OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Turkish/Numbers
#### Numbers

Turkish numbers are relatively easy to understand. Before 10 you simply have to learn the numbers, however creating any number after 10 is easy, since you just need to add any number before 10 next to 10 or multiples of it. For example, five (beş) when used alone means 5. However if we add it next to forty(kırk) it becomes 45, or kırk-beş(Pretty much the same as forty-five).
And that's pretty much it.

##### Cardinal Numbers

| Number | Turkish | English |
| 1 | bir | one |
| 2 | iki | two |
| 3 | üç | three |
| 4 | dört | four |
| 5 | beş | five |
| 6 | altı | six |
| 7 | yedi | seven |
| 8 | sekiz | eight |
| 9 | dokuz | nine |
| 10 | on | ten |
| 11 | on bir | eleven |
| 12 | on iki | twelve |
| 13 | on üç | thirteen |
| 14 | on dört | fourteen |
| 15 | on beş | fifteen |
| 16 | on altı | sixteen |
| 17 | on yedi | seventeen |
| 18 | on sekiz | eighteen |
| 19 | on dokuz | nineteen |
| 20 | yirmi | twenty |
| 21 | yirmi bir | twenty-one |
| 30 | otuz | thirty |
| 31 | otuz bir | thirty-one |
| 40 | kırk | forty |
| 41 | kırk bir | forty-one |
| 50 | elli | fifty |
| 51 | elli bir | fifty-one |
| 60 | altmış | sixty |
| 61 | altmış bir | sixty-one |
| 70 | yetmiş | seventy |
| 71 | yetmiş bir | seventy-one |
| 80 | seksen | eighty |
| 81 | seksen bir | eighty-one |
| 90 | doksan | ninety |
| 91 | doksan bir | ninety-one |
| 100 | yüz | one hundred |
| 200 | iki yüz | two hundred |
| 1000 | bin | one thousand |
| 2000 | iki bin | two thousand |
| 1000000 | bir milyon | one million |
| 2000000 | iki milyon | two million |
| 1000000000 | bir milyar | one billion |
# Turkish/Pronouns
## Statement of learning goals for this resource

From this lesson you will understand the basic Turkish pronouns and how to use them in sentences.

## Basic Pronouns

Word :
| Turkish | English |
| Ben | I |
| Sen | You |
| O | He/She/It |
| Biz | We |
| Siz | You |
| Onlar | they |

## To be

The verb "to be" in Turkish is always an ending added to the noun. These endings are either -im, -sin, -iz, -siniz, or -ler depending on the pronoun.
Below is an example using the Turkish word for pretty: güzel.
| Pronoun | Turkish | To be | Example | English |
| I | Ben | -im | Ben güzelim | I am pretty. |
| You (singular) | Sen | -sin | Sen güzelsin | You are pretty. |
| He/she | O | none | O güzel | He/she is pretty. |
| We | Biz | -iz | Biz güzeliz | We are pretty. |
| You (plural) | Siz | -siniz | Siz güzelsiniz | You are pretty. |
| They | Onlar | -ler | Onlar güzeller | They are pretty. |

### Dropping the Personal Pronoun

In Turkish, the personal pronoun is usually assumed in a sentence. Thus, most of the time it is dropped. For example:
| Original | Dropped Pronoun |
| Ben güzelim. | Güzelim. |
| Sen güzelsin. | Güzelsin. |
| O Güzel. | Güzel. |
| Biz güzeliz. | Güzeliz. |
| Siz güzelsiniz. | Güzelsiniz. |
| Onlar güzeller. | Güzeller. |

### Practice

Complete the following examples using the vocab provided below.
| English | Turkish |
| I am happy. | Ben mutluyum |
| You (singular) are big. | Sen büyüksün |
| He/She/It is good. | O iyi. |
| We are hot. | Biz sıcağız. |
| You (plural) are cold. | Siz soğuksunuz. |
| They are white. | Onlar beyaz. Onlar beyaz |
Vocab
iyi = good
beyaz = white
mutlu = happy
sıcak = hot
soğuk = cold
büyük = big

### Two Vowels in a Row

When you add a "to be" suffix to a word, and the result has two vowels in a row, you add a -y- between them as a buffer. For example:
"iyi" means good. To say "I am good", you add the -im suffix. The result is iyiim but since you cannot have two "i"s together, you add the -y- which makes iyiyim, meaning "I am good".
# Turkish/Plural
## Learning Goals

This lesson will teach you how to make nouns in Turkish plural.

