# AP United States History/1607-1754

Introduces the colonies established in the New World by the Spanish, French, Dutch, and British.

## Objectives and Skills

Topics may include:
* How different European colonies developed and expanded
* Transatlantic trade
* Interactions between American Indians and Europeans
* Slavery in the British colonies
* Colonial society and culture

## Study Notes

* John Smith - Leader of Jamestown. Saved them. 1608 he ruled. In 1607 he was kidnapped in December and was forced to be executed by Powhatan but Pocahontas saved him.last Federalist, governor of Connecticut
* John Winthrop - Calvinist religious leader, became governor of Massachusetts Bay Company in 1629; successful attorney and manor lord in England believed he had a calling from God to be governor. Was governor for 19 years and helped Massachusetts prosper said “a city upon a hill”
* King Philip/Metacom - Plymouth colony forced him to give up ammunition and forced him to adhere to English law King Philip's War - War in 1676 between Metacom and the English. This started due to the death of two chiefs and the English wanted control of the Indians then. Colonists had won and beat Metacom. He was killed and his wife and son were traded into slavery. Plymouth colony forced him to give up ammunition and forced him to adhere to English law
* William Penn - William Penn- attracted to Quaker faith in 1660, when 16.Penn wanted to get away from the persecution of the Church of England. 1681 he was granted fertile land from the King and he founded Pennsylvania. Best advertised state of the New World. He gave out substantial land holdings to get people to come over. Indian relationships were amazing with Penn. They hired Indians as baby sitters! A representative assembly elected by the landowners. No tax supported state church drained coffers or demanded allegiance. He attracted a mix amount of ethnicity with its liberal laws of generosity.
* Anne Hutchinson - Puritan orthodoxy, exceptionally intelligent, strong-willed, and talkative woman, ultimately the mother of 14 children. Swift and sharp in the theological argument, she carried to logical extremes the Puritan doctrine of predestination. She claimed that a holy life was no sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man. Trialed in 1638 she boasted that she had come by her beliefs through a direct revelation from God. Puritans banished her and with her family she set out on foot for Rhode Island. She finally moved to New York where Indians had killed her
* founding of Georgia (year,purpose) - Founded in 1733 last of 13 colonies to be planted 126 years after Virginia and 52 years after the twelfth Pennsylvania. The English crown intended Georgia to serve as a buffer. It would protect the more valuable Carolinas against vengeful Spaniards from Florida and against the hostile French from Louisiana. It did suffer much buffeting, it received monetary subsides from the British government at the outset-the only one of the original 13 to get this. It produced silk and wine and they were determined to carve out a haven for wretched souls imprisoned for debt. They wanted to keep slavery out
* joint-stock company - Virginia company of London received a charter from King James I of England for a settlement in New World. Main attraction was gold, combined with strong desire to find a passage through America to the Indies. It let colonists have same rights as Englishmen if they were living in England. Investors paid for their expedition and their equipment in return of hopefully earning a profit. company in which people invest money in hoping that a settlement in the New World will be profitable
* "The Starving Time" - during winter of 1609-1610, 60 out of 500 colonists died
* second Anglo-Powhatan War (1644) - in effort to drive English colonists away; ended with treaty pushing Natives further west
* first slaves in the colonies - before pilgrims landed in New England, the Dutch brought a ship off the coast of Jamestown with 20 Africans. afterwards American colonists took these moments into consideration for slavery
* tobacco - major crop introduced by Natives, helped colonies strive economically
* House of Burgesses - first representative government; founded in Virginia; established in 1619
* "the elect" - Calvinist idea that God chose to "save" certain people, aka "the elect"
* Henry VIII - founded Anglican church
* Protestant reforms - Little did German friar Martin Luther know, when he nailed his protests against Catholic doctrines to the door of Wittenberg’s cathedral in 1517, that he was shaping the destiny of a yet unknown nation. Denouncing the authority of priests and popes, Luther declared that the Bible alone was the source of God’s word. He ignited a fire of religious reform (the Protestant Reformation) that licked its way across Europe for more than a century, dividing peoples, toppling sovereigns, and kindling the spiritual fervor of millions of men and women-some of whom helped to found America.
* "visible saints" - Gnawing doubts about their eternal life (elects life) fate plagued Calvinists. They constantly sought, in themselves and others, signs of conversion, or the receipt of God’s free gift of savaging grace. Conversion was thought to be an intense, identifiable personal experience in which God revealed to the elect their heavenly destiny. Thereafter they were expected to lead sanctified lives, demonstrating by their holy behavior that they were among the visible saints.
* Mayflower Compact - simple agreement, majority rules in voting, further developed to laws and town meetings
* separatists - aka Pilgrims; believed in separation of church and state; Protestants
* Rhode Island - Roger Williams who spoke against Massachusetts and fled to Rhode Island with the help of Indians in 1636. Built a Baptist church and established complete freedom of religion, even for the Jews and Catholics. Named “Rogue’s Island” due to open religion, by other states. Received permission of rights to the soil in 1644. Independent state
* indentured servants - essentially white slaves, had advantage of being same race as colonists, served 7 years then granted very little land, most went back to servitude
* "The Middle Passage" - Most of the slaves who reached North America came from the west coast of Africa, especially the area stretching from present day Senegal to Angola. They were originally captured by African coastal tribes, who traded them in crude markets on the shimmering tropical beaches to itinerant European-and American- flesh merchants. Usually branded and bound, the captives were herded aboard sweltering ships for the nasty “middle passage” on which death rates ran as high as 20%. Terrified survivors were eventually shoved onto auction blocks in New Worlds ports like Newport, Rhode Island, or Charleston, South Carolina, where a giant slave market traded in human misery for more than a century.
* African-American contributions to American culture - From their earliest presence in North America, African Americans have contributed literature, art, agricultural skills, foods, clothing styles, music, language, social and technological innovation to American culture. The cultivation and use of many agricultural products in the U.S., such as yams, peanuts, rice, okra, sorghum, grits, watermelon, indigo dyes, and cotton, can be traced to African and African-American influences.
* typical New England family - Clean water and cool temperatures added ten years to their lives. They enjoyed a good 70 years of life. They migrated as families and the families were very fertile even if the soil was not. Early marriage made up in booming birth rate. Babies just popped right out of the women. Women had to give up their rights when married.
* women's status in colonies - no suffrage, just worked mostly as housewife
* Lord De La Warr - Ordered Jamestown survivors of Starving Time back to Jamestown and ordered a military regime. He arrived in 1610. He had war with the Indians and they raided villages, burned them and stole their goods. A peace treaty of John Rolfe’s marriage to Pocahontas ended the first Anglo-Powhatan War in 1614. Indians attacked and killed 347 settlers, including John Rolfe and the Virginia Company followed with a second war