OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sylheti language/Expressing Opposition
## Expression of opposition for expressing simple contrast

This is done by using the equivalent of English "but" in Sylheti, which is "kintu"
FuaTaa gadha kintu tar bhaigu salakh.
The boy is stupid but his brother is clever.

## Expression of opposition when something logically unexpected follows

In Bengali, this can be expressed in the following way:

### Structure 1 - zudio ... ebodori ...

zudio + setup sentence + ebodori + logically unexpected followup sentence
| zudio | setup sentence | ebodori | logically unexpected followup sentence |
| zudio | he fora-shuna khorse na | ebodori | he forikkhat faash khorse |
| Even though | he did not study, | despite that | he has passed the exam. |
# Sylheti language/Geography and nationalities

| English | Bengali script | Transliteration |
| America | আমুরিকা | Amurika |
| Arabia | আরব | Arob |
| Assam | আসাম | Asham |
| Barak | বরাক | Borakh |
| Bengal | বাংলা | Bangla |
| Britain | বিলাত | Bilat |
| China | চীন | Seen |
| Chittagong | চিটাগাং | Siṭagang |
| Egypt | মিশর | Mishor |
| Habiganj | হবিগইঞ্জ | Hobigoinj |
| India | ভারত | Barot |
| Israel | ইছরাইল | Israil |
| Ivory Coast | গজদাঁতর তীর | Gozdaator Teer |
| Jaintia | জৈন্তা | Zointa |
| Jamaica | জাবেখা | Zabekha |
| Maldives | মালদ্বীফ | Maldif |
| Moulvibazar | মলইবাজার | Moloibazar |
| Pakistan | ফাকিস্তান | Fakistan |
| Persia | ফারইস্য | Faroishsho |
| Philippines | ফিলিপাইন | Filipain |
| Punjab | ফঞ্জাব | Fonjab |
| Rakhine | আরাকান | Arakhan |
| Singapore | সিঙ্গাপুর | Shingafur |
| Sunamganj | সুনামগইঞ্জ | Shunamgoinj |
| Sylhet | ছিলট | Silot |
| Turkey | তুরস্ক | Turoshko |
# The periodic table/Actinoids

These elements are very unstable and used in nuclear power plants. Only Uranium and Thorium exist in nature
List of Actinoids:
* Actinium
* Thorium
* Protactinium
* Uranium
* Neptunium
* Plutonium
* Americium
* Curium
* Berkelium
* Californium
* Einsteinium
* Fermium
* Mendelevium
* Nobelium
* Lawrencium
# The periodic table/Alkaline Metals

* Most reactive metals-never found uncombined in nature
* Only have 1 valence electron-causes severe reactivity
* Soft and Shiny metals
Alkaline Metals:
* Lithium
* Sodium
* Potassium
* Rubidium
* Caesium
* Francium
# The periodic table/Aluminum
## Quick Facts

| Name: Aluminum Symbol: Al Mass: 26.982 Classification: Boron Family | Protons: 13 Electrons: 13 Neutrons: 13 Color: silvery Discovered in: 1825 |

## External Links

This element is a stub. Learn how you can help Wikiversity to expand it. (See other stubs here)
# The periodic table/Boron
## Discovery

Boron was discovered by J.L. Gay-Lussac and L.J. Thenard in Paris, France, and independently by Sir Humphry Davy in London, UK in 1808. The name is derived from the Arabic 'buraq', which was the name for borax.

## Quick Facts

| Name: Boron Symbol: B Mass: 10.811 Atomic Number: 5 Electron Configuration: [He] 2s$^2$ 2p$^1$ | Classification: metalloid CAS Number: 7440-42-8 Appearance: dark amorphous powder Discovery in: 1808 Key Isotopes: $^{11}$B Allotropes: α-rhombohedral B, β-rhombohedral B, γ-B, tetragonal boron | Density: 2.34 g/L Crystal Structure: rhombohedral Melting Point: 2077 °C Boiling Point: 4000 °C |

## Uses

Amorphous boron is used in pyrotechnic flares to provide a distinctive green colour, and in rockets as an igniter. The most important compounds of boron are boric (or boracic) acid, widely used as a mild antiseptic, and borax which serves as a cleansing flux in welding and as a water softener in washing powders. Boron compounds are also extensively used in the manufacture of borosilicate glasses. Pyrex glass is tough and heat resistant because of the boric acid used to make it. The isotope boron-10 is used as a control for nuclear reactors, as a shield for nuclear radiation, and in instruments used for detecting neutrons.
Elemental boron is not considered a poison, but assimilation of its compounds has a cumulative toxic effect. Boron is an essential mineral for plants but not animals - in fact it can be toxic in excess. We take in about 2 milligrams each day from our food (about 60 grams in a lifetime). Some boron compounds show promise in treating arthritis.

