OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Guided Meditations/Lovingkindness Meditation

This is a script for a lovingkindness meditation.
Begin by finding a comfortable seated position, closing your eyes and taking a deep breath in through your nose and slowly exhaling out through your mouth. Take a few more deep breaths in and out, allowing your mind and body to relax.
As you settle into your breath, bring to mind someone in your life who you care deeply for. It could be a friend, family member, or partner. Visualize their face in your mind's eye and imagine sending them kind, loving thoughts. Repeat the following phrases silently to yourself, pausing at each comma to allow the thought to linger:
"May you be happy, may you be healthy, may you be safe, may you be at peace."
As you repeat these phrases, imagine that you are sending warm rays of loving energy to the person you have in mind. Feel the love and kindness radiating out from your heart and towards them.
Now, bring to mind someone who you may have difficulties with, someone who you may feel anger or frustration towards. This could be someone you know personally or someone who you have never met. Visualize their face in your mind's eye and imagine sending them kind, loving thoughts. Repeat the following phrases silently to yourself:
"May you be happy, may you be healthy, may you be safe, may you be at peace."
As you repeat these phrases, imagine that you are sending the same warm rays of loving energy to this person. Know that everyone, including ourselves, deserves love and kindness.
Finally, bring to mind yourself. Visualize yourself sitting in front of you, and imagine sending yourself the same kind, loving thoughts. Repeat the following phrases silently to yourself:
"May I be happy, may I be healthy, may I be safe, may I be at peace."
As you repeat these phrases, imagine that you are wrapping yourself in a warm, loving embrace. Know that you deserve to treat yourself with kindness and compassion.
Take a few more deep breaths in and out, feeling the love and kindness filling your heart. When you're ready, slowly open your eyes and take a moment to appreciate the feelings of love and kindness you've generated within yourself.
# French/Phrase Books

Go back to French

## How to use these resources

The idea is to build up useful French phrase books for people interested in any subject. If you have any phrases to suggest - with or without translations - just add them on the relevant page. Don't worry too much about where to put your contribution, though. (Someone can always tidy up after you if they feel like it!)

## Phrase Books

* Common TV and Radio Phrases
# French/Old

Courses in French :
| Course #1: | Français I |
| Course #2: | Français II |
| Course #3: | Français III |
| Course #4: | Français IV |
| Course #5: | La Littérature du 18e siècle |
French Division
Welcome to the French Department at Wikiversity, part of the Center for Foreign Language Learning and the School of Language and Literature.
Introduction to French
French is spoken all around the world.
French (français, fʁɑ̃sɛ) is today spoken around the world by 72 to 130 million people as a native language, and by about 190 to 600 million people as a second or third language, with significant speakers in 54 countries. Most native speakers of the language live in France, where the language originated. The rest live in Canada, Belgium, Switzerland and Lebanon.
French is a descendant of the Latin language of the Roman Empire, as are languages such as Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, Catalan and Romanian. Its development was also influenced by the native Celtic languages of Roman Gaul and by the Germanic language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders.
It is an official language in 31 countries, most of which form what is called in French "La Francophonie": the community of French-speaking nations. It is an official language of all United Nations agencies and a large number of international organizations.
Courses/Projects
Streams
List of French Learners and Teachers
Courses, Lessons and Resources
Courses currently being offered by the French Department:
Français I
Français II
La Littérature du 18e siècle
Other Resources:
French Wall Charts and Posters
French Phrase Books
Other projects:
The French Mentoring Project is now live. Sign up to get a French Mentor, or if you'd like to be one.
Do you know that there is a French Wikiversity ? Visit their projects (Faculté de Français, Département:Français langue étrangère, ...) and get in contact with native French speakers
Do you know that there exists the French Wikiversity chat: fr:Wikiversité:IRC #wikiversity-fr - click here to go there now
La Littérature Française - A subdepartment for studying French literature.
Planned
Français III
Français IV
Tasks
Use existing Wikibooks materials in the French Department (e.g. why not create a quiz ?)
Merge current pages with Wikibooks.
Language References
Vocabulary
See the lists at the French Appendices on Wikibooks.
Verb conjugation
For a list of tenses and how to conjugate them (regularly), please see French tenses sorted by Mood and Type.
To learn how to conjugate irregular verbs, please see Irregular verb conjugations in French.
Typing Accents
For general information on how to type French characters in all contexts, please see Typing Characters in French.
Department news
November 4th, 2008 The French Mentoring project has been launched!
June 11th 2008 French Literature has been created and new interest in French Department has been received.
December 25th 2006 The French Department's first course, Français I is in development!
September 27th, 2006 - Department founded! :
# French/Telling Time
## Telling Time

