OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Computational mechanics

School of Engineering | Engineering and Technology Portal | Applied mechanics

## Origins and goal

This page is set up by students of the Eindhoven University of Technology who have started working on problems in computational mechanics (either for fluids or solids). There exists already a plethora of information both online and at the university. However, because it was found that a lot of students are confronted with the same problems when they start working on computational mechanics for their master's degree, it was decided it would be useful to have a central, easily accessible and open repository with detailed information about the theory that these students typically encounter.
These pages will deal for the most part with finite element methods in computational mechanics.

## To be done

* Balance equations
* Solids
** Neo-Hookean
** Elastic models
* Fluids
** Poisson
** Stokes
** Navier-Stokes
* Mathematical background
** Notation
** Calculus of variations
** Gauss' divergence theorem
** Reynolds transport theorem
** Linearisation schemes
** Time integration schemes
# Computed Tomography

>Brain Imaging>Neurosociety Media Centre
Computed Tomography uses X-rays to look inside the body; so it cannot examine anything smaller than 2mm. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, on the other hand, creates images from the magnetic behaviour of hydrogen protons in brain tissue, and so can show much more detail (down to around 1mm). These imaging methods are mainly used to investigate anatomical structures and the processes associated with disease. CT scans are not used to examine the dynamic functioning of the brain. More on the history and current applications can be found here.
# Computational fluid dynamics

Part of the Wikiversity Division of Fluid Mechanics, Division of Applied Mechanics, School of Engineering and the Engineering and Technology Portal

## Content summary

All those CFD enthusiasts out there.. Lets start a new CFD course which will meet every requirement that has to be met...

### Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) Applications

* Automotive Drag for Fuel Efficient Design
* Fire Modeling and Prediction
* Atmospheric Modeling (Weather/Climate Change Prediction)

## Learning Materials
### Texts

* Using Computational Fluid Dynamics
* Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics

### CFD Lessons
#### Lesson 1

EXAMPLE For a source contaminant concentration $\ C_{0}$ entering a flow of velocity ${\vec {U}}$ at a distance $\ x$ upstream from a point, the downstream concentration $\ C$ at that point is determined by the ratio...
${\frac {C}{C_{0}}}=e^{\frac {x*{\vec {U}}}{D}}$
Where... $\ D$ is the local dispersion coefficient determined by $\ D=0.067*depth*V_{f}$
and where friction velocity is $V_{f}={\sqrt {g*depth*ChannelSlope}}$

## Assignments
### Study guide:

* Physical Properties of the Oceans
* Wikipedia article:Computational Fluid Dynamics
* Wikipedia article:xxx
# Computer

For centuries, teams of people were frequently employed to undertake long and tedious calculations, often working in Parallel computing. From the early 17th century to the middle of the 20th century they were called computers. Now the word refers to device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. By designing it so that the sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem. Other ancestors to the modern computer can be seen in this gallery.

## Resources

* Introduction to Computers
* Computer Skills
* Computer Support
* Computer Networks
* Computer-aided design
* Computer architecture
* Computer engineering

## See Also

* School: Computer science
* Topic: Computer Programming
# Computational complexity theory

|Computational complexity theory studies the complexity of problems amenable to algorithmic solutions, classifying them according to the amount of resources (time, workspace, ...) needed to solve an arbitrary instance of a problem.

## Introduction

To define complexity classes, one usually starts from a concrete machine model, for example the 1-tape deterministic Turing machine. (Deterministic) time is then the number of steps needed to compute the solution to a problem instance of a certain length. Space is the number of cells the machine needs to use, again depending on the length of the instance. It must be noted at this point that the asymptotic behaviour, or growth, independent of additive or multiplicative constants is more interesting than the actual number obtained for some machine. Complexity measures more specific to a certain machine model can also be found, such as the number of reversals (which has some surprising properties), or ink (which is consumed when overwriting a tape symbol). Also the joint restriction of space and time resources leads to useful classes.
An important distinction is between deterministic and nondeterministic computation; a nondeterministic Turing machine may "guess" how to proceed in a computation, and reject a problem instance for which a positive answer would be correct if the guesses turn out to be wrong, but never the other way round. Also, by making the right guesses it must be able to accept any instance that should be accepted.
Many central questions in computational complexity theory remain open today. Many inclusions between classes follow directly from the definition, while showing that the inclusion is proper (separating two classes, showing there are problems in the upper class that are not solvable by algorithms of lower complexity) is often inordinately hard. Some of the best-known open questions ask whether the non-deterministic and deterministic variants of certain resource-bounded computations are equally powerful.
Complexity classes may also have logical characterisations. That branch of computational complexity theory is called descriptive complexity, and is usually taught second.
* ↑ Jianer Chen and Chee-Keng Yap: Reversal complexity, SIAM Journal on Computing, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 622--638, SIAM 1991

