OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Causes/Deficiencies/Glutathione

   Glutathione (GSH) is an antioxidant, preventing damage to important cellular components caused by |reactive oxygen species such as free radicals and peroxides. All human cells have the capability of synthesising GSH but the principal source has been shown to be the liver.

## Research

2011
Garrido et al evaluated the effects of raising and lowering glutathione levels in rats. They found that in both cases the nigral neurons deteriorated and resulted in the development of Parkinsonian symptoms. They postulated that a glutathione imbalance might be a cause of the disease and its proper regulation might be considered as a viable therapy.

## Further Reading

2007
Zeevalk, G.D.; Manzino, L.; Sonsalla, P.K. and Bernard, L. P. Full Text Exp Neurol. 203 (2): 512–520.
Characterization of intracellular elevation of glutathione (GSH) with glutathione monoethyl ester and GSH in brain and neuronal cultures: Relevance to Parkinson’s disease
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1839874/?tool=pmcentrez
2009
Kaur, Deepinder; Donna Lee, Donna; Ragapolan, Subramanian and Andersen, Julie K. Full Text Free Radic. Biol. Med. 46(5): 593–598.
Glutathione depletion in immortalized midbrain-derived dopaminergic neurons results in increases in the labile iron pool: Implications for Parkinson's disease.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2676727/?tool=pmcentrez
Lee, Donna W.; Kaur, Deepinder; Chinta, Shankar J.; Rajagopalan, Subramanian and Andersen, Julie K. Full Text Antioxid. Redox Signal. 11(9): 2083–2094.
A Disruption in Iron-Sulfur Center Biogenesis via Inhibition of Mitochondrial Dithiol Glutaredoxin 2 May Contribute to Mitochondrial and Cellular Iron Dysregulation in Mammalian Glutathione-Depleted Dopaminergic Cells: Implications for Parkinson's Disease
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2819798/?tool=pmcentrez
Today
   Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Glutathione.
   This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
Pubmed (abstracts)
Pubmed_Central (Full_Text)
Google_Scholar

## Related Pages

Glucathione (GSH),--
# Theories of counseling

This psychology resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
Different theories of counseling inform practitioners about how to work with their clients to facility positive change and outcomes. There are quite a few different theories of counseling. There are many different similarities and differences between different theories of counseling.

## General

* w:Counseling
* w:Psychotherapy
* w:History of psychotherapy
* w:List of counseling topics

## Theories, therapies, and other things

* w:Person-centered psychotherapy
* w:Cognitive psychology
* w:Psychodynamic psychotherapy
* w:Cognitive behavioral therapy
* w:Existential therapy
* w:Brief therapy
* w:Gestalt therapy
* w:Behaviour therapy
* w:Dialectical behavioral therapy
* w:Integrative Psychotherapy
* w:Multitheoretical Psychotherapy
* w:Psychodynamics
* w:Cognitive therapy
* w:Family therapy
* w:Solution focused brief therapy
* w:Adlerian
* w:List of psychotherapies
* w:Motivational interviewing
* w:REBT (Rational Emotive Behavioral therapy)
* w:RCT (Relational Cultural Theory)

## People

* w:Sigmund Freud
* w:Erik Erikson
* w:Carl Rogers
* w:Irvin D. Yalom
* w:Rollo May
* w:Fritz Perls
* w:Alfred Adler
* w:Wilhelm Wundt
# The periodic table/Fluorine
## Quick Facts

| Name: Fluorine Symbol: F Atomic number: 9 Atomic Mass: 79.904 amu Classification: Group 17 (Halogen) | Protons: 9 Electrons: 9 Neutrons: 10 Color: Green | Crystal Structure: Cubic Melting Point: -219.62 °C Boiling Point: -188.14 °C |
# The periodic table/Francium
## Discovery

Francium was discovered by Marguerite Derey of the Curie Institute in Paris in 1939.

## Quick Facts

| Name: francium atom Symbol: Fr Atomic Mass: 223 amu Classification: group 1 (alkali metal) | Protons: 87 Electrons: 87 Neutrons: 136 Colour: unknown Discovered in: 1939 | Density: 1.87 g/cm$^3$ Crystal Structure: cubic Melting Point: 27 °C (300 K) Boiling Point: 677 °C (950 K) Common Uses: scientific research (only) |

## External Links

This element is a stub. Learn how you can help Wikiversity to expand it. (See other stubs here)
# The periodic table/Gold
## Discovery

Gold was discovered in ancient times. One reason for why Gold is so precious is the fact that Gold can stay perfect/shiny for a long time. Pop a penny in a dusty place in your car, that penny is disgusting! While a Roman gold coin is still shiny after years and years.

