OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Micromechanics of composites/Infinitesimal deformations
## Infinitesimal Deformations

Let us first consider only infinitesimal strains and linear elasticity. If we assume that the RVE is small enough, we can neglect inertial and body forces. In addition, if the RVE is in equilibrium, conservation of mass automatically holds. Then the equations that govern the motion of the RVE can be written as:
    ${\begin{aligned}{\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}&={\frac {1}{2}}({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {u} +{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {u} ^{T})&&\qquad {\text{Strain-Displacement Relations}}\\{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}&={\boldsymbol {\mathsf {C}}}:{\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}&&\qquad {\text{Stress-Strain Relations}}\\{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\bullet {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}&=0&&\qquad {\text{Balance of Linear Momentum}}\\{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}&={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}^{T}&&\qquad {\text{Balance of Angular Momentum}}\\\rho ~{\dot {e}}&={\boldsymbol {\sigma }}:({\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\mathbf {v} )-{\boldsymbol {\nabla }}\bullet \mathbf {q} +\rho ~s&&\qquad {\text{Balance of Energy.}}\\\end{aligned}}$
In the above equations, ${\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}(\mathbf {x} )$ is the strain tensor (small strain), $\mathbf {u} (\mathbf {x} )$ is the displacement vector, and ${\boldsymbol {\mathsf {C}}}(\mathbf {x} )$ is the fourth-order tensor of elastic moduli at the point $\mathbf {x} \in \Omega$.
To get a unique solution of the governing equations, we need boundary conditions on $\partial {\Omega }$. These boundary conditions may be in the form of applied tractions:
    ${\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\bullet \mathbf {n} ={\bar {\mathbf {t} }}~;\qquad \sigma _{ij}~n_{j}={\bar {t_{i}}}$
where $\mathbf {n} (\mathbf {x} )$ is the outward normal vector to the surface $\partial {\Omega }$ and ${\bar {\mathbf {t} }}(\mathbf {x} )$ is the applied traction.
Alternatively, the boundary conditions may be in the form of applied displacements:
    $\mathbf {u} ={\bar {\mathbf {u} }}~;\qquad u_{i}={\bar {u_{i}}}$
where ${\bar {\mathbf {u} }}(\mathbf {x} )$ is the applied displacement.
We usually assume that the portions of the boundary on which tractions and displacements are applied are nonoverlapping, i.e., $\partial {\Omega }=\partial {\Omega }_{t}\cup \partial {\Omega }_{u}$ and $\partial {\Omega }_{t}\cap \partial {\Omega }_{u}=\varnothing$.
If we need to solve the energy equation, we also have to specify heat flux or specified temperature boundary conditions on the RVE.
# Literature/1998

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Subpages

* Bollacker, Kurt D.; Steve Lawrence & C. Lee Giles (1998). "CiteSeer: An Autonous Web Agent for Automatic Retrieval and Identification of Interesting Publications," Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Autonomous Agents, May 10-13, 1998, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, pp. 116-123. $^{[^]}$
* Brin, Sergey & Lawrence Page (1998). "The Anatomy of a Large-scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine," Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on World Wide Web 7, p.107-117, April 1998, Brisbane, Australia. $^{[^]}$
* Fodor, Jerry (1998). The Trouble with Psychological Darwinism." London Review of Books. Vol. 20 No. 2 (22 January 1998) pp. 11-13. $^{[^]}$
* Giles, C. Lee; Kurt D. Bollacker & Steve Lawrence (1998). "CiteSeer: An Automatic Citation Indexing System," Proceedings of the Third ACM Conference on Digital Libraries, p.89-98, June 23-26, 1998, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1998/Goertzel $^{[^]}$
* Hahn, Trudi Bellardo & Michael Buckland (1998). Historical Studies in Information Science. Medford, NJ: Information Today, Inc. (Published for the American Society for Information Science) $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1998/Johnson $^{[^]}$
* Lawrence, Steve & C. Lee Giles (1998). "Searching the World Wide Web," Science, April 3, 1998, pp. 98-100. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1998/Novak $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1998/Page $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1998/Sauer $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1998/Wenger $^{[^]}$
* Wilson, Edward (1998). Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge. New York: Knopf. $^{[^]}$
# Literature/1998/Bollacker

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Abstract

Research papers available on the World Wide Web (WWW or Web) are often poorly organized, often exist in forms opaque to search engines (e.g. Postscript), and increase in quantity daily. Significant amounts of time and effort are typically needed in order to find interesting and relevant publications on the Web. We have developed a Web based information agent that assists the user in the process of performing a scientific literature search. Given a set of keywords, the agent uses Web search engines and heuristics to locate and download papers. The papers are parsed in order to extract information features such as the abstract and individually identified citations. The agents Web interface can be used to find relevant papers in the database using keyword searches, or by navigating the links between papers formed by the citations. Links to both citing and cited publications can be followed. In addition to simple browsing and keyword searches, the agent can find papers which are similar to a given paper using word information and by analyzing common citations made by the papers.