## Making Them

In English, you add "-s" usually at the end of a word to make it plural. In Turkish, we add either a -ler or -lar at the end of a noun to make it plural.
Examples:
gün (day) → günler (days)
akşam (evening) → akşamlar
gece (night) → geceler
televizyon (T.V.) → televizyonlar

## -ler or -lar?

Since there are two ways to make things plural, we have to decide which one to chose for any given word. We do this by choosing the one that rhymes best with the last vowel in the word.
-ler works best with i, e, ö, and ü -lar works best with ı, a, o, and u
# Twitter

Twitter, now officially known as X, is a popular social networking platform where users can share short text messages, images, and videos. These posts, formerly called “tweets,” can be liked, reposted, and commented on by other users. It’s a place to follow your interests, stay updated on news, and join conversations on various topics.

### Key Features

* Posts: Users can share text, images, videos, and links. Posts were originally called “tweets.”
* Reposts and Likes: You can repost (formerly retweet) and like posts to share them with your followers or show appreciation.
* Threads: Users can create a series of connected posts to share longer thoughts or stories.
* Hashtags: These are used to categorize posts and make them easier to find. For example, #WorldCup2024.
* Trending Topics: A list of popular topics and hashtags that are currently being discussed.
* Direct Messages (DMs): Private messaging feature to communicate directly with other users.
* Spaces: Live audio conversations that users can join or host, similar to a live podcast.

### Usage

* News and Updates: Many people use Twitter to stay updated on current events, follow their favorite celebrities, or get real-time updates from companies and organizations.
* Networking: It’s a great platform for professionals to connect, share insights, and build their personal brand.
* Entertainment: Follow your favorite artists, watch live streams, and join fan communities.
* Customer Service: Many companies use Twitter to provide customer support and engage with their customers.

### Recent Changes

* Rebranding: Twitter has been rebranded to X, reflecting a broader vision for the platform.
* New Features: The platform continues to evolve with new features like enhanced video sharing, improved direct messaging, and more.

### Advanced Features

* Lists: You can create or follow lists to organize tweets from specific users into a separate feed. This is useful for keeping track of tweets from a particular group of people or topics.
* Moments: Curated stories showcasing the best of what’s happening on Twitter, often around major events or trending topics.
* Analytics: For those interested in the performance of their tweets, Twitter provides analytics to track engagement, impressions, and more.
* Polls: Users can create polls to gather opinions from their followers on various topics.
* Bookmarks: Save tweets privately to revisit later.

### Community and Interaction

* Communities: Join or create communities around shared interests. This feature allows for more focused discussions.
* Fleets: Similar to Instagram Stories, these are temporary posts that disappear after 24 hours (though this feature has been discontinued as of 2021).
* Super Follows: A subscription feature where followers can pay for exclusive content from their favorite creators.

### Safety and Privacy

* Mute and Block: Control your experience by muting or blocking users whose content you don’t want to see.
* Report: You can report tweets or accounts that violate Twitter’s rules.
* Privacy Settings: Customize who can see your tweets, send you direct messages, and more.
# Turkish/Colors

These are some basic Turkish words for colors
Word :
| Turkish | English |
| Beyaz(Ak) | White |
| Siyah(Kara) | Black |
| Gri | Gray |
| Mavi | Blue |
| Yeşil | Green |
| Sarı | Yellow |
| Kırmızı | Red |
| Kahverengi | Brown |
| Pembe | Pink |
| Turuncu | Orange |
| Mor | Purple |
# Twelve principles of green chemistry

The Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry
1. Prevention
It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it has been created.
2. Atom Economy
Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product.
3. Less Hazardous Chemical Syntheses
Wherever practicable, synthetic methods should be designed to use and generate substances that possess little or no toxicity to human health and the environment.
4. Designing Safer Chemicals
Chemical products should be designed to effect their desired function while minimizing their toxicity.
5. Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries
The use of auxiliary substances (e.g., solvents, separation agents, etc.) should be made unnecessary wherever possible and innocuous when used.
6. Design for Energy Efficiency
Energy requirements of chemical processes should be recognized for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized. If possible, synthetic methods should be conducted at ambient temperature and pressure.
7. Use of Renewable Feedstocks
A raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting whenever technically and economically practicable.
8. Reduce Derivatives
Unnecessary derivatization (use of blocking groups, protection/ deprotection, temporary modification of physical/chemical processes) should be minimized or avoided if possible, because such steps require additional reagents and can generate waste.
9. Catalysis
Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents.
10. Design for Degradation
Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they break down into innocuous degradation products and do not persist in the environment.
11. Real-time analysis for Pollution Prevention
Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for real-time, in-process monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances.
12. Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention
Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should be chosen to minimize the potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions, and fires.
# Psychometric instrument development/Quiz

Exploratory factor analysis practice quiz
# Psychotherapy

This psychology resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
* Rational emotive behavior therapy - How can REBT help to change our emotions?
* Solution focused brief therapy‎‎
   * Miracle question
# Psychometrics

Psychometrics is the scientific study of psychological measurement, the goal of which is to validly measure differences between individuals and groups in psychosocial qualities such as attitudes and personality. There are two aspects:
* Developing and testing tools to validly measure psychological qualities (such as knowledge, attitudes and opinions, emotions, cognitions, personality, and so on).
* Developing a science (theory, methods, and findings) of and about the measurement of psychological qualities.
# Psychosis

Psychosis is a derived term. Psych is an ancient Greek term for that which exists because of, or in relation to, the mind, the activity of the brain. The suffix -osis implies an ongoing, a possibly changing, state. Psychosis therefore is a reference to an "Ongoing state of the mind" and can be an accurate description of imagination and/or hallucination. This differs from Psychotic which, with the suffix -otic, describes an un-changing state of the mind, most often used to describe drugs which affect the mind without exception or a period of hallucination in the past, a psychotic drug or a pyschotic "episode" (a period in which the ideas of the mind do not match reality). The mind is not the brain. The brain exists without function. The mind is produced by the brain, most likely in conjunction with the nervous system.

## History and meaning

The idea of the psyche (sigh key), that based in thought, dates back to the time when the Greek language was very common in Europe, several thousand years ago. All persons think with their mind regardless of communicative ability or disability. If the brain ceases to function and produce a mind, the body ceases to function therefore the mind is an indistinguishable part of life for any organism capable of producing a mind (anything which has a brain only lives so long as the brain functions).

## Psychosis in relation to reality

That which is physical exists with or without the mind. The mind is aware of that which is reality through the body and the five senses, sight. sound, touch, taste and smell. The body's ability to sense may become impaired and the minds ability to register the senses may become impaired. The mind may also imagine sensation. In these situations, that which does not exists in reality can be believed to exist by the mind. Psychosis can include sight, sound, touch, taste, smell and other imagined senses such as the ability to interpret another mind, to make thoughts *audible*, to have one's thoughts interpreted, to touch or taste objects without physical contact or to smell that which does not produce an odour within a detectable range.
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/Blank

( To subpage for editing >> )
Further Research
References
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/Bulimia

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Bulimia
Violent or insatiable appetite
The following references are relevant:-
Rosenberg et al (1977) Increased appetite (bulimia) in Parkinson's disease.
Burkhard et al (2008) Impulse control disorders and Parkinson's disease.
Zahodne et al (2011) Binge eating in Parkinson's disease: prevalence, correlates and the contribution of deep brain stimulation.
Further Research
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/Azilect

( To subpage for editing >> )
AZILECT ® is prescribed as a supplement to levodopa for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease symptoms.

## Active ingredients

Rasagiline
Rasagiline is an irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase used as a monotherapy in early Parkinson's disease or as an adjunct therapy in more advanced cases. It is selective for MAO type B over type A by a factor of fourteen.

