OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sets/Numbers/Introduction/Section

Mathematical structures like numbers are described as sets. A set is a collection of distinct objects which are called the elements of the set. By distinct we mean that it is clear which objects are considered to be equal and which are considered to be different. The containment of an element $x$ to a set $M$ is expressed by
    $x\in M\,,$
the noncontainment by
    $x\notin M\,.$
For every element, exactly one of these possibilities holds. For example, we have ${\frac {3}{7}}\notin \mathbb {N}$ and ${\frac {3}{7}}\in \mathbb {Q}$. An important principle for sets is the principle of extensionality, i.e. a set is determined by the elements it contains, beyond that it bears no further information. In particular, two sets coincide if they contain the same elements.
The set which does not contain any element is called the empty set and is denoted by
    $\emptyset .$
A set $N$ is called a subset of a set $M$ if every element from $N$ does also belong to $M$. For this relation we write $N\subseteq M$ (some people write $N\subset M$ for this). One also says that the inclusion $N\subseteq M$ holds. For the number sets, the inclusions
    $\mathbb {N} \subseteq \mathbb {Z} \subseteq \mathbb {Q} \subseteq \mathbb {R} \,$
hold. The subset relation $N\subseteq M$ is a statement using for all, as it makes a claim about all elements from $N$. If we want to show $N\subseteq M$, then we have to show for an arbitrary element $x\in N$ that also the containment $x\in M$ holds. In order to show this, we are only allowed to use the property $x\in N$. For us, sets will be either number sets or sets constructed from such number sets. A set is called finite if its elements may be counted by the natural numbers $1,2,3,\ldots ,n$ for a certain $n\in \mathbb {N}$. In this case, the number $n$ is called the number (or the cardinality) of the set.
# Statics/Introduction to Statical Principles and Methods for Solving

Assignment 1 Introduction to Statical Principles and Methods for Solving
Questions:
* What does it mean for a design of members to be "Statically indeterminable"?
* What is a "Two force Member"?
* How many forces are allowed on a member?
# Static electricity/Static electricity safety
## Problem

Static electricity scares people into not experimenting with it. Respect for this project has to start by respecting these fears and addressing them. Create and administer a survey of people's fears. Without this, static electricity projects turn into a type of "I dare you" game that only the unstable and those willing to risk harm for attention participate in.
Background video

## Concept

Find objects such as jello or fruit that act like the human body electrically. Figure out how to detect and even measure damage. Focus on the current moving as a result of discharge. Perform and document experiments associated with very little current causing the heart to stop, medium amounts of current that damage nerves and lots of current that cooks.
Develop a tests of mats that insulate one from what is underneath. Do this rather than spending $2000 on one.

## Design

Focused Impedance Measurement (FIM) design should be leveraged.
Electrical stimulus could have uncovered some current and voltage upper limits.

## Implement

Review ESD materials to figure out which apply particularly to working with High voltage static electricity.
Search for test protocols for rubber gloves, matting and blankets .. and testing standards in general at ASTM, not Antistatic mats .. these testing standards should be available through libraries at major engineering universities. For example, where does this table come from? Is it even relevant?
| Class of Equipment | Maximum Voltage (AC, RMS) |
| 0 | 1,000 |
| 1 | 7,500 |
| 2 | 17,000 |
| 3 | 26,500 |
| 4 | 36,000 |

## Operate

Worry about computers, sound systems and other electronics that could be damaged by static electric demo's. How far away do they need to be? What is the shielding requirement of modern laptops, sound systems? How do these shielding requirements translate into feet? Is the shielding designed for far field or near field or both?

## Demo

Presentation

## Next Steps

* Interview people, collect opinions about electricity, safety .. see if can focus on static electricity
* Build review of static safety with references in wikipedia style
* How radiated energy from model human body destroys circuits has nothing to do with this
* Summarize High-Voltage Power Line Saftey
* Simulate the human body so that static electricity behaves around the simulation like it would around a human body.
* Develop a theory of operation for Focused Imepdance Measurement
* Find common practice electrical stimulus upper voltage and current limits for AC and DC.
* Review ESD materials to figure out why apply to protecting equipment and people in possible static electricity demos
* Develop a test of protective matting .. that protects from static discharge
* Draw diagrams explaining how discharging/charging through a key protects the human body
* Research static electricity tests at ASTM
* Try to answer the question .. How far away should computers and sound systems be from static demonstrations?
# Static electricity/Static motors
## Problem

Most motors used today use magnetic fields to create the motion. But it is possible to create motors that run off static fields. Why is a stationary electric field not used as much as a stationary magnetic field?

