OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Selected topics in finite mathematics/Voting/Sequential runoffs

vteModule 1: Graphs and Optimization :
vteModule 2: Logic, Arguments, and Voting :
vteModule 3: Mathematics in money and ?? :

## Objectives

To determine a winner by using an elimination system until one candidate is left standing.

## Details

The sequential runoffs, aka the Hare method, is a method where you only look at the first choice votes first. You count all of the first place votes for every candidate and add up the votes that each candidate got. Once you add up all the votes, the lowest one is eliminated and so is that candidates spot in the preference list. Now you must make sure to move the remaining candidates in the preference list up a spot accordingly. For example, if B was ahead of C previously and B was eliminated in the first round, then you would move C up to where B was. Thus making C the first place vote and totally ignoring B because B is eliminated. Then you do the process again, you tally up all the remaining candidates first place votes and see who has the highest. Eliminate the last place votes and keep doing the process until one candidate is left.
# Selected topics in finite mathematics/Voting/Plurality

vteModule 1: Graphs and Optimization :
vteModule 2: Logic, Arguments, and Voting :
vteModule 3: Mathematics in money and ?? :

## Objectives

Plurality is used find to find the winner by determining who has the most first place votes if there is one.

## Details

Plurality: a method of analyzing elections that declares the winner to be the candidate with the most first place votes (if there is a winner).

## Examples

100 people vote for the 3 candidates for Best New Artist at the Grammies. The preference schedule is shown below.
| 1st Choice | A | B | C | C | A | B |
| 2nd Choice | B | C | A | B | C | A |
| 3rd Choice | C | A | B | A | B | C |
| Number of Ballots | 12 | 20 | 32 | 24 | 10 | 2 |
Find the winner for the Best New Artist award.
A: 12+10=22
B: 20+2=22
C: 32+24=56
Candidate C has the most first place votes. This means they are the winner.

## Homework

1.
| 3 | 2 | 1 |
| A | B | C |
| C | C | A |
| B | A | B |
According to Plurality, who will win?
2.
| 5 | 4 | 4 | 2 |
| A | B | C | D |
| D | C | B | A |
| B | A | D | C |
| C | D | A | B |
According to Plurality, who will win?

## Homework Solutions

1. According to plurality A wins with the most votes
# Social psychology (psychology)/Guides/Week 10
### Week 10

* Complete the Week 07 guide.
* The lecture this week is on relationships
* If you haven't already done so, participate in the cross-cultural training tutorial.
# Social psychology (psychology)/Guides/Week 07
### Week 7

* Complete the Week 06 guide.
* There is no lecture this week - then we have two weeks of teaching break. So the next lecture is Relationships in Week 10.
* Participate in the cross-cultural training tutorial (Tutorial 04) this week or in Week 10.
* Have you completed your research participation? It needs to be done by the end of this week. See WebCT for a record of your participation to date.
# Social psychology (psychology)/Guides/Week 14
### Week 14

* Complete the Week 13 guide.
* There is no lecture this week. However, you can come along to a first year lecture which will be given 1 hour earlier (10.30-12.30) which is an introduction to social psychology.
* The last fortnight of the 6th tutorial will be conducted (assessment workshop).
# Social psychology (psychology)/Guides/Week 05
### Week 5

* Complete the Week 04 guide.
* Make sure you've signed up for an essay topic.
* Listen to, and/or read, the Prejudice lecture, slides, accompanying chapter in the textbook.
* Try the test quizzes for the chapter in the textbook's accompanying website resources via http://ilrn.com
* Participate in Prejudice, aggression, and prosocial behaviour tutorial (this week or next week). Note that you should already have watched Ghosts of Rwanda. Include some reflections and examples of the keywords from the films in in your e-portfolio.
* Have you completed your research participation? It needs to be done by the end of Week 7.
# Social psychology (psychology)/Guides/Week 11
### Week 11

