OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# PLOS/Reviewer Guide

PLOS Topic Pages PLOS Computational Biology • PLOS Genetics • PLOS ONE
Thank you for agreeing to review a topic page submission! This page provides instruction and guidelines for submitting your review. All reviews are open and will be published on the Discussion (Talk) page associated with the article. In the spirit of openness, we also strongly encourage reviewers to sign their reviews.

## Submitting a review

Agreeing to peer review an article is already a generous donation of time. Therefore, if you are experiencing technical difficulties with submitting your review on the wiki, reviews can always be submitted directly to the relevant editors by email (ploscompbiol@plos.org for PLOS Computational Biology, plosgenetics@plos.org for PLOS Genetics, or onecalls@plos.org for PLOS ONE). This is also the best option if you feel there is a compelling reason for anonymity in your review. That said, part of the allure of a wiki is the ability to collaborate, and by attaching your comments directly to the article you become part of the creative process. We encourage reviewers to follow the following process:
1. Create an account on this wiki. Check your email for the conformation link. To reduce spam, newly created accounts may notice some restrictions until the account is approved by an editor.
2. Navigate to the Discussion page for your article (sometime called the 'Talk' page). If the page does not exist, you can create it.
3. Edit or create a section 'Reviews' and a subsection for your review. The following wiki code is a good place to start. For help with syntax and formatting, see Formatting
| Wiki Markup | Result |
| == Review by Charles Darwin == Write your review here. # You can use numbered lists # or any other wiki formatting ~~~~ | Review by Charles Darwin Write your review here. You can use numbered lists or any other wiki formatting Charlie Darwin 08:35, 1 February 1862 (PST) |
In the wiki community it is customary to always sign posts to the discussion page with four tildes (~~~~), which will be expanded to the date and a link to your username on this wiki. If desired, you may also want to include your Wikipedia username.

## Review contents

Reviews should address the scientific merits of the article, as well as stylistic considerations and issues that might impact its suitability for Wikipedia. Articles should cover a topic, much like a traditional review article. The article should be well-cited, but review articles and secondary sources may be preferable to the primary literature references (See Wikipedia's scientific citation guidelines). Violations of Wikipedia policies can also be noted.
In addition to the formal review, minor typos and errors can be corrected directly in the article. The wiki preserves a history of all changes, making it easy to view any modifications made.
# Wiki ecosystem

The wiki ecosystem represents the culture of using wikis to collaboratively develop content and context for small and large groups on many topics both specific and general. The first wiki was created by Ward Cunningham and friends toward the end of the Twentieth Century. Since then, the use of wikis has catalyzed the development of large bodies of Internet content through massive collaboration and self-organization within communities of interest and practice.
From Wikipedia:Wiki:
Ward Cunningham and co-author Bo Leuf, in their book The Wiki Way: Quick Collaboration on the Web, described the essence of the Wiki concept as follows:
* A wiki invites all users to edit any page or to create new pages within the wiki Web site, using only a plain-vanilla Web browser without any extra add-ons.
* Wiki promotes meaningful topic associations between different pages by making page link creation almost intuitively easy and showing whether an intended target page exists or not.
* A wiki is not a carefully crafted site for casual visitors. Instead, it seeks to involve the visitor in an ongoing process of creation and collaboration that constantly changes the Web site landscape.
A wiki enables communities to write documents collaboratively, using a simple markup language and a web browser. A single page in a wiki website is referred to as a "wiki page", while the entire collection of pages, which are usually well interconnected by hyperlinks, is "the wiki". A wiki is essentially a database for creating, browsing, and searching through information. A wiki allows for non-linear, evolving, complex and networked text, argument and interaction.
In the context of wiki culture as an ecosystem, Wikipedia represents a milestone result of the Open Source Movement toward what is needed to bring us together and coalesce efforts toward the common good. Wikipedia was built (and continuously improved) using an advanced wiki software called MediaWiki which, by the way, is also the software upon which the Wikiversity is being built. (See the very bottom of this page) Other wiki engines include ... list goes here
# Wiki education research

This Education resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
This page is for collecting resources about wiki education research (i.e., research about the use of wikis in education).
# Wiki science
## Contents

