OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Funds Remittance/Credit Cards

| Unit 4.4-Funds Remittance | Introduction | Checks | Banker's Drafts | Electronic Funds Transfers | Money Orders | Cash or Bank Notes | Credit Cards | SWIFT | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 4.1 | Unit 4.2 | Unit 4.3 | Unit 4.4 | Unit 4.5 | Unit 4.6 | Unit 4.7 | Unit 4.8 | Unit 4.9 Return to Trade Finance Module 4: Payment Methods |

## Credit Cards

With the increase in online business, international payments made through consumer/business credit cards are becoming more common. These transactions are limited to the credit available on the credit card and often incur high fees for a seller as well as a buyer for currency exchanges.
# Funds Remittance/Money Orders

| Unit 4.4-Funds Remittance | Introduction | Checks | Banker's Drafts | Electronic Funds Transfers | Money Orders | Cash or Bank Notes | Credit Cards | SWIFT | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 4.1 | Unit 4.2 | Unit 4.3 | Unit 4.4 | Unit 4.5 | Unit 4.6 | Unit 4.7 | Unit 4.8 | Unit 4.9 Return to Trade Finance Module 4: Payment Methods |

## Money Orders

A money order is a financial instrument issued by a bank or other institution allowing the individual named on the order to receive a specified amount of cash on demand. It is often used by people who do not have checking accounts. It is a limited tool since it can be used only for certain currencies in certain amounts.
# Funds Remittance/Cash or Bank Notes

| Unit 4.4-Funds Remittance | Introduction | Checks | Banker's Drafts | Electronic Funds Transfers | Money Orders | Cash or Bank Notes | Credit Cards | SWIFT | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 4.1 | Unit 4.2 | Unit 4.3 | Unit 4.4 | Unit 4.5 | Unit 4.6 | Unit 4.7 | Unit 4.8 | Unit 4.9 Return to Trade Finance Module 4: Payment Methods |

## Cash or Bank Notes

The exchange of bank notes or cash is seldom used in international transaction because of the risk of loss or forgery.
# Dependent variable

A dependent variable is used in statistics as the outcome variable which one attempts to predict or explain using one or more independent variables. For example, age of death could be a dependent variable, and gender and current age might be used as independent variables to predict it.
# Derivation of the Lorentz Transformation

Let us consider a particle moving with the speed of light $c$ in the coordinate system $K$ and the coordinate system $K'$ moving with the velocity $v$ with respect to it. The trajectory equation in this system is $x=ct$ and in the coordinate system $K$ it is moving with the velocity $c-v$ with respect to the coordinate system $K'$. Assuming that is travels the same distance with respect to $K'$ in both systems and in both it travels with the speed of light it must be $x'=(c-v)t=ct'$. So there is a time dilation of its time at a given position in the system $K$:
    $t'=\left(1-{\frac {v}{c}}\right)t=t-{\frac {v}{c^{2}}}ct=t-{\frac {v}{c^{2}}}x$.
Analogically we can write
    $x'=(c-v)t=x-vt$.
The transformation sought in this way turns out to be a transformation of Galileo with time dilation:
    $t'=t-{\frac {v}{c^{2}}}x$,
    $x'=x-vt$.
We will now assume that it is valid for any event coordinates, not only for coordinates of the photon trajectory.
Reverting the transformation for $x,t$ we obtain however
    $t={\frac {t'+{\frac {v}{c^{2}}}x'}{1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}$,
    $x={\frac {x'+vt'}{1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}$.
However the physical situation seen from the coordinate system $K'$ is identical as seen from $K$ but only the system $K$ is moving with respect to the system $K'$ with the velocity $-v$. So we will try to improve the transformation with the scaling factor $\kappa$ which naturally preserves the speed of light:
    $t'=\left(t-{\frac {v}{c^{2}}}x\right)\kappa$,
    $x'=(x-vt)\kappa$.
The reverse transformation in an obvious way becomes immediately:
    $t={\frac {t'+{\frac {v}{c^{2}}}x'}{\left(1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}\right)\kappa }}$,
    $x={\frac {x'+vt'}{\left(1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}\right)\kappa }}$.
In order for the two transformations to be identical except for the physical change of the relative velocity sign it therefore must be:
    ${\frac {1}{\left(1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}\right)\kappa }}=\kappa$
or
    $\kappa ^{2}={\frac {1}{1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}$,
that is
    $\kappa =\gamma ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}$.
The obtained transformation is therefore the Lorentz transformation.
# Derivative/Direct/x^3+2x^2-5x+3/Exercise

