# Progress and Prospects in Parkinson's Research/Symptoms/F - G

The A-Z of Parkinson's Symptoms
F - G
Facial Masking :
Redirected to Amimia
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Amimia
Fixed and vacant expression (masking)
Very little research has been carried out on this common PD symptom but the following are relevant :-
Allen (1931) The Dissociation of voluntary and emotional movements of the face with special reference to emotional paresis as a physical sign
Hemmesch et al (2009)The Influence of Facial Masking and Sex on Older Adults’ Impressions of Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease.
Clark et al (2011) Visual Exploration of Emotional Facial Expressions in Parkinson's Disease
Tickle-Degnen et al (2011) Culture, Gender and Health Care Stigma: Practitioners’ Response to Facial Masking Experienced by People with Parkinson’s Disease <
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References
↑ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/
↑ Allen, I.M.(1931) Full Text The Dissociation of voluntary and emotional movements of the face with special reference to emotional paresis as a physical sign http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1038785/?page=1
↑ Hemmesch. Amanda R.; Tickle-Degnen, Linda and Zebrowitz, Leslie A. (2009) Full Text Psychol. Aging 24 (3) 542 – 549 The Influence of Facial Masking and Sex on Older Adults’ Impressions of Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2761205/
↑ Clark, Uraina S.; Neargarder, Sandy and Cronin-Golomb, Alice (2011) Full Text Visual Exploration of Emotional Facial Expressions in Parkinson's Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2876199/
↑ Tickle-Degnen, Linda and Zebrowitz, Leslie A. and Ma, Hui-ing (2011) Full Text Soc. Sci. Med. 73 (1) 95 – 102 Culture, Gender and Health Care Stigma: Practitioners’ Response to Facial Masking Experienced by People with Parkinson’s Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3142938/ :
Falls :
Redirected to Balance
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Balance
Susceptibility to falls
Alternative terms
Postural instability---Falls
The following references are relevant:-
King et al (2012) Do clinical scales of balance reflect turning abnormalities in people with Parkinson's disease?
Duncan and Earhart (2012) Should One Measure Balance or Gait to Best Predict Falls among People with Parkinson Disease?
Boonsinsukh et al (2012) A Cane Improves Postural Recovery From an Unpracticed Slip During Walking in People With Parkinson Disease
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Balance.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
Pubmed (abstracts)
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References
↑ King, L.A.; Mancini, M,; Priest, K.; Salarian, A.; Rodrigues-de-Paula, F. and Horak, F. (2012) Full Text J. Neurol. Phys. Ther. 36 (1) 25 – 31 Do clinical scales of balance reflect turning abnormalities in people with Parkinson's disease? http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22333919
↑ Duncan, Ryan P. And Earhart, Gammon M. (2012) Full Text Parkinsons Dis. 2012 923493 Should One Measure Balance or Gait to Best Predict Falls among People with Parkinson Disease? http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3503435/A
↑ Boonsinsukh, Rumpa; Saegsirsuwan, Vitoon; Carlson-Kuta, Patricia and Horak, Fay.B. (2012) Full Text Phys. Ther. 92 (9) 1117 – 1129 A Cane Improves Postural Recovery From an Unpracticed Slip During Walking in People With Parkinson Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3432949/ :
Festination (forced hurrying of walking, talking or thought) :
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Festination
Forced hurrying of walking, talking or thought.