## Conceive

* soda can video
* plastic bottles with generator video
* video plastic bottles with wimshurst
* cyclotron video
* wireless operation

## Design

The designs appear to be easy to create from the videos.

## Implement

Try to build each of the designs in the videos.

## Operate

The goal is to operate with a minature whimshusrt machine built from a soda bottle as in one of the videos. This way an external whimshurt machine is not needed.

## Demo

presentation

## Next Steps

* Get the existing static motors working again
* Build new soda bottle motor with soda bottle generator
* Build can version
* Build cyclotron
# Static electricity/Measuring high voltages
## Problem

How are voltages of 600,000 volts measured? The actual voltage created during static discharge to a doorknob may be measurable.

## Conceive

Looking at the length of the spark, the voltage can be estimated. But there has to be a way to measure the actual voltage. Requirements are:
* convincing safety precautions
* certification tutorial
* demonstration video

## Design

Show how measuring voltage is done by measuring how far apart leaves of metal become in the presence of the static field.
Draw diagrams showing how the high voltage probe should be connected to a DVM and to the high voltage source.

## Implement

The HP High Voltage Divider Probe (Model 3411A) is to be used to extend a DC voltmeter's measurement range by a factor of 1000.
    A manual for it can be found here
    It is recommended that the operation section of the manual be read for safe operation

## Operate

The probe is designed to allow a normal voltmeter, such as one that has a range of 0-20 volts, to measure voltages 1000 times the original, extending the range to 0-20k volts.
    Maximum Voltage: 40k volts
    A division ratio of 1000:1, meaning any voltage measured will be stepped down by a factor of 1000.
    The voltmeter will read out should be multiplied by 1000, so If 15.2 is displayed, it means the voltage measured is 15200 volts.
    Hook up the COM lead to the voltmeter common (ground) and input terminals.
    Ensure to clamp the earth ground lead to an earth ground, such as a grounded metal door frame.

## Demo

* Presentation
* Video

## Next Steps

* Review high voltage safety
* Find procedures at NIST
* Develop test procedure
* Predict test statistical results
* Generate static on balloons, human body and measure
# Static electricity/Static Lifters
## Conceive

video

## Design

* 30KV powersupply
* lifter
# Statics

Part of the Division of Applied Mechanics and the School of Engineering

## Content summary

The study of Statics is the fundamental examination of the effects of forces upon objects. Often referred to as the primary discipline within the field of Engineering Mechanics, statics explores the behavior of bodies that are at rest or move at a constant velocity. Dynamics is the subsequent study of bodies moving at a variable velocity (accelerating or decelerating).

## Prerequisites
#### Mathematics

* Algebra
* Trigonometry
* Calculus

#### Physics

* Introduction to physics
* Classical Mechanics

## Learning Materials
### Texts

* b:Statics

### Statics Lessons

* Free Body Diagrams
* Force Systems
* Force Equilibrium
* Structures
* Beams
* Friction

## Assignments
### Preliminary Study guide

* Wikipedia article:Statics
* Wikipedia article:Force
* Wikipedia article:Particle
* Wikipedia article:Rigid Body
* Wikipedia article:Vector
* Wikipedia article:Newton's laws
* Wikipedia article:Units
* Wikipedia article:Free Body Diagram

### Readings

* Peruse the appropriate sections of b:Statics

### Activities

* Pass the "Concept Assesment Tool for Statics" Test; Carnegie Mellon
* Assignment 1: Introduction to Statical Principles and Methods for Solving

#### Extra credit

Solve the following: A ladder stands on a rough horizontal floor and against a "perfectly" smooth vertical wall. The ladder makes 30° with the vertical. A man weighing 209.4 lb stands halfway up the ladder. Assuming the ladder does not slip on the floor, find:
* The reaction between ladder and wall.
* The reaction and magnitude of the reaction of the floor on the ladder.
Take g=9.8m/s^2 & 209.439 pounds = 95 kg
# Wireshark/ICMPv6 Echo

Wireshark is a free and open source packet analyzer used for network troubleshooting and analysis. These activities will show you how to use Wireshark to capture and analyze Internet Control Message Protocol Version 6 (ICMPv6) Echo traffic.

