# How things work college course/Cumulative global warming exam/Testbank
## GlobalWarmingCumulative

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### GlobalWarmingCumulative-v1s1

1. Stefan-Boltzmann radiation is called a negative feedback mechanism because if the sun's radiation increases, the Stefan-Boltzmann law ensures that this heat is retained by the planet.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
2. Soot tends to cool the earth when it accumulates in atmospheric brown clouds.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
3. The lede's graphs of the "Global Land Ocean Temperature Index (1880-2013)" indicates that from 1960 to 2012 the average temperature increased by approximately
    ___ a) 0.06° Celsius
    ___ b) 0.16° Celsius
    ___ c) 0.6° Celsius
    ___ d) 16° Celsius
    ___ e) 1.6° Celsius
4. In climate science, mitigation refers to:
    ___ a) climate engineering
    ___ b) adaptation to the effects of global warming
    ___ c) reduction of green house emissions
    ___ d) building systems resilient to the effects of global warming
5. Global dimming, caused by air-born particulates produced by volcanoes and human made pollutants
    ___ a) exerts a heating effect by absorbing infra-red radiation from earth's surface
    ___ b) is more related to the ozone problem than to global warming
    ___ c) exerts a cooling effect by increasing the reflection of incoming sunlight
6. Compared with the first half of the twentieth century, the rate of earth's average temperature rise during the second (latter) half was
    ___ a) twice as much
    ___ b) about the same
    ___ c) half as much
7. Which external force plays the smallest role in current efforts to model global warming?
    ___ a) greenhouse gasses
    ___ b) orbital cycles
    ___ c) volcanic eruptions
    ___ d) solar luminosity (i.e. variations in energy from the sun)
8. A rise in the sea level is associated with global warming because
    ___ a) ice and snow melts
    ___ b) water tends to expand as it warms
    ___ c) both of these are true
9. The 2007 IPCC report stated that most global warming was likely being caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities. Among the science academies of the major industrialized nations, this finding was recognized by
    ___ a) 60% of the academies of science
    ___ b) 90% of the academies of science
    ___ c) all but the US academy of science
    ___ d) all of the academies of science
10. Proxy temperatures measurements are defined as measurements made using measurements from space.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
11. Carbon dioxide contributes more to the greenhouse effect than does water vapor.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
12. How is the validity of a computer model typically tested?
    ___ a) all of these are true
    ___ b) by making predictions about future years and seeing if they come true.
    ___ c) by verifying its ability to calculate past climate conditions.
    ___ d) by verifying its ability to calculate current climate conditions.
13. The urban heat island effect refers to the fact that urban areas tend to be hotter than rural areas. The urban heat island effect is estimated to account for approximately _____ of the temperature rise over the past century.
    ___ a) 30%
    ___ b) 3%
    ___ c) 0.3%
    ___ d) 0%
14. The Earth's average surface temperature rose by approximately _______ per decade over the period 1906–2005.}
    ___ a) 0.07°C
    ___ b) 0.7°C
    ___ c) 7.0°C
15. Which statement is FALSE about the lede's map of the temperature anomaly (2000-2009)?
    ___ a) The United States has warmed more than Australia
    ___ b) Central Europe has warmed more than the continental United States
    ___ c) all portions of Antarctica have warmed
    ___ d) Northern Asia has warmed more than southern Asia
16. Changes in ice-albedo refers to changes in
    ___ a) how much ice is melted during the summer months
    ___ b) how much CO2 is absorbed by the sun
    ___ c) how much the Earth's surface absorbs or reflects incoming sunlight
17. The Reconstructed Temperature (0-2000 AD) plot in "Observed Temperature Changes" shows temperature measurements, as well as what curious feature? (See also Divergence problem)
    ___ a) a divergence between the tree and pollen proxy measurements
    ___ b) the Little Ice Age being less prominent than the Medieval Warming period
    ___ c) a tiny gap at the end of the proxy measurements
    ___ d) the fact that the different proxy measurements deviate considerably from the average of all proxy measurements
18. Computer models accurately model feedback mechanisms associated with how the soil will retain or release CO2 as the earth warms.}
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
19. Greenhouse warming acts to cool the stratosphere
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
20. The climate change community is divided between those who believe the goal should be to eliminate the earth's greenhouse effect altogether, and those who argue that we should attempt to minimize earth's greenhouse effect.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
21. The lede's "CO2 Emissions per Year" graph (1990-2010) shows dips and rises that are caused by changes in
    ___ a) the sun's energy output
    ___ b) worldwide efforts to curtail emissions
    ___ c) the earth's distance from the sun
    ___ d) the world economy
22. The "Greenhouse effect schematic" in the section on "Temperature changes..." indicates that most of the energy from the Sun is absorbed at the earth's surface.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
23. While computer modeling indicate that the warming since 1970 is dominated by man-made greenhouse gas emissions, they are unable to conclusively ascertain whether the warming from 1910 to 1945 was anthropogenic.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
24. The lede's graph of the "Global Land Ocean Temperature Index (1880-2013)" shows that since 1920, there has never been a decade of overall cooling
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
25. Analysis of the uncertainties associated with feedback suggests that the "worst-case" scenario is more difficult to model.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
26. The "Greenhouse effect schematic" in the section on "Temperature changes..." indicates that most of the energy from the Sun is absorbed by the earth's atmosphere.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
27. Analysis of the uncertainties associated with feedback suggests that the "worst-case" scenario is easier to model.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
28. Stefan-Boltzmann radiation is called a negative feedback mechanism because if the sun's radiation increases, the Stefan-Boltzmann law ensures that more heat is lost from the planet to compensate.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
29. The lede's graph of the "Global Land Ocean Temperature Index (1880-2013)" shows little or no temperature rise over the last ____ years
    ___ a) 300
    ___ b) 10
    ___ c) 3
    ___ d) 100
    ___ e) 30
30. Since 1971, 90% of earth's increased energy caused by global warming has been stored in the _____________, mostly _____________
    ___ a) land; near the equators
    ___ b) sea; in the bottom kilometer
    ___ c) land; near the poles
    ___ d) air; in the water vapor
    ___ e) sea; in the top kilometer
31. The Reconstructed Temperature (0-2000 AD) plot in "Observed Temperature Changes" shows temperature measurements. The solid black line represents
    ___ a) thermometer measurements
    ___ b) the Medieval Warming Period
    ___ c) a 10 year average
    ___ d) the Little Ice Age
    ___ e) tree proxy measurements
32. Approximately what percent of global warming can be attributed to a long-term trend (since 1978) in the sun's energy?
    ___ a) 50%
    ___ b) 10%
    ___ c) 30%
    ___ d) 0%
33. Greenhouse warming acts to warm the stratosphere
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
34. "External forcings" refer to effects that can either increase or decrease, the Earth's temperature.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
35. In the arctic, soot tends to cool the earth.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
36. Ocean temperatures are increasing more slowly than land temperatures because oceans have more heat capacity and because evaporation cools the water.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
37. Soot tends to warm the earth when it accumulates in atmospheric brown clouds.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
38. in 2013, the IPCC stated that the largest driver of global warming is carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Other important sources of CO2 are
    ___ a) cement production and land use changes
    ___ b) population growth
    ___ c) cement production and waste disposal
    ___ d) population growth and waste disposal
39. What happens when water is heated?
    ___ a) it expands at temperatures below 3.98°C and contracts above 3.98°C
    ___ b) it expands at temperatures above 3.98°C and contracts below 3.98°C
    ___ c) it absorbs CO2
40. In the twentieth century, the rate of earth's average temperature rise was closest to
    ___ a) 0.7 °C per decade
    ___ b) 0.7 °C per century
    ___ c) 0.7 °C per year
41. Compared with the second half of the twentieth century, the rate of earth's average temperature rise during the first half was
    ___ a) half as much
    ___ b) about the same
    ___ c) twice as much
42. The largest temperature increases (from 2000-2009) have occurred
    ___ a) near the poles
    ___ b) near the equator
    ___ c) in the western hemisphere
    ___ d) on the ocean surface
43. The carbon cycle
    ___ a) is a proposal to trade carbon credits.
    ___ b) describes how carbon is absorbed and emitted by the oceans, soil, plants, etc.
    ___ c) is an effort to store carbon in underground caves.
44. No direct method exists that permits an independent measurement of the heat content of the oceans, other than the fact that the air is warming
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
45. Depleting the ozone layer cools the stratosphere because ozone allows UV radiation to penetrate.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
46. Emissions scenarios are
    ___ a) estimates of changes in future emission levels of greenhouse gases
    ___ b) estimates of how greenhouse gasses are absorbed and emitted by the world's oceans
    ___ c) estimates of how greenhouse gasses are absorbed and emitted by nature
    ___ d) estimates of how greenhouse gasses are absorbed and emitted by agriculture
47. It is expected that carbon emissions will begin to diminish in the 21st century as fossil fuel reserves begin to dwindle.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
48. Water vapor contributes more to the greenhouse effect than does carbon dioxide.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
49. Computer modeling has conclusively established that anthropogenic warming has occurred since 1910.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
50. Proxy temperatures measurements are defined as indirect inferences gathered from ice cores, tree rings, and so forth
    ___ a) true
    ___ b)false
51. In the arctic, soot tends to warm the earth.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
52. The lede's "CO2 Emissions per Year" graph (1990-2010) shows solid straight lines that represent
    ___ a) estimates of the impact on land temperatures
    ___ b) estimates of the contributions from fossil fuels alone
    ___ c) estimates made in the year 2000 of what would happen in the future
    ___ d) estimates of the contributions from everything except fossil fuels
53. The Stefan-Boltzmann law plays a central role in establishing a planets temperature as the sun heats the planet until the thermal (infra-red) radiation away the planet rises to match the solar radiation onto the planet
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
54. The Stefan-Boltzmann law plays a central role in establishing a planets temperature as the sun heats the planet with thermal (infra-red) radiation adding to the other solar radiation onto the planet
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
55. The cryosphere refers to
    ___ a) the upper atmosphere
    ___ b) the highest mountains
    ___ c) the north and south poles
    ___ d) two of these are true
56. "External forcings" refer to effects that can increase, but not decrease, the Earth's temperature.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
57. The distinction between the urban heat island effect and land use changes is that the latter involves the earth's average temperature while the former involves only the temperature near weather stations where the measurements are made
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
58. The Keeling curve shows that carbon dioxide concentrations
    ___ a) show a steady rise in CO2 levels, at constant slope, and irregular fluctuations due associated with El Ninos and La Ninas.
    ___ b) show a steady rise in CO2 levels, with increasing slope, and regular and predictable annual fluctuations
    ___ c) show a steady rise in CO2 levels, at constant slope, and regular and predictable annual fluctuations
59. Anthropogenic means something that
    ___ a) humans cannot repair
    ___ b) will hurt humans
    ___ c) human caused
    ___ d) humans can repair
60. Depleting the ozone layer cools the stratosphere because ozone absorbs UV energy from the sun that heats the stratosphere.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
61. Computer models accurately model feedback mechanisms associated with the role of clouds as a feedback mechanism.}
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
62. Ocean temperatures are increasing more slowly than land temperatures because the oceans are absorbing less heat energy from the sun
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false