* Une heure – One hour
* Quelle heure est-il ? – What time is it?
* À quelle heure ? – At what time?
* Il est une heure. – It’s one o’ clock.
* Il est deux heures. – It’s two o’ clock.
* C'est le matin. – It’s morning.
* Il est sept heures dix. – It’s 7:10 (7:10am).
* Il est neuf heures-et-quart. – It’s 9:15 (9:15am).
* Il est midi. – It’s noon.
* C'est l'après-midi. – It’s afternoon.
* Il est treize heures-et-demie. – It’s 13:30 (1:30pm).
* Il est dix-sept heures moins le quart. – It’s 16:45 (4:45pm).
* Il est vingt heures moins dix. – It’s 19:50 (7:50pm).
* Il est minuit. – It’s midnight.

## Days of the Week

* jour - day
* semaine - week
* Les jours de la semaine. – The days of the week.
* lundi - Monday
* mardi - Tuesday
* mercredi - Wednesday
* jeudi - Thursday
* vendredi - Friday
* samedi - Saturday
* dimanche - Sunday
* Quel jour sommes-nous ? - What day is it? (lit. What day are we?)
* Nous sommes lundi – It’s Monday.
* hier - yesterday
* aujourd’hui - today
* demain - tomorrow

##### Note

* The names of the days in French are always lowercase except at the beginning of a sentence.

## Months of the Year

* mois - month
* année - year
* janvier - January
* février - February
* mars - March
* avril - April
* mai - Mai
* juin - June
* juillet - July
* août - August
* septembre - September
* octobre - October
* novembre - November
* décembre - December
* En quel mois sommes-nous ? – What month is it?
* Nous sommes en avril. – It’s April. (lit. "We are in April")

##### Note

* The names of the months in French are always lowercase except at the beginning of a sentence.
# French/Translation

This resource was created in error. However, a use may appear. The category referred to below was not a category for pages in French. It was a displayed category from Template:Lang that, on en.wikipedia, is hidden. All it shows is that there is some snipped of French on the page, that used the lang template to warn the browser to use an appropriate character set.
A way to learn a language is to practice translation. Google translate can be used to start, and dictionaries and grammars can help.
We have a few pages here in French. Help Wikiversity by translating them.
See Category:Articles containing French language text
# French/Wall Charts and Posters
## Conjugation of French Verbs with Pronunciations

* Avoir
* Être
* Aimer
* Finir
* Servir
# French/Wall Charts and Posters/Conjugation of Aimer (Complete)
### Aimer

INDICATIF :
Présent :
| j' | aime |
| tu | aimes |
| il | aime |
| nous | aimons |
| vous | aimez |
| ils | aiment |
Passé composé :
| j' | ai | aimé |
| tu | as | aimé |
| il | a | aimé |
| nous | avons | aimé |
| vous | avez | aimé |
| ils | ont | aimé |
Imparfait :
| j' | aimais |
| tu | aimais |
| il | aimait |
| nous | aimions |
| vous | aimiez |
| ils | aimaient |
Plus-que-parfait :
| j' | avais | aimé |
| tu | avais | aimé |
| il | avait | aimé |
| nous | avions | aimé |
| vous | aviez | aimé |
| ils | avaient | aimé |
Passé simple :
| j' | aimai |
| tu | aimas |
| il | aima |
| nous | aimâmes |
| vous | aimâtes |
| ils | aimèrent |
Passé antérieur :
| j' | eus | aimé |
| tu | eus | aimé |
| il | eut | aimé |
| nous | eûmes | aimé |
| vous | eûtes | aimé |
| ils | eurent | aimé |
Futur simple :
| j' | aimerai |
| tu | aimeras |
| il | aimera |
| nous | aimerons |
| vous | aimerez |
| ils | aimeront |
Futur antérieur :
| j' | aurai | aimé |
| tu | auras | aimé |
| il | aura | aimé |
| nous | aurons | aimé |
| vous | aurez | aimé |
| ils | auront | aimé |
SUBJONCTIF :
Présent :
| que j' | aime |
| que tu | aimes |
| qu'il | aime |
| que nous | aimions |
| que vous | aimiez |
| qu'ils | aiment |
Passé :
| que j' | aie | aimé |
| que tu | aies | aimé |
| qu'il | ait | aimé |
| que nous | ayons | aimé |
| que vous | ayez | aimé |
| qu'ils | aient | aimé |
Imparfait :
| que j' | aimasse |
| que tu | aimasses |
| qu'il | aimât |
| que nous | aimassions |
| que vous | aimassiez |
| qu'ils | aimassent |
Plus-que-parfait :
| que j' | eusse | aimé |
| que tu | eusses | aimé |
| qu'il | eût | aimé |
| que nous | eussions | aimé |
| que vous | eussiez | aimé |
| qu'ils | eussent | aimé |
CONDITIONNEL :
Présent :
| j' | aimerais |
| tu | aimerais |
| il | aimerait |
| nous | aimerions |
| vous | aimeriez |
| ils | aimeraient |
Passé / Première Forme :
| j' | aurais | aimé |
| tu | aurais | aimé |
| il | aurait | aimé |
| nous | aurions | aimé |
| vous | auriez | aimé |
| ils | auraient | aimé |
Passé / Seconde Forme :
| j' | eusse | aimé |
| tu | eusses | aimé |
| il | eût | aimé |
| nous | eussions | aimé |
| vous | eussiez | aimé |
| ils | eussent | aimé |
IMPÉRATIF :
Présent :
| (il) | aime |
| (nous) | aimons |
| (vous) | aimez |
Passé :
| (il) | aie | aimé |
| (nous) | ayons | aimé |
| (vous) | ayez | aimé |
INFINTIF :
Présent :
* aimer
Passé :
| avoir | aimé |
PARTICIPE :
Présent :
* aimant
Passé :
| ayant | aimé |
# French/Phrase Books/Common TV and Radio Phrases
## News

