OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# BCP/Lathyrus odoratus/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for Lathyrus odoratus (Sweet Pea). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

### Logs
#### 2008 Logs

* (no archived logs yet)

##### Recent Logs

* --SB_Johnny | 21:49, 19 August 2007 (UTC)
* SBJ 18:08, 14 September 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 08:24, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:02, 20 July 2008 (UTC)
# BCP/Lathyrus vernus

Lathyrus vernus
| flowers Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Lathyrus vernus (Spring Vetchling or Spring Pea) Identifying Characteristics Recent Logs Anna reg 12:36, 17 April 2010 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data:
Regional data:
Additional images:
# BCP/Lavandula angustifolia/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for Lavandula angustifolia (Lavender). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

### Logs
#### 2007 Logs

* --SB_Johnny | 17:26, 9 June 2007 (UTC)
* SBJ 09:34, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 09:32, 30 June 2007 (UTC)
* SB Johnny-LM 19:32, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:47, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 14:43, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

#### 2008 Logs

* SBJ 18:24, 4 September 2007 (UTC)
* --Luai lashire 14:51, 26 September 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:33, 10 October 2007 (UTC)
* --Juan Pisek 17:28, 11 October 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 13:17, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

##### Recent Logs

* --SB_Johnny | 13:34, 31 May 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 09:58, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 00:21, 24 July 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny 09:49, 10 August 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny 08:25, 24 September 2008 (UTC)
* Anna reg 16:49, 29 May 2010 (UTC)
# BCP/Lavandula pinnata

Lavandula pinnata
| inflorescence Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Lavandula pinnata (Fern-leaved lavender) Identifying Characteristics Recent Logs --SB_Johnny 00:20, 23 August 2008 (UTC) --SB_Johnny 10:49, 1 September 2008 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Late Summer
Regional data: Southeastern Pennsylvania: (cultivated) August, September
Additional images:
# Cicero

Marcus Tullius Cicero was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher and Academic Skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire. His extensive writings include treatises on rhetoric, philosophy and politics, and he is considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the Roman equestrian order, and served as consul in 63 BC.

## Resources

Special:Prefixindex/Cicero/

## See Also

* Wikipedia: Cicero
# Christoffel symbols

The Christoffel symbols are related to the metric tensor by
   $\Gamma _{\mu \nu }^{\lambda }={\frac {1}{2}}g^{\lambda \rho }\left(g_{\mu \rho },_{\nu }+g_{\rho \nu },_{\mu }-g_{\mu \nu },_{\rho }\right)$
where the comma is a partial derivative. For example
   $g_{\mu \nu },_{\rho }={\frac {\partial g_{\mu \nu }}{\partial x^{\rho }}}$
The Christoffel symbols are part of a covariant derivative opperation, represented by a semicolin or capitalized D ,mapping tensor elements to tensor elements. For example
   $T^{\lambda };_{\rho }={\frac {DT^{\lambda }}{\partial x^{\rho }}}={\frac {\partial T^{\lambda }}{\partial x^{\rho }}}+\Gamma _{\mu \rho }^{\lambda }T^{\mu }$
Also for example
   $T_{\lambda };_{\rho }={\frac {DT_{\lambda }}{\partial x^{\rho }}}={\frac {\partial T_{\lambda }}{\partial x^{\rho }}}-\Gamma _{\lambda \rho }^{\mu }T_{\mu }$
And differentiating with respect to an invariant example
   ${\frac {DT^{\lambda }}{d\tau }}={\frac {dT^{\lambda }}{d\tau }}+\Gamma _{\mu \nu }^{\lambda }T^{\mu }{\frac {\partial x^{\nu }}{d\tau }}$
# Chronic viral infection

A chronic viral infection is mostly determined by the balance between the virulence of the pathogen and the individual immune properties of the host. Some examples of chronic infections are HIV, herpes viruses, Epstein-barr virus and retroviruses. Typical for these viruses is that they are not cleared from the body. This does not necessarily mean that cells keep producing viral proteins but the viral genome is still present. It can be because their are still cells that are producing viruses, but it can also be because of the viral genome that integrated into the host's genome.
The host will this always remain a potential threat to infect other people, although sometimes it is possible that the serum levels are so low that the virus is not longer transmitted. This is also the case for viruses like HIV for example. People who are infected with HIV and follow their treatment as prescribed can lower the viral load in their blood to undetectable levels. This also means that they can no longer transmit the infection to other people, not even during sexual contact.
Because of the fact that there are still cells needed where the viral genome remains, most naked viruses won't result in a chronic infection because they will cause cell lysis and so cell death and very intense inflammatory responses.
# Chromium browsing history database