* Complete the Week 10 guide.
* The lecture this week is on Groups and leadership
* This fortnight's tutorial is on the Australian zeitgeist.
# Social psychology (psychology)/Guides/Week 13
### Week 13

* Complete the Week 12 guide.
* The lecture this week is on environmental psychology.
* This fortnight's tutorial will be conducted as an assessment workshop.
# Social psychology (psychology)/Guides/Week 15
### Week 15

* Complete the Week 14 guide.
* The final lecture this week reviews the previous nine lectures: Social psychology (psychology)/Lectures/Review.
* Tutorials have finished.
# Social psychology (psychology)/Guides/Week 04
### Week 4

* Complete the Week 03 guide.
* Make sure you've signed up for an essay topic.
* Self-study the Lecture 04: Aggression slides and notes, and read the accompanying chapter in the textbook.
* Try the test quizzes for the chapter in the textbook's accompanying website resources via http://ilrn.com
* Participate in Tutorial 02: Communication
* Create some reflections about your participation this week in your e-portfolio.
* Watch and read about Ghosts of Rwanda by reading about prejudice and aggression - add reflections to your e-portfolio about connections between GOR and socio-psychological aspects of aggression, e.g., think about why and how the Rwandan Genocide occurred from socio-psychological point of view.
* Have you completed your research participation? It needs to be done by the end of Week 7.
# Social psychology (psychology)/Guides/Week 06
### Week 6

* Complete the Week 05 guide.
* There is no lecture this week or next - then we have two weeks of teaching break. So the next lecture is Relationships in Week 10.
* Participate in the prejudice, aggression, and prosocial behaviour if you haven't already. Note that you should already have watched Ghosts of Rwanda. Include some reflections and examples of the keywords from the films in in your e-portfolio.
* Have you completed your research participation? It needs to be done by the end of Week 7. Current participation will be collated on WebCT this week (with an email to the discussion list when available).
# Social psychology (psychology)/Guides/Week 12
### Week 12

* Complete the Week 11 guide.
* The lecture this week is on prosocial behaviour
* This is the second week in which the Australian zeitgeist will be conducted.
# Self Paced Reading Labs/Spaceflight
## Spaceflights

Instructions
       Read from Wikipedia, spaceflight then evaluate your comprehension using the quiz below. If you have questions then please consult your instructor/mentor or .... link to help and/or conceptual overview of program and procedures goes here ...
quiz
Where next?
       If you answered less than two correct retreat to level X or color y and practice comprehending the material. Perhaps try reading slower and more carefully to see all the material or reading faster to maintain your interest in the material being read.
       If you missed more than two questions then it is recommended you complete at another module at this level.
       If you answered all questions correctly then either continue on this level if interesting modules remain or advance to the next level for more challenging reading and rigorous testing.
# Self Paced Reading Labs/Quiz

Draft - Consult Rayc for where latest quiz html or templates are and how to use them.
Questions:
Q. What is cheese made from?
          A. Milk
Q. Can cheese be made only from cow's milk?
          A. No. Cheese can be made from any milk which is created by mammals.
Q. What is used for curdling milk?
          A. Some kinds of acid such as lemon juice or vinegar.
# Self Paced Reading Labs/Sharks : Quiz

A quiz about sharks
# Self control

This psychology resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
Self control is the ability to control one's emotions, behaviour and desires in order to efficiently manage one's future. In psychology it is sometimes called self-regulation.
# Semantic MediaWiki

Semantic MediaWiki (SMW) is a MediaWiki extension that allows for managing structured data in your wiki and for querying that data to create dynamic representations: tables, timelines, maps, lists, etc.

