OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Animal Phyla/Hemichordata

* Hemichordata
* Name Meaning: Half cord
* English Common Name: Acorn worms, hemichordates
* Major distinguishing characteristics: Stomochord in collar
* Approximate number of species described: about 100 living species

## Natural History

The Hemichordata are mostly solitary, though a few are colonial.
They are generally worm-shaped, and live in burrows. They are deposit feeders, filter feeders, or free living detritivores.

## Taxonomy

There are 2 recognized classes within the Hemichordata.
* Class Pterobranchia
* Class Enteropneusta
Additionally the species Planctosphaera pelagica is known from juveniles. It is significantly different from others, but has not be assigned to a class.

## Anatomy

Worm-shaped, the Hemichordata have three main body parts: an anterior proboscis, an intermediate collar, and a posterior trunk.
The proboscis is muscular and ciliated and used in locomotion. It also serves in the collection and transport of food particles to the mouth. The mouth is between the proboscis and the collar.
The trunk contains the pharynx, which has gill slits (or pharyngeal slits), the esophagus, an intestine, the gonads, and the anus.

## The Fossil Record

The earliest fossils of hemichordates have been found in the Lower or Middle Cambrian.

## Quiz

* Hemichordata Quiz

## References and Further Reading

* Hemichordata at Wikipedia
* Hemichordata at Encyclopedia of Life
* Hemichordata at Tree of Life
# Animal Phyla/Mollusca

* Mollusca
* Name Meaning: Thin shell
* English Common Name: Mollusks or molluscs
* Major distinguishing characteristics: Muscular foot and Mantle, round shell
* Approximate number of species described: 85,000

## Natural History

Mollluscs are so diverse that it is difficult to set out a single natural history for them. They live in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. There are herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. There are active predators and filter feeders.
As adults some are highly mobile, and some are sessile and never move once they set down.

## Taxonomy

There are 8 living classes of Mollusc.
* Gastropoda (snails)
* Bivalvia (clams, etc.)
* Polyplacophora (chitons)
* Cephalopoda (octopuses and squid)
* Scaphopoda (tusk shells)
* Solenogastres
* Caudofoveata
* Monoplacophora

## Anatomy

Molluscs are highly diverse, but all have a mantle that has a cavity used for breathing and excretion (and secretes the shell in species with shells).
Non-bivalves have a radula, which is a hard structure that rasps food into the mouth.

## The Fossil Record

There are between 60,000 and 100,000 additional species. Good evidence exists that the gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods were around by the Cambrian (541 to 485.4 million years ago).

## Quiz

* Mollusca Quiz

## References and Further Reading

* Mollusca at Wikipedia
* Mollusca at Tree of Life
* Mollusca at Encyclopedia of Life
# Animal Phyla/Gastrotricha

* Gastrotricha
* Name Meaning: Hair stomach
* English Common Name: Meiofauna, gastrotrichs, hairybacks
* Two terminal adhesive tubes
* Approximate number of species described: about 690

## Natural History

They are aquatic, and occur in fresh and marine waters, though a few live on land, in the liquid that surrounds soil particles. Their habitat is similar in the water, living around the particles on the bottom, or in the material that falls to the bottom.
They eat detritus.
Their lifespans are extremely short, they live only a few days.

## Taxonomy

The Phylum has been divided into two orders.
* Order Chaetonotida
* Order Macrodasyida

## Anatomy

Worm-like, gastrotrichs have a head region housing a brain and sensory organs, and a trunk with a simple digestive system and reproductive organs.
They have adhesive glands that help them attach to solid surfaces.

## The Fossil Record

With a size maximum of 3 mm (0.118 in), and being soft bodied, they're unlikely to have fossilized and no fossils are known.

## Quiz

* Gastrotricha Quiz

## References and Further Reading

* [Gastrotricha] at Wikipedia
* Gastrotricha at Encyclopedia of Life
* Gastrotricha at Tree of Life
# Animal Phyla/Gnathostomulida

Gnathostomulida Name Meaning: Jaw orifice English Common Name: Jaw worms Major distinguishing characteristics: Approximate number of species described: about 300

## Natural History

Jaw worms are all aquatic and marine. They live in the sand and mud in shallow coastal waters.

