OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# English-Chinese/The function of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out necrotic cells and tissues damaged from the original insult and the inflammatory process, and initiate tissue repair

The function of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out necrotic cells and tissues damaged from the original insult and the inflammatory process, and initiate tissue repair.
炎症的作用是消除细胞损伤的最初原因，清除由原始损伤和炎症过程损坏的坏死细胞和组织，并启动组织修复。
# English-Chinese/The flesh of mackerel spoils easily, especially in the tropics, and can cause food poisoning

The flesh of mackerel spoils easily, especially in the tropics, and can cause food poisoning. So, it should be eaten on the day of capture, unless pickled in salt, or refrigerated.
鲭鱼的肉很容易腐烂，特别是在热带地区，会导致食物中毒。 因此，它应该在捕获当天食用，除非用盐腌制或冷藏。
# Basic Ideas and Concepts

* What is a truth table and what can it do
* Mapping a function on a truth table and determining all possible outputs
* Applying principles of Boolean Algebra to minimize given function
* Learn how to apply minterms and maxterms expansion to a truth table

# Truth Tables

A truth table is basically a representation of all the possible input combinations and the functional output of each of those combinations. It will tell you on a case-by-case basis, what will the functional output be in every input instance.
We need a way to represent the 3 basic logic operations in algebraic formulas. (AND, OR, NOT) Therefore we adopt the following standards for those representations: A AND B = $A\cdot B=AB\!$ A OR B = $A+B\!$
NOT A (Inverted A) = ${\overline {A}}\!$
For a simple example, a truth table of the AND gate is given below.
a and b :
| a | b | f = a b |
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
In general the number of rows in a truth table will be $2^{n},\!$, where n is the number of variables. So in a 3 variable function where all the inputs are products, the following would be the truth table.
a and b and c :
| a | b | c | f = a b c |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |

# Boolean Algebra

We introduce rules of Boolean Algebra to help us deal with simplifying more complex functions. The rules that should be learned are as follows.
Boolean Algebra Theorems and Axioms :
| Single Variable | Multi-Variable |
| $0\cdot 0=0\!$ | $x\cdot y=y\cdot x\!$ |
| $1+1=1\!$ | $x+y=y+x\!$ |
| $1\cdot 1=1\!$ | $x\cdot (y\cdot z)=(x\cdot y)\cdot z\!$ |
| $0+0=0\!$ | $x+(y+z)=(x+y)+z\!$ |
| $0\cdot 1=1\cdot 0=0\!$ | $x\cdot (y+z)=x\cdot y+x\cdot z\!$ |
| $1+0=0+1=1\!$ | $x+(y\cdot z)=(x+y)\cdot (x+z)\!$ |
| If $x=0\!$ then ${\overline {x}}=1\!$ | $x+x\cdot y=x\!$ |
| If $x=1\!$ then ${\overline {x}}=0\!$ | $x\cdot (x+y)=x\!$ |
| $x\cdot 0=0\!$ | $x\cdot y+x\cdot {\overline {y}}=x\!$ |
| $x+1=1\!$ | $(x+y)\cdot (x+{\overline {y}})=x\!$ |
| $x\cdot 1=x\!$ | ${\overline {x\cdot y}}={\overline {x}}+{\overline {y}}\!$ |
| $x+0=x\!$ | ${\overline {x+y}}={\overline {x}}\cdot {\overline {y}}\!$ |
| $x\cdot x=x\!$ | $x+{\overline {x}}\cdot y=x+y\!$ |
| $x+x=x\!$ | $x\cdot ({\overline {x}}+y)=x\cdot y\!$ |
| $x\cdot {\overline {x}}=0\!$ | $x\cdot y+y\cdot z+{\overline {x}}\cdot z=x\cdot y+{\overline {x}}\cdot z\!$ |
| $x+{\overline {x}}=1\!$ | $(x+y)\cdot (y+z)\cdot ({\overline {x}}+z)=(x+y)\cdot ({\overline {x}}+z)\!$ |
| ${\overline {\overline {x}}}=x\!$ | |

