OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Materials Science and Engineering/Equations/Magnetism
## Force of Charged Particle

When a charged particle moves through a magnetic field B, it feels a force F given by the cross product:
    ${\vec {F}}=q{\vec {v}}\times {\vec {B}}$

## Force on Current-Carrying Wire

The formula for the total force is as follows:
    $\mathbf {F} =I\mathbf {L} \times \mathbf {B} \,$
where
    F = Force, measured in newtons
    I = current in wire, measured in amperes
    B = magnetic field vector, measured in teslas
    $\times$ = vector cross product
    L = a vector, whose magnitude is the length of wire (measured in metres), and whose direction is along the wire, aligned with the direction of conventional current flow.

## Magnetic Field from Steady Current

The magnetic field generated by a steady current (a continual flow of electric charge, for example through a wire, which is constant in time and in which charge is neither building up nor depleting at any point), is described by the Biot-Savart law:
    $d\mathbf {B} ={\frac {\mu _{0}}{4\pi }}{\frac {Id\mathbf {l} \times \mathbf {\hat {r}} }{r^{2}}}$
(in SI units), where
    $I$ is the current,
    $d\mathbf {l}$ is a vector, whose magnitude is the length of the differential element of the wire, and whose direction is the direction of conventional current,
    $d\mathbf {B}$ is the differential contribution to the magnetic field resulting from this differential element of wire,
    $\mu _{0}$ is the magnetic constant,
    $\mathbf {\hat {r}}$ is the unit displacement vector from the wire element to the point at which the field is being computed, and
    $r$ is the distance from the wire element to the point at which the field is being computed.
# PCP HIV AIDS Toolkit/HIV Transmission/Handout H: Measures of Disease Frequency

PCP HIV AIDS Toolkit → Handout H: Measures of Disease Frequency
This page is part of the PCP HIV AIDS Toolkit. :
# PCP HIV AIDS Toolkit/Sex Education Thru Text (SET)

PCP HIV AIDS Toolkit → Sex Education Thru Text (SET)
This page is part of the PCP HIV AIDS Toolkit. :

## SET

SET (Sex Education thru Text) is an SMS hotline for quick, anonymous responses to a wide range of sexual education topics, including STDs and HIV/AIDS. The program was created by PC Volunteers Kelly Powasnik and Aaron Simmons and is currently housed and maintained at CFSPI in Baguio City, Benguet. The system uses a standard Smart sim card, so it is available throughout the Philippines.
SET was designed and implemented with the Filipino culture in mind. Cellphones, and in particular texting, are widespread and heavily ingrained into the daily lives of the people. Everyone from the governor to the poor farmer has a cell phone for sending and receiving texts. Additionally, discussions with teenagers about sex from teachers or parents are too often incomplete or ignored. SET gets around this social taboo in a way that is both anonymous and natural for Filipinos: texting.
The user begins by texting the word "SET" to system. This returns a menu of "keywords" to text in for further information. For example:
    User texts: set
    System returns: Welcom 2 Sex-Ed thru txting (SET)! Text keyword 4 mor info: preg, stds, hivaids, or genfacts. 4 contraceptive info text keyword: condom, pill, IUD, tubs-tied, vasectomy, injectable, or other.
    User: hivaids
    System: 4 mor info on hivaids text hivaids den # 4m d list: 1- what is hiv, 2- facts of hiv, 3- effects of hiv…
    User: hivaids 2
    System: no vaccine yet, once infectd cant get rid of virus, cant tel by lokin @ sum1 if dey have HIV: blud test requird, may remain "hidden" 4 many yrs…
Each text to the system costs the user the standard rate of 1 peso per text, but it is not uncommon for curious individuals to run through the entire system, getting every response for every topic (for which unlimitext would be good purchase).
Although all of the responses can be found online at the project's website, the text based nature of SET allows for the information to be retrieved with greater privacy than at an Internet cafe.
All of the information on SET has been reviewed and approved by a physician, with special attention paid to dispelling myths and rumors associated with each topic. Users get real answers to their important questions in just 160 characters!
For additional information about SET, visit the SET Home Page.
# PCP HIV AIDS Toolkit/OFW