This guide shows how to read the history database file left by Google Chrome, Chromium, and its derivatives. Like Firefox, Chromium stores browsing history in a sqlite3 format file, but with different property names, and without ".sqlite" or ".sql" extensions. The file is named "History" and located in the Google Chrome profile directory.
The sqlite3 command-line utility is explained in greater detail at Firefox/Browsing history database. To facilitate using the commands, you may navigate to the profile folder directory, copy the database file into your working directory, or put the path to the database file in a variable.
Unlike Firefox, which limits retention of history based on the number of entries, Chromium has a fixed time limit of three months. Before version 37, released in August 2014, an additional file named "Archive History" retained history without time limit, though as can be seen below, it contained fewer tables.
If sqlite3 complains that the database is locked, write the filename as a URL (use quotes to protect shell special characters):
List URLs with time stamps and titles in terminal:
Note that this likely won't be a chronological list of sites visited because the urls table doesn't record chronological history. To get that, the visits table needs to be included in the query:
Generate a CSV file with header and Excel-compatible timestamps, and redirect to a file history.csv:
This can be turned into a convenience function that takes the input and output filenames as arguments by appending to ~/.bashrc:
Some notes about epochs (refence dates) and storage units:
* Chromium timestamps are counted in (integer) microseconds since 1 January 1601 00:00 UTC. This is the same epoch as Windows uses, but each Windows time unit represents 100 nanoseconds.
* Unix timestamps are counted in (integer) seconds since 1 January 1970 00:00 UTC
Conversion to Unix timestamps requires division by 1,000,000 and subtraction of 11,644,473,600 time units. Conversion to Excel timestamps requires further division by 86,400 (seconds in a day) and the addition of 109,572 days (from 1601 to 1901).
Until version 30, released in July 2013, additional files named "History Index" with year and month numbers appended, stored page text snippets to quickly provide suggestions from the address bar based on page text.
# Cheat sheets/Gamma matrices

I = identity

## Basic properties

* $\{\gamma ^{\mu },\gamma ^{\nu }\}=2g^{\mu \nu }$

## Gamma matrices

* $\gamma ^{\mu }\gamma _{\mu }=4I$

## Trace relations

* ${\textrm {Tr}}(\gamma ^{\mu }\gamma ^{\nu })=4g^{\mu \nu }$
* ${\textrm {Tr}}(\gamma ^{\mu }\gamma ^{\nu }\gamma ^{5})=0$
# Cheat sheets/Spin matrices

    $\sigma _{x}=\sigma _{1}={\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\1&0\end{pmatrix}}$
    $\sigma _{y}=\sigma _{2}={\begin{pmatrix}0&-i\\i&0\end{pmatrix}}$
    $\sigma _{z}=\sigma _{3}={\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\end{pmatrix}}$
# Cheat sheets/Thermodynamics in differential form

* Heat: dQ
* Work: dW
* Entropy: dS = dQ / T

## Internal energy

* $U=U(T,V)$
* $dU=\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial T}}\right)_{V}dT+\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial V}}\right)_{T}dV$
* $dU=dQ+dW$
* $dU=C_{V}dT+\left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial V}}\right)_{T}dV$

## Enthalpy

* $H=H(T,P)$
* $dH=\left({\frac {\partial H}{\partial T}}\right)_{P}dT+\left({\frac {\partial H}{\partial P}}\right)_{T}dP$
* $dH=C_{P}dT+\left({\frac {\partial H}{\partial P}}\right)_{T}dP$

## Combined first and second law

* $dU=TdS-PdV$

### Other thermodynamic potentials

* $dU=TdS-PdV$
* $dH=TdS+VdP$
* $dA=-SdT-PdV$
* $dG=-SdT+VdP$

### Maxwell relations

* $\left({\frac {\partial T}{\partial V}}\right)_{S}=-\left({\frac {\partial P}{\partial S}}\right)_{V}$
* $\left({\frac {\partial T}{\partial P}}\right)_{S}=\left({\frac {\partial V}{\partial S}}\right)_{P}$
* $\left({\frac {\partial S}{\partial V}}\right)_{T}=\left({\frac {\partial P}{\partial T}}\right)_{V}$
* $\left({\frac {\partial S}{\partial P}}\right)_{T}=-\left({\frac {\partial V}{\partial T}}\right)_{P}$
# Check

| 1.Introduction | 2. TBCL | 3. TBL | 4. TBCL vs. TBL | 5. Elements of a good TBL | 6. Understanding |

## Final Check

Let's see how well you can recognize a good TBL. Pick any one of your lesson plans that you feel meets the criteria previously established. Answer the questions below about it, and we'll see how you do!