## Readings

* Wikipedia: Internet Control Message Protocol Version 6 (ICMPv6)

## Preparation

To prepare for this activity:
* Start Windows.
* Log in if necessary.
* Install Wireshark.

## Activity 1 - Capture ICMPv6 Echo Traffic

To capture ICMPv6 Echo traffic:
* Start a Wireshark capture.
* Use ping 2001:4860:4860::8888 to ping one of Google's public IPv6 DNS servers.
* Stop the Wireshark capture.

## Activity 2 - Analyze ICMPv6 Echo Request Traffic

To analyze ICMPv6 Echo Request traffic:
* Observe the traffic captured in the top Wireshark packet list pane. Look for traffic with ICMPv6 listed as the protocol. To view only ICMPv6 traffic, type icmpv6 (lower case) in the Filter box and press Enter.
* Select the first ICMPv6 packet, labeled Echo (ping) request.
* Observe the packet details in the middle Wireshark packet details pane. Notice that it is an Ethernet II / Internet Protocol Version 6 / Internet Control Message Protocol v6 frame. Note if you are using an IPv6 tunnel, your IPv6 packet may be encapsulated inside an IPv4 or UDP packet.
* Expand Internet Control Message Protocol v6 to view ICMPv6 details.
* Observe the Type. Notice that the type is Echo (ping) request (128).
* Select Data in the middle Wireshark packet details pane to highlight the data portion of the frame.
* Observe the packet contents in the bottom Wireshark packet bytes pane. Notice that Windows sends an alphabet sequence during ping requests.

## Activity 3 - Analyze ICMPv6 Echo Reply Traffic

To analyze ICMPv6 Echo Reply traffic:
* In the top Wireshark packet list pane, select the second ICMP packet, labeled Echo (ping) reply.
* Observe the packet details in the middle Wireshark packet details pane. Notice that it is an Ethernet II / Internet Protocol Version 6 / Internet Control Message Protocol v6 frame. Again, if you are using an IPv6 tunnel, your IPv6 packet may be encapsulated inside an IPv4 or UDP packet.
* Expand Internet Control Message Protocol v6 to view ICMPv6 details.
* Observe the Type. Notice that the type is Echo (ping) reply (129).
* Select Data in the middle Wireshark packet details pane to highlight the data portion of the frame.
* Observe the packet contents in the bottom Wireshark packet bytes pane. Notice that the reply echoes the request sequence.
* Close Wireshark to complete this activity. Quit without Saving to discard the captured traffic.
# Wireshark/ICMP Echo

Wireshark is a free and open source packet analyzer used for network troubleshooting and analysis. These activities will show you how to use Wireshark to capture and analyze Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Echo traffic.

## Readings

* Wikipedia: Internet Control Message Protocol

## Preparation

To prepare for this activity:
* Start Windows.
* Log in if necessary.
* Install Wireshark.

## Activity 1 - Capture ICMP Echo Traffic

To capture ICMP Echo traffic:
* Start a Wireshark capture.
* Use ping <default gateway address> to ping the default gateway address.
* Stop the Wireshark capture.

## Activity 2 - Analyze ICMP Echo Request Traffic

To analyze ICMP Echo Request traffic:
* Observe the traffic captured in the top Wireshark packet list pane. Look for traffic with ICMP listed as the protocol. To view only ICMP traffic, type icmp (lower case) in the Filter box and press Enter.
* Select the first ICMP packet, labeled Echo (ping) request.
* Observe the packet details in the middle Wireshark packet details pane. Notice that it is an Ethernet II / Internet Protocol Version 4 / Internet Control Message Protocol frame.
* Expand Internet Control Message Protocol to view ICMP details.
* Observe the Type. Notice that the type is 8 (Echo (ping) request).
* Select Data in the middle Wireshark packet details pane to highlight the data portion of the frame.
* Observe the packet contents in the bottom Wireshark packet bytes pane. Notice that Windows sends an alphabet sequence during ping requests.

