OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Speech fundamentals

Speech Fundamentals is intended to be a beginning college level speech text. Building from that level it may be suitable for other levels of Speaking classes. It was started as a result of the instruction of Dr. Jeffrey Shires at Purdue University North Central in Communications 114 during the Spring 2005 Semester. I am personally using it in an informational speech regarding Wikimedia projects as a visual aid and interactive component.

## Chapters in Progress

* Noted Contributors
* Speech Organization

## Chapters Needed

Glossary

## Interactive Presentation Pages

This is where you can mark a page for use in a speech you give. You can edit a page during a speech to demonstrate how a group of people can put together a tome of knowledge. Certain Restrictions on these pages apply. Please visit the IPP information page for more information. I am also unsure as to how well recieved this concept may or may not be. Discussion on the subject is welcomed and encouraged at IPP Talk Page.

## Standard Conventions for this Wikibook
### Naming conventions

Sub pages are to be added by using the Book/subpage method.
Wikibooks naming convention information and discussion: b:Naming_conventions b:Hierarchy_naming_scheme

### Conventions on Definitions of words

* If you wish to define a word that is not speech related and does not belong to the glossary, please use the definition from the .
* I am unsure as to whether we should define words in the text as you would in a print book or not. I would say we should because at some point this text may be used in print form. On the other hand not defining words in-text and simply providing links to definitions would make entries shorter and easier to read.
-Arckanghel 03:02, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

## Help for Contributers

Helpful links for contributing Speech Fundamentals:
* The easy instructions for starting a new page are detailed here.
* You can always start a new page by clicking a red link.
* Information on editing a page and using Wiki Markup can be found here.
* To discuss the content of a page please use the associated "talk" page that is attached to each page.
Founded March 30, 2005.
# Speed of sound/Temperature/Root/Example

The speed of sound on earth depends on the temperature. If we work with the absolute temperature $T$ (measured in Kelvin), then the relation $v=20,06{\sqrt {T}}$ holds, where the speed of sound is measured in $m/s$. For $T=300K$, the speed of sound is about $347,5m/s$.
# Spinocerebral degeneration

Spinocerebellar degeneration disorder, or spinocerebral ataxia (SCA), causes the cerebellum to atrophy. This results in unsteady and clumsy motion of the body due to a failure of the fine coordination of muscle movements, along with other symptoms. Generally, a sufferer retains full mental capacity while they progressively lose physical control over their body until their death.
Over time, a person inflicted with SCA will be unable to walk, write, talk, and even eat. One day, they won't be able to breathe.
There is no cure for SCA.
# Virtues/thirteen virtues
### Benjamin Franklin's Thirteen Virtues

Benjamin Franklin sought to cultivate his character by a plan of 13 virtues, which he developed at age 20 (in 1726) and continued to practice in some form for the rest of his life. His autobiography lists his 13 virtues as:
* "Temperance. Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation."
* "Silence. Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation."
* "Order. Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time."
* "Resolution. Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve."
* "Frugality. Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e., waste nothing."
* "Industry. Lose no time; be always employ'd in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions."
* "Sincerity. Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly."
* "Justice. Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty."
* "Moderation. Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve."
* "Cleanliness. Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, cloaths, or habitation."
* "Tranquility. Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable."
* "Chastity. Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another's peace or reputation."
* "Humility. Imitate Jesus and Socrates."
Franklin did not try to work on them all at once. Instead, he would work on one and only one each week "leaving all others to their ordinary chance". While Franklin did not live completely by his virtues and by his own admission, he fell short of them many times, he believed the attempt made him a better man contributing greatly to his success and happiness, which is why in his autobiography, he devoted more pages to this plan than to any other single point; in his autobiography Franklin wrote, "I hope, therefore, that some of my descendants may follow the example and reap the benefit."
# Virus

A virus is a small, non-living infectious obligate intracellular parasite that replicates itself inside the living cells of other organisms. Viruses must reproduce by infecting living cells and using the living cells machinery to produce new viruses. These infectious agents can either contain DNA or RNA as their genetic material, and also contain a protein coat, known as capsid. They are also very specific in the cells that they infect, each virus infecting specific cells either infect them through a lytic cycle or lysogenic cycle. According to Kurtzgesagt, a virus is a hull around genetic material.

## Types
### Bacteriophages

A bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacteria and usually has a helical structure or an icosahedral structure.

### Plant Viruses

A plant virus is a virus that infects plants. They usually have a rod/polyhedral shape. The best-known plant virus is the rod-shaped tobacco-mosaic virus.

