OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Multicultural Perspectives on Health and Wellbeing/Refugee health

A comprehensive understanding of refugee health incorporates an examination of effects of individuals’ pre-arrival experiences, the Australian refugee determination process and settlement in Australia. Refugees’ pre-settlement experiences include serious threats to safety, trauma and the loss of family and home. Australian refugee policy also has strong impacts on the mental and physical health of refugees. Long periods of immigration detention and processing times have been demonstrated to compound the effects of previous trauma, while policy that denies some asylum seekers the right to work causes destitution and dependence among this population. The health effects of these experiences may be ongoing and compounded by social exclusion and difficulties in settling into a new and unfamiliar country. With complex and high levels of need, improving the health of refugees necessitates a holistic and collaborative approach between health care organisations and other service providers

## Lecture

Refugee health

## Activity

Workshop:
* Review of lecture, "Refugee health"
* Group work
* Case studies
* Online quiz
* Overview of making a multimedia presentation

## Resources

* Farley R, Askew D, Kay M. Caring for refugees in general practice: perspectives from the coalface. Australian Journal of Primary Health 2014; 20(1): 85-91.
* Nickerson A, Liddell BJ, Maccallum F, Steel Z, Silove D, Bryant RA. Posttraumatic stress disorder and prolonged grief in refugees exposed to trauma and loss. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14: 11.
* Riggs E, Davis E, Gibbs L, et al. Accessing maternal and child health services in Melbourne, Australia: Reflections from refugee families and service providers. BMC Health Serv Res 2012; 12.
* Fozdar F. Social cohesion and skilled Muslim refugees in Australia: Employment, social capital and discrimination. J Sociol 2012; 48(2): 167-86.

### Media

* http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/apr/23/victorian-town-gets-41m-benefit-from-resettling-burmese-karen-refugees
* http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-33268521
* http://m.thenewdaily.com.au/news/2015/06/22/economics-humanity-australia-stop-boats/
* http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2015/06/19/interactive-worlds-changing-pattern-refugees-and-asylum-seekers
* http://billkerr2.blogspot.com.au/2015/04/why-migration-is-fundamental-human-right.html?m=1

### Websites

* https://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/asylum-seekers-and-refugees
* http://www.yapa.org.au/openingdoors/index.php
* http://www.roadtorefuge.com/

### Videos

Refugee health - a video play list compiled by Sabrina Gupta

## Notes and Recordings

Copies to the LMS after the event
# Multicultural Perspectives on Health and Wellbeing/Religion, spirituality and informal healthcare
## Preamble

Religion and spirituality can provide protection from stress associated to illness and can also be a means of coping and social support. In this lecture the area of religion, spirituality and informal healthcare will be discussed. Examples from research that Maria has undertaken will be presented to highlight the role of religion, culture, tradition and history in forming conceptualizations of health among three generations (immigrant, 1st and 2nd generation) of Greek Australian women in Melbourne. For the immigrant generation cultural maintenance was of great importance and maintaining the Greek way (culture, religion, food and language) was vital. This was achieved through sharing their culture with their families by continuing and sharing the traditions and customs they had in Greece with their descendants.

## Resources

* Avgoulas, M and Fanany, R (2012) "Cultural Understanding of Health and Adjustment to Cardiovascular Disease among the Greek Elderly". The International Journal of Aging and Society. 1(4): 61-74.
* Mechanic, D. (1992). Health and illness behavior and patient-practitioner relationships. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 34(12), 1345-1350.
* Pargament, K. I. (1997). The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, Practice. Guilford Press.
Videos
* Ikaria - Island of Youth
* Ikaria - Island of Longevity

## Notes and Recordings

* Lecture notes: Religion, spirituality and informal healthcare
# Start-up finance/crowdfunding

Crowdfunding in the own community amongst family and friends. Their donation will be a loan; repaid when business started off (with a risk that the business won’t be profitable).
Experience with crowdfunding in Bolgatanga, Ghana: Crowdfunding is not a popular way to raise money for a business start-up compared to other sources like grants, bank loans and family wealth. However, the kind of crowd funding popular in Ghana is called Silver Collection where a group or individual makes appeals to individuals or groups for donations of any amount to support their project (usually not business ventures but mostly charity). What I tried to do when I needed money to publish my book was to talk to people for silver collection which will be paid back with interest because it is was not for a charitable purpose but business. Usually people in Bolgatanga and Ghana for that matter think that anything business should be dealt with at the bank and this is a major barrier to crowdfunding for business start-ups.
Three things I noticed are important for successful crowdfunding for business start-ups in Ghana:
* Your (the entrepreneur) track record or how the people you approach perceive/trust you.
* The interest of the people you talk to in your business venture.
* How much you ask for from each person (asking little from many people works than asking much from few people).