## Quick Facts

Name: gold atom
Symbol: Au
Atomic Mass: 196.9665
Classification: transition metal
Protons: 79
Neutrons: 118
Electrons: 79
Colour: gold
Discovery in: ancient
Density: 19.3 g/cc
Crystal Structure: cubic
Melting Point: 1064.18 °C (1337.33 K, 1947.52 °F)
Boiling Point: 2856 °C (3129 K, 5173 °F)
Common Uses: jewelery, dentistry, electronics, medicine, glass, awards, decorations

## See Also

This element is a stub. Learn how you can help Wikiversity to expand it. (See other stubs here)
# The periodic table/Chlorine
## Quick Facts

| Name: Chlorine Symbol: Cl Date of Discovery: 1774 Discoverer: Carl Wilhelm Scheele Atomic number: 17 Atomic Mass: 35.4527 amu Classification: Group 17 (Halogen) | Protons: 17 Electrons: 17 Neutrons: 18 Color: Green | Crystal Structure: Orthorhombic Melting Point: -100.98 °C Boiling Point: -34.6 °C Common uses Used in chlorinating water, production of acid (HCl), in cells and batteries. |
# The periodic table/Halogens

Halogens:
* Flourine
* Hlorine
* Chlorine
* Chlorine's Brother
* Bromine
* Iodine
* Astatine
* Tennessine

## Other resources

* Reactions of ionic halides
# The periodic table/Calcium
## Discovery

Calcium was discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808.

## Quick Facts

| Name: calcium atom Symbol: Ca Atomic Mass: 40 Classification: alkaline earth metals | Protons: 20 Electrons: 20 Neutrons: 20 Color: silvery | Discovery in: 1808 Density: 1.55 g/cm$^3$ Crystal Structure: cubic Melting Point: 839.0 °C Boiling Point: 1484.0 °C Common Uses: reducing agents, alloying agents |
# The periodic table/Cesium

Cesium (US), or caesium, is a chemical element.

## Discovery

Two German scientists (Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen), in 1860, discovered Cesium in samples of mineral water in Bad Dürkheim, a spa town in Germany. Because of two blue lines from its emission spectrum, they chose the name, caesius, which is Latin for "sky blue".

## Quick Facts

| Name: Cesium Symbol: Cs Date of Discovery: 1860 Discoverer: Fustov Kirchoff Atomic number: 55 Atomic Mass: 132.90546 amu | Classification: Alkaline Metal Protons: 55 Electrons: 55 Neutrons: 78 Color: Silver | Crystal Structure: Cubic Melting Point: 28.5 °C Boiling Point: 678.4 °C |
# The periodic table/Bromine
## Discovery

Bromine was discovered by Antoine J. Balard in France in 1826.

## Quick Facts

| Name: Bromine Atom Symbol: Br Atomic Mass: 79.904 amu Classification: Group 7 (Halogens) | Protons: 35 Electrons: 35 Neutrons: 45 Color: Reddish-Brown Discovery in: 1826 | Density: 3.1 g/cm$^3$ Crystal Structure: Orthorhombic Melting Point: -7 °C (266 K) Boiling Point: 59 °C (332 K) Common Uses: Gasoline antiknock mixtures, fumigants, poisons, dyes, medicinals, photographic chemicals, brominated vegetable oil |
# Vector bundles and tight closure (Triest 2023)/Tight closure/Curve/Degree bound for inclusion/Strongly semistable/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Theorem 2.11
# Vector bundles and tight closure (Triest 2023)/Tight closure/Localization/Geometric deformation over one-dimensional domain/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Proposition 4.2
# Vector bundles and tight closure (Triest 2023)/Tight closure/Monsky-quartic/Explicit non-inclusion/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Lemma 4.4
# Vector bundles and tight closure (Triest 2023)/Torsor over curve/Strong Harder-Narasimhan filtration/Affineness criterion/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Theorem 2.12
# Vector bundles and tight closure (Triest 2023)/Torsor over projective curve/Strongly semistable/Affineness criterion/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Theorem 2.10
# Web 2.0 for Professional Use/E-Mail/Basic Parts of Professional E-mails
## Basic Parts of Professional E-mails

