# Esperanto/Lesson 3

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We will learn about adverbs in Esperanto, get to know the word "ĉu", the suffixes "-ulo" and "-ino", the ending "-n", and learn the numbers in Esperanto.

## Adverbs

Adverbs are words that usually describe a characteristic of a verb, adjective, another adverb, or an entire sentence. Examples can be found in the box directly below.
* Examples of adverbs in English
* I quickly saw it. He spoke quietly. They often have new ideas. I am quickly learning Esperanto well. I have just started studying the new lesson.
In Esperanto, adverbs are most often marked by the ending -e. These are adverbs derived from other words. We will discuss this derivation in the next lesson. Several common adverbs end in -aŭ, which does not specify the part of speech of the word and is shared with some words that function as conjunctions or prepositions, or do not have a specific ending. Examples are in the short vocabulary section below.

### Vocabulary

Here are the first adverbs to memorize.
| Word | Meaning |
| laŭte | loudly |
| bone | well |
| ĝuste | correctly |
| kutime | usually, ordinarily |
| ofte | often |
| ankaŭ | also |
| baldaŭ | soon |
| preskaŭ | nearly, almost |
| nun | now |
| jam | already |
| ja | indeed |
| jes | yes |
| nur | only, just |
| tuj | immediately |
| ĵus | just now |

### Placement

Adverbs can be placed preceding or following the verb, adjective, or adverb that it modifies. Adverbs that modify an entire sentence typically come first. There is no difference in meaning.

### Examples

| Sentence | Meaning |
| La infano laŭte ploras. | The child cries loudly. |
| Ŝi skribas bele. | She writes beautifully. |
| Ili bone studas. | They study well. |
| Mi venos baldaŭ. | I will come soon. |

## ĉu

To ask a yes/no question in Esperanto, one only has to place "ĉu" at the beginning of the sentence (and, of course, like in English, place a question mark at the end of a written sentence). Contrary to in English, word order does not change.
| Sentence | Meaning |
| Ŝi volas promeni. — Ĉu ŝi volas promeni? | She wants to walk. — Does she want to walk? |
| Li estas malsana. — Ĉu li estas malsana? | He is ill. — Is he ill? |
| La hundo estas en la ĝardeno. — Ĉu la hundo estas en la ĝardeno? | The dog is in the garden. — Is the dog in the garden? |
"Ĉu" can also be used in indirect questions, where it translates to 'whether'. It is then always preceded by a comma.
| Sentence | Meaning |
| Ĉu li volas promeni? | Does he want to walk? |
| Mi ne scias, ĉu li volas promeni. | I don't know whether he wants to walk (or not). |
| Ĉu li estas malsana? — Ŝi ne volas scii, ĉu li estas malsana. | Is he ill? — She does not want to know whether he is ill (or not). |
| Ĉu la hundo estas en la ĝardeno? — Ĉu vi scias, ĉu la hundo estas en la ĝardeno? | Is the dog in the garden? — Do you know whether the dog is in the garden (or not)? |

## -n

The subject of a sentence is the 'doer' of the verb and the object is the 'undergoer' of the verb. Examples can be found in the box directly below.
* Examples of subjects and objects in English
* subjects in italics; objects in bold
* He saw me. He told a story to me. They have a new idea. I am learning Esperanto well. I am studying the new lesson.
In English, what is the object and the subject of a sentence is indicated by where the word is in the sentence. As can be seen in the examples above, the subject (in italics) comes before the verb and the object (in bold) comes after the verb. Many pronouns in English have distinct subject and object forms: I vs. me, he vs. him, she vs. her, etc..
In Esperanto, the object of a sentence is indicated by adding the ending -n to nouns and accompanying adjectives (which may already have taken the plural ending -j) or pronouns, not by the order of the words in the sentence. The article ("la") does not take -n. Even though word order does not matter in Esperanto, there is a default word order, which is the same as the normal word order in English (first the subject, then the verb, then the object).