## Wikimedia

* w: CiteSeer
* w: CiteSeerX
# Literature/1998/Brin

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Wikimedia

* w: Google
# Literature/1998/Giles

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Wikimedia

* w: CiteSeer
* w: CiteSeerX
* w: Citation indexing
# Literature/1997/Buckland

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &
* Reprinted in Hahn, T. B. & M. Buckland, eds. (1998). Historical Studies in Information Science. Medford, NJ: Information Today. pp. 215-220. This text may vary slightly from the published version.
* http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~buckland/whatdoc.html

## Authors

* School of Information Management & Systems, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
* E-mail: buckland@sims.berkeley.edu

## Abstract

Ordinarily the word "document" denotes a textual record. Increasingly sophisticated attempts to provide access to the rapidly growing quantity of available documents raised questions about which should be considered a "document". The answer is important for any definition of the scope of Information Science. Paul Otlet and others developed a functional view of "document" and discussed whether, for example, sculpture, museum objects, and live animals, could be considered "documents". Suzanne Briet equated "document" with organized physical evidence. These ideas appear to resemble notions of "material culture" in cultural anthropology and "object-as-sign" in semiotics. Others, especially in the USA (e.g. Jesse Shera and Louis Shores) took a narrower view. New digital technology renews old questions and also old confusions between medium, message, and meaning.

## Excerpts

* Briet enumerates six objects and asks if each is a document.
    Object --- Document?
    Star in sky -- No
    Photo of star -- Yes
    Stone in river -- No
    Stone in museum -- Yes
    Animal in wild -- No
    Animal in zoo -- Yes

## Wikimedia

| w: Document w: Documentation | w: Information retrieval w: Information management |

## Chronology

* Buckland, Michael (2009). "As We May Recall: Four Forgotten Pioneers," Interactions, vol. 16, No. 6 (November + December 2009), pp. 76-79. $^{[^]}$
* Buckland, Michael (2006). "Collaboration: Bad Words and Strong Documents," (p. 3) In: Hassanaly, Parina, et al., eds. (2006). Proceeding of the 2006 Conference on Cooperative Systems Design: Seamless Integration of Artifacts and Conversations -- Enhanced Concepts of Infrastructure for Communication. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS Press. $^{[^]}$
* Buckland, Michael. (1995). "The Centenary of 'Madame Documentation': Suzanne Briet, 1894-1989," Journal of the American Society for Information Science, vol. 46, no. 3 (April 1995): 235-237.
** http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~buckland/brietjas.html (draft)
* Buckland, M. K. & R. Day. "The semiotics of 'document'." In the proceedings of the Fifth Congress of the International Association for Semiotic Studies, Berkeley, 1994. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
* Buckland, M. K. (1991). "Information retrieval of more than text," Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 42, 586-588.
* Buckland, Michael (1991). "Information as Thing." Journal of the American Society for Information Science 42 (5): 351-360. $^{[^]}$
* Buckland, Michael (1991). "Information as Thing." Journal of the American Society for Information Science 42 (5): 351-360. $^{[^]}$
# Literature/1997/Dworkin

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Wikimedia

| w: Perry Anderson w: Stuart Hall w: Christopher Hill (historian) w: Rodney Hilton w: Eric Hobsbawm w: E. P. Thompson w: Raymond Williams | w: J. D. Bernal w: David Bohm w: John Maynard Smith w: Christopher Freeman w: J. G. A. Pocock |
# Literature/1997/Pinker

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Authors

* He is a Harvard College Professor and Johnstone Family Professor in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University. @ w: Steven Pinker

## Wikimedia

* w: Innatism

## Chronology

* Pinker, Steven (2011). The Better Angels of Our Nature: The Decline of Violence in History and Its Causes.
* Pinker, Steven (2007). The Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window into Human Nature.
* Pinker, Steven, ed. (2004). The Best American Science and Nature Writing.
* Pinker, Steven (2002). The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature.
* Pinker, Steven (1999). Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Language.
* Pinker, Steven (1997). How the Mind Works. W. W. Norton. $^{[^]}$
* Pinker, Steven (1994). The Language Instinct.
* Pinker, Steven (1992). Lexical and Conceptual Semantics.
* Pinker, Steven (1989). Learnability and Cognition: The Acquisition of Argument Structure.
* Pinker, Steven (1988). Connections and Symbols.
* Pinker, Steven (1985). Visual Cognition.
* Pinker, Steven (1984). Language Learnability and Language Development.