## Atomic Data

| Atomic radius: 1.920 Å Covalent radius: 0.84 Å Electronegativity: 2.040 Electron affinity: 26.98 kJ mol$^{-1}$ | Ionisation energies First: 800.638 kJ mol$^{-1}$ Second: 2427.067 kJ mol$^{-1}$ Third: 3659.748 kJ mol$^{-1}$ Fourth: 25025.884 kJ mol$^{-1}$ Fifth: 32826.774 kJ mol$^{-1}$ |

## Supply Risk

Scarcity factor: 4.5 (low risk)
| Crustal abundance: 11 ppm Reserve base distribution: n/a Production concentration: 33.6% | Top 3 countries for mining: Turkey Russia Canada | Top 3 countries for production: Turkey USA Chile |

## Oxidation States and Isotopes

Common oxidation states: 3
Isotopes
| Isotope | Atomic mass | Abundance (%) | Half life | Mode of decay |
| $^{10}$B | 10.013 | 19.9 | | |
| $^{11}$B | 11.009 | 80.1 | | |

## Pressure and Temperature Data

Molar heat capacity: 11.087 J mol$^{-1}$ K$^{-1}$
# The periodic table/Alkaline-Earth Metals

* Not as reactive as Alkali, but still very reactive!
* High hardness, gray-white, and good conductors
* 2 Valence Electrons
Alkaline Earth Metals:
* Beryllium
* Magnesium
* Calcium
* Strontium
* Barium
* Radium
# The periodic table/Argon

Argon is a noble gas, abbreviated "Ar" and discovered in 1894.

## Discovery

Argon (αργόν, neuter singular form of αργός, Greek name for "inactive", in reference to chemical inactivity of Argon) was discovered by a Scottish chemist, Sir William Ramsay, and English chemist, Lord Rayleigh in 1894, in the University College London in England. Argon was isolated by examination of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water from sampled air, that was clean. Until 1957, Argon was abbreviated to "A".

## Quick Facts

| Name: Argon Atom Symbol: Ar Mass: 40 Classification: Group 0 (Noble Gases) | Protons: 18 Electrons: 18 Neutrons: 22 Color: colorless Discovered in: 1894 Number of Energy Levels: 1 (2 electrons), 2 (8 electrons), 3 (8 electrons) | Crystal Structure: Cubic Melting Point: -189.3 °C Boiling Point: -186.0 °C Crystal Structure: Cubic Density: 1.784 g/cm$^3$ Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s$^2$3p$^1$ Common Uses: Electric Light Bulbs, Fluorescent Lights |

## Uses

* The colorless, odorless gas makes .94 of the air you breath in.
* Nonreactive metal, has no impact on living organisms (like humans).
* Argon is used, typically, in incandescent light bulbs, because this noble gas [ehm... a little hint] will not react to the filament, even at high temperatures!
* Argon is used in some double-panned glass windows, because Argon is used as an insulator between the two windows, because it's a poor conductor of heat.
* Argon is sometimes used to inflate dry suits for the wonderful game of scuba diving!
* Argon is found in ice sheets, and helps (to scientists) to figure out the temperature over a given number of time.
* Argon gas may be used for military use, as it harms those that are exposed to the gas

## Atomic Data

| Atomic radius: 1.88 Å Covalent radius: 1.01 Å Electronegativity: Unknown Electron affinity: Unstable | Ionisation energies First: 1520.571 Second: 2665.857 Third: 3930.81 Fourth: 5770.79 Fifth: 7238.33 Sixth: 8781.034 Seventh: 11995.347 Eighth: 13841.79 |
# The periodic table/Astatine
## Discovery

Astatine was discovered in the University of California, Berkeley, USA by Dale R. Corson, K. R. MacKenzie, and Emilio Segre in 1940.

## Quick Facts

| Name: Astatine Atom Symbol: At Atomic Mass: 210 amu Classification: group 7 (halogens) | Protons: 85 Electrons: 85 Neutrons: 125 Colour: unknown, predicted to be black Discovery in: 1940 | Density: unknown Crystal Structure: unknown Melting Point: 302 °C (575 K) Boiling Point: 337 °C (610 K) Common Uses: radiation therapy, medical uses |
# US States/Oklahoma
## Contents

* Historical - Statehood historical sites
* 21st century - industry, education, innovation and economy
# US States/South Carolina/21st century

Innovations made in South Carolina.

