OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Extraction of polytene chrmosome

PREPARATION OF SALIVARY GLAND CHROMOSOMES OF LARVA OF DROSOPHILA
AIM: To prepare temporary mount of salivary gland chromosomes of larva of Drosophila
MATERIALS REQUIRED: Rava, Jaggery, Agar-Agar, Bottles, Cotton plug, Glass rod, Propicnic acid, third instar larvae, Needle, Forceps, Slide, Ringers fluid , lacto acetocaramine ,HCl, dissecting microscope, blotting paper, coverslip and compound microscope
PROCEDURE:
1. PREPARATION OF MEDIUM
Ø Bottles should be thoroughly washed and rinse with detergents.
Ø Bottles have to be sterilized by autoclaving it at 80 degree Celsius for twenty–four hours.
Ø Take one litre of water in vessel and add 100g of Rava, 2g of agar-agar and Jaggery into it.
Ø Boil it for few minutes.
Ø Add 2 ml of propicnic acid to the mixture to avoid fungus attack.
Ø Boil till it becomes thick. (For 15 minutes).
Ø Transfer it to the bottles later.
Ø Close the mouth with the cotton and leave it for four for solidifying.
Ø After one day wipe the water droplets present inside the bottle with the help of blotting sheet.
Ø Transfer the fruit flies in the bottles.
Ø Label date, time and your name on bottle and add two drops of yeast solution into the bottle.
Ø Keep it in incubator at temperature 21 degree Celsius for three days.
2. MOUNTING POLYTENE CHROMOSOME
· Take a clean slide and keep it on dissecting microscope.
· Put a drop of ringer’s fluid onto the slide.
· Take out biggest size third instar larvae onto the slide.
· The third instar larva is held by a forcep and with the help of needle.
· The jaws are squeeze out from the alimentary canal by holding middle body of the larvae with one needle; another needle is put on jaws and slowly pulls out the jaws in the opposite direction.
· Separate the salivary gland from digestive system.
· Take a clean slide, put a drop of lacto acetocaramine stain on it.
· Carefully transfer the salivary glands on the slide with the help of needle or pointed brush.
· Keep it undisturbed for 20 minutes.
· After 20 minutes, using blotting paper, remove the stain, add a drop of 1 N HCl and put a coverslip on it.
· Cover the slide with blotting paper and gently tap on coverslip using blunt end of the pencil to make squash of salivary gland.
· Observe under the compound microscope, if polytene chromosomes are seen, immediately seal the slide with wax.
# Literature/1972

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Subpages

* Literature/1972/Bateson $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1972/Britton $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1972/Cashdan $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1972/Cohen $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1972/Jameson $^{[^]}$
* Kochen, Manfred (1972). "WISE: A World Information Synthesis and Encyclopaedia." Journal of Documentation, 28: 322-341. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1972/Meadows $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1972/Piaget $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1972/Popper $^{[^]}$
* Shera, Jesse (1972). The Foundations of Education for Librarianship. New York: Becker and Hayes. $^{[^]}$
# Literature/1973

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Subpages

* Literature/1974/Dummett $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1974/Geertz $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1974/Holland $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1974/Karttunen $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1974/Merton $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1974/White $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1974/Schumacher $^{[^]}$
# Literature/1972/Searle

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Wikimedia

| w: Innatism w: Noam Chomsky | w: Behaviorism w: B. F. Skinner |

## Chronology

* Searle, John (1972). "Chomsky's Revolution in Linguistics." The New York Review of Books, June 29, 1972. $^{[^]}$
* Chomsky, Noam (1957). Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton. $^{[^]}$
* Skinner, B. F. (1957). Verbal Behavior. Acton, Massachusetts: Copley Publishing Group. $^{[^]}$
* Ogden, C. K. & I. A. Richards (1923). The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. $^{[^]}$
# Literature/1972/Shera

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Wikimedia

* w: Sociology of scientific knowledge

## Further readings

* (1970). Sociological Foundations of Librarianship. New York: Asia Pub. House.
* (1966). Documentation and the Organization of Knowledge. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books.

