OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Physics equations/19-Electric Potential and Electric Field/Q:UsingGaussLaw/testbank

Warning: The Quiz extension often fail in cases like this page where more than one quiz is present on the same page. If you need multiple versions, create more subpages.
# Physics equations/20- Electric Current, Resistance, and Ohm's Law

w:electrostatics

### Wikiquizzes

Q:PowerDriftVelocity
# Physics equations/19-Electric Potential and Electric Field/Q:SurfaceIntegralsCalculus/testbank

Study: http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Physics_equations/Sheet/All_chapters
# Physics equations/19-Electric Potential and Electric Field/Q:capacitance/Testbank

Study: http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Physics_equations/Sheet/All_chapters
# Physics equations/21-Circuits, Bioelectricity, and DC Instruments

For wikiquizzes under construction:
# Physics equations/19-Electric Potential and Electric Field/Q:UsingGaussLaw

Equations for this quiz Solutions (pdf)  testbank
# Physics equations/19-Electric Potential and Electric Field/Q:capacitance

* Solutions (pdf)
* Equations for this quiz
These questions need to be checked again after the A0 bug has been repaired.
Testbank
# Physics equations/20- Electric Current, Resistance, and Ohm's Law/Q:PowerDriftVelocity

* Solutions to many wikiquiz questions (pdf)
* Equations for this quiz
* testbank
# Physics equations/20- Electric Current, Resistance, and Ohm's Law/Q:PowerDriftVelocity/testbank

Study: http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Physics_equations/Sheet/All_chapters
# Physics equations/21-Circuits, Bioelectricity, and DC Instruments/Q:RCdecay

equations for this quiz Solutions (pdf)
Study: http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Physics_equations/Sheet/All_chapters
# Solution Architecture/Envisioning

* Determining the Business Opportunity
* Project Portfolio Management
* The Business Case
* Related Readings
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Rational_Unified_Process
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachman_Framework
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agile_software_development
# Solution Architecture/Envisioning/BusinessCase
## The Business Case

Template A Business Case template can be found in google docs;
Sample

### Executive Summary
#### Recommendation
## Related Readings

* http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Business_plan
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_case
* http://www.ucalgary.ca/pmoancillary/Templates/Business%20Case.doc
# RNA

RNA is an essential nucleic acid in a body's coding. RNA has three types:
* mRNA - Messenger RNA, carries copies of DNA's instructions.
* tRNA - Transfer RNA, transfers amino acids in the cytoplasm to the ribsosomes for protein synthesis.
* rRNA - Ribosomal RNA, found in the ribosomes where proteins are assembled.
RNA's structure is similar to DNA, but RNA has only one strand while DNA is in a double helix structure.
| | DNA | RNA |
| Number of Strands and Shape | Double helix | Single helix |
| Nitrogen Bases | T, A, C, G | U, A, C, G |
| Sugar | Deoxyribose | Ribose |
| Phosphate group present? | Yes | Yes |

## Transcription

* What is transcription? The process of creating messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA. The mRNA will then act as a script for creating proteins.
* What is RNA polymerase? An enzyme that is responsible for creating a mRNA by using DNA as a template.
* Step 1: RNA polymerase binds and separates DNA for a specific gene, which then codes for a specific protein.
* Step 2: One strand of DNA is used as a template to make mRNA. Termination point on the gene signals RNA polymerase to stop.
Introns and Exons both have different roles during transcription. Introns are cut out of mRNA sequence while exons are kept and bonded together to form a complete mRNA strand.

### Base pairing rules

| DNA | DNA | RNA | RNA |
| A | T | A | U |
| T | A | U | A |
| G | C | G | C |
| C | G | C | G |

### Central Dogma of Biology
## Translation

Recall: The monomers for proteins are amino acids.
mRNA uses codons, which are every 3 bases on the mRNA strand (code for an amino acid), to create proteins. tRNA are made up of amino acids and anticodons. An anticodon is a set of 3 bases on the tRNA molecule that will match an mRNA codon. tRNA is the opposite of mRNA.
Translation - Final step to creating proteins from mRNA.
* Step 1 - Initiation: A ribosome attaches to the mRNA strand. tRNA sees start codon, AUG, on mRNA molecule and begins translation.
* Step 2 - Elongation: Each mRNA codon is "translated" for an amino acid. tRNA carries in the amino acids and the polypeptide chain (protein) continues to grow.
* Step 3 - Termination: Translation ends when tRNA sees a stop codon on the mRNA molecule; Polypeptide chain is released.
# Quotient rule/R/Power in denominator/Exercise