| French Phrase | English Equivalent |
| le bouclier fiscal | the tax cap / shield (a new tax policy in France) |
| la loi a été remise en cause | the law has been challenged (called into question) |
| il chute dans les sondages | he drops in the polls |
Back to top

## Business

| French Phrase | English Equivalent |
| les ventes sont en baisse de 4,5 pour cent | sales are down by 4.5 percent |
| les prix à la consommation sont en hausse de 0,4 % | consumer prices are up by 0.4% |
| une autre nouveauté | new model (car etc) |
| tout le monde doit faire des économies de fonctionnement | everyone must make savings in operating costs? |
Back to top

## Sport

| French Phrase | English Equivalent |
| la Grande Boucle | the Tour de France |
| les amateurs de cyclisme auront beaucoup à parler | cycling fans will have plenty to talk about |
Back to top

## Travel

| French Phrase | English Equivalent |
Back to top

## Weather

| French Phrase | English Equivalent |
| Comment faire face à cette chaleur? | How can you cope with this heat? |
| Attention les orages! | Watch out for the storms! |
Back to top

## Links

| French Phrase | English Equivalent |
Back to top

## Commercials

| French Phrase | English Equivalent |
Back to top
# French/Updates/Archives

There are currently no archived updates.
# Digital Media Concepts/Apple CarPlay
## Introduction

Apple CarPlay is software made by Apple Inc. and is found in the latest cars which allows drivers to access their iPhone apps safely through the touchscreen on the head unit of their cars. An iPhone 5 or newer running IOS 7.1 or later is required to operate CarPlay.

## History

CarPlay was announced at the Worldwide Developers Conference in 2013 with the announcement of early partners like Honda, Mercedes, Nissan, and Ferrari. Previous to this, cars typically came with a handsfree feature allowing drivers to access Siri with a push of a button. However, delays pushed the release in most cars until 2016.

## Software

Users can access apps like Maps, Messages, Apple Music, and Siri with the sound of their voice or through the head unit while their iPhone is locked. CarPlay also supports licensed third party apps like Spotify, Waze, and others.

## Hardware

Apple CarPlay is built into the head unit of cars and allows you to use buttons on the dash to control the interface while driving. Drivers can plug in their phones with a lightning cable to connect to CarPlay or wirelessly in car with built-in Wi-Fi.
Brands like Pioneer, Kenwood, Sony, JVC, and Alpine also make some of their head units with Apple CarPlay built-in so people can put modern technology in classic cars.

## Applications

Apple CarPlay can be found in most cars made by Audi, BMW, Chevrolet, Ford, Ferrari, Toyota, Honda, and others after 2016.

## External Links

* Apple website (CarPlay)- https://www.apple.com/ios/carplay/
* Apple Website- https://www.apple.com/
# High Pressure and Low Pressure

Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere at a specific time, including conditions like: air pressure, wind temperature, and the amount of moisture in the air.
See related Clouds

## High Pressure

* An area of cool, dryer air
* Air sinks at the center of a high pressure system.
* Weather usually results in clear, sunny skies.

