&0&1&0\\0&-1&0&0\\-1&0&0&0\end{pmatrix}}$
   $C={\begin{pmatrix}0&0&0&-i\\0&0&i&0\\0&i&0&0\\-i&0&0&0\end{pmatrix}},D={\begin{pmatrix}0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&-1\\-1&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0\end{pmatrix}}$
These matrices are usually given the symbols $\gamma ^{0}$, $\gamma ^{1}$, etc. They are also known as the generators of the special unitary group of order 4, i.e. the group of $n\times n$ matrices with unit determinant. Using these matrices, and switching to natural units ($\hbar =c=1$) we can now obtain the Dirac equation:
   $(\gamma ^{\mu }\partial _{\mu }-im)\psi =0$

### Feynman slash notation

Richard Feynman developed the following convenient notation for terms involving Dirac matrices:
   $\gamma ^{\mu }q_{\mu }={\cancel {q}}$
Using this notation, the Dirac equation is simply
   $({\cancel {\partial }}-im)\psi =0$
# PlanetPhysics/Dirac Notation

[{\mathbf This is a contributed topic entry in progress on Dirac notations and quantum observable algebras.}]
(In progress.)
(In progress.)
The Dirac notation (or "bra-ket" notation as commonly known in physics) is used to represent quantum states in quantum mechanics. It was invented by Physics Nobel Laureate Paul A. M. Dirac, and since then has been established as one of the preferred notations in quantum mechanics.
The Dirac notation denotes both the "ket" vector-- defined as $|{\psi }>$-- and its transpose vector-- defined as $<{\phi }|$ (or "bra" vector ). Thus, a ""bra-ket is defined as the inner product of the two vectors defined above, which is denoted as $<{\phi }|{\psi }>$.
Then, the Dirac notation also satisifies the following identities:
$<{\phi }|{\omega }|{\psi }>{\equiv }<{\phi }|{\omega }{\psi }>$ $<{\phi }|{\psi }>{\equiv }\int _{-{\infty }}^{\infty }{\widetilde {\phi }}{\psi }dx\quad ,$
where ${\widetilde {\phi }}$ is the "complex conjugate" of ${\phi }$.
# PlanetPhysics/Dihedral Angle

Two distinct half-planes, emanating from a same line $l$, divide the space ($\mathbb {R} ^{3}$) into two regions called dihedral angles .\, The line $l$ is the edge of the dihedral angle and the bounding half-planes are its sides .
   \begin{pspicture}(-3,-1)(3,3) \psline[linewidth=0.05](-2.5,-1)(1.5,-1)(2.5,0)(2,2)(-2,2) \psline(-2,2)(-1.5,0)(-2.5,-1) \psline(-2.1,0)(3,0) \rput(0,0.2){$l$} \end{pspicture}
The angle, which the sides of a dihedral planes separate from a normal plane of the edge, is the normal section of the dihedral angle.\, Apparently, all normal sections are equal.\, According to the size of the normal section, the dihedral angle may be called acute, right, obtuse, straight, skew, convex and concave.\, Unlike the angle between two planes, a dihedral angle may be over 90 degrees.
If two planes intersect each other and if one of the four dihedral angles formed is right, then also the others are right.\, Then we say that the planes are perpendicular to each other.
# Power Generation/Steam Power/Part1

* Figure 1:Bobov Dol Thermal Power Plant in Bulgaria showing three cooling towers ( Click on image to view full size image )
Introduction: Steam/Thermal Power station
A steam/thermal power station uses heat energy generated from burning coal to produce electrical energy. This type of power station is widely used around the world.
This power station uses the Rankine cycle. This is the cycle of the steam produced in the boiler, then taken to the Steam turbine (prime mover). From the turbine the steam is cooled back to water in the Condenser, the resulting water is fed back into the boiler to repeat the cycle.
Because of the abundance of fuel (coal), this kind of power station can be used to produce large amounts of electrical energy. In most countries these power stations are used as base load power stations. This is because steam power stations are slow to start and can not be used to cater for peak loads that generally occur for a short duration.
These power stations (together with nuclear power stations) are kept running very close to full efficiency for 24 hours a day (unless they are being maintained). They have typical life of 30 to 40 years (although most governments have reduced this number to 35 years).
Pros & Cons: what this power station presents
| Advantages | Disadvantages |
| Cheap coal is used | Air pollution from smoke fumes |
| Can be installed anywhere near fuel & water supply | Costs more to run compared with other types of power stations |
| Requires less construction space | |
| Cost for Generation is less | |
Future generations will have to learn to depend less and less on this type of electricity generating power station, due to a fast increasing depletion of fuels (coal and oil). As other types of power stations become more efficient it should be possible to completely abandon the use of this type of power station.
# Power Generation/Quiz

