OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# English-Chinese/Pacific Ocean

The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east.
太平洋 是 地球 海洋 区域 中 最大 最深的。它 从 北部的 北冰洋 延伸 到 南部的 南大洋，西部 以 亚洲 和 Australia 为界，东部 以 美洲 为界。
# English-Chinese/Paper

Modern paper is a thin material of (mostly) wood fibres pressed together. People write on paper, and books are made of paper. Paper can absorb liquids such as water, so people can clean things with paper.
现代 纸（大部分）是 木质 纤维 压 在一起的 薄 材料。人们 在 纸上 写字，书籍 是 用 纸 做的。纸张 可以 吸收 水 等 液体，因此 人们 可以 用 纸 清洁 东西。
# English-Chinese/Painting, music and writing are all art

Painting, music and writing are all art.
绘画，音乐和写作都是艺术。
# English-Chinese/Pancreas

The pancreas is an organ that makes hormones and enzymes to help digestion. The pancreas helps break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The pancreas is behind the stomach and is on the left side of the human body.
胰脏 是 一个 器官，它 制造 激素 和 酶素 帮助 消化。胰脏 有助于 分解 碳水化合物，脂肪 和 蛋白质。胰脏 位于 胃部 后面，位于 人体的 左侧。
# English-Chinese/Oxygen

Oxygen (O) is a chemical element. In nature, oxygen is a gas with no color or smell. Oxygen is a very important element because we need it to live. It is a part of the air people breathe and the water people drink. Many living things (including humans) need oxygen to live and breathe, though it is poisonous to some forms of life. In liquid state of matter, oxygen is light blue.
氧（O）是 一种 化学元素。在 自然界中，氧气 是 一种 没有 颜色 或 气味的 气体。氧气 是 一个 非常 重要的 元素，因为 我们 需要 它 来 生存。它是 人们 呼吸的 空气 和 饮用的 水的 一部分。许多 生物（包括 人类）需要 氧气 来 生存 和 呼吸，尽管 它 对 某些 生命 形式 是 有毒的。在 液态 物质中，氧气 是 淡蓝色的。
# English-Chinese/PEM (protein-energy malnutrition) is fairly common worldwide in both children and adults and causes 6 million deaths annually

PEM (protein-energy malnutrition) is fairly common worldwide in both children and adults and causes 6 million deaths annually. In the industrialized world, PEM is mainly seen in hospitals, is related with disease, or is often found in the elderly.
PEM（蛋白质 能量 营养不良）在 儿童 和 成人 中 都是 相当 普遍 的，每年 造成 600万 人 死亡。 在 工业化 的 世界 中，PEM 主要 见于 医院，与 疾病 有关，或 经常 在 老年人 中 发现。
# Celtic Dance/How to use it

This page documents the main wiki skills needed for successful participation in the Celtic Dance research project.

## Welcome

* Wikiversity welcome for newcomers
* Guided tours of Wikiversity

## Orientation

Where am I?
Welcome to the English-language Wikiversity (http://en.wikiversity.org).

### What is Wikiversity?

Wikiversity is a wiki for free and open educational resources. It is supported by the Wikimedia Foundation which also supports sister projects such as Wikipedia and Wikibooks. For examples of Wikiversity content, try visiting a random page.

### What is on Moodle?

CBU's Moodle site provides most of the course content. It is for formally enrolled students who wish to receive institutional accreditation. Wikiversity will be specifically used for the major research assignment for CBU's Celtic Dance course.

### Create an account

By registering a Wikiversity account, you will create a user page which can be a good place to write about yourself, keep notes, and add links of interest. As our course unfolds, you will be required to author material on Wikiversity. Editing using a registered account (rather than anonymously) helps to track and organize your contributions.

### How can I learn about using Wikiversity?

To teach yourself more about Wikiversity, try the guided tours and see Help. You can also ask questions at the Colloquium which is Wikiversity community hub.