## So, can you design a TBL?

Either congratulations or keep working. It will come to you with more practice. Feel free to email me with any questions or comments!
| Back
| 1.Introduction | 2. TBCL | 3. TBL | 4. TBCL vs. TBL | 5. Elements of a good TBL | 6. Understanding |
Back to Topic: Instructional Design
# Chemical Control of Weeds and its Implications

A weed is an undesirable plant that grows on cultivated ground and which provokes crop yield loss. Since ancient times, farmers have applied different control methods to eradicate them. However, they are still present in every agro-ecosystems. In the past mechanic control was the only practice known until the use of the first chemical methods. The beginning of chemical techniques was based on the use of inorganic salts such as sodium chloride. The first herbicide was an organic substance called DNOC (4,6-dinitro-o-cresol), which was discovered during the 1930s in France. Since then, more than 200 active principles have been developed and approved. With this progress, labor hand requirements for weed control have been reduced. Nowadays, herbicides dominate the pest market and represent more than 40% of total world pesticide amounts used.
Herbicide use is associated with reductions in crop yield loss due to weed interference and an increase of 30% in total production, reflecting an economic benefit to the whole society. However, extensive herbicide use has been related to several problems. Among them the following topics could be highlighted:
These impacts on the agro-ecosystems can be minimized when herbicide applications are combined with other control techniques such as cultural, mechanical and biological methods in programs of integrated weed management.
* ↑ Dekker, J (1997) Weed Diversity and Weed Management, Weed Science 45: 357-363.
* ↑ Marzocca, A Marsico, O del Puerto, O (1976) Manual de Malezas, Hemisferio Sur.
* ↑ Streibig, J (2003) Assessment of Herbicide Effects. (http://www.ewrs.org/et/docs/Herbicide_interaction.pdf)
* ↑ Senseman, S (2007) Herbicide Handbook, Weed Science Society of America ISBN 1891276565.
* ↑ Pacanoski, Z (2007) Herbicide Use: Benefits for Society as a Whole- a Review. Pak J. Weed Sci. Res. 13(1-2): 135-147.
* ↑ Pacanoski, Z (2007) Herbicide Use: Benefits for Society as a Whole- a Review. Pak J. Weed Sci. Res. 13(1-2): 135-147.
* ↑ Pacanoski, Z (2007) Herbicide Use: Benefits for Society as a Whole- a Review. Pak J. Weed Sci. Res. 13(1-2): 135-147.
* ↑ Monning, E (1988) Human Health Risk Assessment of Herbicide Applications to Control Noxious Weeds and Poisonous Plants in the Northern Region. USDA Report 88-9.
* ↑ Moreby, S Southway, S (1999) Influence of Autumn Applied Herbicides on Summer and Autumn Food Available to Birds in Winter Wheat Fields in Southern England. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 72: 285-297.
* ↑ Hakansson, (2003) Weeds and Weed Management on Arable Land. An Ecological Approach, CABI Publishing ISBN 0-85199-651-5.
* ↑ Dekker, J Duke, S (1995) Herbicide Resistance in Field Crops. Advances in Agronomy 54: 69-116.
# Cheat sheets/Statistical mechanics

Statistical mechanics is a branch of mathematical physics that studies, using probability theory, the average behaviour of a mechanical system where the state of the system is uncertain. A common use of statistical mechanics is in explaining the thermodynamic behaviour of large systems.

## Thermal wavelength

    $\lambda ={\frac {h}{\sqrt {2\pi mk_{B}T}}}=h{\sqrt {\frac {\beta }{2\pi m}}}=\hbar {\sqrt {\frac {2\pi \beta }{m}}}$
    ${1 \over \lambda }={\frac {\sqrt {2\pi mk_{B}T}}{h}}$

## Partition function

Canonical: (in 3d)
    $Z=\int \prod _{i=1}^{N}{\frac {d^{3}q_{i}d^{3}p_{i}}{h^{3}}}e^{-\beta {\frac {p_{i}^{2}}{2m}}}e^{-\beta U(q_{i})}=\int \prod _{i=1}^{N}{\frac {d^{3}q_{i}d^{3}p_{i}}{h^{3}}}e^{-\beta H}$

## See Also

* School of Physics
* Thermodynamics
* Classical thermodynamics
* Statistical thermodynamics
* Heat transfer
# Cheat sheets/Quantum mechanical scattering
## Schrodinger equation

(Assume potential is radially symmetric) $\left[-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}\nabla ^{2}+V(r)\right]\psi (r)=E\psi (r)$
If we put
    $U={\frac {2m}{\hbar }}V(r)$
then
    $\left[\nabla ^{2}+k^{2}-U(r)\right]\psi (r)=0$