When writing professional e-mails, there are five basic parts- Subject, Salutation, Body, Closing and Signature. The following provides a general description of what is required in each part to effectively communicate via e-mail. Attachments are also addressed at the end of this section.
Subject- It is important to include a clear, accurate, descriptive subject line. Be sure not to make an e-mail seem urgent unless it actually is.
Salutation- In the salutation, you address the person to whom you are writing. There are various ways of addressing a person:
* Dear Mr. Smith-- For this, you must be 100 percent positive that you have the gender of the recipient correct. If you’ve never seen the recipient in-person, this could be risky.
* Dear Dr. Smith-- This salutation is correct only if the recipient has earned a doctorate or a medical or dental degree.
* Dear Professor Smith-- This salutation is only correct if the recipient has earned a doctorate.
* Dear John-- This salutation is only correct if you know the recipient personally.
* Dear Customer, Client or Colleague-- These salutations are less personal but also less offensive.$^1$
Body- The body should be kept as concise as possible. E-mail is used for quick communication; therefore, if it is over two or three screens, then the information should be communicated with a telephone call.
Tone: In general, e-mails should be written with the same tone as a formal, hand-written letter, especially in the professional world. However, the tone depends on the writer’s relationship to the recipient of the message. There are a few guiding rules:
* If the writer has a personal relationship with the recipient, then the salutation, tone and closing of the letter can be more casual and conversational.
* If the letter is being sent to a person higher on the food chain in the organization or is a stranger, then the letter needs to be formal. The most casual tone is used when writing on the peer level.$^1$
Format: Lists are often helpful when writing e-mails, as they make information easier to read.
Closing- All e-mails should include a complimentary statement that appears above the signature. The greater the personal relationship, the less formal the complimentary statement.
* More formal closing statements: Sincerely, Respectfully Yours, Respectfully
* Less formal closing statements: Best Regards, Cordially Yours
The closing of an e-mail can also include an urge to action or an offer of further help, depending on the purpose of the e-mail.$^1$
Signature- Can include the sender’s formal name, title, company and additional contact information (address, telephone, cell phone, fax, Web site, etc.). All of these parts are not required, but depending on the situation, many or all of them are helpful.
Attachments- Avoid attachments if at all possible. When they must be used, make sure the file is sent in the most general format available, ensuring the maximum number of recipients will be able to open the document.
# Web 2.0 tools for teaching and learning/Blogging

What are some possible applications of blogging in teaching and learning?

### Discussion

* Staying abreast of trends in a fast-moving field by seeing which topics are being talked about the most. Anarchyandy 02:59, 22 April 2008 (UTC)
# Web 2.0 tools for teaching and learning/Blogs

What are some possible applications of blogging in teaching and learning?

### Discussion

* Staying abreast of trends in a fast-moving field by seeing which topics are being talked about the most. ~Drew
# Web 2.0 for Professional Use/E-Mail
## E-mail for Web 2.0 Professional Use

E-mail is one of the most common communication methods within the professional world today. Therefore, it is important to know the best, most effective ways to use the tool professionally when corresponding with others in the business world.
This page was created for viewers to gain a better understanding of using e-mail appropriately in the professional, business world. A tool, like e-mail, is only as powerful as the person operating it; therefore, it is important that the people writing, sending, and receiving e-mails are doing so effectively. This page serves to educate and guide the senders of e-mails on the basic construction of professional e-mails, general e-mail do's and don'ts, and professional Web etiquette when looking for a job.
Because of the transition in professional communication to e-mail, every legit professional has an e-mail address nowadays. If you are trying to reach a professional but do not know his or her e-mail address, here are three easy ways to acquire it:
1. Call and ask the receptionist.
2. Go to the company Web site and extrapolate.
* If you have JSmith@companywebsite.com, then all employees are in that format.
3. Ninety percent of the time it will follow one of three formats:
* JohnSmith@companywebsite.com, JSmith@companywebsite.com or JohnS@companywebsite.com.
* To ensure that you have reached the person, you can send it to all three of these possible addresses because the recipient won’t see the unsuccessful attempts
Basic Parts of Professional E-mails
General E-mail Do's and Don'ts
Professional Web Etiquette When Looking for a Job
# Web 2.0 tools for teaching and learning

Welcome to the learning project on Web 2.0 Tools for Teaching and Learning!

## Learning project summary

* Portal: Portal:Learning Projects
* School: School:Free Learning
* Topic: Topic:Web 2.0

## Goals

The Internet is transforming rapidly, guided by grand visions that are challenging traditional models of teaching and learning. This project seeks to explore these trends, identifying and generating practical applications for Web 2.0 tools and principles.