## Inactive ingredients

Mannitol
Colloidal anhydrous silica
Maize starch
Stearic acid
Talc

## Most common adverse reactions to AZILECT

Very common (Affecting more tham 1 user im 10)
Dyskinesia
Headache
Common (Affecting 1 to 10 users in 100}
abdominal pain
falls
allergy
fever
flu (influenza)
general feeling of being unwell (malaise)
neeck pain
chest pain (angina pectoris)
orthostatic hypotension
decreased appetite
constipation
dry mouth
nausea and vomiting
flatulence
leucopenia(abnormal blood tests)
arthralgia (joint pain)
musculoskeletal pain
joint inflammation (arthritis)
carpal tunnel syndrome (weakness or numbness of the hands)
decreased weight
abnormal dreams
postural instability
depression
dizziness
dystonia (muscle contractions)
rhinitis (runny nose)
dermatitis (skin irritation)
conjunctivitis (eye irritation)
urinary urgency

## Less common adverse reactions to AZILECT

{Affects 1 to 10 users in 1,000)
stroke (cerebrovascular accident)
heart attack (myocardial infarction)
blistering rash (vesiculobullous rash)

## Drug interactions

AZILECT should not be taken concurrently with:-
monamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors
pethidine
St. John's Wort
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/Bruxism

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## Bruxism

Grinding of teeth
These references are relevant:-
Magee (1970) Bruxisma related to levadopa therapy
Durham et al (1993) Management of orofacial manifestations of Parkinson's disease with splint therapy: a case report.
Stivastaya et al (2002) Bruxism as presenting feature of Parkinson's disease.
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/Balance

( To subpage for editing >> )

## Balance

Susceptibility to falls

## Alternative terms

Postural instability---Falls
The following references are relevant:-
King et al (2012) Do clinical scales of balance reflect turning abnormalities in people with Parkinson's disease?
Duncan and Earhart (2012) Should One Measure Balance or Gait to Best Predict Falls among People with Parkinson Disease?
Boonsinsukh et al (2012) A Cane Improves Postural Recovery From an Unpracticed Slip During Walking in People With Parkinson Disease
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/Block

( To subpage for editing >> )
Block
Resistance to thought or movement.
The following references are relevant:-
Brown and Marsden (1988) Internal versus external cues and the control of attention in Parkinson's Disease
Morris et al (1988) Planning and spatial working memory in Parkinson's disease.
Heindel et al (1989) Neuropsychological evidence for multiple implicit memory systems: a comparison of Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's disease patients
Further Research
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/Bradykinesia

( To subpage for editing >> )

## Bradykinesia

Slowness of movement.
The following references are relevant:-
Morris et al (2010) Striding Out With Parkinson Disease: Evidence-Based Physical Therapy for Gait Disorders
Schenkman et al (2011) Profile of Functional Limitations and Task Performance Among People With Early- and Middle-Stage Parkinson Disease
Heldman et al (2011) The Modified Bradykinesia Rating Scale for Parkinson’s Disease: Reliability and Comparison with Kinematic Measures

## See Also:-

Introduction to Parkinson's Science/Q Page 2
Symptomatic Relief for PD/Bradykinesia
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/Bradyphrenia

( To subpage for editing >> )
Bradyphrenia
Slowness of thought.
The following references are relevant:-
Aarsland et al (2009) Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease
Goldman and Litvan (2011) Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease
Oluladanola et al (2012) Frequency of cognitive impairment and depression in Parkinson's disease: A preliminary case-control study
Further Research
# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/Blepharospasm

( To subpage for editing >> )

## Blepharospasm

Spasm of the eyelid
The following references are relevant:-
Elston (1992) A new variant of blepharospasm
Hallett et al (2008) ..Update on blepharospasm: Report from the BEBRF International Workshop
Armstrong (2011) Visual symptoms in Parkinson's Disease
# Service Dog/Task

