OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# EuroLex/F/Dinner

* Original language: French
* Original form and meaning: dîner - 1. dinner (meaning: the chief meal of the day, eaten in the evening or at midday)
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | diner | ... | 'a banquet or formal meal in honor of a person or event' | '...' | ... |
| English | dinner | 13c | 'meaning 1; and also: a) a banquet or formal meal in honor of a person or event; b) the food prepared for a meal or banquet; c) a full-course meal served at a fixed price, table d'hôte' | '...' | http://www.etymonline.com |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| French | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Diner, Dinner | ... | 'a banquet or formal meal in honor of a person or event; a full-course meal served at a fixed price, table d'hôte' | '...' | ... |
| Hungarian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Polish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Swedish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |

### Annotations

Etymology: from OF disner, originally "breakfast", later "lunch", noun use of infinitive disner, from stem of Gallo-Romance *desjunare "to break one's fast", from L dis- "undo" + LL jejunare "to fast", from L jejunus "fasting, hungry"
Source: http://www.etymonline.com
# EuroLex/F/Croupier

* Original language: French
* Original form and meaning: croupier - 1. croupier (meaning: an attendant at a gaming table who collects and pays bets)
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Czech | krupiér | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | croupier | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | croupier | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| English | croupier | 18c | 'meaning 1' | '...' | http://www.allwords.com |
| Estonian | krupjee | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | krupieeri | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| French | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Croupier | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Hungarian | krupié | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | croupier | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Latvian | krupjē | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | krupjė | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | croupier | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Polish | krupier | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | Portugal: croupier, Brazil: crupiê | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | krupiér | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | krupje | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | croupier | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Swedish | croupier | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |

### Annotations

Etymology: literally meaning 'one who rides pillion on a horse' (obsolete)
croupier, from croupe, 'rump', croup, from OF
Please note the article on Croup (EuroLex).
Source: http://www.allwords.com, http://dictionary.reference.com
# EuroLex/F/Dessert

* Original language: French
* Original form and meaning: dessert - 1. dessert, pudding
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Czech | desert | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | dessert | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | dessert | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| English | dessert | 1600 | 'meaning 1' | '...' | http://www.etymonline.com |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| French | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Dessert | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Hungarian | desszert | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | dessert | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Latvian | deserts | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | desertas | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | dessert | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Polish | deser | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Swedish | dessert | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |

### Annotations

Etymology: from MF dessert (1539) "last course", lit. "removal of what has been served", from desservir "clear the table", lit. "un-serve", from des- "remove, undo" + OF servir "to serve"
Source: http://www.etymonline.com

### Information on Other Languages

Estonian: magustoit
Finnish: jälkiruoka
Portuguese: sobremesa
Slovak: múčnik
Slovenian: posladek
Spanish: postre
# EuroLex/F/Courage

* Original language: French
* Original form and meaning: courage - 1. courage, pluckiness, valour, bravery; 2. intrigue
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | coratge | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| English | courage | 1300 | 'meaning 1' | 'the heart as the source of emotion; what is in one's mind or thoughts; wrath, pride, confidence, lustiness' | http://www.etymonline.com |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| French | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Courage | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Hungarian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | coraggio | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Polish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | coragem | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | coraje | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Swedish | kurage | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |

### Annotations

Etymology: from OF corage, from VL *coraticum, from L cor "heart," which remains a common metaphor for inner strength. In ME, used broadly for "what is in one's mind or thoughts", hence "bravery", but also "wrath, pride, confidence, lustiness", or any sort of inclination. Replaced OE ellen.
Source: http://www.etymonline.com

### Information on Other Languages

Czech: odvaha
Danish: mod
Dutch: moed
Estonian: julgus
Finnish: rohkeus
Hungarian: bátorság
Latvian: drosme
Lithuanian: drąsa
Norwegian: mot
Polish: odwaga
Slovak: odvaha
Slovenian: pogum
# History of Quebec and Canada/Study Guide/Topic 1: Roles of the Church