## External Resources

* The |Complexity class article on Wikipedia
* The |Computability and Complexity wikibook
* The Complexity Zoo, providing a large list of complexity classes and links to the scientific publications establishing them
# Dickens

Use the scene selector and go through and complete the following by inserting the above words as appropriate …. Charles _ _ _ _ Huffam Dickens was born in Ports _ _ _ _ _, he married _ _ _ _ Hogarth. He died in _ _ _ _
Play SURVIVE DICKENS' LONDON
# Dictators/Benito Mussolini

Benito Mussolini (July 29, 1883 - April 28, 1945) was the dictator of Italy. Mussolini was the leader of the National Fascist Party, along with being the prime minister from 1922 to 1943. Mussolini was also a WW2 ally of Adolf Hitler. Mussolini was assissanated on April 28, 1945 by gunshot wounds.

## Early Life

Mussolini was born in Dovia di Predappio on July 29, 1883. The Mussolinis were really poor, they lived in two crowded rooms. His father was jobless, always busy discussing politics, and Benito Mussolini and his two siblings would usually eat meagre. Mussolini was normally a restless kid, usually disobedient, rude, and untrustworthy. He was a bully at school and moody at home. Because the teachers could not control him due to his pigheadedness, he was sent to board with the strict Salesian order at Faenza, were he proved himself as very annoying and hard-headed, he stabbed a fellow student in his class with a pocket knife and known for attacking a teacher their when he/she tried to beat him. He was expelled and sent to the Giosuè Carducci School at Forlimpopoli, from which he was also expelled after assaulting yet another pupil with his penknife.
Even though he was unruly, he was very intelligent, and he passed his exams with ease. When he was 19, he also got a teaching diploma, and he got a job as a schoolmaster. After a few years of work, he decided he was not fit for the job. Yet, thus, he left Italy to Switzerland. Jumping from job to job every day.

### Emigration to Switzerland; Military Service

In 1902, Mussolini emigrated to Switzerland, above all to avoid military conscription. For a short time, he worked as a stonemason, but could not find permanent employment.
# Dictators/Benito Mussolini/National Fascist Party

The National Fascist Party was a political party that ruled Italy from 1922 - 1943. The National Fascist Party was founded by Benito Mussolini on 1919.
# Dickens/Audio assignment

Create a 21 second radio advert featuring an introduction, middle and end. You can use multitrack if you like
# Dickens/quiz2

Back to Dickens

## Knowledge Check 1

Read the following questions and select the best answer. When you are finished making your selection, click the "Submit" button.
# Dictators

Welcome to the Dictators Project, here, you may write about Dictators in World History. We also want you to follow the guidelines of this project.

## Guidelines

When creating a new page for this project, you must:
* Cover the basics (early life, growing up and rise in dictatorship and step from dictatorship and death), unless your school has their own guidelines.
* Have at least five pictures related to your topic.
* Elaborate the details, be specific.
* Create a timeline if you would like to!
* Good Grammar, no obvious Bad Grammar.
* Needs sections, not a wide chunk of text.
* Add {{<--Under construction-->}} at the top.
Well, now you know. So Get Started!

