OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Electric VLSI Design System

The Electric VLSI Design System is software released under the LGPL, currently at version 8.04.
VLSI is stands for "Very Large Scale Integration", and it relates to the IC fabrication, with a number of transistors greater than 100,000 per chip
VLSI also related to VHDL "Very high speed IC Hardware Description Language", and Verilog , which are a Hardware description languages, but they are related to the Digital design part of VLSI
Mainly VLSI technology can be divided to a three branches,
Analog VLSI: this branch dedicated to the transistor level and to the fabrication, also dedicated to the analog circuit analysis to fabricate the IC with the highest Technology (you can find terms like: transistor, CMOS, Gate, Capacitance, modulation effect, parasitic capacitance, channel length, clean room, lithography .... etc) in this branch
Digital VLSI: is the branch which is dedicated to deal with VLSI in digital design, a part from its lower level in Analog and transistor level(you can find terms like: FPGA, VHDL, Verilog, Adder, Digital design, Multiplexers, Processors design,.....etc)
Mixed Signal VLSI: is the branch the communicate the first branch with the second, which is responsiable to convert the analog signals to digital and digital to analog .
# English-Chinese/Formal sciences are language tools

Whereas the natural sciences and social sciences seek to characterize physical systems and social systems, respectively, using empirical methods, the formal sciences are language tools concerned with characterizing abstract structures described by sign systems.
尽管自然科学和社会科学分别使用经验方法来寻求物理系统和社会系统的特征，但形式科学是与标志系统描述的抽象结构特征有关的语言工具。
# English-Chinese/For humans, the World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding for six months and breastfeeding in addition to other food for at least two years

For humans, the World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding for six months and breastfeeding in addition to other food for at least two years.
对于人类而言，世界卫生组织建议纯母乳喂养六个月，母乳喂养加上其他食物至少两年。
# English-Chinese/For people who are healthy, a healthy diet is not complicated and contains mostly fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and includes little to no processed food and sweetened beverages

For people who are healthy, a healthy diet is not complicated and contains mostly fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and includes little to no processed food and sweetened beverages.
对于健康的人来说，健康的饮食并不复杂，主要包含水果，蔬菜和全谷物，包括很少甚至没有加工食品和加糖饮料。
# English-Chinese/For some people, low blood pressure is a problem, especially when it drops suddenly with symptoms such as:

For some people, low blood pressure is a problem, especially when it drops suddenly with symptoms such as:
* Dizziness
* Fainting
* Blurred vision
* Nausea
* Fatigue
* Lack of concentration
对于某些人来说，低血压是一个问题，特别是当它突然下降时出现如下症状：
* 头晕
* 昏晕
* 视野模糊
* 恶心
* 疲劳
* 注意力不集中
# English-Chinese/Formal science

Formal sciences are formal language disciplines concerned with formal systems, such as logic, mathematics, statistics, theoretical computer science, information theory, game theory, systems theory, decision theory, and theoretical linguistics.
形式科学是与形式系统有关的形式语言学科，如逻辑学，数学，统计学，理论计算机科学，信息理论，博弈论，系统理论，决策理论和理论语言学。
# English-Chinese/Food intolerances and food poisoning are separate conditions

Food intolerances and food poisoning are separate conditions.
食物不耐受和食物中毒是不同的状况。
# English-Chinese/For some people, grey hair can happen at a very young age, even as young as 10

For some people, grey hair can happen at a very young age, even as young as 10.
对于一些人来说，白发可能发生在很小的年龄，即使年仅10岁。
# English-Chinese/Formal sciences aid natural and social sciences

The formal sciences aid the natural and social sciences by providing information about the structures the latter use to describe the world, and what inferences may be made about them.
形式科学 通过 提供 关于 描述 世界 结构 的 信息 以及 可能 对 它们 做出 什么 推论 来 帮助 自然科学 和 社会科学。
# English-Chinese/Forty-eight states and the capital's federal district of the US are contiguous in North America between Canada and Mexico

Forty-eight states and the capital's federal district of the US are contiguous in North America between Canada and Mexico.
美国位于北美洲在加拿大和墨西哥之间的四十八个州和首都联邦区是相连的。
# English-Chinese/For schizophrenia, olanzapine can be used for both new onset disease and long term maintenance

For schizophrenia, olanzapine can be used for both new onset disease and long term maintenance.
对于精神分裂症，奥氮平可用于新发疾病和长期服用。
# Geominerals

Geo- "Earth" "From Ancient Greek [γεω- (geō-), combining form] of γῆ (gê, “earth”)." is called earth or Earth.
For example, the Museo Geominero (Geomineral Museum) is a geology museum displaying minerals and fossils from Spain and its former colonies, located inside the Instituto Geológico y Minero de España building in Madrid, Spain.
By extension, the general term geominerals then refers to minerals found on the planet Earth.