#### Key to GlobalWarmingCumulative-v1s1

1. Stefan-Boltzmann radiation is called a negative feedback mechanism because if the sun's radiation increases, the Stefan-Boltzmann law ensures that this heat is retained by the planet.
       - a) true
       + b) false
2. Soot tends to cool the earth when it accumulates in atmospheric brown clouds.
       + a) true
       - b) false
3. The lede's graphs of the "Global Land Ocean Temperature Index (1880-2013)" indicates that from 1960 to 2012 the average temperature increased by approximately
       - a) 0.06° Celsius
       - b) 0.16° Celsius
       + c) 0.6° Celsius
       - d) 16° Celsius
       - e) 1.6° Celsius
4. In climate science, mitigation refers to:
       - a) climate engineering
       - b) adaptation to the effects of global warming
       + c) reduction of green house emissions
       - d) building systems resilient to the effects of global warming
5. Global dimming, caused by air-born particulates produced by volcanoes and human made pollutants
       - a) exerts a heating effect by absorbing infra-red radiation from earth's surface
       - b) is more related to the ozone problem than to global warming
       + c) exerts a cooling effect by increasing the reflection of incoming sunlight
6. Compared with the first half of the twentieth century, the rate of earth's average temperature rise during the second (latter) half was
       + a) twice as much
       - b) about the same
       - c) half as much
7. Which external force plays the smallest role in current efforts to model global warming?
       - a) greenhouse gasses
       + b) orbital cycles
       - c) volcanic eruptions
       - d) solar luminosity (i.e. variations in energy from the sun)
8. A rise in the sea level is associated with global warming because
       - a) ice and snow melts
       - b) water tends to expand as it warms
       + c) both of these are true
9. The 2007 IPCC report stated that most global warming was likely being caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities. Among the science academies of the major industrialized nations, this finding was recognized by
       - a) 60% of the academies of science
       - b) 90% of the academies of science
       - c) all but the US academy of science
       + d) all of the academies of science
10. Proxy temperatures measurements are defined as measurements made using measurements from space.
       - a) true
       + b) false
11. Carbon dioxide contributes more to the greenhouse effect than does water vapor.
       - a) true
       + b) false
12. How is the validity of a computer model typically tested?
       + a) all of these are true
       - b) by making predictions about future years and seeing if they come true.
       - c) by verifying its ability to calculate past climate conditions.
       - d) by verifying its ability to calculate current climate conditions.
13. The urban heat island effect refers to the fact that urban areas tend to be hotter than rural areas. The urban heat island effect is estimated to account for approximately _____ of the temperature rise over the past century.
       - a) 30%
       + b) 3%
       - c) 0.3%
       - d) 0%
14. The Earth's average surface temperature rose by approximately _______ per decade over the period 1906–2005.}
       + a) 0.07°C
       - b) 0.7°C
       - c) 7.0°C
15. Which statement is FALSE about the lede's map of the temperature anomaly (2000-2009)?
       - a) The United States has warmed more than Australia
       - b) Central Europe has warmed more than the continental United States
       + c) all portions of Antarctica have warmed
       - d) Northern Asia has warmed more than southern Asia
16. Changes in ice-albedo refers to changes in
       - a) how much ice is melted during the summer months
       - b) how much CO2 is absorbed by the sun
       + c) how much the Earth's surface absorbs or reflects incoming sunlight
17. The Reconstructed Temperature (0-2000 AD) plot in "Observed Temperature Changes" shows temperature measurements, as well as what curious feature? (See also Divergence problem)
       - a) a divergence between the tree and pollen proxy measurements
       - b) the Little Ice Age being less prominent than the Medieval Warming period
       + c) a tiny gap at the end of the proxy measurements
       - d) the fact that the different proxy measurements deviate considerably from the average of all proxy measurements
18. Computer models accurately model feedback mechanisms associated with how the soil will retain or release CO2 as the earth warms.}
       - a) true
       + b) false
19. Greenhouse warming acts to cool the stratosphere
       + a) true
       - b) false
20. The climate change community is divided between those who believe the goal should be to eliminate the earth's greenhouse effect altogether, and those who argue that we should attempt to minimize earth's greenhouse effect.
       - a) true
       + b) false
21. The lede's "CO2 Emissions per Year" graph (1990-2010) shows dips and rises that are caused by changes in
       - a) the sun's energy output
       - b) worldwide efforts to curtail emissions
       - c) the earth's distance from the sun
       + d) the world economy
22. The "Greenhouse effect schematic" in the section on "Temperature changes..." indicates that most of the energy from the Sun is absorbed at the earth's surface.
       + a) true
       - b) false
23. While computer modeling indicate that the warming since 1970 is dominated by man-made greenhouse gas emissions, they are unable to conclusively ascertain whether the warming from 1910 to 1945 was anthropogenic.
       + a) true
       - b) false
24. The lede's graph of the "Global Land Ocean Temperature Index (1880-2013)" shows that since 1920, there has never been a decade of overall cooling
       - a) true
       + b) false
25. Analysis of the uncertainties associated with feedback suggests that the "worst-case" scenario is more difficult to model.
       + a) true
       - b) false
26. The "Greenhouse effect schematic" in the section on "Temperature changes..." indicates that most of the energy from the Sun is absorbed by the earth's atmosphere.
       - a) true
       + b) false
27. Analysis of the uncertainties associated with feedback suggests that the "worst-case" scenario is easier to model.
       - a) true
       + b) false
28. Stefan-Boltzmann radiation is called a negative feedback mechanism because if the sun's radiation increases, the Stefan-Boltzmann law ensures that more heat is lost from the planet to compensate.
       + a) true
       - b) false
29. The lede's graph of the "Global Land Ocean Temperature Index (1880-2013)" shows little or no temperature rise over the last ____ years
       - a) 300
       + b) 10
       - c) 3
       - d) 100
       - e) 30
30. Since 1971, 90% of earth's increased energy caused by global warming has been stored in the _____________, mostly _____________
       - a) land; near the equators
       - b) sea; in the bottom kilometer
       - c) land; near the poles
       - d) air; in the water vapor
       + e) sea; in the top kilometer
31. The Reconstructed Temperature (0-2000 AD) plot in "Observed Temperature Changes" shows temperature measurements. The solid black line represents
       + a) thermometer measurements
       - b) the Medieval Warming Period
       - c) a 10 year average
       - d) the Little Ice Age
       - e) tree proxy measurements
32. Approximately what percent of global warming can be attributed to a long-term trend (since 1978) in the sun's energy?
       - a) 50%
       - b) 10%
       - c) 30%
       + d) 0%
33. Greenhouse warming acts to warm the stratosphere
       - a) true
       + b) false
34. "External forcings" refer to effects that can either increase or decrease, the Earth's temperature.
       - a) true
       + b) false
35. In the arctic, soot tends to cool the earth.
       - a) true
       + b) false
36. Ocean temperatures are increasing more slowly than land temperatures because oceans have more heat capacity and because evaporation cools the water.
       + a) true
       - b) false
37. Soot tends to warm the earth when it accumulates in atmospheric brown clouds.
       - a) true
       + b) false
38. in 2013, the IPCC stated that the largest driver of global warming is carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Other important sources of CO2 are
       + a) cement production and land use changes
       - b) population growth
       - c) cement production and waste disposal
       - d) population growth and waste disposal
39. What happens when water is heated?
       - a) it expands at temperatures below 3.98°C and contracts above 3.98°C
       + b) it expands at temperatures above 3.98°C and contracts below 3.98°C
       - c) it absorbs CO2
40. In the twentieth century, the rate of earth's average temperature rise was closest to
       - a) 0.7 °C per decade
       + b) 0.7 °C per century
       - c) 0.7 °C per year
41. Compared with the second half of the twentieth century, the rate of earth's average temperature rise during the first half was
       + a) half as much
       - b) about the same
       - c) twice as much
42. The largest temperature increases (from 2000-2009) have occurred
       + a) near the poles
       - b) near the equator
       - c) in the western hemisphere
       - d) on the ocean surface
43. The carbon cycle
       - a) is a proposal to trade carbon credits.
       + b) describes how carbon is absorbed and emitted by the oceans, soil, plants, etc.
       - c) is an effort to store carbon in underground caves.
44. No direct method exists that permits an independent measurement of the heat content of the oceans, other than the fact that the air is warming
       - a) true
       + b) false
45. Depleting the ozone layer cools the stratosphere because ozone allows UV radiation to penetrate.
       - a) true
       + b) false
46. Emissions scenarios are
       + a) estimates of changes in future emission levels of greenhouse gases
       - b) estimates of how greenhouse gasses are absorbed and emitted by the world's oceans
       - c) estimates of how greenhouse gasses are absorbed and emitted by nature
       - d) estimates of how greenhouse gasses are absorbed and emitted by agriculture
47. It is expected that carbon emissions will begin to diminish in the 21st century as fossil fuel reserves begin to dwindle.
       - a) true
       + b) false
48. Water vapor contributes more to the greenhouse effect than does carbon dioxide.
       + a) true
       - b) false
49. Computer modeling has conclusively established that anthropogenic warming has occurred since 1910.
       - a) true
       + b) false
50. Proxy temperatures measurements are defined as indirect inferences gathered from ice cores, tree rings, and so forth
       + a) true
       - b)false
51. In the arctic, soot tends to warm the earth.
       + a) true
       - b) false
52. The lede's "CO2 Emissions per Year" graph (1990-2010) shows solid straight lines that represent
       - a) estimates of the impact on land temperatures
       - b) estimates of the contributions from fossil fuels alone
       + c) estimates made in the year 2000 of what would happen in the future
       - d) estimates of the contributions from everything except fossil fuels
53. The Stefan-Boltzmann law plays a central role in establishing a planets temperature as the sun heats the planet until the thermal (infra-red) radiation away the planet rises to match the solar radiation onto the planet
       + a) true
       - b) false
54. The Stefan-Boltzmann law plays a central role in establishing a planets temperature as the sun heats the planet with thermal (infra-red) radiation adding to the other solar radiation onto the planet
       - a) true
       + b) false
55. The cryosphere refers to
       - a) the upper atmosphere
       - b) the highest mountains
       - c) the north and south poles
       + d) two of these are true
56. "External forcings" refer to effects that can increase, but not decrease, the Earth's temperature.
       - a) true
       + b) false
57. The distinction between the urban heat island effect and land use changes is that the latter involves the earth's average temperature while the former involves only the temperature near weather stations where the measurements are made
       + a) true
       - b) false
58. The Keeling curve shows that carbon dioxide concentrations
       - a) show a steady rise in CO2 levels, at constant slope, and irregular fluctuations due associated with El Ninos and La Ninas.
       + b) show a steady rise in CO2 levels, with increasing slope, and regular and predictable annual fluctuations
       - c) show a steady rise in CO2 levels, at constant slope, and regular and predictable annual fluctuations
59. Anthropogenic means something that
       - a) humans cannot repair
       - b) will hurt humans
       + c) human caused
       - d) humans can repair
60. Depleting the ozone layer cools the stratosphere because ozone absorbs UV energy from the sun that heats the stratosphere.
       + a) true
       - b) false
61. Computer models accurately model feedback mechanisms associated with the role of clouds as a feedback mechanism.}
       - a) true
       + b) false
62. Ocean temperatures are increasing more slowly than land temperatures because the oceans are absorbing less heat energy from the sun
       - a) true
       + b) false