PCP HIV AIDS Toolkit → OFW
This page is part of the PCP HIV AIDS Toolkit. :

## Activities with OFWs
### Gathering Information

OFWs are one of the most vulnerable groups to HIV/AIDS and other STI’s and also constitute a significant portion of the population. Due to the low level of reproductive health education in the Philippines, many Filipinos are unaware of many of the dangers involved with sexual intercourse or the methods of protecting themselves or their partners. Current and potential OFWs work with local recruiting agencies as well as government PESO employment offices to find work overseas. Volunteers can work with these points of contact to help organize different education opportunities in their community.

### Be Prepared

OFWs will normally participate in a pre-departure orientation designed to educate them about major issues they will encounter living overseas. These can be great opportunities for volunteers to get in contact with OFWs before they go overseas and educate them about how to protect themselves before they are placed in a high-risk situation. There is generally little oversight over OFWs once they return to the Philippines, and OFWs are generally only tested for STIs if they reapply to work overseas, so pre-emptive education is currently the best method of prevention for these groups. Volunteers should try to schedule a meeting with their local PESO office manager and discuss how they can get involved with educating OFWs about HIV/AIDS.

### Creating a Project

Projects with OFWs can often be simple as they can be attached to pre-existing OFW assistance programs such as orientations or information seminars. Also, if working with a pre-existing framework, it can be relatively simple to help train facilitators on additional materials related to HIV/AIDS.

### Project Ideas

* Community Outreach: talk to OFW families about various OFW issues, including HIV/AIDS
* Flyer/Pamphlet Campaign: hand out to recruiting agencies/PESO offices/OFW families to mail to OFWs overseas
* Training of Trainers: provide training to interested individuals so that they can facilitate HIV/AIDS education after your service
# PCP HIV AIDS Toolkit/NGOs & Centers

PCP HIV AIDS Toolkit → NGOs & Centers
This page is part of the PCP HIV AIDS Toolkit. :

## Implementing HIV/AIDS Projects with NGO and DSWD Centers

Kate Pentz

### Gathering Information

When considering implementing a HIV/AIDS project with your center it is very important to know your centers position on the issue. Ask the other workers what the general feeling about HIV/AIDS, have the staff had HIV/AIDS training or education, discuss what some of the strengths and concerns of teaching children about HIV/AIDS. Many centers don’t want to discuss HIV/AIDS because then they will have to talk about condom use or are concerned it will lead into a sexuality discussion. The center may also be concerned about the age of the participants in this type of activity. A faith based organization may be more hesitant to do HIV/AIDS awareness whereas a RRCY center for boys in conflict with the law would be willing to a workshop without hesitation.

### Be Prepared

When you ask your counterpart or supervisor about doing an HIV/AIDS project be knowledgeable about the disease. Often times they may have very basic information or misinformation and it is up to you to explain how this project is beneficial to the center community. It is important to respect the where the center is in doing projects about this topic. Remember just because you are discussing HIV/AIDS you can come from at from multiple perspectives: abstinence, being responsible/making healthy choices or from using a condom. It is possible to educate about HIV/AIDS without discussing condoms as a method of prevention. You may need to come to an agreement with your counterpart or supervisor on the content of the session.

### Creating A Project

A project outline could be created before you discuss the project with your counterpart or supervisor. Why do the participants need information on HIV/AIDS, who is your target audience, the length of the project, staff needed and the type of project you plan to implement. This proposal needs to be clear and concise.

### Project Ideas

HIV/AIDS can be linked with many other topics. When developing your activity do not limit your creativity. HIV Projects can be done in with: gender awareness, health and hygiene, reproductive health, global issues, etc.
Additional Ideas:
* 1/2 day workshop
* Walk for a cause (HIV/AIDS)
* Life skills class
* Exploring Movies (watching an HIV/AIDS related movie with discussion)
* Creating a toolkit for staff
# PCP HIV AIDS Toolkit/Sexuality & Masturbation Quiz

PCP HIV AIDS Toolkit → Sexuality & Masturbation Quiz
This page is part of the PCP HIV AIDS Toolkit. :

## Facts and Myths about Sexuality Quiz

Directions: Read and circle either "Fact" or "Myth" for each of the following statements below.