## Course
### Learning materials

* Wikiversity: Web 2.0

### Readings and other resources

* w: Web 2.0

### Learning Activities

* Web 2.0 Tools for Teaching & Learning Presentation
* Lesson 1: What is Web 2.0?
* Lesson 2: What tools are available?
* Lesson 3: Social bookmarking
* Lesson 4: Wikis
* Lesson 5: Image & video sharing
* Lesson 6: Blogs
* Lesson 7: Others
# Web 2.0 for Professional Use/Social Media/LinkedIn

LinkedIn: Professional networking made easy
Unlike MySpace and Facebook—sites founded purely for social networking—LinkedIn is an increasingly popular place for professionals to connect with others within their fields and related industries. Users put up Profiles that are abbreviated resumes, containing their current and former places of employment, educational background, links to any company or personal websites, and public profile. Connections are made to other users through issuing and accepting invitations. Through primary and secondary connections, users can link up with others, be introduced to others through the connections, and explore available jobs. Groups can also be formed, based on common interests, educational institutions, or employment sites.
Basic personal accounts are free on LinkedIn. Upgraded accounts are available that increase the number of Introductions one can make and enable a feature called InMails. These are private messages that users can send to other users about business and career opportunities. If a user is receiving an InMail from someone not in their network (connections), the sender’s identity is hidden until the message has been accepted.
LinkedIn includes features common in social networking sites, such as what types of updates your connections have made to their accounts or networks today, yesterday, or last week. However, walls for making comments and places to post photographs are missing here, as the main focus of LinkedIn is professional rather than social networking. News articles relevant to a company are posted by the site and can be posted by users. These articles can be also recommended by users. This triggers an alert to go out to coworkers at a company.
# Web 2.0 for Professional Use/Blogs and Blogging/Web hosting

Web Hosting

## Registering a domain name
#### Choosing a domain name

The first step in creating a professional website is choosing an appropriate domain name. For a website meant to serve as a home for your personal blog, portfolio, resume and contact information, your full name is a good place to start. Creating a domain should be like naming a business: a straightforward, easy-to-remember name will insure that visitors don't forget the name of your website. Of course, creativity can be equally effective. Judge your audience and name your website accordingly.
Every domain registrar will allow you to check and see if a domain name is available to be registered. Though there are many top-level domains to choose from, but there is little reason to choose an extension other than .com for a personal website.

#### Where to register

There's no one clear answer as to the best place to go to register a domain name. Be wary of sites that offer low prices - make sure you're getting a deal, and not getting shoddy service. Many web hosts will also register a domain name for you, along with your hosting account.
Below are some commonly-used domain name registrars.
* GoDaddy
* Yahoo!
* Moniker
* Name
* Dominioweb
* INC
* Tecnoinver
* HostingLatam

#### Choosing a web host

As with domain name registrars, there is no definitive answer as to the single best web host. Most hosts will offer shared hosting, where your website is stored on a remote server along with other websites. While this does not offer you as many options as VPS (Virtual Private Server) hosting or dedicated hosting, it is the most cost-effective solution for a small or personal website.
See also articles on Finances Online and TechRadar for reviews of web hosting providers.
# Wireshark/Start

Wireshark is a free and open source packet analyzer used for network troubleshooting and analysis. These activities will show you how to use Wireshark to start a network capture.

## Preparation

To prepare for this activity, make sure Wireshark is already installed.

## Activity 1 - Start Wireshark

Two different methods for starting Wireshark are available. These include the Start menu and the Run command box.

### Method 1 - Start Menu

To start Wireshark using the Start menu:
* Open the Start menu.
* Select All Programs.
* Select Wireshark.

### Method 2 - Run Command

To start Wireshark using the Run command box:
* Open the Start menu or press the Windows key + R.
* Type Wireshark in the Run command box.
* Press Enter.

## Activity 2 - Open the Capture Interfaces Dialog Box

Three different methods for opening the Capture Interfaces dialog box are available. These include the Capture menu, the Capture Interfaces toolbar button, and the Capture Interfaces keyboard shortcut.

### Method 1 - Capture Menu

To open the Capture Interfaces dialog box using the Capture menu:
* Select the Capture menu.
* Select Interfaces.

### Method 2 - Capture Interfaces Toolbar Button

To open the Capture Interfaces dialog box using the Capture interfaces Toolbar button:
* Locate the toolbar button with the help text List the available capture interfaces. This should be the first toolbar button on the left.
* Click the Capture Interfaces toolbar button.