### Animal (Eukaryotic) Viruses

A animal virus, example being: Ebola, is a virus that infects animals. Usually, these viruses have a helical/icosahedral structure and can be "naked" or "envelope". Naked viruses have a protein capsid but no lipid envelope, which "envelope" can mean a lipid envelope that the virus develops when it leaves the host cell.

### Retrovirus

A retrovirus is a virus that contains RNA instead of DNA as their genetic material. RNA must be converted back to DNA--once changed, DNA is then inserted into DNA of the host cell. This requires an enzyme known as reverse-transcriptase so that RNA can be copied back to RNA. A good example of a retrovirus is HIV.

## Germ Theory of Infectious Diseases

The Germ theory of disease is an accepted scientific theory relating to germs proposed by Italian scientist Girolamo Fracastoro. The theory states that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases.

### Five Ways to Contract a Disease

* Viruses
* Bacteria
* Protists
* Fungi
* Worms
* Coughing or sneezing near an uninfected person if the person who ejects their mucus is infected.
# Visayan 1/Chapter 2 (Activities)
## Chapter 2 (Activities)
### Verbs

* at-se - sneeze
* bakak - lie
* bangga - bump
* basa - read
* binu-ang - joke
* bira - pull
* budhi, luib - betray
* bukal - boil
* dagan - run
* dala - carry
* damgo - dream
* dawat - accept, receive
* dawata - take
* dili gusto - dislike
* draw - draw
* dungon - hear
* gakos - hug
* gama - build
* ganahan - do
* gibati - feel
* gunit - hold
* gusto - like
* gusto - want
* hagaw-haw - whisper
* halad - devote
* halok - kiss
* hatag - give
* hilak - cry
* himo - make
* hugaw - wash
* human - finish
* huna-huna - think
* hunong - stop
* imagina - imagine
* inom - drink
* istorya - talk
* jerjer - make love
* kanta - sing
* kaon - eat
* kasabot - understand
* katawa - laugh
* katawa - smile
* kawat - steal
* kuha - get
* labay - throw
* lakaw - walk
* langoy - swim
* limbong - cheat
* lukso - jump
* luto - cook
* minaw - listen
* pa-ak - bite
* paangay - adapt
* padala - send
* pagmata - wake
* pahayag - demonstrate
* palit - buy
* papha - delete
* pasabot - explain
* patyon - kill
* pili punit - pick
* pirito - fry
* puga - squeeze
* sagpa - slap
* sagpa - spank
* sagup, angkon, dawat - adopt
* salapid - twist
* sayaw - dance
* Sik-ma - snore
* singgit - shout
* singgot - sweat
* sipa - kick
* sogod - begin
* sogod - start
* spelling-ga - spell
* subga - roast
* sulat - write
* sulti - say
* sulti - speak
* sunog - burn
* supak - disagree
* Tan-aw - watch
* tando - nod
* tandog - touch
* tawag - call
* tilaw - taste
* tindak - stamp
* tindog - stand
* tipak, buak, bugto, bali, balda - break
* toon - swallow
* tulod - push
* tulog - sleep
* tutok - stare
* ubo - cough
* usab - chew
* uyog - shake
# Visayan 1/linguistic characteristics
## Pronunciation

Consonants are pronounced the same as in English except for:
* g is always pronounced like a hard g in English (as in "get").
* ng is the same sound as the ng in fang. In Visayan the ng sound can occur at the beginning of a word (ngalan).
Although there are five vowels in Visayan, there are only three vowel sounds: a, e/i, and o/u.
* a is always pronounced like the a in apple.
* e and i are either pronounced like the second vowel in taxi (gabii) or like the vowel in it (pansit). e should always be pronounced as the e in bed.
* In vowel-consonant syllables, o and u are pronounced like the vowel in the English word cute (ugma). In consonant-vowel syllables, o and u are pronounced like the vowel in the English word boat (e.g. ko); u should always be pronounced as the oo in look.
Visayan has three dipthongs:
* aw (ikaw) is pronounced like the English cow.
* ay (balay) is pronounced like the English sky.
* oy and uy (kahoy) are pronounced like the English boy.

