OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Guitar

Guitar is stringed musical instrument. The guitars can be fretted or fretless. Guitars are used in a wide variety of musical styles, and are also widely known as a solo finger-picking instrument (in classical style or in fingerstyle). They are most recognised in popular culture as the primary instrument in pop, jazz, blues, country, and rock music. The guitar usually has six strings, like the one being played on the left, but guitars with five, seven, eight, ten, twelve, and eighteen strings are also found.
There are also various kinds of guitars: classical guitar with soft nylon-string and a soundhole, folk guitar with steel-string and a soundhole, or electric guitar with magnetic pickups to amplify the strings (pictured). There are variations like the Lap Steel guitar, Dobro, Harp Guitar, Hawaiian guitars, and others.

## Resources
### Local

* Classical guitar
* Classical guitar pedagogy
* Blues basics
* Basic Blues & Rock
* Amplifier
* Musical modes
* Guitar lessons

### Wikipedia

* Wikipedia: Guitar
* Wikipedia: Twelfth root of two
* Wikipedia: Open C tuning
* Wikipedia: Effects unit

### Wikibooks

* Wikibooks: Guitar

### External

* I Plugged My Guitar Into A Filmosound Tube Amp
* Build a Single-Ended Guitar Tube Amplifier
* Build your own DIY guitar amp from scratch
# Gymnastics

Gymnastics is a sport which involves running, jumping, tumbling, somersaulting, and balancing. For girls, there are four pieces of equipment that the gymnasts do tricks on: floor, bars, beam and vault. For boys, there are six pieces of equipment that the gymnasts do tricks on: floor, parallel bars, high bar, pommel horse, vault and the rings.
Gymnasts can compete with other gymnasts to see who can do their tricks are better. Usually the winner gets a trophy, ribbon, or a medal. Gymnastics is an Olympic sport.

## Contents

* Somersault
* Acrobatics
* Equilibrioception
* Rhythmic
* Trampolining
* Wheel

## History

Gymnastics began as a form of Calisthenics in early Greek times. It came about when a man jumped over a bull, and a series of competitions involving athletics is what it turned into. It involved running, carrying weights, climbing ropes, and jumping over hurdles. It was one of the first sports in the Olympics, and originally only men were allowed to do it.
When modern gymnastics came along, apparatus (floor, bars, beams, pommel horses, rings and vaults) came into play. Women had not practiced gymnastics until later times, and they had to compete on different apparatus.

## Forms of gymnastics

There are several other forms of gymnastics, including, e.g., rhythmic gymnastics, which is also called artistic gymnastics, acrobatics, trampolining and wheel gymnastics. Artistic gymnastics is the one where a gymnast performs with apparatus, acrobatics is performing balance and flips on the floor or in the air, trampolining is doing flips only on the trampoline while wheel gymnasts exercise in a large wheel known as German wheel.
In rhythmic gymnastics, which is performed mostly by women, a gymnast works with ribbons, rope, ball, hoop and clubs. When doing gymnastics, the agility, flexibility and balance are needed. Gymnastics is one of those sports where you have to be patient to learn tricks when, on the other hand, some people just naturally have it in them!
* FM Gymnastics- a list of Techniques and free animated comic tutorials for Floor Gymnastics.
* Federation Internationale de Gymnastique
# Gymnastics/Equilibrioception

Equilibrioception is the sense of balance. This is what prevents a person or animal from falling over while walking or doing other physical activity.

## In humans

In humans, equilibrioception is mainly sensed by the detection of acceleration, which occurs in the vestibular system. Other senses play roles as well, e.g. the visual system and proprioception. The importance of visual input for balance is illustrated by its being harder to stand on one foot with eyes closed than with eyes open.
The sense of balance, usually, deteriorates in the process of aging of a person. However, it can be improved considerably with the help of special training.

## Other pages

* Physical fitness
* Yoga
# Gymnastics/Somersault

A somersault is an acrobatic move where a person moves the feet over the head whilst in mid-air. The somersault can be done forwards, backwards, or sideways and is similar to a flip (or, if performed backwards, a backflip). A backwards somersault while still moving forward is called a Gainer.
The word comes from the old French word sombresault, which is no longer used.
A somersault is widely performed in acrobatics, namely gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, trampolining, and many other sporting events.
# Gymnastics/Wheel

Wheel gymnastics is a form of gymnastics which originated in Germany.
Wheel gymnasts do exercises in a large wheel known as the Rhönrad, gymnastics wheel, gym wheel, or German wheel.
There are three main categories of exercise in wheel gymnasts. They are: straight line, spiral, and vault.

