# Rainwater harvesting/Rwambu Uganda Hills

Project period: October 2012 to December 2013 for the implementation. Documentation and learning will take a longer time, possibly until the end of 2014.

### Pilot challenge
#### Current situation

The pilot area consists of several hillsides of different soils and inclination that have all seen an increase in agricultural activity but a dropping water table. Current agricultural practices are proving unsustainable as new sites of cultivation are generally too steep and prone to erosion. Additionally, even though this area receives ample rainfall of 700 to 1000 mm, the water table has dropped considerably the past years and springs and shallow wells have dried up, possibly due to the rapid increase in agricultural land. Local people attest that in past years the rains are more erratic than they used to be, indicating that this area also suffers from the effects of climate change.

#### Socioeconomic and cultural conditions

A feasibility study carried out in 2011 indicated that 75% of the people in the area live on less than one euro a day. The staple food is plantain which grows in abundance in the area, but is under threat of bacterial wilt. Cash crops are on the increase, like coffee, groundnuts and also some cabbage. There was a high influx of migration of people from the south, near the Rwandan border bringing in different ethnic groups. Islamic and Christian faiths are followed in the region.

#### Pilot landscape

The landscape is grass-covered and hilly (highest approx. 1550 meters above sea-level) with valleys of 1250 meters above sea-level, and other hills are with rocky surfaces. The slopes of the hills consist of loamy and clay soils reaching down as thick as 4 meters. In the valleys, a wetland or marshland follows the Rwambu river.

#### Pilot purpose

The uphill areas require protection measures for erosion and runoff and would benefit from the increase in recharge produced by these protection measures. Due to the variety of slopes and soil types, 5 different technologies are going to be implemented.

### Location and partners

* Location: The Rwambu area is in the West of Uganda on the boundary of the Ibanda and Kamwenge districts, Latitude: 0° 1'33.03" North of the Equator. Longitude: 30°24'55.54" East of Greenwich Meridian.
* Main partner: Joint Effort to Save the Environment (JESE)
* Role and responsibility of main partner: JESE proposed the intervention area, worked with RAIN and Wetlands International and URWA on the program development and is the sole implementer of the project.
* Other partners: Wetlands International and Uganda Rain Water Association (URWA)
* Role and responsibilities of other partners: Technical advice, program advice, capacity building.

### Description

* To compensate people who had to abandon cultivation in the wetland area.
* Themes: 3R, food security, reforestation and soil stability

#### Strategy

The strategy will be to divide the hill into different sections. On the top of the hill, that is now only used for grazing, we will plant trees. It is expected that the type of tree Grevillea Robusta will grow productively on the top of these hills without disturbing its agricultural use. The Grevillea is planted to stabilize the soil and catch more rainwater and allow it to infiltrate into the hill slope without diminishing the opportunity for grazing cattle.
Specific actions taken in 2012 and 2013: Plant 5000 Grevillea tree seedlings in a micro basin style, planting a distance of 5 meters. Further downhill on these slopes people have started tilling the soil in a way that will not be sustainable in the long term. Agro forestry is promoted on the steeper slopes as well as soil protection measures like grass bunds, grass strips, hillside terraces and staggered trenches. The short-term effects will be retention of runoff water and soil sediments.
For the same reason, indigenous tree species (seed farmer managed) that might be used for firewood will be promoted. Uphill improvement in the banana, groundnut and coffee plantations contribute to boundary marking, so instead of trenches we promote vetiva grass or elephant grass. Additionally, terracing (Fanya juus) is already being implemented and will continue into 2013.

#### Objectives

* Stabilize agricultural lands on the slopes.
* Recharge the groundwater table on these slopes.

#### Activities (2013)

* Fill the entire hill with trees e.g. 2000 on the Ibanda side.
* Promote Agroforestry on the steeper slopes (grass bunds, grass strips, hillside terraces).
* Promotion / trial of indigenous tree species that are seed-farmer managed that might be coppiced.
* Stone bunds: increase the linear length to 4000m and effective height using vetivar grass.
* Establish runoff systems, i.e. staggering principle.
* Introduce alternatives for boundary marking (instead of trenches), using vetivar or elephant grass.
* Increase linear length of Fanya juus terraces to 3000m.

#### Planning and process

Year 2012 saw the advent of this program as Fanya Juu terracing was done in the banana plantations. Some 500 gravellia trees were planted and stone bunds were constructed. We are now developing a plan for research and documentation via satellite imagery together with MetaMeta, and JESE will do the implementation.

#### SWOT analysis

Here is a SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) of the project:
| Strengths: Work is ongoing, there are very capable people on the ground Local community is very cooperative High project potential due to sufficient rainfall | Weaknesses: Land ownership issues might lead to poor integration of different technologies Difficult to provide exact measures of success ... |
| Opportunities: Easy project with a lot of different technologies to work on that might inspire people in the region Environmental programs are in high demand Program has a high potential to be expanded | Threats: Not understanding the benefits of environmental upgrading on water supply might induce a lack of interest to do the work Cutting of the trees before they mature ... |
| | Current situation | Expected results |
| Water supply | Dried up springs and shallow wells, people are now depending on open source of water such as the wetland. | Several springs revived, improvement of soil and water retention for 150000 M2 agricultural land. |
| MUS | Drinking water is a problem but this is addressed in another project, the in situ measures will however restore the groundwater potential. | Better soil moisture for agricultural land |
| 3R | Recharge | Recharge of water table uphill and slower drainage into wetland |
| Business development | Coffee plantations, groundnut plantations, increase of arable land | Environmental sustainability of these plantations |

### Outputs
#### Technical

* Type(s) of water harvesting: in situ
* Type(s) of storage system(s): terraces (Fanya Juu, Fanya Chini), woodlots, stone and grass bunds, staggered trenching
* Number of systems: 6 different systems
* Total volume (m3): difficult to establish

### Acknowledgments

* Original Akvoepdia.org article plus more images: akvopedia.org/wiki/Rwambu_Uganda_Hills