# Pole star project/Red dwarfs

With respect to the color 'red', there are studies of the redness of objects such as the red dwarf AZ Cancri shown in the visual image at right. Cool stars of spectral class M appear red; they are (depending on their size) referred to as "red giants" or "red dwarfs".
A red dwarf is a small and relatively cool star on the main sequence, either late K or M spectral type. Red dwarfs are by far the most common type of star in the Galaxy, at least in the neighborhood of the Sun. Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to the Sun, is a red dwarf. Due to their low luminosity, individual red dwarfs cannot easily be observed. From Earth, none are visible to the naked eye.

## Dwarf stars

"Ideally all intrinsic colours should be found from unreddened stars. This is possible for dwarf and giant stars later than about A0 (Johnson, 1964) ... However, it cannot be used for stars of other spectral classes since they are all relatively infrequent in space, and generally reddened."

## Red wavelengths

A very important wavelength in this region is the Balmer alpha line, 656.28 nm. It is emitted or absorbed by hydrogen atoms when electrons move between the second and third electron shells. Other Balmer lines, known as beta, gamma and delta, have wavelengths of 486.13, 434.05 and 410.17 nm respectively; these are also in the visual range but are less important than the alpha line.

## M class stars

Typical characteristics :
| Stellar Class | Mass (M$_ʘ$) | Radius (R$_ʘ$) | Luminosity (L$_ʘ$) | T$_{eff}$ (K) |
| M0V | 60% | 62% | 7.2% | 3,800 |
| M1V | 49% | 49% | 3.5% | 3,600 |
| M2V | 44% | 44% | 2.3% | 3,400 |
| M3V | 36% | 39% | 1.5% | 3,250 |
| M4V | 20% | 26% | 0.55% | 3,100 |
| M5V | 14% | 20% | 0.22% | 2,800 |
| M6V | 10% | 15% | 0.09% | 2,600 |
| M7V | 9% | 12% | 0.05% | 2,500 |
| M8V | 8% | 11% | 0.03% | 2,400 |
| M9V | 7.5% | 8% | 0.015% | 2,300 |

## Exoplanets

"[O]ut [of] a sample of 3,897 red dwarfs ... the Kepler Space Telescope has identified 95 exoplanet candidates circling them. Three of these candidates are roughly Earth-size and orbit within their stars' "Goldilocks zone," where liquid water (and possibly life as we know it) can exist."

## Proxima Centauri

Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to the Sun, is a red dwarf, as are fifty of the sixty nearest stars.

## Coolest and smallest red dwarfs near the Sun

The coolest red dwarfs near the Sun have a surface temperature of ~2,000 K and the smallest have radii of ~9% that of the Sun, with masses about ~7.5% that of the Sun. These red dwarfs have spectral classes of L0 to L2. There is some overlap with the properties of brown dwarfs, since the most massive brown dwarfs at lower metallicity can be as hot as 3,600 K and have late M spectral types.