# Activity

Formulate a truth table for the given function below:
$f(a,b,c)={\overline {a}}bc+bc+{\overline {ab}}c\!$
# Biblical Studies (NT)/The Epistles of John: The Spirit of Antichrist

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# Biblical Survey (literal-normal)

* Please help develop and classify this resource
* Learn how you can develop this resource to teach participants about Biblical Survey (literal-normal). Choose a subject, education level, and resource type to classify the resource by. You may learn more about the topic to help you develop and classify the resource from:
=> School of Theology > Department of Biblical Studies > Center of Biblical Survey
Welcome to the Center of Biblical Survey, a part of the Department of Biblical Studies. This department is intended to provide both a sweeping overview of scripture, and detailed, in-depth studies of the sixty-six books within. While not espousing any particular set of doctrines, the study will follow a literal-normal textual analysis of Scripture, as noted to the right.
Contributions to the department are both welcome and encouraged. Before creating or editing content, however, please read the section entitled "Contributing"

## Topical Overview of Scripture

* General Overview
* Salvation
* A Tale of Two Cities
* Christ Through the Bible

## Verse-by-Verse Study Of Books
### Old Testament

* Study of Genesis
* Study of Exodus
* Study of Leviticus
* Study of Numbers
* Study of Deuteronomy
* Study of Joshua
* Study of Judges
* Study of Ruth
* Study of 1 Samuel
* Study of 2 Samuel
* Study of 1 Kings
* Study of 2 Kings
* Study of 1 Chronicles
* Study of 2 Chronicles
* Study of Ezra
* Study of Nehemiah
* Study of Esther
* Study of Job
* Study of Psalms
* Study of Proverbs
* Study of Ecclesiastes
* Study of Song of Solomon
* Study of Isaiah
* Study of Jeremiah
* Study of Lamentations
* Study of Ezekiel
* Study of Daniel
* Study of Hosea
* Study of Joel
* Study of Amos
* Study of Obadiah
* Study of Jonah
* Study of Micah
* Study of Nahum
* Study of Habakkuk
* Study of Zephaniah
* Study of Haggai
* Study of Zechariah
* Study of Malachi

### New Testament

* Study of Matthew
* Study of Mark
* Study of Luke
* Study of John
* Study of Acts
* Study of Romans
* Study of 1 Corinthians
* Study of 2 Corinthians
* Study of Galatians
* Study of Ephesians
* Study of Philippians
* Study of Colossians
* Study of 1 Thessalonians
* Study of 2 Thessalonians
* Study of 1 Timothy
* Study of 2 Timothy
* Study of Titus
* Study of Philemon
* Study of Hebrews
* Study of James
* Study of 1 Peter
* Study of 2 Peter
* Study of 1 John
* Study of 2 John
* Study of 3 John
* Study of Jude
* Study of Revelation

## Contributing

In the effort to produce a unified curriculum for study, a few editing guidelines/policies have been established. If you need to revise one of the policies, please discuss it on the guidelines' talk page to make sure it reflects consensus.
# Bibliography and Research Methods

Goal of the learning project: At first, this project will be to find out how to properly obtain sources for Wikiversity so that we may properly and successfully conduct our own research. Concepts to learn via research of this topic include:
    What is "unethical research"? Perhaps as a start we could say "ethical reason" breaks no laws, is intended to hurt no one, and has no fixed position to support. An ethical researcher is interested in facts and truths, not just supporting a predetermined position.
* What sources are appropriate for what type of research
* How to properly cite these sources
    A url link such as: or a unique delimiting character or font such as ^ or $_{subscript}$ which provides links or index to further information on the publisher, date, page number, paragraph number, etc. seems like a good start for references. I am coming to prefer online materials for convenience.
Once we have all the unanswered questions answered, we will set up instruction materials (and possibly an accompanying wikibook) that can be used for self-instruction or for a research class.
See also Wikiversity:Research process