### GlobalWarmingCumulative-v2s1

1. In the arctic, soot tends to cool the earth.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
2. The carbon cycle
    ___ a) is a proposal to trade carbon credits.
    ___ b) describes how carbon is absorbed and emitted by the oceans, soil, plants, etc.
    ___ c) is an effort to store carbon in underground caves.
3. Analysis of the uncertainties associated with feedback suggests that the "worst-case" scenario is more difficult to model.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
4. The Keeling curve shows that carbon dioxide concentrations
    ___ a) show a steady rise in CO2 levels, with increasing slope, and regular and predictable annual fluctuations
    ___ b) show a steady rise in CO2 levels, at constant slope, and regular and predictable annual fluctuations
    ___ c) show a steady rise in CO2 levels, at constant slope, and irregular fluctuations due associated with El Ninos and La Ninas.
5. in 2013, the IPCC stated that the largest driver of global warming is carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Other important sources of CO2 are
    ___ a) population growth and waste disposal
    ___ b) cement production and land use changes
    ___ c) population growth
    ___ d) cement production and waste disposal
6. Which statement is FALSE about the lede's map of the temperature anomaly (2000-2009)?
    ___ a) Central Europe has warmed more than the continental United States
    ___ b) Northern Asia has warmed more than southern Asia
    ___ c) The United States has warmed more than Australia
    ___ d) all portions of Antarctica have warmed
7. How is the validity of a computer model typically tested?
    ___ a) all of these are true
    ___ b) by making predictions about future years and seeing if they come true.
    ___ c) by verifying its ability to calculate current climate conditions.
    ___ d) by verifying its ability to calculate past climate conditions.
8. In the arctic, soot tends to warm the earth.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
9. Analysis of the uncertainties associated with feedback suggests that the "worst-case" scenario is easier to model.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
10. Depleting the ozone layer cools the stratosphere because ozone absorbs UV energy from the sun that heats the stratosphere.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
11. The lede's graph of the "Global Land Ocean Temperature Index (1880-2013)" shows little or no temperature rise over the last ____ years
    ___ a) 100
    ___ b) 3
    ___ c) 300
    ___ d) 10
    ___ e) 30
12. The Reconstructed Temperature (0-2000 AD) plot in "Observed Temperature Changes" shows temperature measurements. The solid black line represents
    ___ a) a 10 year average
    ___ b) thermometer measurements
    ___ c) the Medieval Warming Period
    ___ d) the Little Ice Age
    ___ e) tree proxy measurements
13. A rise in the sea level is associated with global warming because
    ___ a) ice and snow melts
    ___ b) both of these are true
    ___ c) water tends to expand as it warms
14. Carbon dioxide contributes more to the greenhouse effect than does water vapor.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
15. Depleting the ozone layer cools the stratosphere because ozone allows UV radiation to penetrate.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
16. The 2007 IPCC report stated that most global warming was likely being caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities. Among the science academies of the major industrialized nations, this finding was recognized by
    ___ a) 90% of the academies of science
    ___ b) all of the academies of science
    ___ c) all but the US academy of science
    ___ d) 60% of the academies of science
17. The lede's "CO2 Emissions per Year" graph (1990-2010) shows solid straight lines that represent
    ___ a) estimates of the contributions from fossil fuels alone
    ___ b) estimates of the impact on land temperatures
    ___ c) estimates of the contributions from everything except fossil fuels
    ___ d) estimates made in the year 2000 of what would happen in the future
18. Ocean temperatures are increasing more slowly than land temperatures because the oceans are absorbing less heat energy from the sun
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
19. Proxy temperatures measurements are defined as indirect inferences gathered from ice cores, tree rings, and so forth
    ___ a) true
    ___ b)false
20. In climate science, mitigation refers to:
    ___ a) adaptation to the effects of global warming
    ___ b) climate engineering
    ___ c) reduction of green house emissions
    ___ d) building systems resilient to the effects of global warming
21. Ocean temperatures are increasing more slowly than land temperatures because oceans have more heat capacity and because evaporation cools the water.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
22. The Stefan-Boltzmann law plays a central role in establishing a planets temperature as the sun heats the planet with thermal (infra-red) radiation adding to the other solar radiation onto the planet
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
23. The Stefan-Boltzmann law plays a central role in establishing a planets temperature as the sun heats the planet until the thermal (infra-red) radiation away the planet rises to match the solar radiation onto the planet
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
24. Soot tends to warm the earth when it accumulates in atmospheric brown clouds.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
25. What happens when water is heated?
    ___ a) it expands at temperatures above 3.98°C and contracts below 3.98°C
    ___ b) it expands at temperatures below 3.98°C and contracts above 3.98°C
    ___ c) it absorbs CO2
26. No direct method exists that permits an independent measurement of the heat content of the oceans, other than the fact that the air is warming
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
27. Compared with the second half of the twentieth century, the rate of earth's average temperature rise during the first half was
    ___ a) about the same
    ___ b) twice as much
    ___ c) half as much
28. Which external force plays the smallest role in current efforts to model global warming?
    ___ a) volcanic eruptions
    ___ b) solar luminosity (i.e. variations in energy from the sun)
    ___ c) orbital cycles
    ___ d) greenhouse gasses
29. Soot tends to cool the earth when it accumulates in atmospheric brown clouds.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
30. Since 1971, 90% of earth's increased energy caused by global warming has been stored in the _____________, mostly _____________
    ___ a) sea; in the bottom kilometer
    ___ b) land; near the equators
    ___ c) air; in the water vapor
    ___ d) land; near the poles
    ___ e) sea; in the top kilometer
31. The lede's graph of the "Global Land Ocean Temperature Index (1880-2013)" shows that since 1920, there has never been a decade of overall cooling
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
32. In the twentieth century, the rate of earth's average temperature rise was closest to
    ___ a) 0.7 °C per decade
    ___ b) 0.7 °C per year
    ___ c) 0.7 °C per century
33. The largest temperature increases (from 2000-2009) have occurred
    ___ a) in the western hemisphere
    ___ b) on the ocean surface
    ___ c) near the poles
    ___ d) near the equator
34. "External forcings" refer to effects that can increase, but not decrease, the Earth's temperature.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
35. The climate change community is divided between those who believe the goal should be to eliminate the earth's greenhouse effect altogether, and those who argue that we should attempt to minimize earth's greenhouse effect.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
36. Emissions scenarios are
    ___ a) estimates of changes in future emission levels of greenhouse gases
    ___ b) estimates of how greenhouse gasses are absorbed and emitted by agriculture
    ___ c) estimates of how greenhouse gasses are absorbed and emitted by the world's oceans
    ___ d) estimates of how greenhouse gasses are absorbed and emitted by nature
37. The "Greenhouse effect schematic" in the section on "Temperature changes..." indicates that most of the energy from the Sun is absorbed by the earth's atmosphere.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
38. Computer models accurately model feedback mechanisms associated with how the soil will retain or release CO2 as the earth warms.}
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
39. The urban heat island effect refers to the fact that urban areas tend to be hotter than rural areas. The urban heat island effect is estimated to account for approximately _____ of the temperature rise over the past century.
    ___ a) 0%
    ___ b) 3%
    ___ c) 30%
    ___ d) 0.3%
40. Changes in ice-albedo refers to changes in
    ___ a) how much the Earth's surface absorbs or reflects incoming sunlight
    ___ b) how much ice is melted during the summer months
    ___ c) how much CO2 is absorbed by the sun
41. The distinction between the urban heat island effect and land use changes is that the latter involves the earth's average temperature while the former involves only the temperature near weather stations where the measurements are made
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
42. Water vapor contributes more to the greenhouse effect than does carbon dioxide.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
43. Greenhouse warming acts to cool the stratosphere
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
44. The "Greenhouse effect schematic" in the section on "Temperature changes..." indicates that most of the energy from the Sun is absorbed at the earth's surface.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
45. The lede's graphs of the "Global Land Ocean Temperature Index (1880-2013)" indicates that from 1960 to 2012 the average temperature increased by approximately
    ___ a) 0.6° Celsius
    ___ b) 0.16° Celsius
    ___ c) 1.6° Celsius
    ___ d) 0.06° Celsius
    ___ e) 16° Celsius
46. Compared with the first half of the twentieth century, the rate of earth's average temperature rise during the second (latter) half was
    ___ a) half as much
    ___ b) about the same
    ___ c) twice as much
47. Computer models accurately model feedback mechanisms associated with the role of clouds as a feedback mechanism.}
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
48. Greenhouse warming acts to warm the stratosphere
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
49. The Earth's average surface temperature rose by approximately _______ per decade over the period 1906–2005.}
    ___ a) 7.0°C
    ___ b) 0.07°C
    ___ c) 0.7°C
50. Approximately what percent of global warming can be attributed to a long-term trend (since 1978) in the sun's energy?
    ___ a) 50%
    ___ b) 0%
    ___ c) 10%
    ___ d) 30%
51. "External forcings" refer to effects that can either increase or decrease, the Earth's temperature.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
52. The lede's "CO2 Emissions per Year" graph (1990-2010) shows dips and rises that are caused by changes in
    ___ a) the world economy
    ___ b) the earth's distance from the sun
    ___ c) the sun's energy output
    ___ d) worldwide efforts to curtail emissions
53. The Reconstructed Temperature (0-2000 AD) plot in "Observed Temperature Changes" shows temperature measurements, as well as what curious feature? (See also Divergence problem)
    ___ a) the fact that the different proxy measurements deviate considerably from the average of all proxy measurements
    ___ b) a divergence between the tree and pollen proxy measurements
    ___ c) the Little Ice Age being less prominent than the Medieval Warming period
    ___ d) a tiny gap at the end of the proxy measurements
54. Computer modeling has conclusively established that anthropogenic warming has occurred since 1910.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
55. Anthropogenic means something that
    ___ a) humans can repair
    ___ b) humans cannot repair
    ___ c) human caused
    ___ d) will hurt humans
56. Global dimming, caused by air-born particulates produced by volcanoes and human made pollutants
    ___ a) exerts a cooling effect by increasing the reflection of incoming sunlight
    ___ b) exerts a heating effect by absorbing infra-red radiation from earth's surface
    ___ c) is more related to the ozone problem than to global warming
57. Proxy temperatures measurements are defined as measurements made using measurements from space.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
58. The cryosphere refers to
    ___ a) the highest mountains
    ___ b) the north and south poles
    ___ c) two of these are true
    ___ d) the upper atmosphere
59. Stefan-Boltzmann radiation is called a negative feedback mechanism because if the sun's radiation increases, the Stefan-Boltzmann law ensures that more heat is lost from the planet to compensate.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
60. While computer modeling indicate that the warming since 1970 is dominated by man-made greenhouse gas emissions, they are unable to conclusively ascertain whether the warming from 1910 to 1945 was anthropogenic.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
61. Stefan-Boltzmann radiation is called a negative feedback mechanism because if the sun's radiation increases, the Stefan-Boltzmann law ensures that this heat is retained by the planet.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
62. It is expected that carbon emissions will begin to diminish in the 21st century as fossil fuel reserves begin to dwindle.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false

