OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Portuguese Trade in West Africa

Like other European countries, Portugal was looking for a route to Asia. Instead of heading to Asia, they headed down to Western Africa. As they went down to Africa, they discovered the empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai.

### Ghana

Ghana was the smallest out of the three empires, and the empire of Ghana lasted for 1,300 years. In the 1200s, it was sometimes called the land of gold due to its gold mines. These mines were hidden, and usually, the miners were children. The empire of Ghana had become powerful because they controlled the trade of Western Africa. They traded their gold from gold mines and salt from their salt mines for clothing, weapons, and other manufactured materials. Ghana traders traded gold for salt, but the king of Ghana kept the gold nuggets and only let the people of Ghana sell the dust.

### Mali

Mali, the second empire, conquered most of Ghana in the 1300s. They traded gold, and also spices, ivory, and slaves for metals, cloth, and manufactured goods. Some people in Mali were farmers, who grew beans, squash, melons, and lemons. At times, they traded for fresh water to irrigate/water their crops.

### Songhai

Songhai, the third and last empire we are going to list, captured Mali's capital city: Timbuktu. When the capital city falls, the empire falls, right? Yes. Songhai captured Mali, and Mali weakened. While Mali weakened, Songhai became stronger with their strong military. Songhay, like the other empires, traded gold and ivory for weapons, clothing, and other manufactured goods. Songhai remained powerful until the end of the 1500s.
Portugal and its explorers were important in the Age of Discovery. Due to their interactions with Ghana, Mali, and Songhai, Europeans became more interested in Western resources. As the Portuguese traded cloth, metals, and manufactured goods, they also spread the word about Western Africa and their rich culture.
# Swedish Language/Grammar Terminology

Intermediate Swedish 2
Introduction
· Botany
· Grammar terminology
· Regular verbs
· Irregular verbs :

## Examples

Substantiv, verb, adjektiv och räkneord är olika ordklasser. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and numerals are different lexical categories. Verbens böjning indelas i konjugationer. Verbs are split into conjugations according to their inflection patterns. Nomen utgörs av substantiv, adjektiv, räkneord och paricip. The group of nomens consists of nouns, adjectives, numerals and participles. Kasus är en grammatisk kategori för nomen som markerar dessas funktion i satsen. Case is a grammatical category for nomens which stresses their function in the clause.

## Exercises

Please translate into Swedish
1. How many nouns do you find in this sentence? 2. In French there are three regular conjugations. 3. I have found a spelling error in your text. 4. Please use more adjectives when writing this kind of text! 5. How do you pronounce this word?

## Vocabulary

| ett adjektiv, flera adjektiv | an adjective |
| ett adverb, flera adverb | an adverb |
| ett bindestreck, flera bindestreck | a hyphen (-) |
| ett citationstecken, flera citationstecken | a quotation mark (") |
| en deklination, flera deklinationer | a declension |
| ett frågetecken, flera frågetecken | a question mark |
| (en) grammatik | a question mark |
| ett kasus, flera kasus | a grammatical case |
| ett komma, flera komman | a comma |
| en konjugation, flera konjugationer | a conjugation |
| en mening, flera meningar | a sentence |
| ett ord, flera ord | a word |
| en ordklass, flera ordklasser | a lexical category, a part of speach |
| en parentes, flera parenteser | a parentheses |
| ett pronomen, flera (pronomen)/pronomina | a pronoun |
| en prick, flera prickar (i-prick, ä-prickar, ö-prickar) | a dot (on a dotted letter) |
| en punkt, flera punkter | a full stop (.) |
| ett räkneord, flera räkneord | a numeral |
| ett semikolon, flera semikolon | a semicolon (;) |
| ett snabel-a, flera snabel-an | an at sign (@) |
| att stava | to spell |
| ett stavfel | a spelling error |
| ett substantiv, flera substantiv | a noun |
| ett tankstreck, flera tankstreck | a dash |
| ett uttal, flera uttal | a pronounciation |
| ett utropstecken, flera utropstecken | an exclamation mark |
| ett verb, flera verb | a verb |
| en å-ring, flera å-ringar | the ring of the letter 'å' |
# Swedish Language/Computer Terminology

Intermediate Swedish 1
Introduction
· Buying and selling
· Prepositions
· Particles
· Apects
· Declensions
· Computers
· Medical
· Pronouns
· Geography
· Participles
· Animals
· Mathematics :

## Example Sentences

1. Muspekaren ser vanligtvis ut som en pil. The mouse pointer normally looks like an arrow. 2. Om du vill nå mig kan du mejla mig. If you want to reach me you can write an email. 3. Min dator gick ner för batteriet är urladdat. My computer went down becuse the battery has discharched. 4. Om du dubbelklickar på programmets ikon så startar det. If you double click on the program's icon it will start. 5. Genom att högerklicka på ikonen får du upp en meny som du kan välja ifrån. By right-clicking on the icon you will get a menu to choose from.

