OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Brezhoneg C'hwec'h/Lesson 2

Irregular verbs / The Past Tense
"To have" / "Kaout" or "Endevout"
Irregular Verb Endevout / Kaout (To have) - Past
Past Tense Personal formPast Tense Impersonal formContinuous Tense Personal formContinuous Tense Impersonal formEnglish meaning
am boa
am beze
I had
az poa
az peze
You had (sg.)
en doa
en deveze
He had
he doa
he deveze
She had
hor boa
hor beze
We had
ho poa
ho peze
You had (pl.)
o doa
o deveze
They had
Impersonal passive
"To know" / "Gouzout"
Irregular Verb Gouzout (To know) - Past
Past Tense Personal formPast Tense Impersonal formWith auxiliary Personal formEnglish meaning
Alamaneg a ouien
Me a ouie Alamaneg
Gouzout a raen Alamaneg
I knew German
Alamaneg a ouies
Te a ouie Alamaneg
Gouzout a raes Alamaneg
You knew German (sg.)
Alamaneg a ouie
En a ouie Alamaneg
Gouzout a rae Alamaneg
He knew German
Alamaneg a ouie
He a ouie Alamaneg
Gouzout a rae Alamaneg
She knew German
Alamaneg a ouiemp
Ni a ouie Alamaneg
Gouzout a raemp Alamaneg
We knew German
Alamaneg a ouiec'h
C'hwi a ouie Alamaneg
Gouzout a raec'h Alamaneg
You knew German (pl.)
Alamaneg a ouient
Int a ouie Alamaneg
Gouzout a raent Alamaneg
They knew german
Alamaneg a ouied
Gouzout a raed Alamaneg
Impersonal passive
"To go" / "Mont"
[[[wikt:br:mont||Troioù lavar / Usual expressions]]]
Irregular Verb Mont (To go) - Past
Past Tense Personal formPast Tense Impersonal formWith auxiliary Personal formEnglish meaning
Da Gemper ez aen
Me a yae da Gemper
Mond a raen da Gemper
I went to Kemper
Da Gemper ez aes
Te a yae da Gemper
Mond a raes da Gemper
You went to Kemper (sg.)
Da Gemper ez ae
En a yae da Gemper
Mond a rae da Gemper
He went to Kemper
Da Gemper ez ae
He a yae da Gemper
Mond a rae da Gemper
She went to Kemper
Da Gemper ez aemp
Ni a yae da Gemper
Mond a raemp da Gemper
We went to Kemper
Da Gemper ez aec'h
C'hwi a yae da Gemper
Mond a raec'h da Gemper
You went to Kemper (pl.)
Da Gemper ez aent
Int a yae da Gemper
Mond a raent da Gemper
They went to Kemper
Da Gemper ez aed
Mond a raed da Gemper
Impersonal passive
"To do" / "Ober"
Irregular Verb Ober (To do) - Past
Past Tense Personal formPast Tense Impersonal formWith auxiliary Personal formEnglish meaning
Trouz a raen
I made noise
Trouz a raes
You made noise (sg.)
Trouz a rae
He made noise
Trouz a rae
She made noise
Trouz a raemp
We made noise
Trouz a raec'h
You made noise (pl.)
Trouz a raent
They made noise
Trouz a raed
Impersonal passive
Exercises/Ober
Self training
Now , you have seen how it's done.
Take the verbs from this lesson and write their Past tense.
Now underneath , make some sentences up , for each verb. Eg. Me a oar kembraeg (I know welsh).
Quiz
Go to the Quiz :
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# Brexit/Summary

* This page is intended as a simple summary of Brexit, which can be read on its own or with the other resources in this project.
* Who is involved?
* The United Kingdom (UK), in northwest Europe.
* The European Union (EU), an international organization composed of the UK and 27 other countries.
* What is Brexit?
* The word is formed from British exit - the UK is a member of the EU and wants to exit the EU.
* When will Brexit take place?
* The leaving procedure will probably take two years from 29 March 2017 to 29 March 2019.
* Where will the negotiations take place?
* The negotiations will take place in Brussels, where the EU headquarters are located
* Why will it take two years?
* The leaving procedure was decided by the members of the EU in Article 50 of the Treaty on the European Union in 2007.
* How will Brexit happen?
* The UK held a referendum in June 2016.
* A majority of voters supported leaving the EU.
* The UK Prime Minister, Theresa May, started the leaving procedure by writing a letter to Donald Tusk, the President of the European Council.
* There will be numerous meetings between UK and EU officials to discuss different aspects of Brexit.
* The two sides might or might not agree on all matters.
* If there is an agreement, then it will take effect on 29 March 2019.
* If there is no agreement, the UK will still leave, but with standard conditions from the World Trade Organization.
# Brexit/Bibliography