## Known star systems

The classes of the stars and brown dwarfs are shown in the color of their spectral types (these colors are derived from conventional names for the spectral types and do not represent the star's observed color). Many brown dwarfs are not listed by visual magnitude but are listed by near-infrared J band apparent magnitude due to how dim (and often invisible) they are in visible color bands (U, B or V). Absolute magnitude (with electromagnetic wave, 'light' band denoted in subscript) is a measurement at a 10-parsec distance across imaginary empty space devoid of all its sparse dust and gas. Some of the parallaxes and resultant distances are rough measurements.
Key :
| # | Visible to the unaided eye |
| § | Brown dwarf or Sub-brown dwarf |
| ‡ | White dwarf |
Known star systems within 5.0 parsecs (16.3 light-years) :
| Designation | Designation | Distance (light-years margin of error (±err)) | Stellar class | Mass | Magnitude (m$_V$ or m$_J$) | Magnitude (m$_V$ or m$_J$) | Epoch J2000.0 | Epoch J2000.0 | Stellar parallax (milliarcsecond (mas) margin of error (±err)) | additional references |
| Stellar system | Star or (sub-) brown dwarf | Distance (light-years margin of error (±err)) | Stellar class | M$_☉$ | Apparent magnitude | Absolute magnitude | Right ascension | Declination | Stellar parallax (milliarcsecond (mas) margin of error (±err)) | additional references |
| Solar System | Sun (Sol) | 0.0000158 | G-type main-sequence star (G2V) | 1 | −26.74# | 4.85 | N/A | N/A | N/A | eight known planets |
| Alpha Centauri | Proxima Centauri (V645 Centauri) | 4.2441 ± 0.0011 | red dwarf M5.5Ve | 0.122 | 11.09 | 15.53 | 14$^h$ 29$^m$ 43.0$^s$ | −62° 40′ 46″ | 768.50 ± 0.20 | flare star, two confirmed planets (Proxima b, 2016, and Proxima Centauri c, 2019) and unconfirmed evidence for a third, sub-Earth sized, planet (d, 2020). |
| Alpha Centauri | α Centauri A (Rigil Kentaurus) | 4.3650 ± 0.0068}} | G-type main-sequence star (G2V) | 1.100 | 0.01# | 4.38 | 14$^h$ 39$^m$ 36.5$^s$ | −60° 50′ 02″ | 747.23 ± 1.17 | one directly-imaged habitable-zone planet candidate (Candidate 1) (2021) |
| Alpha Centauri | α Centauri B (Toliman) | 4.3650 ± 0.0068}} | K-type main-sequence star (K1V) | 0.907 | 1.34# | 5.71 | 14$^h$ 39$^m$ 35.1$^s$ | −60° 50′ 14″ | 747.23 ± 1.17 | one suspected planet (Alpha Centauri Bc) (2013) (planet Alpha Centauri Bb refuted in 2015) |
| Barnard's Star (BD+04°3561a) | Barnard's Star (BD+04°3561a) | 5.9577 ± 0.0032 | red dwarf M4.0Ve | 0.144 | 9.53 | 13.22 | 17$^h$ 57$^m$ 48.5$^s$ | +04° 41′ 36″ | 547.45 ± 0.29 | flare star, largest-known proper motion, one disputed planet (Barnard's Star b) |
| Luhman 16 (WISE 1049−5319)§ | Luhman 16A§ | 6.5029 ± 0.0011 | Brown dwarf Spectral class L (L8±1) | 0.032 | 10.7 J | 14.2 J | 10$^h$ 49$^m$ 15.57$^s$ | −53° 19′ 06″ | 501.557 ± 0.082 | one refuted planet (Ab in 2017) |
| Luhman 16 (WISE 1049−5319)§ | Luhman 16B§ | 6.5029 ± 0.0011 | Brown dwarf Spectral class T (T1±2) | 0.027 | | | 10$^h$ 49$^m$ 15.57$^s$ | −53° 19′ 06″ | 501.557 ± 0.082 | one refuted planet (Ab in 2017) |
| WISE 0855−0714 § | WISE 0855−0714 § | 7.43 ± 0.04 | Brown dwarf Spectral class Y (Y4) | 0.003-0.010 | 25.0 J | | 08$^h$ 55$^m$ 10.83$^s$ | -07° 14′ 42.5″ | 439.0 ± 2.4 | sub-brown dwarf |
| Wolf 359 (CN Leonis) | Wolf 359 (CN Leonis) | 7.856 ± 0.031 | red dwarf M6.0V | 0.090 | 13.44 | 16.55 | 10$^h$ 56$^m$ 29.2$^s$ | +07° 00′ 53″ | 415.16 ± 1.62 | flare star, has 2 known planets |
| Lalande 21185 (BD+36°2147) | Lalande 21185 (BD+36°2147) | 8.307 ± 0.014 | red dwarf M2.0V | 0.390 | 7.47 | 10.44 | 11$^h$ 03$^m$ 20.2$^s$ | +35° 58′ 12″ | 392.64 ± 0.67 | two known planets (2019)(2021) |
| Sirius (α Canis Majoris) | Sirius A | 8.659 ± 0.010}} | A-type main-sequence A1V | 2.063 | −1.46# | 1.42 | 06$^h$ 45$^m$ 08.9$^s$ | −16° 42′ 58″ | 376.68 ± 0.45 | brightest star in the night sky |
| Sirius (α Canis Majoris) | Sirius B‡ | 8.659 ± 0.010}} | White dwarf DA2 | 1.018 | 8.44 | 11.34 | 06$^h$ 45$^m$ 08.9$^s$ | −16° 42′ 58″ | 376.68 ± 0.45 | brightest star in the night sky |
| Luyten 726-8 | Luyten 726-8 A (BL Ceti) | 8.791 ± 0.012 | red dwarf M5.5Ve | 0.102 | 12.54 | 15.40 | 01$^h$ 39$^m$ 01.3$^s$ | −17° 57′ 01″ | 371.0 ± 0.5 | flare star (Archetypal member) |
| Luyten 726-8 | Luyten 726-8 B (UV Ceti) | 8.791 ± 0.012 | red dwarf M6.0Ve | 0.100 | 12.99 | 15.85 | 01$^h$ 39$^m$ 01.3$^s$ | −17° 57′ 01″ | 371.0 ± 0.5 | flare star (Archetypal member) |
| Ross 154 (V1216 Sagittarii) | Ross 154 (V1216 Sagittarii) | 9.7035 ± 0.0019 | red dwarf M3.5Ve | 0.17 | 10.43 | 13.07 | 18$^h$ 49$^m$ 49.4$^s$ | −23° 50′ 10″ | 336.123 ± 0.064 | flare star |
| Ross 248 (HH Andromedae) | Ross 248 (HH Andromedae) | 10.2903 ± 0.0041 | red dwarf M5.5Ve | 0.136 | 12.29 | 14.79 | 23$^h$ 41$^m$ 54.7$^s$ | +44° 10′ 30″ | 316.96 ± 0.13 | flare star |
| Epsilon Eridani (Ran) | Epsilon Eridani (Ran) | 10.446 ± 0.016 | K-type main-sequence star (K2V) | 0.820 | 3.73# | 6.19 | 03$^h$ 32$^m$ 55.8$^s$ | −09° 27′ 30″ | 312.22 ± 0.47 | three circumstellar disks, two suspected planets (Epsilon Eridani b (AEgir) (debated) and Epsilon Eridani c) (2000 & 2002) |
| Lacaille 9352 (Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars, Gliese 887) | Lacaille 9352 (Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars, Gliese 887) | 10.7211 ± 0.0016 | red dwarf M0.5V | 0.486 | 7.34 | 9.75 | 23$^h$ 05$^m$ 52.0$^s$ | −35° 51′ 11″ | 304.219 ± 0.045 | two planets, b and c, with equivocal evidence for a third in the habitable zone (2020) |
| Ross 128 (FI Virginis) | Ross 128 (FI Virginis) | 11.0074 ± 0.0026 | red dwarf M4.0Vn | 0.168 | 11.13 | 13.51 | 11$^h$ 47$^m$ 44.4$^s$ | +00° 48′ 16″ | 296.307 ± 0.070}} | flare star, one planet (Ross 128 b) (2017) |
| EZ Aquarii (Gliese 866, Luyten 789-6) | EZ Aquarii A | 11.109 ± 0.034 | red dwarf M5.0Ve | 0.11 | 13.33 | 15.64 | 22$^h$ 38$^m$ 33.4$^s$ | −15° 17′ 57″ | 293.60 ± 0.9 | A & B flare stars |
| EZ Aquarii (Gliese 866, Luyten 789-6) | EZ Aquarii B | 11.109 ± 0.034 | red dwarf M? | 0.11 | 13.27 | 15.58 | 22$^h$ 38$^m$ 33.4$^s$ | −15° 17′ 57″ | 293.60 ± 0.9 | A & B flare stars |
| EZ Aquarii (Gliese 866, Luyten 789-6) | EZ Aquarii C | 11.109 ± 0.034 | red dwarf M? | 0.10 | 14.03 | 16.34 | 22$^h$ 38$^m$ 33.4$^s$ | −15° 17′ 57″ | 293.60 ± 0.9 | A & B flare stars |
| 61 Cygni | 61 Cygni A (BD+38°4343) | 11.4008 ± 0.0012 | K-type main-sequence star (K5.0V) | 0.70 | 5.21# | 7.49 | 21$^h$ 06$^m$ 53.9$^s$ | +38° 44′ 58″ | 286.08 ± 0.03 | B flare star and brightest red dwarf in night sky, first star (besides Sun) to have measured distance possible circumstellar disk. |
| 61 Cygni | 61 Cygni B (BD+38°4344) | 11.4008 ± 0.0012 | K-type main-sequence star (K7.0V) | 0.63 | 6.03# | 8.31 | 21$^h$ 06$^m$ 55.3$^s$ | +38° 44′ 31″ | 286.08 ± 0.03 | B flare star and brightest red dwarf in night sky, first star (besides Sun) to have measured distance possible circumstellar disk. |
| Procyon (α Canis Minoris) | Procyon A | 11.402 ± 0.032 | F-type main-sequence star (F5IV–V) | 1.499 | 0.38# | 2.66 | 07$^h$ 39$^m$ 18.1$^s$ | +05° 13′ 30″ | 286.05 ± 0.81 | |
| Procyon (α Canis Minoris) | Procyon B‡ | 11.402 ± 0.032 | White dwarf (DQZ) | 0.602 | 10.70 | 12.98 | 07$^h$ 39$^m$ 18.1$^s$ | +05° 13′ 30″ | 286.05 ± 0.81 | |
| Struve 2398 (Gliese 725, BD+59°1915) | Struve 2398 A (HD 173739) | 11.4880 ± 0.0012 | red dwarf M3.0V | 0.334 | 8.90 | 11.16 | 18$^h$ 42$^m$ 46.7$^s$ | +59° 37′ 49″ | 283.91 ± 0.03 | flare stars, star B has 2 known planets |
| Struve 2398 (Gliese 725, BD+59°1915) | Struve 2398 B (HD 173740) | 11.4880 ± 0.0012 | red dwarf M3.5V | 0.248 | 9.69 | 11.95 | 18$^h$ 42$^m$ 46.9$^s$ | +59° 37′ 37″ | 283.91 ± 0.03 | flare stars, star B has 2 known planets |
| Groombridge 34 (Gliese 15) | Groombridge 34 A (GX Andromedae) | 11.6182 ± 0.0008 | red dwarf M1.5V | 0.38 | 8.08 | 10.32 | 00$^h$ 18$^m$ 22.9$^s$ | +44° 01′ 23″ | 280.73 ± 0.02 | flare star, two suspected planets (Gliese 15 Ac, 2017) and Gliese 15 Ab, 2014) |
| Groombridge 34 (Gliese 15) | Groombridge 34 B (GQ Andromedae) | 11.6182 ± 0.0008 | red dwarf M3.5V | 0.15 | 11.06 | 13.30 | 00$^h$ 18$^m$ 22.9$^s$ | +44° 01′ 23″ | 280.73 ± 0.02 | flare star |
| DX Cancri (G 51-15) | DX Cancri (G 51-15) | 11.6780 ± 0.0056 | red dwarf M6.5Ve | 0.09 | 14.78 | 16.98 | 08$^h$ 29$^m$ 49.5$^s$ | +26° 46′ 37″ | 279.29 ± 0.13 | flare star |
| Tau Ceti (BD−16°295) | Tau Ceti (BD−16°295) | 11.753 ± 0.022 | G-type main-sequence star G8.5Vp | 0.783 | 3.49# | 5.68 | 01$^h$ 44$^m$ 04.1$^s$ | −15° 56′ 15″ | 277.52 ± 0.52 | one debris disk four confirmed planets (Tau Ceti e), Tau Ceti f, g, and h) (2012, 2017), four candidate planets (b, c, d, and "i") (2012, 2019), and 1 predicted planet (2020). |
| Epsilon Indi (CPD−57°10015) | Epsilon Indi A | 11.869 ± 0.011 | K-type main-sequence star K5Ve | 0.754 | 4.69# | 6.89 | 22$^h$ 03$^m$ 21.7$^s$ | −56° 47′ 10″ | 274.80 ± 0.25 | one planet (Ab) (2018) |
| Epsilon Indi (CPD−57°10015) | Epsilon Indi Ba§ | 11.869 ± 0.011 | Brown dwarf Spectral class T T1.0V | 0.065 | 12.3 J | | 22$^h$ 04$^m$ 10.5$^s$ | −56° 46′ 58″ | 274.80 ± 0.25 | |