## Learning Tasks

Try to answer the following questions for yourself and explaing why these are challenges for donors and project initiator:
* How can the donor of the money check if the provided money is used in the proposed way?
* Is the proposed project based on scientific evidence? Are rationals and the sources for the scientific evidence visible to the donor?
* Does the major donor unconditionally donate monay to project or does the donor add requirements and constraints to the funding (e.g. "you will get the money, if and only if project initiator uses the commercial products produced by the donor)?
* Can the results of the proposed project unconditionally be published or does the donor have a certain "veto" right, if the results of the project could have negative impact on the donor?
* Is the political, commercial and institutional background project initiator transparently documented to the donor, that creates a hidden bias?
# Start-up finance/Revolving fund

To be extended with: [theory from Grameen] [experiences from different communities]
# Start-up finance/low-interest loans

What is available currently in Ghana is:
* Ordinary bank loans which have high interest rates of over 25%;
* Government guaranteed loans or support which normally has interest rates from 2-13%;
* Micro finance loans at a 6% monthly rate;
* Credit Union Loans - where you make regular contribution, buy shares and then you can get at least double or two-thirds of your contribution as loan after 6 months;
* Institutional or company loans where employees could access at a rate of 0-3%
# Start-up finance/Remittances

Crowdfunding Remittances from diaspora living in Europe:
Diaspora associations:
* The Representative Council of Ghanaian Organizations in the Netherlands: www.recogin.info
* African Union African Diaspora Sixth Region Netherlands: www.auads-nl.org
Example from Ivory Coast: For a business start-up in my village in Cote d’Ivoire we collected €45.000 with crowdfunding amongst diaspora from that same area. We made a nice video for diaspora from our region; we spread it on social media and called people to make a donation of €20, €50 or €100 and ask for small fees which together could supply with start-up money! Diaspora feels: 'let’s give it a try and build on change’.
# Start a Wikiversity Project

This will become a tutorial or set of learning resources covering how to:
* Make a portal (a little geek assistance may be necessary but the framework is there)
** e.g. Portal:Social Entrepreneurship and Portal:FLOSS4Science
* Establish a Course or module
** e.g. using {{Module Intro Page}} (end-user friendly)
*** samples: the curriculum entries under "General" on the SSE Curriculum pages
* Add learning Activities (end-user friendly)
** Using (e.g.) {{Add activity}}
*** samples: Sample Activity Page
The content could be extended to cover general project development issues - conception, peer production, feasibility, strategy, networking, budgeting, design, workflow, implementation plan, funding, management, leadership, curriculum development, (wiki) pedagogy, best practices, sustainability, etc.
So far, only one approach is covered. The resources could cover many. K 22:42, 20 January 2009 (UTC)
# Statement/Truth function/True or false/3/Exercise

Determine the truth value of the statement
    $(((\neg (\neg (p)))\rightarrow (\neg (q)))\vee (\neg (r)))\leftrightarrow ((\neg (r))\wedge (q)),$
if $p$ and $r$ are false and $q$ is true.
# Start-up finance/corporate sponsors

What are the possibilities for corporate sponsors in your own community?
Possibility for corporate sponsorship in Bolgatanga, Ghana: In Bolgatanga and Ghana for that matter, I am aware of some well-to-do individuals in corporate institutions who do support and are willing to support especially young entrepreneurs with funding to start up their businesses. Corporate bodies do sponsor young entrepreneurs sometimes but usually in the form of competitions and the winner gets money to start-up his/her business (in fact this is the emerging practice in Ghana). Companies are commonly seen making charitable donations to the needy (this is the common practice in Ghana).
# Start-up finance/financial institutions