#### Key to GlobalWarmingCumulative-v2s1

1. In the arctic, soot tends to cool the earth.
       - a) true
       + b) false
2. The carbon cycle
       - a) is a proposal to trade carbon credits.
       + b) describes how carbon is absorbed and emitted by the oceans, soil, plants, etc.
       - c) is an effort to store carbon in underground caves.
3. Analysis of the uncertainties associated with feedback suggests that the "worst-case" scenario is more difficult to model.
       + a) true
       - b) false
4. The Keeling curve shows that carbon dioxide concentrations
       + a) show a steady rise in CO2 levels, with increasing slope, and regular and predictable annual fluctuations
       - b) show a steady rise in CO2 levels, at constant slope, and regular and predictable annual fluctuations
       - c) show a steady rise in CO2 levels, at constant slope, and irregular fluctuations due associated with El Ninos and La Ninas.
5. in 2013, the IPCC stated that the largest driver of global warming is carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Other important sources of CO2 are
       - a) population growth and waste disposal
       + b) cement production and land use changes
       - c) population growth
       - d) cement production and waste disposal
6. Which statement is FALSE about the lede's map of the temperature anomaly (2000-2009)?
       - a) Central Europe has warmed more than the continental United States
       - b) Northern Asia has warmed more than southern Asia
       - c) The United States has warmed more than Australia
       + d) all portions of Antarctica have warmed
7. How is the validity of a computer model typically tested?
       + a) all of these are true
       - b) by making predictions about future years and seeing if they come true.
       - c) by verifying its ability to calculate current climate conditions.
       - d) by verifying its ability to calculate past climate conditions.
8. In the arctic, soot tends to warm the earth.
       + a) true
       - b) false
9. Analysis of the uncertainties associated with feedback suggests that the "worst-case" scenario is easier to model.
       - a) true
       + b) false
10. Depleting the ozone layer cools the stratosphere because ozone absorbs UV energy from the sun that heats the stratosphere.
       + a) true
       - b) false
11. The lede's graph of the "Global Land Ocean Temperature Index (1880-2013)" shows little or no temperature rise over the last ____ years
       - a) 100
       - b) 3
       - c) 300
       + d) 10
       - e) 30
12. The Reconstructed Temperature (0-2000 AD) plot in "Observed Temperature Changes" shows temperature measurements. The solid black line represents
       - a) a 10 year average
       + b) thermometer measurements
       - c) the Medieval Warming Period
       - d) the Little Ice Age
       - e) tree proxy measurements
13. A rise in the sea level is associated with global warming because
       - a) ice and snow melts
       + b) both of these are true
       - c) water tends to expand as it warms
14. Carbon dioxide contributes more to the greenhouse effect than does water vapor.
       - a) true
       + b) false
15. Depleting the ozone layer cools the stratosphere because ozone allows UV radiation to penetrate.
       - a) true
       + b) false
16. The 2007 IPCC report stated that most global warming was likely being caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities. Among the science academies of the major industrialized nations, this finding was recognized by
       - a) 90% of the academies of science
       + b) all of the academies of science
       - c) all but the US academy of science
       - d) 60% of the academies of science
17. The lede's "CO2 Emissions per Year" graph (1990-2010) shows solid straight lines that represent
       - a) estimates of the contributions from fossil fuels alone
       - b) estimates of the impact on land temperatures
       - c) estimates of the contributions from everything except fossil fuels
       + d) estimates made in the year 2000 of what would happen in the future
18. Ocean temperatures are increasing more slowly than land temperatures because the oceans are absorbing less heat energy from the sun
       - a) true
       + b) false
19. Proxy temperatures measurements are defined as indirect inferences gathered from ice cores, tree rings, and so forth
       + a) true
       - b)false
20. In climate science, mitigation refers to:
       - a) adaptation to the effects of global warming
       - b) climate engineering
       + c) reduction of green house emissions
       - d) building systems resilient to the effects of global warming
21. Ocean temperatures are increasing more slowly than land temperatures because oceans have more heat capacity and because evaporation cools the water.
       + a) true
       - b) false
22. The Stefan-Boltzmann law plays a central role in establishing a planets temperature as the sun heats the planet with thermal (infra-red) radiation adding to the other solar radiation onto the planet
       - a) true
       + b) false
23. The Stefan-Boltzmann law plays a central role in establishing a planets temperature as the sun heats the planet until the thermal (infra-red) radiation away the planet rises to match the solar radiation onto the planet
       + a) true
       - b) false
24. Soot tends to warm the earth when it accumulates in atmospheric brown clouds.
       - a) true
       + b) false
25. What happens when water is heated?
       + a) it expands at temperatures above 3.98°C and contracts below 3.98°C
       - b) it expands at temperatures below 3.98°C and contracts above 3.98°C
       - c) it absorbs CO2
26. No direct method exists that permits an independent measurement of the heat content of the oceans, other than the fact that the air is warming
       - a) true
       + b) false
27. Compared with the second half of the twentieth century, the rate of earth's average temperature rise during the first half was
       - a) about the same
       - b) twice as much
       + c) half as much
28. Which external force plays the smallest role in current efforts to model global warming?
       - a) volcanic eruptions
       - b) solar luminosity (i.e. variations in energy from the sun)
       + c) orbital cycles
       - d) greenhouse gasses
29. Soot tends to cool the earth when it accumulates in atmospheric brown clouds.
       + a) true
       - b) false
30. Since 1971, 90% of earth's increased energy caused by global warming has been stored in the _____________, mostly _____________
       - a) sea; in the bottom kilometer
       - b) land; near the equators
       - c) air; in the water vapor
       - d) land; near the poles
       + e) sea; in the top kilometer
31. The lede's graph of the "Global Land Ocean Temperature Index (1880-2013)" shows that since 1920, there has never been a decade of overall cooling
       - a) true
       + b) false
32. In the twentieth century, the rate of earth's average temperature rise was closest to
       - a) 0.7 °C per decade
       - b) 0.7 °C per year
       + c) 0.7 °C per century
33. The largest temperature increases (from 2000-2009) have occurred
       - a) in the western hemisphere
       - b) on the ocean surface
       + c) near the poles
       - d) near the equator
34. "External forcings" refer to effects that can increase, but not decrease, the Earth's temperature.
       - a) true
       + b) false
35. The climate change community is divided between those who believe the goal should be to eliminate the earth's greenhouse effect altogether, and those who argue that we should attempt to minimize earth's greenhouse effect.
       - a) true
       + b) false
36. Emissions scenarios are
       + a) estimates of changes in future emission levels of greenhouse gases
       - b) estimates of how greenhouse gasses are absorbed and emitted by agriculture
       - c) estimates of how greenhouse gasses are absorbed and emitted by the world's oceans
       - d) estimates of how greenhouse gasses are absorbed and emitted by nature
37. The "Greenhouse effect schematic" in the section on "Temperature changes..." indicates that most of the energy from the Sun is absorbed by the earth's atmosphere.
       - a) true
       + b) false
38. Computer models accurately model feedback mechanisms associated with how the soil will retain or release CO2 as the earth warms.}
       - a) true
       + b) false
39. The urban heat island effect refers to the fact that urban areas tend to be hotter than rural areas. The urban heat island effect is estimated to account for approximately _____ of the temperature rise over the past century.
       - a) 0%
       + b) 3%
       - c) 30%
       - d) 0.3%
40. Changes in ice-albedo refers to changes in
       + a) how much the Earth's surface absorbs or reflects incoming sunlight
       - b) how much ice is melted during the summer months
       - c) how much CO2 is absorbed by the sun
41. The distinction between the urban heat island effect and land use changes is that the latter involves the earth's average temperature while the former involves only the temperature near weather stations where the measurements are made
       + a) true
       - b) false
42. Water vapor contributes more to the greenhouse effect than does carbon dioxide.
       + a) true
       - b) false
43. Greenhouse warming acts to cool the stratosphere
       + a) true
       - b) false
44. The "Greenhouse effect schematic" in the section on "Temperature changes..." indicates that most of the energy from the Sun is absorbed at the earth's surface.
       + a) true
       - b) false
45. The lede's graphs of the "Global Land Ocean Temperature Index (1880-2013)" indicates that from 1960 to 2012 the average temperature increased by approximately
       + a) 0.6° Celsius
       - b) 0.16° Celsius
       - c) 1.6° Celsius
       - d) 0.06° Celsius
       - e) 16° Celsius
46. Compared with the first half of the twentieth century, the rate of earth's average temperature rise during the second (latter) half was
       - a) half as much
       - b) about the same
       + c) twice as much
47. Computer models accurately model feedback mechanisms associated with the role of clouds as a feedback mechanism.}
       - a) true
       + b) false
48. Greenhouse warming acts to warm the stratosphere
       - a) true
       + b) false
49. The Earth's average surface temperature rose by approximately _______ per decade over the period 1906–2005.}
       - a) 7.0°C
       + b) 0.07°C
       - c) 0.7°C
50. Approximately what percent of global warming can be attributed to a long-term trend (since 1978) in the sun's energy?
       - a) 50%
       + b) 0%
       - c) 10%
       - d) 30%
51. "External forcings" refer to effects that can either increase or decrease, the Earth's temperature.
       - a) true
       + b) false
52. The lede's "CO2 Emissions per Year" graph (1990-2010) shows dips and rises that are caused by changes in
       + a) the world economy
       - b) the earth's distance from the sun
       - c) the sun's energy output
       - d) worldwide efforts to curtail emissions
53. The Reconstructed Temperature (0-2000 AD) plot in "Observed Temperature Changes" shows temperature measurements, as well as what curious feature? (See also Divergence problem)
       - a) the fact that the different proxy measurements deviate considerably from the average of all proxy measurements
       - b) a divergence between the tree and pollen proxy measurements
       - c) the Little Ice Age being less prominent than the Medieval Warming period
       + d) a tiny gap at the end of the proxy measurements
54. Computer modeling has conclusively established that anthropogenic warming has occurred since 1910.
       - a) true
       + b) false
55. Anthropogenic means something that
       - a) humans can repair
       - b) humans cannot repair
       + c) human caused
       - d) will hurt humans
56. Global dimming, caused by air-born particulates produced by volcanoes and human made pollutants
       + a) exerts a cooling effect by increasing the reflection of incoming sunlight
       - b) exerts a heating effect by absorbing infra-red radiation from earth's surface
       - c) is more related to the ozone problem than to global warming
57. Proxy temperatures measurements are defined as measurements made using measurements from space.
       - a) true
       + b) false
58. The cryosphere refers to
       - a) the highest mountains
       - b) the north and south poles
       + c) two of these are true
       - d) the upper atmosphere
59. Stefan-Boltzmann radiation is called a negative feedback mechanism because if the sun's radiation increases, the Stefan-Boltzmann law ensures that more heat is lost from the planet to compensate.
       + a) true
       - b) false
60. While computer modeling indicate that the warming since 1970 is dominated by man-made greenhouse gas emissions, they are unable to conclusively ascertain whether the warming from 1910 to 1945 was anthropogenic.
       + a) true
       - b) false
61. Stefan-Boltzmann radiation is called a negative feedback mechanism because if the sun's radiation increases, the Stefan-Boltzmann law ensures that this heat is retained by the planet.
       - a) true
       + b) false
62. It is expected that carbon emissions will begin to diminish in the 21st century as fossil fuel reserves begin to dwindle.
       - a) true
       + b) false