### Recall

$\nabla =\partial _{r}{\hat {r}}+{\frac {1}{r}}\partial _{\theta }{\hat {\theta }}+{\frac {1}{r\sin \theta }}\partial _{\phi }{\hat {\phi }}$

### One important result

$\left(\nabla ^{2}+k^{2}\right){\frac {e^{ikr}}{r}}=-4\pi \delta ^{3}({\vec {r}})$

### Green's function

$G({\vec {r}})=\int {\frac {d^{3}p}{(2\pi )^{3}}}e^{-i{\vec {p}}\cdot {\vec {r}}}{\frac {1}{k^{2}-p^{2}}}=-{\frac {1}{4\pi r}}e^{ikr}$

## Simple energy relationships

$E={\frac {|{\vec {p}}|^{2}}{2m}}={\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}|{\vec {k}}|^{2}={\frac {1}{2}}m|{\vec {v}}|^{2}$

## Wavefunction

$\psi _{\vec {k}}({\vec {r}})=e^{i{\vec {k}}\cdot {\vec {r}}}+f(k,\theta ,\phi ){\frac {e^{ikr}}{r}}$
    Incoming: $e^{i{\vec {k}}\cdot {\vec {r}}}$
    Scattered: ${\frac {e^{ikr}}{r}}$

## Scattering Amplitude: f(k,φ,θ)

    $f(k,\phi ,\theta )=-{1 \over 4\pi }\int e^{-ik'r}u(r)\psi _{k}(r)\,dr$
    $f=-{\frac {m}{2\pi \hbar ^{2}}}\left\langle \phi _{k'}|V|\psi _{k}\right\rangle$
    Plane Wave: $\phi _{k'}(r)=e^{ik'r}$

## Differential cross section

${\frac {d\sigma }{d\Omega }}=|f(k,\theta ,\phi )|^{2}$

## Total cross section

$\int d\Omega \,\sigma (\Omega )=\int _{0}^{2\pi }d\phi \int _{0}^{\pi }\sin \theta d\theta |f(\theta ,\phi )|^{2}$
# Chemical Bond

Chemical reactions (chemical changes) are always accompanied by the formation of new chemical bonds or breaking of existing chemical bonds or both. For example when sodium chemically reacts with chlorine, a chemical bond is formed between the two atoms i.e. the sodium atom and the chlorine atom. This type of chemical bonds which is formed due to complete transfer of an electron from an atom like sodium into another atom like chlorine is called ionic bond. Another kind of chemical bonds, called covalent bond, is formed when identical atoms chemically combine to make molecules. For example two hydrogen atoms chemically combine to give us a covalently bonded molecule of hydrogen gas. Similarly atoms of different elements having close electronegativity values may also form covalent bonds with slight to moderate ionic characters. However, atoms of different elements having very different electronegativity values do not form covalent bonds rather they form ionic bonds.
# Cyberculture/Social Media/TikTok

TIKTOK
Overview -
TikTok is an iOS and Android social media video app for creating and sharing short lip-sync, comedy, and talent videos. The application allows users to create short music and lip-sync videos of 3 to 15 seconds and short looping videos of 3 to 60 seconds. It was launched in September 2016 by ByteDance under the name of ‘Douyin’ for Chinese markets. In September 2017, it was relaunched under the name ‘TikTok’ to cater to demand in foreign markets. On 9th November 2017, ByteDance invested upto $1billion to acquire Music.ly, a Shanghai based start up with an
office in Santa Monica, California.
Owing to it’s popularity as a social media platform that targets the US teenage market, the acquisition helped TikTok break into the west.
REFERENCES AND SOURCES
* ↑ "TikTok is fast becoming the most popular app in the world". The Industry Observer. 2018-11-04. Retrieved 2019-09-12.
* ↑ "How to earn money from tik tok". Skparadize. 2020-03-04. Retrieved 2020-03-04.
# Cymraeg 1