Determine directly (without the use of derivation rules) the derivative of the function
    $f\colon \mathbb {R} \longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,x\longmapsto f(x)=x^{3}+2x^{2}-5x+3,$
at any point $a\in \mathbb {R}$.
# Derivation/Extension to localization/Exercise

Let $R$ denote a commutative $K$-algebra and let $W\subseteq R$ denote a multiplicative system. Let $D\colon R\rightarrow R$ denote a $K$-derivation. Show that we get via
    $D{\left({\frac {f}{g}}\right)}:={\frac {gD(f)-fD(g)}{g^{2}}}\,$
a derivation on the localization $R_{W}$ which extends $D$.
# Derivation/Inverse function/False proof/Exercise

Let
    $f\colon \mathbb {R} \longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
be a bijective differentiable function with $f'(x)\neq 0$ for all $x\in \mathbb {R}$, and the inverse function $f^{-1}$. What is wrong in the following "Proof“ for the derivative of the inverse function?
We have
    ${\left(f\circ f^{-1}\right)}(y)=y\,.$
Using the chain rule, we get by differentiating on both sides the equality
    $f'{\left(f^{-1}(y)\right)}{\left(f^{-1}\right)}'(y)=1\,.$
Hence,
    ${\left(f^{-1}\right)}'(y)={\frac {1}{f'{\left(f^{-1}(y)\right)}}}\,.$
# Derivation/Lie-bracket/Multiplication/Exercise

Let $A$ be a commutative $R$-algebra over a commutative ring $R$. Let
    $\mu _{f}\colon A\longrightarrow A,x\longmapsto fx,$
denote the $R$-linear multiplication map for $f\in A$. For $R$-linear maps
    $\varphi _{1},\varphi _{2}\colon A\longrightarrow A$
set
    $[\varphi _{1},\varphi _{2}]=\varphi _{1}\circ \varphi _{2}-\varphi _{2}\circ \varphi _{1}\,.$
Suppose that a $R$-derivation $\delta \colon A\rightarrow A$ is given. Show that for all $g\in A$ the map $[\delta ,\mu _{g}]$ is multiplication by some element.
# Derivative/(g(f(x)))^2f(g(x))/f is x^2-1 and g is x+2/Exercise

Let
    $f,g\colon \mathbb {R} \longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
be two differentiable functions and consider
    $h(x)=(g(f(x)))^{2}f(g(x))\,.$
a) Determine the derivative $h'$ from the derivatives of $f$ and $g$. b) Let now
    $f(x)=x^{2}-1{\text{ and }}g(x)=x+2.$
$h'(x)$
$h(x)$
$a)$
# Brass instruments
## Presentation

The members of the brass family of instruments produce a tone that can range from the very mellow and sweet to the very harsh and loud. Often used as both section and solo instruments in a wide range of musical styles, brass instruments are used in nearly every stylistic context.
There are several features common among all instruments of the brass family :
* A mouthpiece, playable on its own, but very rarely played alone ;
* A length of metal tubing, the shape of which determines the pitch and tone quality of the instrument ;
* A method by which the length of the tubing is changed (although certain instruments do not contain such a device, such as the bugle).
A tone is produced by "buzzing" on the mouthpiece, creating vibrations through the length of tubing. The lengh of the tube is typically changed in two ways : valves and a slide.
# Brazilian Portuguese
## Introduction

The Portuguese language is the 6th most spoken in the world, with over 200,000,000 native speakers in Brazil alone. (Another estimated 11 million in Portugal.) It's a Category I language, meaning that it is relatively easy for a native English speaker to learn. How easy is it? And how hard does it get?
Things you'll find easy about learning Brazilian Portuguese:
* Sentence structure is close to English
* Very similar to Spanish vocabulary-wise
* Phonetic (every word follows a pronunciation pattern)
The hard part?
* Producing nasal sounds
* Open and closed vowels (sounds intimidating but I'm sure you can master it in less than 30 minutes)
* Complex conjugation system
* The many verb tenses
* But that's just a heads-up warning. Let's not worry about what's hard just yet. These lessons , we're going to start out easy and slowly work our way up in difficulty.
* How does this course work? I will provide lessons organized in chapters. And coming soon, I will provide activities and vocabulary sheets available in PDF format for you to print and work on. (Because I don't know about you but I like holding my vocabulary sheets in my hand and being able to highlight the words I know that I know.)
* What do you need? Your brain mostly. Maybe a little bit of motivation on the side. But motivation isn't necessarily needed to learn something. But it helps a lot.
And finally, this course isn't designed to be a chore! It's designed to be fun! Don't feel you have to drag yourself through bits you don't like or find boring. No one's looking if you skip a lesson. But at the same time, don't give up when it gets tough!