## Resources

* Introduction

## See Also

* mw:Extension:Semantic MediaWiki
# Self Paced Reading Labs/Manufacturing Cheese

Manufacturing Cheese
Instructions
       Read from Wikipedia, Cheese then evaluate your comprehension using the quiz below. If you have questions then please consult your instructor/mentor or .... link to help and/or conceptual overview of program and procedures goes here ...
/quiz
Where next?
       If you answered less than two correct retreat to level X or color y and practice comprehending the material. Perhaps try reading slower and more carefully to see all the material or reading faster to maintain your interest in the material being read.
       If you answered all questions correctly then either continue on this level if interesting modules remain or advance to the next level for more challenging reading and rigorous testing.
# Self Paced Reading Labs/Manufacturing Cheese/quiz

Draft - Consult Rayc for where latest quiz html or templates are and how to use them.
Questions:
Q. What is cheese made from?
          A. Milks
Q. Can cheese be made only from cow's milk?
          A. No. Cheese can be made from any milk which is created by mammals.
Q. What is used for curdling milk?
          A. Some kinds of acid such as lemon juice or vinegar.
          B. Rennet; an enzyme sourced from either plant or animal sources.
# Self serve advertising

Self serve advertising is when individuals and organizations can log into websites and apps and purchase advertising that will be shown to users of such sites and apps, and this can be done without having to wait (in any significant way) on any response from any human agent in order for the ads to be served from users.
This area of this wiki is dedicated to learning, teaching, and researching about self serve advertising. Self serve advertising is related to areas of knowledge that include technology, software engineering, business, advertising, and marketing. It can even relate to politics!
Some of the biggest providers of self serve online advertising are Facebook, Twitter, and Google. These are for profit companies. Net profits from ads are given to shareholders. This system benefits the few at the expense of the many.
Facebook and Twitter earn money from advertising placed alongside original content created by members/users. Facebook and Twitter do not pay royalties to content creators/contributors.
There has been controversy related to self serve advertising. In 2016 elections in USA, self serve advertising was used in ways that may have violated election regulations to spread political ideas.

## Discussion questions

* Can a nonprofit or decentralized organization (DAO) facilitate the creation of self serve advertising platforms that accept cryptocurrencies? Can such an organization use all profits for social good?
* Should minimum royalty laws exist?
* Newman's Own donates all profits to charities. Perhaps a nonprofit or DAO can exist that enables people to run self serve advertising on social media sites and also donate all net profits to charities. Is this a realistic endeavor?
* In what ways can self serve advertising be utilized to benefit all of humanity, and not mostly just shareholders of large social media companies?

## Learning resources
### Wikipedia

* Online advertising
* Pay-per-click
* Cost per impression
* Contextual advertising
* Revenue sharing
* Ad exchange
* Advertising network
* Real-time bidding
* Social network hosting service
* Social network analysis software
* Social networking service
* Sociology of the Internet
* Digital sociology
* Social impact of YouTube
* Comparison of software and protocols for distributed social networking
* Mastodon (software)
* Mobile social network

### External

* Political Advertising: What Effect on Commercial Advertisers?
* Learn about advertising from Harvard
* These Are the Ads Russia Bought on Facebook in 2016
* How Customers View Self-Service Technologies
* Tutorial: Building An Ad Platform With DFP
* Advertising and publicity
* Tips for creating an effective ad
* Business Models Based on Advertising

## Collaboration

Are you interested in learning, researching, or teaching about self serve advertising and related topics? You can list yourself here.
# Self Paced Reading Labs/Human Spaceflight

Lessons needing work on quizzes and evaluation
# Stars/Sun/Heliometry/Quiz

Heliometry is a lecture and an article focusing on the measurements and measuring of the Sun. It is a lecture as part of the astronomy course on solar astronomy.
You are free to take this quiz based on heliometry at any time.
To improve your score, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{radiation astronomy resources}} template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.
As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.
Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.
To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* Measuring the Sun is like measuring a ball of gas.
# Stars/Sun/Heliology/Quiz

Heliology is a lecture describing the science of the Sun.
You are free to take this quiz based on the lecture heliology at any time.
To improve your score, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{radiation astronomy resources}} template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.
As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.
Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.
To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* Throughout hominin history the Sun may not have been the only very close-by star.
# Stars/Sun/Heliography/Quiz