## External resources

* Wikipedia:WikiProject Wikidemia For ethical learning is yes do no harm, but it is also 'the end does not always justify the means', and i would say that learning with an eye always to the ethics of what you will take from learning and then take out into the wider environment .--Coolpolitealex 22:41, 12 March 2010 (UTC)
# Biblical psychology
## A BIBLICAL PSYCHOLOGY

Lesson 1: Positive Disintegration <> “Unless a grain of wheat falls into the earth and dies …” (John 12:24)
INTRODUCTION: This Lesson will present you with a theory of soul / psyche which matches up more closely with the Story of Job* and the psychological growth of Biblical Exemplars** than any other theory of Modern Psychology.
* Chronologically, “Job” was the first written book of the Bible.
** i.e. Jacob, David, Moses, Paul
PURPOSE: This Lesson will... 1) Introduce Kazmierz Dabrowski, author of the Theory of Positive Disintegration; Note: The Editor will, from Lesson 2 on, attempt a virtually seamless transition to [an overtly biblical] Psychology entitled “Creative Disintegration”;2) Introduce, as Psychology, “Unless a grain of wheat falls into the earth and dies …” (John 12:24);3) Introduce the role of conflict in the developmental process;4) Offer both a cryptic contrast of “Biblical Psychology” to Freudand a comparison with Jung.
LEARNING HINTS: As you read the Sources, look for the following: 1) A sense of both the person and the achievement of Professor Dabrowski; 2) An initial grasp of the essence of both "Unless a grain of wheat … ” and "Over-excitability"; 3) A sense of the role of conflict in the developmental process; 4) An initial "handle" on: a) Freud <> A Biblical Psychology contrast;
To continue on to the Lesson itself, Click:
# Biconditional Operator

Welcome! This is a lesson in the Introductory Discrete Mathematics for Computer Science course here at Wikiversity.
Previous lesson: Conditional Operator

## Your Last Operator!

The biconditional operator looks like this: $\leftrightarrow$
It is a dyadic operator. You'll learn about what it does in the next section.

## Compound Propositions and Logical Equivalence

Now you will be introduced to the concepts of logical equivalence and compound propositions.
* Compound propositions involve the assembly of multiple statements, using multiple operators.
* Logical equivalence means that the truth tables of two statements are the same.
The biconditional operator is sometimes called the "if and only if" operator. $p\leftrightarrow q$ = TRUE means that the truth values of p and q are the same. "You will see the notes for this class if and only if someone shows them to you" is an example of a biconditional statement.
* If someone shows you the notes and you see them, the statement is true.
* If someone shows you the notes and you do not see them, the biconditional statement is violated. Therefore, a value of "false" is returned.
* If no one shows you the notes and you see them, the biconditional statement is violated. Therefore, a value of "false" is returned.
* If no one shows you the notes and you do not see them, a value of true is returned.
* The biconditional statement $p\leftrightarrow q$ is logically equivalent to $\neg (p\oplus q)$!

## Truth Table for the Biconditional

| $p\,\!$ | $q\,\!$ | $p\leftrightarrow q$ |
| T | T | T |
| T | F | F |
| F | T | F |
| F | F | T |

## Next Lesson

The next lesson is called Compound Propositions and Useful Rules.
# Biblical Survey (literal-normal)/Editing Guidelines

This page contains editing policies and guidelines for the Department of Biblical Overview.

## Technical policies

* All inter-wiki links must conform to a specific format, as seen below. This format allows content to be seamlessly moved from one Wikimedia project to another (for instance Wikibooks), in case such a move is ever desired
       Format: [[MetaWikipedia:(wiki name):(article name)|(link text)]]
       Example: [[w:awesome|awesome stuff]] yields awesome stuff
* A number of page templates have been created to standardize the look and feel of the center. Please use them if you plan to create any new pages.
* While all translations of the Bible may be used, particularly in resolving differences of interpretation or translation, there is a preference for BibleGateway's New King James version of the Bible here. Unless you have a reason not to, try to use BibleGateway's version of that translation for the sake of consistency throughout the department. To obtain a link to the passage, go to BibleGateway.com and search for the passage under "New King James Version". Then use the URL from your browser's address bar as the link URL.