The following references are relevant:-
Devos et al (2007) Improvement of gait by chronic, high doses of methylphenidate in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease
Hausdorff (2009) Gait dynamics in Parkinson’s disease: Common and distinct behavior among stride length, gait variability, and fractal-like scaling
Hove et al (2012) Interactive Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation Reinstates Natural 1/f Timing in Gait of Parkinson's Patients
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Festination.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
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References
↑ Devos, D.; Krystkowiak, P.; Clement, F.; Dujardin, K.; Cpttencin, O.; Wauquier, N.; Ajebbar, K.; Thielmans, B.; Kroumova, M.; Duhamel, A.; Deste, A.; Border, R. and Defebvre, L. (2007) Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 78 (5) 470 – J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 78 (5) 470–475. Improvement of gait by chronic, high doses of methylphenidate in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2117830/
↑ Hausdorff, Jeffrey M. (2009) Full Text Chaos 19 (2) 026113 Gait dynamics in Parkinson’s disease: Common and distinct behavior among stride length, gait variability, and fractal-like scaling http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2719464/
↑ Hove, Michael J.; Suzuki, Kazuko; Uchitomi, Hirotaka; Orimo, Satoshi and Miyake. Yoshihiro (2012) Full Text PLoS One 9 (3) e32600 Interactive Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation Reinstates Natural 1/f Timing in Gait of Parkinson's Patients http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3292577/ :
Flexion (bent or curved posture) :
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Flexion
Bent or curved posture
The following references are relevant:-
Hong and Earhart (2010) Effects of Medication on Turning Deficits in Individuals with Parkinson's Disease
Mak et al (2011) Limb Collapse, Rather Than Instability, Causes Failure in Sit-to-Stand Performance Among Patients With Parkinson Disease
Xia et al (2011) Differentiation between the contributions of shortening reaction and stretch-induced inhibition to rigidity in Parkinson’s disease
Further Research
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Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Flexion.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
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References
↑ Hong, Minna and Earhart, Gammon M. (2010) Full Text J. Neurol. Phys. Ther. 34 (1) 11 – 16 Effects of Medication on Turning Deficits in Individuals with Parkinson's Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2886796/
↑ Mak, Margaret K.Y.: Yang, Feng and Pai, Yi-Chung (2011) Full Text Phys. Ther. 91 (3) 381 – 391 Limb Collapse, Rather Than Instability, Causes Failure in Sit-to-Stand Performance Among Patients With Parkinson Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3048819/
↑ Xia, Ruiping; Powell, Douglas; Rymer, W. Zev.; Hanson, Nicholas;Fang, Xiang and Threlkeld, A. Joseph (2011) Full Text Exp. Brain Res. 209 (4) 609 – 618 Differentiation between the contributions of shortening reaction and stretch-induced inhibition to rigidity in Parkinson’s disease. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3142787/ :
Foot Drop (locomotion defect whereby the heel of a foot is raised from the ground while walking) :
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Foot Drop or (Drop Foot)
Locomotion defect whereby the heel of a foot is raised from the ground while walking
The following references are relevant:-
Belfiore and Campanella (1994) A clinical sign of Parkinson's disease: the absence of lateral foot drop
Rogers et al (2011) Perturbations of ground support alter posture and locomotion coupling during step initiation in Parkinson's disease
The following references are relevant:-
Further Research
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Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Foot_Drop.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
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References
↑ Belfiore, G. and Campanella, G. (1994) AbstractActa Neurol. (Napoli). 16 (5-6) 291 – 92 A clinical sign of Parkinson's disease: the absence of lateral foot drop http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7709801
↑ Rogers, M.W.; Hilliard, M.J.; Martinez, K.; Zhang, Y.;Simuni, T. and Mille, M.L. (2011) AbstractExp. Brain Res. 208 (4) 557 – 567 Perturbations of ground support alter posture and locomotion coupling during step initiation in Parkinson's disease. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21153725a :
Freezing of Gait :
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Freezing of gait
Inability to initiate locomotion
The following references are relevant:-
Morris et al (2010)
Striding Out With Parkinson Disease: Evidence-Based Physical Therapy for Gait Disorders
Maidan et al (2010)