### GlobalWarmingCumulative-v1s2

1. The Reconstructed Temperature (0-2000 AD) plot in "Observed Temperature Changes" shows temperature measurements, as well as what curious feature? (See also Divergence problem)
    ___ a) the Little Ice Age being less prominent than the Medieval Warming period
    ___ b) the fact that the different proxy measurements deviate considerably from the average of all proxy measurements
    ___ c) a tiny gap at the end of the proxy measurements
    ___ d) a divergence between the tree and pollen proxy measurements
2. The Keeling curve shows that carbon dioxide concentrations
    ___ a) show a steady rise in CO2 levels, at constant slope, and irregular fluctuations due associated with El Ninos and La Ninas.
    ___ b) show a steady rise in CO2 levels, with increasing slope, and regular and predictable annual fluctuations
    ___ c) show a steady rise in CO2 levels, at constant slope, and regular and predictable annual fluctuations
3. The "Greenhouse effect schematic" in the section on "Temperature changes..." indicates that most of the energy from the Sun is absorbed at the earth's surface.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
4. In the arctic, soot tends to warm the earth.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
5. Soot tends to warm the earth when it accumulates in atmospheric brown clouds.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
6. "External forcings" refer to effects that can increase, but not decrease, the Earth's temperature.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
7. The Stefan-Boltzmann law plays a central role in establishing a planets temperature as the sun heats the planet with thermal (infra-red) radiation adding to the other solar radiation onto the planet
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
8. Computer models accurately model feedback mechanisms associated with the role of clouds as a feedback mechanism.}
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
9. Approximately what percent of global warming can be attributed to a long-term trend (since 1978) in the sun's energy?
    ___ a) 30%
    ___ b) 50%
    ___ c) 0%
    ___ d) 10%
10. The Reconstructed Temperature (0-2000 AD) plot in "Observed Temperature Changes" shows temperature measurements. The solid black line represents
    ___ a) a 10 year average
    ___ b) the Little Ice Age
    ___ c) thermometer measurements
    ___ d) the Medieval Warming Period
    ___ e) tree proxy measurements
11. In climate science, mitigation refers to:
    ___ a) adaptation to the effects of global warming
    ___ b) climate engineering
    ___ c) reduction of green house emissions
    ___ d) building systems resilient to the effects of global warming
12. In the arctic, soot tends to cool the earth.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
13. The lede's graph of the "Global Land Ocean Temperature Index (1880-2013)" shows little or no temperature rise over the last ____ years
    ___ a) 3
    ___ b) 100
    ___ c) 300
    ___ d) 10
    ___ e) 30
14. Stefan-Boltzmann radiation is called a negative feedback mechanism because if the sun's radiation increases, the Stefan-Boltzmann law ensures that this heat is retained by the planet.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
15. In the twentieth century, the rate of earth's average temperature rise was closest to
    ___ a) 0.7 °C per year
    ___ b) 0.7 °C per decade
    ___ c) 0.7 °C per century
16. The lede's graphs of the "Global Land Ocean Temperature Index (1880-2013)" indicates that from 1960 to 2012 the average temperature increased by approximately
    ___ a) 0.06° Celsius
    ___ b) 16° Celsius
    ___ c) 1.6° Celsius
    ___ d) 0.6° Celsius
    ___ e) 0.16° Celsius
17. Water vapor contributes more to the greenhouse effect than does carbon dioxide.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
18. Analysis of the uncertainties associated with feedback suggests that the "worst-case" scenario is easier to model.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
19. The distinction between the urban heat island effect and land use changes is that the latter involves the earth's average temperature while the former involves only the temperature near weather stations where the measurements are made
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
20. Which external force plays the smallest role in current efforts to model global warming?
    ___ a) solar luminosity (i.e. variations in energy from the sun)
    ___ b) orbital cycles
    ___ c) greenhouse gasses
    ___ d) volcanic eruptions
21. It is expected that carbon emissions will begin to diminish in the 21st century as fossil fuel reserves begin to dwindle.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
22. No direct method exists that permits an independent measurement of the heat content of the oceans, other than the fact that the air is warming
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
23. Global dimming, caused by air-born particulates produced by volcanoes and human made pollutants
    ___ a) exerts a cooling effect by increasing the reflection of incoming sunlight
    ___ b) exerts a heating effect by absorbing infra-red radiation from earth's surface
    ___ c) is more related to the ozone problem than to global warming
24. A rise in the sea level is associated with global warming because
    ___ a) ice and snow melts
    ___ b) both of these are true
    ___ c) water tends to expand as it warms
25. Proxy temperatures measurements are defined as indirect inferences gathered from ice cores, tree rings, and so forth
    ___ a) true
    ___ b)false
26. Ocean temperatures are increasing more slowly than land temperatures because oceans have more heat capacity and because evaporation cools the water.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
27. Compared with the first half of the twentieth century, the rate of earth's average temperature rise during the second (latter) half was
    ___ a) about the same
    ___ b) twice as much
    ___ c) half as much
28. Computer models accurately model feedback mechanisms associated with how the soil will retain or release CO2 as the earth warms.}
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
29. Compared with the second half of the twentieth century, the rate of earth's average temperature rise during the first half was
    ___ a) twice as much
    ___ b) about the same
    ___ c) half as much
30. Ocean temperatures are increasing more slowly than land temperatures because the oceans are absorbing less heat energy from the sun
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
31. What happens when water is heated?
    ___ a) it expands at temperatures above 3.98°C and contracts below 3.98°C
    ___ b) it expands at temperatures below 3.98°C and contracts above 3.98°C
    ___ c) it absorbs CO2
32. Greenhouse warming acts to cool the stratosphere
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
33. Which statement is FALSE about the lede's map of the temperature anomaly (2000-2009)?
    ___ a) Central Europe has warmed more than the continental United States
    ___ b) all portions of Antarctica have warmed
    ___ c) Northern Asia has warmed more than southern Asia
    ___ d) The United States has warmed more than Australia
34. Computer modeling has conclusively established that anthropogenic warming has occurred since 1910.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
35. Analysis of the uncertainties associated with feedback suggests that the "worst-case" scenario is more difficult to model.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
36. The carbon cycle
    ___ a) describes how carbon is absorbed and emitted by the oceans, soil, plants, etc.
    ___ b) is a proposal to trade carbon credits.
    ___ c) is an effort to store carbon in underground caves.
37. Soot tends to cool the earth when it accumulates in atmospheric brown clouds.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
38. Emissions scenarios are
    ___ a) estimates of how greenhouse gasses are absorbed and emitted by the world's oceans
    ___ b) estimates of changes in future emission levels of greenhouse gases
    ___ c) estimates of how greenhouse gasses are absorbed and emitted by agriculture
    ___ d) estimates of how greenhouse gasses are absorbed and emitted by nature
39. in 2013, the IPCC stated that the largest driver of global warming is carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Other important sources of CO2 are
    ___ a) population growth and waste disposal
    ___ b) cement production and waste disposal
    ___ c) cement production and land use changes
    ___ d) population growth
40. Since 1971, 90% of earth's increased energy caused by global warming has been stored in the _____________, mostly _____________
    ___ a) land; near the poles
    ___ b) sea; in the top kilometer
    ___ c) sea; in the bottom kilometer
    ___ d) air; in the water vapor
    ___ e) land; near the equators
41. The lede's "CO2 Emissions per Year" graph (1990-2010) shows dips and rises that are caused by changes in
    ___ a) the earth's distance from the sun
    ___ b) the sun's energy output
    ___ c) worldwide efforts to curtail emissions
    ___ d) the world economy
42. Changes in ice-albedo refers to changes in
    ___ a) how much ice is melted during the summer months
    ___ b) how much the Earth's surface absorbs or reflects incoming sunlight
    ___ c) how much CO2 is absorbed by the sun
43. How is the validity of a computer model typically tested?
    ___ a) by making predictions about future years and seeing if they come true.
    ___ b) by verifying its ability to calculate past climate conditions.
    ___ c) all of these are true
    ___ d) by verifying its ability to calculate current climate conditions.
44. Anthropogenic means something that
    ___ a) humans cannot repair
    ___ b) human caused
    ___ c) will hurt humans
    ___ d) humans can repair
45. The climate change community is divided between those who believe the goal should be to eliminate the earth's greenhouse effect altogether, and those who argue that we should attempt to minimize earth's greenhouse effect.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
46. Depleting the ozone layer cools the stratosphere because ozone absorbs UV energy from the sun that heats the stratosphere.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
47. Depleting the ozone layer cools the stratosphere because ozone allows UV radiation to penetrate.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
48. The urban heat island effect refers to the fact that urban areas tend to be hotter than rural areas. The urban heat island effect is estimated to account for approximately _____ of the temperature rise over the past century.
    ___ a) 0.3%
    ___ b) 3%
    ___ c) 0%
    ___ d) 30%
49. The Earth's average surface temperature rose by approximately _______ per decade over the period 1906–2005.}
    ___ a) 7.0°C
    ___ b) 0.07°C
    ___ c) 0.7°C
50. Stefan-Boltzmann radiation is called a negative feedback mechanism because if the sun's radiation increases, the Stefan-Boltzmann law ensures that more heat is lost from the planet to compensate.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
51. Carbon dioxide contributes more to the greenhouse effect than does water vapor.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
52. Proxy temperatures measurements are defined as measurements made using measurements from space.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
53. The lede's "CO2 Emissions per Year" graph (1990-2010) shows solid straight lines that represent
    ___ a) estimates made in the year 2000 of what would happen in the future
    ___ b) estimates of the contributions from fossil fuels alone
    ___ c) estimates of the impact on land temperatures
    ___ d) estimates of the contributions from everything except fossil fuels
54. While computer modeling indicate that the warming since 1970 is dominated by man-made greenhouse gas emissions, they are unable to conclusively ascertain whether the warming from 1910 to 1945 was anthropogenic.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
55. The cryosphere refers to
    ___ a) the north and south poles
    ___ b) the upper atmosphere
    ___ c) the highest mountains
    ___ d) two of these are true
56. The Stefan-Boltzmann law plays a central role in establishing a planets temperature as the sun heats the planet until the thermal (infra-red) radiation away the planet rises to match the solar radiation onto the planet
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
57. Greenhouse warming acts to warm the stratosphere
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
58. The lede's graph of the "Global Land Ocean Temperature Index (1880-2013)" shows that since 1920, there has never been a decade of overall cooling
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
59. The largest temperature increases (from 2000-2009) have occurred
    ___ a) in the western hemisphere
    ___ b) near the equator
    ___ c) on the ocean surface
    ___ d) near the poles
60. The "Greenhouse effect schematic" in the section on "Temperature changes..." indicates that most of the energy from the Sun is absorbed by the earth's atmosphere.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
61. "External forcings" refer to effects that can either increase or decrease, the Earth's temperature.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
62. The 2007 IPCC report stated that most global warming was likely being caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities. Among the science academies of the major industrialized nations, this finding was recognized by
    ___ a) all but the US academy of science
    ___ b) 90% of the academies of science
    ___ c) 60% of the academies of science
    ___ d) all of the academies of science