### Want to know more?

Post questions or comments to the CBU Moodle discussion forum.

## What wiki skills do I need?

The basic required skills are:
* Creating an account
* Logging in
* Accessing your user page
* Editing, adding, and saving text
* Formatting (including bold, italics, bullet points, headings, and tables)
* Making links (to other pages, whether internally or to an external website)
* Inserting media (images, videos, sound files, other file types). Note on videos: I recommend linking to a video (e.g., on YouTube, on Vimeo) instead of uploading a video into Wikiversity.
* Communicating via talk pages
* Starting a new page
* Being bold enough to ask for help

## Creating an account

The first step is to create a Wikiversity account - also see why create an account?. By the end of Week 3, you should have created an account and emailed or messaged your user name to me (Heather Sparling).

### Choose your user name carefully

* If you are happy to have your name attached to your work/reflections, then feel free to create a user account using something like your real name.
* If you do not want to have your real identity public, then feel free to create a user account using a pseudonym.
* If you want to have your account renamed, ask the convener.
* For more information, see Wikiversity:Privacy policy

## FAQ
### How to convert a word doc into wiki format

* If you develop text offline, as a word processing document, and you want to convert to Wikiversity (e.g., because you have formatting such as headings and links), it can be converted into wiki-text format. Email the convener who can help with this (or you can try yourself - e.g., via the wiki-text export function in Open Office Writer.
# English-Chinese/This is the worst time I've had all year!

This is the worst time I've had all year!
这 是 我 一 年 中 最 糟糕 的 时间！
# English-Chinese/This judge has the authority to throw you in jail

This judge has the authority to throw you in jail.
这位法官有权将你送进监狱。
# English-Chinese/Those in the army who fought closely together in the war were called a band of brothers

Those in the army who fought closely together in the war were called a band of brothers.
军队中 那些 在 战争中 密切合作的人 被称为 战友。
# English-Chinese/Though wheat proteins contain adequate amounts of the other essential amino acids, at least for adults, wheat proteins are deficient in the essential amino acid, lysine

Though wheat proteins contain adequate amounts of the other essential amino acids, at least for adults, wheat proteins are deficient in the essential amino acid, lysine.
尽管小麦蛋白含有足够量的其他必需氨基酸，但至少对于成年人来说，小麦蛋白缺乏必需氨基酸赖氨酸。
# English-Chinese/Thought

Thought is the operation of the brain in conscious activity. It may or may not be goal-directed, aimed at solving specific problems. It is not the only way brains operate. Behaviour may occur as a result of instinct, and the adaptive unconscious may solve problems without a person being aware.
思想是有意识活动中大脑的运作。它可能是也可能不是目标导向的，旨在解决具体问题。这不是大脑运作的唯一方式。行为可能由于本能而发生，并且适应性无意识可以在无意识的情况下解决问题。
# English-Chinese/This is not as good as it was last time

This is not as good as it was last time.
这不像上次那么好。
# English-Chinese/This magazine always has a picture of a beautiful woman on the front

This magazine always has a picture of a beautiful woman on the front.
这本 杂志的 封面 总是 有 一张 美女 照片。
# English-Chinese/Those with tree nut allergies may be allergic to one or to many tree nuts, including pecans, pistachios, pine nuts, and walnuts

Those with tree nut allergies may be allergic to one or to many tree nuts, including pecans, pistachios, pine nuts, and walnuts.
对树坚果过敏的人可能对一种或多种树坚果过敏，包括山核桃，开心果，松子和核桃。
# English-Chinese/This plan has a good balance of new and old ideas

This plan has a good balance of new and old ideas.
这个 计划 在 新旧 思想上 有 很好的 平衡。
# English-Chinese/Those that exercise at least 4 hours per week are as healthy as those that sit fewer than 4 hours per day

Those that exercise at least 4 hours per week are as healthy as those that sit fewer than 4 hours per day.
每周锻炼至少4小时的人和每天静坐时间少于4小时的人一样健康。
# Federal Writers' Project – Life Histories/2024/spring

Fe== Overview == Several sections of English 105 and English 105i are looking at the lives of southerners during the Great Depression. Using Documenting the American South Project, students have published individuals' life histories during the depression. Classes have engaged in archival research with material from the Southern Historical Collection at UNC’s Louis Round Wilson Library.