## Contents

This section is currently under construction, so information on the contents page may differ from content in each lesson
* 1. Lesson One
* Pronunciation
* How to produce nasal sounds
* 2. Lesson Two
* Theme: The Basics
* Grammar: Articles and pronouns
* Vocabulary: Greeting words
* 3. Lesson Three
* Theme: Numbers, date and time
* Vocabulary: Numbers, months, days of the week, seasons
* 4. Lesson Four
* Theme: Family and friends
* Grammar: Possessive adjectives
* Vocabulary: Family and friends
* 5. Lesson Five
* Theme: Food and drink
* Vocabulary: Food and drink
* 6. Lesson Six
* Theme: Questions
* Vocabulary: Question words
* 7. Lesson Seven
* Theme: An introduction to adjectives
* Grammar: Gender of adjectives
* Vocabulary: Adjectives
* 8. Lesson Eight
* Theme: An introduction to regular verbs
* Grammar: Conjugating regular verbs in the present tense
* Vocabulary: Verbs
* 9. Lesson Nine
* Theme: An introduction to irregular verbs
* Grammar: Conjugating irregular verbs in the present tense
* Vocabulary: Irregular verbs
WATCH THIS SPACE- Intermediate level lessons coming soon

## More useful resources

* /Irregular verbs- Some common, irregular verbs conjugated in the present tense
* /Useful words- Some basic, yet important words that you should know
* /Portuguese-speaking countries- Information about Portuguese speaking countries, to help bolster your cultural knowledge
* /Verb conjugation table- The 3 regular verb conjugations and most-used irregular conjugations
# Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu/Basic dominant body positions

* A dominant body position is a position from which a submission technique can be applied multiple consecutive times in case it fails the first time. This is why dominant position is prioritized heavily in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, and it is recommended that a practitioner achieve dominant position before applying any submissions.
* Basic grappling positions
* Back mount
* FM 3-25.150 demonstration of back mount
* Back mount
* The back mount, also referred to as the rear mount, is arguably the most dominant grappling position.
* Front mount
* FM 3-25.150 demonstration of front mount
* The front mount, sometimes simply called the mount, is another dominant grappling position, and perhaps one of the most dominant positions second only to the back mount.
* Guard
* Standard closed guard
* Open guard
* Should a fighter ever find himself on the bottom, he should aim to be in the guard. The guard allows the fighter more opportunities for defense and the only opportunities for offense from a bottom position. There are both open guard and closed guard positions.
* Side control
* FM 3-25.150 demonstration of side control
* Royce Gracie demonstrating side control
# Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu/Concept of base

The term base is used to describe the concept of keeping an advantangeous position from which one can gain leverage from the ground. A good description of it is that base involves one being in a position from which he can effectively deliver or absorb force with an opponent.

### Stand up in base
#### Step 1

The fighter should be sitting in base. His feet should be together to protect against ankle locks, his dominant arm should be posted behind him, and his non-dominant arm should be in front to defend against attacks.

#### Step 2

To stand up, the fighter should lift up his hips, keeping his weight on his posted non-dominant leg and posted dominant arm, and swing his dominant leg to post back behind his posted dominant arm.
# Brazilian Portuguese/Lesson 1
## Pronunciation

Let's take a look at the first thing we need to know: pronunciation. The first step in reading a language is to know first the alphabet used (and to your relief, Portuguese uses the Roman alphabet) and the way that those letters are pronounced. So let's look closer. Since I'm new to editing Wiki pages, I have no idea how to create a table with letter explanations. So until then, visit the following page for a guide on pronunciation:
Portuguese Online Textbook - Chapter One - the online textbook is still being constructed.