##### Get started!
## Existing Pages

* Dictators/Benito Mussolini
Dictators/Benito Mussolini/National Fascism Party
# Dickens/quiz1
## BOY GIRL MAN WOMAN or GHOST

Search in an images window and write into the below
| Dickens Characters | BOY GIRL MAN WOMAN GHOST |
| Oliver Twist | .. |
| Scrooge | .. |
| The Artful Dodger | .. |
| Fagin | .. |
| Nancy | .. |
| Bill Sikes | .. |
| Charley Bates | .. |
| Jacob Marley | .. |
| Little Nell | .. |
# Dickens/quiz3

Goto www.bbc.co.uk type Charles Dickens Animation Bleak House into the search box and watch the animation – pay close attention to these words:
- 1870
- JOHN
- MARY
- MOUTH
Use the scene selector and go through and complete the following by inserting the above words as appropriate ….
Charles _ _ _ _ Huffam Dickens was born in Ports _ _ _ _ _, he married _ _ _ _ Hogarth. He died in _ _ _ _
Goto www.bbc.co.uk type Bleak House into the search box and watch the movie. Then find the Dickens game ….
# ICT in Education/Change Projects/2016C Uganda Developing Peer Instructional Digital Videos in Physics

Title of the change project : Developing peer Instructional Digital Videos in Physics, Biology and Chemistry
Change agent : Gyaviira Marie Goretti
Email : gyaviemarie@gmail.com
Name of the organisation : Gayaza HIgh School
Country : Uganda
Started date : November
Status (finished/ongoing) : ongoing
1. Background of the project (problem):
Digital content relevant to the curriculum is insufficient. In Physics,Biology and Chemistry teachers are not making digital content.
Learners cram facts studied in Class for examinations instead of trying to understand and the available digital content is simply in form of notes and a few videos.
2. Objectives :
* To teach Students technical skills of educational media production and ICT skills.
* To promote better understanding of concepts as students prepare materials.
* To Develop research skills and motivate learners to explore beyond teachers’ notes.
* To contribute to the development of content and develop a pool of content to be used locally and internationally.
* To train teachers in digital content production; and use of ICT in the teaching and learning process.
3. Stakeholders :
* Staff members in ICT and Physics department.
* School administration
* Students
4. List of Activities
* .Training of teachers and students in Media production.
* Preparation and research for media production.
* Production and sharing of instruction videos on eLearning platform and YouTube.
* Use of ICT devices to make and edit videos, share the content and Internet research.
5. Expected result ;
Peer instructional videos in Physics, Biology and Chemistry.
6. Actual result :
7. The Project organisation :
Last Updated :
# ICT in Education/Change Projects/2016C Cambodia Integration of ICT in Piloting Teacher Training

Title of the change project :
Change agent :
Email :
Name of the organisation :
Country :
Started date :
Status (finished/ongoing) :
1. Background of the project (problem):
2. Objectives :
3. Stakeholders :
4. List of Activities :
5. Expected result ;
6. Actual result :
7. The Project organisation :
Last Updated :
# ICT in Education/Change Projects/2016C Tanzania Importance of Training Quality Assurers

Title of the change project :'Importance of Training School Quality Assurers'
Change agent :'Yohana Chikuni'
Email :'ychikuni@gmail.com'
Name of the organisation :'Ministry of Education, Science and Technology'
Country :'Tanzania'
Started date :'November, 2016'
Status (finished/ongoing) :'Ongoing'
1. Background of the project (problem):
2. Objectives :
3. Stakeholders :
4. List of Activities :
5. Expected result ;
6. Actual result :
7. The Project organisation :
Last Updated :
# ICT in Education/Change Projects/2016C Cambodia The Use of ICT for Addressing Urban Women's Issue