## Contractions

| Contraction | Original | English |
| akog | ako og | me and |
| akong | ako ng | mine |
| among | amo ng | ours |
| di | dili | not |
| ka | ikaw | you |
| ilang | ila ng | theirs |
| imong | imo ng | yours |
| iyang | iya ng | his, hers |
| kadtong | kadto ng | that (over there) |
| kag | ka og | you and |
| kamig | kami og | us and |
| kamog | kamo og | all of you |
| kanang | kana ng | that and |
| kining | kini ng | this and |
# Virtues/seven heavenly virtues
### The Seven Heavenly Virtues

The seven heavenly virtues were derived from the Psychomachia ("Contest of the Soul"), an epic poem written by Aurelius Clemens Prudentius (c. AD 410) entailing the battle of good virtues and evil vices.
These seven virtues are:
* Chastity
* Temperance
* Hope
* Patience
* Kindness
* Humility/being humble
# Virtues/six foundations of morality
## The Five Moral Foundations

In his book “The Righteous Mind”, Jonathan Haidt describes these five foundations of morality:
* Care – Protect others from harm,
* Fairness – exchanges are reciprocal and proportional, don't cheat,
* Loyalty – support our team and our tribe,
* Authority – respect those above you in the hierarchy,
* Sanctity – noble things are good, disgusting things are bad.
# Visayan 1

Welcome learners to Visayan 1, your aid in learning the Visayan dialect. This course is designed for English speakers. Knowing Visayan will help you succeed and aid you when visiting a Visayan-speaking region or learning another similar language, such as Spanish. Today, Visayan is spoken in most of the Visayas region — on the islands of Bohol, Cebu, western Leyte, eastern Negros and some parts of Samar — as well as in Mindanao where it is spoken mostly in the Davao region as well as in the northern parts of the island. Over 20 million people speak Visayan worldwide, and Visayan is an easy language to learn for fluent speakers of English or Spanish. The Visayan-speaking regions have rich cultures, especially in religion; festivals; literature; cinema, television and theater; music; dance; and visual arts. Throughout this course, you will find fact sections that contain facts about Visayan-speaking countries and their cultures. Our forum is a place where you can receive feedback and ask questions about Visayan.

## Contents

* Introduction: Regions, Linguistic characteristics
* Chapter 1 (The Basics) — Region focus: Bohol
* Chapter 2 (Activities) — Region focus: Cebu
* Chapter 3 (Adjectives) — Region focus: Western Leyte
* Chapter 4 (School) — Region focus: Eastern Negros
* Chapter 5 (The Classroom) — Region focus: Samar
* Chapter 6 (Food & Drink) — Region focus: Northern Mindanao
* Chapter 7 (Health) — Region focus: Davao
* Chapter 8 (Destinations) — Region focus: Southern Kana
* Chapter 9 (Recreation & Lifestyle) — Region focus: Luzon
* Chapter 10 (Family & Celebrations) — Region focus: Biliran
* Chapter 11 (Adjectives & In a restaurant) — Region focus: Southern Masbate
* Chapter 12 (The Bedroom)
* Chapter 13 (The Household)
* Chapter 14 (Shopping)
* Chapter 15 (At the Mall)
* Chapter 16 (Vacation)
* Chapter 17 (Community)
* Chapter 18 (Television)
* Chapter 19 (Computers)

## Other Visayan Resources

This is the first complete Visayan course to be offered at Wikiversity. We hope that there will be more Visayan courses - Visayan courses for different purposes, for different kinds of students, or courses which reflect different approaches to teaching or structuring lessons. This course does not yet offer multimedia experiences, quizzes or other interactivity, so contributions along these lines are especially welcome.
* Visayan 2 — Continuation of Visayan 1
* Forum — Discuss Visayan with other users, or receive feedback
Page Views
# Stars/Variables/Quiz

Variable stars is a lecture about variable stars.
You are free to take this quiz based on variable stars at any time.
To improve your score, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{stars resources}} template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.
As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.
Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.
To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* The current metallicity of a star may depend on the presence of coronal clouds.
# Stars/Vega/Quiz

Vega is a lecture about the star Vega. It is in a series of lectures from the radiation astronomy department on stars and stellar configurations.
You are free to take this quiz based on Vega at any time.
To improve your score, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{radiation astronomy resources}} template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.
As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.
Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.
To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* Vega is an X-ray spectral class star like the Sun.
# Stars/Violets/Quiz

Violet stars is a lecture and an article about the astronomy of stars.
You are free to take this quiz based on violet stars at any time.
To improve your score, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{stars resources}} template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.
As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.
Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.
To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* The current metallicity of a star may depend on the presence of coronal clouds.
# Stars/Ultraviolets/Quiz

Ultraviolet stars is a lecture that may become part of the radiation astronomy course on the principles of radiation astronomy and is included in the star courses.
You are free to take this quiz based on ultraviolet stars at any time.
To improve your score, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{stars resources}} template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.
As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.
Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.
To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* Ultraviolet radiation can be an indicator of surface fusion above the photosphere of stars.
# Stars/Wolf-Rayets

"Wolf-Rayet stars offer us this most valuable possibility of observing the products of nuclear reactions in the H and He-burning phases revealed at stellar surfaces as a result of mass loss (and maybe of some mixing processes). In particular WC stars are the only kind of stars in which the products of the 3α and associated reactions prominently manifest themselves at the stellar surfaces."
"Wolf-Rayet" (WR) comes from the co-discoverers: Charles Wolf and Georges Rayet. WR 124 is imaged on the rght.