### Method 3 - Capture Interfaces Keyboard Shortcut

To open the Capture Interfaces dialog box using the Capture interfaces keyboard shortcut:
* Press <Ctrl> + I.

## Activity 3 - Start a Wireshark Capture

To start a Wireshark capture from the Capture Interfaces dialog box:
* Observe the available interfaces. If you have multiple interfaces displayed, look for the interface with the highest packet count. This is your most active network interface.
* Select the interface you want to use for the capture using the check box on the left.
* Select Start to begin the capture.
# Wireshark/Stop

Wireshark is a free and open source packet analyzer used for network troubleshooting and analysis. These activities will show you how to stop a Wireshark capture.

## Readings

* Wireshark: User's Guide

## Preparation

To prepare for this activity:
* Start Windows.
* Log in if necessary.
* Install Wireshark.
* Start a Wireshark capture.

## Activity 1 - Stop a Wireshark Capture

Three different methods for stopping a Wireshark capture are available. These include the Capture menu, the Stop Capture toolbar button, and the Stop Capture keyboard shortcut.

### Method 1 - Capture Menu

To stop a Wireshark capture using the Capture menu:
* Select the Capture menu.
* Select Stop.

### Method 2 - Stop Capture Toolbar Button

To stop a Wireshark capture using the Stop Capture toolbar button:
* Locate the toolbar button with the help text Stop the running live capture. This should be the fourth toolbar button from the left.
* Click the Stop Capture toolbar button.

### Method 3 - Stop Capture Keyboard Shortcut

To stop a Wireshark capture using the Stop Capture keyboard shortcut:
* Press <Ctrl> + E.
# Wireshark/IPv6 remote

Wireshark is a free and open source packet analyzer used for network troubleshooting and analysis. These activities will show you how to use Wireshark to capture and analyze remote IPv6 traffic.

## Readings

* Wikipedia: IPv6

## Preparation

To prepare for this activity:
* Start Windows.
* Log in if necessary.
* Install Wireshark.

## Activity 1 - Capture Remote IPv6 Traffic

To capture remote IPv6 traffic:
* Start a Wireshark capture.
* Use ping 2001:4860:4860::8888 to ping an Internet host by IPv6 address.
* Stop the Wireshark capture.

## Activity 2 - Analyze Remote IPv6 Outbound Traffic

To analyze remote IPv6 outbound traffic:
* Observe the traffic captured in the top Wireshark packet list pane. Look for traffic with ICMPv6 listed as the protocol. To view only ICMPv6 traffic, type icmpv6 (lower case) in the Filter box and press Enter.
* Select the first ICMPv6 packet, labeled Echo (ping) request.
* Observe the packet details in the middle Wireshark packet details pane. Notice that it is an Ethernet II / Internet Protocol Version 6 / Internet Control Message Protocol v6 frame.
* Expand Ethernet II to view Ethernet details.
* Observe the Destination field. This should contain the MAC address of your default gateway. You can use netsh interface ipv6 show neighbors to confirm. Notice that remote Internet layer traffic is processed as local Link layer traffic. The default gateway will route the packet to the Internet.
* Observe the Source field. This should contain your MAC address. You can use ipconfig /all or getmac to confirm.
* Observe the Type field. Notice that the type is 0x86dd, indicating IPv6.
* Expand Internet Protocol Version 6 to view IPv6 details.
* Observe the Source address. Notice that the source address is your IPv6 address.
* Observe the Destination address. Notice that the destination address is the Internet host IPv6 address.

## Activity 3 - Analyze Remote IPv6 Inbound Traffic

To analyze remote IPv6 inbound traffic:
* In the top Wireshark packet list pane, select the next ICMPv6 packet, labeled Echo (ping) reply.
* Observe the packet details in the middle Wireshark packet details pane. Notice that it is an Ethernet II / Internet Protocol Version 6 / Internet Control Message Protocol v6 frame.
* Expand Ethernet II to view Ethernet details.
* Observe the Destination field. This should contain your MAC address.
* Observe the Source field. This should contain the MAC address of your default gateway. Notice that the remote Internet layer traffic is returned as local Link layer traffic. The routers between the Internet host and your network routed the packet back to your router so that it could forward the packet back to your computer.
* Observe the Type field. Notice that the type is 0x86dd, indicating IPv6.
* Expand Internet Protocol Version 6 to view IPv6 details.
* Observe the Source address. Notice that the source address is the Internet host IPv6 address.
* Observe the Destination address. Notice that the destination address is your IPv6 address.
* Close Wireshark to complete this activity. Quit without Saving to discard the captured traffic.