## Exercises

Translate into English 1. Jag har raderat dina onödiga filer. 2. Jag blev tvungen att formatera om hårddisken. 3. Ditt lösenord har gått ut. 4. Under menyn "redigera" hittar du "sök och ersätt". 5. Datorn måste startas om.
Translate into Swedish 6. My parents have a wireless LAN. 7. You mailbox have exceeded the limit.
8. I see that your keyboard is missing the Q-key. 9. The computer has hung so I will need to cut the power. 10. You are using to many different fonts in this report.br>

## Glossary

| att avbryta | to cancel |
| en dator, flera datorer | a computer |
| att dela (ut) | to share |
| en DVD, flera DVD:er | a DVD |
| en fil, flera filer | a file |
| att formatera | to format |
| ett fönster, flera fönster | a window |
| en hub, flera hubbar | a hub |
| en hårddisk, flera hårddiskar | a hard drive |
| att hänga sig | to hang |
| klipp och klistra | cut and paste |
| att klippa ut | to cut |
| att klistra in | to paste |
| att kopiera | to copy |
| att ladda | to load |
| ett lösenord, flera lösenord | a password |
| en mapp, flera mappar | a folder |
| ett meddelande, flera meddelanden | a message |
| ett mellanslag, flera mellanslag | a space (in text) |
| ett mejl, flera mejl | an email |
| ett minne, flera minnen | a memory |
| att markera | to highlight |
| en mus, flera möss | a mouse |
| en muspekare, flera muspekare | a mouse pointer |
| ett nät, flera nät | a net |
| ett nätverk, flera nätverk | a network |
| en nyckel, flera nycklar | a key (to lock, cryptographic) |
| en processor, flera processorer | a processor |
| ett program, flera program | a program |
| att redigera | to edit |
| att skicka | to send |
| en skiva, flera skivor | a disc |
| en skrivare, flera skrivare | a printer |
| en skärm, flera skärmar | a screen |
| en skärmdump, flera skärmdumpar | a screen dump |
| att spamma | to spam |
| att spara | to save |
| att starta | to start |
| att starta om | to restart |
| att stänga | to close |
| att ta emot | to receive |
| en tangent, flera tangenter | a key (on a keyboard) |
| ett tangentbord, flera tangentbord | a keyboard |
| ett typsnitt, flera typsnitt | a font |
| att visa | to view |
| att öppna | to open |
# Swedish Language/Mathematical Terminology

Intermediate Swedish 1
Introduction
· Buying and selling
· Prepositions
· Particles
· Apects
· Declensions
· Computers
· Medical
· Pronouns
· Geography
· Participles
· Animals
· Mathematics :

## Exercises

1. Tre plus fem är åtta. 2. Ekvationen har två lösningar. 3. Ekvationssystemet består av två ekvationer. 4. Lös ekvationen 2x+3 = 5 där x är obekant. 5. Roten ur fyra är två.

## Glossary

| att addera | to add |
| ett bevis, flera bevis | a proof |
| en cirkel, flera cirklar | a circle |
| att dividera / att dela | to divide |
| 2 gånger 2 | 2 times 2 |
| en enhet, flera enheter | a unit |
| en ekvation, flera ekvationer | an equation |
| en faktor, flera faktorer | a factor |
| en funktion, flera funktioner | a function |
| en integral, flera integraler | an integral |
| en kurva, flera kurvor | a curve |
| lika med | equals to |
| lineär | linear |
| en lösning, flera lösningar | a solution |
| en obekant, flera obekanta | an unknown |
| en matris, flera matriser | a matrix |
| ett maximum, flera maxima | a maximum |
| ett minimum, flera minima | a minimum |
| minus | minus |
| att multiplicera | to multiply |
| negativ | negative |
| en nämnare, flera nämnare | a denominator |
| positiv | positive |
| plus | plus |
| roten ur / kvatratroten av | square root of |
| rät | linear |
| en rektangel, flera rektanglar | a rectangle |
| att subtrahera | to subtract |
| en tangent, flera tangenter | a tangent (to curve)/ a key (on keyboard) |
| en term, flera termer | a term |
| en triangel, flera trianglar | a triangle |
| en täljare, flera täljare | a numerator |
| en vinkel, flera vinklar | an angle (geometrical) |
| en vektor, flera vektorer | a vector |
# Swedish Language/Medical Terminology

