OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Controversies in Science/Water fluoridation/A Critique of The Association Between Community Water Fluoridation and Adult Tooth Loss

(Review Paper) Cited in Controversies in Science/Water fluoridation/A Critique of The Association Between Community Water Fluoridation and Adult Tooth Loss

### Overtime exposure to fluoride has shown to increase chances of adult tooth loss

Across the United States since the 1960's, surveys were conducted country and state wide based on fluoride in the water systems. It has been determined that exposure to fluoride has increased adult tooth loss.

### Methods

In 1990 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) were provided with information from each state, of the active water systems. This informaion included the date the fluoridation period was started and if the water naturally had flouride or if it the chemical was manually added.This information was recorded along with the number of indidviduals that were being exposed to this water.

### Results

It was discovered that nearly 60% of the individuals that responded to the community water fluoridation(CWF)had no tooth loss whereas fewer than 2% of the individuals that responded to the CWF lost all their teeth. This was mainly due to the fact that the average levels of CWF when the test was taken and 20years back from when the test was taken were higher for those with higher tooth loss but levels of CWF at birth were lower
# Digital Media Concepts/Finnian MacManus
### Finnian MacManus

Finnian MacManus is a Chicago-born, California-based concept artist working for the film and gaming industries. He is a self-taught 2D and 3D designer who uses Z-brus, Photoshop, Cinema 4D, and Vue to express his ideas within the sci-fi and fantasy environments. He has created industry-quality pieces for big company names from the ground up. MacManus' work have been exhibited several times as well as awarded for his work.

## Education
#### Francis W. Parker School (2006-2012)

Finnian MacManus did his school years, prior to college, at Francis W. Parker School. Francis W. Parker is an independent school located in Chicago, Illinois. MacManus attended Francis W. Parker from kindergarten to senior year of high school. According to MacManus, this school was a pretty creative school out of your ordinary schools.

#### Art Center College of Design (2012-2015)

Finnian MacManus did 3 years at Art Center College of Design. In here, he earned his degree in "Entertainment Design". Within this college, they helped him become prepared for career opportunities as artists with companies Pixar, Sony and Disney to name a few.

## Personal Life

MacManus' dad was originally a painter whom then went to being an architect to finally being a landscape designer. His mom, as a journalist, is very involved in the art community. He has a lot of family living in Ireland, which is where most of the artists in his family come from.

#### Early Life

At the age of 8, Finnian would draw 2D space ideas, hence him being interested in visualizing sci-fi ideas at a very young.Once he got Photoshop, he became hooked on the creation of abstract images At the time, he still tried to do sci-fi themed art but still hadn't become a full on expect to do work like that. Instead of starting in signatures, as most forum-goers do, he started with large art because he had no idea what a forum was. It took him a month and half later to meet his first real graphics forum, setting him to the road of improvement. His inspirations come from shapes and fellow artits. He can usually visualize a nice scene to go along with any type of geometric shape. The most inspiring artist to him is Steve Burg; who is a concept artist who got him interested in developing 3D sci-fi scenes.

## Career

Finnian MacManus has had the opportunity to work with big names such as: EA Games, Sony Playstation, Industrial Light And Magic, Lucasfilm, Volta, Brownbag Films, Easley Dunne Games, and HēLō. At the moment he is currently working as a junior concept artist at Industrial Light & Magic in San Francisco, CA.

#### Exhibition

Finnian MacManus has had his art exhibited several times in international online art collectives, in websites such as , Cosmosys, Heartsurge, The Luminarium, Intrinsic Nature, and Depth Core.

#### Awards

MacManus won Artist of the Month back in January 2015.
# Digital Media Concepts/Fixed Gear Bikes
## Introduction

Fixed gear bikes have been around for decades. It has become an easy way of transport for riders in the city for their daily commute. Fixed gear bikes are stripped to the bare mechanism of steering, pedaling, and rolling while still maintaining a sense of simplicity and elegance as riders weave in and out of traffic on them. As they become increasingly popular, more and more people are discovering the joy they receive from riding fixed gear.