## Reviews

* Traue, James Edward (1991). Committed to Print: Selected Essays in Praise of the Common Culture of the Book. Victoria University Press. $^{[^]}$
# Literature/1973/Hassan

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Wikimedia
### w: Tamman Hassan

* John Rupert Firth, founder of the London School and head of the Department of General Linguistics at University College of London, was the primary influence on Hassan’s career as a linguist. Hassan studied under and worked with Firth at the University College London for six years. While there, he worked under Firth in phonetics, and wrote his master’s dissertation on the phonetics of his home town, ElKarank (Upper Egypt). His Ph.D. work was with the Yemen dialect of Arabic. As a student of Firth, Hassan was exposed to many of his new ideas about linguistics and how to approach its study. Polysystematism was one such idea. David Crystal describes the idea of polysystematism in this way: "the patterns of language that appear at a particular level of description cannot be explained using a single analytic system. Different systems may need to be set up at different places, in order to handle the range of contrasts involved" (Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language). This would help him deal with the intricacies of describing the tense and aspect system of Arabic later in his career. Another main concept Firth put forth in his lectures and writings was the idea that context of situation should be taken into account when it comes to linguistic analysis. To analyze Arabic would be impossible without involving its context, since context and pragmatics play a huge role in even choosing which words to infer to complete a sentence logically. Firth was a structuralist, but not in the American sense, which diverged from its European roots. He was a structuralist because he believed language to be a system of parts or units that are completely dependent on one another and defined by their relationship to the other parts. In fact, the techniques of structural analysis were later carried over to the analysis of meanings, paving the way for a structurally oriented theory of semantics" (Encyclopedia of Language: Structuralism). His structuralism included a functional view, regarding the meaning of an utterance as dependent on its goals for communication and the context in which it is spoken.
* w: John Rupert Firth
# Literature/1971/Skinner

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Excerpts
### 1 A Technology of Behavior

* The speaker does not feel the grammatical rules he is said to apply in composing sentences, and men spoke grammatically for thousands of years before anyone knew there were rules.
* In the traditional view, a person is free. He is autonomous in the sense that his behavior is uncaused. He can therefore be held responsible for what he does and justly punished if he offends. That view, together with its associated practices, must be re-examined when a scientific analysis reveals unsuspected controlling relations between behavior and environment.

### 9 What is Man?
## Wikimedia
### w: B. F. Skinner

| w: Walden Two w: Walden | w: Utopia |

## Chronology

* Literature/1976/Skinner $^{[^]}$
* Skinner, B. F. (1971). Beyond Freedom and Dignity. Alfred A Knopf, 1971. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1963/Gabor $^{[^]}$
* Chomsky, Noam (1959). "A Review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior." Language, 35(1): 26-57. $^{[^]}$
* Skinner, B. F. (1957). Verbal Behavior. Acton, Massachusetts: Copley Publishing Group. $^{[^]}$
* Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and Human Behavior. Macmillan Co., 1948. $^{[^]}$
* Orwell, George (1949). Nineteen Eighty-Four. London: Secker and Warburg, 1949. $^{[^]}$
* Skinner, B. F. (1948). Walden Two. Macmillan Co., 1948. $^{[^]}$
* Orwell, George (1945). Animal Farm: A Fairy Story. London: Secker and Warburg, 1945. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1945/Popper $^{[^]}$
* Wells, H. G. (1938). World Brain. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Co. $^{[^]}$
* Wells, H. G. (1933). The Shape of Things to Come. Hutchinson. $^{[^]}$
* Huxley, Aldous (1932). Brave New World. Harper Perennial, 1932. $^{[^]}$
* Russell, Bertrand (1926). "The Meaning of Meaning." Dial, vol.81 (August 1926) pp. 114-121. $^{[^]}$
* Ogden, C. K. & I. A. Richards (1923). The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. $^{[^]}$
* Wells, H. G. (1923). Men Like Gods. Cassell and Co., Ltd. $^{[^]}$
* Russell, Bertrand (1921). The Analysis of Mind. London: George Allen & Unwin. $^{[^]}$
* Watson, John B. (1913). "Psychology as the behaviorist views it," Psychological Review, 20, pp. 158-177. $^{[^]}$
* Wells, H. G. (1905). A Modern Utopia. New York, NY: Penguin Group, 2005. $^{[^]}$
* Pavlov, Ivan (1903). "The Experimental Psychology and Psychopathology of Animals." The 14th International Medical Congress, Madrid, Spain, April 23-30, 1903. $^{[^]}$
# Literature/1972/Stafford Beer

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Excerpts

* "Now it is easier to think about the brain as a computer than to think about the electronic computer itself as some kind of brain." (p 127)

## Wikimedia

| w: Anthony Stafford Beer w: Cybernetics | w: Operations research |
# Literature/1973/Geertz