Banks or financial institutions are usually difficult to engage for financing in an early stage of business or for young entrepreneurs.
Tips:
Experiences from your own community:
Possibility of getting support from financial institutions in Bolgatanga, Ghana
Banks in Ghana do give financial assistance (loans) but usually to established business people who have enough proof(Collateral) to be able to pay back. Loans are usually given to only clients of the bank who have made enough contributions with the bank. In fact the loan given is usually a fraction of your own contribution in the bank in some cases or a little more above your contributions. Applicants for bank loans do not only go through unnecessary delays for several weeks and months but have their requested amount reduced to what the bank considers reasonable.
# Value chains and new media/Detail of the topics

08.02.2010 Concepts of Media, Media studies
15.02.2010 Media economics field and its subfields
22.02.2010 Participatory economy I: advertising and revenue sharing model
01.03.2010 Participatory economy II: Freemium and virtual production & commerce (topic 1)
08.03.2010 Participatory economy III: virtual production & commerce (topic 2)
15.03.2010 Long Tail and Media I
22.03.2010 Long Tail and Media II
29.03.2010 Web 2.0 rhetoric
5.03.2010 Social media and value chains I
12.03.2010 Social media and value chains II
19.03.2010 Produsage and recent developments in the field of new media
Topics and their order may be subject to changes
# Validity/Quiz

Validity is an introductory lecture for the course on the elements of terminology with this quiz that you are free to take.
Once you’ve read and studied the lecture itself, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links and in the {{terminology resources}} template, you should have adequate background to take the quiz.
Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.
Enjoy learning by doing!
# Value chains and new media/Content

New media ecosystems:
- Concepts of Media, Media studies and Media economics field and its subfields.
- Different media, different earning logic (written press, digital television, radio, online media).
- Finnish and International Media ecosystems: contents, owners, activities and users.
- Mass media theories.
-Recent developments in the media field.
Value-chains:
- Participatory economy and Web 2.0
- Long Tail and Media.
- Social media and new value chains, new business models.
(The content of the studies and the order of the topic can be subjected to minor changes)
# Valuation of Renminbi options using a flucutation-dissipation model

The issue of the valuation of the Renminbi is a very strongly discussed topic. There has been a lot of

## How to hedge

You can hedge renminbi options using currency forwards rather than the underlying.

## The basic model

Problem, how do you get volatility for Black Scholes. Answer: use fluctuation-dissipation theorem.
The dynamics of the RMB is
${\frac {1}{p_{0}}}{\frac {dp}{dt}}=-\Gamma p+f(t)$
where $p$ is the difference between the price of the renminbi equilibrium price which is derived from currency forwards and the current price, $\Gamma$ represents a constant which accounts for the People's Bank of China intervention that prevents the RMB from reaching its equlibrium value, and f(t) is a stochastic process. p_0 is the average level of the RMB which we are setting constant.
Intuitively our model corresponds to an ant being tied to a piece of elastic. The ant moves in random motions, however because of the RMB peg, there is a force that opposes the motion of the the ant.
Following the treatment in Deserno (2004), we have the Green function for the homogenous equation
$p_{g}(t)=\mathbb {I} e^{-\Gamma t}\Theta (t)$
Convolving this Green function with the stochastic force we get
${\begin{aligned}p(t)&=|p_{g}\star f|(t)\\&=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }dt^{\prime }\Theta (t^{\prime })e^{-\Gamma t}\mathbb {I} f(t-t^{\prime })\\&=\int _{0}^{\infty }dt^{\prime }e^{-\Gamma t}f(t-t^{\prime })\end{aligned}}$
Given the noise factor
${\begin{aligned}\langle f(t)\rangle &=0\\\langle f(t_{1})f(t_{2})\rangle &=\sigma ^{2}(t_{1}-t_{2})\end{aligned}}$
Calculating the expection value of p we find
${\begin{aligned}\langle p^{2}\rangle &=\langle \int _{0}^{\infty }dt_{1}e^{-\Gamma t_{1}}f(t-t_{1})\int _{0}^{\infty }dt_{2}e^{-\Gamma t_{2}}f(t-t_{2})\rangle \\&=\int _{0}^{\infty }dt_{1}\int _{0}^{\infty }dt_{2}e^{-\Gamma (t_{1}+t_{2})}C(t_{1}-t_{2}).\end{aligned}}$
This gives you
$p^{2}={\frac {\sigma ^{2}}{\Gamma }}$

## Analysis

Here should be a chart of the expected value of the RMB has described by RMB futures and the implied volatility of options. They should be identical. Cite Zhang's masters thesis here since he has one chart that shows the correlation before 7/22.