* This is a selected bibliography on Brexit, partly sourced from the Wikipedia article of the same name:
* Abbott, Lewis F. (2013). British Withdrawal from the European Union: A Guide to the Case For. ISR/Google Books. https://books.google.com/books?id=5ctoiv7JIWYC.
* Ansorg, N. & Haastrup, T. (2016). "Brexit Beyond the UK's Borders: What It Means for Africa". GIGA Focus Afrika (03). https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publication/brexit-beyond-the-uks-borders-what-it-means-for-africa.
* "Brexit: What are the options?". BBC. 2016-10-10.
* Doane, D. (2016-06-26). "Brexit was a backlash against globalisation - the poorest are being left behind everywhere". The Guardian.
* "European Union News". United Kingdom Parliament.
* Hobolt, S. (2016). "The Brexit vote: a divided nation, a divided continent". Journal of European Public Policy 23 (9): 1259–1277. doi:10.1080/13501763.2016.1225785. ISSN 1350-1763.
* Peers, S. (2016). Brexit: The Legal Framework for Withdrawal from the EU or Renegotiation of EU Membership. Oxford: Hart Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84946-874-9. OCLC 917161408.
* The Department for Exiting the European Union
* Skeleton Argument of the Secretary of State for Exiting the EU in Miller v Secretary of State, at the Queen's Bench, October 2016.
* Santos and M v Secretary of State, October 2016.
* Summary of judgment in the Northern Ireland High Court, 28 October 2016, dismissing applications for judicial review.
* The Brexit Papers, Bar Council, December 2016
* Supreme Court: Article 50 'Brexit' case, 5–8 December 2016
* Plan for Britain: The government's negotiating objectives for exiting the EU: Transcript of the PM's speech on 17 January 2017 at Lancester House, London
* The United Kingdom’s exit from and new partnership with the European Union, February 2017 ("White Paper")
* Legislating for the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union (The Great Repeal Bill White Paper), 30 March 2017
# Brexit/Quiz

Take the short self-test below by choosing the best answer.
1
When is the "Brexit" likely to take place?
It's already happened!
February 2019
April 2019
June 2019
It will never happen!
2
How many negotiating objectives did Theresa May outline in January 2017?
6
8
10
12
14
3
The "Great Repeal Bill" will remove which piece of legislation?
The Act of Union 1707
The Acts of the Apostles
The European Union Treaty
Treaty of Lisbon
European Communities Act 1972
4
How many countries will be left in the European Union after Brexit?
None
15
27
39
All of them
5
Who is the President of the European Council?
Theresa May
Donald Duck
Donald Tusk
Ronald Rusk
Donald Trump :
# Base change/Transformation matrix/R^4/Standard basis and permutated standard basis/Exercise/Solution

The columns of $M_{\mathfrak {u}}^{\mathfrak {v}}$ are the coordinates of the vectors $v_{j}$ with respect to the standard basis $u_{i}$, hence
    $M_{\mathfrak {u}}^{\mathfrak {v}}={\begin{pmatrix}0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0\end{pmatrix}}\,.$
On the other hand, due to $u_{1}=v_{2}$, $u_{2}=v_{4}$, $u_{3}=v_{1}$, $u_{4}=v_{3}$ we have
    $M_{\mathfrak {v}}^{\mathfrak {u}}={\begin{pmatrix}0&0&1&0\\1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&1\\0&1&0&0\end{pmatrix}}\,.$
# Base isolation

Base isolation or seismic isolation is a collection of special units in a building resting on its foundation to provide separation of the building from the shaking ground thus improving its seismic performance. Base isolation takes 7 months to build..

## Basic parts of base isolation system

Base isolation system consists of isolation units with or without isolation components, where:
1. Isolation units are the basic elements of base isolation system which provide the mentioned separation effect to a building structure.
2. Isolation components are the connections between isolation units and other parts of the building having no separation effect of their own.