## Taxonomy

There are two recognized orders within the Phylum Gnathostomulida.
* Filospermoidea
* Bursovaginoidea

## Anatomy

The powerfully jawed mouth is just behind the head end and opens into a blind-ending tube. There is no anus. They have no circulatory or respiratory system.
They are hermaphroditic, with one ovary and two testes.

## The Fossil Record

There is no known fossil record.

## Quiz

* Gnathostomulida Quiz

## References and Further Reading

* [Gnathostumulida] at Wikipedia
* Gnathostumulida at Tree of Life
* Gnathostumulida at Encyclopedia of Life
# Animal Phyla/Micrognathozoa

* Micrognathozoa (sometimes called Phylum Gnathifera)
* Name Meaning: Tiny jaw animals
* English Common Name: Micrognathozoans
* Major distinguishing characteristics: Accordion like extensible thorax
* Approximate number of species described: 1

## Natural History

Micrognathozoa are one of the smallest animals, averaging one-tenth of a millimeter (0.004 inches) long.
Its main diet is bacteria, blue-green algae and diatoms. L. maerski has a large ganglion, or 'brain', in its head, and paired nerve cords

## Taxonomy

One species is known. It's classification is:
* Class Micrognathozoa
* Order Limnognathida
* Family Limnognathiidae
* species Limnognathia maerski

## Anatomy

They have very complicated jaws, the parts connected by ligaments and muscles. They can extend part of the jaw outside the mouth to eat or regurgitate indigestible items.
It's possible that Micrognathans hatch as males and become female as they grow.

## The Fossil Record

There is no known fossil record.

## Quiz

* Micrognathozoa Quiz

## References and Further Reading

* Micrognathozoa at Wikipedia (the sole genus is Limnognathia)
* Micrognathozoa at Tree of Life (the sole species is Limnognathia maerski)
* Micrognathozoa at Encyclopedia of Life
# Animal Phyla/Kinorhyncha

* Kinorhyncha
* Name Meaning: Motion snout
* English Common Name: Mud dragons
* Major distinguishing characteristics: Eleven segments, each with a dorsal plate
* Approximate number of species described: about 150

## Natural History

The Kinorhyncha are widespread in mud or sand at all depths in marine waters. They live in the sand or mud.

## Taxonomy

The Phylum is divided into two orders.
* Order Cyclorhagida
* Order Allomalorhagida

## Anatomy

Mud dragons are segmented and limbless. They have a body with three parts, the head, neck, and a trunk of eleven segments.
They do not have cilia, but do have a number of spines along the body, plus up to 7 circles of spines around the head. These spines are used for locomotion.

## The Fossil Record

There is apparently no fossil record of these very small animals.

## Quiz

* Kinorhyncha Quiz

## References and Further Reading

* Kinorhyncha at Wikipedia
* Kinorhyncha at Tree of Life
* Kinorhyncha at Encyclopedia of Life
# Animal Phyla/Loricifera

Loricifera
* Name Meaning: Corset bearer
* English Common Name: Brush heads
* Major distinguishing characteristics: Umbrella-like scales at each end
* Approximate number of species described: about 122

## Natural History

The Loricifera are marine animals. They live in the sediment between the grains of gravel or other sediment types.

## Taxonomy

The Phylum is divided into one order and three families.
* Order Nanaloricida
** Family Nanaloricidae
** Family Pliciloricidae
** Family Urnaloricidae

## Anatomy

The small-bodied Loricifera have a head, mouth and digestive system. They also have a lorica, which is an armor-like lorica which is a protective external shell.

## The Fossil Record

One fossil, the Cambrian-era Eolorica deadwoodensis may be associated with the Loricifera.

## Quiz

* Loricifera Quiz

## References and Further Reading

* Loricifera at Wikipedia
* Loricifera at Tree of Life
* Loricifera at Encyclopedia of Life
# Animal Phyla/Lesson Plan for Animal Phyla

Lesson Plan for Animal Phyla

## Title of Lesson

Learning about animal diversity.

## Opening

Animals are all around us. Most of us recognize many kinds (species) of animals such as dogs, cats, birds, and insects. There are, however, many kinds of animals with which most people are unfamiliar.
The study of animals is called Zoology. In this lesson we will look at the diversity of animal life.