#### Key to GlobalWarmingCumulative-v1s2

1. The Reconstructed Temperature (0-2000 AD) plot in "Observed Temperature Changes" shows temperature measurements, as well as what curious feature? (See also Divergence problem)
       - a) the Little Ice Age being less prominent than the Medieval Warming period
       - b) the fact that the different proxy measurements deviate considerably from the average of all proxy measurements
       + c) a tiny gap at the end of the proxy measurements
       - d) a divergence between the tree and pollen proxy measurements
2. The Keeling curve shows that carbon dioxide concentrations
       - a) show a steady rise in CO2 levels, at constant slope, and irregular fluctuations due associated with El Ninos and La Ninas.
       + b) show a steady rise in CO2 levels, with increasing slope, and regular and predictable annual fluctuations
       - c) show a steady rise in CO2 levels, at constant slope, and regular and predictable annual fluctuations
3. The "Greenhouse effect schematic" in the section on "Temperature changes..." indicates that most of the energy from the Sun is absorbed at the earth's surface.
       + a) true
       - b) false
4. In the arctic, soot tends to warm the earth.
       + a) true
       - b) false
5. Soot tends to warm the earth when it accumulates in atmospheric brown clouds.
       - a) true
       + b) false
6. "External forcings" refer to effects that can increase, but not decrease, the Earth's temperature.
       - a) true
       + b) false
7. The Stefan-Boltzmann law plays a central role in establishing a planets temperature as the sun heats the planet with thermal (infra-red) radiation adding to the other solar radiation onto the planet
       - a) true
       + b) false
8. Computer models accurately model feedback mechanisms associated with the role of clouds as a feedback mechanism.}
       - a) true
       + b) false
9. Approximately what percent of global warming can be attributed to a long-term trend (since 1978) in the sun's energy?
       - a) 30%
       - b) 50%
       + c) 0%
       - d) 10%
10. The Reconstructed Temperature (0-2000 AD) plot in "Observed Temperature Changes" shows temperature measurements. The solid black line represents
       - a) a 10 year average
       - b) the Little Ice Age
       + c) thermometer measurements
       - d) the Medieval Warming Period
       - e) tree proxy measurements
11. In climate science, mitigation refers to:
       - a) adaptation to the effects of global warming
       - b) climate engineering
       + c) reduction of green house emissions
       - d) building systems resilient to the effects of global warming
12. In the arctic, soot tends to cool the earth.
       - a) true
       + b) false
13. The lede's graph of the "Global Land Ocean Temperature Index (1880-2013)" shows little or no temperature rise over the last ____ years
       - a) 3
       - b) 100
       - c) 300
       + d) 10
       - e) 30
14. Stefan-Boltzmann radiation is called a negative feedback mechanism because if the sun's radiation increases, the Stefan-Boltzmann law ensures that this heat is retained by the planet.
       - a) true
       + b) false
15. In the twentieth century, the rate of earth's average temperature rise was closest to
       - a) 0.7 °C per year
       - b) 0.7 °C per decade
       + c) 0.7 °C per century
16. The lede's graphs of the "Global Land Ocean Temperature Index (1880-2013)" indicates that from 1960 to 2012 the average temperature increased by approximately
       - a) 0.06° Celsius
       - b) 16° Celsius
       - c) 1.6° Celsius
       + d) 0.6° Celsius
       - e) 0.16° Celsius
17. Water vapor contributes more to the greenhouse effect than does carbon dioxide.
       + a) true
       - b) false
18. Analysis of the uncertainties associated with feedback suggests that the "worst-case" scenario is easier to model.
       - a) true
       + b) false
19. The distinction between the urban heat island effect and land use changes is that the latter involves the earth's average temperature while the former involves only the temperature near weather stations where the measurements are made
       + a) true
       - b) false
20. Which external force plays the smallest role in current efforts to model global warming?
       - a) solar luminosity (i.e. variations in energy from the sun)
       + b) orbital cycles
       - c) greenhouse gasses
       - d) volcanic eruptions
21. It is expected that carbon emissions will begin to diminish in the 21st century as fossil fuel reserves begin to dwindle.
       - a) true
       + b) false
22. No direct method exists that permits an independent measurement of the heat content of the oceans, other than the fact that the air is warming
       - a) true
       + b) false
23. Global dimming, caused by air-born particulates produced by volcanoes and human made pollutants
       + a) exerts a cooling effect by increasing the reflection of incoming sunlight
       - b) exerts a heating effect by absorbing infra-red radiation from earth's surface
       - c) is more related to the ozone problem than to global warming
24. A rise in the sea level is associated with global warming because
       - a) ice and snow melts
       + b) both of these are true
       - c) water tends to expand as it warms
25. Proxy temperatures measurements are defined as indirect inferences gathered from ice cores, tree rings, and so forth
       + a) true
       - b)false
26. Ocean temperatures are increasing more slowly than land temperatures because oceans have more heat capacity and because evaporation cools the water.
       + a) true
       - b) false
27. Compared with the first half of the twentieth century, the rate of earth's average temperature rise during the second (latter) half was
       - a) about the same
       + b) twice as much
       - c) half as much
28. Computer models accurately model feedback mechanisms associated with how the soil will retain or release CO2 as the earth warms.}
       - a) true
       + b) false
29. Compared with the second half of the twentieth century, the rate of earth's average temperature rise during the first half was
       - a) twice as much
       - b) about the same
       + c) half as much
30. Ocean temperatures are increasing more slowly than land temperatures because the oceans are absorbing less heat energy from the sun
       - a) true
       + b) false
31. What happens when water is heated?
       + a) it expands at temperatures above 3.98°C and contracts below 3.98°C
       - b) it expands at temperatures below 3.98°C and contracts above 3.98°C
       - c) it absorbs CO2
32. Greenhouse warming acts to cool the stratosphere
       + a) true
       - b) false
33. Which statement is FALSE about the lede's map of the temperature anomaly (2000-2009)?
       - a) Central Europe has warmed more than the continental United States
       + b) all portions of Antarctica have warmed
       - c) Northern Asia has warmed more than southern Asia
       - d) The United States has warmed more than Australia
34. Computer modeling has conclusively established that anthropogenic warming has occurred since 1910.
       - a) true
       + b) false
35. Analysis of the uncertainties associated with feedback suggests that the "worst-case" scenario is more difficult to model.
       + a) true
       - b) false
36. The carbon cycle
       + a) describes how carbon is absorbed and emitted by the oceans, soil, plants, etc.
       - b) is a proposal to trade carbon credits.
       - c) is an effort to store carbon in underground caves.
37. Soot tends to cool the earth when it accumulates in atmospheric brown clouds.
       + a) true
       - b) false
38. Emissions scenarios are
       - a) estimates of how greenhouse gasses are absorbed and emitted by the world's oceans
       + b) estimates of changes in future emission levels of greenhouse gases
       - c) estimates of how greenhouse gasses are absorbed and emitted by agriculture
       - d) estimates of how greenhouse gasses are absorbed and emitted by nature
39. in 2013, the IPCC stated that the largest driver of global warming is carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Other important sources of CO2 are
       - a) population growth and waste disposal
       - b) cement production and waste disposal
       + c) cement production and land use changes
       - d) population growth
40. Since 1971, 90% of earth's increased energy caused by global warming has been stored in the _____________, mostly _____________
       - a) land; near the poles
       + b) sea; in the top kilometer
       - c) sea; in the bottom kilometer
       - d) air; in the water vapor
       - e) land; near the equators
41. The lede's "CO2 Emissions per Year" graph (1990-2010) shows dips and rises that are caused by changes in
       - a) the earth's distance from the sun
       - b) the sun's energy output
       - c) worldwide efforts to curtail emissions
       + d) the world economy
42. Changes in ice-albedo refers to changes in
       - a) how much ice is melted during the summer months
       + b) how much the Earth's surface absorbs or reflects incoming sunlight
       - c) how much CO2 is absorbed by the sun
43. How is the validity of a computer model typically tested?
       - a) by making predictions about future years and seeing if they come true.
       - b) by verifying its ability to calculate past climate conditions.
       + c) all of these are true
       - d) by verifying its ability to calculate current climate conditions.
44. Anthropogenic means something that
       - a) humans cannot repair
       + b) human caused
       - c) will hurt humans
       - d) humans can repair
45. The climate change community is divided between those who believe the goal should be to eliminate the earth's greenhouse effect altogether, and those who argue that we should attempt to minimize earth's greenhouse effect.
       - a) true
       + b) false
46. Depleting the ozone layer cools the stratosphere because ozone absorbs UV energy from the sun that heats the stratosphere.
       + a) true
       - b) false
47. Depleting the ozone layer cools the stratosphere because ozone allows UV radiation to penetrate.
       - a) true
       + b) false
48. The urban heat island effect refers to the fact that urban areas tend to be hotter than rural areas. The urban heat island effect is estimated to account for approximately _____ of the temperature rise over the past century.
       - a) 0.3%
       + b) 3%
       - c) 0%
       - d) 30%
49. The Earth's average surface temperature rose by approximately _______ per decade over the period 1906–2005.}
       - a) 7.0°C
       + b) 0.07°C
       - c) 0.7°C
50. Stefan-Boltzmann radiation is called a negative feedback mechanism because if the sun's radiation increases, the Stefan-Boltzmann law ensures that more heat is lost from the planet to compensate.
       + a) true
       - b) false
51. Carbon dioxide contributes more to the greenhouse effect than does water vapor.
       - a) true
       + b) false
52. Proxy temperatures measurements are defined as measurements made using measurements from space.
       - a) true
       + b) false
53. The lede's "CO2 Emissions per Year" graph (1990-2010) shows solid straight lines that represent
       + a) estimates made in the year 2000 of what would happen in the future
       - b) estimates of the contributions from fossil fuels alone
       - c) estimates of the impact on land temperatures
       - d) estimates of the contributions from everything except fossil fuels
54. While computer modeling indicate that the warming since 1970 is dominated by man-made greenhouse gas emissions, they are unable to conclusively ascertain whether the warming from 1910 to 1945 was anthropogenic.
       + a) true
       - b) false
55. The cryosphere refers to
       - a) the north and south poles
       - b) the upper atmosphere
       - c) the highest mountains
       + d) two of these are true
56. The Stefan-Boltzmann law plays a central role in establishing a planets temperature as the sun heats the planet until the thermal (infra-red) radiation away the planet rises to match the solar radiation onto the planet
       + a) true
       - b) false
57. Greenhouse warming acts to warm the stratosphere
       - a) true
       + b) false
58. The lede's graph of the "Global Land Ocean Temperature Index (1880-2013)" shows that since 1920, there has never been a decade of overall cooling
       - a) true
       + b) false
59. The largest temperature increases (from 2000-2009) have occurred
       - a) in the western hemisphere
       - b) near the equator
       - c) on the ocean surface
       + d) near the poles
60. The "Greenhouse effect schematic" in the section on "Temperature changes..." indicates that most of the energy from the Sun is absorbed by the earth's atmosphere.
       - a) true
       + b) false
61. "External forcings" refer to effects that can either increase or decrease, the Earth's temperature.
       - a) true
       + b) false
62. The 2007 IPCC report stated that most global warming was likely being caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities. Among the science academies of the major industrialized nations, this finding was recognized by
       - a) all but the US academy of science
       - b) 90% of the academies of science
       - c) 60% of the academies of science
       + d) all of the academies of science