## Famous base-isolated buildings

* Pasadena City Hall, CA
* San Francisco City Hall, CA
* Salt Lake City/County Building, Utah
* Municipal Services Build, Glendale, CA

## History

From the very beginning, the theory of base isolation rested on two pillars: heavy damping and frequency separation. Unfortunately, nobody paid any attention that the heavy damping was a sort of a strong connection between a substructure and superstructure, and that the idea of decoupling them with the help of such connections was of no good. Anyway, to virtually test-drive any design concept of base isolation, some online help is available now.

## Other websites

* Vibration control
* Vibration control videos
# Bases

Bases are substances capable of reacting with acids to form salts and water.

## Theoretical bases

By Bronsted-Lowry theory, bases are species (of chemicals) that accept H+ ions in aqueous solutions.
By Lewis theory, bases are species that donate electron pairs to other species. Most likely a Lewis acid (electron pair acceptor) which will accept the pair and form new molecules.
Def. a substance capable of accepting or neutralizing hydrogen ions is called a base.
# Bash programming

The context for this course is set by the Wikipedia article: the Unix Shell. All examples in the course are executed in the Bash shell. Occasional references are made to the other two more similar shells: sh, and ksh.
The bash shell implements the significant facets of sh and ksh, in alleged upward compatibilty, and has some features of csh, which is quite a different model than the sh, ksh, bash progression.
Different from most shell instruction, and since there is plenty of excellent shell material available, this course assumes the shell function is the organizing principle of any shell program. This course will make frequent use of that material.
Bash is now the pre-eminent user shell in Unix / Linux / and any *nix environment, including BSD and macOS until October 2019 that was replaced by zsh.
Bash Features includes command history, brace expansion and command-line completion among others.

## Contents

* Introduction:
** Bash command-line completion
** Bash History
* Subshells
* Function Usage
* Variables
* Loops
** For Loop
** While Loop
** Do While Loop
* Conditional Statements
** Shortcut if Statement
** If, Else-if, Else Ladder
** Switch / Case Statement
* Interactive Input
* Environment variables
* Parsing Command-Line Arguments (usage function)
* Miscellaneous topics
** Internal file separator (IFS)
** error handling trap, read https://www.linuxjournal.com/content/bash-trap-command
** PID of last command: echo "$!" (See also: ps
# Base change/Transformation matrix/R^4/Standard basis and permuted standard basis/Exercise

Determine the transformation matrices $M_{\mathfrak {v}}^{\mathfrak {u}}$ and $M_{\mathfrak {u}}^{\mathfrak {v}}$, for the standard basis ${\mathfrak {u}}$, and the basis ${\mathfrak {v}}$ in $\mathbb {R} ^{4}$, which is given by
    $v_{1}={\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\1\\0\end{pmatrix}},\,v_{2}={\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\\0\\0\end{pmatrix}},\,v_{3}={\begin{pmatrix}0\\0\\0\\1\end{pmatrix}},\,v_{4}={\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\\0\\0\end{pmatrix}}.$
# Base change/Transformation matrix/Sums/Exercise

Let ${\mathfrak {v}}=v_{1},v_{2},v_{3}$ be a basis of a three-dimensional $K$-vector space $V$.
a) Show that ${\mathfrak {w}}=v_{1},v_{1}+v_{2},v_{2}+v_{3}$ is also a basis of $V$.
b) Determine the transformation matrix $M_{\mathfrak {v}}^{\mathfrak {w}}$.
c) Determine the transformation matrix $M_{\mathfrak {w}}^{\mathfrak {v}}$.
d) Compute the coordinates with respect to the basis ${\mathfrak {v}}$ for the vector, which has the coordinates ${\begin{pmatrix}4\\8\\-9\end{pmatrix}}$ with respect to the basis ${\mathfrak {w}}$.
e) Compute the coordinates with respect to the basis ${\mathfrak {w}}$ for the vector, which has the coordinates ${\begin{pmatrix}3\\-7\\5\end{pmatrix}}$ with respect to the basis ${\mathfrak {v}}$.
# Baseband Modulation/Demodulation techniques