Cymraeg 1 :
| Cymraeg Cymraeg 1 The clock tower of Caerdydd (Cardiff), Prifddinas Cymru (Captial of Wales) "Cymraeg 1" is a course in the Welsh Department. In this Beginner's course, students are introduced to simple vocabulary, how to structure a Welsh sentence and some basic phrases for a simple conversation. | Cymru Pen Y Fan, Bannau Brycheiniog (Brecon Beacons)  Wales (Welsh: Cymru) is one of the six Celtic nations. It is located in Western Europe at the Western peninsula of Great Britain. It has been granted an assembly and a local government in recent years - this is helping to aid the devolution from 'English' government that the Welsh so desperately want. The Welsh language is now taught in many Welsh schools as a first language but is compulsory up to the age of 16 to those in English-medium education. It is spoken by around 22% of the Welsh population and is rising each year due to great effort made by the Welsh assembly. Castell Dolwyddelan (Dolweddelan Castle) |
| Lessons Lesson 1: Geiriau Sylfaenol - Basic Words Lesson 2: Sgwrs Sylfaenol - Simple Conversation Lesson 3: Rheolau Gramadeg Syml - Simple Grammar Rules Lesson 4: Geiriau Rhegi Cymraeg - Welsh Swear Words | Cymru Pen Y Fan, Bannau Brycheiniog (Brecon Beacons)  Wales (Welsh: Cymru) is one of the six Celtic nations. It is located in Western Europe at the Western peninsula of Great Britain. It has been granted an assembly and a local government in recent years - this is helping to aid the devolution from 'English' government that the Welsh so desperately want. The Welsh language is now taught in many Welsh schools as a first language but is compulsory up to the age of 16 to those in English-medium education. It is spoken by around 22% of the Welsh population and is rising each year due to great effort made by the Welsh assembly. Castell Dolwyddelan (Dolweddelan Castle) |
Topic:Welsh Brythonic Celtic Languages Division
# Cyberculture/Social Media/YouTube
## YouTube
### Introduction
#### History

YouTube was created in February 2005 by three former PayPal employees: Chad Hurley, Steve Chen and Javed Karim.

#### Unique Selling Point

YouTube's unique selling point or added value is that it is a free platform for sharing content through videos. Moreover, the platform is decentralized[?, explain], and hence, has a participatory ethos that encourages individual creators to participate on the platform.

#### Demographics

* Age of viewers using YouTube:
** 96% of internet users aged 18-24
** 85% of internet users aged 45-54
** 51% of internet users aged 75 and over
* Estimated users with an account by 2021: 1.86 Billion
* Behavior of Viewers:
** 34% are dedicated users subscribed to many channels
** 24% are moderate users subscribed to 1-2 channels
** 42% are casual users not subscribed to any channel

#### YouTube Fan Fest

YouTube Fan Fest takes YouTube’s biggest stars, from screens to live stages all over the world, and celebrates the freedom to be heard, to be in the know, to be what’s next, and to belong.

#### YouTube Partner Program

The five main requirements of the YouTube Partner Program are:
* Follow the YouTube partner policies
* Live in a country where the program is available
* Have more than 4000 watch hours in the last 12 months
* Have more than 1000 subscribers
* Finally, have a linked AdSense account.
There are six variations of advertisements on YouTube:
* Display ads
* Overlay ads
* Skippable video ads (most common)
* Non-skippable video ads (which are especially alluring)
* Bumper ads
* Sponsored ads

### Reference List

* 1 2 Kandala, Rohit. "Make History Accessible: The Case For Youtube". Opencommons.Uconn.Edu, 2019,   https://opencommons.uconn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1627&context=srhonors_theses. Accessed 9 Aug 2019.
* ↑ "Youtube Fanfest". Youtubefanfest.Com, 2019, https://www.youtubefanfest.com/about.
# Cyberculture
## Content summary

The arrival of the “digital” age has fundamentally changed the way humans make meaning of society. In addition to its myriad implications in the world of commerce and statecraft—it has also fundamentally challenged very basic ideas about the human condition. We are living in an era where we have to constantly re-negotiate and re-invent our understanding of identity, gender, sexuality, privacy, surveillance & the State—as well as new business models oriented around human networks, startups, social media, sharing & curating economies. This course will seek to establish a grounding in the anthropology of such cybercultural issues and themes through ethnographic, analytical and observational exercises. We will learn to curate, collate and design cybercultures.

## Course Objectives

* Explore the basic themes and issues of cybercultures scholarship
* To investigate themes of the self on cyberspace realities covering issues of gender, sexuality, privacy etc.
* To investigate structures of commerce and hegemony in social networks, startup culture, sharing and curating economies
* To understand the changing nature of state & the citizen relations in the era of mass surveillance, digital resistances and hacktivism
* Understand some of the common themes and motifs that make up a cyberpunk aesthetic

## Expected Learning Outcomes

On completing this Course, a learner is expected to be able to:
* Understand and decode cybercultural narratives
* Present critical analysis and commentary on discourses of the individual or the collective on cybercultural issues
* Identify and explore digital commerce trends
* Explore aesthetics of cyberpunk cultural mores and digital activism possibilities

## Social Media

Youtube
note 2

## eCommerce

Notes and Observations