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Chronology

* McCloskey, Deirdre (1988). "Thick and Thin Methodologies in the History of Economic Thought". In: The Popperian Legacy in Economics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 245-57.
* Literature/1977/Dworkin $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1977/Turner $^{[^]}$
* Hall, Edward (1976). Beyond Culture. New York: Doubleday. $^{[^]}$
* Douglas, Mary (1975). Implicit Meanings: Essays in Anthropology. Routledge. $^{[^]}$
* Pirsig, Robert (1974). Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry into Values. William Morrow & Co. $^{[^]}$
* Geertz, Clifford (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books. $^{[^]}$
* Ryle, Gilbert (1949). The Concept of Mind. University Of Chicago Press. $^{[^]}$
* Richards, I. A. (1936). The Philosophy of Rhetoric. Oxford University Press. $^{[^]}$
* Korzybski, Alfred (1933). Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics. 5th ed., Institute of General Semantics, 1994. $^{[^]}$
* Magritte, René (1933). The Human Condition (La condition humaine). National Gallery of Art, Washington DC. $^{[^]}$
* Magritte, René (1929). The Treachery of Images (La trahison des images). Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California. $^{[^]}$
* Malinowski, Bronislaw (1923). "The Problem of Meaning in Primitive Languages." Supplement to: Ogden & Richards (1923), pp. 296-336. $^{[^]}$
* Ogden, C. K. & I. A. Richards (1923). The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. $^{[^]}$

## Reviews

* Geertz, Clifford (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books. $^{[^]}$ "Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture," pp. 3-30. In this essay, he explains that he adopted the term "thick description" from philosopher Gilbert Ryle. Ryle pointed out that if someone winks at us without a context, we don't know what it means. It might mean the person is attracted to us, that they are trying to communicate secretly, that they understand what you mean, or anything. As the context changes, the meaning of the wink changes. Geertz argues that all human behaviour is like this. He therefore distinguishes between a thin description, which (to extend our example) describes only the wink itself, and a thick description, which explains the context of the practices and discourse within a society. According to Geertz, the task of the anthropologist is to give thick descriptions. In anthropology and other fields, a thick description of a human behaviour is one that explains not just the behaviour, but its context as well, such that the behaviour becomes meaningful to an outsider.
# Literature/1972/Kochen

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Chronology

* Literature/1993/Beer $^{[^]}$
* Kochen, Manfred, ed. (1975). Information for Action: from Knowledge to Wisdom. New York: Academic Press. $^{[^]}$
* Kochen, Manfred (1972). "WISE: A World Information Synthesis and Encyclopaedia." Journal of Documentation, 28: 322-341. $^{[^]}$
* Kochen, Manfred (1969). "Stability in the Growth of Knowledge." American Documentation, 20 (3): 186-197. $^{[^]}$
* Kochen, Manfred (1965). Some Problems in Information Science. Scarecrow Press. (Jan 1, 1965) $^{[^]}$
# Historical Introduction to Philosophy/Alcibiades/Questions

The argument Socrates uses hinges on the idea that the user is always different from that which he uses. Does that seem sensible to you? Considering the time of Socrates, there were no computers and certainly no knowledge of the complex workings of biochemistry. The self-regulation of a cell through chemical means and the workings of a computer may suggest that it is possible to be both the tool and the ruler of the tool. Does this sort of knowledge have an effect on the conclusions of this dialogue now?
With your absolute command of this issue having read this dialogue, do you think you could convince a friend his body really isn’t his and that the real him is only ruling his body? Go ahead and give it a try. |
# Historical Introduction to Philosophy/Alcibiades

Read the essay and then participate at: Alcibiades/Questions.

## Source of Alcibiades I

* Gutenburg Project
# Derivative/R/Squaring/Directly/Example

We consider the function
    $f\colon \mathbb {R} \longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,x\longmapsto x^{2}.$
The difference quotient for $a$ and $a+h$ is
    ${\frac {f(a+h)-f(a)}{h}}={\frac {(a+h)^{2}-a^{2}}{h}}={\frac {a^{2}+2ah+h^{2}-a^{2}}{h}}={\frac {2ah+h^{2}}{h}}=2a+h\,.$
The limit of this, as $h$ tends to $0$, is $2a$. The derivative of $f$ in $a$ is therefore $f'(a)=2a$.
# Derivative of inverse function/Square root/Example