## Objective

This lesson is intended to give a beginning appreciation to the wide diversity of animal life on Earth, and provide a framework on which to foster further study in zoology.

## Lesson Division

* Read the opening Animal Phyla page through before using any of the links.
* Take the short quiz linked at the end of the page until passed with 100%. Scores are not recorded and quiz can be taken repeatedly.
* In any order, read through each of the Phyla detail pages.
* Take the short quiz linked at the bottom of each detail page until passed with 100%. Scores are not recorded and quizzes can be taken repeatedly.
* Follow up on any Phyla of particular interest through the links provided in the "References and Further Reading" section of each detail page.
* Add any information to the detail pages you find of particular interest that you'd like to share with others. If you get them from a reference not listed, pleas also include that information.

## Materials

There are no materials required for the lesson other than access to the computer and the internet to get to the pages.

## Conclusion

Hopefully the student has a good overview of the diversity of life on Earth. Thank you for your participation.
# Animal Phyla/Mesozoa

* Mesozoa
* Name Meaning: Middle animals
* English Common Name: Mesozoans
* Major distinguishing characteristics: Somatoderm of ciliated cells surrounding reproductive cell(s)
* Approximate number of species described: unknown

## Quiz

* Mesozoa Quiz
# Database Fundamentals/Tables and Data Types

This lesson introduces tables and data types.

## Objectives and Skills

Objectives and skills for the tables and data types portion of Microsoft Exam 98-364 Database Fundamentals include:
* Create database objects
** Understand tables and how to create them
*** Purpose of tables; create tables in a database by using proper ANSI SQL syntax
** Choose data types
*** Understand what data types are, why they are important, and how they affect storage requirements

## Readings

* Wikipedia: Table (database)
* Wikipedia: Field (computer science)
* Wikipedia: Data type
* Wikipedia: Data definition language

## Multimedia

* Microsoft Virtual Academy: Creating Databases and Database Objects
* YouTube: Database Objects

## Activities

* Create a new sample database.
* Create a new database:
** Watch YouTube: How to Create MS SQL Database Using SQL Server Management Studio.
** Read Microsoft: SQL Server Create a Database].
** Create a new sample database called College using SQL Server Management Studio.
* Create tables in sample database:
** Watch YouTube: SQL Server 2014 How to Create Tables.
** Read Microsoft: Create Tables Using SQL Server Management Studio (Database Engine).
** Read W3CSchools.com: SQL General Data Types.
** Create three tables using SQL Server Management Studio named Student, Course and Instructor.
** Add three fields (columns) into each table with applicable data types of your choice.
*** For example: Course table could include the CourseID, Description, CreditHours fields. CourseID is the primary key.
*** Student table could include the StudentID, StudentFirstName, StudentLastName fields. StudentID is the primary key.
*** Instructor table could include the InstructorID, InstructorFirstName, InstructorLastName, Department. InstructorID is the primary key.
** For each table, insert three or five records. In the Student table, insert a student record with your first name and last name.
** Practice displaying and examining the database tables, columns and data.

## Lesson Summary

* Each column in an SQL table declares the data type(s) that column may contain.
* A table is a collection of related data held in a structured format within a database. It consists of fields (columns), and rows.

## See Also

* Microsoft: CREATE TABLE (Transact-SQL)
# Database Fundamentals/Stored Procedures

This lesson introduces stored procedures.

## Objectives and Skills

Objectives and skills for the stored procedures portion of Microsoft Exam 98-364 Database Fundamentals include:
* Create database objects
** Create stored procedures and functions
*** Select, insert, update, or delete data

## Readings

* Wikipedia: Stored procedure

## Multimedia

* Microsoft Virtual Academy: Creating Databases and Database Objects
* YouTube: SQL Stored Procedures
* YouTube: SQL Server Programming Part 1 - Stored Procedure Basics
* YouTube: Stored procedures in sql server Part 18

## Activities

* Use SQL Server to create stored procedures to update record information in the Student table in your College database.
* Create the following stored procedures:
** Apply the INSERT statement in a stored procedure to insert a new record into the Student table.
** Apply the UPDATE statement in a stored procedure to update the first name field in the previous step in the Student table.
** Apply the DELETE statement in a stored procedure to remove the record that you just added in the Student table.