## Industry
### Auto

South Carolina is a auto manufacturing hub. Foreign brand cars are built here.
Some BMW's are produced in South Carolina, while the engines are still imported from Germany.
# US States/Oregon/History
## The History of Oregon

* Timeline
* Indigenous cultures and people
* Early exploration
* Discovery of the Columbia
* Jacob Astor and Astoria
* Early pioneers and settlers
* The Astoria Military Road
* Willamette Falls and the Dalles
* John McLoughlin and Fort Vancouver
* Joseph Gale and the trip to California
* Land surveys, Wagon roads, and first towns
* The Land Donation Acts
* Formation of the provisional government
* Joseph Meek, the first Sherriff
* Forest Grove and Stumptown
* Out with the furs and in with the firs
* Salmon, Wapiti, and Wapato
* Marcus Whitman
* Joseph Lane and statehood
* The Oregon Trail and California Gold Rush
* Poor relations with the natives
* Oregon Land Frauds
* Railroads and Timber
* The time of Electric Trolleys
* The First World War
* The Great Depression
* The Tillamook Burn
* Log Trucks, Buses, and Chainsaws
* The Pacific and Wolf Creek Highways
* City of Bridges

## Historical Maps of Oregon

Oregon on Old Maps Online - https://www.oldmapsonline.org

## Learning Resources

The Oregon Encyclopedia
Oregon Historical Society
* Oregon History Project
* Oregon TimeWeb
* Research Library Catalog
Oregon History Wayfinder
Oregon Historical Quarterly

## Museums and Archives

Oregon Historical Society Museum
OHS Digital Collections

## Historical Sites, Towns, and Building of Oregon

Wikipedia category: Histories of cities in Oregon

## Oregon Historians

Harvey Kimball Hines (1828–1902) was a Methodist minister and an early historian of the U.S. state of Oregon. In 1878 he ran for Congress, and drew criticism for neglecting his religious vows in so doing. He was known, along with Frances Fuller Victor, as a historian who delved through early original documents.
Frances Auretta Fuller (Barritt) Victor (pen names: Florence Fane, Dorothy D.) (May 23, 1826 – November 14, 1902) was an American historian and historical novelist. She has been described as "the first Oregon historian to gain regional and national attention." She was known for her books about the West and especially Oregon history.
Horace Sumner Lyman (December 18, 1855 – December 22, 1904) was a prominent journalist, historian, and educator in the U.S. state of Oregon.
Joseph Schafer (1867-1941) was the first academically trained historian in the U.S. state of Oregon. He studied with Frederick Jackson Turner, and chaired the history department at the University of Oregon from 1900 to 1920. He authored A History of the Pacific Northwest in 1905 and revised it in 1918; the book was considered the standard history of the region into the 1950s.

### See also:

Wikipedia Category: Historians of Oregon

## Readings
### Wikipedia

* History of Oregon
* Oregon pioneer history
* History of Portland, Oregon
* Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast
* Oregon black exclusion laws
* Oregon in the American Civil War
* Outline_of_Oregon (history)
# US States/Oregon/History/Early pioneers and settlers/Joseph Goff Gale
   ## Joseph Goff Gale (April 29, 1807 – December 13, 1881) was an American pioneer, trapper, entrepreneur, and politician who contributed to the early settlement of the Oregon Country.
## Learning Resources:
### Wikipedia:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gale

### Books:

Densley, Lillian Cummings, and Aaron G Densley. Governor Joseph Gale and His Indian First Lady. Baker City, Or.: Snake River Secrets, 2010. https://archive.org/details/governorjosephga0000dens.

## Related People

Eliza "Bear Claws" Gale (his wife and daughter of Chief Joseph)
# US States/South Carolina

South Carolina is a state in the southeastern United States. It was one of the original thirteen colonies and now borders North Carolina and Georgia. South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union in the Civil War, and the bombardment at Fort Sumter off its coast marked the opening of hostilities in that conflict.

## Contents

* Historical - Historical sites associated with statehood.
* 21st century - Auto industry
# US States/Ohio
## Contents

* 21st century - industry, education, innovation and economy
* Firelands
# US States/Ohio/21st century
## Industry
### Logistics

Toledo, Ohio

### Manufacturing

Aerospace, auto, defense
# US States/Oregon/History/Early pioneers and settlers

* Joseph Goff Gale
* Joseph Meek
# US States/Oregon

This Geography resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
Oregon is a state of the United States of America.