### Examples

| Sentence | Meaning |
| Mi vidas la hundon. La hundon mi vidas. La hundon vidas mi. | I see the dog. |
| Li ne vidas la grandajn hundojn, nur la malgrandajn (hundojn). | He does not see the big dogs, just the small ones/dogs. |
| La patrino amas la filinon. La filinon la patrino amas. La filinon amas la patrino. | The mother loves the daughter. |
| Ŝi ne aŭdis min. Min ŝi ne aŭdis. Min ne aŭdis ŝi. | She did not hear me. |
| Kutime mi ne komprenas la lecionojn. La lecionojn kutime mi ne komprenas. | I usually don't understand the lessons. |
| Mi ĵus vidis la fortan viron. | I have seen the strong man just now. |

## The numbers

The basic numbers in Esperanto are:
| Numeral | Word |
| 1 | unu |
| 2 | du |
| 3 | tri |
| 4 | kvar |
| 5 | kvin |
| 6 | ses |
| 7 | sep |
| 8 | ok |
| 9 | naŭ |
| 10 | dek |
| 100 | cent |
| 1000 | mil |
These regularly combine as follows:
| Numeral | Word | Audio | Numeral | Word | Audio |
| 20 | dudek | | 11 | dek unu | |
| 30 | tridek | | 12 | dek du | |
| 40 | kvardek | | 13 | dek tri | |
| etc. | etc. | etc. | etc. | etc. | etc. |

## Affixes
### -ulo

The suffix "-ulo" indicates a word that refers to someone characterized by the base word.
Examples :
| Base word | Meaning | Derived word | Meaning |
| griza | gray | grizulo | graybeard, gray-haired person |
| malsana | ill, sick | malsanulo | sick person |
| blonda | blond | blondulo | blond person |
| kara | lovely, dear | karulo | darling |
| maljuna | old | maljunulo | old person |

### -ino

-ino is a suffix to indicate female sex.
Examples :
| Base word | Meaning | Derived word | Meaning |
| viro | man | virino | woman |
| amiko | friend | amikino | female friend |
| hundo | dog | hundino | female dog, bitch |
| patro | father | patrino | mother |
| frato | brother | fratino | sister |
| knabo | boy | knabino | girl |
| blondulo | blond | blondulino | blond female person |

## Vocabulary

Here are more words to memorize.
| Word | Meaning |
| havi | to have |
| vidi | to see |
| kuraci | to cure |
| aŭdi | to hear |
| legi | to read |
| danci | to dance |
| forgesi | to forget |
| dormi | to sleep |
| veni | to come |
| stari | to stand |
| loĝi | to live, to reside |
| hieraŭ | yesterday |
| hodiaŭ | today |
| morgaŭ | tomorrow |
| ŝuo | shoe |
| helpi | to help |
| porti | to carry |
| mordi | to bite |
| ĥoro | choir |
| aĉeti | to buy |
| vendi | to sell |
| butiko | shop |
| aperta | open |
| kvankam | although |
| ..., do ... | ..., so ... |
| botelo | bottle |
| ..., ke ... | ... that ... |
| aperi | to appear |
| ankoraŭ | still |
| ĉar | because |
| plori | to cry |
| teo | tea |
| kafo | coffee |
| pensi | to think |
| nubo | cloud |

## Exercises

Write out the following numbers: (answers)
* 11, 14, 21, 34, 77, 17, 99, 67, 76, 54, 38, 22, 83, 92, 50, 93, 87, 78, 90
* 108, 104, 112, 184, 200, 307, 503, 808, 818, 311, 271, 511, 401, 837, 983, 543, 651, 765, 345, 813, 173, 148, 713, 607, 670, 573, 963, 842, 633, 752, 937
* 2014, 2007, 1954, 1945, 1859, 1914, 1801, 1777, 1653, 2373, 8472, 2367, 2151, 2263, 2177, 8371, 8297, 7939, 4567, 7654, 9369, 3713, 5407, 4095
Now, let's play with affixes:
* Go through the words in this lesson and tack on mal-. What do they mean then? (answers)
* Go through the words in this lesson and the previous one and tack on -ulo and -ino wherever meaningful. Also see if you can tack on both and either or both with mal-. What do these words mean then? (answers)
There are one or more grammatical mistakes in each of the following five sentences. Where?
* Sentence (answers)
* Mi ne volas vidi li.
* Ŝi ne aŭdis la granda ĥoron.
* La hundo mordos la viro.
* Hieraŭ ni iros al lin.
* Ni portis la malsana knabo al la kuracisto.
You can continue practicing by translating the following sentences:
* Sentence (answers)
* La fratino estas bela.
* Li amas knabinojn.
* Hodiaŭ la bela virino venos al ni, sed la malbela kato ne venos.
* Ŝi forgesis, ke hieraŭ vi trinkis la akvon de la hundo!
* Ĉu vi volas trinki teon aŭ kafon?
* Sentence (answers)
* I see two clouds in the sky.
* I went across the river.
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