OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Survey research and design in psychology/Help/FAQ
## What is this unit about?

See overview

## Will the lectures be recorded?

Yes - audio and video available via Wikiversity and Moodle

## Will the tutorials be recorded?

Yes - audio and video available via Wikiversity and UCLearn.

## What are the textbooks?

See textbooks

## Are the textbooks compulsory?

No, but they are strongly recommended.

## Are tutorials compulsory?

No, but they are strongly recommended.

## How can I improve my grade?

Suggestions for how to Pass and/or improve academic performance for this unit:
* Keep up to date with lectures, tutorials, readings, and assessment tasks
* Devise a study plan
* Attend lectures and/or study recordings
* Attend tutorials and/or study recordings and/or screencasts
* Practice tutorial exercises on your own, out of class
* Consider attending a repeat tutorial
* Complete the readings
* Come to drop-in tutorials to get help
* Ask questions if you don't understand something
* Read the announcements and discussion forum
* Form a study group or find a study buddy
* Read the detailed assessment guidelines.

## Is supplementary assessment available?

* If a score of 45 to 49% is achieved and this is the unit last unit required before graduation, then supplementary assessment is available, as per supplementary assessment policy (UC).

## What options are available if I haven't kept up?

* Withdraw
* Apply for extension to the due date(s) for assessment
* Submit assessment by the due date
* Submit assessment late (may incur late penalties)

## What options are available if I Fail?

* Enrol in the unit's next offering.
* Enrol in an equivalent unit at another institution which is accredited by APAC. This could be via on-campus or external studies.
** You may wish to check with the unit convener whether the alternative unit you select is an equivalent - it should be a 3rd year level research methods and statistics unit within an accredited Bachelor of Psychology or equivalent degree
** On completion, apply for credit for the unit to UC
# Stargart disease

Stargart disease (Juvenile macular dystrophy)
Stargart disease is a very rare eye disease (1 in 10000) usually starts from childhood or young adult years. The small part of the retina needed for sharp, central vision is blur or black, blocking the view. It's not always the center of the vision is blurry or pitch black, sometimes it is some part of the vision depending on the person. It usually doesn't affect side vision, leaving with some part of sight even it is little blurry. Also being the reason people can adjust and livewith it.
Stargardt disease is often called juvenile macular dystrophy. In people with Stargardt disease, special light-sensing cells in the macula, called photoreceptors, die off, making them lose some part of their vision, might even affect seeing colours.
Treatment This disease cannot be cured, you can just manage and adjust to it. But it doesn't make total or pitch black blindness. But it can be up to 6/12 to 6/60, normal vision is 6/6.
Wearing sunglasses may help with the bright light sensitivity of Stargardt disease. Wearing sunglasses can also prevent further retina damage from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.
People with Stargardt disease should not smoke cigarettes or be around cigarette smoke. Also, some studies suggest that taking a lot of vitamin A could may make the disease worse. While the vitamin A in foods is fine, avoid taking large doses of it as a supplement.
Cause of Stargart disease
Usually Stargardt disease is passed down from parents. With the classic Stargardt disease, faulty genes (the ABCA4 gene) must be passed down from both parents to have symptoms. Someone who has the gene from only one parent will be a carrier for Stargardt disease, but 5will not have symptoms. Other forms of Stargardt disease need a gene from only one parent to cause symptoms, but those are very rare.
ABCA4 is the reason for stargart disease. This gene provides instructions for making a protein that is found in the retina, specialised light sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye. Making the eye unable to produce or recive light.
* ↑ "What Is Stargardt Disease?". American Academy of Ophthalmology. 2022-12-02. Retrieved 2024-08-05.
* ↑ "What Is Stargardt Disease?". American Academy of Ophthalmology. 2022-12-02. Retrieved 2024-08-05.
* ↑ "What Is Stargardt Disease?". American Academy of Ophthalmology. 2022-12-02. Retrieved 2024-08-05.
# Stars/Active regions/Quiz

Stellar active region is a lecture/article about an entity, source, and/or object observed on or near the surface of the Sun with radiation astronomy.
It is also part of the course on the principles of radiation astronomy.
You are free to take this quiz is based on the lecture stellar active region at any time.
Once you've read and studied it, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{radiation astronomy resources}} and {{principles of radiation astronomy}} templates, you should have adequate background to score 100 %.
Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* Apparently the active region cycles of the Sun corresponds to the repeated conjunctions of Venus and Jupiter.
# Plane in space/5x+7y-4z/Image of linear mapping/Exercise