## History

While being a child, Otto Feick, the son of a blacksmith from Reichenbach, Germany, used to roll down a hill in two wagon tires which inspired him later to invent the wheel gymnastics between 1920-1922. The current wheel gymnastics obtained its final shape in 1974 with the introduction of the PVC coating. Now, it's a competitive sport practiced in Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Austria, Switzerland, Japan, and United States of America.

## Other websites

* USA Wheel Gymnastics
* Japan Rhoenrad Association
# Digital Media and Information in Society
## 6 December
### Should we teach kids to read and write anymore?

https://chat.openai.com/share/927aeae2-2cfb-4dcd-828b-dd24b81c9089

## Schedule meeting
#### Schedule meeting with me
### 15 November

https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Digital_Media_and_Information_in_Society/Discussions/9-Computers1980sToPresent

### 25 October

Digital Media and Information in Society/Discussions/8-Radio Television

### Zoom

* Zoom link: https://suny-edu.zoom.us/j/97949739837
* Zoom Recordings of classes

### Schedule, Discussions, Journals, Brightspace, Syllabus, Etc.

Note: Theoretical Frameworks now under Lectures/Discussions
* Class Schedule
* Class Lectures/Discussions/Workshops
* Class Wikipedia Dashboard
* Brightspace
* Student Journals
* Class Syllabus (stable version)
* About this Wikiversity Project
# Reuben Holmes (r.h. Sin)

Reuben Holmes (born March 22, 1989) is an author living in New York who writes poetry under the pen name r.h. Sin. "Sin" is a nod to the Mesopotamian god of the moon; Holmes likes to write late at night. He was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey. He began life there, but grew up in public housing in Tampa, Florida after his parents split up. “Sin comes from a place where life of pain is the norm and destruction is a constant.” reads his biography on Amazon, although with time his life has been looking up."Through a love for reading and writing at a very young age, r.h. Sin was able to pull away from some of the social distractions that plagued so many of his peers."

## Education

Reuben Holmes decided not to go to college because he remembers how his friends were trapped with student debts and how their jobs weren’t helping them pay the debts off, and so he ended up working as a teenager at his local Target store.

## Career

In 2014 he started writing epigrams and short, satirical poems made specially for social media. He posted some of his work on Twitter and learned how to “say less but make a point using 140 characters.” “I was with someone that didn’t love me,” Holmes said. That relationship is what his ammunition was for his writing. Although he's now estranged from his mother and isn't in contact with his ex anymore, he draws from their struggles with men. His goal is to write 7,222 words per day.

## Life

In 2014 he received a direct message through Instagram from a poet named Samantha King who wanted to share a poem that he inspired her to write. They talked through Instagram that entire night, exchanged numbers, and even started to talk on the phone and Skype. “I had fallen in love, unexpectedly, with a familiar stranger,” Holmes said. King felt the same way. Holmes described King as “the type of woman you go to war beside.” King had been living in New York, and later in May of that same year, Holmes did too. He got engaged to Samantha King in 2017.

## Publications

Reuben Holmes wrote his first book, “Whiskey Words & a Shovel”, in 2015. The title of his first book was actually inspired by a dream that he repeatedly had where Holmes was drinking his favorite drink, digging holes, and burying letters. Later in 2016 he wrote his second book, “Whiskey Words & a Shovel 2,”, and then the third book, “Whiskey Words & a Shovel 3,” in 2017. These were his most famous poetry books. He also wrote many others like “Rest in the Mourning” in 2016, “Algedonic” in 2017, “Planting Gardens in Graves” in 2018, etc. His most recent book, “Empty Bottles Full of Stories,” was published in 2019.
# Amber

The word amber derives from Arabic ʿanbar عنبر, which means "floating on the sea" (amber has lower density than seawater).
Amber is the fossil resin of pine trees. Sometimes it has inclusions of parts of plants or insects. Yellow amber is the most widespread one, although there are many varieties ranging from orange to red, white to coffee and even green to black. The most highly prized amber is transparent. Succinite, or Baltic amber is considered one of the most beautiful amber varieties.