### GlobalWarmingCumulative-v2s2

1. Changes in ice-albedo refers to changes in
    ___ a) how much ice is melted during the summer months
    ___ b) how much the Earth's surface absorbs or reflects incoming sunlight
    ___ c) how much CO2 is absorbed by the sun
2. How is the validity of a computer model typically tested?
    ___ a) by making predictions about future years and seeing if they come true.
    ___ b) all of these are true
    ___ c) by verifying its ability to calculate current climate conditions.
    ___ d) by verifying its ability to calculate past climate conditions.
3. Water vapor contributes more to the greenhouse effect than does carbon dioxide.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
4. The largest temperature increases (from 2000-2009) have occurred
    ___ a) near the equator
    ___ b) near the poles
    ___ c) on the ocean surface
    ___ d) in the western hemisphere
5. In climate science, mitigation refers to:
    ___ a) building systems resilient to the effects of global warming
    ___ b) adaptation to the effects of global warming
    ___ c) reduction of green house emissions
    ___ d) climate engineering
6. Depleting the ozone layer cools the stratosphere because ozone absorbs UV energy from the sun that heats the stratosphere.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
7. The climate change community is divided between those who believe the goal should be to eliminate the earth's greenhouse effect altogether, and those who argue that we should attempt to minimize earth's greenhouse effect.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
8. Greenhouse warming acts to cool the stratosphere
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
9. Greenhouse warming acts to warm the stratosphere
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
10. Analysis of the uncertainties associated with feedback suggests that the "worst-case" scenario is more difficult to model.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
11. The lede's "CO2 Emissions per Year" graph (1990-2010) shows dips and rises that are caused by changes in
    ___ a) the world economy
    ___ b) the sun's energy output
    ___ c) the earth's distance from the sun
    ___ d) worldwide efforts to curtail emissions
12. The urban heat island effect refers to the fact that urban areas tend to be hotter than rural areas. The urban heat island effect is estimated to account for approximately _____ of the temperature rise over the past century.
    ___ a) 30%
    ___ b) 0.3%
    ___ c) 3%
    ___ d) 0%
13. A rise in the sea level is associated with global warming because
    ___ a) ice and snow melts
    ___ b) both of these are true
    ___ c) water tends to expand as it warms
14. Which external force plays the smallest role in current efforts to model global warming?
    ___ a) orbital cycles
    ___ b) greenhouse gasses
    ___ c) solar luminosity (i.e. variations in energy from the sun)
    ___ d) volcanic eruptions
15. The distinction between the urban heat island effect and land use changes is that the latter involves the earth's average temperature while the former involves only the temperature near weather stations where the measurements are made
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
16. The Keeling curve shows that carbon dioxide concentrations
    ___ a) show a steady rise in CO2 levels, at constant slope, and irregular fluctuations due associated with El Ninos and La Ninas.
    ___ b) show a steady rise in CO2 levels, at constant slope, and regular and predictable annual fluctuations
    ___ c) show a steady rise in CO2 levels, with increasing slope, and regular and predictable annual fluctuations
17. Ocean temperatures are increasing more slowly than land temperatures because oceans have more heat capacity and because evaporation cools the water.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
18. "External forcings" refer to effects that can either increase or decrease, the Earth's temperature.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
19. The Stefan-Boltzmann law plays a central role in establishing a planets temperature as the sun heats the planet until the thermal (infra-red) radiation away the planet rises to match the solar radiation onto the planet
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
20. In the arctic, soot tends to warm the earth.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
21. Proxy temperatures measurements are defined as indirect inferences gathered from ice cores, tree rings, and so forth
    ___ a) true
    ___ b)false
22. Stefan-Boltzmann radiation is called a negative feedback mechanism because if the sun's radiation increases, the Stefan-Boltzmann law ensures that more heat is lost from the planet to compensate.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
23. The Earth's average surface temperature rose by approximately _______ per decade over the period 1906–2005.}
    ___ a) 7.0°C
    ___ b) 0.07°C
    ___ c) 0.7°C
24. Compared with the second half of the twentieth century, the rate of earth's average temperature rise during the first half was
    ___ a) about the same
    ___ b) half as much
    ___ c) twice as much
25. in 2013, the IPCC stated that the largest driver of global warming is carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Other important sources of CO2 are
    ___ a) population growth and waste disposal
    ___ b) cement production and waste disposal
    ___ c) population growth
    ___ d) cement production and land use changes
26. Which statement is FALSE about the lede's map of the temperature anomaly (2000-2009)?
    ___ a) Central Europe has warmed more than the continental United States
    ___ b) The United States has warmed more than Australia
    ___ c) Northern Asia has warmed more than southern Asia
    ___ d) all portions of Antarctica have warmed
27. While computer modeling indicate that the warming since 1970 is dominated by man-made greenhouse gas emissions, they are unable to conclusively ascertain whether the warming from 1910 to 1945 was anthropogenic.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
28. Anthropogenic means something that
    ___ a) humans can repair
    ___ b) humans cannot repair
    ___ c) will hurt humans
    ___ d) human caused
29. In the arctic, soot tends to cool the earth.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
30. The carbon cycle
    ___ a) is an effort to store carbon in underground caves.
    ___ b) describes how carbon is absorbed and emitted by the oceans, soil, plants, etc.
    ___ c) is a proposal to trade carbon credits.
31. Emissions scenarios are
    ___ a) estimates of changes in future emission levels of greenhouse gases
    ___ b) estimates of how greenhouse gasses are absorbed and emitted by nature
    ___ c) estimates of how greenhouse gasses are absorbed and emitted by the world's oceans
    ___ d) estimates of how greenhouse gasses are absorbed and emitted by agriculture
32. Stefan-Boltzmann radiation is called a negative feedback mechanism because if the sun's radiation increases, the Stefan-Boltzmann law ensures that this heat is retained by the planet.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
33. Soot tends to warm the earth when it accumulates in atmospheric brown clouds.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
34. The Reconstructed Temperature (0-2000 AD) plot in "Observed Temperature Changes" shows temperature measurements, as well as what curious feature? (See also Divergence problem)
    ___ a) the fact that the different proxy measurements deviate considerably from the average of all proxy measurements
    ___ b) a tiny gap at the end of the proxy measurements
    ___ c) the Little Ice Age being less prominent than the Medieval Warming period
    ___ d) a divergence between the tree and pollen proxy measurements
35. In the twentieth century, the rate of earth's average temperature rise was closest to
    ___ a) 0.7 °C per century
    ___ b) 0.7 °C per decade
    ___ c) 0.7 °C per year
36. The Reconstructed Temperature (0-2000 AD) plot in "Observed Temperature Changes" shows temperature measurements. The solid black line represents
    ___ a) the Little Ice Age
    ___ b) the Medieval Warming Period
    ___ c) thermometer measurements
    ___ d) tree proxy measurements
    ___ e) a 10 year average
37. The 2007 IPCC report stated that most global warming was likely being caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities. Among the science academies of the major industrialized nations, this finding was recognized by
    ___ a) 60% of the academies of science
    ___ b) all of the academies of science
    ___ c) all but the US academy of science
    ___ d) 90% of the academies of science
38. Carbon dioxide contributes more to the greenhouse effect than does water vapor.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
39. The lede's graphs of the "Global Land Ocean Temperature Index (1880-2013)" indicates that from 1960 to 2012 the average temperature increased by approximately
    ___ a) 1.6° Celsius
    ___ b) 0.6° Celsius
    ___ c) 16° Celsius
    ___ d) 0.06° Celsius
    ___ e) 0.16° Celsius
40. The lede's "CO2 Emissions per Year" graph (1990-2010) shows solid straight lines that represent
    ___ a) estimates made in the year 2000 of what would happen in the future
    ___ b) estimates of the contributions from fossil fuels alone
    ___ c) estimates of the contributions from everything except fossil fuels
    ___ d) estimates of the impact on land temperatures
41. Computer modeling has conclusively established that anthropogenic warming has occurred since 1910.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
42. Ocean temperatures are increasing more slowly than land temperatures because the oceans are absorbing less heat energy from the sun
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
43. Analysis of the uncertainties associated with feedback suggests that the "worst-case" scenario is easier to model.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
44. The lede's graph of the "Global Land Ocean Temperature Index (1880-2013)" shows little or no temperature rise over the last ____ years
    ___ a) 30
    ___ b) 100
    ___ c) 3
    ___ d) 300
    ___ e) 10
45. Depleting the ozone layer cools the stratosphere because ozone allows UV radiation to penetrate.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
46. The "Greenhouse effect schematic" in the section on "Temperature changes..." indicates that most of the energy from the Sun is absorbed by the earth's atmosphere.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
47. The lede's graph of the "Global Land Ocean Temperature Index (1880-2013)" shows that since 1920, there has never been a decade of overall cooling
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
48. Computer models accurately model feedback mechanisms associated with how the soil will retain or release CO2 as the earth warms.}
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
49. Soot tends to cool the earth when it accumulates in atmospheric brown clouds.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
50. Global dimming, caused by air-born particulates produced by volcanoes and human made pollutants
    ___ a) exerts a cooling effect by increasing the reflection of incoming sunlight
    ___ b) is more related to the ozone problem than to global warming
    ___ c) exerts a heating effect by absorbing infra-red radiation from earth's surface
51. It is expected that carbon emissions will begin to diminish in the 21st century as fossil fuel reserves begin to dwindle.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
52. The "Greenhouse effect schematic" in the section on "Temperature changes..." indicates that most of the energy from the Sun is absorbed at the earth's surface.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
53. The Stefan-Boltzmann law plays a central role in establishing a planets temperature as the sun heats the planet with thermal (infra-red) radiation adding to the other solar radiation onto the planet
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
54. Proxy temperatures measurements are defined as measurements made using measurements from space.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
55. Since 1971, 90% of earth's increased energy caused by global warming has been stored in the _____________, mostly _____________
    ___ a) sea; in the bottom kilometer
    ___ b) land; near the equators
    ___ c) air; in the water vapor
    ___ d) sea; in the top kilometer
    ___ e) land; near the poles
56. The cryosphere refers to
    ___ a) the highest mountains
    ___ b) the north and south poles
    ___ c) two of these are true
    ___ d) the upper atmosphere
57. Computer models accurately model feedback mechanisms associated with the role of clouds as a feedback mechanism.}
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
58. Compared with the first half of the twentieth century, the rate of earth's average temperature rise during the second (latter) half was
    ___ a) half as much
    ___ b) about the same
    ___ c) twice as much
59. No direct method exists that permits an independent measurement of the heat content of the oceans, other than the fact that the air is warming
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
60. Approximately what percent of global warming can be attributed to a long-term trend (since 1978) in the sun's energy?
    ___ a) 10%
    ___ b) 30%
    ___ c) 50%
    ___ d) 0%
61. "External forcings" refer to effects that can increase, but not decrease, the Earth's temperature.
    ___ a) true
    ___ b) false
62. What happens when water is heated?
    ___ a) it expands at temperatures below 3.98°C and contracts above 3.98°C
    ___ b) it absorbs CO2
    ___ c) it expands at temperatures above 3.98°C and contracts below 3.98°C