The role of the Church in the colony was mainly there for the conversion of the Natives (1608-1663), but did not achieve much success during this period. After 1663, the Church became more important to the colony, by healing, teaching, and converting the Natives, as well as their own French population.
# History of Quebec and Canada/Study Guide/Topic 2: Mercantilism

What is mercantilism? Mercantilism was an economic policy, popular in the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe, which stated that a country's wealth and power was best served through the accumulation of gold and silver and raw materials. Because most nations did not have a natural abundance of such precious metals, the best way to acquire them was through trade. This meant striving for a favorable trade balance, that is, a surplus of exports over imports. Foreign states would then have to pay for imports in gold or silver.
Beaver Hat Consequences of mercantilism on New France New France became a trading colony whose main economic role was to supply furs to the mother country and to purchase manufactured products from the mother country. Furs account for more than 70% of the colony's exports and the fur trade is directly responsible for the large expansion of territory. Do the following questions on mercantilism. 1. The measures below describe aspects of 17th century mercantilist economic policy. The colony had to obtain its supplies from France. The colony exported enormous quantities of furs to France. Hat-making was forbidden in New France. STATE TWO CONSEQUENCES OF MERCANTILISM FOR FRANCE AND ITS COLONY, NEW FRANCE. 1. It enriched the mother country. 2. It promoted the development of agriculture. 3. It allowed New France to be less dependent on France. 4. It stimulated population growth in New France. 5. It limited economic development in the colony. A) 1 and 4 C) 2 and 3 B) 1 and 5 D) 2 and 4
2. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SETS OF STATEMENTS APPLIES TO THE
A) · The colony was free to develop its industries.
B) · The colony could trade freely with other mother countries.
C) · The colony exploited furs in particular.
D) · The colony was a source of raw materials for France.
3. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DOCUMENTS DESCRIBE THE EFFECTS OF
1. "Along the river banks there appeared numerous sawmills, where logs
2. "Furs represented 70 percent of total exports; agricultural products, 18
3. "It is marvelous to see their country. They have beautiful towns, with
4. "New France was disallowed to manufacture beaver hats in the colony." 5. "For forty years we have worked to convert the natives, without much
A) 1 and 3 B) 2 and 4 C) 2 and 5 D) 3 and 5
4. WHICH STATEMENT INDICATES THAT MERCANTILISM WAS HARMFUL
A) France tried to establish various industries in its colony. B) France promoted economic diversification. C) France signed long-term trade treaties with the Amerindians. D) France developed only one natural resource in its colony.
Go On To Topic 3:Territorial and Military Consequences
# History of Quebec and Canada/Study Guide/Topic 1: mother country colony relations

What was the relationship between the Mother country (France) and the Colony (New France)?
The relationship was one of dependence on France for its:
Population: The settlers came from France.
Economic development: Capital, imports and exports were controlled by France.
Army: Soldiers came from France and all military decisions with regards to peace and war were made in France.
Government: Major political decisions were made in France.
# Mitochondria

Mitochondria(-singular, mitochondrion) is a membrane bound cell organelle.In 1890 Richard Altmann established them as cell organelles and called them bioblasts. The term mitochondria was coined by Carl Benda in 1898.Both plants and animals will contain mitochondria.

## Structure

It is a rod shaped organelles It contains two membranes. Outer membrane is smooth where as inner membrane is folded.The folds of mitochondria are called as cristae. The cristae of mitochondria increases the surface area due to which more energy can be produced.

## Function

They generate power by converting oxygen and nutrients into ATP. ATP is the chemical energy "currency of the cell" that powers the cells metabolic activities.This process is called aerobic respiration and the reason animals breath oxygen.
* Without this organelle higher animals would likely not exist because their cells would only be able to obtain energy from anaerobic respiration.
* In-fact mitochondria enables cells to produce 15times more ATP than they would otherwise need large amount of energy in order to survive