Baseband modulation and demodulation techniques are fundamental to communication systems. Let's first understand what is baseband. Baseband is actual frequency band of signal (e.g. voice, video). If we consider the voice signal then voice signal band is approximately 4kHz. That means voice signal contains frequencies ranging from 0-4kHz.
What is Modulation? Modulation is basically increasing signal frequency someway. This means voice base band is 4kHz and uplifting voice signal frequency to lets say, 1900kHz. Now, question is why we need to uplift frequency of actual baseband signal? And here radio transmission basic concept comes into picture.
In very simple way length of antenna used to transmit signal is directly related to signal wavelength. Wavelength is length of single cycle of signal. And then what is frequency? Frequency is number of cycles of signal per second, or, inverse of time taken to complete one cycle. So, what we can deduce here is if frequency of signal is high then wave length of signal will be short and vice versa.
relation between frequency and wavelength is expressed by,
where c = velocity of light which is approximately 3×10^8 m/s , f = frequency of signal, and λ = wavelength of signal.
Thus, light velocity f and wavelength λ are inversely proportional:
λ∝1/f
Let's get back to antenna again. The length of antenna required to transmit a signal is directly related (i.e. proportional) to signal wavelength, and, therefore, is inversely proportional to signal frequency.
   L∝λ∝1/f => λ=L=1/f
Where L is the length of the antenna.
There are many types of antenna used according to requirement. Here, for understanding we will use basic dipole antenna. Length of dipole antenna used to transmit a signal is often λ/4 or λ/2 meter. Now, for example, let's consider the voice signal. The highest frequency component of voice signal is around 4kHz and its respective wavelength is about 75000 m. So, if we want to construct dipole antenna for voice transmission then the length of λ/4 dipole antenna will be more then 18000 m. Such antenna is not practically possible to construct! So, by uplifting signal's frequency, we decrease the length of the required antenna, making it possible to manufacture.
# Boundary Value Problems/1-D Wave equation

Boundary Value Problems
This Mathematics resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
# Boubaker Polynomials/Essays and student notes/Abd

Boubaker polynomials were first expressed, as such, in a study of the heat equation.
    Boubaker, K., et al. "Enhancement of pyrolysis spray disposal performance using thermal time-response to precursor uniform deposition." The European Physical Journal Applied Physics (EPJ AP) 37.01 (2007): 105-109 (Received May 9 2006) (Accepted October 12 2006) (Online publication January 26 2007).
They were not given that name, there. They were defined, however. The definition set up the first set of Boubaker polynomials.
Then this paper, published later in 2007, provide a modified definition.
    Boubaker, Karem. "On modified Boubaker polynomials: some differential and analytical properties of the new polynomials issued from an attempt for solving bi-varied heat equation." Trends in Applied Sciences Research 2.6 (2007): 540-544.
The polynomials as shown in our resource are the unmodified Boubaker polynomials, by the original definition.
Another 2007 paper covers the modification:
    Recently, the m-Boubaker polynomials (modified Boubaker polynomials) have been defined as an ameliorated form that was more appropriated for defining a characteristic differential equation[4] .The Boubaker polynomials are already registered under their final form[5].
Note 4 was a reference to the TASR paper. Note 5 puzzled me.
    [5] OTPDA, Les Polynômes de Boubaker. Dépôt légal N°: 21-01-04-04-2007.Tunisia
It's Tunisian copyright registration,. Organisme Tunisien de la Protection des Droits d'Auteurs.
Boubaker sent me copies of a number of papers:
* Dada et al (2008)
* Zhang and Li (2009)
* Agida and Kumar (2010)
* Dubey (2010)
* Zhang and Naing (2010).pdf
* Milgram (2011)
* Rahmanov (2011)
* Zhang (2011)
* Akkaya and Yalcinbas (2012)
* Milovanovic and Joksimovic (2012)
* Moller and Govender (2012)
* Yalcinbas and Akkaya (2012)
* Akkaya et al (2013)
* Milovanovic and Joksimovic (2013)
* Barry (2013)
* Emetere (2013)
* Doha et al (2014)
* Kim (2014)
* Kafash and Delavarkhalafi (2015)
He also sent me his resume, a list of publications, and the original 2007 (submitted 2006) paper (Enhancement of pyrolysis spray performance).
# Boundary Value Problems/3-D Spherical

Return to Main Course Page Boundary Value Problems
Legendre's equation$\displaystyle (1-x^{2})y''(x)-2xy'(x)+n(n+1)y=0$
# Asia e University