## History

Some of the first bikes ever created were fixed geared. This was before the invention of the derailleur which allowed for people to switch gears when riding. Single-speed were the only bikes available back then so they naturally became very popular in the sporting world. Bike racing became super popular and attracted huge crowds and turned bike racers in to stars. In fact, bike racers back in those days could earn almost $150,000 per year. One of the best known events in the sport of track racing was the hour record where world riders would pit themselves against the clock in an attempt to ride as far as they possibly could in an hour. Some of the greats of the sport have held the hour record, including Francesco Moser, Eddy Merckx and Miguel Indurain.

## How it Works

Fixed geared bikes work by the having the cog directly attached to the rear hub which means that coasting isn't an option. When you pedal forward you go forward, when you pedal backwards you go backwards. This can as be used a style of braking, simply by resisting the pedals, riders are able to slow down. Riders say this makes them feel more connected with the bike. > Despite being stripped down to the bare minimum parts, fixies still remain incredibly popular to this day.
# Ejump/Designers

Designers of the Ejump course:
Satu Nurmela
* Email: satu.nurmela[at]utu.fi
* Telephone: +358 40 531 8079
* Second Life: Satu Constantine.
* Facebook: Satu Nurmela
* Blogs: http://satun.edublogs.org/
Sue Harrison
* Email: S.Harrison[at]uel.ac.uk
* Skype ID: sue.harrison.uel
Margarida Amaral
* Email mamaral[at]reit.up.pt
Alfredo Soeiro
* Email: soeiro.alfredo[at]gmail.com
Iskra Popova
* Email: iskpop[at]dsv.su.se
* Skype ID: iskrapopova
* Telephone: +46 8 16 16 06 (office) and +46 70 263 0345 (mobile)
Mauri Kantola
* Email: mauri.kantola[at]turkuamk.fi
* Telephone & Text Messages: +358 50 385 4139
* Facebook: Mauri Kantola
* Second Life: Tutor Avatar Maka Inglewood
* You can find Maka Inglewood also in Facebook and hopefully you will connect your avatar into the Facebook and to Maka Inglewood as well.
* The Second Life address of edufinland: http://slurl.com/secondlife/EduFinland/110/184/25
* Blog:The Blog of Maka Inglewood in the Blogger
Johanna Aaltonen
* Finnish translation and localisation
# Ejump/Orientation/Further Links and Useful Resources

Delicious will grow all the time with links of course participants.
# Ejump/Orientation/Outcomes-based approach to the assessment of learning

An outcomes-based approach to the assessment of learning
David Baume did the orientation lecture with the title "An outcomes-based approach to the assessment of learning"20.1.2009. The session was an interactive one and you can see the File:Assessment of learning V3.pdfslides here http://beta.wikiversity.org/wiki/File:Assessment_of_learning_V3.pdf. Aim of this orientation was to give up-to-date information where are we at the moment in assessment and what are our future challenges in the near future. Continue working with questions of last slide.
# Ejump/Action Research/Action Research Planning
## Action Researc Planning

This submodule is structured around the process of action research planning. Action research is an educational research focused primarily twards improvment of certain aspect of teaching practice. The Extended Study Guide contains all the the details about this submodule.
The planning will involve identification of the key developmental goals and research questions, research methodology and methods, addressing of research ethics, review of relevant literature and an activity plan. This process is supported through the use of the Action Research 2.0 Project Planning form (a template for writing the Action Research Planning Form).
Students in the nam (New Methods of Assessment) course are expected to work with problems related to assessment process.
The work is supposed to be accompanied by a number of moments when participants share their ideas and provide peer feedback to others in their social networking community.
Each participant should have support of a local supervisor organised by the local institution to provide one to one tuition and support.
# Ejump/Action Research/Action Research Planning Form