Be honest to your self, After attempting all Questions click on the Submit button, to View your score and Model Answers. Due to the foregoing please attempt this quiz test Once.
Can't understand a specific Question?Click Here to ask for help.
# Power Generation/Steam Power/Part3

This is the conventional cooling method used in most steam power stations. Steam of very high purity is cooled inside the condenser and is returned to the boiler(Rankine cycle).
The condenser itself uses cold water and employs the principle of heat exchange. As the cool water is returned to the boiler, the hot water in the condensor is pumped to the cooling tower. Here water is sprayed and thus falls down to the water pond under the cooling tower. As the water falls it is cooled by the natural cold air. The cooled water is pumped back to the condenser, and the cycle is repeated. This method uses a lot of water through evaporation.
* Water consumption
* ≈ 2.5 lt/kWh
# Power Generation/Steam Power/Intro

Review: Lesson 1
The first Lesson was an Introduction to the principles of Electrical power generation. Here are some points you need to remember from lesson 1.
* Important electric power generation definitions
* Different sources of energy
* Electrical energy generation arrangement
Preview: Lesson 2
This Lesson is about Steam Power station. The student/User is expected to understand the following at the end of the lesson.
* Basics:
* Arrangements:
* Cooling:
* Location:
Definition, advantages & disadvantages. Components that make up a steam power station. Wet and dry cooling methods. Factors influencing selection of construction site. How efficient this power station is.
# Power Generation/Nuclear Power/Part1

* Figure 1:Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant Kozloduy Nuclear Power Station, Bulgaria( Click on image to view full size image )
Introduction: Nuclear Power station
A Nuclear power station uses nuclear energy for generating electrical energy.
This power station is generally located far from populated areas. This kind of power station can be used to produce large amounts of electrical energy. In most countries these power stations are used as Base load power stations. This is because they can take several days to be warmed up and brought on-line.
Operation
Heavy elements such as Uranium ($U^{235}$) or Thorium ($Th^{232}$) are subjected to nuclear fission in a reactor to produce steam at high temperatures and pressure.
Steam runs a steam turbine which converts this energy into mechanical energy.
The turbine drives the alternator which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Pros & Cons: what this power station presents
| Advantages | Disadvantages |
| Small amounts of fuel required | Fuel is expensive and hard to recover |
| Power plant requires less space | Capital cost very high |
| Low running charges | Erection & commissioning of plant requires great technical knowledge |
| Economical for producing bulk electrical energy | Fission by-products are generally Radio-active & may cause nuclear pollution |
| Large available deposits of fuel around the world | Maintenance costs are high |
| Reliability of operation | Not suited for varying loads as reactor does not respond to fluctuations |
| Does not require large quantities of water for cooling | Disposal of nuclear by-product is difficult & problematic |
Future generations will want to depend more on this type of electricity generating power station (and other renewable energy sources), due to a fast increasing depletion of fuels(Coal). There are a number of construction projects currently underway for this kind of power station around the world.
# Power Generation/Steam Power/Part2

Figure 2:Thermal power station schematic diagram ( Click on image to view full size image ) :
Coal & Ash Handling (key from figure 2) :
| *Coal conveyor (14) | *Coal hopper (15) | *Pulverizer Mill (16) | *Ash hopper (18) |
Steam Generating (key from figure 2) :
| *Boiler drum (17) | *Superheater (19) | *Reheater (21) | *Economizer (23) |
| *Preheater(24) | *Forced d-fan(20) | *Induced d-fan(26) | *Chimney(27) |
Energy conversion (key from figure 2) :
| *Pressure turbines (6; 9 & 11) | *Steam governor (10) | *Boiler feed pump (7) |
| *Generator (5) | *Transformer (4) | *Pylon (3) |
Feed water & Cooling (key from figure 2) :
| *Cooling tower (1) | *Water pump (2) | *Condenser (8) | *Precipitator (25) |
This schematic diagram must be properly understood. it is the basis upon which Steam power station designs are done. the individual power station complexity may differ slightly to the schematic and yet over and above that will use the same principle. :
# Power Generation/Steam Power/Part4

This is the more preffered Cooling method which is now being implemented in most new Steam power stations. Steam is circulated inside a radiator-like heat exchanger and is cooled by the natural cold air blown (naturally or using draught fans) between pipes of the heat exchanger. The cooled/condensed steam is returned to the boiler(Rankine cycyle).
This method greatly decreases water wastages through evaporation by almost 84% of the wet cooling method. It is called Direct dry cooling since the condenser has been eliminated completely. This method is favored where water is scarce.
* Water consumption
* ≈0.4lt / 1kWh