Asia e University
Asia e University (AeU) is a flexible, international university set in Asia, by Asians for Asia under the Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD). Its establishment is an initiative of Malaysia, as the prime mover for e-education, with the support of 31 ACD Member Countries as confirmed at the Islamabad 2005 and Doha 2006 ACD Ministerial Meetings. AeU collaborates with Institutions of Higher Learning (IHLs) and training centres in the 31 ACD Member Countries to offer academic and professional training programmes focusing on affordability, accessibility, and quality.
AeU also acts as a facilitator for the mutual accreditation and recognition of degrees and academic programmes among Asian IHLs. It also acts as an enabler for IHLs in Asia to leverage on each other's resources and facilities including sharing of academic and professional programmes. AeU is also an instrument for greater Asia-wide cooperation and a catalyst in narrowing the digital divide among communities and nations. It will actively promote e-education efforts to meet the future human capacity needs of Asia. AeU is set to open minds and open doors of opportunities for all in Asia.
AeU programmes and products focus on affordability, accessibility, and marketability, and will be characterised by flexibility, quality, and relevance.
Programmes include:
Bachelor Programmes - Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) - Bachelor of Education (TESL) - Bachelor of Information & Communication Technology (BICT)
- Bachelor of Digital Creative Media - Bachelor of Technology (Information Technology) - Professional Bachelor of Digital Creative Media - Professional Bachelor of Computer Technology - Professional Bachelor of Internet Marketing Technology (PBIMT)
Postgraduate Diploma - Postgraduate Diploma of Higher Education Teaching (PGDipHET) - Graduate Diploma in Business Management - Graduate Diploma in Early Childhood Education
Master Programmes - Master of Business Administration (MBA) - General - Master of Business Administration (MBA) - With Specialisations - Master of Education (M.Ed.) – With Specialisations - Master of Communication (MIC) - Master of Information and Communication Technology Management - With Specialisations - Master of Knowledge Management (MKM) - Master of Management (MIM) - Master of Human Resource Management (MHRM) - Master of Science (MSc) (Management) – By Research - Master of Social Sciences - By Research
Doctorate Programmes - Doctor of Philosophy (Business Administration) - Doctor of Philosophy (Education) - Doctor of Philosophy (ICT) - Doctor of Philosophy (Arts) - Doctor of Business Administration - Industrial Doctorate (IndD)
Headquarters
Asia e University
Ground Floor, Main Block,
No 4, Jalan Sultan Sulaiman,
50000 Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia
Tel: +603 2785 0000 (GL)
Tel: +603 2711 0436 (Fax)
Tel: 1300 300 238 (Hotline)
E-mail: enquiries@aeu.edu.my
Website: www.aeu.edu.my
# Ask Me 3

Why Important Nearly half of all American adults, 90 million people, have difficulty understanding and using health information that they are given (Partnership for Clear Health Communication, 2007). This statistic is important because health literacy skills – the ability to read, understand and effectively use basic medical instructions and information – are linked with an individual’s health status (Partnership for Clear Health Communication, 2007); which means the lower your health literacy skills are, the more likely you are to become sick or have lower than average health. This is why clear communication between patients and health care providers is essential (Partnership for Clear Health Communication, 2007). The better the communication between the health care provider and their patients, the more likely it is that the patient will have a better understanding of what their health problems are and why they need to follow their physician’s advice, and in turn can be one step closer to becoming a healthier person. The Ask Me 3 program is designed to do just that - to help patients increase their health literacy and, as a result, also raise their health.
What Questions to Ask The Ask Me 3 program is centered on three important universal questions that were developed to help increase health literacy. These three questions are (Partnership for Clear Health Communication, 2007):
* What is my main problem?
* What do I need to do?
* Why is it important for me to do this?
These questions should be asked when patients are seeing any health care providers or pharmacists, when preparing for a medical test or procedure or when picking up medicine so you they will become a more informed consumer of their healthcare (Partnership for Clear Health Communication, 2007).
Advantages of Ask Me 3 There are many important advantages to asking these questions, such as keeping patients safe when taking their medication at home, helping them understand how to get better and being to better understand what procedures may be performed on them (Partnership for Clear Health Communication, 2007). They may also be able to spend less money on healthcare by making fewer trips to their healthcare provider because main questions were answered during the first visit instead of during consequential visits.
Other Important Questions to Ask The Ask Me 3 questions are not the only important questions that patients should ask their health care provider or pharmacist. It is also important that any other questions they thought of on their own are answered. These questions can be used to supplement the Ask Me 3 questions.
Partnership for Clear Health Communication. (2007). Ask Me 3. Retrieved from http://www.npsf.org/askme3/