Let
    $g,h\colon \mathbb {R} \longrightarrow \mathbb {R} _{+}$
denote differentiable functions, and set
    $f(x):={\frac {g(x)}{h(x)^{n}}}\,,$
$n\in \mathbb {N} _{+}$. Show that the derivative of $f$ can be written as a fraction, with $h^{n+1}(x)$ as denominator.
# Real sequences/Alternation/Convergence/Exercise

Let $(x_{n})_{n\in \mathbb {N} }$ and $(y_{n})_{n\in \mathbb {N} }$ be sequences of real numbers and let the sequence $(z_{n})_{n\in \mathbb {N} }$ be defined as $z_{2n-1}:=x_{n}$ and $z_{2n}:=y_{n}$.
Prove that $(z_{n})_{n\in \mathbb {N} }$ converges if and only if $(x_{n})_{n\in \mathbb {N} }$ and $(y_{n})_{n\in \mathbb {N} }$ converge to the same limit.
# Real series/Absolute convergence/Definition

A series
    $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }a_{k}$
of real numbers is called absolutely convergent, if the series
    $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }\vert {a_{k}}\vert$
converges.
# Real series/Absolute convergence and convergence/Fact

An absolutely convergent series of real numbers
# Real series/Absolute convergence and convergence/Fact/Proof

Let $\epsilon >0$ be given. We use the Cauchy-criterion. Since the series converges absolutely, there exists some $n_{0}$ such that for all $n\geq m\geq n_{0}$ the estimate
    $\vert {\sum _{k=m}^{n}\vert {a_{k}}\vert \,}\vert =\sum _{k=m}^{n}\vert {a_{k}}\vert \leq \epsilon \,$
holds. Therefore,
    $\vert {\sum _{k=m}^{n}a_{k}}\vert \leq \vert {\sum _{k=m}^{n}\vert {a_{k}}\vert \,}\vert \leq \epsilon \,,$
which means the convergence.
# Real series/Absolutely convergent/Section
## Definition

A series
    $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }a_{k}$
of real numbers is called absolutely convergent, if the series
    $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }\vert {a_{k}}\vert$

## Lemma

An absolutely convergent series of

### Proof

Let $\epsilon >0$ be given. We use the Cauchy-criterion. Since the series converges absolutely, there exists some $n_{0}$ such that for all $n\geq m\geq n_{0}$ the estimate
    $\vert {\sum _{k=m}^{n}\vert {a_{k}}\vert \,}\vert =\sum _{k=m}^{n}\vert {a_{k}}\vert \leq \epsilon \,$
holds. Therefore,
    $\vert {\sum _{k=m}^{n}a_{k}}\vert \leq \vert {\sum _{k=m}^{n}\vert {a_{k}}\vert \,}\vert \leq \epsilon \,,$
which means the convergence.
$\Box$

## Example

A convergent series does not in general converge absolutely, the converse of fact does not hold. Due to the Leibniz criterion, the alternating harmonic series
    $\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{n}}=1-{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{3}}-{\frac {1}{4}}+{\frac {1}{5}}-\ldots \,$
converges, and its sum is $\ln 2$, a result we can not prove here. However, the corresponding absolute series is just the harmonic series, which diverges due to example.
The following statement is called the direct comparison test.

## Lemma

Let $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }b_{k}$ be a convergent series of real numbers and ${\left(a_{k}\right)}_{k\in \mathbb {N} }$ a sequence of real numbers fulfilling $\vert {a_{k}}\vert \leq b_{k}$ for all $k$. Then the series
    $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }a_{k}$
is

### Proof

This follows directly from the Cauchy-criterion.
$\Box$

## Example

We want to determine whether the series
    $\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{k^{2}}}=1+{\frac {1}{4}}+{\frac {1}{9}}+{\frac {1}{16}}+{\frac {1}{25}}+\ldots \,$
converges. We use the direct comparison test and example, where we have shown the convergence of $\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\frac {1}{k(k+1)}}$. For $k\geq 2$ we have
    ${\frac {1}{k^{2}}}\leq {\frac {1}{k(k-1)}}\,.$
Hence, $\sum _{k=2}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{k^{2}}}$ converges and therefore also $\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{k^{2}}}$. This does not say much about the exact value of the sum. With much more advanced methods, one can show that this sum equals ${\frac {\pi ^{2}}{6}}$.
# Real series/Bounded/Not convergent/Exercise