Intermediate Swedish 1
Introduction
· Buying and selling
· Prepositions
· Particles
· Apects
· Declensions
· Computers
· Medical
· Pronouns
· Geography
· Participles
· Animals
· Mathematics :

## Glossary

| ett ansikte, flera ansikten | a face |
| en arm, flera armar | an arm |
| en axel, flera axlar | a shoulder |
| ett ben, flera ben | a leg/a bone |
| ett bröst, flera bröst | a breast |
| ett finger, flera fingrar | a finger |
| en fot, flera fötter | a foot |
| en haka, flera hakor | a cheek |
| en hals, flera halsar | a neck |
| en hand, flera händer | a hand |
| ett huvud, flera huvuden | a head |
| en hjärna, flera hjärnor | a brain |
| ett hjärta, flera hjärtan | a heart |
| ett hår, flera hår | a hair |
| ett knä, flera knän | a knee |
| en lever, flera levrar | a liver |
| en läpp, flera läppar | a lipp |
| en njure, flera njurar | a kidney |
| en nos, flera nosar | a nose (animals) |
| en näsa, flera näsor | a nose (human) |
| en panna, flera pannor | a fore head |
| en rygg, flera ryggar | a back |
| en tand, flera tänder | a tooth |
| en tunga, flera tungor | a tongue |
| en tå, flera tår | a toe |
# Swedish Language/Geography Terminology

Intermediate Swedish 1
Introduction
· Buying and selling
· Prepositions
· Particles
· Apects
· Declensions
· Computers
· Medical
· Pronouns
· Geography
· Participles
· Animals
· Mathematics :

## Glossary

| en areal, flera arealer | a land area |
| en botten, flera bottnar | a bottom |
| en by, flera byar | a village |
| ett berg, flera berg | a mountain |
| en bäck, flera bäckar | a stream |
| en flod, flera floder | a river |
| ett fält, flera fält | a field |
| en halvö, flera halvöar | a peninsula |
| ett hav, flera hav | a sea |
| en kanal, flera kanaler | a channel |
| en karta, flera kartor | a map |
| en kompass, flera kompasser | a compass |
| ett kulle, flera kullar | a hill |
| en kust, flera kuster | a coast |
| ett land, flera länder | a land |
| en meter, flera meter | a meter |
| en engelsk mil, flera engelska mil | a mile |
| en mil, flera mil | 10 km |
| norr | north |
| en position, flera positioner | a position |
| en sjö, flera sjöar | a lake |
| en skog, flera skogar | a forest |
| en stad, flera städer | a town |
| en stig, flera stigar | a path |
| söder | south |
| en väg, flera vägar | a road |
| väster | west |
| en å, flera åar | a stream |
| en älv, flera älvar | a river |
| en ö, flera öar | an island |
| en öken, flera öknar | a desert |
| öster | east |
# Swedish Language/Particles

Intermediate Swedish 1
Introduction
· Buying and selling
· Prepositions
· Particles
· Apects
· Declensions
· Computers
· Medical
· Pronouns
· Geography
· Participles
· Animals
· Mathematics :

### med

- Kom med mig - Come with me 1. preposition with. - Jag med! - Me too! 2. too. - Jag håller med - I agree. 3. post position for inclusion - Är du med på detta. - Will you join us in this? 3. post position for inclusion - Jag är med er. - I am with you. 3. post position for inclusion - Jag skickar med en SCART-kabel med TV. - I will include a SCART-cable with the TV. 3. post position for inclusion

## Example text

Pia har hällt upp ett glas mjölk åt varje barn. "Kom hit och fika nu!" ropar hon "Men vi har ju inte lekt klart än!", ropar Cilla tillbaka. "Ni får leka mer senare", anser Pia. Barnen sätter sig till bords och börjar äta. Kalle och Filip har tagit med sig sina leksaksbilar. De kör ikapp med bilarna mellan tallrikarna. "Låt bli och lek medan ni äter!", säger Pia. "Ni får lägga bort de där." Charlotte är klar först och vill gå ut och leka i trädgården. Pia tycker annorlunda: "Du får inte gå iväg från bordet förrän alla har druckit upp sin mjölk!"
Pia has filled a glass of milk for each child. "Come and have som buns!", she calls. "We haven't finished yet!", Cilla calls back. "You may continue playing later", Pia thinks. The children sit at the table and start to eat. Kalle and Filip have brought their toy cars. They race the cars between the plates. "Don't play while eating!", Pia says. "You must put those away." Charlotte is done first, and she wants to go out and play in the garden. Pia is of another opinion: "You may not leave the table until everybody has finished their milk!"