## Lesson Summary

* A stored procedure (also termed proc, storp, sproc, StoPro, StoredProc, StoreProc, sp, or SP) is a subroutine available to applications that access a relational database management system (RDMS).
* A SQL injection is a code injection technique, used to attack data-driven applications, in which malicious SQL statements are inserted into an entry field for execution (e.g. to dump the database contents to the attacker).

## See Also

* Microsoft: Create a Stored Procedure
* Microsoft TechNet: Creating Stored Procedures (Database Engine)
* MSSQL: SQL Server Stored Procedures Tutorial
# Database Management

A database is an organized collection of data, generally stored and accessed electronically from a computer system. The database management system (DBMS) is the software that interacts with end users, applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze the data. Database Management System provides the capability to govern a database function. The DBMS software additionally encompasses the core facilities provided to administer the database.
This course comprises 10 lessons covering database management. Each lesson includes a combination of open readings, YouTube videos, and hands-on learning activities.

## Preparation

This is a second-semester, college-level course. Learners should already be familiar with introductory computer concepts and Information Systems concepts, and have advanced or proficient-level computer skills. Familiarity with database applications and database software is also helpful.

## Lessons

* Introduction
* Query by Example
* SQL
* Advanced SQL
* Data Definition Language
* Data Control Language
* Normalization
* E-R Diagrams
* Database Design
* Database Functions
* Database Administration
* NoSQL
* ODBC

## See Also

* Databases
* Database Fundamentals
* Database Applications
* Database Software
* Wikibooks:Subject:Database management systems
# Database Fundamentals/Selecting Data

This lesson introduces selecting data.

## Objectives and Skills

Objectives and skills for the selecting data portion of Microsoft Exam 98-364 Database Fundamentals include:
* Manipulate data
** Select data
*** Utilize SELECT queries to extract data from one table, extract data by using joins, combine result sets by using UNION and INTERSECT

## Readings

* Wikipedia: Select (SQL)

## Multimedia

* Microsoft Virtual Academy: Using DML Statements
* YouTube: Introducing Query Design
* YouTube: SQL Server Queries Part 1 - Writing Basic Queries
* YouTube: SQL JOIN Statement
* YouTube: SQL GROUP BY, HAVING & ORDER BY

## Activities

* Use SQL Server to list items from the Student and Course tables in your College database.
* Write the following queries:
** Watch YouTube: SELECT Statement.
** Watch YouTube: Introducing Query Designer.
** Read Microsoft: SQL Server SELECT - SQL Command.
** Read Microsoft: SELECT Examples (Transact - SQL).
** Read W3Schools.com: SQL SELECT Statement.
** Write a query that displays all of the columns and all of the rows from the Course table to display the CourseID, Description, CreditHours fields.
** Write a query that will display the name of all students from the Student table.
** Modify the previous query to display only students with your last name.
** Write a query that will return one column name CourseID, Description and contains the last name of the instructor.
** Practice creating simple queries using the College database you created.

## Lesson Summary

* A SELECT statement retrieves zero or more rows from one or more database tables or database views.
* A SQL join clause combines records from two or more tables in a relational database. A JOIN is a means for combining fields from two tables (or more) by using values common to each. .
* A CROSS JOIN will produce rows which combine each row from the first table with each row from the second table.
* A INTERSECT clause combines the results of two queries and returns only rows that appear in both result sets. For purposes of duplicate removal the INTERSECT operator does not distinguish between NULLs. The INTERSECT operator removes duplicate rows from the final result set.
* A UNION clause combines the results of two SQL queries into a single table of all matching rows. The two queries must result in the same number of columns and compatible data types in order to unite.

## See Also

* Microsoft: Data Manipulation Language (DML) Statements (Transact-SQL)
* Microsoft: Comparison Operators (Transact-SQL)
* Microsoft: Using Joins
* W3Schools.com: SQL SELECT Statement
# Database Fundamentals/Views

This lesson introduces views.