### See also

* Fodor, Jerry (2000). The Mind Doesn't Work That Way: The Scope and Limits of Computational Psychology. MIT Press. $^{[^]}$
* Fodor, Jerry (1998). The Trouble with Psychological Darwinism." London Review of Books. Vol. 20 No. 2 (22 January 1998) pp. 11-13. $^{[^]}$
* Henry Plotkin (1997). Evolution in Mind: An Introduction to Evolutionary Psychology. Allen Lane.
* Literature/1996/Fodor $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1996/Elman $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1994/Pinker $^{[^]}$

## Reviews

* Google Reviews
* Fodor, Jerry (1998). "The Trouble with Psychological Darwinism." London Review of Books (1998) Vol. 20, No. 2
* The Pulitzer Prize finalist and national bestseller How the Mind Works is a fascinating, provocative work exploring the mysteries of human thought and behavior. How do we see in three dimensions? How do we remember names and faces? How is it, indeed, that we ponder the nature of our own consciousness? Why do we fall in love? In this bold, extraordinary book, Pinker synthesizes the best of cognitive science and evolutionary biology to explain what the mind is, how it has evolved, and, ultimately, how it works. This edition includes a new afterword that explores the impact of the book and its relevance today.
* w: Talk:How the Mind Works#Mathematically provable truth

## Comments

* Steven Pinker may better note that the flamingo is stiffly pinker than the bruin or the brown bear of etymological tautology, which in turn is so pinker than the grizzly and any other species. This mathematically provable notion has been well known since Eleanor Rosch's prototype theory refined around semantic categories in 1975 in accordance with Paul Grice's (1975) famous implicature or the implicit nature of meaning in mind, that is, embodied a posteriori, acquired or learned, rather than embedded a priori, innate or inborn.
# Literature/1998/Fodor J

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &
* http://www.lrb.co.uk/v20/n02/jerry-fodor/the-trouble-with-psychological-darwinism
* http://humanities.uchicago.edu/faculty/goldsmith/CogSciCourse/Fodor.htm

## Excerpts

* Pinker and Plotkin are reporting a minority consensus. Most cognitive scientists still work in a tradition of empiricism and associationism whose main tenets haven't changed much since Locke and Hume. The human mind is a blank slate at birth. Experience writes on the slate, and association extracts and extrapolates whatever trends there are in the record that experience leaves. The structure of the mind is thus an image, made a posteriori, of the statistical regularities in the world in which it finds itself. I would guess that quite a substantial majority of cognitive scientists believe something of this sort; so deeply, indeed, that many hardly notice that they do.
* Pinker and Plotkin, by contrast, epitomise a rationalist revival that started about forty years ago with Chomsky's work on the syntax of natural languages and that is by now sufficiently robust to offer a serious alternative to the empiricist tradition. Like Pinker and Plotkin, I think the New Rationalism is the best story about the mind that science has found to tell so far. But I think their version of that story is tendentious, indeed importantly flawed. And I think the cheerful tone that they tell it in is quite unwarranted by the amount of progress that has actually been made. Our best scientific theory about the mind is better than empiricism; but, in all sorts of ways, it's still not very good. Pinker quotes Chomsky's remark the 'ignorance can be divided into problems and mysteries' and continues: 'I wrote this book because dozens of mysteries of the mind, from mental images to romantic love, have recently been upgraded to problems (though there are still some mysteries too!)' Well, cheerfulness sells books, but Ecclesiastes got it right: 'the heart of the wise is in the house of mourning.'