Give an example of s real series $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }a_{k}$ such that it is (as a sequence of partial sums) bounded, but does not converge.
# Real series/Absolute/Reordering/Fact/Proof/Exercise

Let $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }a_{k}$ be an absolutely convergent real series. Show that then also every reordering of this series converges to the same limit.
# Real sequence/n by 2 raised n/Exercise

Prove that the real sequence
    ${\frac {n}{2^{n}}}$
$0$
# Real sequences/Convergence and boundedness/Section
## Definition

A subset $M\subseteq \mathbb {R}$ of the real numbers is called bounded, if there exist real numbers $s\leq S$ such that
$M\subseteq [s,S]$
In this situation, $S$ is also called an upper bound for $M$ and $s$ is called a lower bound for $M$. These concepts are also used for sequences, namely for the image set, the set of all members ${\left\{x_{n}\mid n\in \mathbb {N} \right\}}$. For the sequence $1/n$, $n\in \mathbb {N} _{+}$, $1$ is an upper bound and $0$ is a lower bound.

## Lemma

A convergent real sequence is

### Proof

Let ${\left(x_{n}\right)}_{n\in \mathbb {N} }$ be the convergent sequence with $x\in \mathbb {R}$ as its limit. Choose some $\epsilon >0$. Due to convergence there exists some $n_{0}$ such that
    $\vert {x_{n}-x}\vert \leq \epsilon {\text{ for all }}n\geq n_{0}.$
So in particular
    $\vert {x_{n}}\vert \leq \vert {x}\vert +\vert {x-x_{n}}\vert \leq \vert {x}\vert +\epsilon {\text{ for all }}n\geq n_{0}.$
Below $n_{0}$ there are ony finitely many members, hence the maximum
    $B:=\max _{n<n_{0}}\{\vert {x_{n}}\vert ,\,\vert {x}\vert +\epsilon \}\,$
is welldefined. Therefore $B$ is an upper bound and $-B$ is a lower bound for ${\left\{x_{n}\mid n\in \mathbb {N} \right\}}$.
$\Box$
It is easy to give a bounded but not convergent sequence.

## Example

The alternating sequence
    $x_{n}:=(-1)^{n}\,$
is bounded, but not convergent. The boundedness follows directly from $x_{n}\in [-1,1]$ for all $n$. However, there is no convergence. For if $x\geq 0$ were the limit, then for positive $\epsilon <1$ and every odd $n$ the relation
    $\vert {x_{n}-x}\vert =\vert {-1-x}\vert =1+x\geq 1>\epsilon \,$
holds, so these members are outside of this $\epsilon$-neighbourhood. In the same way we can argue against some negative limit.
# Speech Fundamentals/Noted Contributors

Arckanghel - Founder of this WikiBook. Can be contacted through his talk page.
# Speech-Language Pathology

Speech-language pathology includes the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of communication disorders (speech disorders and language disorders), cognitive-communication disorders, voice disorders, and swallowing disorders. Speech-language pathologists also play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorder (often in a team with pediatricians and psychologists).
A common misconception is that speech-language pathology is restricted to the treatment of articulation disorders (e.g. helping English speaking individuals enunciate the traditionally difficult "r") and/or the treatment of individuals who stutter but, in fact, speech-language pathology is concerned with a broad scope of speech, language, literacy, swallowing, and voice issues involved in communication.

## Resources

* Speech-Language Pathology in Palliative Care - Special Interest Group

## See Also

* Wikipedia: Speech-language pathology
# Speech Fundamentals/Interactive Presentation Pages

Interactive Presentations are those where attempt to extend the concept of WikiWiki and the projects based on it. An example is creating a page or editing a page during a speech. One issue that arises is you can only prepare or edit so much of a page due to time constraints. Editing a page in public is a very good way to help people understand the concept of a Wiki, how, and why it does work. If there is a particular subject or area you would like to edit in this book during a speech you can do the following:
* Find a page that has not already been created.
* Create the page itself.
* Insert the date, time and location of the presentation in the follwing statement and place it on the page you wish to use that you have created. (If you do not wish to designate the location please remove the location space from the text, however leaving the location may allow others to get involved locally with your presentation.)
This page is going to be used in an interactive presentation. This page will be edited during that presentation given by <USER NAME OR IP HERE> on <DATE HERE7gt; <TIME HERE> at <LOCATION HERE>. Please do not edit this page before that date and time.
* List the presentation and its corresponding page on this page under (Link)Upcoming Interactive Presentations Page in chonological order, Soonest event coming first.
* When the presentation is over, please move your presentation to the top of the (Link) Past Interactive Presentations section.
* Presentations that pass without the designated page being edited will be removed from this page and the page will be reopened for general editing.