## Notations

Notation: let the symbol WC before the word star represent a Wolf-Rayet star exhibiting strong, broad emission lines of helium, carbon, and oxygen.
Notation: let the symbol WN before the word star represent a Wolf-Rayet star exhibiting strong, broad emission lines of helium and nitrogen.
Notation: let the symbol WNE before the word star represent an "early" WN-class Wolf–Rayet star (about WN2 to WN6).
Notation: let the symbol WNL before the word star represent a "late" WN-class Wolf–Rayet star (about WN6 to WN9).

## Theoretical Wolf-Rayet stars

"Comparisons are made between the theoretical C/He, N/He, and C/N ratios and those observed by Smith and Willis (1982) and by Nugis (1982) for WNL, WNE, and WC stars. The general agreement strongly supports the advanced evolutionary stage of WR stars as left-over cores resulting from the peeling of massive stars by stellar winds."
# Urantia Book/Glossary

* Mystery Monitor - See: Thought Adjuster
* Urantia - the celestial name of planet Earth
# Urantia Book/Philosophy of the Urantia Book

From an introductory philosophy course, Plato asks if our senses and thoughts reveal reality or just a shadow of reality. The Urantia Book repeatedly refers to our material senses and teaches us how to hone our spiritual senses. Various passages assert that finite, material reality is like a shadow of infinite, spiritual reality. By choosing to uphold spiritual values, the Urantia Book teaches that our minds, in liaison with the inner, spiritual fragment of the Eternal Father, gives birth to our infant soul that has the potential to live on in eternity. This soul is our inheritance in the afterlife.
((primary citations needed))
# Uranus/Quiz

Uranus is a lecture about the study of this astronomical object now revolving with its own system around the Sun.
You are free to take this quiz based on Uranus at any time.
To improve your score, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{radiation astronomy resources}} template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.
As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.
Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.
To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* Uranus is a remainder of a once large solar system that was intruded upon by the Sun.
# Upper vs Lower Motor Neuron Lesions
## Muscle Tone

* flexion/extension, pronation/supination of joint through its ROM

### Hypotonia

** LMN lesions, spinal shock, cerebellar lesions-flaccidity

### Hypertonia

* Spasticity - UMN lesion. Pyramidal tract involved
* limb moves, then catches, and then goes past catch (clasp-knife)
** test by rapidly supinating forearm
* Rigidity
** UMN lesions, extrapyrimidal tract lesion
** increased tone throughout ROM (cog-wheeling, lead-pipe)
** circumducting the wrist

## Power

* UMN
** flexors > extensors in upper limbs
** extensors > flexors in lower limbs
* LMN
** reduced power in specific motor neuron distribution
*** deltoids - arm abduction - C5 C6 (axillary)
*** biceps - elbow flexion - C5 C6 (musculocutaneous)
*** triceps - elbow extension - C6 C7 C8 (radial)
*** thumb flexion - C6 C7 (median)
*** wrist extensors - C7 C8 (radial)
*** interossei of hand - finger abduction/adduction - C8 T1 (ulnar)
*** hip flexion - L1 L2 L3 (femoral)
*** hip adduction - L2 L3 L4 (obturator)
*** hip abduction - L4 L5 S1 (superior gluteal)
*** knee extension - L2 L3 L4 (femoral)
*** knee flexion - L5 S1 S2 (sciatic)
*** ankle dorsiflexion - L4 L5 (deep peroneal)
*** ankle plantar flexion - S1 S2 (tibial)
*** foot inversion - L4 L5 (posterior tibial)
*** foot eversion - L5 S1 (superficial peroneal)
* compare between L and R
* GRADE
** 0 nil
** 1 flicker of movement
** 2 movement cannot overcome gravity
** 3 movement cannot overcome any resistance
** 4 movement is weaker than normal
** 5 normal

## Special Tests
### Pronator Drift

* have the patient stand with eyes closed and arms held straight out and hands supinated
* + → patient cannot maintain this position
** muscle weakness (pronation and outward drift)
** UMN lesion (pronation and downward drift)
*** standing problems

### Fine Finger Movements

* ask patient to touch each finger to crease of thumb (show patient how) and speed it up
* look for right and left differences, slow if UMN lesion

### Clonus

* Ankle or Patellar clonus in UMN Lesion
# Urantia Book/God

By and large, the Urantia Book is undoubtedly about God. Throughout the book, the authors elucidate on the nature and necessity of God, the relationship of religion to science, and the purpose of existence and evil.