| Epsilon Indi (CPD−57°10015) | Epsilon Indi Bb§ | 11.869 ± 0.011 | Brown dwarf Spectral class T T6.0V | 0.050 | 13.2 J | | 22$^h$ 04$^m$ 10.5$^s$ | −56° 46′ 58″ | 274.80 ± 0.25 | |
| Gliese 1061 (LHS 1565) | Gliese 1061 (LHS 1565) | 11.9803 ± 0.0029 | red dwarf M5.5V | 0.113 | 13.09 | 15.26 | 03$^h$ 35$^m$ 59.7$^s$ | −44° 30′ 45″ | 272.245 ± 0.066 | has 3 known planets (2019) |
| YZ Ceti (LHS 138) | YZ Ceti (LHS 138) | 12.1084 ± 0.0035 | red dwarf M4.5V | 0.130 | 12.02 | 14.17 | 01$^h$ 12$^m$ 30.6$^s$ | −16° 59′ 56″ | 269.363 ± 0.078 | flare star, three planets (b, c, and d) (2017), one suspected planet (e) |
| Luyten's Star (BD+05°1668) | Luyten's Star (BD+05°1668) | 12.199 ± 0.036 | red dwarf M3.5Vn | 0.26 | 9.86 | 11.97 | 07$^h$ 27$^m$ 24.5$^s$ | +05° 13′ 33″ | 267.36 ± 0.79 | two planets (Luyten b, c) (2017) and two suspected planets (d, e) (2019) |
| Teegarden's Star (SO025300.5+165258) | Teegarden's Star (SO025300.5+165258) | 12.496 ± 0.013 | red dwarf M6.5V | 0.08 | 15.14 | 17.22 | 02$^h$ 53$^m$ 00.9$^s$ | +16° 52′ 53″ | 261.01 ± 0.27 | tentative radial velocity variation (2010) has 2 known planets (2019) |
| Kapteyn's Star (CD−45°1841) | Kapteyn's Star (CD−45°1841) | 12.8294 ± 0.0013 | red dwarf M1.5 subdwarf Cool subdwarfs VI | 0.281 | 8.84 | 10.87 | 05$^h$ 11$^m$ 40.6$^s$ | −45° 01′ 06″ | 254.226 ± 0.026 | two disputed planets (b and c) (2014) |
| Lacaille 8760 (AX Microscopii) | Lacaille 8760 (AX Microscopii) | 12.9515 ± 0.0029 | red dwarf M0.0V | 0.60 | 6.67 | 8.69 | 21$^h$ 17$^m$ 15.3$^s$ | −38° 52′ 03″ | 251.829 ± 0.056 | brightest M dwarf star in night sky, flare star |
| SCR 1845-6357 | SCR 1845-6357 A | 13.050 ± 0.008 | red dwarf M8.5V | 0.07 | 17.39 | 19.41 | 18$^h$ 45$^m$ 05.3$^s$ | −63° 57′ 48″ | 249.91 ± 0.16 | |
| SCR 1845-6357 | SCR 1845-6357 B§ | 13.050 ± 0.008 | Brown dwarf Spectral class T|T6 | 0.03 | 13.3 J | | 18$^h$ 45$^m$ 02.6$^s$ | −63° 57′ 52″ | 249.91 ± 0.16 | |
| Kruger 60 (BD+56°2783) | Kruger 60 A | 13.0724 ± 0.0052 | red dwarf M3.0V | 0.271 | 9.79 | 11.76 | 22$^h$ 27$^m$ 59.5$^s$ | +57° 41′ 45″ | 249.5 ± 0.1 | B flare star |
| Kruger 60 (BD+56°2783) | Kruger 60 B (DO Cephei) | 13.0724 ± 0.0052 | red dwarf M4.0V | 0.176 | 11.41 | 13.38 | 22$^h$ 27$^m$ 59.5$^s$ | +57° 41′ 45″ | 249.5 ± 0.1 | B flare star |
| DEN 1048-3956|DEN 1048-3956§ | DEN 1048-3956|DEN 1048-3956§ | 13.1932 ± 0.0066 | red dwarf M8.5V | 0.08 | 17.39 | 19.37 | 10$^h$ 48$^m$ 14.7$^s$ | −39° 56′ 06″ | 247.22 ± 0.12 | |
| Ross 614 (V577 Monocerotis, Gliese 234) | Ross 614A (LHS 1849) | 13.424 ± 0.049 | red dwarf M4.5V | 0.223 | 11.15 | 13.09 | 06$^h$ 29$^m$ 23.4$^s$ | −02° 48′ 50″ | 242.97 ± 0.88 | A flare star |
| Ross 614 (V577 Monocerotis, Gliese 234) | Ross 614B (LHS 1850) | 13.424 ± 0.049 | red dwarf M5.5V | 0.111 | 14.23 | 16.17 | 06$^h$ 29$^m$ 23.4$^s$ | −02° 48′ 50″ | 242.97 ± 0.88 | A flare star |
| UGPS J0722-0540§ | UGPS J0722-0540§ | 13.43 ± 0.13 | brown dwarf Spectral class T|T9 | 0.010-0.025 | 16.52 J | | 07$^h$ 22$^m$ 27.3$^s$ | –05° 40′ 30″ | 242.8 ± 2.4 | |
| Wolf 1061 (Gliese 628, BD−12°4523) | Wolf 1061 (Gliese 628, BD−12°4523) | 14.0458 ± 0.0038 | red dwarf M3.0V | 0.294 | 10.07 | 11.93 | 16$^h$ 30$^m$ 18.1$^s$ | −12° 39′ 45″ | 232.210 ± 0.063 | three planets (Wolf 1061 b, Wolf 1061 c, and Wolf 1061 d) (2015) |
| Wolf 424 (FL Virginis, LHS 333, Gliese 473) | Wolf 424 A | 14.05 ± 0.26 | red dwarf M5.5Ve | 0.143 | 13.18 | 14.97 | 12$^h$ 33$^m$ 17.2$^s$ | +09° 01′ 15″ | 232.2 ± 4.3 | flare stars |
| Wolf 424 (FL Virginis, LHS 333, Gliese 473) | Wolf 424 B | 14.05 ± 0.26 | red dwarf M7Ve | 0.131 | 13.17 | 14.96 | 12$^h$ 33$^m$ 17.2$^s$ | +09° 01′ 15″ | 232.2 ± 4.3 | flare stars |
| Van Maanen's star (Gliese 35, LHS 7)‡ | Van Maanen's star (Gliese 35, LHS 7)‡ | 14.0744 ± 0.0023 | White dwarf DZ7 | 0.67 | 12.38 | 14.21 | 00$^h$ 49$^m$ 09.9$^s$ | +05° 23′ 19″ | 231.737 ± 0.038 | closest-known free-floating white dwarf, third-known white dwarf possible debris disk (1917), possible planet (b) (2004) (debated) |
| Gliese 1 (CD−37°15492) | Gliese 1 (CD−37°15492) | 14.1725 ± 0.0037 | red dwarf M1.5 V | 0.45-0.48 | 8.55 | 10.35 | 00$^h$ 05$^m$ 24.4$^s$ | −37° 21′ 27″ | 230.133 ± 0.060 | |
| L 1159-16 (TZ Arietis, Gliese 83.1) | L 1159-16 (TZ Arietis, Gliese 83.1) | 14.5843 ± 0.0070 | red dwarf M4.5V | 0.14 | 12.27 | 14.03 | 02$^h$ 00$^m$ 13.2$^s$ | +13° 03′ 08″ | 223.63 ± 0.11 | flare star, has two known planets (b and c) and one candidate (d) |
| Gliese 674 (LHS 449) | Gliese 674 (LHS 449) | 14.8387 ± 0.0033 | red dwarf M3.0V | 0.35 | 9.38 | 11.09 | 17$^h$ 28$^m$ 39.9$^s$ | −46° 53′ 43″ | 219.801 ± 0.049 | one planet (b) (2007) |
| Gliese 687 (LHS 450, BD+68°946) | Gliese 687 (LHS 450, BD+68°946) | 14.8401 ± 0.0022 | red dwarf M3.0V | 0.401 | 9.17 | 10.89 | 17$^h$ 36$^m$ 25.9$^s$ | +68° 20′ 21″ | 219.781 ± 0.032 | possible flare star, two planets (b) (2014) and (c) (2020) |
| LHS 292 (LP 731-58) | LHS 292 (LP 731-58) | 14.885 ± 0.011 | red dwarf M6.5V | 0.08 | 15.60 | 17.32 | 10$^h$ 48$^m$ 12.6$^s$ | −11° 20′ 14″ | 219.12 ± 0.16 | flare star |
| LP 145-141 (WD 1142-645, Gliese 440)‡ | LP 145-141 (WD 1142-645, Gliese 440)‡ | 15.1182 ± 0.0023 | White dwarf DQ6 | 0.75 | 11.50 | 13.18 | 11$^h$ 45$^m$ 42.9$^s$ | −64° 50′ 29″ | 215.737 ± 0.032 | |
| GJ 1245|Gliese 1245 | G 208-44 A (Gliese 1245 A) | 15.2090 ± 0.0050 | red dwarf M5.5V | 0.11 | 13.46 | 15.17 | 19$^h$ 53$^m$ 54.2$^s$ | +44° 24′ 55″ | 214.45 ± 0.07 | flare stars |
| GJ 1245|Gliese 1245 | G 208-45 (Gliese 1245 B) | 15.2090 ± 0.0050 | red dwarf M6.0V | 0.10 | 14.01 | 15.72 | 19$^h$ 53$^m$ 55.2$^s$ | +44° 24′ 56″ | 214.45 ± 0.07 | flare stars |
| GJ 1245|Gliese 1245 | G 208-44 B (Gliese 1245 C) | 15.2090 ± 0.0050 | red dwarf M5.5 | 0.07 | 16.75 | 18.46 | 19$^h$ 53$^m$ 54.2$^s$ | +44° 24′ 55″ | 214.45 ± 0.07 | flare stars |
| WISEPA J174124.26+255319.5|WISE 1741+2553§ | WISEPA J174124.26+255319.5|WISE 1741+2553§ | 15.2 ± 0.2 | Brown dwarf Spectral class T|T9 | | 16.53 J | 18.18 J | 17$^h$ 41$^m$ 24.2$^s$ | +25° 53′ 19″ | 214 ± 2.8 | |
| Gliese 876 (Ross 780) | Gliese 876 (Ross 780) | 15.2504 ± 0.0054 | red dwarf M3.5V | 0.37 | 10.17 | 11.81 | 22$^h$ 53$^m$ 16.7$^s$ | −14° 15′ 49″ | 213.867 ± 0.076 | four planets (Gliese 876 d (2005), Gliese 876 c (2001), Gliese 876 b (1998), and Gliese 876 e (2010)) two possible planets (f and g) (2014) (debated) |
| WISE 1639-6847§ | WISE 1639-6847§ | 15.45 ± 0.04 | brown dwarf Spectral class Y Y0.5 | | 20.57 J | 22.10 J | 16$^h$ 39$^m$ 40.9$^s$ | -68° 47′ 46″ | 211.11 ± 0.56 | |
| LHS 288 (Luyten 143-23) | LHS 288 (Luyten 143-23) | 15.7703 ± 0.0056 | red dwarf M5.5V | 0.11 | 13.90 | 15.51 | 10$^h$ 44$^m$ 21.2$^s$ | −61° 12′ 36″ | 206.817 ± 0.074 | one tentative planet (b) (2007) |
| GJ 1002|Gliese 1002 | GJ 1002|Gliese 1002 | 15.8164 ± 0.0098 | red dwarf M5.5V | 0.11 | 13.76 | 15.40 | 00$^h$ 06$^m$ 43.8$^s$ | −07° 32′ 22″ | 206.21 ± 0.13 | |
| Groombridge 1618 (Gliese 380) | Groombridge 1618 (Gliese 380) | 15.8797 ± 0.0026 | K-type main-sequence K7.0V | 0.67 | 6.59 | 8.16 | 10$^h$ 11$^m$ 22.1$^s$ | +49° 27′ 15″ | 205.392 ± 0.034 | brightest single red dwarf in night sky, flare star, one suspected debris disk, one suspected planet (b) (1989) (tentative) |
| DEN 0255-4700|DEN 0255-4700§ | DEN 0255-4700|DEN 0255-4700§ | 15.885 ± 0.020 | Brown dwarf Spectral class L|L7.5V | 0.025-0.065 | 22.92 | 24.44 | 02$^h$ 55$^m$ 03.7$^s$ | −47° 00′ 52″ | 205.33 ± 0.25 | |
| Gliese 412 | Gliese 412 A | 15.983 ± 0.013 | red dwarf M1.0V | 0.48 | 8.77 | 10.34 | 11$^h$ 05$^m$ 28.6$^s$ | +43° 31′ 36″ | 204.06 ± 0.17 | |
| Gliese 412 | Gliese 412 B (WX Ursae Majoris) | 15.983 ± 0.013 | red dwarf M5.5V | 0.10 | 14.48 | 16.05 | 11$^h$ 05$^m$ 30.4$^s$ | +43° 31′ 18″ | 204.06 ± 0.17 | flare star |
| Gliese 832 | Gliese 832 | 16.1939 ± 0.0034 | red dwarf M1.5 V | 0.45 | 8.66 | 10.20 | 21$^h$ 33$^m$ 34.0$^s$ | −49° 00′ 32″ | 201.407 ± 0.043 | b (2008) and Gliese 832 c|c (2014)) |
| AD Leonis | AD Leonis | 16.1970 ± 0.0055 | red dwarf M3.0V | 0.39-0.42 | 9.32 | 10.87 | 10$^h$ 19$^m$ 36.4$^s$ | +19° 52′ 10″ | 201.368 ± 0.068 | flare star, 1 refuted planet (b in 2020) |
| 40 Eridani | Keid (40 Eridani A) | 16.26 ± 0.02 | K-type main-sequence star K0.5V | 0.84 | 4.43# | 5.93 | 04$^h$ 15$^m$ 16.3$^s$ | −07° 39′ 10″ | 200.62 ± 0.23 | |
| GJ 1005 Gliese 1005 | Gliese 1005 A | 16.26 ± 0.76 | red dwarf M4V | 0.179 | 11.48 | 12.70 | 00$^h$ 15$^m$ 28.11$^s$ | -16° 08′ 01.6″ | 200.5 ± 9.4 | |
| GJ 1005 Gliese 1005 | Gliese 1005 B | 16.26 ± 0.76 | red dwarf M7V | 0.112 | ? | 15.12 | 00$^h$ 15$^m$ 28.11$^s$ | -16° 08′ 01.6″ | 200.5 ± 9.4 | |
| System | Star or (sub-) brown dwarf | Distance (Light-years margin of error (±err)) | Stellar class | | Apparent magnitude | Absolute magnitude | Right ascension | Declination | Stellar parallax (milliarcsecond (mas) margin of error (±err)) | Additional references |
| Designation | Designation | Distance (Light-years margin of error (±err)) | Stellar class | | Magnitude (m$_V$ or m$_J$) | Magnitude (m$_V$ or m$_J$) | Epoch J2000.0 | Epoch J2000.0 | | Stellar parallax (milliarcsecond (mas) margin of error (±err)) | Additional references |