## Project

Students in the course have studied the Federal Writers' Project archive at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill's Wilson Library. Each student has chosen an individual to research and record on our class website.

## Sections

* Section13
* Section14

## Archive

UNC.edu: Federal Writers' Project Papers, 1936-1940
# Federal Writers' Project – Life Histories/2024/spring/Section13
## Project

Students in the course have studied the Federal Writers' Project Papers at UNC's Wilson Library. Each student has chosen an individual to research and record on our class website.

## Life Histories

Special:Prefixindex/Federal Writers' Project – Life Histories/2024/spring/Section13/
Use the following to create a new life history subpage:
# Chaos theory

Chaos theory
Chaos theory is a branch of mathematics focused on the behavior of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions. 'Chaos' is an interdisciplinary theory stating that within the apparent randomness of chaotic complex systems, there are underlying patterns, constant feedback loops, repetition, self-similarity, fractals, self-organization, and reliance on programming at the initial point known as sensitive dependence on initial conditions. The butterfly effect describes how a small change in one state of a deterministic nonlinear system can result in large differences in a later state, e.g. a butterfly flapping its wings in Brazil can cause a tornado in Texas.
Small differences in initial conditions (such as those due to rounding errors in numerical computation) yield widely diverging outcomes for such dynamical systems — a response popularly referred to as the butterfly effect - rendering long-term prediction of their behavior impossible in general.This happens even though these systems are deterministic, meaning that their future behavior is fully determined by their initial conditions, with no random elements involved.In other words, the deterministic nature of these systems does not make them predictable.This behavior is known as deterministic chaos, or simply chaos.
Chaos: When the present determines the future, but the approximate present does not approximately determine the future.
Chaotic behavior exists in many natural systems, such as weather and climate.It also occurs spontaneously in some systems with artificial components, such as road traffic.This behavior can be studied through analysis of a chaotic mathematical model, or through analytical techniques such as recurrence plots and Poincaré maps. Chaos theory has applications in several disciplines, including meteorology, sociology, physics,environmental science, computer science, engineering, economics, biology, ecology, and philosophy. The theory formed the basis for such fields of study as complex dynamical systems, edge of chaos theory, self-assembly process.

## See Also
### Resources

* Non-linear dynamics I

### Textbooks

http://www.vismath.org/ - By far the most gentle introduction I've seen is "Dynamics the Geometry of Behavior"
# Character encoding

Character encoding is used to represent a repertoire of characters by some kind of encoding system. Depending on the abstraction level and context, corresponding code points and the resulting code space may be regarded as bit patterns, octets, natural numbers, electrical pulses, etc. A character encoding is used in computation, data storage, and transmission of textual data.

## Introduction

Data are Numbers, Text, Sounds, Image, Animation, Video, etc.; in order to define them in the real world, we are using Numbers (0,...9), Alphabet (A,...Z) and Symbols (@,[,\,...) or a combination of them, for example:
* 2012 ( Number )
* Wikiversity ( Alphabet )
* 3<5 ( combination of Number and Symbol )
* X=(Y*Z)+W-U ( combination of Alphabet and Symbols )
* N123 ( combination of Alphabet and Number )
Computers don't understand the definitions for Numbers (0,...9), the Alphabet (A,...Z) and Symbols (@,[,\,...), so in order to process those pieces of information a unique code must be assigned to each of them. The unique code for Numbers (0,...9), the Alphabet (A,...Z) and Symbols (@,[,\,...) is a binary numeral.