## Little words you need to know

* Nasal - a nasal vowel is a vowel produced in the nose. They're easy to spot.
* A vowel followed by an 'm' or 'n'. (For instance: 'an' in 'Sandra')
* A word ending in 'n' or 'm' (Example: viagem' is pronounced viazh-e$^{ng}$)
* A vowel marked with a tilde (~). Example: 'ã'
* How to produce a nasal sound: Hold your nose and try to say "fang". You'll notice that when you try to produce the 'ng' sound that air is trying to escape from your nose while at the same time your tongue is touching the roof of your mouth to produce the 'n' sound. The mistake many Portuguese learners make is that they pronounce the nasal 'n' sound with their tongue touching the roof of their mouth. Try to keep your tongue down. Now say "fang" again, this time do not pinch your nose. Instead, keep your tongue down and let the air escape from your nose. There, you've created a nasal sound. Do that every time you read aloud a word in Portuguese that ends in 'm' or 'n'.
* The vowel 'u'in the English word 'lung' is a close approximation of the nasalized vowel 'ã' . It might be helpful to practice the words 'banana' and 'Copacabana', using the 'u' vowel (as pronounced in 'lung'. Buh nuh nuh).
* English has a nasalized vowel in the word 'sing'. Pronounce the word 'sim' (yes) like you would begin 'sing', but do not close your lips on the 'm' of 'sim'. Try to say 'bem' without closing your lips on the 'm'.
* You can practice pronouncing and hearing the difference between nasalized vowels and non-nasalized vowels by practicing minimal pairs: Ex. pau (wood) vs. pão (bread), mau (evil) vs. mão (hand)
* The letter 'l' when in final position sounds like a 'u'.
* Final 'o' sounds like 'u'.
* The letter 'r' when in initial position is pronounced like an 'h' in English. So, the city Roma is pornounced like Home-uh in English. Minimal pairs to illustrate this are "moro no morro" (I live on the hill) "mawru nu mohu," and 'caro' (expensive) vs. 'carro' (car).
* Trilled - Simply means that you pronounce the letter 'r' like the letter 'd'. (But ONLY when the 'r' is in the middle of a word). For example: "cara" is pronounced like "cada".
# Brave Browser

This is a resource about the Brave Browser. If you are a user, a developer or just a party interested in the browser help is welcome.
Bold is being used in a pedagogical manner in an attempt to make it easier to skip parenthesis areas.
Areas that may be explored:
* Comparison to other browsers in saving internet bandwidth when visiting pages
* Compiling from source to investigate whether a specific version of the software runs after compilation
* Token system and how it works in relation to the advertisements provided by the browser. This might be a hard project and one might have to be very careful for what might be obvious reasons(if this is not obvious for the person reading this at this moment, please use the "Discuss" page)

## Using Brave in Qubes OS

Software information background: For a relatively updated Qubes OS(installed using 4.0.4 iso) where Debian 10 has been updated on 2022-02-26 UTC time.
This section is about searching for a way to keep local copies of the files needed to install the Brave Browser on local storage, then using them on an AppVM to save the bandwidth needed to download the files after each restart of a target qube.
Goal: In an updated Debian 10(oldstable as of 2022-02-26) prepare files to be held in local storage(ie. in a vault qube that has no "NetVM" or "Networking" interface enabled whatsoever per design principle to keep private data private) that are later copied to an AppVM to prevent having to download the files again each time a target qube is restarted. In short if goal is achieved, each time Brave Browser is used on a qube:
* bandwidth will be saved
* there will be a plan how to get brave browser installed
Execution: Reading on the Brave Browser website "brave dot com slash linux", wayback machine archive "id": 20220222142829.
For "Debian 9+, Ubuntu 16.04+ and Mint 18+", with Debian 9+ it includes Debian 10 which is assumed. Suggests these packages:
* apt-transport-https
* curl
Advised to wait with installing them unless the user knows how to get copies of these files for storage in the vault after installation through ie. apt-get.
One technique to start is this command. This command will result in two URLs being given to the user for direct download(which can be fetched ie. with wget or a web browser):
"Immediate plans to search / research regarding this: 2022-02-26 23 34 xx, and for at least the next 2 hours." did not go as planned. More work is needed.

## See Also

* Web Browser
* Internet Fundamentals/Web Browsers
* Qubes OS
* Wikipedia: Brave (web browser)
# Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu/Basic body positioning moves

In a previous lesson we mentioned that in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, the concept of gaining dominant position is very important. There are many techniques for gaining dominant positions.

### Mount escape: trap and roll

This move starts with the fighter on his back on the ground and the opponent in a front mount on his chest.

#### Step 3

The fighter lands on his knees within the opponent's guard.

### Mount escape: shrimp to guard

This move starts with the fighter on his back on the ground and the opponent in a front mount on his chest.
# Educational Media Awareness Campaign/History/POTD 4

Gallery of featured media for history
Back
Home
· Picture 1
· Picture 2
· Picture 3
· Picture 4
· Picture 5
· Picture 6
· Picture 7
· Picture 8
· Picture 9
· Picture 10
· Picture 11
· Picture 12
· Picture 13
Next :
History Picture of the Day
The World in 200 BC
*Purple: nomadic pastoralists
Yellow: hunter-gatherers
Brown: empires
*Green: simple farming societies
Orange: complex farming societies/chiefdoms
Blue: state societies
*Dark green: Greek and Hellenized states and empires
Red: Roman Republic and its dependencies
White: uninhabited
Click on the image for a full size version which you can freely re-use and modify. Print it and use it for your lessons, integrate it into your pages on Wikiversity, or use it in other learning resources and websites. Use the links below to find more images like this one.
Maps of the world showing history - Images of the Stone Age - Images of the Iron Age The Wikimedia Atlas of World History - Ancient history images - History images This image is a part of the Educational Media Awareness Campaign, raising awareness among educators about the availability and usage of millions of free internet media in education. :
# Educational Media Awareness Campaign/History/POTD 6