Title of the change project : The using of ICT to enhance safety for urban women
Change agent : Monyvann Nhean
Email : kuchvann@gmail.com
Name of the organisation : Young Women's Leadership Network
Country : Cambodia
Started date : April 2017
Status (finished/ongoing) : June 2017
1. Background of the project (problem):
Women in Cambodia are often feeling unsafe in their area and mostly in the urban area.It is mostly of its(urban) infrastructure qualities.Those women face a lot of challenges when their community is badly maintenance.
2. Objectives :
·To organize raising awareness on the ICT fundamental, the content and ethnic of writing.
·To empower 25 university students can capture undeveloped infrastructure and disaster prone and those issues to write into their own blog.
·To create an opportunity of young women to embrace technology for advocacy and to share their information resource through YWNL’s or their own page facebook.
3. Stakeholders : Students, IFL university, UNwomen, Life Academy.
4. List of Activities :
To train 25 university students to know how to use small phone Application, Blog, open soft Social Media, and Khmer Unicode.
25 university students will be enabled to communicate with 10 women residents by group discussion and mapping their problem to open soft and smart phone application.
Youth and especially young women will use ICT tool for information dissemination in their own community.
5. Expected result ;
We expect that the project will increase students’ knowledge and capacity of being a citizen journalist and they(student) will be able to pass on their knowledge to other people. Students will be able to address the real problem of the harassment toward women that causes by poor infrastructure. Students will be able to file reports and put pressure to the local government to act upon their reports.
6. Actual result :
7. The Project organisation :
Last Updated :
# ICT in Education/Change Projects/2016C Rwanda ICT for All in All

Title of the change project :
Change agent :
Email :
Name of the organisation :
Country :
Started date :
Status (finished/ongoing) :
1. Background of the project (problem):
2. Objectives :
3. Stakeholders :
4. List of Activities :
5. Expected result ;
6. Actual result :
7. The Project organisation :
Last Updated :
# ICT in Education/Change Projects/2016C Tanzania Implementation of ICT in Rural Schools

Title of the change project :
Change agent :'julieth kiwelu'
Email :'Kiwelujuliet@yahoo.com'
Name of the organisation :'Butimba Teachers college'
Country :'Tanzania'
Started date :'April 2017'
Status (finished/ongoing) :'March 2018'
1. Background of the project (problem):
2. Objectives :
3. Stakeholders :
4. List of Activities :
5. Expected result ;
6. Actual result :
7. The Project organisation :
Last Updated :
# ICT in Education/Change Projects/2016C Rwanda HeHeLabs Research and Innovation Lab

Title of the change project : HeHelabs Research and Innovation Lab
Change agent : Richard Rusa
Email : rusa@hehelabs.com
Name of the organisation : HeHelabs
Country : Rwanda
Started date : January, 2017
Status (finished/ongoing) : Ongoing
1. Background of the project (problem): When trying to hire in different fields of technology our company was faced with a skill gap challenge from university graduates entering the labor market for the first time. They have limited exposure to the industry's best practices.
2. Objectives : We created a Research and innovation lab with as objective to groom the next generation of dynamic, passionate and skilled African innovators by exposing them to the realities of emerging technologies and their applications through hands-on training in relevant technology fields, critical thinking, and leadership skills, while inspiring them to be at the forefront of the continent’s innovation. Our goal is to scale the movement of innovators up through a digital platform for early collaboration and co-creation.
3. Stakeholders : High schools, Universities, Innovation hubs, Github
4. List of Activities : User Research, Product design and development, Product deployment and promotion
5. Expected result : A digital collaboration platform
6. Actual result : A network of about 1000 young software developers, sharing, collaborating and implementing new ideas
7. The Project organisation :
Last Updated : 20th February, 2017
# ICT in Education/Change Projects/2016C Cambodia Planning for Management Information Systems