## Resources

* Geominerals/Boronides
* Geominerals/Carbonates
* Geominerals/Crystallogens
* Geominerals/Halogens
* Geominerals/Hydroxides
* Geominerals/Inosilicates
* Geominerals/Nesosilicates
* Geominerals/Nickels
* Geominerals/Oxidanes
* Geominerals/Silicates
* Geominerals/Sorosilicates
* Geominerals/Sulfates
* Geominerals/Sulfides

## See Also

* Areiominerals
* Astrominerals
* Hermiominerals
* Hestiominerals
* Meteorites
* Selenominerals
# Basic Ideas and Concepts

* Learn what is referred to as a "digital" circuit
* Learn the respective logic gates and symbols associated
* Learn the functionality of each logic gate

# Digitization

When we say we have a "digital" circuit, it means that we create an entire new domain that is purely represented by an analog signal. What that means is, referring back to our basic circuit of a voltage source and a resistor, we can say that the different voltage levels can represent a "low" or "high". Using electrical and computer engineering conventions, we classify a logic "high" as anywhere from 4.5 volts to 5.0 volts and a logic "low" as anywhere from 0.1 to 0.5 volts.
So basically, we say that a 0 is inputted when the voltage is between 0.1-0.5 volts and a 1 if the voltage is 4.5-5 volts. Ideally however, we want 0.0 and 5.0 volts to represent 0 and 1 respectively and pictorially is represented below.
| high 1 or on | low 0 or off |
| X 100M X 100K X 100 X 100$_m$ X 100μ Ω A DC AC C L | X 100M X 100K X 100 X 100$_m$ X 100μ Ω A DC AC C L |
With this in mind, we can now move on and discuss logic gates which form the foundation of combinational circuits and analysis.

# Logic Gates

Below are all the different logic symbols that are used to design and implement digital circuits.
| Type | Mathematical Representation | Truth table |
| AND Gate | $A\cdot B$ | INPUTOUTPUT ABA AND B 000 010 100 111 |
| OR Gate | $A+B\!$ | INPUTOUTPUT ABA OR B 000 011 101 111 |
| NOT Gate | ${\overline {A}}$ | INPUTOUTPUT ANOT A 01 10 |
| Note about NOT gate In electronics a NOT gate is more commonly called an inverter. The circle on the symbol is called a bubble, and is used in logic diagrams to indicate a logical inversion between the external logic state and the internal logic state (1 to 0 or vice versa). On a circuit diagram it must be accompanied by a statement asserting that the positive logic convention or negative logic convention is being used (high voltage level = 1 or high voltage level = 0), respectively). The wedge is used in circuit diagrams to directly indicate an active-low (high voltage level = 0) input or output without requiring a uniform convention throughout the circuit diagram. This is called Direct Polarity Indication. See IEEE Std 91/91A and IEC 60617-12. Both the bubble and the wedge can be used on distinctive-shape and rectangular-shape symbols on circuit diagrams, depending on the logic convention used. On pure logic diagrams, only the bubble is meaningful. |||||
| NAND Gate | ${\overline {A\cdot B}}$ | INPUTOUTPUT ABA NAND B 001 011 101 110 |
| NOR Gate | ${\overline {A+B}}$ | INPUTOUTPUT ABA NOR B 001 010 100 110 |
| XOR Gate | $A\oplus B$ | INPUTOUTPUT ABA XOR B 000 011 101 110 |
| XNOR Gate | ${\overline {A\oplus B}}$ or ${A\odot B}$ | INPUTOUTPUT ABA XNOR B 001 010 100 111 |
# Federal Writers' Project – Life Histories/2020/Summer II/Section 06

This project is associated with English 105.006 at the University of North Carolina.

## Project

Students in the course have studied the Federal Writers' Project Papers at UNC's Wilson Library. Each student has chosen an individual to research and record on our class website.