## Exercises

Translate into English 1. Vad har du gjort med henne? Hon är mycket arg på dig. 2. Flickorna har gått in i lekstugan. 3. Jag har lagt i femton kronor i automaten. 4. Hon strök under det viktigaste medan hon läste i boken. 5. Kan du titta till mina saker medan jag badar?
Translate into Swedish 6. Can you come over to me? 7. She is making herself more beautiful. 8. We walked around a lake. 9. The house was burnt down. 10. You should untie the knots before removing the shoes.
Answers

## Glossary

| att dricka upp ett glas juice | to finish a glass of juice |
| att hälla upp något | to pour something, to fill with something |
| att köra ikapp | to race |
| att leka mer | to continue to play |
| att låta bli något | to avoid doing something, don't touch |
| att lägga bort något | to put something away |
| att ropa tillbaka | to call back |
| en trädgård, flera trädgårdar | a garden, several gardens |
| en leksaksbil, flera leksaksbilar | a toy car, several toy cars |
# Reservoir engineering

Reservoir engineering is a branch of petroleum engineering, typically concerned with maximizing the economic recovery of hydrocarbons from the subsurface.
Of particular interest to reservoir engineers is generating accurate reserves estimates for use in financial reporting to the SEC and other regulatory bodies. Other job responsibilities include numerical reservoir modeling, production forecasting, well testing, well drilling and workover planning, economic modeling, and PVT analysis of reservoir fluids.
Reservoir engineers also play a central role in field development planning, recommending appropriate and cost effective reservoir depletion schemes such as waterflooding or gas injection to maximize hydrocarbon recovery.

## Types

Reservoir engineers often specialize in two areas:
* Surveillance (or production) engineering, i.e. monitoring of existing fields and optimization of production and injection rates. Surveillance engineers typically use analytical and empirical techniques to perform their work, including decline curve analysis, material balance modeling, and inflow/outflow analysis.
* Simulation modeling, i.e. the conduct of reservoir simulation studies to determine optimal development plans for oil and gas reservoirs.
Almost any person with a basic or advanced degree in a pure or applied science can undergo on the job training to become a reservoir engineer, which normally takes five to ten years, although some universities in the USA, Europe, and around the world do offer specialized undergraduate and graduate degrees in petroleum engineering.
# Research types

Three basic types of research can be identified:
* Experimental - Characterised by random assignment to groups, with full control over extraneous variables, and manipulation of independent variables
* Quasi-experimental - Characterised by the study and comparison of naturally-occurring groups
* Non-experimental - Characterised by study of a single sample, without comparison between groups
For some examples, and to test your knowledge, see the quiz.
# United Kingdom Law/Data Protection Act

The Data Protection Act is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament.

## Key Principles

The Key principles of the United Kingdom Act are as follows:
* Data may only be used for the specific purposes for which it was collected.
* Data must not be disclosed to other parties without the consent of the individual whom it is about, unless there is legislation or other overriding legitimate reason to share the information (for example, the prevention or detection of crime). It is an offence for Other Parties to obtain this personal data without authorisation.
* Individuals have a right of access to the information held about them, subject to certain exceptions (for example, information held for the prevention or detection of crime).
* Personal information may be kept for no longer than is necessary.
* Personal information may not be transmitted outside the EEA unless the individual whom it is about has consented or adequate protection is in place, for example by the use of a prescribed form of contract to govern the transmission of the data.
* Subject to some exceptions for organisations that only do very simple processing, and for domestic use, all entities that process personal information must register with the Information Commissioner.
* Entities holding personal information are required to have adequate security measures in place. Those include technical measures (such as firewalls) and organisational measures (such as staff training).

## See Also

Official "Data Protection Act"
# United Kingdom Law/Freedom of Information

Freedom of information in the United Kingdom is controlled by the Freedom of Information Act 2000, the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002, and Environmental Information Regulations 2004.

## Making a request

A Freedom of Information request must be made in writing but that includes where the request is "transmitted by electronic means", for example, via email. The request must include the real name of the applicant and provide an address for a reply such as a postal or email address.
The WhatDoTheyKnow website provides a service which allows for requests to be made through the site which can be publicly viewed.