## Content policies

* All interpretation of scripture should be approached from a literal-normal perspective; any content that opposes this practice is outside the scope of the center, and a candidate for revision. Now because literal-normal interpretation can at times be a subjective effort, there is some wiggle room here. If a question concerning the litero-normalcy of a page/section remains unresolved, present to the reader all alternate (literal-normal) interpretations, and backing for each of them.
* A course may (or may not) have a single editor responsible for the majority of its content. If it does, you may consider running any major edits/contributions by him/her, as a matter of etiquette.
* If you consider yourself a major contributor to a study, place your username under the "Major Contributors" section of the study page. A "major contribution" might be a lesson's worth of material, or a long-standing commitment to maintaining a study, etc. Use your best judgement.
# Big bang/a critique of The Universe Has No Beginning? Doubts About The Big Bang Theory

(Review Paper) Cited in Big bang/a critique of The Universe Has No Beginning? Doubts About The Big Bang Theory

### The Universe Has No Beginning? Doubts about the Big Bang Theory

There is considerable possibility that time reversal exists in the universe. This possibility increases upon the greater discoveries of black matter. Even if black matter were to be removed from the theory, the Big Bang Theory would be hypothetically removed as well since the Big Bang Theory could not exist without it. Since black matter has not yet been proven to exist, it is too early to treat the Big Bang as anything more than just a theory.

### Rationale

The factual validity of the big bang theory is called into question through two thought experiments. In thought experiment one, consider that a light ray can arrive at an observer after a far less distant source, if it is delayed by being bent around the horizon of a black hole, for example. It’s later arrival would appear to effectively reverse time. This thought experiment is based on the presumption that black matter exists, and that it has a gravitational effect on light.
The second thought experiment questions the validity of “c” or the speed of light, being constant. The current measurement of 186,282 miles per second was calculated based on an unobstructed light signal over a short distance. How, then, can one explain how a light source can arrive at two places of equal distance at different times?
# Big bang/a critique of Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis Revisited.

(Review Paper) Cited in Big bang/a critique of Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis Revisited.

### Dueterium found in the universe matches that which was predicted to exist due to the big bang

First, Deuterium abundance does not have a current known cosmological explanation and is therefore associated with the big bang as this is the only force capable of creating an abundance. The same is true for other rare elements. Second, the discovery of blue dwarf galaxies that have an abundance of light elements such as helium and a scarcity of heavy elements such as oxygen and neon show that these are young systems, which is significant due to their positioning .

### Methods

The author theorized that the amount of deuterium found in the universe in present day could only be explained by the occurrence of a large cosmological event, namely the big bang. The author then measured the amount of deuterium in the universe

### Results

The amount of deuterium found in the universe was found to be too large to be explained by any known cosmological events combined. It is then deduced that even the most simple big bang models could account for this abundance.
# Big bang/Critique of sample reference

(Review Paper) Cited in Big bang/Critique of sample reference
# Big bang/Slow and steady wins the race.

(Review Paper) Cited in Big bang/Slow and steady wins the race.

### Slow and Steady Wins the Race

In order to properly understand Bondi’s theory of the steady state which rivals the Big Bang theory, we must first examine the 3 basic laws of physics. These laws hold true under any circumstance and can even be related to our universe. According to Bondi matter must be created at a continuous slow and steady rate as opposed to an initial explosion of matter as proposed by the Big Bang Theory. His theory can be proven using the tried and true laws of physics which are tangible and can proven again and again in any circumstance. The big bang theory abandons these laws and requires assumptions to be made that do not follow these principles.