## Public policy implications

This model suggests that it would be unwise for the People's Bank of China to suddenly stop intervention in the currency markets. PBC intervention acts as a frictional force which dampened currency volatility. If this damping force were removed, the volatility of the market would increase cause widespread instability.
# Valuation of options using lottery ticket securities

Problem. Valuation of derivatives in incomplete markets requires specification of risk tolerance of agents. The standard way of specifying this is via utility functions and indifference pricing. A one parameter utility function is derived and from this Hodges indifference prices are calculated.
The limitations of this approach are:
* utility functions are not observable and it is difficult to derive the utility function of an investor from observable items
* utility functions mix the concepts of utility and risk aversion
* utility functions do not allow for risk-seeking behavior
* using utility pricing for derivative pricing requires the derivation of a market utility. However it is unclear how this market utility function arises from the individual utility function of individual investors. One standard assumption is to assume that all market traders have a standard utility function, but if this were the case there would be no reason for markets to exist.
We propose an alternate method of specifying risk behavior using a lottery ticket security, and use this risk profile framework to price standard European options. A lottery ticket security is a security with that has a gain or less of x with probability p. We then specify an agents risk profile by determining what the agent is willing to pay or loss for the security and we specify this with a function
$\pi (p,x)$
We include the follow constraints for the lottery security function which describe the limits of the payoff in cases where there is complete certainty.
$\pi (0,x)=0$ $\pi (p,0)=0$ $\pi (1,x)=x$
And we include the following conditions that assert a larger payoff as either probability or payoff increases:
${\frac {\partial \pi }{\partial p}}>0$ ${\frac {\partial \pi }{\partial x}}>0$
The risk-neutral payoff function can be specified as follows
$\pi (p,x)=px$
and we make the assertion that payoffs become risk neutral as the value at risk becomes small.
$\lim _{x\rightarrow 0}\pi (p,x)=px$
To value a payoff for a standard option, we need to derive the value of an option of f(u) given that the probability distribution function for the payoff is p(u). To do this let consider an lottery ticket security that pays one dollar if a coin reads heads and two dollars if the coin reads tails. These two securities can be represented as
$\pi _{head}(0.5,1)$ $\pi _{tail}(0.5,2)$
Combining these securities we have a certain payoff of $1 with a 0.5 probability of another $1 payoff or
$1.0+\pi _{0.5,1)$
Applying this argument to the continuous limit we derive the pricing function for options in the $\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {\partial \pi }{\partial x}}(P(0<f<x),x)dx-\int _{-\infty }^{0}{\frac {\partial \pi }{\partial x}}(P(x<f<0),x)dx$
# Value (economics)

Value in economics refers to a measure of economic worth as determined by the market. Definitions vary as to how to calculate and define value. For example, neoclassical economists see the value of an object as simply the price it would bring in an open and competitive market. Classical economists, on the other hand, see the value of an object as the amount of discomfort or labor saved through the consumption or use of an object or condition. Supply and demand dictate the value of an object, and the price of an object is often called its exchange value. As a symbolic representation for the cost as determined by economic sources or forces, value is often connected to the labor that produces the product, in addition to the product itself. Theories of value explain the varying market forces that guide the construction of value as predicted by models. When measured in monetary terms, value is most often positive in magnitude because market forces dictate a cost for an object that is non-negative. Value can be negative, however, but for that to be true the unit of analysis would have to be something other than money.
# Value chains and new media/Assignment