## Milky Way

According to some estimates, red dwarfs make up three-quarters of the stars in the Milky Way.

## Gaseous giants

The volume and mass of Jupiter are V$_J$ = 1.4313 x 10$^{15}$ km$^3$ and M$_J$ = 1.8982 x 10$^{27}$ kg.
The volume and mass of Saturn are V$_S$ = 8.2713 x 10$^{14}$ km$^3$ and M$_S$ = 5.6834 x 10$^{26}$ kg.
The volume and mass of Uranus are V$_U$ = 6.833 x 10$^{13}$ km$^3$ and M$_U$ = 8.6810 x 10$^{25}$ kg.
The volume and mass of Neptune are V$_N$ = 6.254 x 10$^{13}$ km$^3$ and M$_N$ = 1.021 x 10$^{26}$ kg.
The minimal volume and mass for the small star Helios (H) that may have interacted with the Sun some 13,000 to 100,000 years ago: V$_H$ = 2.389 x 10$^{15}$ km$^3$ (0.00169 V$_⊙$) and M$_H$ = 2.656 x 10$^{27}$ kg (0.00136 M$_⊙$).

## Sun

The volume and mass of the Sun are V$_⊙$ = 1.41 x 10$^{18}$ km$^3$ and M$_⊙$ = 1.9885 x 10$^{30}$ kg.