# Basic properties

| Composition | about C$_{10}$H$_{16}$O |
| Class | Organic |
| Crystal system | Amorphous |
| Mohs' hardness | 2-3 |
| Fracture | Conchoidal, brittle |
| Cleavage | None |
| Lustre | greasy, resinous |
| Streak | White |
| Localities | Countries around the Baltic Sea, Russia, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Spain |
# Apatite

A great resemblance of apatite to such minerals as beryl or olivine misled many mineralogists in the past, and it is still often mistaken for other minerals. Its name is derived from a Greek word απατείν (apatein), which means to deceive.
Apatite is actually a name of a whole group of minerals, not only one. Its chemical formula which includes fluorine, chlorine, and hydroxide indicates that those three elements can substitute for each other in different proportions.
Apatite crystals have many color varieties: green to yellow and purple to blue. Some crystals can also be transparent or multicolored.

# Basic properties

| Composition | (Ca,Ba,Pb,Sr)$_5$(PO$_4$,CO$_3$)$_3$(F,Cl,OH) |
| Class | Phosphates |
| Crystal system | Hexagonal |
| Mohs' hardness | 5 |
| Fracture | Conchoidal |
| Cleavage | None |
| Lustre | Glassy to resinous |
| Streak | White to grey |
| Localities | Portugal, Mexico, Switzerland, Russia, Brazil, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Germany, Canada |

# References

* 1 2 Minerały i kamienie szlachetne by RBA Collecionables, S.A., ISBN 978-83-7813-150-2, 2012.
# Aquamarine

The name of the mineral derives from Latin 'aqua marina' meaning sea water and refers to the blue-greenish color of the stone. Aquamarine is a variety of beryl, just like emerald and heliodor. Its pale blue color is attributed to Fe2+. The stone is valued not only for its color and transparency, but also for its hardness.

# Basic properties

| Composition | Be$_3$Al$_2$Si$_6$O$_{18}$ |
| Class | Silicates |
| Crystal system | Hexagonal |
| Mohs' hardness | 7,5-8 |
| Fracture | Conchoidal |
| Cleavage | Imperfect |
| Lustre | Glassy |
| Streak | White |
| Localities | Brazil, Madagascar, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Australia, India, Sri Lanka, USA |
# Amazonite

The name of this mineral derives from Amazonia, where native peoples used green stones as amulets. It turned out that those stones were, in fact, green jadeites, but the name stuck to the green to bluish green opaque gemstone variety of microcline.
Amazonite is commonly mistaken with chrysoprase, serpentine or green jadeite.

# Basic properties

| Composition | KAlSi$_3$O$_8$ |
| Class | Silicates (tectosilicates) |
| Crystal system | Triclinic |
| Mohs' hardness | 6 |
| Fracture | Hackly |
| Cleavage | Perfect |
| Lustre | Glassy-pearly |
| Streak | White |
| Localities | Russia, USA, Madagascar, India, Vietnam, Brazil, Kenya |

# References

* ↑ Minerały i kamienie szlachetne by RBA Collecionables, S.A., ISBN 978-83-7813-150-2, 2012.
# Amblygonite

The mineral was first discovered in Saxony (Germany) and named from the Greek amblus (blunt) and gonia (angle) because of the blunt angle between the cleavages. It is usually white or creamy, but can also be colorless, yellow, green, blue, pink and grey.

# Basic properties

| Composition | (Li,Na)AlPO$_4$(F,OH) |
| Class | Phosphates |
| Crystal system | Triclinic |
| Mohs' hardness | 5,5-6 |
| Fracture | Uneven, sub-conchoidal |
| Cleavage | Perfect |
| Lustre | Glassy to pearly |
| Streak | White |
| Localities | Brazil, France, Sweden, Canada, USA |
# Axinite

The name of the mineral derives from a Greek word axine meaning an axe; it refers to the shape of the stone's crystals.
Axinite is a name of a whole group of minerals. The most common mineral in this group is iron rich, black or gray ferroaxinite. The other varieties are magnesium rich magnesioaxinite, manganese rich manganaxinite and yellow tinzenite, which contains more or less equal quantities of iron and manganese.
Since the minerals of axinite group are relatively rare, it is not easy to find a crystal that would be fit for cutting, which makes the stone more valuable. It is usually cut en cabochon or faceted.