Title:
Overall aim:
Key words:
Key developmental goals of the project: (3-5 ideally)
Key research questions of the study: (3-5 ideally)
Research methodology and methods: (outline of approach to research and main methods with reference to key literature)
Research ethics: (Include a short statement outlining potential ethical issues that you may face and in particular how you will ensure informed consent, anonymity, confidentiality, beneficence i.e. positive good and non-malfeasance i.e. no harm).
Review of relevant literature (~1500 words plus list of references)
Activity plan: (a programme of work with particular tasks to be done)
Back
# Ejump/Action Research/Students' work

Action Research Planning Form
Kati Vilonen
Vicente Novegil
Action Research Final Report
T be finished soon! (Waiting for concent from the authors)
Back
# Bertolotti's syndrome/Urolithiasis

higher rates with lumbosacral transitional vertebrae
# Bertolotti's syndrome/Spondylolisthesis

presence of lumbosacral transitional vertebra affects spondylolisthesis
# Bertolotti's syndrome/Surgical treatments

minimally invasive surgery
# Beyond Theism/Transcending Dogma

“They can’t all be right,” I thought to myself as the engineers took their seats around the conference table, “but they can’t all be wrong.” Although we were gathering for a technical discussion, my thoughts drifted to consider the variety of faiths represented by this group of bright young engineers. Protestant, Catholic, Jewish, Hindu, Buddhist, and Muslim believers were sitting peacefully around the table in my office. We worked closely together everyday.
They can’t all be right because the dogma preached by their various faiths is inherently incompatible. When we try to agree who was the true Prophet, who died for our sins, when and how best to pray, what we can and cannot eat, how the world was created, the origin of the species, and what precisely happens in the afterlife, the debate quickly becomes polarized and contentious.
But they can’t all be wrong either. We all seek answers to profound questions and unsolved mysteries that have intrigued humans throughout the ages. We want wise guidance for living better lives. We want our lives to be meaningful. We want a powerful, trusted, and omniscient companion who is always there for us and knows what is best. We want someone we can confide in, dialogue with, and appeal to for answers, decisions, hope, comfort, and consolation. We want to love and be loved. We want the world we live in to become a better place and we dream of the ultimate paradise. We each have an innate sense of good and evil that becomes more real if it can be symbolized and manifest as specific rules and images. We tend to see the world from an intentional stance; when something happens, it seems intentional, and someone must be doing the intending.
Destructive religious conflicts persist because religious beliefs can’t all be right, despite the most righteous insistence, longstanding traditions, arbitrary defenses, and obsessive need to be right. And because they can’t all be wrong we have a wonderful opportunity for sharing a constructive spirituality.
Give it up and let it go so we can all move forward.
# Beta decay

Beta decay is a type of radioactive decay involving the "weak force" and the transmutation of nucleons (ultimately, the transmutation of quarks) inside an atomic nucleus. It is one of three major types of radioactivity (the other two being alpha decay and gamma decay), and the only one that involves the transmutation of a subatomic particle. The most common radioactive decay involving the weak interaction is the transmutation of a neutron into a proton, with emission of an electron and an antineutrino.
Before the structure of the nucleus was understood, this emission of negative particles was observed, and they were called "beta particles" or "beta rays". The beta particles were later determined to be just electrons. At this time, it was believed that the electrons resided in the nucleus all along, and somehow escaped. That is, it was believed that, for example, Potassium-40 had 40 protons and 21 electrons in its nucleus, in addition to the 19 electrons circling outside of the nucleus. This gave it a net positive nuclear charge of 19. When it underwent beta decay, one of the nuclear electrons escaped, resulting in a Calcium-40 nucleus with 40 protons and 20 electrons, and a net positive nuclear charge of 20. We now know that Potassium-40 has 19 protons and 21 neutrons. When it undergoes beta decay, one of the neutrons turns into a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino. The resulting Calcium-40 nucleus has 20 protons and 20 neutrons. Since the neutron and proton have nearly equal mass, and the mass of the electron is negligible in comparison, either model was consistent with observed nuclear charges and atomic weights. It took the development of quantum mechanics, and the discovery of the neutron, to realize that the former model was incorrect.
Under the quark model, the transmutation of a neutron into a proton is actually a transmutation of one of its constituent quarks. The neutron consists of an "up" quark and two "down" quarks. The proton consists of two "up" quarks and one "down" quark. The "up" quark has an electric charge of +2/3, while the "down" quark has a charge of -1/3. During beta decay, one of the "down" quarks turns into a "up" quark, with the extremely short-lived "weak boson" W- carrying off the charge difference of -1. That boson quickly decays into an electron and an antineutrino.
There are other, much rarer, radioactive decays involving the weak interaction. One is the "beta-plus" decay, in which a proton turns into a neutron, emitting a positron (antielectron) and an electron neutrino. This action, by itself, is forbidden by conservation of energy, so it can only occur in nuclei that have unusual energy configurations. Another is the "electron capture" event, in which a proton captures one of the electrons circling the nucleus, turns into a neutron, and emits an electron neutrino. While this is not energetically unbalanced, it requires that an electron get very close to the nucleus, which is extremely rare under the rules of quantum mechanics.
# English-Chinese/Most cows are Holsteins

