OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# English-Chinese/Republic

A republic is a king-less form of government that has no monarchy and no hereditary aristocracy. The national sovereignty lies in the authority of the government and not in an emperor or monarch. The word republic comes from the Latin language words res publica, which means a "public thing". For example, the United States is a republic and India is a republic but also North Korea and Cuba are republics too.
共和国 是 一个 没有 君主制 和 没有 世袭 贵族 统治的 无国王的 政府 形式。国家 主权 在于 政府的 权力，而 不在于 皇帝 或 君主。共和国 这个 词 来源于 Latin语中的 词语 res publica，意思是 “公共 事物”。例如，美国 是 共和国，India 是 共和国，朝鲜 和 Cuba 也是 共和国。
# English-Chinese/Australia's 25 million people are highly urbanized

Australia's 25 million people are highly urbanized, mainly concentrated in the eastern coastal areas.
澳大利亚的2500万人口高度城市化，主要集中在东部沿海地区。
# English-Chinese/Australia is the sixth largest country in the world
## English

Australia is the largest country by area in Oceania and the sixth largest country in the world.

## Hanzi

澳大利亚是大洋洲面积最大的国家，也是世界第六大国家。

## Pinyin

Australia shì Dàyángzhōu miànjī zuìdà de guójiā, yěshì shìjiè dì-liù dà guójiā.
# English-Chinese/Atom

An atom is the basic unit that makes up all matter. There are many different types of atoms, each with its own name, mass and size. These different atoms are called chemical elements. The chemical elements are organized on the periodic table. Examples of elements are hydrogen and gold.
原子 是 组成 所有 物质的 基本单位。有 许多 不同 类型的 原子，每个 都有 自己的 名字，质量 和 大小。这些 不同的 原子 被称为 化学元素。化学元素 在 周期表中 排列。元素的 例子 有 氢 和 金。
# English-Chinese/Atomic number

The atomic number (symbol: Z) of an atom is the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom. The atomic number of an atom identifies which element it is. In a neutral atom, the atomic number is equal to the number of electrons orbiting the nucleus. The elements of the periodic table are listed in order of increasing atomic number.
原子的 原子序数（符号：Z）是 原子核中的 质子数。原子的 原子序数 标识 它是 哪个 元素。在 中性原子中，原子序数 等于 围绕 原子核的 电子数。元素周期表的 元素 按 原子序数 增加的 顺序 列出。
# English-Chinese/Atomic nucleus

The nucleus is the center of an atom. It is made up of nucleons called (protons and neutrons) and is surrounded by the electron cloud.
原子核 是 原子的 中心。它由 称为（质子 和 中子）的 核子 组成，被 电子云 包围。
# English-Chinese/Australia's capital is Canberra, and its largest city is Sydney

Australia's capital is Canberra, and its largest city is Sydney.
澳大利亚 的 首都 是 堪培拉，其 最大 的 城市 是 悉尼。
# English-Chinese/Auditory hallucinations

Auditory hallucinations, particularly experiences of hearing voices, are the most common and often prominent feature of psychosis.
听觉幻觉，特别是听觉声音的经历，是精神病最常见且常常突出的特征。
# English-Chinese/Australia

Australia, officially called the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country and sovereign state in the southern hemisphere, located in Oceania. Its capital city is Canberra, and its largest city is Sydney.
澳大利亚，正式称为澳大利亚联邦，是南半球的一个国家和主权国家，位于大洋洲。它的首都是堪培拉，其最大的城市是悉尼。
# English-Chinese/Australia is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent

Australia is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands.
澳大利亚是一个主权国家，包括澳大利亚大陆，塔斯马尼亚岛和许多较小的岛屿。
# English-Chinese/Atmosphere of Earth

Earth's atmosphere is the layer of gases around the Earth. The atmosphere is held in place by Earth's gravity. It is made up mainly of nitrogen (78.1%). It also has plentiful oxygen (20.9%) and small amounts of argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide (~ 0.035%), water vapor, and other gases. The atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing (taking) ultraviolet rays from the sun. It makes our days cooler and our nights warmer.
地球 大气层 是 地球 周围的 气体层。大气 由 地球 引力 保持 在 原地。它 主要 由 氮气 组成（78.1％）。它 还 含有 丰富的 氧气（20.9％）和 少量的 氩气（0.9％），二氧化碳（〜0.035％），水蒸气 和 其他 气体。大气 通过 吸收（摄取）来自 太阳的 紫外线 来 保护 地球上的 生命。它 使 我们 白天 更凉快，夜晚 更温暖。
# C Programming/Basic Output/Exercise 1