# Basic properties

| Composition | Ca$_2$(Mn, Fe, Mg)A$_{l2}$(BO$_3$)Si$_4$O$_{12}$(OH) |
| Class | Silicates (sorosilicates) |
| Crystal system | Triclinic |
| Mohs' hardness | 6-7,5 |
| Fracture | Conchoidal |
| Cleavage | Good |
| Lustre | Glassy |
| Streak | White |
| Localities | France, Russia, USA, Australia, Japan, Great Britain (Cornwall), Austria, Greenland |

# References

* ↑ Minerały i kamienie szlachetne by RBA Collecionables, S.A., ISBN 978-83-7813-150-2, 2012.
# Amethyst

Amethyst is a violet colored macrocrystalline variety of quartz. It is also the most valuable of all quartz varieties. Its color can vary from light violet to deep purple. Heating amethyst gives rise to yellow and colorless tones.
At the end of the 18th century, amethyst was ranked among the most valuable gemstones and was as expensive as diamonds and rubies. Unfortunately, after the discovery of large amethyst deposits in Brazil, it was reduced to the status of a semi-precious gem.

# Basic properties

| Composition | SiO$_2$ |
| Class | Oxydes and hydroxydes |
| Crystal system | Trigonal |
| Mohs' hardness | 7 |
| Fracture | Conchoidal |
| Cleavage | None |
| Lustre | Glassy |
| Streak | White |
| Localities | Brazil, Uruguay, Mexico, Russia, Namibia, France, Morocco |
# Andradite

Andradite is a species of the garnet group. It was named after José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva (1763-1838), Brazilian politician and mineralogist.
The most valuable variety of andradite is demantoid, also called Uralian emerald. What makes it special are inclusions of actinolite, referred to as horsetail inclusions because of the white or golden color and thread-like shape.

# Basic properties

| Composition | Ca$_3$Fe$_2$(SiO$_4$)$_3$ |
| Class | Silicates (Neosilicates) |
| Crystal system | Cubic |
| Mohs' hardness | 6,5-7 |
| Fracture | Conchoidal |
| Cleavage | None |
| Lustre | Glassy to adamantine |
| Streak | White |
| Localities | Russia, Italy, Switzerland, USA, China, Namibia |

# References

* ↑ Minerały i kamienie szlachetne by RBA Collecionables, S.A., ISBN 978-83-7813-150-2, 2012.
# Aventurine

The name of this mineral is said to be linked with an episode that happened in Murano at the beginning of the 18th century. An Italian glassmaker discovered aventurine glass accidentally by dropping thin copper plates on melted glass. It created a glittery effect similar to sparkling which is called aventurescence.
Aventurine was one of the most valued gemstones among emperors in China and Russia. It was used to adorn everyday and decorative objects.

# Basic properties

| Composition | SiO$_2$ |
| Class | Oxydes |
| Crystal system | Trigonal |
| Mohs' hardness | 7 |
| Fracture | Conchoidal |
| Cleavage | None |
| Lustre | Glassy |
| Streak | White |
| Localities | Brazil, India, Styria (Austria), Russia, Tanzania, USA, RSA |

# References

* 1 2 Minerały i kamienie szlachetne by RBA Collecionables, S.A., ISBN 978-83-7813-150-2, 2012.
# Going open education
## Abstract

* WHAT: Open education involves educational practices which use open educational resources and which reduce barriers to participation.
* WHY: Advantages of open education include including greater accessibility, flexibility, quality improvement, and lower long-term costs.
* HOW: Transform to open education by using OERs, well-known open education web platforms, minimising barriers, encouraging students to contribute, and engaging in communities of open practice.

## What is open education?

* Open education is a loose term which is generally used to refer to educational practices which involve using and sharing open educational resources (OERs).
* OERs are teaching and learning materials and resources which are licensed to allow their re-use (e.g,. Creative Commons).
* Open education is an important part of open academia (which also involves open research and open service).
* Open education is not just about using OERs, but also about creating and sharing OERs, and more broadly, minimising barriers to accessing and engaging in education.

## Why open education?

* The range and quality of OERs and search tools are improving rapidly; many very good resources are already available, ranging from a single image, audio, or video ) or whole courses of study e.g.,
** Creative Commons Search
** MERLOT
* OERs generally offer lower cost in the long run than educational resources which are commercially distributed with copyright restriction. There can be a short-term increase in cost/time initially when switching over to, or developing OERs
* Quality improvement and community review: Openly shared materials attract more comment and scrutiny, helping to fuel ongoing development of the materials.
* OERs are more accessible and more flexible as they allow different people to access the material in different ways and for longer periods of time.
* Open education helps to serve the broader community - one of the key functions of a university.