### Methods

Bondi theorized the Steady-State theory by examining the laws of physics that can tangibly be proven in a lab and coming to a logical conclusion about the creation of the universe.

### Results

According to the first law of physics, moving objects will remain in motion which applies to the steady state theory that suggests constant expansion of matter as opposed to an initial "Big Bang".
# Big bang/a The Big Bang —A Hot Issue in Science Communication

(Review Paper) Cited in Big bang/a The Big Bang —A Hot Issue in Science Communication

### Astronomers support the big bang theory

The big bang theory is a comprehensive explanation of how the universe came to existence.

### Scientists are lacking creditability

Individuals who refute the big bang theory fail to mention the scientists and their credentials that support them. Further research has shown that many of these scientists are from Creationists Research Institute..

### Support of Many Sciences

There are many scientific fields that support the big bang theory. Including cosmology, astronomy, quantum physics and chemistry.

### Always Being Tested

The big bang theory is always being tested, therefore, more knowledge is gained to support the theory.

### Public Representations

Highly influential public figures misunderstand the big bang theory and therefore misrepresent the theory to the public.
# Big bang/a critique of Scientists Gather Proof Against Big Bang in Older Stars

(Review Paper) Cited in Big bang/a critique of Scientists Gather Proof Against Big Bang in Older Stars
# Big bang/aThe Big Bang---A Hot Issue in Science Communication

(Review Paper) Cited in Big bang/aThe Big Bang---A Hot Issue in Science Communication
# Big bang/a Understanding of the structure of energy leads to incorrect arguments against BBT

(Review Paper) Cited in Big bang/a Understanding of the structure of energy leads to incorrect arguments against BBT

### Understanding of the structure of energy leads to incorrect arguments against BBT

According to Hogan's article, Einstein's Theory of Space and Time asserts that energy and light are smooth; leading to the assumption that CBR would be evenly distributed when observed. Hogan writes that CBR observations have shown that radiation fluctuates over the observed area, this suggests that the BBT is incorrect. However, because energy is filled with hills and valleys (it is not smooth), it makes sense that we would see varying densities when observing CBR. Think of a desk, at the macro level it appears to us as smooth, but micro observations prove otherwise, this same error is akin to what's happening with the CBR related arguments disproving BBT.
Further more, Hogan asserts that evidence for this error in Einstein's theory comes from the introduction of Quantum Physics to Space Time Physics supported by Stephen Hawking's Theory of Hawking Radiation which argues black holes convert energy information into different forms.

### Results

While this argument does not prove the validity of BBT in itself, it attempts to argue against the assumption that CBR would be uniform as is used when attacking BBT. In effect it invalidates the CBR argument. BBT may still be false, but not for this reason.
# Big bang/a critique of Big Bang & Co.

(Review Paper) Cited in Big bang/a critique of Big Bang & Co.

### Möbius strip, infinite space?

The Big Bang theory requires the universe to expand. There are no lengthwise boundaries on a Möbius strip although the width is limited. The Möbius strip helps to explain how the universe is able to expand by looking at it as a balloon. If the Möbius strip is thought of as a balloon then the width boundary would be eliminated.

### Methods

The Möbius strip can be a useful tool to help explain universe expansion in reference to the Big Bang theory.

### Results

The Möbius strip is limited in its explanation of universe expansion due to its finite width. By comparing The Möbius strip to a balloon, universe expansion is all the more realistic as width is then infinite.
# Big bang/a critique of Cosmic Background Radiation

(Review Paper) Cited in Big bang/a critique of Cosmic Background Radiation

### Method

They measured the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation temperature using formulas and then compared it to the required CMB.
# English-Chinese/Examples of disorders associated with inflammation include:

Examples of disorders associated with inflammation include:
* Acne vulgaris
* Asthma
* Autoimmune diseases
* Autoinflammatory diseases
* Celiac disease
* Chronic prostatitis
* Colitis
* Diverticulitis
* Glomerulonephritis
* Hidradenitis suppurativa
* Hypersensitivities
* Inflammatory bowel diseases
* Interstitial cystitis
* Lichen planus
* Mast Cell Activation Syndrome
* Mastocytosis
* Otitis
* Pelvic inflammatory disease
* Reperfusion injury
* Rheumatic fever
* Rheumatoid arthritis
* Rhinitis
* Sarcoidosis
* Transplant rejection
* Vasculitis
与炎症相关的疾病的例子包括：
* 寻常痤疮
* 哮喘
* 自身免疫性疾病
* 自身炎症性疾病
* 腹腔疾病
* 慢性前列腺炎
* 结肠炎
* 憩室炎
* 肾小球肾炎
* 汗腺炎
* 超敏反应
* 炎症性肠病
* 间质性膀胱炎
* 扁平苔藓
* 肥大细胞激活综合症
* 肥大细胞增多症
* 耳炎
* 盆腔炎
* 再灌注损伤
* 风湿热
* 类风湿关节炎
* 鼻炎
* 结节病
* 移植排斥反应
* 血管炎
# English-Chinese/Even though chest pain may not be related to a heart problem

Even though chest pain may not be related to a heart problem, noncardiac chest pain can still be due to significant disease.
尽管胸痛可能与心脏问题无关，但非心源性胸痛仍可能是由于重大疾病造成的。
# English-Chinese/Examples of food staples and cereal sources of protein

Examples of food staples and cereal sources of protein, each with a concentration greater than 7.0%, are (in no particular order) buckwheat, oats, rye, millet, maize (corn), rice, wheat, sorghum, amaranth, and quinoa.
每种浓度大于7.0％的食物主食和谷物来源的蛋白质（无特定顺序）是荞麦，燕麦，黑麦，小米，玉米（粟米），大米，小麦，高粱，苋菜籽和藜麦。
# English-Chinese/Excessive alcohol intake

Excessive alcohol intake increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and consumption of alcohol is associated with increased risk of a cardiovascular event in the day following consumption.
过量摄入酒精会增加患心血管疾病的风险，酒精摄入与食用后一天心血管事件的风险增加有关。
# English-Chinese/Evolution

Evolution is a scientific theory used by biologists. It explains how living things change over a long time, and how they have come to be the way they are.
进化 是 生物学家 使用的 科学理论。它 解释了 生物 在 一段 长时间内的 变化，以及 它们 如何 成为 现实。
# English-Chinese/Excessive consumption of cabbage

Excessive consumption of cabbage may lead to increased intestinal gas which causes bloating due to the trisaccharide raffinose which the human small intestine cannot digest.
过量食用椰菜可能导致肠道气体增加，由于人体小肠无法消化的三糖棉子糖导致腹胀。
# English-Chinese/Every person needs to have good diet, exercise, and rest everyday to maintain the life

Every person needs to have good diet, exercise, and rest everyday to maintain the life.
每个人每天都需要有良好的饮食，运动和休息来维持生命。
# English-Chinese/Examples of vegetarian foods with protein concentrations

Examples of vegetarian foods with protein concentrations greater than 7 percent include soybeans, lentils, kidney beans, white beans, mung beans, chickpeas, cowpeas, lima beans, pigeon peas, lupines, wing beans, almonds, Brazil nuts, cashews, pecans, walnuts, cotton seeds, pumpkin seeds, hemp seeds, sesame seeds, and sunflower seeds.
蛋白质浓度大于7％的素食食品的例子包括大豆，扁豆，芸豆，白豆，绿豆，鹰嘴豆，豇豆，利马豆，鸽子豆，羽扇豆，翼豆，杏仁，巴西坚果，腰果，山核桃，核桃 ，棉籽，南瓜子，大麻籽，芝麻籽和葵花籽。
# English-Chinese/Except seeds, all parts of the apple are suitable for human consumption

Except seeds, all parts of the apple, including the peel, are suitable for human consumption.
除种子外，苹果的所有部分，包括果皮，都适合人类食用。