## Specialty

Mitochondria is a semi autonomous body as it contains its own DNA and ribosomes.The inner, folded membrane of mitochondria also contains ribosomes which is why it can synthesize its own proteins.
# Mitigating Techniques for Commercial Risk/Letter of Credit

| Unit 3.5-Mitigating Techniques for Commercial Risk | Introduction | Commercial Banks | Loans | Letter of Credit | Draft Collection | Accounts Receivable | Governments | Factoring | Forfaiting | Banker's Acceptances | Credit Insurance | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 3.1 | Unit 3.2 | Unit 3.3 | Unit 3.4 | Unit 3.5 Return to Trade Finance Module 3: Commercial Risk |

## Letter of Credit

The letter of credit process begins after a buyer and seller conclude a sales contract providing for payment by a letter of credit. The buyer then instructs his bank--the issuing bank--to issue a letter of credit in favor of the seller. The sales contract may call for either a
* sight letter of credit pursuant to which the issuing bank agrees to make payment upon presentation of a sight draft and the required documents, or
* time letter of credit pursuant to which the issuing bank agrees to accept a time draft and pay at maturity upon its presentation with confirming documents.
The issuing bank then delivers or transmits the credit to a bank in the seller’s country--the advising bank--that may also be the asked to confirm the credit. The advising/confirming bank notifies the seller that the credit has been issued. Once the seller has been advised that a letter of credit has been issued in his/her favor and is certain that he/she can satisfy the stated terms and conditions, the goods are shipped and required shipping documents assembled.
# Mitigating Techniques for Commercial Risk/Resources

| Unit 3.5-Mitigating Techniques for Commercial Risk | Introduction | Commercial Banks | Loans | Letter of Credit | Draft Collection | Accounts Receivable | Governments | Factoring | Forfaiting | Banker's Acceptances | Credit Insurance | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 3.1 | Unit 3.2 | Unit 3.3 | Unit 3.4 | Unit 3.5 Return to Trade Finance Module 3: Commercial Risk |

## Resources

FCIB - www.fcibglobal.com
MSU Globaledge Modules – http://globaledge.msu.edu

### Export Financing–Sources of Export Insurance

US Dept of Commerce – International Company Profile – www.export.gov
US Export Import Bank - www.exim.gov US Small Business Administration - www.sba.gov
# Mitigating Techniques for Commercial Risk/Factoring-Transference

| Unit 3.5-Mitigating Techniques for Commercial Risk | Introduction | Commercial Banks | Loans | Letter of Credit | Draft Collection | Accounts Receivable | Governments | Factoring | Forfaiting | Banker's Acceptances | Credit Insurance | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 3.1 | Unit 3.2 | Unit 3.3 | Unit 3.4 | Unit 3.5 Return to Trade Finance Module 3: Commercial Risk |

## Factoring-Transference

Factoring can be described as the outsourcing of credit and collections. In other words, a seller pays another company, a factor, to collect payments from a buyer. The factor buys the accounts receivable--product or services that the buyer wants-- and pays the seller directly. The factor owns the receivables and goes after the buyer if the buyer does not pay the factor.
Its use in international trade goes back centuries. Cross-border factoring differs from domestic factoring in that the factor does not purchase the receivables unless and until they become past due.
When a factor guarantees payment and a seller needs the payment before it is due, the seller can borrow from the factor at some cost to the seller. The factor makes all credit decisions for the seller and collects all receivables from approved buyers. Unless the reason for non-payment is a dispute between the seller and buyer, the factor pays 100% of past-due receivables. Factors allow sellers to pick the customers they want to include, though not individual invoices. A rule of thumb is that factoring costs about twice as much as credit insurance.
A limitation on factoring is that it only exists in countries with laws that support the buying and selling of receivables--common in developed countries, but not emerging markets. If cost and range of risk coverage are issues, it is usually more satisfactory to use a letter of credit or export credit insurance. Most factors are "niche" players, usually concentrating in select regions of the world. There are certain industries, such as textiles and clothing, where factoring is considered a part of doing business.
The problems factoring presents to most companies are that most factors don't cover the riskiest countries and the service may be cost prohibitive for companies with tight profit margins.
# Mitigating Techniques for Commercial Risk/Forfaiting-Transference

| Unit 3.5-Mitigating Techniques for Commercial Risk | Introduction | Commercial Banks | Loans | Letter of Credit | Draft Collection | Accounts Receivable | Governments | Factoring | Forfaiting | Banker's Acceptances | Credit Insurance | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 3.1 | Unit 3.2 | Unit 3.3 | Unit 3.4 | Unit 3.5 Return to Trade Finance Module 3: Commercial Risk |