## ASCII Code

Pronounced: "ask-ee". A type of binary code that uses 7 bit for each character ( Number, Alphabet and Symbols ). A total of 128 characters (2^7=128). For example:
Number (0 - 9)
* 0110000 (binary) or 48 (decimal) for character → 0
* 0110001 (binary) or 49 (decimal) for character → 1
* 0110010 (binary) or 50 (decimal) for character → 2
* 0111001 (binary) or 57 (decimal) for character → 9
Alphabet (A -Z)
* 1000001 (binary) or 65 (decimal) for character → A
* 1000010 (binary) or 66 (decimal) for character → B
* 1000011 (binary) or 67 (decimal) for character → C
* 1011010 (binary) or 90 (decimal) for character → Z
Symbols (@ < ( & ^ % $ #...)
* 1000000 (binary) or 64 (decimal) for character → @
* 0111100 (binary) or 60 (decimal) for character → <
* 0101000 (binary) or 40 (decimal) for character → (
* 0100110 (binary) or 38 (decimal) for character → &
ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
View the ASCII character table at http://www.asciicodes.us

## Extended ASCII code

In Extended ASCII uses 8 bits (1 byte) for each character (Number, Alphabet and Symbols). A total of 256 characters (2^8=256). For example:
* 00110000 (binary) or 48 (decimal) for character → 0
* 01000001 (binary) or 65 (decimal) for character → A
* 01000000 (binary) or 64 (decimal) for character → @
View Extended ASCII character table at http://ascii-code.com

## Unicode

A type of binary code that uses 16 bits for each character (Number, Alphabet and Symbols). A total of 65536 characters (2^16=65536). For example:
* 0000000000110000 (binary) or 48 (decimal) for character → 0
* 0000000001000001 (binary) or 65 (decimal) for character → A
* 0000000001000000 (binary) or 64 (decimal) for character → @
View Unicode character table at http://unicode-table.com/en/#control-character

## See Also

* Wikipedia: Character encoding
# Chapel Hill Conference on Depression, Bipolar Disorder, and Suicidality

This is the page for the Chapel Hill Conference on Depression, Bipolar Disorder, and Suicidality. The conference is hosted by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Department of Psychology & Neuroscience in Chapel Hill, NC, and is made possible by an anonymous donation.

## Conference Coverage Pages

| 2014 Chapel Hill Conference on Depression, Bipolar Disorder, and Suicidality | 2016 Chapel Hill Conference on Depression, Bipolar Disorder, and Suicidality | 2019 Chapel Hill Conference on Depression, Bipolar Disorder, and Suicidality |
| 2014 | 2016 | Day 1 Day 2 |
# Chapel Hill Conference on Depression, Bipolar Disorder, and Suicidality/2019/Day 2

This page is under development. More notes and resources will be added soon.
Day 2 is our main conference day! The schedule for the day as well as any applicable notes and resources can be found below.

# Welcome And Introduction (8:00 AM)

Mitchell J. Prinstein, Ph.D. & Eric A. Youngstrom, Ph.D.

# Discussion Of Flipped Keynote #1 (8:15 AM)

Integrative Data Analysis View before the meeting here. Andrea Hussong, Ph.D.
# Welcome And Introduction

Mitchell J. Prinstein, Ph.D. & Eric A. Youngstrom, Ph.D. University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill

# Discussion Of Flipped Keynote #1

Circadian Rhythm Pathways In Bipolar Disorder View before the meeting here. Greg Murray, Ph.D.