## Objectives and Skills

Objectives and skills for the views portion of Microsoft Exam 98-364 Database Fundamentals include:
* Create database objects
** Create views
*** Understand when to use views and how to create a view by using T-SQL or a graphical designer

## Readings

* Wikipedia: View (SQL)

## Multimedia

* Microsoft Virtual Academy: Creating Databases and Database Objects
* YouTube: SQL Views

## Activities

* Use SQL Server to create views from the Student and Course tables in your College database.
* Create the following views:
** Watch YouTube: How to create a view using Microsoft SQL Server Studio Management.
** Watch YouTube: SQL Views.
** Read Microsoft: Create Views.
** Read W3Schools.com: SQL Views.
** Create a view that displays all of the columns and all of the rows from the Course table to display the CourseID, Description, CreditHours fields.
** Create a view that will display the name of all students from the Student table.
** Modify the previous view to display only students with your last name.
** Create a view that will return one column name CourseID, Description and contains the last name of the instructor.
** Practice creating simple views using the College database you created.

## Lesson Summary

* A view is the result set of a stored query on the data, which the database users can query just as they would in a persistent database collection object.

## See Also

* Microsoft: How to: Create Views (Visual Database Tools)
# Compare and contrast

Compare and Contrast Information
To compare is to tell how 2 things are alike. To contrast is to tell how 2 things are different.
Read these two articles on the Iroquois. Then answer the questions, comparing and contrasting the information.
The Iroquois League was a union of Iroquoian-speaking North American Indian peoples, originally composed of the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk Indians. The Tuscarora became the sixth member of the league in the early 18th century. The tribes occupied a territory comprising what is now New York's Mohawk Valley and Finger Lakes region, bordered on the north by Lake Ontario and the Adirondacks and on the south by the Catskills and what today approximates the New York–Pennsylvania state line. *
Iroquois Indians formed a federation of tribes that once occupied most of what is now New York state. From east to west, the tribes included the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. The Iroquois called themselves the Haudenosaunee. This name refers to their dwellings and means we longhouse builders. The Iroquois became famous as the Five Nations, or Iroquois Longhouse. The federation was the most efficient North American Indian organization.
The federation was formed by the early 1600's. About 1722, the Tuscarora Indians joined the Iroquois League, which then became known as the Six Nations. The confederation of states that became the United States of America may have been patterned after the league. **
| 1. According to both articles, how many tribes belonged to the | Answer is five(5) federation in the 1600s? |
| 2. According to both articles, who joined the Iroquois in the | Answer is Tuscarora 1700s? |
| 3. According to the first article, the Iroquois territory was | Lake Ontario bordered by what to the North? |
| 4. According to the second article, after the Tuscarora joined, | Example how was the league known? |
# Comparison of GIFT and Wikiversity Microformats
## Data loss analysis converting between Wikiversity microformat and Moodle's GIFT microformat
### What this is

This is a document that analyzes converting both ways between Moodle's GIFT picoformat and the Wikiversity Quiz.php microformat. The first thing to do in a conversion project between these two formats would be to do a feasibility study in order to get some idea of the difficulty of the task.
The concept of data loss here is based upon viewing the conversion as-is. "Data loss" doesn't mean that there is no conceivable way to save and convert this data. Rather this is relatively a "heuristic agnostic" exercise so it is simply identifying problems. For every bit of hypothetical data loss there would have to be additional code written, either by changing the functionality of one or both of the parsers (Wikiversity's and Moodle's) or by writing extra work-around code in the conversion code. Because of that a heuristic agnostic data loss study can give us an idea of how big this project might be in the short amount of time.
In addition to that it can later serve as a document to speed up algorithm creation as patterns for conversion can be identified, and problems areas are already laid out.
Perhaps most importantly of all this is Wikiversity, a website that aims to collect instructional content, and applying a "high documentation" policy to this project, and ANY Wikiversity project, is going to create more Wikiversity content that may have value to others, both editors and learners. It is my opinion that here more than anywhere, this is the best policy.
Please feel free to contribute to this document. It doesn't belong to me. It belongs to Wikiversity.

### Conclusion

For the most part most question types, and features can be converted with no obvious difficulty. There are a few instances where a question may have to be broken up into several questions, or a questions may change the way it appears to the test-taker in a dramatic way without changing the function. Those instances may require special functions to accomplish.
Keep in mind having this information is only the first step in determining the scope of a conversion project, and hence its length, since the code available for extension has to be taken into consideration as well. As of yet there is no known document that takes any code in consideration. A complimentary document would compare a body of code of interest, such as Quiz.php, with this document to determine the true nature of a conversion project.