Wiki science is the study of how the phenomenon of wikis, and free, open collaborative works in general (like free software and open source), are growing, changing and adapting.
* Introduction
* Birth
** Budding Effect
* Growth and Maintenance
** Vibrant User Base: Some tips on how to attract and retain a vibrant user base
** Article Evolution
** Self Healing
** How to Maintain a Wiki: Dealing with problem users, switching to new hardware, software or administrator(s).
*** Children and the Wikimedia Projects: Dealing with children and mentoring them.
** Wikipedia's success: A report on Wikipedia's growth, and success. Chances of dying out.
** Source Code: Specific tips for wikis discussing programming topics.
* Trolling
** Trolls: What are trolls and how should they be dealt with?
* Comparison with other mediums
** Accuracy: The offline media make a big deal about inaccuracies on wikis, is this really a problem?
* Future
** Future of Wiki
** Wikiresearch: Is it possible to use a wiki as a medium to do scientific research?
** Semantic Prosthetic: Some ideas about how to make wikis useful for education.
** Information Currency: The use of information currency and information currency markets to quantitate the economic value of information and motivate individuals to contribute valuable information. wikipedia is a free software encyclopedia
* Case studies
** Case Study 1: A brief report on the use of a wiki for a computer mediated communication class
* Appendices
** References
** Index
** Authors
** History
# Wiki culture
## Topics

* Entry point
* Newcomer welcoming
* Sustaining participation
* Core values
* Is there an umbrella wiki culture?
* Is wiki culture unique? (Or is it just social psychological processes playing out in a wiki environment?)
* Sock puppetry
* Blocking/Banning
* Is wiki culture North American? Is there room for multiple cultures e.g., in different human cultures/languages?
* Forking
* http://wikiindex.org - Index of wikis
* How tos
* What are the boundaries between wikis?
* What is the higher purpose? (Get this clear and come back to it)
* Why run a small wiki (and struggle)? Why not use a larger wiki with funding etc.?
* Wiki culture is by default Wikimedia Foundation based because its the largest - how to work in this space?

## Jtneill's thoughts

In this conversation, there was discussion about struggling with people issues on wiki - how to get them involved, how to influence their involvement around core values, how to be inclusive but how to deal with disruptive editing.
Wow, the tension rose and got stuck into how to deal with "troublesome" people!
I prefer: The Library of Babel. Fork away.
Much of the tension discussion about managing unwanted editing for me also relates to 5 goods needed per bad (Gottman's 5 to 1 ratio: ) for sustainable relationships.
This discussion is like a [[Project:]] namespace talk page! http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Namespaces#4:_Project
For me: Wikis + fun (without this :( )
Wiki is just quick editing of web pages - that's all! (it is light, easy, fast)
# Wiki science/Article Evolution

Article evolution is the phenomenon whereby an article evolves from a stub - or just a place holder for a future article with little or no information or value. Such a stub is entered by someone who identifies a need for an article, but does not have the time or knowledge to create a full article. With time, people add to, and expand upon that article until it is an actual article. If the original stub was never created then others may not have been inspired or motivated to create the final article. This is similar to the story of "stone soup" - cooperation among scarcity - where, although a "stone soup" would probably not make a good soup, the small start causes everyone else to pitch in and end up creating a delicious soup for all even though no one had all the ingredients.

## An example of article evolution

The Jack Paar article at Wikipedia is now quite complete. It highlights his life, career, personality and even has a picture. Not to say the article is complete now - are any articles really ever complete? Visiting the history page you can travel back in time through the edits of the article. Viewing the first entry for you will find simply the single line:
    "Jack Harold PaAar (born May 1, 1918) is a U.S. talk show host. He hosted the Tonight Show from 1957 to 1962."
Pretty humble beginnings. Visiting each entry from the history in chronological order provides a evolutionary view of the growth of this article. A paragraph here, a sentence there. Someone adds a photo. Someone else corrects a typographical error. Eventually there is an article that is more than any single contributor could have created.

## See Also

* The Perfect Stub Article - discussion about stubs
* Find or Fix a Stub - stubs defined and links to current stubs.
* Stone soup - fable relating to the evolution of pages in a wiki.
# Wiki science/Budding Effect

The budding effect is the phenomenon whereby one wiki produces another wiki, in analogy to a plant producing a bud. A large parent wiki can 'bud' several smaller child wikis, creating a kind of wiki family tree.
Issues involved are license(s) and wiki sociology.
Wiki can bud off slowly, or quickly. They can erupt from a battle on a parent wiki, or they may gradually form as the members of the parent wiki devote themselves to both parent and child. There are many technologies that can support the budding process, from the near link, to the page cluster to name spaces.

## Wikimedia sister projects

Wikipedia is a wiki encyclopedia. It has a clearly defined purpose: creating a free encyclopedia. Entries that provide dictionary definitions are disapproved of. Because of this, some of the Wikipedia users founded Wiktionary. In this way, Wikipedia can be seen as the parent of Wiktionary.
Similarly, Wikibooks itself 'budded' off of Wikipedia, out of the need to provide more textbook-like content, where there is more room to leave the encyclopedic path: not as much need for NPOV; original research...

### Languages

The budding effect becomes very clear when looking at the many languages that have their own Wikipedia. Existing articles from, mostly pivotal larger (on Wikipedia) languages like English, French and German are translated into other language Wikipedias. Also, many articles about topics that are more prevalent in less common languages have been translated into English.