A Service Dog task or work is defined in USA as a task that is trained rather than instinctive and benefits a person with a disability. This can include mobility aid, bracing against falls, opening doors, helping with medication induced dizziness. In matters of invisible disabilities such as PTSD, episodic events can, like epileptic seizures or diabetic emergencies, be targets of either service dog alerts or service dog responses.
# Service Dog/Training Logs

Training logs in various contexts document training in a manner which allows for third party audits and performance assessment by coaches. Self coached training programs may find them especially useful insofar as they motivate a detached perspective.
In the context of service dog training such logs can be useful in obtaining accreditation from animal control authorities, venue operators such as airport management, school boards, and in the event of litigation.
Exercise for those interested in Training in America you may wish to prepare a training log and submit it to colleagues on WU via email. Date, time spent, location, tasks or work drilled, equipment, methodology are Obviously important. Also of interest would be number of repetitions, canine performance, and the reinforcement schedule.
Background reading should include articles on operant conditioning and canine training doctrine such as that covered by John Bradshaw in "Dog Sense" (2011).

## See Also

* Training
# Service Dog/pet dog

A companion animal has been demonstrated to correlated with improved health and well being. In USA, such a dog maybe classified as an emotional support animal if used to mitigate a disability. This status hinges on legitimacy of the handler as disabled; it is not a matter of the dog being trained.
# Service Dog/emotional support animal

An emotional support animal provides comfort and general well being for its handler. An ESA can save lives.
THis type of animal is to be distinguished from a service animal which is actually trained to perform work or tasks.
This project will include research supporting the value of ESA dogs as independently worthy of the same regard as a service dog.
Disabled persons do have some specific rights which ordinary pet dogs do not have, but less than a service animal.
For instance, housing and airline travel are permitted in the USA for ESA's. Buses, trains and stores may exclude ESA but not service dogs.
# Service Dog/Training in America

This is a stub for a learning resource based upon case history and/or [[original research] at Wikiversity.
Service dog training in the US is subject to the /ADA and the Code of Federal Regulations.
State laws also apply. In California, disability law, the Unruh Act and the Food and Agriculture Act may apply. The latter includes provisions which are little known, specifically a provision for suing access deniers, a presumed amount of damages and provisions or access for dogs in training.
Please note our /Disclaimers we do not offer legal medical or vetrinary advice!
Things to add if you want to help:
* Book
* YouTube links
* Websites
* Case histories, even your own
# Service Dog/Training

Wikiversity resources for assistance dog training include chapters of a textbook Motivation and Emotion and WELP, a moniker for a research project and learning resource for owner-trainers. The latter may include a textbook, a curriculum, instructional videos and templates for training logs.
A specific case study may include development of a PTSD service dog model at Service Dog using cognition theory from basic college psychology.
The following summary, creditable to Wikipedia as of September 1, 2020, is broadly accurate and will be refined on this (Wikiversity) project:

### Task Training

Once a puppy is old enough they will commence their specialist training which will include training in work and/or tasks. It is these tasks which will make them distinct and specialised assistance dogs. In the EU to be categorised as an assistance dog, a dog is expected to have at least three specialized tasks which mitigate the owners disability, while in the USA an assistance dog handler may be asked if they have a disability, and what tasks the dog does to mitigate that disability as the only 2 legal questions to ascertain that a dog is indeed an assistance dog. The tasks that an assistance dog prospect will learn depend on the disabilities that their current or future handler has and there is therefore almost no limit on the types of tasks a dog can be trained to. These may vary from pulling wheel chairs to interrupting self-harming behaviors to providing deep pressure therap. A resource on the internet, which has not been peer reviewed or audited by this Wikiversity project, has published something called "The Giant List of Service Dog Tasks", which seems to be at least an inspired concept which may be of use to some.
* ↑ US Department of Justice. "Frequently Asked Questions About Service Animals and the ADA". Retrieved 25 August 2018.
* ↑ Froling, Joan. "Assistance Dog Tasks". IAADP. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
* ↑ "Gigantic List of the Top 150 Service Dog Tasks". The Atomic Hound. Retrieved 2020-09-01.
# Service Dog/Training in America/Disclaimers

All disclaimers on this project and WF are important, Please read them ALL. This page will be updated Shortly.