## Masturbation Quiz

At one time, there was a great deal of concern about masturbation. Many people thought it caused serious health and sexual problems, and it was regarded as sinful. While some of these attitudes and beliefs have changed today, there is still a lot of misinformation and misunderstanding about masturbation. The questions below are intended to find out how much you know about masturbation and give you a chance to express some of your own feelings about it.
Directions: Read and circle either "True" or "False" for each of the following statements below.

## Answer Key: Masturbation

At one time, there was a great deal of concern about masturbation. Many people thought it caused serious health and sexual problems, and it was regarded as sinful. While some of these attitudes and beliefs have changed today, there is still a lot of misinformation and misunderstanding about masturbation. The questions below are intended to find out how much you know about masturbation and give you a chance to express some of your own feelings about it.
# Photogrammetry/Regard3D/Installation
## Download Regard3D and Camera Sensor Database

Cameras have different optical properties, that are relevant for the reconstruction of the 3D model from set of images. The main property Regard3D needs is the "Camera Sensor Width". The property can be searched on the internet, if you camera is not available in Camera Sensor Database. According to this requirement you need two downloads to perform the photogrammetry example:
* Regard3D OpenSource Software
* Camera Sensor Database The camera sensor database is not shipped with the Regard3D, so you have to download it with the link above and store your camera model (if not found) in the Sensor Database. Open the file called "sensor_database.csv" and add an appropriate line for you camera.

## Camera Sensor Database

The file is located in Windows in the path
       C:\Users\[User name]\AppData\Local\Regard3D,
on OS X in the installation directory of Regard3D
       (usually /Applications/Regard3D.app/Contents/Resources).
This contains the openMVG sensor size database. When new pictures are loaded in Regard3D, first the user-defined database is consulted, then "sensor_database.csv". This way, it is possible to override manually the entries in "sensor_database.csv" or add new cameras to the database. In Regard3D screenshot (4) on right you can see the camera properties that are stored in the set of images. You see the camera name "Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ41". If that camera is missing in the camera sensor database, you will find the camera sensor with 6.08mm. Add the following line to the sensor database (e.g. approx. line 2406 in "sensor_database.csv"):
       Panasonic;Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ41;6.08
and save the file "sensor_database.csv".

## Installation Regard3D
### Windows and MacOSX

Install Regard3D on you operating system with the installer downloaded above for Windows or MacOSX.

### Linux Ubuntu 14.04

Install on Linux Ubuntu 14.04 see Compiling Regard3D on Linux

### Linux Linux Mint 18.2

Install on Linux Mint 18.2 (2017)

### Ceres Solver Installation

The Ceres Solver is necessary for solver. The linear equation solver is necessary e.g. for calculation of the matching points and the point cloud. First the system must be prepared for installation of Ceres Solver:
Download Ceres Solver with wget and unzip the solver:
# Photogrammetry/Regard3D/Sample Images
## Final Products

See the final products can be viewed online with threes.js:
* Kermit 3D Model with texture by Noah Snavely
* Wild Pig 3D Model by Roman Hiestand
* Sceaux Castle 3D Model by Pierre Moulon

## Sample Set of Images

To start with you first 3D reconstruction it is recommended to use a small set of images, that allow the first start with the general procedures and major steps of Photogrammetry without the need to find the camera sensor width for you camera from the internet.

### Kermit

As recommended by the developers of Regard3D, the Kermit images are a good set of images to start with.
* GitHub-ZIP file of bundler_sfm by Noah Snavely, download ZIP and you will find the images in the subdirectory examples/kermit. To check the content of the ZIP-file first see https://github.com/snavely/bundler_sfm for details.
* The small dataset in the subdirectory examples/kermit will provide the following result
       webbased output of set of images Kermit, rendered with threes.js.
* The advantage of this set of images is, that set contains only a few number of images and the size of each image isvery is very small (640x480). Therefore you will have a quick success in producing a 3D model form images. If you want better quality of the 3D model, you need to add a lot of good quality images (e.g. 60 or more depending on the level of details you want to accomphish in the 3D model). This will lead to long processing time (hours) depending on the performance of your computer.
* This 3D reconstruction image sets will be processed within seconds and will encourage you to learn more about photogrammetry.