Heliography is a lecture focusing on the features of the Sun's surface. It is a lecture as part of the radiation astronomy course on solar astronomy.
You are free to take this quiz based on heliogony at any time.
To improve your score, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{radiation astronomy resources}} template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.
As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.
Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.
To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* Phenomena occurring above or below the surface of the Sun alter its appearance.
# Stars/Sun/Heliogony/Quiz

Heliogony is a lecture and an article focusing on the origin of the Sun. It is a lecture as part of the radiation astronomy course on solar astronomy.
You are free to take this quiz based on heliogony at any time.
To improve your score, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{radiation astronomy resources}} template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.
As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.
A suggestion is to have the lecture available in a separate window.
To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* Questions regarding the origin of the Sun should also address star-forming regions along the Sun's galactic orbit.
# Stars/Sun/Heliophysics/Quiz

In the model shown at right the Sun and hypothetical regions around it are labeled.
Heliophysics is the physics or astrophysics of the closest star to the Earth. It is a lecture from the radiation astronomy department. This is a quiz based on this lecture heliophysics that you are free to take at any time.
To improve your score, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{radiation astronomy resources}} template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.
As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.
Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.
To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* Timing the Sun is like timing a ball of gas.
# Openness

Openness is a free culture philosophy and an important foundational concept in many social and technical systems. For example, openness is critical to democracy.

## Learning outcomes

These learning outcomes aim to provide a framework for exploring openness encouraging critical thinking, interdisciplinary engagement, and reflective practice.
* Define openness:
** Articulate a personal understanding of openness and compare it with perspectives from scholars like David Wiley.
** Investigate contrasting views on openness and its antithesis, considering how it manifests in various contexts.
* Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of openness:
** Critically assess the impact of openness on societal, technological, and individual levels, weighing factors such as transparency, collaboration, innovation, and privacy.
** Analyze case studies or real-world examples to understand the nuanced implications of embracing or restricting openness.
* Identify domains where openness is crucial:
** Explore the significance of openness in diverse fields such as governance, education, science, technology, and culture.
** Examine how openness fosters trust, accountability, and progress within these domains.
* Connect to related Wikiversity resources:
** Engage with existing materials on Wikiversity to deepen understanding of openness in research and education, exploring its ethical, practical, and pedagogical dimensions.
** Collaborate with peers to contribute insights or perspectives to enhance collective knowledge on the topic.
* Explore personal philosophy regarding openness:
** Reflect on how principles of openness align with or challenge personal beliefs, values, and goals.
** Consider ethical dilemmas or practical considerations that arise when navigating the tensions between openness and other priorities.

## Learning tasks

There are several learning tasks participants are invited to engage with on this page:
* Define openness: What is openness? How would you define it? How do others define it? For example, consider how David Wiley describes openness in his article "Defining 'Open'". What is the opposite of openness?
* What are the pros and cons of openness? e.g., create a SWOT analysis Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of open versus closed/non-open approaches, considering factors such as transparency, collaboration, innovation, and privacy.
* In what domains is openness important?
* Explore related Wikiversity resources discussing openness in research and education to gain a deeper understanding of its implications.
* Open by default vs. closed by default - When should open by default practices be adopted?
* Explore how openness relate to your personal philosophy (e.g., create a sub-page)

## Defining openness

* Defining “Open” David Wiley, 2009

## Create a sub-page

You are welcome to add a sub-page about Openness. Enter a title that is not already on the list below and start a draft. If you wish to change your title, or have any other questions, visit us at Wikiversity:Colloquium.
# Openness and collaboration/Edit using your real name

Welcome to the Wikiversity learning project about encouraging Wikiversity participants to use their real names when participating at Wikiversity. This learning project explores the idea that an authentic learning community involves honest interactions among collaborating learners who know their fellow editors. Alleged examples of how the Wikiversity community has been disrupted by anonymous editors will be explored.

## Study Project Examples

* User:Centaur of attention - What were the other user accounts that were used by this Wikipedian and why was he blocked from editing at Wikiversity? Would the editing behavior of Centaur of attention have been altered if he had edited under his real name?