Let $E\subseteq \mathbb {R} ^{3}$ be the plane defined by the linear equation $5x+7y-4z=0$. Determine a linear map
    $\varphi \colon \mathbb {R} ^{2}\longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ^{3},$
such that the image of $\varphi$ is equal to $E$.
# Plane rotation/Eigenvectors/Exercise

Determine the eigenvalues, eigenvectors and eigenspaces for a plane rotation ${\begin{pmatrix}\operatorname {cos} \,\alpha &-\operatorname {sin} \,\alpha \\\operatorname {sin} \,\alpha &\operatorname {cos} \,\alpha \end{pmatrix}}$, with rotation angle $\alpha$, $0\leq \alpha <2\pi$, over $\mathbb {R}$.
# Plane/Lines/Number of intersection points/Example

We consider in the plane $E$ a configuration of $n$ lines, and we ask ourselves what the maximal number of intersection points of such a configuration might be. It does not make a difference whether we think of the plane as $\mathbb {R} ^{2}$ (a Cartesian plane with real coordinates), or simple of a plane in the sense of elementary geometry. The only important thing is that two lines either intersect in exactly one point, or they are parallel. If $n$ is small, it is easy to find the answer.
But as soon an $n$ gets a bit larger ($n=5,10,\ldots$?), the answer is not so clear anymore, as it gets very difficult to imagine the situation in a precise way. The imagination becomes just a rough idea of many lines with many intersection points, but it is not possible to draw any precise conclusion from this. A useful approach to understand the problem is to understand what may happen when we add a new line to a given line configuration, when instead of $n$ lines we consider $n+1$ lines. Suppose that, for some reason, we know what the maximal number of intersection points for $n$ lines is, maybe we have even a formula for this. If we then can understand how many new intersection points we may get by adding a new line, then we know the maximal number of intersection points for $n+1$ lines.
Now, this passage is indeed easy to understand. The new line can at most intersect every old line in exactly one point, therefore at most $n$ new intersection points may occur. If we choose the new line in such a way that it is not parallel to any of the given lines (what is possible since there are infinitely many directions) and such that the intersection points of the new line do not coincide with old intersection points (what is possible by possibly taking a line parallel to the direction found), we get exactly $n$ new intersection points. Hence, we deduce the (preliminary) formula
    $S(n+1)=1+2+3+\cdots +n-2+n-1+n\,$
or
    $S(n)=1+2+3+\cdots +n-3+n-2+n-1\,,$
so just the sum of the first $n-1$ natural numbers.
# Plane coordinate system/Points/Line/Exercise

Let a point $P=(x,y)$ be given in the plane $\mathbb {R} ^{2}$. Sketch the set of all points
    $(cx,cy),\,c\in \mathbb {R} .$
# Plane coordinate system/Points/Mark/Exercise

Draw the following points in the Cartesian plane $\mathbb {R} ^{2}$.
    $(3,-7),\,(-1,-2),\,(0,5),\,(4,4),\,(4,5),\,(-3,0),\,(0,0).$
# Plane coordinate system/Points/Addition/Exercise

Draw two points $P$ and $Q$ in the Cartesian plane $\mathbb {R} ^{2}$ and add them.
# Topological space
## Definition

Consider $X$ to be a non-empty set, and also let $\tau \subset \wp (X)$ be a subset of the power set of $X$, such that an action $\tau$ fullfils the following conditions,
* $X,\emptyset \in \tau$,
* if $U_{1},\ldots ,U_{n}\in \tau$ then also the finite intersetion of these sets are element of the topology, i.e.
       $U_{1}\cap \ldots \cap U_{n}\in \tau$.
* let $I$ be an index set and for all $i\in I$ the subset $U_{i}\subset X$ is element of the topology ($U_{i}\in \tau$) then also the union of these sets $U_{i}$ is an element of the topology <\math>, i.e.
       $\bigcup _{i\in I}U_{i}\in \tau$.
The pair $(X,\tau )$ is called topological space. Set sets in $\tau \subset \wp (X)$ are called the open sets in $X$.