## Licences

Just like copylefted software that is forked, the use of a copyleft license for a wiki assures that the content can be fed back into the parent wiki.
# Wiki science/Budding Effect/Wiki Family Tree

How do you present a tree in html? With tables perhaps?

## Tree

WikiWikiWeb -> MuMuWiki WikiWikiWeb -> MeatballWiki -> CommunityWiki -> TaoRiver Wiki
Really, we probably need to RDF encode the data into our wiki in a standard way, telling what our lineage is. Then, we'll be able to turn the whole thing on with a nice browser; It'll all light up like a christmas tree..!
Basically, a social networking software for wiki. -- LionKimbro
# Wiki process

Welcome to the Wikiversity learning project for Wiki Process.
The wiki process can be seen as taking place on many levels. There is a technological level, a social level, a psychological level, and probably a variety of others.
Each person editing the wiki is probably sitting at a computer or some other internet enabled device and they are either by their-self or with someone else.
People are encouraged to be bold. What percentage of people do you think know that for the most part people are encouraged to be bold on the Wikimedia project? What percentage of people who know of Wikipedia edit it? And what percentage of people do you think who know about Wikipedia know about Wikiversity? But that is being tangential. This is about the wiki process.
All wikis start off as a sort of shell. It is a framework for people to build upon... (see Wikiology)

## Related resources

* Portal:Wiki
This wiki resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Hot Topics

< Back to Progress_and_Prospects_in_Parkinson's_Research
This page will be constantly updated as new directions in Parkinson's research emerge.
In order to detect new trends, strategies and paradigms we should keep under review the new research projects that the different Parkinson's organisations are funding. These are organisations such as the Michael J Fox Foundation, Parkinson's UK and the Cure Parkinson's Trust. (Please add other leaders in the field.)
'Hot topics' at the end of 2012 should probably include:
* The discovery (that needs replicating by others) that alpha-synuclein exists in physiological conditions as a tetramer. This has implications for researchers trying to prevent alpha-synuclein aggregation. More recently further work has been reported on the details of alpha-synuclein oligomerisation and aggregation as described in the "Getting the Ball Rolling" article.
* The trials of Exendin-4, a drug that is already approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, as a neuroprotective and neurorestorative agent. There are other examples of the potential to 'reposition' existing drugs.
* Large projects to create biobanks of biological samples for the purposes, both now and in the future, of finding and utilising biomarkers for the early detection of Parkinson's and the measurement of the rate of progress of the disease (See also the "Getting the Ball Rolling" article.)
* Developments in the field of induced pluripotent stem cells and the use of cutaneous cells from Parkinson's patients. (See also the "Getting the Ball Rolling" article.)
* Insights from genetics and Genome-Wide Association Studies
* Regulating neuroinflammation and modifying the immune response.
* The search for Neuroprotective agents
* And so on.
Separate or sub-pages are needed for the Hot Topics and/or links to existing pages in other sections.

## Current Hot Topics

Vitamin D, Role of alpha-synuclein in pathogenesis, Neuroprotective agents, Biomarkers and Biomeasures, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, Genome-Wide Association Studies, Getting Drugs from Lab to Clinic
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Magazine Section

< Back to Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research
This Magazine section will hold articles on topical subjects, recent research progress and emerging issues.
It is intended to be a 'rolling magazine' where new articles are added all the time and older ones are updated, combined with the newer ones, removed or migrated to the main part of this section in an adapted form.
It is hoped that topics in the news will stimulate contributors to delve into their background and explain the significance of the new developments, relating them to what is already known and maybe already recorded in the existing pages of the wiki. It is also a place where emerging issues can be explored.
It might also be a place where exchanges of ideas could take place - like a 'Letters to the Editor' page or a (non-trivial) on-line forum.
Articles will have links to pages in the main body of the wiki which give the context, background or go into further detail of the current topics and related areas of research.
It is hoped that, for newcomers, this will provide a way for speedily being introduced to the interesting and important range of research going on and provide the starting point for gaining a good understanding of it.

## Contents

Three hits in understanding pathogenesis
Mapping Parkinson's pathogenesis - all of it!
Cell Transplantation
Let's get the ball rolling!
Hot Topics
The Blue Light Mystery.
Joining the Dots

## See Also

The Main 'Talk' Page - What this Parkinson's Science learning project is all about.
PD Wiki User's Guide
# Resources for Selecting Payment Methods/Industry Organizations

| Unit 5.2-Resources for Selecting Payment Methods | Introduction | Foreign Government Agencies | International Organizations | Industry Organizations | Private Banks | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 5.1 | Unit 5.2 Return to Trade Finance Module 5: Selecting Payment Methods |

## Industry Organizations

Industry organizations are most important resources. For every industry there is an industry organization and most likely publications as well. Many of these organizations have international committees that may be involved in hosting training seminars, networking events, trade missions, and/or government lobbying efforts opportunities. It is important that an international manager become a member of the pertinent industry organization and at the minimum browse the website and publications of the organization. If funds are available and the events are meaningful, an international manager might find that attendance could be very beneficial.