## Exemptions

There are a number of exemptions, termed exceptions in the Environmental Information Regulations, which allow a public authority to decline to provide requested information in certain circumstances. Some are subject to a "public interest test" which requires the public authority to consider whether it is in the public interest to release information despite an exemption which may allow them to refuse to do so.

## Fees

Public authorities can charge a fee in accordance with Section 9 of the FoI Act.
Section 12 of the FoI Act allows authorities to decline to comply with a request where the authority estimate to do so would exceed "the appropriate limit". That limit is defined by The Freedom of Information and Data Protection (Appropriate Limit and Fees) Regulations 2004. For authorities in Part I of Schedule 1 to the 2000 FoI Act, which includes most government departments, the House of Commons, the House of Lords, the armed forces, and the devolved administrations, it is currently £600. For all other public authorities, the appropriate limit is £450.

## The appeals process

When the applicant is not satisfied with the response of the authority, the first step should be to attempt to informally discuss their concerns with the authority. If that isn't effective, the next step is to request that the authority caries out an internal review, where the handling of the request should be considered by someone at the authority not involved in the original decision.
If the applicant remains unhappy with the authority's handling of their request, they can make a complaint to the Information Commissioner's Office (the ICO). The ICO will investigate and may decide to issue a decision notice which will set out the Commissioner's view of the authority's handling and whether the Freedom of Information Act or the Environmental Information Regulations were complied with. The decision notice can require the authority to take steps as the Commissioner sees necessary.
Either party can if they wish appeal to the Information Tribunal if they are not satisfied with the Commissioner's decision notice.

## Notable requests

News stories frequently report the outcomes of freedom of information requests considered notable. Heather Brooke's use of the Freedom of Information Act to request details of the expenses claims of Members of Parliament was part of what led to the United Kingdom Parliamentary expenses scandal.
# United Kingdom Law/Great Repeal Bill 2008/Old

This page is for out of date proposals formerly included in Great Repeal Bill.

## Local government deregulation

| Short title | Extent of repeal | Reasoning |
| Regional Development Agencies Act 1998 | The whole Act | This Act created the apparatus of regional government in England and Wales. Agree: These are just useless quangos that contribute nothing. Re-distribute their powers between central and local government. Comment: The Regional Development Agencies Act 1998 is prospectively repealed by the Localism Act 2011 and by Schedule 6 to the Public Bodies Act 2011. |

## Constitutional deregulation

| Short title | Extent of repeal | Reasoning |
| Septennial Act 1715 | The whole Act | This Act lengthens the maximum duration of a Parliament from three to seven years, and was amended by the Parliament Act 1911 to change this to five years. It should be repealed and replaced with an Act establishing fixed-term Parliaments. Comment: The Septennial Act 1715 was repealed by paragraph 2 of the Schedule to the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011. |
| Royal Marriages Act 1772 | The whole Act | This Act prevents members of the Royal Family from marriage without either the consent of the monarch or both Houses of Parliament and notification of the Privy Council. In this day and age it is unacceptable that the monarch should be able to agree and disagree to marriages in his/her family. Disagree: Royal family is not a typical family. It represents the country, its people, and all its members have a duty of public service. Further, many are in the line of succession. Therefore, the reigning monarch has a right to ensure all marriages are to persons suitable for exercising their public duty, and who will not embarrass the monarchy and the country. In practice, it only applies to those very close to the monarch anyway. I doubt very much the queen worries herself about the marriages of those twentieth in line to the throne. Comment: The Royal Marriages Act 1772 is prospectively repealed by section 3(4) of the Succession to the Crown Act 2013. |

## Obsolete and spent provisions

| Short title | Extent of repeal | Reasoning |
| Parliamentary Elections Act 1695 | The whole Act | There is nothing left in this Act since all of its provisions have since been repealed. Comment: Although legislation.gov.uk appears to say that the title and preamble of this Act are still in force, they were in fact repealed by Schedule 13 of the Representation of the People Act 1948 (assuming that Queen's Printer copies of the Act of 1948 are accurate). |
# United Kingdom Law/Reform

* The scope of this learning project includes materials relevant to the revision and consolidation of statute law, the codification of law, and the amendment of law generally.
* Resources relevant to law refom presently include a list of unnecessary enactments, a collection of draft clauses and a number of draft Bills.
* Draft Bills
* The following are draft Bills or proposals to draft Bills:
* Special:Prefixindex/United Kingdom Law/Reform/