## Learning Task

* Let $X:=\{1,2,3,4,5\}$ and $T:=\left\{\{1,2,3\},\{2,3,4\},\{3,4,5\}\right\}$. Add a minimal number of sets, so $T$ and create $\tau \supseteq T$, so that $(X,\tau )$ is a topological space.
# Tool using behaviour in animals

Initially, scientists considered that human beings were the only organisms able to use and manufacture tools. Early studies developed by Köhler (1925), Yerkes & Yerkes (1929) and Goodall (1970) shed light on this topic. At present, there is striking evidence supporting that this type of behaviour is widespread across many species. Although there is a general consensus on the importance and the evolutionary implications of animal tool use, there is no complete agreement on its definition instead. Beck (1980) elaborated the most influential proposal to describe this behaviour and his first version has recently been revisited and updated (Shumaker et al, 2011). This new version defines tool use as: “The external employment of an unattached or manipulable attached environmental object to alter more efficiently the form, position, or condition of another object, another organism, or the user itself, when the user holds and directly manipulates the tool during or prior to use and is responsible for the proper and effective orientation of the tool”. From this perspective, these authors consider that when an agent only manipulates the object to be altered instead of manipulating the tool, it is proto-tool use and not true tool use. The term “tool” refers to an object or organism which is manipulated by the agent, and by definition it has to be external to the user itself, i.e. it must not be an attached part of the agent´s body. There is a vast variety of reports on different objects used as tools, e.g. sticks, wands, stones, leaves, mud, and other objects supplied within experimental contexts. Characterization of an object/organism as a tool implies the identification of a motor pattern, performed by the agent, which involves the use of this entity to produce a modification in another object. If the tool is modified prior to use, this modification is considered tool manufacture. Beck recognizes four modes of tool making: detach, subtract, reshape and combine. Tool using behaviour by non human primates provides foundations to generate hypotheses about the origins of human technology. Ethological studies on non-human primates in nature have revealed local behavior repertoires that are highly distinctive of different communities. Much of this cultural variation is related to problem solving mediated by the use of tools (McGrew, 1992; Whiten et al, 1999; Avital & Jablonka, 2000; Whiten & Boesch, 2001), and the acquisition of these population-specific techniques is based on socially biased learning. In the last decades tool use in animals has received much attention and a huge number of observational and experimental studies have been conducted, especially with Aves and Mammalia orders.
# Topology/Lesson 3
## Metric Space

A metric space has very many useful properties and they are very good for beginning topology students to study because of their relative intuitive nature.

### Definition

Let $X$ be a set. Then a metric on the set $X$ is a function $d:X\times X\to \mathbb {R}$ such that
* $d(x,y)\geq 0$ and equality holds if and only if $x=y.$
* $d(x,y)=d(y,x)$ (i.e., $d$ is symmetric).
* $d(x,z)\leq d(x,y)+d(y,z)$ (the triangle inequality).
We can define a topology on the set $X$ using the metric $d$ as follows. For $x\in X$ and $r>0$ define $B(x,r)=\{y\in X\mid d(x,y)<r\}.$ Then take the collection $\{B(x,r)\mid x\in X,\ r>0\}$ as a basis. Call this topology ${\mathcal {T}}_{d}.$
If $(X,{\mathcal {T}})$ is a topological space, then we say that it is metrizable if there is a metric $d:X\times X\to \mathbb {R}$ such that ${\mathcal {T}}={\mathcal {T}}_{d}.$ If $X$ is metrizable and $d$ is such a metric then we call the pair $(X,d)$ a metric space.

### Examples

* The most obvious example is the space $\mathbb {R}$ together with the metric $d(x,y)=|x-y|$ which is called the standard metric on $\mathbb {R} .$
* Any set has a metric on it. As an example, let $X$ be any set and let $d$ be given by $d(x,y)=\left\{{\begin{array}{ll}1&x\neq y\\0&x=y\end{array}}\right..$ It is left as an exercise to check that this is a metric, called the discrete metric because the topology it gives $X$ is the discrete topology.

### Exercises

* Show that the discrete metric is a metric and that it gives the discrete topology on $X.$

## Isometries

The "isomorphism" in the category of topological spaces is homeomorphism, as we saw in Lesson 2. The "isomorphism" in the category of metric spaces is called "global isometry" and is much more strict than homeomorphism.

### Definition

Let $(X,d)$ and $(Y,\rho )$ be metric spaces. Then a function $f:X\to Y$ is called an isometry if for all $x,y\in X$ we have $\rho (f(x),f(y))=d(x,y)$ (i.e. if distances are preserved). If $f$ is also surjective, then we say that $f$ is a global isometry.

### Examples

* If $(X,d)$ is any metric space, then the identity map is an isometry.
* If $(Y,d)$ is a metric space and $X\subset Y$ then the inclusion map $i:X\to Y$ is an isometry.