#### Key to GlobalWarmingCumulative-v2s2

1. Changes in ice-albedo refers to changes in
       - a) how much ice is melted during the summer months
       + b) how much the Earth's surface absorbs or reflects incoming sunlight
       - c) how much CO2 is absorbed by the sun
2. How is the validity of a computer model typically tested?
       - a) by making predictions about future years and seeing if they come true.
       + b) all of these are true
       - c) by verifying its ability to calculate current climate conditions.
       - d) by verifying its ability to calculate past climate conditions.
3. Water vapor contributes more to the greenhouse effect than does carbon dioxide.
       + a) true
       - b) false
4. The largest temperature increases (from 2000-2009) have occurred
       - a) near the equator
       + b) near the poles
       - c) on the ocean surface
       - d) in the western hemisphere
5. In climate science, mitigation refers to:
       - a) building systems resilient to the effects of global warming
       - b) adaptation to the effects of global warming
       + c) reduction of green house emissions
       - d) climate engineering
6. Depleting the ozone layer cools the stratosphere because ozone absorbs UV energy from the sun that heats the stratosphere.
       + a) true
       - b) false
7. The climate change community is divided between those who believe the goal should be to eliminate the earth's greenhouse effect altogether, and those who argue that we should attempt to minimize earth's greenhouse effect.
       - a) true
       + b) false
8. Greenhouse warming acts to cool the stratosphere
       + a) true
       - b) false
9. Greenhouse warming acts to warm the stratosphere
       - a) true
       + b) false
10. Analysis of the uncertainties associated with feedback suggests that the "worst-case" scenario is more difficult to model.
       + a) true
       - b) false
11. The lede's "CO2 Emissions per Year" graph (1990-2010) shows dips and rises that are caused by changes in
       + a) the world economy
       - b) the sun's energy output
       - c) the earth's distance from the sun
       - d) worldwide efforts to curtail emissions
12. The urban heat island effect refers to the fact that urban areas tend to be hotter than rural areas. The urban heat island effect is estimated to account for approximately _____ of the temperature rise over the past century.
       - a) 30%
       - b) 0.3%
       + c) 3%
       - d) 0%
13. A rise in the sea level is associated with global warming because
       - a) ice and snow melts
       + b) both of these are true
       - c) water tends to expand as it warms
14. Which external force plays the smallest role in current efforts to model global warming?
       + a) orbital cycles
       - b) greenhouse gasses
       - c) solar luminosity (i.e. variations in energy from the sun)
       - d) volcanic eruptions
15. The distinction between the urban heat island effect and land use changes is that the latter involves the earth's average temperature while the former involves only the temperature near weather stations where the measurements are made
       + a) true
       - b) false
16. The Keeling curve shows that carbon dioxide concentrations
       - a) show a steady rise in CO2 levels, at constant slope, and irregular fluctuations due associated with El Ninos and La Ninas.
       - b) show a steady rise in CO2 levels, at constant slope, and regular and predictable annual fluctuations
       + c) show a steady rise in CO2 levels, with increasing slope, and regular and predictable annual fluctuations
17. Ocean temperatures are increasing more slowly than land temperatures because oceans have more heat capacity and because evaporation cools the water.
       + a) true
       - b) false
18. "External forcings" refer to effects that can either increase or decrease, the Earth's temperature.
       - a) true
       + b) false
19. The Stefan-Boltzmann law plays a central role in establishing a planets temperature as the sun heats the planet until the thermal (infra-red) radiation away the planet rises to match the solar radiation onto the planet
       + a) true
       - b) false
20. In the arctic, soot tends to warm the earth.
       + a) true
       - b) false
21. Proxy temperatures measurements are defined as indirect inferences gathered from ice cores, tree rings, and so forth
       + a) true
       - b)false
22. Stefan-Boltzmann radiation is called a negative feedback mechanism because if the sun's radiation increases, the Stefan-Boltzmann law ensures that more heat is lost from the planet to compensate.
       + a) true
       - b) false
23. The Earth's average surface temperature rose by approximately _______ per decade over the period 1906–2005.}
       - a) 7.0°C
       + b) 0.07°C
       - c) 0.7°C
24. Compared with the second half of the twentieth century, the rate of earth's average temperature rise during the first half was
       - a) about the same
       + b) half as much
       - c) twice as much
25. in 2013, the IPCC stated that the largest driver of global warming is carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Other important sources of CO2 are
       - a) population growth and waste disposal
       - b) cement production and waste disposal
       - c) population growth
       + d) cement production and land use changes
26. Which statement is FALSE about the lede's map of the temperature anomaly (2000-2009)?
       - a) Central Europe has warmed more than the continental United States
       - b) The United States has warmed more than Australia
       - c) Northern Asia has warmed more than southern Asia
       + d) all portions of Antarctica have warmed
27. While computer modeling indicate that the warming since 1970 is dominated by man-made greenhouse gas emissions, they are unable to conclusively ascertain whether the warming from 1910 to 1945 was anthropogenic.
       + a) true
       - b) false
28. Anthropogenic means something that
       - a) humans can repair
       - b) humans cannot repair
       - c) will hurt humans
       + d) human caused
29. In the arctic, soot tends to cool the earth.
       - a) true
       + b) false
30. The carbon cycle
       - a) is an effort to store carbon in underground caves.
       + b) describes how carbon is absorbed and emitted by the oceans, soil, plants, etc.
       - c) is a proposal to trade carbon credits.
31. Emissions scenarios are
       + a) estimates of changes in future emission levels of greenhouse gases
       - b) estimates of how greenhouse gasses are absorbed and emitted by nature
       - c) estimates of how greenhouse gasses are absorbed and emitted by the world's oceans
       - d) estimates of how greenhouse gasses are absorbed and emitted by agriculture
32. Stefan-Boltzmann radiation is called a negative feedback mechanism because if the sun's radiation increases, the Stefan-Boltzmann law ensures that this heat is retained by the planet.
       - a) true
       + b) false
33. Soot tends to warm the earth when it accumulates in atmospheric brown clouds.
       - a) true
       + b) false
34. The Reconstructed Temperature (0-2000 AD) plot in "Observed Temperature Changes" shows temperature measurements, as well as what curious feature? (See also Divergence problem)
       - a) the fact that the different proxy measurements deviate considerably from the average of all proxy measurements
       + b) a tiny gap at the end of the proxy measurements
       - c) the Little Ice Age being less prominent than the Medieval Warming period
       - d) a divergence between the tree and pollen proxy measurements
35. In the twentieth century, the rate of earth's average temperature rise was closest to
       + a) 0.7 °C per century
       - b) 0.7 °C per decade
       - c) 0.7 °C per year
36. The Reconstructed Temperature (0-2000 AD) plot in "Observed Temperature Changes" shows temperature measurements. The solid black line represents
       - a) the Little Ice Age
       - b) the Medieval Warming Period
       + c) thermometer measurements
       - d) tree proxy measurements
       - e) a 10 year average
37. The 2007 IPCC report stated that most global warming was likely being caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities. Among the science academies of the major industrialized nations, this finding was recognized by
       - a) 60% of the academies of science
       + b) all of the academies of science
       - c) all but the US academy of science
       - d) 90% of the academies of science
38. Carbon dioxide contributes more to the greenhouse effect than does water vapor.
       - a) true
       + b) false
39. The lede's graphs of the "Global Land Ocean Temperature Index (1880-2013)" indicates that from 1960 to 2012 the average temperature increased by approximately
       - a) 1.6° Celsius
       + b) 0.6° Celsius
       - c) 16° Celsius
       - d) 0.06° Celsius
       - e) 0.16° Celsius
40. The lede's "CO2 Emissions per Year" graph (1990-2010) shows solid straight lines that represent
       + a) estimates made in the year 2000 of what would happen in the future
       - b) estimates of the contributions from fossil fuels alone
       - c) estimates of the contributions from everything except fossil fuels
       - d) estimates of the impact on land temperatures
41. Computer modeling has conclusively established that anthropogenic warming has occurred since 1910.
       - a) true
       + b) false
42. Ocean temperatures are increasing more slowly than land temperatures because the oceans are absorbing less heat energy from the sun
       - a) true
       + b) false
43. Analysis of the uncertainties associated with feedback suggests that the "worst-case" scenario is easier to model.
       - a) true
       + b) false
44. The lede's graph of the "Global Land Ocean Temperature Index (1880-2013)" shows little or no temperature rise over the last ____ years
       - a) 30
       - b) 100
       - c) 3
       - d) 300
       + e) 10
45. Depleting the ozone layer cools the stratosphere because ozone allows UV radiation to penetrate.
       - a) true
       + b) false
46. The "Greenhouse effect schematic" in the section on "Temperature changes..." indicates that most of the energy from the Sun is absorbed by the earth's atmosphere.
       - a) true
       + b) false
47. The lede's graph of the "Global Land Ocean Temperature Index (1880-2013)" shows that since 1920, there has never been a decade of overall cooling
       - a) true
       + b) false
48. Computer models accurately model feedback mechanisms associated with how the soil will retain or release CO2 as the earth warms.}
       - a) true
       + b) false
49. Soot tends to cool the earth when it accumulates in atmospheric brown clouds.
       + a) true
       - b) false
50. Global dimming, caused by air-born particulates produced by volcanoes and human made pollutants
       + a) exerts a cooling effect by increasing the reflection of incoming sunlight
       - b) is more related to the ozone problem than to global warming
       - c) exerts a heating effect by absorbing infra-red radiation from earth's surface
51. It is expected that carbon emissions will begin to diminish in the 21st century as fossil fuel reserves begin to dwindle.
       - a) true
       + b) false
52. The "Greenhouse effect schematic" in the section on "Temperature changes..." indicates that most of the energy from the Sun is absorbed at the earth's surface.
       + a) true
       - b) false
53. The Stefan-Boltzmann law plays a central role in establishing a planets temperature as the sun heats the planet with thermal (infra-red) radiation adding to the other solar radiation onto the planet
       - a) true
       + b) false
54. Proxy temperatures measurements are defined as measurements made using measurements from space.
       - a) true
       + b) false
55. Since 1971, 90% of earth's increased energy caused by global warming has been stored in the _____________, mostly _____________
       - a) sea; in the bottom kilometer
       - b) land; near the equators
       - c) air; in the water vapor
       + d) sea; in the top kilometer
       - e) land; near the poles
56. The cryosphere refers to
       - a) the highest mountains
       - b) the north and south poles
       + c) two of these are true
       - d) the upper atmosphere
57. Computer models accurately model feedback mechanisms associated with the role of clouds as a feedback mechanism.}
       - a) true
       + b) false
58. Compared with the first half of the twentieth century, the rate of earth's average temperature rise during the second (latter) half was
       - a) half as much
       - b) about the same
       + c) twice as much
59. No direct method exists that permits an independent measurement of the heat content of the oceans, other than the fact that the air is warming
       - a) true
       + b) false
60. Approximately what percent of global warming can be attributed to a long-term trend (since 1978) in the sun's energy?
       - a) 10%
       - b) 30%
       - c) 50%
       + d) 0%
61. "External forcings" refer to effects that can increase, but not decrease, the Earth's temperature.
       - a) true
       + b) false
62. What happens when water is heated?
       - a) it expands at temperatures below 3.98°C and contracts above 3.98°C
       - b) it absorbs CO2
       + c) it expands at temperatures above 3.98°C and contracts below 3.98°C

   ##### Attribution (for quiz questions) under CC-by-SA license

    http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/How_things_work_college_course/Global_warming_quizzes
    http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=How_things_work_college_course/Global_warming_quiz_1&oldid=1213651

   ##### Study guide

    http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_warming&oldid=618541358