## Activity 3 - Analyze ICMP Echo Reply Traffic

To analyze ICMP Echo Reply traffic:
* In the top Wireshark packet list pane, select the second ICMP packet, labeled Echo (ping) reply.
* Observe the packet details in the middle Wireshark packet details pane. Notice that it is an Ethernet II / Internet Protocol Version 4 / Internet Control Message Protocol frame.
* Expand Internet Control Message Protocol to view ICMP details.
* Observe the Type. Notice that the type is 0 (Echo (ping) reply).
* Select Data in the middle Wireshark packet details pane to highlight the data portion of the frame.
* Observe the packet contents in the bottom Wireshark packet bytes pane. Notice that the reply echoes the request sequence.
* Close Wireshark to complete this activity. Quit without Saving to discard the captured traffic.
# Wireshark/Ethernet

Wireshark is a free and open source packet analyzer used for network troubleshooting and analysis. These activities will show you how to use Wireshark to capture and analyze Ethernet traffic.

## Readings

* Wikipedia: Ethernet
* Wikipedia: Ethernet frame
* Wikipedia: MAC address

## Preparation

To prepare for this activity:
* Start Windows.
* Log in if necessary.
* Install Wireshark.

## Activity 1 - Capture Ethernet Traffic

To capture Ethernet traffic:
* Start a Wireshark capture.
* Use ipconfig to display the default gateway address. Note the Default Gateway displayed.
* Use ping <default gateway address> to ping the default gateway address.
* Stop the Wireshark capture.

## Activity 2 - Analyze Ethernet Traffic

To analyze Ethernet traffic:
* Observe the traffic captured in the top Wireshark packet list pane. All of the traffic you see is likely to be Ethernet traffic. If you want to specifically identify the traffic generated from the ping command above, look for traffic with ICMP listed as the protocol and Echo (ping) request or Echo (ping) reply in the description.
* Select a packet you want to analyze.
* Observe the packet details in the middle Wireshark packet details pane.
* Select Frame. Notice when you select the frame that the entire frame is highlighted in the bottom packet bytes pane.
* Expand Frame to view frame details.
* Expand Ethernet II to view Ethernet details. Notice the Destination, Source, and Type fields.
* Select the Destination field. Notice when you select the Destination field that the first six bytes of the frame are highlighted in the bottom packet bytes pane. This is the destination MAC address for the Ethernet frame.
* Select the Source field. Notice when you select the Source field that the second six bytes of the frame are highlighted in the bottom packet bytes pane. This is the source MAC address for the Ethernet frame.
* Select the Type field. Notice when you select the Type field that the 13th and 14th bytes of the frame are highlighted in the bottom packet bytes pane. This is the type of packet encapsulated inside the Ethernet frame.
* Select additional Ethernet frames in the top packet list pane and observe frame details in these packets.

## Activity 3 - Confirm MAC Addresses in Ethernet Traffic

To confirm MAC addresses in Ethernet traffic:
* Use ipconfig /all or Getmac to display your computer's Physical Address.
* Compare your computer's physical address to the Source and Destination fields in the captured traffic. Identify which frames were sent by your computer and which frames were received by your computer.
* Use arp -a to view the ARP cache.
* Locate the default gateway IP address used in the ping command above and note the Physical Address of the default gateway.
* Compare your default gateway's physical address to the Source and Destination fields in the captured traffic. Identify which frames were sent by the default gateway and and which frames were sent to the default gateway.
* Close Wireshark to complete this activity. Quit without Saving to discard the captured traffic.
# Wireshark/ICMP Time Exceeded

Wireshark is a free and open source packet analyzer used for network troubleshooting and analysis. These activities will show you how to use Wireshark to capture and analyze Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Time Exceeded traffic.

## Readings

* Wikipedia: Internet Control Message Protocol

## Preparation

To prepare for this activity:
* Start Windows.
* Log in if necessary.
* Install Wireshark.

## Activity 1 - Capture ICMP Time Exceeded Traffic

To capture ICMP Time Exceeded traffic:
* Start a Wireshark capture.
* Use ping -i 1 8.8.8.8 to ping one of Google's public DNS servers with a Time To Live setting of 1.
* Stop the Wireshark capture.