## Life Histories

Special:Prefixindex/Federal Writers' Project – Life Histories/2020/Summer II/Section 06/
Use the following to create a new life history subpage:
# English-Chinese/School boards are supposed to make sure students get the best education

School boards are supposed to make sure students get the best education.
学校董事会应该确保学生获得最好的教育。
# English-Chinese/Science fiction

Science fiction (often shortened to sci-fi or SF) is a kind of writing. Science fiction stories can be novels, movies, TV shows, comic books and other literature.
科幻小说（通常 缩写为 sci-fi 或 SF）是 一种 写作。科幻小说 可以 是 小说，电影，电视节目，漫画书 和 其他 文学作品。
# English-Chinese/School

A school is a place where students learning in there.
学校是学生在那里学习的地方。
# English-Chinese/School physical education lessons is declining in many countries

Another cause of children of lack of exercise is that physical activities such as cycling, school physical education lessons, and organized sports is declining in many countries.
儿童缺乏锻炼的另一个原因是许多国家的体能活动，如骑自行车，学校体育课和有组织的体育活动正在减少。
# English-Chinese/Sciatica

Sciatica is a medical condition characterized by pain going down the leg from the lower back. This pain may go down the back, outside, or front of the leg. Onset is often sudden following activities like heavy lifting, though gradual onset may also occur. Typically, symptoms are only on one side of the body. Certain causes, however, may result in pain on both sides. Lower back pain is sometimes but not always present. Weakness or numbness may occur in various parts of the affected leg and foot.
坐骨神经痛 是 一种 医学状况，其 特征 是 从 腰部 沿着 腿部 疼痛。这种 疼痛 可能 发生 在 腿部的 后面，外侧 或 前面。通常 在 搬动 重物 之后 突然 发作，但 也 可能 逐渐 发作。通常，症状 只 在 身体的 一侧。但是，某些 原因 可能 导致 两侧 疼痛。有时 但 不总是 出现 腰痛。受影响的 腿 和 脚的 各个 部位 可能 出现 虚弱 或 麻木。
# English-Chinese/Science

Science is what we do to find out about the natural world. It is the total of physics, chemistry, biology, geology and astronomy. Science makes use of mathematics, and it makes observations and experiments. Science produces accurate facts, scientific laws and theories. 'Science' also refers to the large amount of knowledge that has been found using this process.
科学 就是 我们 要 了解 自然世界的 方法。它是 物理学，化学，生物学，地质学 和 天文学的 总和。科学 利用 数学，并 进行 观察 和 实验。科学 产生 准确的 事实，科学的 规律 和 理论。 “科学” 也 指 使用 这个 过程 发现的 大量 知识。
# IB History Review Guide/Use of Source Material

The IB curriculum mandates the analysis of primary documents. This is required specifically in Paper 1 of the IB history exam. An assessment on the origins, values, limitations and purposes are required. Documents are primarily based upon Stalin, Lenin or Mao. Documents can either be in written form (diary, transcript etc) or a photographic document (which is generally the last primary document on the IB Exam in paper 1 - Document E). When assessing documents explicit reference to the origins, purpose, values and limitations must be expressed in the response.
When assessing the limitations, it is important not to use the word "bias". Clearly, any historian knows that a source is biased to some degree. The real skill is in determining what the bias is. For example, Bismarck's letters to the people were "limited" (not biased") in the fact that he toned down his language to a more aesthetic and pleasing style, in order to appeal to the masses. This is clearly not the same way he would address his peers.
Oftentimes, Paper 1 will require comparisons of sources in terms of similarities and differences. It is thus recommended to focus on ONE of Stalin, Mao, or Lenin's primary sources in order to excel on Paper 1.
# IC3/Collection
## Internet and Computing Core Certification (IC3)
### Learning Guide

This learning guide supports the Wikiversity course Internet and Computing Core Certification (IC$^3$), available at http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/IC3.

## Overview

The Internet and Computing Core Certification (IC$^3$) is a global certification program designed to certify an individual's digital literacy skills associated with basic computer and Internet use. The certification includes three exams: Computing Fundamentals, Key Applications, and Living Online.
Computing Fundamentals includes computer hardware, computer software, and using an operating system. Key Applications includes common program functions, word processing, spreadsheets, presentation software, database software, and document collaboration. Living Online includes Internet fundamentals, electronic communication, network fundamentals, and computer use and safety.
This course comprises 13 lessons on basic computer and Internet use covering each of the IC$^3$ topic areas. Each lesson includes a combination of Wikipedia readings, YouTube videos, and hands-on learning activities. The three modules may be completed in any order. Learners new to computer concepts should start with Living Online, which assist with basic usage and functionality. Those more familiar with office suite programs should start with Key Applications, which reviews common features. Those already familiar with computer hardware and operating systems should start with Computing Fundamentals.