### Exercises

* Show that every isometry is injective and therefore every global isometry is bijective.
* Show that every isometry is an embedding and therefore every global isometry is a homeomorphism.
* Find a function that is a homeomorphism but not an isometry.
# Web Science/Part2: Emerging Web Properties/Web Search Ecosystem/Understanding the problems with Web SPAM/script

As we have seen search engines use algorithms that follow a certain relevance measure. Obviously such an algorithm can be manipulated. As we have seen modern search engines rely heavily on the link structure of the web. So for someone who wants to gain more attention from search engines the idea is easy to manipulate the link network of the world wide web. We call such an behavior link spam oder link spamming.
# Wikikids

Wikikids is a learning project designed to designed to capture the imagination of children and draw them in with fascinating content.

## Resources

Special:Prefixindex/Wikikids/

## See Also

* Portal:Wikikids
* Wikibooks:Wikijunior
* Meta:Wikikids
* Meta:Wikijunior
# Wikilitigation

Wikilitigation is a phenomenon that presumably first developed on Wikipedia, but has since spread to other wiki-based communities both within the WMF organization and on similar projects that have developed policy systems.
The term "wikilawyering" is generally used on Wikipedia to describe using policy to make a point that runs contrary to the spirit of the policy, so for the purposes of this project we will use the term "wikilitigation" to describe any incident where one or more policies are cited in order to provide legitimacy for two opposing positions.

## Types

* Acronym call and response
** Many disputes will contain citations of policy to prove both sides of an issue. It's likely that some of these policies regularly co-occur in such debates.
* Arguing the negative (when there isn't a policy...)
** WP:NOT is an example of a negative policy. Tracing how this policy developed may be a good way to see how "negative derivations" have moved the policies over time to become more restrictive. I.e., when WP:NOT does not exclude something, wikilitigation might be used to say "since it's not in NOT, it must be permitted".
* Policy vs guideline vs IAR

## Questions

* When was the term first coined?
* Does wikilitigation produce positive changes?
* Does wikilitigation spur changes to policy?
* When does wikilitigation become wikilawyering?

## Studies

* WP:ARBCOM
* WP noticeboards
* Noticeboards on other WMF projects
* Citizendium
* The English language Wikipedia policy "Ignore all rules" : its purpose and history
* History of the development of WP:NOT

## Methods

* Word clouds
** http://www.wordle.net/create (Example: Neil's Wacky Wiki Word Cloud)
* Map of policies that seem to have contradictory indications
** Tracing discussions on the noticeboards and VP over time should show pairings or groups that are often used in opposition to one another. Random samplings of archives with links to the policies as they stood at the time can show how wikilitigation leads to changes or refinements of policies.

## Outreach

* Academics studying this and related issues (see talk page).
* Wikipedians who have engaged in wikilitigation, as defined above.
* Village pump on WP
* Wikipedia Review (done)
# Wikilitigation/WP noticeboards

Noticeboards to study:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard/IncidentArchive2#Request_for_User_Name_Review : (debate on whether User:George W Bush has an appropriate username)
    policies:
   * Username
   * Blocking policy#Username
    Contacts:
   * Fred Bauder (Username)
   * Netoholic (Blocking policy#Username)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard/IncidentArchive2#More_inappropriate_image-loading : (a discussion about how to handle a user who uploaded an image of a girl in diapers with the filename "archiefucker.jpg")
    Policies:
   * Blocking policy
   * Profanity
    Contacts:
   * Lupo (blocking policy)
   * Noel (Profanity)
    Issues:
   * Due Process
* WP:ANI
* WP:BLPN
# Wikimania

Welcome to Wikimania at Wikiversity! This is the place to coordinate Wikiversity's contributions to the Wikimania fray and is for "show and tell" about all things Wikimaniacal.

## Wikimania 2012

Wikimania 2012 will be the 8th annual Wikimedia Conference. It will be held in Washington, D.C. on July 12–15, 2012. See Wikimania 2012 for details of this event. See Wikiversity at Wikimania 2012 if you would like to be involved in organising Wikiversity input.
Wikimania 2012 will be the 8th annual Wikimedia Conference. It will be held in Washington, D.C. on July 12–15, 2012.
Wikimania 2009, the fifth annual international Wikimedia conference was held August 25-29, 2009 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It was the first held in Spanish and in the Southern Hemisphere.

## Being there

"Wikimania" is an annual face-to-face gathering of enthusiasts of Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Wikisource and other Wikimedia projects. However, you don't have to physically attend Wikimania to participate. Furthermore, at Wikiversity, we are attempting to find ways to sustain this contact throughout the year. This could include having online meetings - perhaps with the rationale of helping combat climate change by reducing the amount of people travelling the world in jet aircraft. (Have your say!)