Gallery of featured media for history
Back
Home
· Picture 1
· Picture 2
· Picture 3
· Picture 4
· Picture 5
· Picture 6
· Picture 7
· Picture 8
· Picture 9
· Picture 10
· Picture 11
· Picture 12
· Picture 13
Next :
History Picture of the Day
A Roman House
A diagram of a Roman house, including a legend with all names given in Latin. Click on the image for a full size version which you can freely re-use and modify. Print it and use it for your lessons, integrate it into your pages on Wikiversity, or use it in other learning resources and websites. Use the links below to find more images like this one.
Ancient Roman architecture - Images of Ancient Rome The Wikimedia Atlas of Antiquity Images of Ancient history - History images This image is a part of the Educational Media Awareness Campaign, raising awareness among educators about the availability and usage of millions of free internet media in education. :
# Educational Media Awareness Campaign/History/POTD 7

Gallery of featured media for history
Back
Home
· Picture 1
· Picture 2
· Picture 3
· Picture 4
· Picture 5
· Picture 6
· Picture 7
· Picture 8
· Picture 9
· Picture 10
· Picture 11
· Picture 12
· Picture 13
Next :
History Picture of the Day
Washington Crossing the Delaware
This painting is an example of the genre of history painting. It shows George Washington crossing the Delaware River in 1776. History painting was a major movement in art from the 17th to 19th centuries. As the paintings are now in the public domain, copies of them are ideal for inclusion in educational history resources. Click on the image for a full size version which you can freely re-use and modify. Print it and use it for your lessons, integrate it into your pages on Wikiversity, or use it in other learning resources and websites. Use the links below to find more images like this one.
History paintings - Images of the American Revolution The Wikimedia Atlas of World History Images relating to the history of the United States History images in general This image is a part of the Educational Media Awareness Campaign, raising awareness among educators about the availability and usage of millions of free internet media in education. :
# Educational Media Awareness Campaign/Human anatomy/POTD 1

Gallery of featured media for biology
Back
Home
· Picture 1
· Picture 2
· Picture 3
· Picture 4
· Picture 5
· Picture 6
· Picture 7
· Picture 8
· Picture 9
· Picture 10
· Picture 11
· Picture 12
· Picture 13
· Picture 14
Next :
Educational Picture of the Day
The Digestive System
1. Mouth
2. Palate
3. Uvula
4. Tongue
5. Teeth
6. Salivary glands
7. Sublingual
8. Submandibular
9. Parotid
10. Pharynx
11. Esophagus
12. Liver
13. Gallbladder
14. Common bile duct
15. Stomach
16. Pancreas
17. Pancreatic duct
18. Small intestine
19. Duodenum
20. Jejunum
21. Ileum
22. Appendix
23. Large intestine
24. Transverse colon
25. Ascending colon
26. Caecum
27. Descending colon
28. Sigmoid colon
29. Rectum
30. Anus
Click on the image for a full size version which you can freely re-use and modify. Print it and use it for your lessons, integrate it into your pages on Wikiversity, or use it in other learning resources and websites. Use the links below to find more images like this one.
Medical images - Anatomy images - Biology images This image is a part of the Educational Media Awareness Campaign, raising awareness among educators about the availability and usage of millions of free internet media in education. :
# Educational Media Awareness Campaign/History/POTD 8

Gallery of featured media for history
Back
Home
· Picture 1
· Picture 2
· Picture 3
· Picture 4
· Picture 5
· Picture 6
· Picture 7
· Picture 8
· Picture 9
· Picture 10
· Picture 11
· Picture 12
· Picture 13
Next :
History Picture of the Day
The Storming of the Bastille
This painting depicts the storming of the Bastille in 1789, which marked the beginning of the French Revolution. Click on the image for a full size version which you can freely re-use and modify. Print it and use it for your lessons, integrate it into your pages on Wikiversity, or use it in other learning resources and websites. Use the links below to find more images like this one.
History paintings - Images of the French Revolution The Wikimedia Atlas of World History Images relating to the history of France - History images in general This image is a part of the Educational Media Awareness Campaign, raising awareness among educators about the availability and usage of millions of free internet media in education. :