## Forfaiting-Transference

The name forfaiting is derived from the French term for the technique a forfait. It refers to the concept that a seller forfeits the right to a future payment on a receivable in return for immediate cash. This may sound similar to factoring. The objective of a forfaiter is to purchase such financial instruments at a low price and sell them at a high price, garnering a trading profit in the process. Frequently, forfaiters require that these instruments be avalized (guaranteed) by a buyer's bank, thereby enhancing marketability.
Because there is little potential profit in small transactions and because buyers balk at signing promissory notes and obtaining bank avals on short-term transactions, forfaiters tend to find a niche in medium-term transactions, such as capital goods.
# Mitigating Techniques for Commercial Risk/Summary

| Unit 3.5-Mitigating Techniques for Commercial Risk | Introduction | Commercial Banks | Loans | Letter of Credit | Draft Collection | Accounts Receivable | Governments | Factoring | Forfaiting | Banker's Acceptances | Credit Insurance | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 3.1 | Unit 3.2 | Unit 3.3 | Unit 3.4 | Unit 3.5 Return to Trade Finance Module 3: Commercial Risk |

## Summary

There are four types of risk responses a seller can take regarding nonpayment by the buyer:
* Avoidance: Don’t sell on credit.
* Transference: Ask a third party to assume the risk, such as the buyer’s bank.
* Mitigation: Take precautions that reduce the probability that nonpayment will occur, such as performing a complete credit check.
* Acceptance: Establish a contingency allowance for nonpayment accounts.
A credit manager can choose one or more of the techniques discussed in this lesson as a means of managing the risk of nonpayment.
# Mitral valve disease in small animals

Mitral valve disease is the most frequent cardiac disorder in small animal medicine. It is a chronic disease in which the mitral valve suffers a degenerative process which leads to a failure of this valve. It has high incidence in toy breeds (miniature poodle, daschsunds, chihuahua) and patients with 8-11 years of age. This disease is characterized by a degeneration of the mitral valve structures which produces a failure in the closure of the valve. This generates a regurgitation to the left atrium, when the left ventricle contracts. This, in turn, produces an increase in volume and pressure in the left atrium. Besides, a decrease in stroke volume and arterial pressure occurs. These changes produce the activation of compensatory mechanisms (rise in hearth rate, elevation of the inotropism and peripheral constriction of the vasculature).
Diagnosis: The main clinical sign in patients with mitral valve disease is a systolic heart murmur. This can be heard in the mitral area on the left side of the thorax. At the beginning of the disease, the heart murmur usually has low intensity. When the process evolves, a cough could appear. This sign is produced by two mechanisms: in the first place, the increase in the dimension of the left atrium produces a mechanic compression of the trachea and bronchi. On the other hand, in advanced stages of the disease, pulmonary edema could appear. Different kinds of complementary diagnosis methods could be used to diagnose mitral valve disease. These different studies give information about heart and circulatory state. Radiology gives information about heart size and pulmonary condition. However, this method does not provide information about valve damage. The utility of ECG is relative. Information about increase in atrium size could be found as a longer P wave. However it is not always possible to find alterations in ECG. The main applicability of this study in mitral valve disease is the detection of secondary arrhythmia (for example atrial fibrilation). Echocardiography is the diagnosis method that gives us the most information about structural alterations. Increase in atrium dimensions and changes in echogenicity in valve structures are the most common findings. In advanced stages, dilatation of the left ventricle can be observed.
Treatment: The treatment in mitral valve disease depends on the severity of presentation. Generally the object of the treatment is to reduce vascular resistance, and improve venous returns. The implementation of diuretic therapy and antiarrhythmic therapy could be necessary if edema or arrhythmia appear.