## An adventure

At Wikimania 2006 in Boston, Wikiversity was announced as the newest addition to the Wikimedia family of projects. Several learning projects and content development groups here at Wikiversity plan to participate in Wikimania:
* The School of Media Studies will build learning resources for and from the Wikimania experience through Internet Audio and Video.
# Wikilang/Language revitalization

Language revitalization is exactly what Wikilang is trying to achieve. Endangered languages are likely to become extinct in the near future; language death is, especially for the language community, a great pity. In attempt to stop this from happening, this page offers a variety of possibilities to create and build up projects to help reinforce and revitalize a language. This should lead to the goal of a particular language gaining speakers, being spoken more often, and gaining more prestige. That is what revitalization helps to achieve.
# Wikilitigation/WP:NOT

WP:NOT is one of the main policies for determining the scope of the project.

## Page history data

Note: Loading the earliest version will give you a link to a "previous version", and the previous version is in 2002). This is because the links to the previous/next versions go by revision ID, which signifies when an edit was added to the database, not date. The 2001 versions have higher revision ID's than some of the 2002 versions because they were imported in September 2002.
This data would probably be better presented as tables and graphs.
* 2001 history: first surviving edit on September 24, 7 revisions made only minor changes
** Project pages linked:
* 2002 history: 37 revisions, page grew from 3,392 bytes to 6,534 bytes.
* 2003 history: 80 revisions, to 10,106 bytes
* 2004 history: 249 revisions, to 17,242 bytes
* 2005 history: 583 revisions, to 25,777 bytes
* 2006 history: 858 revisions, to 32,411 bytes
* 2007 history: 828 revisions, to 42,481 bytes
* 2008 history: 463 revisions, to 46,044 bytes
* 2009 history: 764 revisions, to 48,533 bytes
* 2010 history (as of December 1): 540 revisions, to 51,259 bytes.

## Contributors

* all contributors
* watchers
# Wikikids/Life

In these pages, you can find out all about life on this planet. You can find out about what it was like in the past. You can find out about how it has changed over time.
But first, let us think: what IS life? What do we mean by the word, "life"?
"Oxford Languages" says what it means. If you don't understand, don't worry. There's an explanation below.
Oxford Languages says, it is "the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death."
# University of Florida/Egm6321/F10.TEAM1.WILKS/Mtg41
## EGM6321 - Principles of Engineering Analysis 1, Fall 2009

Mtg 41: Tues, 1Dec09

### Page 41-1

Review for exam 2
- Historical development - Legendre functions
Question: How to obtain $P_{n}\$ based on known $P_{n-1},P_{n-2},...\$ ? - 2 recurring relationships. Same technique in power series.
Solution: Frobenius method
Question: Find a differential equation governing all $\left\{P_{n}\right\}\$ ? - Legendre differential equations
2 families of homogeneous solutions:
- Legendre functions= $\left\{P_{n}\right\}\$ + $\left\{Q_{n}\right\}\$
$L_{n}=P_{n}\$ or $L_{n}=Q_{n}\$
Newtonian potential is solution of Laplace equation
i.e., $\Delta \ \left({\frac {1}{r}}\right)=0\$
${\frac {1}{r}}={\frac {1}{r_{PQ}}}={\frac {1}{r_{Q}}}\left(1-2\mu \ \rho \ +\rho \ ^{2}\right)^{-{\frac {1}{2}}}\$

### Page 41-2

$={\frac {1}{r_{Q}}}\sum _{n}P_{n}(\mu \ )\rho \ ^{n}\$ , where $=\rho \ :={\frac {r_{P}}{r_{Q}}}\$
$\Rightarrow \ {\frac {1}{r}}=\sum _{n}P_{n}(\mu \ ){\frac {r_{P}^{n}}{r_{Q}^{n+1}}}=\sum _{n}H_{n}\left(\mu \ ,r_{P},r_{Q}\right)\$ , where $H_{n}\left(\mu \ ,r_{P},r_{Q}\right)=H_{n}\left(x,y,z\right)\$
$\Delta \ {\frac {1}{r}}=0=\sum _{n}\Delta \ H_{n}(x,y,z)\ \Rightarrow \ \Delta \ H_{n}=0$
Where this argument is based on the power series
Laplace equations in a sphere
axisymmetrical case P.29-1
separation of variables P.30-1
General solution of axisymmetrical Laplace equations in a sphere
$\psi \ (r,\theta \ )=\sum _{n}(A_{n}r^{n}+B_{n}r^{n+1})(C_{n}P_{n}+D_{n}Q_{n})\$
Where $A_{n}r^{n}+B_{n}r^{n+1}\$ can be found on P.31-2
and $C_{n}P_{n}+D_{n}Q_{n}\$ can be found on P.32-1
and $\mu \ =\sin \theta \ \$