# Open Science/Week 8: Enabling Policy Environment for Open Science
### Learning Outcomes

* Define epistemic governance.
* Describe key discourses, frames, or narratives in open science policy documents.
* Explain how epistemic governance mechanisms within open science can sustain power imbalances.
* Identify factors influencing the adoption of open access policies and practices.
* Describe open science policy in a personally relevant geopolitical context.

### Readings

Framing Power: Tracing Key Discourses in Open Science Policies; Denisse Albornoz, Maggie Huang, Issra Martin, Maria Mateus, Aicha Touré, and Leslie Chan. In ELPUB, 2018, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. 22 pages
Open Access Uptake by Universities Worldwide; Robinson-Garcia, N., Costas, R., & van Leeuwen, T. N., PeerJ, 8, e9410, 2020, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. 20 pages.
This week’s readings should also focus on national or regional policy responses. For the US, a suitable reading would be:
“Transitioning to Open Science by Design” in Open Science by Design: Realizing a Vision for 21st Century Research, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, Copyright National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) 2018. 27 pages.

### Discussion Question

Albornoz and colleagues, authors of “Framing Power: Tracing Key Discourses in Open Science Policies,” analyze policy documents about open science. Some of the narratives (also referred to as frames and discourses) that they identify include quality control, competitive advantage, and the role of the private sector in open science.
Locate and and read a policy document about open science and share 2-3 examples of references to the themes highlighted in the article. A complete discussion post will include a brief explanation of the document you read, situate the examples in the document you read, and connect your examples to the interpretation of the discourses in the assigned reading.
Conclude your post with a question for others in the class.
Instructor note: You may choose to provide some guidance to students for selection of policy documents. For example, students with less experience might be encouraged to choose a policy document from the article’s appendix. More experienced students might be encouraged to find a document published after 2017, when the study’s sample was collected. If the policy document is very long, such as a multi-chapter report, a single chapter is probably sufficient to fulfill the assignment.
An additional topic you may want to discuss is whether the empirical papers you read this week are considered science within the definition used in General Comment No. 25 on Science and Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights. This might be especially useful for students who have limited experience with social science research.
You might also use the Supplemental material to the Robinson-Garcia, Costas and van Leeuwen study “Open Access Uptake by Universities Worldwide,” to engage students in an exploratory data analysis activity. For example, students could create a profile of your nation, region, or university.

### Self-check Questions

* 1 2 Albornoz, Denisse; Huang, Maggie; Martin, Issra Marie; Mateus, Maria; Touré, Aicha Yasmine; Chan, Leslie (2018-06). Chan, Leslie; Mounier, Pierre. eds. "Framing Power: Tracing Key Discourses in Open Science Policies". ELPUB 2018 (Toronto, Canada). doi:10.4000/proceedings.elpub.2018.23. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01816725.
* 1 2 Robinson-Garcia, Nicolas; Costas, Rodrigo; Leeuwen, Thed N. van (2020-07-08). "Open Access uptake by universities worldwide". PeerJ 8: e9410. doi:10.7717/peerj.9410. ISSN 2167-8359. https://peerj.com/articles/9410.
* ↑ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2018). Open Science by Design: Realizing a Vision for 21st Century Research (in English). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/25116. ISBN 978-0-309-47624-9.
* ↑ United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 25 (2020) on Science and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, UN Doc. E/C.12/GC/25, 30 April 2020