## Preparation

This is an introductory college-level computer course. Learners should have basic computer skills, including typing, mouse, and web browser navigation. Learners who wish to increase their knowledge and prepare for the college-entry requirements are welcome to use the Wikiversity resources provided in the MultiMedia and See Also categories listed below.

## Lessons

Computing Fundamentals
* Computer Hardware
* Computer Software
* Using an Operating System
Key Applications
* Common Program Functions
* Word Processing
* Spreadsheets
* Presentation Software
* Database Software
* Document Collaboration
Living Online
* Internet Fundamentals
* Electronic Communication
* Network Fundamentals
* Computer Use and Safety

## Multimedia

* YouTube: Business Certification: Internet & Computing Core Certification (IC3) for HS Students
* YouTube: IC3 Exam Demo
* Quizlet: Virtual flash card study guide
* Success Stories: IC3 certification

## See Also

* Computer Skills
* Introduction to Computers
* A Brief History of Computing
* Wikipedia: IC3 (certification)
* Cert III Applications Qualification in Australia
* ECDL libre: European Computer Driving Licence using software libre
* Linn-Benton: CS120 - Digital Literacy
# IB History Review Guide/The inter-war Years 1919-1939
### The Inter-War Years 1919-1939
#### From The Syllabus

   * Foundation, Structure, Work, and Decline of the League of Nations
   * Search for collective security, alliances, and treaties (eg. Rapollo and Locarno)
   * Weimar Germany, the Third Republic in France and Great Britain
   * Economic problems, Wall Street Crash and Depression
   * The breakdown and abandonment of the principle and practice of collective security
# IC3

The Internet and Computing Core Certification (IC$^3$) is a global certification program designed to certify an individual's digital literacy skills associated with basic computer and Internet use. The certification includes three exams: Computing Fundamentals, Key Applications, and Living Online.
Computing Fundamentals includes computer hardware, computer software, and using an operating system. Key Applications includes common program functions, word processing, spreadsheets, presentation software, database software, and document collaboration. Living Online includes Internet fundamentals, electronic communication, network fundamentals, and computer use and safety.
This course comprises 13 lessons on basic computer and Internet use covering each of the IC$^3$ topic areas. Each lesson includes a combination of Wikipedia readings, YouTube videos, and hands-on learning activities. The three modules may be completed in any order. Learners new to computer concepts should start with Living Online, which assist with basic usage and functionality. Those more familiar with office suite programs should start with Key Applications, which reviews common features. Those already familiar with computer hardware and operating systems should start with Computing Fundamentals.

## Preparation

This is an introductory college-level computer course. Learners should have basic computer skills, including typing, mouse, and web browser navigation. Learners who wish to increase their knowledge and prepare for the college-entry requirements are welcome to use the Wikiversity resources provided in the MultiMedia and See Also categories listed below.

## Lessons

Computing Fundamentals
* Computer Hardware
* Computer Software
* Using an Operating System
Key Applications
* Common Program Functions
* Word Processing
* Spreadsheets
* Presentation Software
* Database Software
* Document Collaboration
Living Online
* Internet Fundamentals
* Electronic Communication
* Network Fundamentals
* Computer Use and Safety

## Multimedia

* YouTube: Business Certification: Internet & Computing Core Certification (IC3) for HS Students
* YouTube: IC3 Exam Demo
* Quizlet: Virtual flash card study guide
* Success Stories: IC3 certification

## See Also

* Computer Skills
* Introduction to Computers
* A Brief History of Computing
* Wikipedia: IC3 (certification)
* Cert III Applications Qualification in Australia
* ECDL libre: European Computer Driving Licence using software libre
* Linn-Benton: CS120 - Digital Literacy
# Gait and Balance (OSCE)
## Balance

* patient to sit in a chair with back straight against the back of the chair
* keep arms folded while standing
* note:
** sit without leaning or sliding
** arise from chair in single movement without using arms
** sit down in a smooth motion without falling

## Stance

* patient to place feet together without any support
* note:
** stand for > 30sec
** stand without loss of balance with eyes closed (Romberg’s Test)
** turn head to both sides and look up without losing balance
** maintain balance when nudged gently (nudge 3 times on the sternum)
** stand on one leg
** reach up to get an object and down to get an object without loss of balance