## Activity 2 - Analyze ICMP Echo Request Traffic

To analyze ICMP Echo Request traffic:
* Observe the traffic captured in the top Wireshark packet list pane. Look for traffic with ICMP listed as the protocol. To view only ICMP traffic, type icmp (lower case) in the Filter box and press Enter.
* Select the first ICMP packet, labeled Echo (ping) request.
* Observe the packet details in the middle Wireshark packet details pane. Notice that it is an Ethernet II / Internet Protocol Version 4 / Internet Control Message Protocol frame.
* Expand Internet Protocol Version 4 to view IPv4 details.
* Observe the Time to live. Notice that the time to live is set to 1.
* Expand Internet Control Message Protocol to view ICMP details.
* Observe the Type. Notice that the type is 8 (Echo (ping) request).
* Select Data in the middle Wireshark packet details pane to highlight the data portion of the frame.
* Observe the packet contents in the bottom Wireshark packet bytes pane. Notice that Windows sends an alphabet sequence during ping requests.

## Activity 3 - Analyze ICMP Time Exceeded Traffic

To analyze ICMP Time Exceeded traffic:
* In the top Wireshark packet list pane, select the second ICMP packet, labeled Time-to-live exceeded.
* Observe the packet details in the middle Wireshark packet details pane. Notice that it is an Ethernet II / Internet Protocol Version 4 / Internet Control Message Protocol frame.
* Expand Internet Protocol Version 4 to view IPv4 details.
* Observe the Source. This is the IP address of the router where the time was exceeded.
* Expand Internet Control Message Protocol to view ICMP details.
* Observe the Type. Notice that the type is 11 (Time-to-live exceeded).
* Observe the Code. Notice that the code is 0 (Time to live exceeded in transit).
* Observe the fields that follow. Notice that the contents of the request packet are returned with the time exceeded error.
* Close Wireshark to complete this activity. Quit without Saving to discard the captured traffic.
# Wireshark/ICMP Trace

Wireshark is a free and open source packet analyzer used for network troubleshooting and analysis. These activities will show you how to use Wireshark to capture and analyze tracert/traceroute traffic. Tracing routes is accomplished through the use of Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Time Exceeded.

## Readings

* Wikipedia: Internet Control Message Protocol

## Preparation

To prepare for this activity:
* Start Windows.
* Log in if necessary.
* Install Wireshark.

## Activity 1 - Capture Tracert Traffic

To capture ICMP tracert traffic:
* Start a Wireshark capture.
* Open a command prompt.
* Type tracert -d 8.8.8.8 and press Enter to trace the route to one of Google's public DNS servers. The -d option prevents DNS name resolution, which in this case will improve performance and reduce the amount of captured traffic.
* When the trace is complete, close the command prompt.
* Stop the Wireshark capture.

## Activity 2 - Analyze Tracert Traffic

To analyze tracert traffic:
* Observe the traffic captured in the top Wireshark packet list pane. Look for traffic with ICMP listed as the protocol. To view only ICMP traffic, type icmp (lower case) in the Filter box and press Enter.
* Select the first ICMP packet, labeled Echo (ping) request.
* Observe the packet details in the middle Wireshark packet details pane. Notice that it is an Ethernet II / Internet Protocol Version 4 / Internet Control Message Protocol frame.
* Expand Internet Protocol Version 4 to view IPv4 details.
* Observe the Time to live. Notice that the time to live is set to 1.
* Expand Internet Control Message Protocol to view ICMP details.
* Observe the Type. Notice that the type is 8 (Echo (ping) request). Tracert is performed through a series of ICMP Echo requests, varying the Time-To-Live (TTL) until the destination is found.
* In the top Wireshark packet list pane, select the second ICMP packet, labeled Time-to-live exceeded.
* Observe the packet details in the middle Wireshark packet details pane. Notice that it is an Ethernet II / Internet Protocol Version 4 / Internet Control Message Protocol frame.
* Expand Internet Protocol Version 4 to view IPv4 details.
* Observe the Source. This is the IP address of the router where the time was exceeded.
* Expand Internet Control Message Protocol to view ICMP details.
* Observe the Type. Notice that the type is 11 (Time-to-live exceeded).
* Observe the Code. Notice that the code is 0 (Time to live exceeded in transit).
* Observe the fields that follow. Notice that the contents of the request packet are returned with the time exceeded error.
* Continue selecting alternate ICMP Echo Request and ICMP Time-To-Live Exceeded packets. Notice that the request is repeated three times for each time-to-live count, and each reply indicates the IP address of the router where the time to live was exceeded.
* Close Wireshark to complete this activity. Quit without Saving to discard the captured traffic.