## Upcoming Interactive Presentations

* March 31, 2005 1:00 pm at Purdue University North Central in Communications 114 with Dr. Jeffrey Shires by Arckanghel. Page to be edited - Speech_Fundatmentals/Speech_Organization.

## Past Interactive Presentations

--Arckanghel 02:38, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
# Spectroscopy/Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance is concerned with spin-½ nuclei in the presence of a magnetic field interacting with radio frequencies of light to undergo resonance and decay of radio pulses.
# Speech Fundatmentals/Speech Organization

This page is going to be used in an interactive presentation. This page will be edited during that presentation given by Arckanghel on March 31, 2005 2:30 pm at University North Cental Campus. Please do not edit this page before that date and time.
--Arckanghel 02:46, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
# System development/Modelling/Concepts/Invoice

* Domain:
* Wikipedia: Invoice

## Properties

| Sequence | Property name | Datamodel | Datatype | Definition/ example | Dutch | French | German | Spanish |
| 1 | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | | | | | | | | |
# System development/Modelling/Concepts/Job

* Domain: Organizational management
* Index: job
# System development/Modelling/Concepts/LearningActivity

* Domain:
* Wikipedia

## Properties

| Sequence | Property name | Datamodel | Datatype | Definition/ example | Dutch | French | German | Spanish |
| 1 | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | | | | | | | | |
# System development/Modelling/Concepts/Notification

* Wikipedia: message
* Wiktionary: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/notification
* A notification (or message) can be made if an event occurs.
* For some notification you will create a task. More than one notification can be relevant for a task.

## Properties

| Sequence | Property name |
| 1 | Date received |
| 2 | Priority |
| 3 | Status |
| 3 | Related item |
# System development/Modelling/Concepts/Order

* Domain: Sales
* Wikipedia

## Properties

| Sequence | Property name | Datamodel | Datatype |
| 1 | Status | OrderStatus | Reference to OrderStatus |
| 2 | Order number | OrderNumber | Sequence |
| 3 | Customer | Customer | Reference to Customer |
| 4 | Submit date | DateSubmitted | Date |
| 5 | Shipping date | DateShipping | Date |
| 6 | Total price | TotalPrice | Valuta |
| 7 | VAT | VAT | Percentage |

## Fact types

* A PERSON fulfills an ORDER.
* An ORDER contains ORDERLINES.
# System development/Modelling/Concepts/Incident

* Domain: ITIL
* Wikipedia:

## Properties

| Sequence | Property name | Datamodel | Datatype |
| 1 | Status | Status | |
| 3 | Priority | Priority | |
| 2 | Blocking? | Blocking | True/false value |
| 3 | Application | Application | |
| 4 | Short description | DescriptionShort | |
| 5 | Description | Description | |
| 6 | Reported by | ReportedBy | |
# System development/Modelling/Concepts/Idea

* Domain:
* Wikipedia:

## Properties

| Sequence | Property name | Datamodel | Datatype | Dutch |
| 1 | ID | ID | Sequence | ID |
| 2 | Short description | DescriptionShort | Text | Korte omschrijving |
| 3 | Description | Description | Text | Omschrijving |
| 4 | Status | Status | Reference to IdeaStatus | Status |
| 5 | Started By | StartedBy | | Aangedragen door |
| 6 | Started On | StartedOn | | Aangedragen op |
| 7 | Team | Team | Reference to Team | Team |
| 8 | Sponsor | Sponsor | Reference to Person | Sponsor |
# System development/Modelling/Concepts/LearningContent

* Domain:
* Wikipedia

## Properties

| Sequence | Property name | Datamodel | Datatype | Definition/ example | Dutch | French | German | Spanish |
| 1 | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | | | | | | | | |
# System development/Modelling/Concepts/Meeting

* domain:
* wikipedia

## To-do

* What would you like to register regarding a meeting?
* Regarding a meeting you would like to register the participants and documents (Dutch: vergaderstukken). You could also add the agenda and the minutes (Dutch: notulen).