The function
    $f^{-1}\colon \mathbb {R} _{+}\longrightarrow \mathbb {R} _{+},x\longmapsto {\sqrt {x}},$
is the inverse function of the function $f$, given by $f(x)=x^{2}$ (restricted to $\mathbb {R} _{+}$). The derivative of $f$ in a point $a$ is $f'(a)=2a$. Due to fact, for $b\in \mathbb {R} _{+}$, the relation
    ${\left(f^{-1}\right)}'(b)={\frac {1}{f'(f^{-1}(b))}}={\frac {1}{2{\sqrt {b}}}}={\frac {1}{2}}b^{-{\frac {1}{2}}}\,$
holds. In the zero point, however, $f^{-1}$ is not differentiable.
# Descartes
### Wikersity essay on Descartes' life and meditations

* Essay by Srobinso
In the seven years between November 2015 and November 2022 this essay was viewed 2,522 times, for an average of 30 pageviews per month. User:Srobinso posted this essay in 2007 as a contribution to project affiliated with Historical Introduction to Philosophy.<ref>See also Scrobinsol's notes for his essay: scratch page.

### Wikipedia articles on Descartes

* René Descartes
* Discourse on the Method - a philosophical and autobiographical treatise published in 1637.
* Cogito, ergo sum - (I think, therefore I am)
* Evil demon - an epistemological concept that features prominently in Cartesian philosophy
* Cartesian doubt - a systematic process of being skeptical about the truth of one's beliefs
* Meditations on First Philosophy - the mind of man is sufficient to establish the existence of God and the immortality of the soul.

#### Other Wikimedia Foundation resources

* René Descartes (Wikimedia Commons)
* René Descartes (Simple English Wikipedia)

### Call for contributions

Set education free by contributing to Descartes. Create a space where you can work by entering a title that is not already on the list below.

#### List of contributions

* Descartes/Srobinso
# Derivative/R/Affine-linear function/Directly/Example

Let $s,c\in \mathbb {R}$, and let
    $\alpha \colon \mathbb {R} \longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,x\longmapsto sx+c,$
be an affine-linear function. To determine the derivative in a point $a\in \mathbb {R}$, we consider the difference quotient
    ${\frac {(sx+c)-(sa+c)}{x-a}}={\frac {sx-sa}{x-a}}=s\,.$
This is constant and equals $s$, so that the limit of the difference quotient as $x$ tends to $a$ exists and equals $s$ as well. Hence, the derivative exists in every point and is just $s$. The slope of the affine-linear function is also its derivative.
# Derivative/R/Product of n functions/Exercise

Let $D\subseteq \mathbb {R}$ be a subset and let
    $f_{i}\colon D\longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,\,i=1,\ldots ,n,$
be differentiable functions. Prove the formula
    ${\left(f_{1}\cdots f_{n}\right)}'=\sum _{i=1}^{n}f_{1}\cdots f_{i-1}f_{i}'f_{i+1}\cdots f_{n}\,.$
# Desalination

Learn about desalination. This area is for learning, research, and education about desalination. Desalination technologies are a potential solution that may help to alleviate water scarcity in Africa and around the globe.

## Information
### Reverse osmosis

One of the most common forms of Desalination is Reverse osmosis (RO). This technology comprises imposing pressure on a high turbidity/salinity fluid in contact with a membrane. The membrane acts as a solvent to the fluid, i.e. the fluid is soluble in the membrane. After the membrane becomes saturated with fluid, the fluid then diffuses into the space on the non-saline side of the membrane. The membrane is also considered semi-permeable to hydroxide (OH-) and hydronium (H+) ions, which are water's natural state, and pass through the membrane as they would through any particle exclusion barrier. In these ways, salinity and turbidity may be filtered out of the fluid sourcewater.

## Learning questions

Would utilizing desalination on a mass scale have undesirable environmental outcomes?
    I think the primary impact would be in energy consumption but if the scale were massive enough then there could be impacts on deserts or other terrain as human activities; such as farms, cities and homes; previously water limited expand. Mirwin 13:16, 25 September 2007 (UTC)
The recently developed desalination plants and/or systems are equipped with Energy Recovery device which considerably reduce energy consumption up to 40 percent,In fact the required energy to desalinate 1 cubic meter of seawater is about 3 KW. However the impact of Reverse Osmosis brine discharge to marine environment is still irrevocable.The high saline brine water outfall, which typically discharges in the ocean have enormus undesireable negative impacts in nature and marine life that could be stopped by few simple works such as discharging in deep beach wells and/or discharging through different tiny branches instead of one big diameter pipe and etc.