About 90% of the dairy cows in the United States and 85% in Great Britain are Holsteins.
美国 大约 90％ 的 奶牛 和 英国 的 85％ 的 奶牛 都是 Holstein 奶牛。
# English-Chinese/Momentum

In basic physics momentum is the product of the mass and velocity of an object. Momentum can be thought of as the "power" when an object is moving, meaning how much force it can have on another object.
在 基本物理中，动量 是 物体 质量 和 速度的 乘积。当 物体 移动时，动量 可以 被认为 是 “力量”，意味着 它 可以 对 另一个 物体 施加 多大的 力。
# English-Chinese/Most cardiovascular disease affects older adults

Most cardiovascular disease affects older adults. In the United States 11% of people between 20 and 40 have CVD, while 37% between 40 and 60, 71% of people between 60 and 80, and 85% of people over 80 have CVD.
大多数心血管疾病影响老年人。 在美国，20％至40岁的人中有11％患有心血管疾病，40％至60岁之间有37％，60至80岁之间有71％，80岁以上人群中有85％患有心血管疾病。
# English-Chinese/Most cases of diabetes are mild and are not considered medical emergencies

Most cases of diabetes are mild and are not considered medical emergencies.
大多数糖尿病病例是轻微的，不被视为医疗紧急情况。
# English-Chinese/Most of the Arctic is the Arctic Ocean

Most of the Arctic is the Arctic Ocean. It has many islands distributed throughout North America, Europe and Asia. Some islands are inhabited; other islands are completely covered by snow and ice and therefore cannot be inhabited.
大部分北极是北冰洋。 它有许多分布在北美，欧洲和亚洲的岛屿。 有些岛屿有人居住; 其他岛屿完全被冰雪覆盖，因此无法居住。
# English-Chinese/More than half the people in the United States had cataracts by the age of 80

More than half the people in the United States had cataracts by the age of 80.
美国80岁以上的人超过一半患有白内障。
# English-Chinese/Most of the beliefs of Jehovah's Witnesses are based upon their interpretation of the Bible

Most of the beliefs of Jehovah's Witnesses are based upon their interpretation of the Bible.
耶和华见证人的大部分信仰都是基于他们对圣经的解释。
# English-Chinese/Most of the social sciences require doing a lot of research

Most of the social sciences require doing a lot of research, such as making surveys. Such research is called "social research".
大多数社会科学都需要做大量的研究，例如进行调查。 这种研究被称为“社会研究”。
# English-Chinese/Mosaic

Mosaic is the art of decorating a surface with pictures and patterns made of little pieces of stone, glass or tiles of different colours. Mosaics can be used indoors on walls, floors and ceilings. Mosaics are sometimes used outdoors on pavements.
Mosaic 是 用 小块 石头，玻璃 或 不同 颜色的 瓷砖 制成的 图画 和 图案 装饰 表面的 艺术。Mosaic 可以 在 室内 墙壁，地板 和 天花板上 使用。Mosaic 有时 在 户外 用于 人行道。
# English-Chinese/Most doctors believe that blood pressure is too low only after symptoms appeared