## Properties

| Sequence | Property name |
| 1 | Date |
| 2 | Location |
| 3 | Subjects |
# Student Projects/Mathematics is a numerical language

In English we know A B C D......X Y Z These are called alphabets in english. Similarly in mathematics also we have alphabets which are 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 there are all alphabets of mathematics which are called as digits or symbols of mathematics. Simply there is no any value or meaning for alphabets of any language unless if we subject digits or alphabets to any objects/persons/places
For example: give me a pen
In alphabets we will write "a"what is that mean? (nothing) but in the above sentence "a" means ONE ie.,give me one pen
Similarly in mathematics also, when we are writing simply 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 there is no meaning in it. If we subject digits or alphabets to any objects /persons/ places then the digits will become numbers simply they are called digits.
For example: How many pens are there in my hand?
Ans:In my hand there are 2 pens. Here 2 represents 2 pens and this 2 is a numbers this 2 is not a digit.
Hence we can conclude that when we adopt digits to objects the digits become NUMBERS. Simply we called them as digits.
# Student Projects/Minerals
## MINERALS

A naturally occurring substance that has a definite chemical composition is a minerals. Minerals are not evenly distributed over space. They are concentrated in a particular area or rock formations. Some minerals are found in areas which are not easily accessible such as the Arctic ocean bed and Antarctica.
Minerals are formed in different types of geological environments, under varying conditions. They are created by natural processes without any human interference. They can be identified on the basis of their physical properties such as colour, density, hardness and chemical property such as solubility.
A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having an orderly internal structure and characteristic chemical composition, crystal form, and physical properties. Common minerals include quartz, feldspar, mica, amphibole, olivine, and calcite.

## TYPES

On the basis of composition, minerals are classified mainly as metallic and non-metallic minerals.

### metallic minerals

The metallic minerals contain metal in raw form. Metals are hard substances that conduct heat and electricity and have a characteristic lustre or shine. Iron ore, bauxite, manganese ore are some examples.
Metallic minerals may be ferrous or non-ferrous.

#### ferrous

Ferrous minerals like iron ore, manganese and chromites contain iron.

#### non-ferrous

A non-ferrous mineral does not contain iron but may contain some other metal such as gold, silver, copper or lead.

### non-metallic

The non-metallic minerals do not contain metals. Limestone, mica and gypsum are examples of such minerals. The mineral fuels like coal and petroleum are also non-metallic minerals.
# Student Projects/Major rivers in India

* Please fact-check this resource and insert credible sources. Resources are likely to useful at Wikiversity when you boldly address reasonable concerns through concrete improvements.
MAJOR RIVERS OF INDIA
There are total nine major rivers flowing in Indian Subcontinent. These rivers are divided in two major categories; they are 1) Perennial rivers, 2) Non-Perennial rivers.
Perennial rivers: - The rivers which flow throughout the year are called as perennial rivers. In India these rivers are also called as Himalayan rivers as all the perennial rivers originate from the Himalayan ranges. The melting snow is the major source of water for these rivers. Many of the largest rivers like Ganga, Brahmaputra, Narmada, Yamuna etc. falls under this category. The crops that grow along these rivers are paddy, maize, sugarcane, wheat etc.
Non-Perennial rivers: - The rivers that does not have continuous flow throughout the year are called non-perennial rivers. These rivers mostly flow in rainy season as rain is the major source of water for them. These rivers are mostly found in the southern part of India. Unlike perennial rivers, they don’t have a common origin. They originate from different places, especially mountains and lakes. The major rivers in this category are Krishna, Kaveri, Godavari etc. The major crops grown in this region are paddy, sorghum, cotton, ragi etc.
# Weather station

A weather station is a facility with instruments and equipment to make observations of atmospheric conditions in order to provide information to make weather forecasts and to study the weather and climate. This learning project will describe how to install and operate an automated or personal weather station.
Typical weather stations have the following instruments:
* Thermometer for measuring temperature
* Barometer for measuring barometric pressure
* Hygrometer for measuring humidity
* Anemometer for measuring wind speed
* Wind vane for measuring wind direction
* Rain gauge for measuring precipitation
An automated weather station also includes a data logger to record the measurements from the instruments. The readings can then be transferred to a computer or uploaded to a website.
The Personal Weather Station page at the Weather Underground website has a list of links for the hardware and software needed for a personal weather station. It also describes how to upload weather data from your station to be included in the website. The Citizen Weather Observer Program is another means of sharing weather data.

## Resources

* Wireless weather stations