Heart rate changes during freezing of gait in patients with Parkinson's disease
Espay et al(2012) “On” state freezing of gait in Parkinson disease - A paradoxical levodopa-induced complication
Further Research
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Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Freezing_of_gait.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
Pubmed (abstracts)
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References
↑ Morris, Meg. E.; Martin, Clarissa L. and Schenkman, Margaret L.(2010) Full Text
Phys. Ther. 90 (2) 280 – 288 Striding Out With Parkinson Disease: Evidence-Based Physical Therapy for Gait Disorders http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2816030/
↑ Maidan, I; Plotnik, M.; Mirelman, M. Wess, A.; Giladi, N.; and Haudorff, J.M. (2010) Full Text Mov. Disord. 25 (14) 2346 -2354 Heart rate changes during freezing of gait http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2964413/
↑ Espay, A.J.; Fasano, A.; van Nuenen, B.F.J.; Payne, M.M; Snijders, A.H. and Bloem, B.R. (2012) Full Text. Neurology 78 (7) 454 – 457 ”On” state freezing of gait in Parkinson disease - A paradoxical levodopa-induced complication http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3466608/ :
Gegenhalten (involuntary variable resistance during passive movement) :
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Gegenhalten
Involuntary variable resistance during passive movement
The following references are relevant:-
Bahram et al (2009) Exercise therapy, quality of life, and activities of daily living in patients with Parkinson disease: a small scale quasi-randomised trial
Franzen et al (2009) Reduced Performance in Balance, Walking and Turning Tasks is Associated with Increased Neck Tone in Parkinson's Disease
Xia et al (2011) Differentiation between the contributions of shortening reaction and stretch-induced inhibition to rigidity in Parkinson’s disease
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Gegenhalten.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
Pubmed (abstracts)
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References
↑ Yousefi, Bahram; Tadibi Valud; Khoei, Ali Fathollahzadeh and Montazen, Ali (2009) Full Text Trials 2009 10 67 Exercise therapy, quality of life, and activities of daily living in patients with Parkinson disease: a small scale quasi-randomised trial < http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2736167/
↑ Franzen, Erika; Paquette, Caroline; Gurfunkel, Victor S.; Cordo, Paul J.; Nutt, John G. and Horak, Fay B. (2009) Full Text Exp. Neurol. 218 (2) 430 – 438 Reduced Performance in Balance, Walking and Turning Tasks is Associated with Increased Neck Tone in Parkinson's Disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2775914/
↑ Xia, Ruiping; Powell, Douglas ; Rymer, W. Zev ; Hanson, Nicholas; Fang, Xiang and Joseph A. 2011 Full Text Exp. Brain Res. 209 (4) 609 – 618 Differentiation between the contributions of shortening reaction and stretch-induced inhibition to rigidity in Parkinson’s disease http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3142787/ :
Glabellar tap (tapping just above the nose) :
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Glabellar tap
Tapping just above the nose
(which can initiate involuntary blinking in PD)
The following references are relevant:-
Klawans Jr. and Goodwin (1969) Reversal of the glabellar reflex in Parkinsonism by L-dopa.
Penders and Delwaide (1971) Blink reflex studies in patients with Parkinsonism before and during therapy
Brodsky et al (2004) Glabellar and palmomental reflexes in Parkinsonian disorders.
Further Research
Search the scientific literature
Literature search:
Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Glabellar tap.
This will list the latest papers on this topic. You are invited to update this page to reflect such recent results, pointing out their significance.
tap Pubmed (abstracts)
tap Pubmed_Central (Full_Text)
tap Google_Scholar
References
↑ Klawans Jr., H.L. and Goodwin, J.A, font color="maroon">(1969) Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 32 (5) 423 – 427 Reversal of the glabellar reflex in Parkinsonism by L-dopa. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC496552/
↑ Pemders, C.A. and Delwaide, P.J. font color="maroon">(1972) Full Text J. Neurol. Neurosur.g Psychiatry. 34 (6) 674 – 678. Blink reflex studies in patients with Parkinsonism before and during therapy http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1083500/
↑ Brodsky, H.; Dat Vuong, K.; Thomas, M. and Jankovic. J. font color="maroon">(2004) Abstract Neurology. 63 (6) 1096 - 1098. Glabellar and palmomental reflexes in Parkinsonian disorders. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15452308 :
< Back to Parkinson's Symptoms
Links to the symptoms of Parkinson's in alphabetical order:
| A | B | C | D | E |
| F - G | H | I - L | M - N | O |
| P - Q | R | S | T | U - Z |
(Click to go to table for editing)