This exercise is fairly simple and the purpose is to help familiarize yourself with outputting text to the console, which you will be doing a lot of, and helping you to also familiarize yourself with the escape sequences.
You're assignment is to write the C source code that will output this:
Use printf to write the text to the console. Use one call of printf for each line. This means you'll have to put a newline command at the end of each line. You could cram this all into one call of printf but that would look very cluttered and unorganized.
Don't forget that single and double quotes need to be escaped or else you will get compilation errors.
For the last line, use 3 horizontal tab escape sequences before the text.
# C^2/(2-7i,-3+2i) and (5+6i,3-17i)/Linearly independent/Exercise

Establish if in $\mathbb {C} ^{2}$ the two vectors
    ${\begin{pmatrix}2-7{\mathrm {i} }\\-3+2{\mathrm {i} }\end{pmatrix}}{\text{ and }}{\begin{pmatrix}5+6{\mathrm {i} }\\3-17{\mathrm {i} }\end{pmatrix}}$
form a basis.
# C^2/(2+7i,3-i) and (15+26i,13-7i)/Linearly independent/Exercise

Establish if in $\mathbb {C} ^{2}$ the two vectors
    ${\begin{pmatrix}2+7{\mathrm {i} }\\3-{\mathrm {i} }\end{pmatrix}}{\text{ and }}{\begin{pmatrix}15+26{\mathrm {i} }\\13-7{\mathrm {i} }\end{pmatrix}}$
form a basis.
# C Programming/Basic Output

Completion status: Almost complete, but you can help make it more thorough.
Objective
Learn how to output text to the console. :
Lesson
Output is information that the program tells the user. The most basic way to do this is writing text to the console. In the previous lesson, we output text to the console using the following program:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
printf("Hello world!\n\n");
printf("Press any key to continue ...");
getch;
return 0;
If you compile the above program and run it, you will get this output:
Thumb
The function getch is an input function that waits for the user to tap any key on their keyboard and returns a char representing that key. You will learn about input later on in this course.
printf
The line in the above example code that says printf("Hello world!\n\n"); is the one that outputs the Hello world! text to the console. printf is reading what is called a string. In this case, the string is the "Hello world!\n\n" part, including the double quotes. You can write almost any text you want.
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
int x={2.8,3.4,4,6.7,5}
int j, *q=c;
for(j=0;j<5;j++)
print("%d",*c);
++q;
return 0;
Escape sequences
\n tells the console to start a new line. \n falls under a category called escape sequences. These are commands denoted by the backslash. If you removed "\n" from the first printf call in the previous example, the second printf would not be printing on a new line, and you would see the following:
A65
This is because there is nothing telling the console to put a new line between "A" and "65".
Here is a table of most of the escape sequences.
Escape SequenceDescription
\'Single quote
\"Double quote
\\Backslash
\nnnOctal number (nnn)*
\0Null character (really just the octal number zero)
\aAudible bell
\bBackspace
\fFormfeed
\nNewline
\rCarriage return
\tHorizontal tab
\vVertical tab
\xnnnHexadecimal number (nnn)*
* For both Hexadecimal and Octal number escape sequences, \nnn or \xnnn evaluates to a character with character code nnn. For example, \101 evaluates to the character A, as A has the character code of 101 in octal format.
Examples
Example 1: Some Odyssey
Further reading
 Output :
* Assignments
* Exercise 1: Quoth the Raven.
# C Programming/Basic Output/Example 1

This example will show you how to use escape sequences and do text formatting.
Here is the source code:
If you will notice, at the end of every string in the printf functions there is a \n, this is so a new line starts for every line.
In the first prinf call there is a \" escape sequence. This is so the double quote will be printed to the console and not be seen by the compiler as something terminating or initiating a string. Same goes for the single quote in the third call of printf.
If you intend to print unformatted strings, you can use the function puts to supply the same output:
puts always appends a newline to whatever it writes, so in this example there is no need for the newline escape sequences, except for the very last one where we require two (one supplied by puts, one supplied by our string).
# Educational Media Awareness Campaign/Physics/POTD 10