## Low Pressure

* An area of warmer air that is also more moist (contains more water vapor)
* Air rises at the center of the low pressure system
* Weather usually results in cloud with precipitation.

### SideNotes
#### High Pressure

* (North America: High Pressure system moves outward from the center and clockwise)
* (Southern America: Air in High Pressure systems move outward from the center and counterclockwise)

#### Low Pressure

* (North America: Low Pressure system moves inward toward the center and counterclockwise)
* (South America: Low Pressure system moves inward toward the center and clockwise)
# Hidden curriculum

This psychology resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
# Interval/Primitive function/Constant difference/Fact

Let $I$ denote a real interval, and let
    $f\colon I\longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
denote a function. Suppose that $F$ and $G$ are primitive functions of $f$.
$F-G$
# Interval/Real Function/Step function from above and from below/Definition

Let $I$ denote a bounded interval, and let
    $f\colon I\longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
denote a function. Then a step function
    $t\colon I\longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
is called a step function from above for $f$, if $t(x)\geq f(x)$ holds for all $x\in I$. A step function
    $s\colon I\longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
is called a step function from below for $f$, if $s(x)\leq f(x)$ holds for all $x\in I$.
# Interval/Continuous/Injective/Monotonous/Exercise

Let $I$ be a real interval and let
    $f\colon I\longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
denote a continuous injective function. Show that $f$ is strictly increasing or strictly decreasing.
# Interview

This research resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
Interviews are used to gather information from people for such purposes as job selection and for research. Interviews are typically associated with survey research.

## Primary Research

Primary research (Q6505834) is another type of research which involves gathering of new data. One way to gather new data can be done through interviews.
# Intrinsic motivation

This psychology resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
Intrinsic motivation refers to behaviour that is motivated for internal reasons. This also means the absence of extrinsic factors such as external reward or punishment.
Intrinsic motivation means engaging in a behaviour purely because you want to, because it is naturally rewarding, and regardless of external influences.
Hobbies are good examples of intrinsically motivated behaviours.
Intrinsically motivated behaviour feels good and often leads to better outcomes than extrinsically motivated behaviours, particularly for more complex tasks.
# Interval/Continuous function/Riemann integrable/Fact

Let $f\colon I\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$ denote a continuous function.
$f$
# Interval/Primitive function/Constant difference/Fact/Proof

We have
    $(F-G)'=F'-G'=f-f=0\,.$
Therefore, due to fact, the difference $F-G$ is constant.
# Interval/Real function/Compact subintervals/Riemann integrable/Definition

Let $f\colon I\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$ be a function on a real interval. Then $f$ is called Riemann-integrable, if the restriction of $f$ to every compact interval $[a,b]\subseteq I$ is Riemann-integrable.
# Interval/Real function/Step function/Definition

Let $I$ be a real interval with endpoints $a,b\in \mathbb {R}$. Then a function
    $t\colon I\longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
is called a step function, if there exists a partition
    $a=a_{0}<a_{1}<a_{2}<\cdots <a_{n-1}<a_{n}=b\,$
of $I$ such that $t$ is constant on every open interval $]a_{i-1},a_{i}[$.
# Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

This psychology resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
This theory of motivation conceptualises motivation as consisting of:
* Intrinsic motivation: Internal desires and motives and
* Extrinsic motivation: External sources (incentives and goals).
# Literature/1978/Small

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Wikimedia
### w: Citation analysis
### w: Bibliographic coupling