## Gait

* patient to walk across room, turn and walk back as quickly as possible
* note:
** INITIATE gait immediately (if no, dopamine deficiency/ substantia nigra lesion)
** maintain normal step HEIGHT, clearing the floor with their feet (maximum of 5 cm)
*** > 5 cm → high stepping
** maintain a step LENGTH between stance toe and swinging heel that is length of foot
** step symmetry and CONTINUITY (raises heel of one foot as other foot touches down)
** maintain a straight path and normal truncal STABILITY (no swaying back, knee flexion or arm abduction)
* observed from behind: normal walk stance with feet almost touching
* STOP without difficulty
* TURN without discontinuity of steps

## Pathological Gaits

* Parkinsonian → shuffling gait, lack of arm swinging, difficulty initiating/stopping.
* foot drop → compensate with high-stepping.
* spastic hemiparesis → leg is extended, foot is plantarflexed
* sensory ataxia → wide, unsteady gait that is worse with eyes closed.
* cerebellar ataxia → unsteady, wide based gait, difficulty with turns, veers towards side of lesion
* antalgic → painful, short contralateral step
# Game Creation Guidelines

Part of Board Game Design

## Introduction

Game design and testing are both iterative processes. Three basic concepts form the fundamental pillars upon which iterative design is founded: Design (or Refining), Testing, and Analysis. The philosophy that underlies iterative design is that the lessons learned from one testing cycle feed directly into improvements in the refining phase of the next development iteration.
A variation on the theme of the run-of-the-mill iterative method is the Spiral Model (Wikipedia link here) of design. The Spiral Model starts from brass tacks, prototyping and evaluating only the essential core of a product. Once a successful prototype is developed, it is thrown away and the scope of the product is expanded, prototyped, and tested again. In the realm of game testing, this might be especially useful with games that are highly abstract and mechanic-driven. Prototyping the central mechanic (especially if it is uncommon or new) allows you to test the fundamentals of the game before adding on additional features. This might also be useful in simulations. Being, by nature, complex, simulations can be made comprehensible (and far more tight) by starting with the essentials and adding on realism in successive design iterations.
This simple iterative design process can be interpreted in many more ways. For example, another style of iterative design is the Design-Prototype-Test model. In game design, you will find that prototyping is an essential component of testing. Playing a game without a good prototype makes it difficult to get the feel for the pieces and flow of play. Prototyping is thus an integral part of testing in the process detailed here.
Some design philosophies encourage the rigorous examination of “usability” throughout the entire design process. This is called Pervasive Usability. While we wish to introduce a rigourous design methodology here for board game design, Pervasive Usability is more suited to things that are made for use, not things that are designed for entertainment. Besides, which game developer has the time or money to assemble a focus group in the early stages of design?

## The Process

The process given below is arranged in a novel fashion. Since game design cannot start at the "refinement" stage, the start of the process (design) is marked by an alpha. While a great deal of the design phase is repeated in the refinement phase, there are important things (such as getting the idea in the first place) that are typically not repeated. The omega is production, when the game leaves your hands and is finally produced. The numbered phases of this process are the iterative portion.
A. Design
    1. Refinement
    2. Testing
    3. Analysis
Ω. Production

## Links

* Usability First - a glossary of design-related terms
* Game Biz Advice - lessons on game-making (primarily computer games)
# Galactic evolution

Data from the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) Mission (launched April 28, 2003)

## GALEX project information

GALEX is the first Space Ultraviolet sky survey. Data from two wavelengths of light (135-175 nm and 175-280 nm) are being collected and made public. The measured UV properties of galaxies will be used to estimate star formation rates in galaxies. The goal is to map the history of star formation in the universe over the red shift range zero to two. The GALEX mission includes an Associate Investigator program for supporting data analysis. GALEX data are available in a large archive available to the entire astronomical community and to the general public. This supports a wide variety of investigations of the data from the UV sky survey.

## Data

* GALEX data
# Galaxies and the Expanding Universe

Galaxies and the Expanding Universe is the title of Astronomy 123, offered at the University of Oregon by Dr. James Schombert.

## Lectures

* Ancient Cosmology
* Medieval Cosmology
* Newtonian Cosmology
* Atomic Theory
* html Clockwork Universe
* Quantum Physics
* Elementary Particles
* Relativity
* Mass/Energy Equivalence
* Milky Way
* Hubble Sequence
* Quasars
* Distance Scale
* Creation
* Geometry of the Universe
* Dark Matter/Dark Energy
* Early Universe
* Inflation
* Anthropic Principle
* Baryongenesis
* Nucleosynthesis
* Neutrinos
* Cosmic Background
* Large Scale Structure
* Galaxy Formation
* Fate of the Universe