Gallery of featured media for physics
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The Telescope
1. Objective lens
2. Eyepiece
3. Eye
4. Object (at a large distance)
5. Real image of the object at the focal plane of the objective lens - a film could be placed here for photographing the object
6. Virtual image of the object (as it appears to the eye)
7. Tube
Diagram of a Keplerian or astronomical telescope. Click on the image for a full size version which you can freely re-use and modify. Print it and use it for your lessons, integrate it into your pages on Wikiversity, or use it in other learning resources and websites. Use the links below to find more images like this one.
Images of telescopes - Images of lenses Mechanics images - Electromagnetism images - Optics images - Atomic physics images Images relating to physics in general This image is a part of the Educational Media Awareness Campaign, raising awareness among educators about the availability and usage of millions of free internet media in education. :
# Educational Media Awareness Campaign/Physics/POTD 5

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Pulley system
Diagram of a pulley system, demonstrating how pulleys facilitate the lifting of heavy weights. Click on the image for a full size version which you can freely re-use and modify. Print it and use it for your lessons, integrate it into your pages on Wikiversity, or use it in other learning resources and websites. Use the links below to find more images like this one.
Diagrams and images of pulleys Mechanics images - Electromagnetism images - Optics images - Atomic physics images Images relating to physics in general This image is a part of the Educational Media Awareness Campaign, raising awareness among educators about the availability and usage of millions of free internet media in education. :
# Educational Media Awareness Campaign/Physics/POTD 2

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Aerodynamic forces
A diagram of the main forces acting on a wing during flight. Click on the image for a full size version which you can freely re-use and modify. Print it and use it for your lessons, integrate it into your pages on Wikiversity, or use it in other learning resources and websites. Use the links below to find more images like this one.
Aerodynamics images Mechanics images - Electromagnetism images - Optics images - Atomic physics images Images relating to physics in general This image is a part of the Educational Media Awareness Campaign, raising awareness among educators about the availability and usage of millions of free internet media in education. :
# Educational Media Awareness Campaign/Physics/POTD 3

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Nuclear Fission
Diagram showing the nuclear fission of Uranium, producing Rubidium and Cesium, free neutrons and energy. The exact products of nuclear fusion are variable; common fission products include zirconium, xenon and palladium. Click on the image for a full size version which you can freely re-use and modify. Print it and use it for your lessons, integrate it into your pages on Wikiversity, or use it in other learning resources and websites. Use the links below to find more images like this one.
Nuclear Power images- Energy images Mechanics images - Electromagnetism images - Optics images - Atomic physics images Images relating to physics in general This image is a part of the Educational Media Awareness Campaign, raising awareness among educators about the availability and usage of millions of free internet media in education. :
# Educational Media Awareness Campaign/Physics/POTD 6

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The Electromagnetic Spectrum
A diagram of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum, showing the type, wavelength (with examples), frequency, and the black body emission temperature. Click on the image for a full size version which you can freely re-use and modify. Print it and use it for your lessons, integrate it into your pages on Wikiversity, or use it in other learning resources and websites. Use the links below to find more images like this one.
Electromagnetism images Mechanics images - Optics images - Atomic physics images Images relating to physics in general This image is a part of the Educational Media Awareness Campaign, raising awareness among educators about the availability and usage of millions of free internet media in education. :
# Educational Media Awareness Campaign/Physics/POTD 11

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Van de Graaf Generator
1. hollow metallic sphere (with positive charges) 2. electrode connected to the sphere, a brush ensures contact between the electrode and the belt 3. upper roller (for example in plexiglass) 4. side of the belt with positive charges 5. opposite side of the belt with negative charges
6. lower roller (metal) 7. lower electrode (ground) 8. spherical device with negative charges, used to discharge the main sphere 9. spark produced by the difference of potentials
Diagram of a Van De Graaf generator. Click on the image for a full size version which you can freely re-use and modify. Print it and use it for your lessons, integrate it into your pages on Wikiversity, or use it in other learning resources and websites. Use the links below to find more images like this one.
Electrostatics images Mechanics images - Electromagnetism images - Optics images - Atomic physics images Images relating to physics in general This image is a part of the Educational Media Awareness Campaign, raising awareness among educators about the availability and usage of millions of free internet media in education. :
# Educational Media Awareness Campaign/Physics