# Data Blitz #1: Three Fast Talks, Followed By Q&A
## Talk #1: Rewards, Rhythms, And The Mood Rollercoaster: An Integration Of The Reward And Social/Circadian Rhythm Dysregulation Models Of Bipolar Spectrum Disorders

Lauren Alloy, Ph.D., Temple University

## Talk #2: A System For Measuring Circadian Disruption As It Might Improve Mental Health Outcomes

Mark Rea, Ph.D., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

## Talk #3: Tailored Lighting Intervention To Improve Mood And Behavior

Mariana Figueiro, Ph.D., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

# Current NIMH Priorities & Discussion

Julia L. Zehr, Ph.D., National Institute Of Mental Health, Division Of Translational Research

# Data Blitz #2
## Talk #1: Solving Problems And Scaling The Solutions: How Artificial Intelligence And Mobile Apps Can Reduce The National Suicide Rate

Joseph C. Franklin, Ph.D., University Of South Florida

## Talk #2: Cognitive Development And Cognitive Therapy: W Hat Do Children Need To Know?

Judy Garber, Ph.D., Vanderbilt University

# Discussion Of Flipped Keynote #2

Mind And Metabolism View before the meeting here. Bonnie J. Kaplan, Ph.D., Cumming School Of Medicine, University Of Calgary

# Data Blitz #3: Three Fast Talks, Followed Q&A
## Talk #1: Depression And The Changing Adolescent Brain

Amanda Guyer, Ph.D., University Of California, Davis

## Talk #2: Domain-General Intrinsic Networks Support Emotional Experiences

Kristen Lindquist, Ph.D., University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill

## Talk #3: Depression And Suicide In Adolescents

Randy Auerbach, Ph.D., Mclean Hospital
# Characteristic polynomial/0 5 1 0/Eigenvalues/Example

We consider the real matrix $M={\begin{pmatrix}0&5\\1&0\end{pmatrix}}$. The characteristic polynomial is
    ${\begin{aligned}\chi _{M}&=\det {\left(xE_{2}-M\right)}\\&=\det {\left(x{\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&1\end{pmatrix}}-{\begin{pmatrix}0&5\\1&0\end{pmatrix}}\right)}\\&=\det {\begin{pmatrix}x&-5\\-1&x\end{pmatrix}}\\&=x^{2}-5.\end{aligned}}$
The eigenvalues are therefore $x=\pm {\sqrt {5}}$ (we have found these eigenvalues already in example, without using the characteristic polynomial).
# FRACP Exam

Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians, abbreviated as the post-nominal initials FRACP, is a recognition of the completion of the prescribed postgraduate specialist training programme in internal adult or internal paediatric medicine of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians.

## Resources

Special:Prefixindex/FRACP Exam/

## See Also

* Wikipedia: Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians
# FLOSS/Why FLOSS in Education

* Why schools should exclusively use free software (by Richard Stallman)
* Open source - opens learning: Why open source makes sense for education
* Free Software in Education
# FLOSS/FLOSS for Education

The types of software which may used in education is extremely broad. The most commonly used FLOSS in education is listed below.
(check for duplication, restructure headings, insert links, add to the list, enhance with narrative about how the software may be used in education, ...)

## Administration and Office Productivity

* OpenOffice.org/Libreoffice
** OpenOffice.org Writer – WYSIWYG text editor
** OpenOffice.org Calc – spreadsheet
** OpenOffice.org Impress – presentation
** OpenOffice.org Math – equation editor
** OpenOffice.org Base – database
* Abiword
* KOffice
** KChart
** Kexi - an integrated environment for creating databases and database applications.
** KFormula - formula editor for KOffice
** Kivio - diagramming and flowcharting
** KPlato - project management
** KPresenter
** KSpread
** KWord
* OpenProj

## Graphics
### 3D-modelling

* Blender 3D – heavy and powerful 3D-modelling software, there are Wikibooks, too
* POV Ray – Raytracing

### raster graphics

* GIMP – GNU Image Manipulation Program, powerful raster graphics editor
* Krita – KOffice Paint

### vector graphics

* Inkscape – simple vector graphics editor
* Karbon14
* OpenOffice.org Draw
* QCAD
* Xara Xtreme – a bit tricky