Title of the change project :'Planning for Management Information Systems (MIS) in public Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Cambodia. '
Change agent :'Management Information Systems(IMS) in public Higher Education Institutions'
Email :'botumsoum@yahoo.com'
Name of the organisation :'Department of Higher Education'
Country :'Cambodian'
Started date : 1 April 2017
Status (finished/ongoing) : 31 June 2017
1. Background of the project (problem):Currently, most public HEIs in Cambodia don’t have strong systems in place to manage all the key areas such as finance, human resources, students. Any systems that HEIs do have are not integrated. There is much duplication of work, inefficient processes and a lack of key information. There are proposed plans for public to become more autonomous, and at the same time to have stronger systems of governance and management, including integrated Management Information Systems. HEIs are also starting to become interested in MIS, and how these systems could support them to become more efficient. However, there is currently little understanding of MIS, and of how to move forward with this idea and make more concrete plans.
2. Objectives : The objective of the project is to gain a better understanding of the requirements of HEIs, the options available and the key decisions that need to be taken, and to develop a road-map to guide the development and implementation of MIS for public autonomous HEIs.
3. Stakeholders : 9 Public HEIs in Cambodia, Arount 20 participent
4. List of Activities : Some activities to help achieve this will include: • Assessing the current systems of HEIs • Learning about MIS through the use of online courses, in-house trainings, reading and research • Conducting meetings with staff from HEIs and colleagues from the DHE and Ministry of Education Youth and Sport to discuss and the requirements • See demonstrations of MIS at other organisations or from suppliers • Develop a draft road map for the development and implementation of MIS in public HEIs • Conduct meetings with HEIs and DHE staff to review the draft and receive feedback
5. Expected result ; The expected result will be a roadmap on the development and implementation of MIS in public HEIs. This would be used to guide MIS development in individual HEIs or across the HEI sector.
6. Actual result :
7. The Project organisation :
Last Updated : 20 February 2017
# ICT in Education/Change Projects/2016C Ethiopia Teaching Application Project

Title of the change project :'Teaching Application Project'
Change agent :'icog labs'
Email :'findget@gmail.com'
Name of the organisation :'Labs iCogs'
Country :'Ethiopia'
Started date :'May, 2016'
Status (finished/ongoing) :'ongoing'
1. Background of the project (problem):
There is a low access to education in rural areas and there's also quality education even in urban areas and shortage of education for disabled students.
2. Objectives :
3. Stakeholders :
4. List of Activities :
5. Expected result ;
6. Actual result :
7. The Project organisation :
Last Updated :
# India-America Relationship

Wikiversity welcomes most types of learning materials that are not encyclopedia articles, textbooks, or source texts. Please note that Wikiversity is not a place for duplication of other Wikimedia projects.
Wikiversity has adopted a "learn by doing" model for online education and encourages the creation of learning activities for Wikiversity participants. Everyone is invited to help add useful content to Wikiversity. If you need help learning how to add content, see the editing tutorial and Welcome, newcomers. Visit the Colloquium if you have any questions.
# Indian Government
## Our Government

Hello everyone! Today we are going to see an interesting topic i.e, 'Our Government '. Ours, being India we have to know how Indian Government works and what are the types and levels of government. To know all these things first we have to know what is government?
A Government is nothing but a group of people who has control over the nation and state affairs and give importance to welfare of the people and also maintain good relationships with other countries . Now read this following statements .
    Government sought to protect the rights of minorities
    Government says : onion rates are going to decrease in market
    Government decided to ban crackers in Delhi.
    Supremecourt says transgenders also should be given equal rights in the country .
What are all these statements talk about ? Yes. It talks about the works done by government . How can a single government can manage all these wide activities . In order to manage all these things in efficient way our government is divided into 3 levels. They are:
    National level
    State level
    Local level
National level government : National level means for entire country . National level government solves the disputes which arises between one nation to other nation in order to maintain peaceful relations.
    State level government : It solves the disputes that occur in state and it deals with all state affairs
    Local level government : It deals with the issues that occur in particular area or region .
In this way our government is divided into 3 levels to carry out the works in a easy way. Now let us know the most important types of government.
* Monarchy system of government
* Democratic system of government
Monarchy system :In this type of government people do not have freedom to choose their representatives. Kings and Queens use to rule the country. People does not have the freedom to act in the society . Whatever the king says it should be followed by everyone . This type of government was existed in our ancient or past days.
Democratic form of government : Here , people have freedom to choose their representatives . They have freedom to question the government and act according to their wish by following the rules made by our constitution.This is the difference between monarchy and democratic form of government.
# India lose land

In 1947 indo-pak war india lose 85,793 km land in this war which is - gilit balochistan 72,496 km and second one azad kashmir 13,297 india lost aksai chin in 1962 indo china war were 38,000k km
in 1963 pakistan gift 1900 km to china which were india land lost in indo pak war
india lost land chin and pakistan were 1,25;693 km
india present area 32,87,263 and we add lost area 1,25,693
india area were 34,12956