Most doctors believe that blood pressure is too low only after symptoms appeared.
大多数医生认为只有出现症状后才是血压过低。
# Blender/In Class 2

Lecture:
So far the models assigned have should have been simple. Now that you know about the specials, and have looked up, or figured out basic modifiers like "mirror" the work will begin to get more complex. It would still be possible to do the work requiring more detail without these tools, but the time it would take would be much longer.
Assignment:
Choose something with a fair amount of detail, that you can find side, front, top, etc... views for; and model that in Blender. (car, tree, etc...) Don't spend too much time on the details, it should not take more than an 30 minutes.
# Blender/Week 1

Overview
This week will focus on the basics of 3d modelling. We'll start with an overview on 3D modelling, its history, the many ways in which it is used, and how Blender fits into the mix. We'll then become familiar with the Blender 3D: Noob to Pro documentation and some other helpful resources. This first week will involve a lot of reading and you may become anxious to just jump right into using the software, this is highly encouraged. As daunting as the interface may seem at first, it quickly becomes intuitive and efficient. The only way to really get the hang of it is to use it. Once we have covered the interface we'll move on to having some fun creating things.
Goals:
* Become Familiar with 3D coordinates
* Gain a basic understanding of the Blender interface
* Learn how to undo changes
* Start to experiment
* Attempt to memorize as many keyboard shortcuts as possible
In Class
Reading:
Articles
Cartesian coordinate system
3D Modelling
3D Projection
Normal (geometry)
Polygon Mesh
Shading
Tips
* Save your work often! You never know when Blender or your computer may crash. Blender has autosave and recover last session features however it should not be relied upon. (Ctrl + S to save)
* You can often undo mistakes, but not always (Ctrl + Z)
* You can click the plus sign next to the filename when saving and it will append a number to it so that you can save multiple revisions.
Resources
Tasks
* Create a new workspace and customize the interface to your liking
* Practice using the interface
* Create a scene (Ctrl+N) and add every shape available (Shift + A), customize the shapes in the editing panel(T) as you add them
* Move the shapes into different positions in the scene using the snap to axis shortcuts(G to grab, x, y, z, to constrain to axis)
* Switch into edit mode (Tab) and modify the position of the vertices of the objects
* Render the scene and save the image
Homework:
Create a model of your own room (1 light, 1 camera, no materials, just models)
Requirements:
* Each object has it's own name (desk, trashcan, etc...)
* At least 5 objects.
(grade based heavily on effort.)
# Blender/Week 3

Goals:
* Start to learn about materials and textures
* Learn more about modifiers
* Create increasingly complex models
Reading
# Blender/Week 4

Goals:
Reading
# Block matrix/Diagonal/Eigenvalues/Exercise

Let $M$ be a square matrix, which can be written as a block matrix
    $M={\begin{pmatrix}A&0\\0&B\end{pmatrix}}\,$
with square matrices $A$ and $B$. Show that a number $\lambda \in K$ is an eigenvalue of $M$ if and only if $\lambda$ is an eigenvalue of $A$ or of $B$.
# Blender/Week 5
## Learning Tasks

* (3D Modelling) Explore the digital tools for creating virtual reality in the learning resource about 3D Modelling.
* (3D Objects) A virtual world consist of 3D objects that are placed in the virtual world. A forest that consists of only one type of tree (all trees look the same), provide not a realistic user experience (UX) of the virtual world. Explore concepts of randomizations of objects and surfaces e.g. in Blender.
** (Random Colors) Youtube Video Blender applied on random leaf color or create the [visualisation of a large forest]
** (Random Size and Location) Blender Tutorial: Cut Random Size And Positioned Circular Holes In A Sphere
* (Blender 3D Models in Aframe) Explore the posibility to export 3D models in blender into a web based 3D world that can be explored with VR headset (see AFrame Blender Project, AFrame and The Hall Aframe).
* (Blender Object on a Marker) Explore the concept of AR.js and create a Blender 3D model that appears on a marker with AR.js.