## Resources
### Local

Here are some resources on this wiki.
* List of Portland, Oregon Protest video sources (2020)
* Mazama Newt Conservation

### Wikipedia

* Oregon (portal) Flag of Oregon

## History

* Discovery and early exploration
* Government and Statehood
* Early pioneers and settlers
History of Oregon on Wikipedia

## Geology

* Geological periods
* Geological units
* Volcanic activity
* Geothermal resources

## Geography

* Regions of Oregon
* Counties of Oregon
* Portland
* Portland Metropolitan Area
* Prominent Cities
* State Parks

## Economy

* Timber Industry
* Technology Industry
# WebApps with LocalStorage and AppCache/Navigation Menu

This learning resource is about creating a menu for navigation. The menu will contain 3 types of menu items:
* (Page) is basically HTML content that is displayed when you click on the menu item (check Home, News, Contact as examples in hamburger_menu_app)
* (Script Call) triggers an event to execute a script defined in the AppLSAC. Click on [Script-Call] in the menu.
* (Link) Clicking on the menu item refers to other local HTML pages, that could perform a specific tasks and the user will leave the AppLSAC.

## Learning Tasks
### Explore Structure of Navigation Menu

A Navigation Menu Demo and GitHub-ZIP file was created for this learning resource. The following learning task refers to hamburger_menu_app example:
* Explore on GitHub, which files are stored in the ZIP-file
* Download the GitHub-ZIP file for the Hamburger Menu App.
* create a folder with the name hamburger_menu_app/ and unzip the download ZIP file in that folder.
* play around with the page definition in index.html and the definitions of the scripts in js/menu.js.

### Create your first Navigation Menu

* Use the JSONEditor4Menu to create you own menu.

### Using Icons for AppLSACs

* Explore the integration of Icons in your navigation menu.
# WebApps with LocalStorage and AppCache/Icons for Menu

| Hamburger Menu Icon | Load Icon e.g. for Buttons |
Icons can be used in buttons or in [navigation menus] for the menu items with labels or just as graphical images for a button. This learning resource will focus on using icons in AppLSAC.

## Learning Task

* First explore the concept of Icon Fonts that bundle a large set of icons in single files to reduce loading time. Furthermore these fonts are in general loaded from Content Delivery Networks (CDN). CDNs make it easy to use fonts like Font Awesome.
* Learn to store the SVG Images in a Javascript object/hash as string to use them in your AppLSAC.
* See JSON3D4Aframe for application in buttons and learn about the integration in WebApps in W3C-tutorial about icons.
# WebApps with LocalStorage and AppCache/Privacy friendly Software Design
## Privacy Friendly Software Design

Privacy friendly application minimize the digital footprint of users on remote servers. Of course if you load a WebApp from a server this load operation creates at least a digital footprint in the log-files of the server. Minimizing the digital footprint excludes libraries in the WebApp, that
* (not AppLSAC) submit information about processed data in the WebApp to a remote server,
* (not AppLSAC) submits data about an application's use patterns
* (not AppLSAC) usage of minified compressed libraries only - without the uncompressed version of the library it is difficult to perform a code analysis if the library does not contact remote servers (e.g. having mylib.min.js without the uncompressed version mylib.js of the compressed library).
To minimize the digital footprint of remote servers, the main objective is:
   * (AppLSAC) to perform the task within the browser. The browser is regarded as runtime environment for the WebApp. The WebApp can be opened on the device with the browser without the need to contact a remote server or the requirement to be online.
   * (AppLSAC) perform the processing without submission of data to a remote server.
   * (AppLSAC) applied on Digital Learning Environment in Open Source with Open Educational Resources the learning environment can executed on the mobile device

## Code Analysis for Privacy Friendliness WebApps

* Analyse the javascript code elements and list mechanisms by which Javascript can send data to a remote server (e.g. by HTML forms in hidden iFrames).
* Write a documentation by which you can identify, if the WebApp transmits transparently or non transparently data to a remote server! What are indicators for submission of data and what is the purpose of data submission? Can the user decide if data is submitted or is the usage of e.g. digital learning environment possible without the submission of data?
* Client-Server Interaction is a standard mechanism for database management. Define programming elements by which you would assess, that a WebApp violates the privacy friendliness.
* Summarize typical data that you don't want to share in a client server interaction, and explain methods to protect your data.
* Explain the role of Open Source, that computer scientist can assess and analyze the source code for harmful code.
# WebApps with LocalStorage and AppCache/Remote Data Download

For an AppLSAC-0 it is allowed to download data from a remote server.