### Other 3D Reconstruction Image Sets

The following 3D reconstruction images sets can be used for learning Photogrammetry:
* 3D Reconstruction Image by Romuald Perrot - high quality
# Photogrammetry/MeshRoom

We start again with photographing with a normal standard camera
* from different angles around the object,
* from different heights of view and
* from different distances to the object.
If we want to use photogrammetry on on object (e.g. building outside) it is recommended to avoid days with to much sunlight and shades, due to the fact that shades are backed into the texture of the 3D model. Meshroom as OpenSource software will create a sample workflow for Photogrammetry. This learning resource supports you in creating a point cloud from smaller object or even a Digital Elevation Models - DEM from several images. The learning resource is following the Open Community Approach, i.e. use Open Educational Resources to learn about Photogrammetry and the underlying principles. The application of Open Source software to accomplish the learning objectives from creating 3D models to optimization the OpenSource code of the underlying algorithms.

## Learning Tasks

* Compare Regard3D, OpenDroneMap and Meshroom as software and define the use cases in which you would apply the open source for creating 3D models of the terain or building or smaller objects?.
* What are technical similarities and what are the differences between Regard3D, OpenDroneMap and Meshroom? Derive PROs and CONs for application for specific tasks.
* Feed a set of source images in all of the three photogrammetry softwares. Compare the resulting point clouds.
# Photographic Tourism Research: Literature Review

Written by Inderpal Virdee

## ABSTRACT

This study reviews the current photographic tourism literature to identify what fields within tourism have been studied by researchers, the contexts, the samples used, the sampling methods employed, the photographic methods and supporting methods used, the data analysis techniques applied and the countries studied. A set of 115 relevant academic articles were selected and assessed using content analysis. The findings showed that overall publications in the field of photographic tourism increased after 1997, with a notable rise in tourism management research in this area. Tourist perceptions, tourist behaviours and destination image were the most frequently researched topics. Literature material was generally preferred over tourist samples. Purposive sampling was the most common sampling method. The main photographic data collection method was researcher-found imagery. Many studies used interviews as an accompanying method. Critical analysis was more common in North American research while statistical approaches were employed more often in Asian studies.
Photographic Tourism Research - Tourism Photography Literature Review.pdf

## See Also

* Wikipedia: Travel photography
# Photography/Digital Asset Management (DAM)

DAM is an acronym for "Digital Asset Management" which is a generic term for the process of collecting "Digital Assets" or photographs, identifying them with pertinent information called "Metadata" such as keywords, location, subject, project and the like, and storing them in a manner that permits for quick and effective retrieval. One can also assign a rating to the photographs so that the best ones can be easily identified. Different developers have created database type programs to perform most of these functions.
To companies that sell products, digital assets are typically linked to a specific product and/or part number identifying the product. In addition, digital assets are not limited to photography but can include any type of digital asset that is related to a product and provides information to the buyer that assists them in making a purchase. Other types of digital assets might include PDF files, schematic drawings showing dimensions of the product, illustrations, CAD drawings and many other types of files to support the product.
# Photography/Digital Workflow

"Digital Workflow" is the process by which photographs are taken, downloaded, identified (see also DAM), edited, delivered, printed, backed up and stored. This can consist of any number of software programs such as the computer operating systems connectivity functions, the software shipped with the camera from the manufacture such as Canon's "Digital Photo Professional" to "Digital Darkrooms" like "Aperture" (Apple), Photoshop (Adobe), GIMP (open source) or "Lightroom" (Adobe). There are many other less common programs that perform both general photo editing and very specific editing tasks such as sharpening, adding filters, or enlargement. Digital workflows allow photographers to shoot in RAW,and process their pictures exactly as needed.
# Photography/Street Photography

Street photography involves taking photographs of unsuspecting subjects on the street to depict their natural moods.
# Photography as art

This resource will study the work of photographers as artists.
Also see Photography as politics
Photography is also used in hypergraphy and metagraphy.