## Nearby small stars

There are 66 stars within 5.0 parsecs (16.3 light-years) of the Sun.
Key :
| # | Visible to the unaided eye |
| § | Brown dwarf or Sub-brown dwarf |
| ‡ | White dwarf |
Known small star systems within 5.0 parsecs (16.3 light-years) :
| Designation | Designation | Distance (light-years margin of error (±err)) | Stellar class | Mass | Magnitude (m$_V$ or m$_J$) | Magnitude (m$_V$ or m$_J$) | Epoch J2000.0 | Epoch J2000.0 | Stellar parallax (milliarcsecond (mas) margin of error (±err)) | Stellar volume 10$^{15}$ km$^3$ | additional references |
| Stellar system | Star or (sub-) brown dwarf | Distance (light-years margin of error (±err)) | Stellar class | M$_☉$ | Apparent magnitude | Absolute magnitude | Right ascension | Declination | Stellar parallax (milliarcsecond (mas) margin of error (±err)) | Stellar volume 10$^{15}$ km$^3$ | additional references |
| Alpha Centauri | Proxima Centauri (V645 Centauri) | 4.2441 ± 0.0011 | red dwarf M5.5Ve | 0.122 | 11.09 | 15.53 | 14$^h$ 29$^m$ 43.0$^s$ | −62° 40′ 46″ | 768.50 ± 0.20 | 5.1856 | flare star, two confirmed planets (Proxima b, 2016, and Proxima Centauri c, 2019) and unconfirmed evidence for a third, sub-Earth sized, planet (d, 2020). |
| Barnard's Star (BD+04°3561a) | Barnard's Star (BD+04°3561a) | 5.9577 ± 0.0032 | red dwarf M4.0Ve | 0.144 | 9.53 | 13.22 | 17$^h$ 57$^m$ 48.5$^s$ | +04° 41′ 36″ | 547.45 ± 0.29 | 1 | flare star, largest-known proper motion, one disputed planet (Barnard's Star b) |
| Luhman 16 (WISE 1049−5319)§ | Luhman 16A§ | 6.5029 ± 0.0011 | Brown dwarf Spectral class L8±1 | 0.032 | 10.7 J | 14.2 J | 10$^h$ 49$^m$ 15.57$^s$ | −53° 19′ 06″ | 501.557 ± 0.082 | 1 | one refuted planet (Ab in 2017) |
| Luhman 16 (WISE 1049−5319)§ | Luhman 16B§ | 6.5029 ± 0.0011 | Brown dwarf Spectral class T1±2 | 0.027 | | | 10$^h$ 49$^m$ 15.57$^s$ | −53° 19′ 06″ | 501.557 ± 0.082 | 0.5 | one refuted planet (Ab in 2017) |
| WISE 0855−0714 § | WISE 0855−0714 § | 7.43 ± 0.04 | Brown dwarf Spectral class Y4 | 0.003-0.010 | 25.0 J | | 08$^h$ 55$^m$ 10.83$^s$ | -07° 14′ 42.5″ | 439.0 ± 2.4 | 1 | sub-brown dwarf |
| Wolf 359 (CN Leonis) | Wolf 359 (CN Leonis) | 7.856 ± 0.031 | red dwarf M6.0V | 0.090 | 13.44 | 16.55 | 10$^h$ 56$^m$ 29.2$^s$ | +07° 00′ 53″ | 415.16 ± 1.62 | 1 | flare star, has 2 known planets |
| Lalande 21185 (BD+36°2147) | Lalande 21185 (BD+36°2147) | 8.307 ± 0.014 | red dwarf M2.0V | 0.390 | 7.47 | 10.44 | 11$^h$ 03$^m$ 20.2$^s$ | +35° 58′ 12″ | 392.64 ± 0.67 | 1 | two known planets (2019)(2021) |
| Sirius (α Canis Majoris) | Sirius B‡ | 8.659 ± 0.010 | White dwarf DA2 | 1.018 | 8.44 | 11.34 | 06$^h$ 45$^m$ 08.9$^s$ | −16° 42′ 58″ | 376.68 ± 0.45 | 0.000838 | |
| Luyten 726-8 | Luyten 726-8 A (BL Ceti) | 8.791 ± 0.012 | red dwarf M5.5Ve | 0.102 | 12.54 | 15.40 | 01$^h$ 39$^m$ 01.3$^s$ | −17° 57′ 01″ | 371.0 ± 0.5 | 1 | flare star (Archetypal member) |
| Luyten 726-8 | Luyten 726-8 B (UV Ceti) | 8.791 ± 0.012 | red dwarf M6.0Ve | 0.100 | 12.99 | 15.85 | 01$^h$ 39$^m$ 01.3$^s$ | −17° 57′ 01″ | 371.0 ± 0.5 | 0.5 | flare star (Archetypal member) |
| Ross 154 (V1216 Sagittarii) | Ross 154 (V1216 Sagittarii) | 9.7035 ± 0.0019 | red dwarf M3.5Ve | 0.17 | 10.43 | 13.07 | 18$^h$ 49$^m$ 49.4$^s$ | −23° 50′ 10″ | 336.123 ± 0.064 | 1 | flare star |
| Ross 248 (HH Andromedae) | Ross 248 (HH Andromedae) | 10.2903 ± 0.0041 | red dwarf M5.5Ve | 0.136 | 12.29 | 14.79 | 23$^h$ 41$^m$ 54.7$^s$ | +44° 10′ 30″ | 316.96 ± 0.13 | 1 | flare star |
| Lacaille 9352 (Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars, Gliese 887) | Lacaille 9352 (Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars, Gliese 887) | 10.7211 ± 0.0016 | red dwarf M0.5V | 0.486 | 7.34 | 9.75 | 23$^h$ 05$^m$ 52.0$^s$ | −35° 51′ 11″ | 304.219 ± 0.045 | 1 | two planets, b and c, with equivocal evidence for a third in the habitable zone (2020) |
| Ross 128 (FI Virginis) | Ross 128 (FI Virginis) | 11.0074 ± 0.0026 | red dwarf M4.0Vn | 0.168 | 11.13 | 13.51 | 11$^h$ 47$^m$ 44.4$^s$ | +00° 48′ 16″ | 296.307 ± 0.070}} | 1 | flare star, one planet (Ross 128 b) (2017) |
| EZ Aquarii (Gliese 866, Luyten 789-6) | EZ Aquarii A | 11.109 ± 0.034 | red dwarf M5.0Ve | 0.11 | 13.33 | 15.64 | 22$^h$ 38$^m$ 33.4$^s$ | −15° 17′ 57″ | 293.60 ± 0.9 | 1 | A & B flare stars |
| EZ Aquarii (Gliese 866, Luyten 789-6) | EZ Aquarii B | 11.109 ± 0.034 | red dwarf M? | 0.11 | 13.27 | 15.58 | 22$^h$ 38$^m$ 33.4$^s$ | −15° 17′ 57″ | 293.60 ± 0.9 | 1 | A & B flare stars |
| EZ Aquarii (Gliese 866, Luyten 789-6) | EZ Aquarii C | 11.109 ± 0.034 | red dwarf M? | 0.10 | 14.03 | 16.34 | 22$^h$ 38$^m$ 33.4$^s$ | −15° 17′ 57″ | 293.60 ± 0.9 | 1 | A & B flare stars |
| Procyon (α Canis Minoris) | Procyon B‡ | 11.402 ± 0.032 | White dwarf (DQZ) | 0.602 | 10.70 | 12.98 | 07$^h$ 39$^m$ 18.1$^s$ | +05° 13′ 30″ | 286.05 ± 0.81 | 1 | |
| Struve 2398 (Gliese 725, BD+59°1915) | Struve 2398 A (HD 173739) | 11.4880 ± 0.0012 | red dwarf M3.0V | 0.334 | 8.90 | 11.16 | 18$^h$ 42$^m$ 46.7$^s$ | +59° 37′ 49″ | 283.91 ± 0.03 | 1 | flare stars, star B has 2 known planets |
| Struve 2398 (Gliese 725, BD+59°1915) | Struve 2398 B (HD 173740) | 11.4880 ± 0.0012 | red dwarf M3.5V | 0.248 | 9.69 | 11.95 | 18$^h$ 42$^m$ 46.9$^s$ | +59° 37′ 37″ | 283.91 ± 0.03 | 1 | flare stars, star B has 2 known planets |
| Groombridge 34 (Gliese 15) | Groombridge 34 A (GX Andromedae) | 11.6182 ± 0.0008 | red dwarf M1.5V | 0.38 | 8.08 | 10.32 | 00$^h$ 18$^m$ 22.9$^s$ | +44° 01′ 23″ | 280.73 ± 0.02 | 1 | flare star, two suspected planets (Gliese 15 Ac, 2017) and Gliese 15 Ab, 2014) |
| Groombridge 34 (Gliese 15) | Groombridge 34 B (GQ Andromedae) | 11.6182 ± 0.0008 | red dwarf M3.5V | 0.15 | 11.06 | 13.30 | 00$^h$ 18$^m$ 22.9$^s$ | +44° 01′ 23″ | 280.73 ± 0.02 | 1 | flare star |
| DX Cancri (G 51-15) | DX Cancri (G 51-15) | 11.6780 ± 0.0056 | red dwarf M6.5Ve | 0.09 | 14.78 | 16.98 | 08$^h$ 29$^m$ 49.5$^s$ | +26° 46′ 37″ | 279.29 ± 0.13 | 1 | flare star |
| Epsilon Indi (CPD−57°10015) | Epsilon Indi Ba§ | 11.869 ± 0.011 | Brown dwarf Spectral class T1.0V | 0.065 | 12.3 J | | 22$^h$ 04$^m$ 10.5$^s$ | −56° 46′ 58″ | 274.80 ± 0.25 | 1 | |
| Epsilon Indi (CPD−57°10015) | Epsilon Indi Bb§ | 11.869 ± 0.011 | Brown dwarf Spectral class T6.0V | 0.050 | 13.2 J | | 22$^h$ 04$^m$ 10.5$^s$ | −56° 46′ 58″ | 274.80 ± 0.25 | 1 | |
| Gliese 1061 (LHS 1565) | Gliese 1061 (LHS 1565) | 11.9803 ± 0.0029 | red dwarf M5.5V | 0.113 | 13.09 | 15.26 | 03$^h$ 35$^m$ 59.7$^s$ | −44° 30′ 45″ | 272.245 ± 0.066 | 1 | has 3 known planets (2019) |
| YZ Ceti (LHS 138) | YZ Ceti (LHS 138) | 12.1084 ± 0.0035 | red dwarf M4.5V | 0.130 | 12.02 | 14.17 | 01$^h$ 12$^m$ 30.6$^s$ | −16° 59′ 56″ | 269.363 ± 0.078 | 1 | flare star, three planets (b, c, and d) (2017), one suspected planet (e) |
| Luyten's Star (BD+05°1668) | Luyten's Star (BD+05°1668) | 12.199 ± 0.036 | red dwarf M3.5Vn | 0.26 | 9.86 | 11.97 | 07$^h$ 27$^m$ 24.5$^s$ | +05° 13′ 33″ | 267.36 ± 0.79 | 1 | two planets (Luyten b, c) (2017) and two suspected planets (d, e) (2019) |
| Teegarden's Star (SO025300.5+165258) | Teegarden's Star (SO025300.5+165258) | 12.496 ± 0.013 | red dwarf M6.5V | 0.08 | 15.14 | 17.22 | 02$^h$ 53$^m$ 00.9$^s$ | +16° 52′ 53″ | 261.01 ± 0.27 | 1 | tentative radial velocity variation (2010) has 2 known planets (2019) |
| Kapteyn's Star (CD−45°1841) | Kapteyn's Star (CD−45°1841) | 12.8294 ± 0.0013 | red dwarf M1.5 subdwarf Cool subdwarfs VI | 0.281 | 8.84 | 10.87 | 05$^h$ 11$^m$ 40.6$^s$ | −45° 01′ 06″ | 254.226 ± 0.026 | 1 | two disputed planets (b and c) (2014) |
| Lacaille 8760 (AX Microscopii) | Lacaille 8760 (AX Microscopii) | 12.9515 ± 0.0029 | red dwarf M0.0V | 0.60 | 6.67 | 8.69 | 21$^h$ 17$^m$ 15.3$^s$ | −38° 52′ 03″ | 251.829 ± 0.056 | 1 | brightest M dwarf star in night sky, flare star |