## Wikimedia

| w: Evolutionary psychology w: Steven Pinker | w: Innatism w: Rationalism |

## Chronology

* Fodor, Jerry (2000). The Mind Doesn't Work That Way: The Scope and Limits of Computational Psychology. MIT Press. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1998/Fodor $^{[^]}$
* Fodor, Jerry (1998). The Trouble with Psychological Darwinism." London Review of Books. Vol. 20 No. 2 (22 January 1998) pp. 11-13. $^{[^]}$
* Pinker, Steven (1997). How the Mind Works. W. W. Norton. $^{[^]}$
* Henry Plotkin (1997). Evolution in Mind: An Introduction to Evolutionary Psychology. Allen Lane.
* Literature/1996/Fodor $^{[^]}$
# Optimal classification/Rypka/examples/application
## Application Example
### Flag Recognition

Although the following example lacks an intuitive sense of optimization it serves as a good example of how optimization can reduce the number of queries. While the method of optimal classification is highly beneficial for reducing the number of queries required for manual identification, automated identification may be better served by use of a neural network.

### Flag overlay grid

Designated areas (characteristics) for sampling background colors (states) of all flags (elements).

### Systematic query

Starting with area "A" the query begins by asking for the color in this area of the flag. Suppose we have in our possession the flag of the Netherlands. The answer to the first query in regard to area "A" is RED which would remove 2/3 of the flags from further consideration. The next query for the color in area "B" would be RED which would serve to eliminate none of the remaining flags. In fact, since the colors in columns "D", "E" and "F" are the same for each remaining flag, we would not be able to eliminate any remaining flags until column "G" where the color BLUE would provide a unique answer to the final necessary query. Here all remaining flags except the flag of the Netherlands would be eliminated from further consideration. It would therefore take a minimum of seven queries using the systematic query method to establish the identity of the flag in our possession as belonging to the Netherlands.

### Minimized query

The results of optimization are shown above and include a listing of the theoretical and empirical percentages. The original characteristic sequence is indexed in the bottom row. Starting with area "G" the query begins by asking for the color in this area of the flag. Suppose we have in our possession the flag of Ireland. The answer to this first query would be GREEN. The next query is for the color in area "F" to which we would answer ORANGE. Since no other flags have this combination of GREEN and ORANGE in these areas our query can end here. The method has minimized the number of required queries required to identify the flag by optimizing the order of characteristics. (Please note that there may be more than one minimal solution.)
# Optimal classification/Rypka/examples/computational
## Computational Example
### Bounded Class Dimensions

G = 28 - 28 elements - i = 0...G-1
C = 10 - 10 characteristics or attributes - j = 0...C-1
V = 5 - 5 valued logic - l = 0...V-1

### Separatory Values

max(T) = 309 = S$_8$ = highest initial separatory value
# Oracle Database

Oracle Database (commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply as Oracle) is an object-relational database management system produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation.

## Courses

* Oracle SQL Fundamentals
* Oracle Database Administration

## See Also

* Wikipedia: Oracle Database
* Wikibooks: Oracle Database
# Optimisation
## What is optimization?

Optimization is the process of finding extrema (maximum or minimum values) of a particular function. In this guide we will use differentiation to determine these extrema of functions of one or more variables.

## How to find extrema

Consider the following image:
As you can see it has a maximum value and the tangent at this value is horizontal. This means the gradient of the function at the maximum value is 0. Therefore to find these 'stationary points' you need to find where the derivative of the function is 0. So differentiate the given function and then solve with the function equal to 0. This will give you the point(s) where the function has extrema.
To determine whether the point is a maximum or a minimum, you need to find the second derivative (ie differentiate again). If the value of this function at the stationary point is less than 0 it is a maximum, otherwise it is a minimum.
Example 1
The effectiveness of a particular drug is given by the function: $E=-C^{2}+7C+4$ where E represents the effectiveness and C is the concentration of the drug. Find the concentration of the drug where it is most effective.
${\frac {dE}{dC}}=-2C+7=0$ $2C=7$ $C={\frac {7}{2}}$
Ensure that this value is a maximum: ${\frac {d^{2}E}{dC^{2}}}=-2$ $-2<0$ Therefore is a maximum
Example 2
A man need to run from one point to another which is along a flat road measuring 200m and up a slope of length 50m. Given that he can run at 6ms$^{-1}$ along the road and 4ms$^{-1}$. Find the value of x (see diagram below) to minimise the time taken and therefore find the minimum time.
As can be seen, the shortest path is along the road and then up the slope at an angle. [marked in red] From mechanics, time is the distance divided by the speed.
Let the horizontal distance be x, therefore the time of that section = ${\frac {x}{6}}$. To work out the slope distance we use pythagoras' theorem. ie dist = [(200 - x)$^2$ + 50$^2$]$^{0.5}$ and therefore the time taken is ${\frac {[(200-x)^{2}+50^{2}]^{0.5}}{4}}$. Finally this gives us our equation of time: $T={\frac {x}{6}}+{\frac {[(200-x)^{2}+50^{2}]^{0.5}}{4}}$ Differentiation gives us the equation:$T'={\frac {1}{6}}+{\frac {{\frac {1}{8}}(-400+2x)}{((200-x)^{2}+2500)^{0.5}}}$ This is equal to 0 when x = 155.2786404m.
This means that $T={\frac {155.2786404}{6}}+{\frac {[(200-155.2786404)^{2}+50^{2}]^{0.5}}{4}}$ $T=42.65s(2dp)$