## Augusto De Luca

There were articles on en.wikipedia and it.wikipedia on Augusto De Luca. They were deleted.Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Augusto De Luca.

## Suggested readings

* Susan Sontag, 1977, On Photography (Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-22626-1); reprinted in Sontag: Essays of the 1960s & 1970s, (The Library of America, 2013, ISBN 978-1-59853-255-5)
# Oboe

The oboe is a double-reed woodwind instrument. There are several different sizes of instrument in the oboe "family". The oboe is most common instrument of the family, and is pitched in the key of C. There is a slightly larger instrument, called the oboe d'amore (the oboe of love) which is pitched in the key of A, the larger cor anglais (English horn) pitched in the key of F and the heckelphone, pitched in the key of C, but an octave below the oboe.
Reed
The oboe uses double reeds, unlike the saxophone family and the clarinet family, which use a single reed. The double reeds are more complex to make which means that oboe reeds cost more than the average single reed. But it is all worth it, because if the reed is kept safe, it can last for over two months until the sound goes sour. Whenever possible, buy hand-made reeds or make your own, instead of getting the machine made ones. Hand-made reeds are more carefully made than factory reeds, and will most likely last a while longer. All players need to learn to adjust their reeds so that they can get the best possible tone.
Aural concept
The oboe has a unique sound. Some would say that it is "annoying" or "horrible", but that means that you do not know the beauty of it. A famous pun is that the oboe is "an ill wind that nobody plays good." To oboe players, the oboe is a wonderful instrument, and, if the oboe is tuned right, the musician can convey this majestic sound for their audience to hear. The oboe is also known to be tuned to in an orchestra because of how hard it is to tune.
# Oboe d'amore

Oboe d'amore is the alto or mezzosoprano member of the oboe family. A member of the modern oboe family with a soprano/alto range, the range of which sounds from G-sharp below middle C to C-sharp above the treble clef, but is notated a minor third above that. The oboe d'amore was very popular during the Baroque era. Its sound is somewhat gentler than that of the oboe, and its lower notes are dark, full, and rich. The oboe d'amore has almost fallen out of favor today, often being replaced by the oboe and the Cor anglais. They are part of the wider family of the double reeds which includes the following instruments from the smallest to the largest:
In the baroque time, there were also instruments like oboe da caccia and taille, which are substituted by the english horn in modern performances. In the 18th century, there were also oboes with the same size and the same pitch (A) as the oboe d'amore, but without the pear-shaped bell. These were called just as 'oboe', 'oboe grande' or 'haute-contre'. According to the present knowledge, the oboe d'amore was at the first time used in 1717 by Christoph Graupner in his Cantata Wie wunderbar ist Gottes Güt. The instrument was used by J.S.Bach, G.P.Telemann, the Graun brothers, C.Graupner, G.H.Stölzel, J.M.Böhm, A.Lotti, J.H.Roman and a few others. Possibly the last to write for oboe d'amore in the 18th century was C.D. von Dittersdorf. The oboe d'amore was re-established in the second half of the 19th century and it is used both in presentations of baroque music and in modern compositions. The composers who have used the oboe d'amore after the new rise of the instrument include Debussy, R.Strauss, Ravel, Koechlin, Delius, Henze, Takemitsu and others.
Slightly larger than the oboe, the oboe d'amore has a less assertive and more tranquil and serene tone, and is considered the mezzo-soprano or alto of the oboe family. It is a transposing instrument, sounding a minor third lower than it is notated, i.e. in A. The bell is pear-shaped, similar to that of the larger Cor anglais, and it uses a bocal that is similar to it, although shorter.

## Compositions for the Oboe d'amore

* J.S.Bach: Concerto A major, BWV1055
* Claude Debussy: Gigues from Images
* Christos Hatzis: Heirmos
* G.P.Telemann: Cantata 'Der Herr ist König' and 'Die Donnerode'
* G.P.Telemann: Concerto for Flute, Oboe d'amore and Viola d'amore