## Learning Objective

In this part you will learn, how AppLSACs can be able to download data from a remote server.
* We learn about different digital footprints of WebApps.
* We learn about the requirements and constraints ofan AppLSAC-0. A remote download operation must be triggered by a users. For an AppLSAC-0 downloads from remote servers are not allowed, if they are "silently" performed by
** script tags that inject remote libraries from other servers (e.g. CDNs, injection of remotely maintained code into WebApp)
** fonts by remotely injected CSS,
** images (remotely injected images by img tags),
** iframes with remote content,
Remark: It should be clarified that Content Delivery Networks IT services deliver an IT service to customers. Companies that provide CDN services must cover the server and traffic costs by fees or offering user analytics of the digital footprint of users and devices. A remote code injection by a CDN does not mean that illegal parts of the library are injected into your WebApp. CDN provide in general a compressed code of a library, that performs the job as expected from the library on Git repository. There is nothing wrong with using CDNs. AppLSAC-0 define just requirements, to minimized the digital footprint of WebApps and therefore libraries are loaded from the webserver of the AppLSAC or stored locally on your computer or mobile device. The learning resource about AppLSACs focuses on basic programming techniques and the consequence for the digital footprint and how software design and library management could reduce the digital footprint (see also Commercial Data Harvesting). CDNs and remote library injection is just one example for digital footprints of WebApps.
# WebApps with LocalStorage and AppCache/JSON

A JSON file on you local is a text file that follows the JSON syntax. The FileReader API provides a string as input. In the general this feature will be used to upload a file to remote server. E.g. a text file of an essay as home work to the teacher or Octave or Maxima script that you have created as response to a learning task. Now we load the file just into the browser environment and process the JSON.

## Learning Task

* (FileReader API) The following programming task addresses the basic skills in Vanilla Javascript to handle a JSON file. In a second step we assume that basic steps integrated in a library LoadFile4DOM and will use the following steps by a library in more complex learning tasks.
** create and index.html and add a script tag script tag and add your javscript code in between this tag.
** use the FileReader API in a browser to load a JSON file into your browser (not to a remote server)
** parse the JSON with JSON.parse(filedata) in Javascript in the onload handler of the load procedure (place the code into the script tag of your HTML file index.html.
** (optional) use a try-catch environment to check if the loaded input string has not a valid JSON format.
** for the basic example the JSON should be a simple object with the attributes name and town
** add a HTML text input element in which the user can add a name (e.g. "Peter")
** add an update button that reads the new name from the input box.
** update the name-attribute in the loaded and parsed JSON with the new name of the input box (e.g, Peter)
** after that operation the JSON in the browser should contain the value "Peter" in the name attribute of the JSON
** add also a HTML textarea in your HTML page
** (optional) create a javascript file handlejson.js and import this library in the HTML file with the script tag.
* (Image Handling) The next task is to create an AppLSAC that converts color image into a grey scale image.
** First of all look for existing Javascript libraries that can to that for your.
** Load your Javascript image into a HTML canvas with a FileReader or with LoadFile4DOM.
** Then apply the image conversion into grey scale on the canvas.
** (optional) Learn how to save the converted grey scale image with FileSaver.js library by Eli Grey.
# Wikipedia service-learning courses/Styles in common in Wikimedia projects
## Language

* Be decent. Avoid insults.

## Article names and Headings

* Article names should not contain special characters like &, |, -, / and +. (aside from a rew exceptions)
* Only the first letter of articles and headings should be capitalized. (aside from several exceptions)
* Use spaces and sentences instead OneWordIdentifiers ('Common styles in wikimedia projects' instead of WikimediaStyleCommon)
* keep Headings short
* do no repeat parts of within deeper subheadings

## Headings format

* the same

## Content

* The first use of the title words or words that are akin in sentiment to the title words are marked in bold.
* When a new term is introduced, the term is italicised.
# Wikipedia service-learning courses/Differences in styles in Wikimedia projects

| | Wikiversity | Wikipedia | Wikibooks |
| Formatting | creative ways to enhance the appearance | Use the simplest markup - keeps editing simple | |
# Wikipedia culture

Wikipedia has had an enormous impact on the ideas people have about an encyclopedia. It has created a whole new concept in collaboration all around the world. Users in many countries now can join the effort in creating knowledge and working together in a global wide project. Besides, it has created a new type of job (although not remunerated), the wikipedian.
Wikipedia popularized the concept of a wiki, a concept made possible by the MediaWiki software. After the growth of Wikipedia there has been a number of new websites based on wiki software, related and founded by the same foundation and some independent projects, as MediaWiki software is GPL. Examples are wikia.com, wikiversity.org, wikinews.org, etc. Also, many people in the world can contribute due to the fact that wiki projects are usually multilingual.