## Readings
### Wikipedia

* Desalination
* Membranes
* Solar Powered Desalination Unit
* Solar desalination
* Desalination by country
* Multi-stage flash distillation
* Microbial desalination cell
* Solar desalination
* Solar-powered desalination unit
* List of desalination plants in Australia
* Geothermal desalination
* Brine
* Seawater desalination in Australia
* Vapor-compression desalination
* Levelized cost of water
* Seawater
* Low-temperature thermal desalination
# Dermatology

Dermatology is a branch of medicine that involves both the study and management of conditions affecting the skin, nails, hair, oral and genital mucosa.

## Readings

* Wikipedia: Dermatology

## Learning Resources

DOIT is a non-profit association of several academic partners in Europe. It runs the multilingual (6) e-learning-platform DOIT(Dermatology Online with Interactive Technology; www.cyberderm.net) , which provides an interactive, systematic, case-orientated program for Medical Students, accessible worldwide free of charge (more than 15’000 registrations so far, >140 Universities in >40 countries). A mobile version for Tablet-PC and Smartphones (online and offline; iOS, Android and others) is available since 2014 (App. cyberderm). The program has received several international awards The various modules follow a didactic Catalog of Learning Objectives. It has been supported by the Swiss Government and the Founding Universities since 2000. Founding Editor: Günter Burg, Zürich et al. In 2012 the European Forum of Dermatology (EDF) has chosen DOIT to be the standard e-learning platform for Medical Schools in Europe. DOIT also has been elected a prototype e-learning program by eduGAIN Service (www.edugain.org ), which "interconnects identity federations around the world, simplifying access to content, services and resources for the global research and education community”.
# Derivative/pi^x+x^e/Exercise

Determine the derivative of the function
    $\mathbb {R} _{+}\longrightarrow \mathbb {R} _{+},x\longmapsto f(x)=\pi ^{x}+x^{e}.$
# Derivative of inverse function/Third root/Example

The function
    $f^{-1}\colon \mathbb {R} \longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,x\longmapsto x^{\frac {1}{3}},$
is the inverse function of the function $f$, given by $f(x)=x^{3}$. The derivative of $f$ in $a$ is $f'(a)=3a^{2}$, which is different from $0$ for $a\neq 0$. Due to fact, we have for $b\neq 0$ the relation
    ${\left(f^{-1}\right)}'(b)={\frac {1}{f'(f^{-1}(b))}}={\frac {1}{3{\left(b^{\frac {1}{3}}\right)}^{2}}}={\frac {1}{3}}b^{-{\frac {2}{3}}}\,.$
In the zero point, however, $f^{-1}$ is not differentiable.
# Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/DM2/Ten years plans

TABLE 1. MAHRE-Net Diabetes-2 draft research- and education plan
| Organisation­ | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 | 2027 | 2028 | 2029 | 2030 | 2031 |
| Create international T2D maritime/transport workers research group | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
| Int. Guide Maritime T2D diagnostic, control, prevention (Appendix ) | x | x | x | | | | | | | |
| National/international Maritime/Transport T2D prevalence Register | x | x | x | x | | | | | | |
| Joint ETF/ Euro-peche T2D maritime health promotion guides | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
| Epidemiological studies | | | | | | | | | | |
| Monitoring prevalence T2D (repeated random sampling) | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
| Monitoring T2D complications and prevention guide | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
| Loss of working years for seafarers with T2D diagnose | x | x | x | | | | | | | |
| How to keep working at sea with T2D | | | | | | | | | | |
| Guide to manage T2D -workplace at sea IMO/ILO | x | x | x | x | | | | | | |
| Best clinical practices for maritime T2D caretake | | | | | | | | | | |
| Guidelines for best choice T2D diagnostics (A1C, FPG, OGTT) | x | x | | | | | | | | |
| Program for the newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes seafarers (ILO/IMO) | x | x | x | x | | | | | | |
| Education: Best practices for care for T2D seafarers onshore/onboard | x | x | x | x | | | | | | |
| Non-pharm maritime epidemiological intervention studies | | | | | | | | | | |
| Review of effect workplace interventions T2D | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
| pilot intervention among seafarers with high risk | | x | x | x | | | | | | |
| Pharmacological maritime epidemiological Intervention studies | | | | | | | | | | |
| Review methods and effect pharmacological intervention | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
| Review combined pharm and non-pharm prevention | x | x | x | x | | | | | | |
| Protocol for combined pharm and non-pharm prevention | | x | x | x | | | | | | |
| Application for Funds (Novo-Nordic) | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
| Maritime T2D legal matters | | | | | | | | | | |
| Example of Work compensation for T2D | x | | | | | | | | | |