| SCR 1845-6357 | SCR 1845-6357 A | 13.050 ± 0.008 | red dwarf M8.5V | 0.07 | 17.39 | 19.41 | 18$^h$ 45$^m$ 05.3$^s$ | −63° 57′ 48″ | 249.91 ± 0.16 | 1 | has 3 known planets (2019)? |
| SCR 1845-6357 | SCR 1845-6357 B§ | 13.050 ± 0.008 | Brown dwarf Spectral class T6 | 0.03 | 13.3 J | | 18$^h$ 45$^m$ 02.6$^s$ | −63° 57′ 52″ | 249.91 ± 0.16 | 1 | has 3 known planets (2019)? |
| Kruger 60 (BD+56°2783) | Kruger 60 A | 13.0724 ± 0.0052 | red dwarf M3.0V | 0.271 | 9.79 | 11.76 | 22$^h$ 27$^m$ 59.5$^s$ | +57° 41′ 45″ | 249.5 ± 0.1 | 1 | B flare star |
| Kruger 60 (BD+56°2783) | Kruger 60 B (DO Cephei) | 13.0724 ± 0.0052 | red dwarf M4.0V | 0.176 | 11.41 | 13.38 | 22$^h$ 27$^m$ 59.5$^s$ | +57° 41′ 45″ | 249.5 ± 0.1 | 1 | B flare star |
| DEN 1048-3956§ | DEN 1048-3956§ | 13.1932 ± 0.0066 | red dwarf M8.5V | 0.08 | 17.39 | 19.37 | 10$^h$ 48$^m$ 14.7$^s$ | −39° 56′ 06″ | 247.22 ± 0.12 | 1 | μ >= 1.0" yr$^{−1}$ |
| Ross 614 (V577 Monocerotis, Gliese 234) | Ross 614A (LHS 1849) | 13.424 ± 0.049 | red dwarf M4.5V | 0.223 | 11.15 | 13.09 | 06$^h$ 29$^m$ 23.4$^s$ | −02° 48′ 50″ | 242.97 ± 0.88 | 1 | A flare star |
| Ross 614 (V577 Monocerotis, Gliese 234) | Ross 614B (LHS 1850) | 13.424 ± 0.049 | red dwarf M5.5V | 0.111 | 14.23 | 16.17 | 06$^h$ 29$^m$ 23.4$^s$ | −02° 48′ 50″ | 242.97 ± 0.88 | 1 | A flare star |
| UGPS J0722-0540§ | UGPS J0722-0540§ | 13.43 ± 0.13 | brown dwarf Spectral class T9 | 0.010-0.025 | 16.52 J | | 07$^h$ 22$^m$ 27.3$^s$ | –05° 40′ 30″ | 242.8 ± 2.4 | 1 | very cool brown dwarf |
| Wolf 1061 (Gliese 628, BD−12°4523) | Wolf 1061 (Gliese 628, BD−12°4523) | 14.0458 ± 0.0038 | red dwarf M3.0V | 0.294 | 10.07 | 11.93 | 16$^h$ 30$^m$ 18.1$^s$ | −12° 39′ 45″ | 232.210 ± 0.063 | 1 | three planets (Wolf 1061 b, Wolf 1061 c, and Wolf 1061 d) (2015) |
| Wolf 424 (FL Virginis, LHS 333, Gliese 473) | Wolf 424 A | 14.05 ± 0.26 | red dwarf M5.5Ve | 0.143 | 13.18 | 14.97 | 12$^h$ 33$^m$ 17.2$^s$ | +09° 01′ 15″ | 232.2 ± 4.3 | 1 | flare stars |
| Wolf 424 (FL Virginis, LHS 333, Gliese 473) | Wolf 424 B | 14.05 ± 0.26 | red dwarf M7Ve | 0.131 | 13.17 | 14.96 | 12$^h$ 33$^m$ 17.2$^s$ | +09° 01′ 15″ | 232.2 ± 4.3 | 1 | flare stars |
| Van Maanen's star (Gliese 35, LHS 7)‡ | Van Maanen's star (Gliese 35, LHS 7)‡ | 14.0744 ± 0.0023 | White dwarf DZ7 | 0.67 | 12.38 | 14.21 | 00$^h$ 49$^m$ 09.9$^s$ | +05° 23′ 19″ | 231.737 ± 0.038 | 1 | closest-known free-floating white dwarf, third-known white dwarf possible debris disk (1917), possible planet (b) (2004) (debated) |
| Gliese 1 (CD−37°15492) | Gliese 1 (CD−37°15492) | 14.1725 ± 0.0037 | red dwarf M1.5 V | 0.45-0.48 | 8.55 | 10.35 | 00$^h$ 05$^m$ 24.4$^s$ | −37° 21′ 27″ | 230.133 ± 0.060 | 1 | |
| L 1159-16 (TZ Arietis, Gliese 83.1) | L 1159-16 (TZ Arietis, Gliese 83.1) | 14.5843 ± 0.0070 | red dwarf M4.5V | 0.14 | 12.27 | 14.03 | 02$^h$ 00$^m$ 13.2$^s$ | +13° 03′ 08″ | 223.63 ± 0.11 | 1 | flare star, has two known planets (b and c) and one candidate (d) |
| Gliese 674 (LHS 449) | Gliese 674 (LHS 449) | 14.8387 ± 0.0033 | red dwarf M3.0V | 0.35 | 9.38 | 11.09 | 17$^h$ 28$^m$ 39.9$^s$ | −46° 53′ 43″ | 219.801 ± 0.049 | 1 | one planet (b) (2007) |
| Gliese 687 (LHS 450, BD+68°946) | Gliese 687 (LHS 450, BD+68°946) | 14.8401 ± 0.0022 | red dwarf M3.0V | 0.401 | 9.17 | 10.89 | 17$^h$ 36$^m$ 25.9$^s$ | +68° 20′ 21″ | 219.781 ± 0.032 | 1 | possible flare star, two planets (b) (2014) and (c) (2020) |
| LHS 292 (LP 731-58) | LHS 292 (LP 731-58) | 14.885 ± 0.011 | red dwarf M6.5V | 0.08 | 15.60 | 17.32 | 10$^h$ 48$^m$ 12.6$^s$ | −11° 20′ 14″ | 219.12 ± 0.16 | 1 | flare star |
| LP 145-141 (WD 1142-645, Gliese 440)‡ | LP 145-141 (WD 1142-645, Gliese 440)‡ | 15.1182 ± 0.0023 | White dwarf DQ6 | 0.75 | 11.50 | 13.18 | 11$^h$ 45$^m$ 42.9$^s$ | −64° 50′ 29″ | 215.737 ± 0.032 | 1 | |
| Gliese 1245 | G 208-44 A (Gliese 1245 A) | 15.2090 ± 0.0050 | red dwarf M5.5V | 0.11 | 13.46 | 15.17 | 19$^h$ 53$^m$ 54.2$^s$ | +44° 24′ 55″ | 214.45 ± 0.07 | 1 | flare stars |
| Gliese 1245 | G 208-45 (Gliese 1245 B) | 15.2090 ± 0.0050 | red dwarf M6.0V | 0.10 | 14.01 | 15.72 | 19$^h$ 53$^m$ 55.2$^s$ | +44° 24′ 56″ | 214.45 ± 0.07 | 1 | flare stars |
| Gliese 1245 | G 208-44 B (Gliese 1245 C) | 15.2090 ± 0.0050 | red dwarf M5.5 | 0.07 | 16.75 | 18.46 | 19$^h$ 53$^m$ 54.2$^s$ | +44° 24′ 55″ | 214.45 ± 0.07 | 1 | flare stars |
| WISE 1741+2553§ | WISE 1741+2553§ | 15.2 ± 0.2 | Brown dwarf Spectral class T9 | | 16.53 J | 18.18 J | 17$^h$ 41$^m$ 24.2$^s$ | +25° 53′ 19″ | 214 ± 2.8 | 1 | |
| Gliese 876 (Ross 780) | Gliese 876 (Ross 780) | 15.2504 ± 0.0054 | red dwarf M3.5V | 0.37 | 10.17 | 11.81 | 22$^h$ 53$^m$ 16.7$^s$ | −14° 15′ 49″ | 213.867 ± 0.076 | 1 | four planets (Gliese 876 d (2005), Gliese 876 c (2001), Gliese 876 b (1998), and Gliese 876 e (2010)) two possible planets (f and g) (2014) (debated) |
| WISE 1639-6847§ | WISE 1639-6847§ | 15.45 ± 0.04 | brown dwarf Spectral class Y0.5 | | 20.57 J | 22.10 J | 16$^h$ 39$^m$ 40.9$^s$ | -68° 47′ 46″ | 211.11 ± 0.56 | 1 | |
| LHS 288 (Luyten 143-23) | LHS 288 (Luyten 143-23) | 15.7703 ± 0.0056 | red dwarf M5.5V | 0.11 | 13.90 | 15.51 | 10$^h$ 44$^m$ 21.2$^s$ | −61° 12′ 36″ | 206.817 ± 0.074 | 1 | one tentative planet (b) (2007) |
| Gliese 1002 | Gliese 1002 | 15.8164 ± 0.0098 | red dwarf M5.5V | 0.11 | 13.76 | 15.40 | 00$^h$ 06$^m$ 43.8$^s$ | −07° 32′ 22″ | 206.21 ± 0.13 | 1 | |
| Groombridge 1618 (Gliese 380) | Groombridge 1618 (Gliese 380) | 15.8797 ± 0.0026 | K-type main-sequence K7.0V | 0.67 | 6.59 | 8.16 | 10$^h$ 11$^m$ 22.1$^s$ | +49° 27′ 15″ | 205.392 ± 0.034 | 1 | brightest single red dwarf in night sky, flare star, one suspected debris disk, one suspected planet (b) (1989) (tentative) |
| DEN 0255-4700§ | DEN 0255-4700§ | 15.885 ± 0.020 | Brown dwarf Spectral class L7.5V | 0.025-0.065 | 22.92 | 24.44 | 02$^h$ 55$^m$ 03.7$^s$ | −47° 00′ 52″ | 205.33 ± 0.25 | 1 | μ >= 1.0" yr$^{−1}$ |
| Gliese 412 | Gliese 412 A | 15.983 ± 0.013 | red dwarf M1.0V | 0.48 | 8.77 | 10.34 | 11$^h$ 05$^m$ 28.6$^s$ | +43° 31′ 36″ | 204.06 ± 0.17 | 1 | |
| Gliese 412 | Gliese 412 B (WX Ursae Majoris) | 15.983 ± 0.013 | red dwarf M5.5V | 0.10 | 14.48 | 16.05 | 11$^h$ 05$^m$ 30.4$^s$ | +43° 31′ 18″ | 204.06 ± 0.17 | 1 | flare star |
| Gliese 832 | Gliese 832 | 16.1939 ± 0.0034 | red dwarf M1.5 V | 0.45 | 8.66 | 10.20 | 21$^h$ 33$^m$ 34.0$^s$ | −49° 00′ 32″ | 201.407 ± 0.043 | 1 | b (2008) and Gliese 832 c|c (2014)) |
| AD Leonis | AD Leonis | 16.1970 ± 0.0055 | red dwarf M3.0V | 0.39-0.42 | 9.32 | 10.87 | 10$^h$ 19$^m$ 36.4$^s$ | +19° 52′ 10″ | 201.368 ± 0.068 | 1 | flare star, 1 refuted planet (b in 2020) |
| 40 Eridani | Keid (40 Eridani A) | 16.26 ± 0.02 | K-type main-sequence star K0.5V | 0.84 | 4.43# | 5.93 | 04$^h$ 15$^m$ 16.3$^s$ | −07° 39′ 10″ | 200.62 ± 0.23 | 1 | |
| GJ 1005 Gliese 1005 | Gliese 1005 A | 16.26 ± 0.76 | red dwarf M4V | 0.179 | 11.48 | 12.70 | 00$^h$ 15$^m$ 28.11$^s$ | -16° 08′ 01.6″ | 200.5 ± 9.4 | 1 | |
| GJ 1005 Gliese 1005 | Gliese 1005 B | 16.26 ± 0.76 | red dwarf M7V | 0.112 | ? | 15.12 | 00$^h$ 15$^m$ 28.11$^s$ | -16° 08′ 01.6″ | 200.5 ± 9.4 | 1 | |
| System | Star or (sub-) brown dwarf | Distance (Light-years margin of error (±err)) | Stellar class | Mass | Apparent magnitude | Absolute magnitude | Right ascension | Declination | Stellar parallax (milliarcsecond (mas) margin of error (±err)) | Stellar volume 10$^{15}$ km$^3$ | Additional references |
| Designation | Designation | Distance (Light-years margin of error (±err)) | Stellar class | M$_☉$ | Magnitude (m$_V$ or m$_J$) | Magnitude (m$_V$ or m$_J$) | Epoch J2000.0 | Epoch J2000.0 | | Stellar parallax (milliarcsecond (mas) margin of error (±err)) | Stellar volume 10$^{15}$ km$^3$ | Additional references |