## How to go open?

Restricted practices can be gradually transformed into open practices for the benefit of society, learning organisations, teachers and students:
* Can be done gradually, as part of course improvement.
* Audit the copyright licenses on all teaching materials -> gradually switch it over to OER material
* Identify the barriers to engagement -> gradually reduce or eliminate as many of these as possible
* Use a well-known open education platform for hosting materials (e.g., Wikiversity, WikiEducator)
* Work and share in a community of practice - going open will benefit from, and enhance, support and mentoring
# Goldsmithing

Welcome to this learning project about Goldsmithing!
This is a suggested list of headings to organise a learning project - please see Directions for use for more information. Please delete any headings (etc.) if you feel they are not relevant, and rearrange as you see fit.

## Learning Project Summary

* Project code:
* Suggested Prerequisites:
* Time investment:
* Assessment suggestions:
* Portal:(List main portal/s here)
* School:(List main school/s here)
* Department:
* Stream
* Level:

## Content summary

Describe this learning project in a sentence or two.

## Goals

The intention is to collect knowledge about this old craft

## Contents
### Learning materials

Add learning materials here - see also the box below

### Readings and other resources

Each project/lesson/activity may have a suggested reading selection, eg:
* Wikipedia article:
* Wikibooks textbook:
* etc.

### Lessons

* Lesson 1: ...

### Activities

* Activity 1.
* etc.

### Tests and Quizzes

* Quiz 1
* Quiz 2
* Test 1
* etc.

## Subpages

Subpages can be created - like /concepts (for concepts involved in this learning project)

## Active participants

Active participants in this Learning Group
* Learning materials
* Learning materials and learning projects are located in the main Wikiversity namespace. Simply make a link to the name of the lesson (lessons are independent pages in the main namespace) and start writing!
* You should also read about the Wikiversity:Learning model. Lessons should center on learning activities for Wikiversity participants. Learning materials and learning projects can be used by multiple projects - and you are encouraged to cooperate with other departments that use the same learning resource.
# Google/App engine

This learning resource is here to help people learn to use Google App Engine.

## Using App Engine as a basic web server

This Google Groups thread discusses how to setup the app.yaml file so that App Engine will act as a standard web server that delivers static files.
Simple app.yaml file to deliver flat files
# Golf

Golf is a game in which a golfer uses clubs and a ball and moves the ball with strokes down a hole from a tee ground through the fairway into a cup on the green, taking the fewest strokes over 18 holes in a round.

## Rules of the game

The game is played according to official rules promulgated by the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of Saint Andrews for the UK and the world and by the United States Golf Association for the US.

## Learning to play

Learning how to play the game of golf consists primarily in learning how to make effective strokes with the "full swing" clubs (drivers and irons and wedges) and with the putter. Traditionally and by rule, golf strokes are made while standing beside the ball, and golf is essentially a game of moving the ball "sideways", whether by left-handed or right-handed play. The rules limit the total number of clubs that may be used in a round to 14, and the clubs must each conform to the rules. As a practical matter, almost all golfers choose to play either left-handed or right-handed clubs, but a few golfers occasionally mix left- and right-handed clubs in the same set for a round.

## Clubs

The conventional set of golf clubs includes a driver, a 3-wood, a 5-wood, irons ranging from a 2-iron to a 9-iron, a pitching wedge, a sand wedge, and a putter. Modern variant sets typically replace the 5-wood and 2-iron with a hybrid or rescue club and a lob wedge. Each club in the set is designed to send the ball over successive ranges. The driver typically is used to send the ball 240-260 yards, and many professional players average 280 yards per drive. Each successive club in a set from driver to putter is shorter in length and sends the ball a shorter distance, with the idea that the various distances called for during the round can be played with a appropriate club without much adjustment from its customary range.

## Courses

Golf courses with 18 holes typically are 6,000 to 7,000 yards in length. A "par" score is set for each course and is usually 72 strokes for the round of 18 holes. Holes may have a "par" score of 3, 4, or 5 (although the rules do not prohibit greater or lesser par scores for holes). Professional golfers often average a few strokes fewer than "par" whereas amateur golfers average as a group around 100 strokes per round. Amateur golfer each may establish a personal "handicap" for competitive purposes that reflects the current level of skill in terms of typical scores. A golfer who typically scores 100 strokes would have a handicap of 28 versus par of 72. A "scratch" golfer has a handicap of zero or perhaps a +2 handicap, representing an average of 2 strokes fewer than par.