| w: Citation index | w: World Brain w: Global brain |

## Chronology

* Literature/2008/Ritchie $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2007/Fujii $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2007/Strohman $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2006/Ritchie $^{[^]}$
* Brin, Sergey & Lawrence Page (1998). "The Anatomy of a Large-scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine," Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on World Wide Web 7, p.107-117, April 1998, Brisbane, Australia. $^{[^]}$
* Lawrence, Steve & C. Lee Giles (1998). "Searching the World Wide Web," Science, April 3, 1998, pp. 98-100. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1996/Eom $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1987/Culnan $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1986/McCain $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1985/Blair $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1982/Small $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1981/White $^{[^]}$
* Small, Henry G. (1978). "Cited Documents as Concept Symbols," Social Studies of Science, vol.8, p.327-340. $^{[^]}$
* Leach, Edmund (1976). Culture and Communication: The Logic by Which Symbols are Connected. Cambridge University Press. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1975/Moravcsik $^{[^]}$
* Collins, H. M. (1974). "The TEA Set: Tacit Knowledge and Scientific Networks." Science Study, 4 (2):165-186. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1974/Griffith $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1974/Small $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1973/Small $^{[^]}$
* Garfield, Eugene (1964). "Science Citation Indexing -- A New Dimension in Indexing." Science 144 (3619): 649-654. $^{[^]}$
* Kessler, M. M. (1963), "Bibliographic Coupling between Scientific Papers." American Documentation, 14 (1): 10-25. $^{[^]}$
* Garfield, Eugene (1955). "Citation Indexes for Science: A New Dimension in Documentation through Association of Ideas." Science, 122(3159): 108-111. $^{[^]}$
* Bernal, J. D. (1939). The Social Function of Science. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. $^{[^]}$
* Wells, H. G. (1938). World Brain. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Co. $^{[^]}$
# Literature/1979/Eccles

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Wikimedia

| w: Dualism Interactionism | w: Monism |

## Chronology

* Literature/1972/Popper $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1973/Eccles $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1976/Popper $^{[^]}$
* Popper, Karl and Eccles, John (1977). The Self and Its Brain: An Argument for Interactionism. Routledge, 1983. $^{[^]}$
* Eccles, John (1979). The Human Mystery (The Gifford Lectures 1977-1978), Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1979. $^{[^]}$
* David Bohm (1980). Wholeness and the Implicate Order. London: Routledge. $^{[^]}$
* Sperry, Roger (1983). Science and Moral Priority: Merging Mind, Brain, and Human Values. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1984/Popper $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1994/Eccles $^{[^]}$
# Literature/1979/Farradane

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &
* Reprinted in: G. Walker, ed., The Information Environment: A Reader, G. K. Hall & Co., pp. 4-11.
* http://jis.sagepub.com/content/1/1/13.full.pdf+html

## Author
### w: Jason Farradane

    School of Library and Information Science, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont. CANADA N6A 5B9

## Abstract

Starting from the definition of 'information' as a physical surrogate of knowledge (i.e. a spoken or written record), its relation to the originator, and its transformations on communication to a recipient, and the recipient's mental state and possibly physical (social) reactions to it, are discussed. The transformations of 'information' in information retrieval systems are also considered. It is argued that this is the essential basis for developing a true information science.

## Reviews

* As noted by Michael Buckland (1991), Farradane states that "'information' should be defined as any physical form of representation, or surrogate, of knowledge, or of a particular thought, used for communication." (p. 4)
# Literature/1979/Foerster

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Wikimedia

| w: Second-order cybernetics | w: Constructivist epistemology |

## Chronology

* Umpleby, Stuart A. (1990). "The Science of Cybernetics and the Cybernetics of Science," Cybernetics and Systems, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 109-121. $^{[^]}$
* Winograd, Terry and Flores, Fernando (1986). Understanding Computers and Cognition: A New Foundation for Design. Ablex Publishing Corp. $^{[^]}$
* Maturana, Humberto and Francisco Varela (1980). Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living. Boston: Reidel. $^{[^]}$
* Foerster, Heinz von (1979). "Cybernetics of Cybernetics," in: Klaus Krippendorff, ed., Communication and Control in Society. New York: Gordon and Breach. $^{[^]}$
* Bateson, Gregory & Mead, Margaret (1976). "For God's Sake, Margaret: Conversation with Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead." CoEvolutionary Quarterly (Summer 1976) no. 10, pp. 22-44. $^{[^]}$
* Pask, Gordon (1976). Conversation Theory: Applications in Education and Epistemology. New York: Elsevier. $^{[^]}$
* Beer, Stafford (1975). Platform for Change: A Message from Stafford Beer. New York: Wiley, 1975. $^{[^]}$
* Pask, Gordon (1975). Conversation, Cognition and Learning. Elsevier. $^{[^]}$
* Abramovitz, Robert and Heinz von Foerster (1974). Cybernetics of Cybernetics or the Control of Control and the Communication of Communication (result of a course, fall semester 1973, continued through spring semester 1974, sponsored by a grant from the Point Foundation to the Biological Computer Laboratory, University of Illinois), Urbana, Ill.: Biological Computer Laboratory, 1974. $^{[^]}$
# Literature/1978/Pool

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Wikipedia

* Ithiel de Sola Pool
* Manfred Kochen
* Stanley Milgram
* Small world phenomenon
* Small-world network
* Six degrees of separation