## Past encounters

Over long periods of time, the slow independent motion of stars change in both relative position and in their distance from the observer. This can cause other currently distant stars to fall within a stated range, which may be readily calculated and predicted using accurate astrometric measurements of parallax and total proper motions, along with spectroscopically determined radial velocities. Although predictions can be extrapolated back into the past or forward into the future, they are subject to increasing significant cumulative errors over very long periods. Inaccuracies of these measured parameters make determining the true minimum distances of any encountering stars or brown dwarfs fairly difficult.
One of the first stars known to approach the Sun particularly close is Gliese 710. The star, whose mass is roughly half that of the Sun, is currently 62 light-years from the Solar System. It was first noticed in 1999 using data from the Hipparcos satellite, and was estimated to pass less than 1.3 light-years (0.40 pc) from the Sun in 1.4 million years. With the release of Gaia's observations of the star, it has since been refined to a much closer 0.178 light-years (0.055 pc), close enough to significantly disturb objects in the Oort cloud, which extends out to 1.2 light-years (0.37 pc) from the Sun.
The second-closest object known to approach the Sun was only discovered in 2018 after Gaia's second data release, known as 2MASS J0610-4246. Its approach has not been fully described due to it being a distant binary star with a red dwarf, but almost certainly passed less than 1 light-year from the Solar System roughly 1.16 million years ago.