Assignment to be returned on latest Friday 12.02.2010:
Describe your own experience with new and interactive media field related to your studies and/or working life. (between 1 and 2 pages)
Read the article of David Gauntlett 'Media Studies 2.0'. http://www.theory.org.uk/mediastudies2.htm
To send your assignment, please join: http://htk.tlu.ee/icampus/ and the group "Value chains and new media": http://htk.tlu.ee/icampus/pg/groups/524/value-chains-and-new-media/
# Value table/Finite/Index set/Evaluation/Exercise

We consider the value table
* Compute $a_{2}+a_{5}$.
* Compute $\sum _{k=3}^{6}a_{k}$.
* Compute $\prod _{i=0}^{3}a_{2i+1}$.
* Compute $\sum _{i=4}^{5}a_{i}^{2}$.
# Power Generation/Comparison/Intro

The previous Lesson was about variable loads on power stations. You are expected to remember the following from Lesson 7.
* Definitions
* Load Curves
* Types of loads on a power station
* Selecting generation units for a power station
* Base & Peak loads
* Methods of meeting load
Preview: Lesson 8
This lesson is about comparing of power stations. At the end of the lesson, you should understand how each power station discussed in this course measures up against others with respect to the following:
* Location & space required
* Initial & running cost
* Overal efficiency & stand-by losses
* Maintenance costs
* Limit of source of power
* Cost of fuel & clean emissions
* Starting
* Transmission & distribution costs
# Power Generation/Comparison/Part1

Five types of electric generating power stations have been discussed in this course thus far. These being:
* Steam/Thermal Power station
* Hydro Power station
* Diesel Power station
* Nuclear Power station
* Gas turbine Power station
There are other types of power stations used around the world besides the big five covered here. The following are not covered here due to the fact that they are strictly dependent on the geography of the area where they can be erected and hence do not find wide use around the world:
* Geo-thermal
* Wind
* Solar
* Tidal
Note that the Pumped-storage scheme and Gas-turbine power stations are not included in this lesson as they are rarely used for base loads.
# Power Generation

Welcome to the Home page for Electrical Power Generation
In this course we will discuss Methods used to Generate Electricity ( i.e Types of Electric Power Stations ). At the end of this course the student is expected to be familiar with the Principles of Electrical Generation and their application in real life.
You are advised to read carefully through given material and attempt all quiz/questionaires in this course and dont forget to follow necessary safety code that will be outlined in this course. We hope you will enjoy this major course in Electrical Engineering.

## Course Outcomes

At the end of this course the student is expected to be comfortable with the following:
* Basics of Energy Conversion
* Sources of Energy
* Types of Power stations ( Construction & Operation )
* Variable Load on Power Stations
* Comparison of Different Power stations.

## Prerequisites

The following courses are considered important for the student to be at ease with material that will be covered in this course:
* Electrical Engineering Fundamentals
* Alternating Current Circuits

## Resources

Wikiversity has a respectable body of content related to this course, you are advised to use the resources wisely to achieve your success. This course includes a formula sheet that can help you remember important Formulae and principles.Do not rely on the formula sheet entirely without understanding course material.

## Organization

This course consists of:
* 8 Lessons → [ 8 weeks ]
* 1 Quiz Test → [ 1 Day ]
All the above Span about 8 weeks. Plan your time wisely, by starting a journal and track your progress. If you work consistently and keep to your planned Study Time, you will Do Very well in this course.
Here are some of the resources available to Help you understand and make better used of this personal Learning Experience:
* History of free learning
* Learning by doing
* How to use wiki technology as a free learner
# Survey research and design in psychology/Materials
## Software

To complete the tutorials and survey research project for Survey research and design in psychology access will be needed to statistical software, including IBM SPSS and spreadsheet software such as Microsoft Excel (part of Microsoft Office). This software can be accessed on University of Canberra campus computers at no additional cost by those enrolled.
You can also use versions of the software on other computers. Options for accessing SPSS include:
* Download and install a 14-day trial version.
* Purchase a SPSS Standard Grad Pack 6 or 12 month license via SPSS buy now - see bottom right hand corner for links to student version resellers

## Calculator

A non-programmable calculator (~$10) is recommended for tutorials and quizzes.

## USB flash drive

A 2GB or larger USB flash drive (~AU$10) is recommended for file storage whilst working on tutorial exercises and the survey research project. Backups should also be made.