## Desktop Publishing

* Scribus – semi-professional layout program, needs some training
* Lyx – easy to use LaTeX (& other) editor without troubles about markup-syntax

## Multimedia
### Audio/Music

* Audacity – audio recording/editing with easy access to a bunch of filters/generators/etcpp
* Rosegarden – MIDI, and note editor
* Note Editor

### Video

* Cinelara
* CinePaint
* Jahshaka
* Kino
* Kdenlive – non-linear video editor
* MythTV
* MPlayer
* VLC

## Book and Library collections

* Alexandria
* Greenstone
* Koha

## See Also

* Category:FLOSS
* List of open source software packages (Wikipedia)
* FLOSS4Science
# Computer-aided Geometric Design

Computer-aided geometric design deals with the mathematical description of shape for use in computer graphics, numerical analysis, approximation theory, data structures, and computer algebra. While this field may be mathematical in nature, it is specifically geared toward use in computer science and in engineering fields, making it a field that stretches across several disciplines.

## Concepts

There are many different ways to represent shapes in 2D and 3D environments. Most concepts are fairly easy to grasp, others much harder. Here is a list of common concepts:
* Primitives (lines,points,vectors,etc.)
* Bézier Curves
* Power and Bernstein polynomials
* B-splines/NURBS
* Algebraic Geometry
* Free-form Deformation
* Tensor-product surfaces
* Interpolation
# Computational biology

Computational Biology is the study of and search for understanding of living systems, from micro to macro scale, through use of computational methods. The Public Library of Science is a collection of scientific journals of specific disciplines. Within the Public Library of Science is a journal dedicated to the specific study of Computational Biology called The Journal of Computational Biology
Browse the Journal Collection.
* PLoS Biology
* PLoS Medicine
* PLoS Computational Biology
* PLoS Genetics
* PLoS Pathogens
* PLoS ONE
* PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
* PLoS Hub for Clinical Trials
The above collection of specific journals are Open Access, and as such, any reader may have license to copy, to use and to distribute small numbers of copies of articles for personal use.
See also the GNU Free Documentation License

## Wikimedia

* w: Wikipedia:WikiProject Mathematical and Computational Biology
* w: Computational biology
# Computational geometry

In computer science, computational geometry is the study of algorithms to solve problems stated in terms of geometry. Some purely geometrical problems arise out of the study of computational geometric algorithms, and the study of such problems is also considered to be part of computational geometry.
The main impetus for the development of computational geometry as a discipline was progressing in computer graphics, computer-aided design, and manufacturing (CAD/CAM), but many problems in computational geometry are classical in nature.
Other important applications of computational geometry include robotics (motion planning and visibility problems), geographic information systems (GIS) (geometrical location and search, route planning), integrated circuit design (IC geometry design and verification), computer-aided engineering (CAE) (programming of numerically controlled (NC) machines).
The three main branches of computational geometry are:
* Combinatorial computational geometry, also called algorithmic geometry, which deals with geometric objects as discrete entities.
* Numerical geometry, also called machine geometry, computer-aided geometric design (CAGD), or geometric modeling, which deals primarily with representing real-world objects in forms suitable for computer computations in CAD /CAM systems. This branch may be seen as a further development of descriptive geometry and is often considered a branch of computer graphics and/or CAD, whereas the former branch is often called simply computational geometry.
* Non-numerical geometry, which studies and develops non-numerical geometrical algorithms. This is the oldest branch of computational geometry which goes back to geometric constructions with the help of ruler and compass. Algorithms of geometric constructions are the soul and the origin of geometry and are not numerical in nature. Although until recently such constructions could be performed with the help of a ruler and compass only, two decades ago new means of geometric constructions emerged. These were various optical devices capable of manipulating images of geometrical figures, such as mirrors, beam splitters, holograms, etc. The observation that geometric constructions can be performed optically rather than with the help of ruler and compass laid in the foundation of "Optical Computational Geometry" put forward by Yevgeny Karasik in 1990.