### Federation of International Trade Associations – www.fita.org

FITA is a source for trade leads, news, events and links to 7,000 international trade sites. These sites include buying/selling links, market research, job fairs and opportunities.
EISIL (International Law links) – www.eisil.org: this category provides some of the basic primary documents of international law, as well as recommended general websites and research guides. For more specific guides and documents, consult the topical areas of EISIL such as
* International Economic Law (www.eisil.org/index.php?sid=512639228&t=sub_pages&cat=19),
* International Environmental Law (www.eisil.org/index.php?sid=512639228&t=sub_pages&cat=18),
* International Criminal Law (www.eisil.org/index.php?sid=512639228&t=sub_pages&cat=21), and
* International Human Rights (www.eisil.org/index.php?sid=512639228&t=sub_pages&cat=185),
* Others listed on the EISIL home page (www.eisil.org/).
# Resources for Selecting Payment Methods/Activities

| Unit 5.2-Resources for Selecting Payment Methods | Introduction | Foreign Government Agencies | International Organizations | Industry Organizations | Private Banks | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 5.1 | Unit 5.2 Return to Trade Finance Module 5: Selecting Payment Methods |

## Activity

Assign a different resource to each student in the class. Have each student to the following:
1. Visit the websites of the resources listed or identify an industry organization that the student is interested in.
2. Print the home page of the website.
3. Identify the mission of the organization.
4. Identify the resources and programs available to businesses.
5. Identify any other resources or links provided by the organization.
6. Share his/her findings in class.
# Resources for Selecting Payment Methods/Resources

| Unit 5.2-Resources for Selecting Payment Methods | Introduction | Foreign Government Agencies | International Organizations | Industry Organizations | Private Banks | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 5.1 | Unit 5.2 Return to Trade Finance Module 5: Selecting Payment Methods |

## Resources

Foreign Embassies in the US – www.embassies.org
Japanese External Trade Organization (JETRO) – www.jetro.org
Hong Kong Trade Development Council – www.tdctrade.com
US Dept. of Commerce – www.export.gov
Small Business Administration (SBA) – www.sba.gov
Export Import (EXIM) Bank – www.exim.gov
Centers for International Trade Development (CITD) – www.citd.org
International Chamber of Commerce – www.iccwbo.org
International Monetary Fund (IMF) – www.imf.org
The World Bank – www.worldbank.org
Federation of International Trade Associations – www.fita.org
EISIL (International Law links) – www.eisil.org
The Global Entrepreneur, James Foley, 2nd Edition, Jamric Press, 2004.
Directory of International Trade, 7th Edition, Edward Hinkelman, World Trade Press (www.worldtradepress.com).
# Resources for Selecting Payment Methods/Private Banks

| Unit 5.2-Resources for Selecting Payment Methods | Introduction | Foreign Government Agencies | International Organizations | Industry Organizations | Private Banks | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 5.1 | Unit 5.2 Return to Trade Finance Module 5: Selecting Payment Methods |

## Private Banks

Private banks, as you know by now, are primary sources since they can provide credit information on their (and your) customers and information about what is going on in countries that could have an impact on your credit decision. They may also provide trade loans. Knowledge of trade loans in the banking environment is important to for an international manager to have in order to understand the process since it will have an impact on a customer's ability to obtain financing and deal with debt repayment issues. Banks also provide a broad range of methods for financing international trade transactions. Many companies and financial institutions draw a distinction between trade finance and structured trade finance, applying the former term to those products used to finance short-term transactions. This valuable information is available to bank customers through the international banking department/executives.
# Resources for Developing a Financial Plan/Summary

| Unit 6.1-Resources for Developing a Financial Plan | Introduction | A Financial Plan | Presentation and Customization | Risk Assessment and Management | How Do I Qualify? | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Return to Trade Finance Module 6: Financial Plan |

## Summary

The international marketing manager is required to wear many hats. Often the most challenging area is financial. Understanding the components and importance of financial statements, their uses and the terminology associated is a critical step in obtaining funding for international operations and also to maintain a profitable business. Knowing where funding can be found and the requirements to receive such funding will help international operations function smoothly.
# Resources for Selecting Payment Methods/Assessment

| Unit 5.2-Resources for Selecting Payment Methods | Introduction | Foreign Government Agencies | International Organizations | Industry Organizations | Private Banks | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 5.1 | Unit 5.2 Return to Trade Finance Module 5: Selecting Payment Methods |