### List of past encounters

Stars that are known to have passed within 5 light-years of the Sun in the past :
| Star name | Hipparcos Catalogue (HIP number) | Minimum distance (light-years) | Date of approach in thousands of years | Current distance (light-years) | Stellar classification | Mass in M$_☉$ | Current apparent magnitude | Current Constellation | Current Right ascension | Current Declination |
| HD 7977 | N/A | 0.483 $^{+0.109}$ $_{-0.081}$ | -2795 $^{+43}$ $_{-44}$ | 246.74±0.60 | G0V | ~1.2 | 9.04 | Cassiopeia | 01$^h$ 20$^m$ 31.597$^s$ | +61° 52′ 57.08″ |
| Scholz's star and companion brown dwarf | N/A | 0.82 $^{+0.37}$ $_{-0.22}$ | −78.5±0.7 | 22.2±0.2 | A: M9V B: T5 | A: 0.095 B: 0.063 | 18.3 | Monoceros | 07$^h$ 20$^m$ 03.20$^s$ | -08° 46′ 51.2″ |
| CD-69 2001 | N/A | 1.614 $^{+0.071}$ $_{-0.070}$ | −1905±12 | 332.61±0.55 | K4V | 0.61 | 11.13 !11.13 | Indus | 21$^h$ 40$^m$ 31.514$^s$ | -69° 25′ 14.58″ |
| 2MASS J0621-0101 | N/A | 1.69 $^{+0.47}$ $_{-0.40}$ | -3179 $^{+95}$ $_{-99}$ | 428.8±3.1 | G5V | 0.96 | 11.9 | Orion | 06$^h$ 21$^m$ 34.807$^s$ | -01° 01′ 55.01″ |
| HD 49995 | N/A | 1.79 $^{+0.24}$ $_{-0.21}$ | -4200 $^{+160}$ $_{-170}$ | 439.74±0.59 | A: F3V B: M1V | A: 1.48 B: 0.49 | 8.78 | Canis Major | 06$^h$ 50$^m$ 20.810$^s$ | -18° 37′ 30.58″ |
| 2MASS J0634-7449 | N/A | 2.043 $^{+0.043}$ $_{-0.042}$ | −894±12 | 212.41±0.15 | mid K | ~0.6 | 12.69 | Mensa | 06$^h$ 34$^m$ 29.385$^s$ | -74° 49′ 47.12″ |
| UCAC2 15719371 | N/A | 2.44 $^{+0.12}$ $_{-0.11}$ | -4239 $^{+90}$ $_{-93}$ | 280.80±0.26 | K4V | 0.66 | 12.58 !12.58 | Antlia | 09$^h$ 44$^m$ 09.884$^s$ | -37° 45′ 31.09″ |
| TYC 1662-1962-1 | N/A | 2.615 $^{+0.066}$ $_{-0.064}$ | −1524±15 | 286.51±0.40 | Early K | ~0.8 | 10.95 | Vulpecula | 21$^h$ 14$^m$ 32.911$^s$ | +21° 53′ 32.76″ |
| BD-21 1529 | N/A | 2.699 $^{+0.063}$ $_{-0.062}$ | -1659 $^{+8.7}$ $_{-8.8}$ | 368.48±0.56 | G5V | ~0.95 | 9.67 | Canis Major | 06$^h$ 37$^m$ 48.004$^s$ | -21° 22′ 21.94″ |
| Gliese 3649 | N/A | 2.954 $^{+0.077}$ $_{-0.073}$ | −510±12 | 54.435±0.023 | M1 | 0.49 | 10.85 | Leo | 11$^h$ 12$^m$ 38.97$^s$ | +18° 56′ 05.4″ |
| 2MASS J1921-1244 | N/A | 2.98 $^{+0.32}$ $_{-0.27}$ | -3370 $^{+220}$ $_{-250}$ | 376.46±0.73 | K6V | 0.69 | 12.46 | Sagittarius | 19$^h$ 21$^m$ 58.124$^s$ | -12° 43′ 58.61″ |
| TYC 9387-2515-1 | N/A | 3.198 $^{+0.082}$ $_{-0.081}$ | -1498.7 $^{+9.6}$ $_{-9.8}$ | 401.96±0.54 | K1V | 0.86 | 11.45 !11.45 | Mensa | 06$^h$ 18$^m$ 54.643$^s$ | -80° 19′ 16.54″ |
| 2MASS J1638-6355 | N/A | 3.34 $^{+0.32}$ $_{-0.30}$ | -1417 $^{+32}$ $_{-33}$ | 468.5±4.2 | K2V | 0.82 | 12.44 !12.44 | Triangulum Australe | 16$^h$ 38$^m$ 21.759$^s$ | -63° 55′ 13.16″ |
| 2MASS J0625-2408 | N/A | 3.636 $^{+0.102}$ $_{-0.099}$ | -1841 $^{+24}$ $_{-25}$ | 534.88±0.93 | K/M | ~0.5 | 12.91 !12.91 | Canis Major | 06$^h$ 25$^m$ 42.744$^s$ | -24° 08′ 35.02″ |
| BD+05 1792 | N/A | 3.957 $^{+0.043}$ $_{-0.042}$ | -960.6 $^{+3.6}$ $_{-3.7}$ | 239.73±0.33 | G2V | 1.07 | 08.58 !8.58 | Gemini | 07$^h$ 48$^m$ 07.037$^s$ | +05° 27′ 22.51″ |
| 2MASS J2241-2759 | N/A | 4.01|0.16}} | -2784 $^{+41}$ $_{-42}$ | 411.06±0.76 | K7V | ~0.5 | 12.28 !12.28 | Piscis Austrinus | 22$^h$ 41$^m$ 50.996$^s$ | -27° 59′ 47.04″ |
| StKM 1-554 | N/A | 4.191 $^{+0.047}$ $_{-0.046}$ | -546.5 $^{+4.4}$ $_{-4.5}$ | 151.97±0.19 | M0V | 0.65 | 12.17 !12.17 | Orion | 05$^h$ 14$^m$ 01.871$^s$ | +05° 22′ 56.26″ |
| Gliese 3379 | N/A | 4.1915±0.0023 | −156.190±0.051 | 16.9861±0.0027 | M3.5V | 0.19 | 11.31 !11.31 | Orion | 06$^h$ 00$^m$ 03.824$^s$ | +02° 42′ 22.97″ |
| HD 146248 | N/A | 4.345 $^{+0.054}$ $_{-0.053}$ | -1142.5 $^{+7.3}$ $_{-7.4}$ | 334.87±0.47 | G2/3IV | 1.23 | 09.47 !9.47 | Triangulum Australe | 16$^h$ 19$^m$ 27.875$^s$ | -64° 50′ 34.38″ |
| Zeta Leporis | 27288 | 4.43 $^{+0.33}$ $_{-0.30}$ | -878 $^{+42}$ $_{-46}$ | 72.81±0.40 | A2Vann | 2.0 | 03.55 !3.55 | Lepus | 05$^h$ 46$^m$ 57.341$^s$ | −14° 49′ 19.02″ |
| HD 68814 | 40317 | 4.668 $^{+0.086}$ $_{-0.085}$ | −2213±11 | 259.85±0.30 | G6V | 0.98 | 09.57 !9.57 | Hydra | 08$^h$ 13$^m$ 57.112$^s$ | -04° 03′ 12.56″ |
| 2MASS J1941-4602 | N/A | 4.868 $^{+0.074}$ $_{-0.072}$ | -461.7 $^{+6.3}$ $_{-6.5}$ | 66.848±0.033 | M4-M6 | ~0.15 | 12.4 !12.4 | Telescopium | 19$^h$ 41$^m$ 53.18$^s$ | -46° 02′ 31.4″ |
| TYC 94-1074-1 | N/A | 5.00 ± 0.11 | -1068.2 $^{+8.3}$ $_{-8.4}$ | 316.37 ± 0.71 | K4V | 0.72 | 11.25 | Taurus | 04$^h$ 34$^m$ 35.456$^s$ | +06° 30′ 26.18″ |

## Hypotheses

* The sums of the masses and volumes of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are the minima for the small star that may have interacted with the Sun some 13,000 to 100,000 years ago.
* The small star may have been called Helios or Sol, if this interaction was observed at some point by hominins on Earth.