## Off-site courses
### Convex optimization

* CVX101 Convex Optimization, Stephen Boyd, Stanford University, Spring 2014
* Convex Optimization I, Stephen Boyd, Stanford University, Summer quarter 2013–14
* Convex Optimization II, Stephen Boyd, Stanford University, Spring quarter 2013–14

### Discrete optimization

* Discrete Optimization, Pascal Van Hentenryck and Carleton Coffrin, The University of Melbourne (through Coursera)
** Basic modeling
** Solving algorithms
** Advanced modeling

## Resources

* Hyper-Textbook: Optimization Models and Applications, L. El Ghaoui, EECS Department, UC Berkeley.
# Oracle Database Administration/Backup and Recovery

This lesson introduces backup and recovery.

## Objectives and Skills

Objectives and skills for the backup and recovery portion of Oracle Database Administration I certification include:
* Backup and Recovery Concepts
** Identify the types of failure that can occur in an Oracle database
** Describe ways to tune instance recovery
** Identify the importance of checkpoints, redo log files, and archived log files
** Overview of flash recovery area
** Configure ARCHIVELOG mode
** Performing Database Backups
* Create consistent database backups
** Back up your database without shutting it down
** Create incremental backups
** Automate database backups
** Manage backups, view backup reports and monitor the flash recovery area
* Performing Database Recovery
** Overview of Data Recovery Advisor
** Use Data Recovery Advisor to Perform recovery (Control file, Redo log file and Data file)

## Readings

* Oracle: Database 2-Day DBA Performing Backup and Recovery

## Multimedia

* YouTube: Backup & Recovery

## Activities

* Complete the tutorial Oracle: Performing Backup and Recovery.
# Optimum Daily Intake

Optimum Daily Intake (ODI) is a dietary guideline that is improved to meet optimal nutrition, instead of the bare minimum to prevent ailments.
Recommended Daily Intake (RDI) has been found to be the minimum levels of vitamins and minerals required to sustain bodily processes. Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) is an alternative recommendation to ODI. Nutrients aside from vitamins and minerals are also covered by ODI, such as phenols and previtamins from plants.
The idea of Optimum Daily Intake has been around since the 1930's, including rarely since then, but its use has been established since the late 1990's.

## Recommendations

| Vitamin | ODI |
| Vitamin A | 7,500iu |
| Vitamin B1 (thiamine) | 75mg |
| Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) | 75mg |
| Vitamin B3 (niacin) | 100mg |
| Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) | 75mg |
| Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) | 100mg |
| Vitamin B12 (cobalamine) | 10mg |
| Folic Acid | 100mg |
| Biotin | 50mg |
| Vitamin C | 1000mg |
| Vitamin D | 400iu |
| Vitamin E (d-alpha tocopherol) | 500iu |
# Oracle Database Administration

Oracle Database Administration introduces Oracle database administration concepts, including database architecture, environment, management, networking, storage, security, maintenance, performance, and backup and recovery.
This course comprises 14 lessons covering Oracle database administration. Each lesson includes a combination of Wikipedia and Oracle readings, YouTube videos, and hands-on learning activities. The course also assists learners in preparing for Oracle Database Administration I certification.

## Preparation

This is a third-semester, college-level course. Learners should already be familiar with Oracle SQL Fundamentals.

## Lessons

* Environment
* Instances
* Network
* Architecture
* Storage
* Undo Data
* Data Concurrency
* User Security
* Database Security
* Maintenance
* Performance
* Moving Data
* Backup and Recovery
* Support

## See Also

* Oracle SQL Fundamentals
* Oracle: Database 2-Day DBA (HTML) (PDF)
* Oracle: Database 2-Day + Security Guide (HTML) (PDF)
* Oracle: Database 2-Day + Performance Tuning Guide (HTML) (PDF)