* Welcome
* Welcome to the Physics section of the Educational Media Awareness Campaign. From this page you can use the gallery box to access all the featured media for this subject. The gallery will guide you through the collection - just keep clicking "next" or "back". This page also shows the today's current feature from this section. A particular media item is dynamically selected each day to feature on pages related to this subject. At the side of this page there is also an administrative panel which helps maintain and extend this collection.
Physics Picture of the Day
Pulley system
Diagram of a pulley system, demonstrating how pulleys facilitate the lifting of heavy weights. Click on the image for a full size version which you can freely re-use and modify. Print it and use it for your lessons, integrate it into your pages on Wikiversity, or use it in other learning resources and websites. Use the links below to find more images like this one.
Diagrams and images of pulleys Mechanics images - Electromagnetism images - Optics images - Atomic physics images Images relating to physics in general This image is a part of the Educational Media Awareness Campaign, raising awareness among educators about the availability and usage of millions of free internet media in education. :
* Administration
* Page that controls the rotation.
* Physics Picture of the Day
* Template that controls the navigation.
* Navigation for physics pictures of the day
* Meta-templates for the picture of the day.
* Overall meta-template
* Box title
* Usage text
* "About" text
* Templates for this page.
* Welcome text
* Administration box
* To edit individual media pages within this section of the project, use the gallery to access the original page.
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# Educational Media Awareness Campaign/Physics/POTD

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Physics Picture of the Day
Pulley system
Diagram of a pulley system, demonstrating how pulleys facilitate the lifting of heavy weights. Click on the image for a full size version which you can freely re-use and modify. Print it and use it for your lessons, integrate it into your pages on Wikiversity, or use it in other learning resources and websites. Use the links below to find more images like this one.
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# Educational Media Awareness Campaign/Physics/POTD 1

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The Structure of Matter
This image shows the structure of matter according to string theory, in which everyday objects are analysed as molecules, then as atoms, then as sub-atomic particles, and finally as strings. Click on the image for a full size version which you can freely re-use and modify. Print it and use it for your lessons, integrate it into your pages on Wikiversity, or use it in other learning resources and websites. Use the links below to find more images like this one.
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# Educational Media Awareness Campaign/Physics/POTD 4

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Hydraulic Force
A diagram demonstrating the hydraulic force ratio principle. Click on the image for a full size version which you can freely re-use and modify. Print it and use it for your lessons, integrate it into your pages on Wikiversity, or use it in other learning resources and websites. Use the links below to find more images like this one.
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# Eta-squared

Eta-squared ($\eta ^{2}$) is a measure of effect size for use in ANOVA (Analysis of variance).
$\eta ^{2}$ is analogous to R$^2$ from multiple linear regression.
$\eta ^{2}$
    = SSbetween / SStotal = SSB / SST
    = proportion of variance in Y explained by X
    = squared non-linear correlation coefficient
$\eta ^{2}$ ranges between 0 and 1.
Interpret $\eta ^{2}$ as for r$^2$ or R$^2$; a rule of thumb (Cohen):
* .01 ~ small
* .06 ~ medium
* >.14 ~ large
In SAS, eta-squared statistics can be found in semi-partial eta-squared statistics in SAS 9.2.
The eta-squared column in SPSS F-table output is actually partial eta-squared ($\eta _{p}^{2}$) in versions of SPSS prior to V 11.0.
$\eta ^{2}$ was not previously provided by SPSS, however, it is available in V 18.0. It can also be calculated manually: $\eta ^{2}$ = Between-Groups Sum of Squares / Total Sum of Squares.
R$^2$ is provided at the bottom of SPSS F-tables is the linear effect as per MLR – however, if an IV has 3 or more non-interval levels, this won’t equate with $\eta ^{2}$.
# Ethical medical research

This resource applies to ethical medical and related biological research. Personal research which involves medical training and education is included.

## Contents

* Alternatives to animal testing
* In papyro, in silico, in situ, and in vitro guide
* Cadaver based research
* Resources - Contains a list of journals, databases and other publications
* Medical disciplines - Ethical medical research benefits for various medical disciplines
# Estrous cycle in domestic animals

An estrous cycle is a period of time in a female, between two subsequent heats or estrus. They occur during her reproductive cyclicity, after reaching puberty. Females are receptive to copulation with males and are able to facilitate the transport of spermatozoa through the uterus only during heat. At this moment, their reproductive system is in optimal environmental conditions, close to ovulation and able to become pregnant. Estrous cycles vary between species; there are some differences according to the moment in which non pregnant females present heats or anestrus (period of time of reproductive quiescence during which femalesdo not display estrus). In relation to this, females are classified as:
The length of the estrous cycle and the duration of the heat also vary between species (Table 1). Ovulations occur in most domestic species during the last third part of the heat. Exceptions are cows, which ovulate around 12 hours after finishing sexual receptivity, and queens, which are induced ovulators.