OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# PlanetPhysics/Hooke's Law

Hooke's law describes the opposing force exerted by a spring:
$F=-kd$
where $k$ is the spring constant, and $d$ is the distance the end of the spring is disturbed from its position at relaxation (assuming the other end is fixed).
This law is used not only for metal springs, but also in many other "spring-like" interactions in nature, including interactions between microscopic or subatomic particles. The simple linear nature of the law makes it very convenient to work with analytically.
However, this simple linear behavior should be a clue that in most instances the law is not precise; it is just an approximation. For metal springs, the law only holds in the region where the spring behaves elastically; outside of this region, the law breaks down.
# PlanetPhysics/Hypergraph

A hypergraph or metagraph ${\mathcal {H}}$ is an ordered pair, or couple, $(V,{\mathcal {E}})$ where $V$ is the class of vertices of the hypergraph and ${\mathcal {E}}$ is the class of edges such that ${\mathcal {E}}\subseteq {\mathcal {P}}(V)$, where ${\mathcal {P}}(V)$ is the powerset of $V$ (the set of subsets of $V$) and is also considered to be a class.
A hypergraph is as an extension of the concepts of a graph, colored graph and multi-graph. A finite hypergraph, with both $V$ and ${\mathcal {E}}$ being sets, is also related to a metacategory; therefore, it can also be considered as a special case of a supercategory, and can be thus defined as a mathematical interpretation of ETAS axioms.
A finite hypergraph can also be considered as an example of a simple incidence structure . Note also that the more general definition of a hypergraph given above avoids well known antimonies of set theory involving `sets' of sets in the general case.
Many specific graph definitions (but not all) can be extended to similar specific hypergraph, or multigraph, definitions. For example, let $V=\{v_{1},v_{2},~\ldots ,~v_{n}\}$ and ${\mathcal {E}}=\{e_{1},e_{2},~\ldots ,~e_{m}\}$. Associated to any finite hypergraph is the finite $n\times m$ incidence matrix $A=(a_{ij})$ where
   $a_{ij}={\begin{cases}1&=if=~v_{i}\in e_{j}\\0&=otherwise=\end{cases}}$
For example, let ${\mathcal {H}}=(V,{\mathcal {E}})$, where $V=\lbrace a,b,c\rbrace$ and ${\mathcal {E}}=\lbrace \lbrace a\rbrace ,\lbrace a,b\rbrace ,\lbrace a,c\rbrace ,\lbrace a,b,c\rbrace \rbrace$. Defining $v_{i}$ and $e_{j}$ in the obvious manner (as they are listed in the sets), we have $A={\begin{pmatrix}1&1&1&1\\0&1&0&1\\0&0&1&1\end{pmatrix}}$
# PlanetPhysics/Ideal Gas Law

The equation that characterizes any amount of a gas is
   $pV=nRT$
where $p$ is the pressure, $V$ the volume, $n$ the number of the gas moles and $T$ the absolute temperature of the gas; $R$ the universal gas constant (approximately 8.314472 ${\frac {{\mbox{Pa}}\cdot {\mbox{m}}^{3}}{{\mbox{mol}}\cdot {\mbox{K}}}}$).
The gas law is accurately valid for an ideal gas, but a good approximation for real gases.
The law contains the following gas laws:
* Boyle--Mariotte law ($pV=$\, constant when $n$ and $T$ are constants)
* Gay--Lussac law (${\frac {V}{T}}=$\, constant when $n$ and $p$ are constants)
* Avogadro's law (in equal conditions, equal volumes of different gases contain the same number of molecules)

### Alternative definition

The ideal gas law can also be defined using Boltzmann's constant:
   $pV=NkT$
The symbols are those defined above, with the difference that $N$ is the number of gas molecules, and $k$ is the Boltzmann constant, $k\approx 1.38\times 10^{-23}{\mbox{JK}}^{-1}$. This form is often preferred by physicists who consider the number of molecules to be more fundamental than the number of moles.
# PlanetPhysics/Hydrostatic Pressure

By the hydrostatic pressure $p$ inside a liquid at a certain point is meant the force $F$ acted by the liquid perpendicularly on a test surface in the point divided by the area $A$ of the test surface: $p:={\frac {F}{A}}$
* The hydrostatic pressure is independent on the direction of the test surface.
* The hydrostatic pressure does not depend on the form of the vessel containing the fluid.
* The total force caused by the hydrostatic pressure on a horizontal area $A$ is same as the weight of the liquid column, which has the bottom $A$ and the height equal to the vertical distance $h$ of $A$ from the free surface of the liquid.\, This is the hydrostatic paradox .\,Thus, $p={\frac {\varrho Ah\cdot g}{A}}=\varrho hg,$ where $\varrho$ is the density of the liquid and $g$ the acceleration due to gravity.
The above laws have been discovered and experimentally proved by Simon Stevin (1548--1620).
# PlanetPhysics/Hypocentre

The position inside the earth where an earthquake originated. The hypocentre is directly below an earthquake's Epicentre and is represented using three coordinates.
# PlanetPhysics/Improper Integral Examples

1. \; $\int _{0}^{\infty }e^{-x^{2}}\,dx\;=\;{\frac {\sqrt {\pi }}{2}}$\\
2. \; $\int _{0}^{\infty }e^{-x^{2}}\cos {kx}\,dx\;=\;{\frac {\sqrt {\pi }}{2}}e^{-{\frac {1}{4}}k^{2}}$\\
3. \; $\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {e^{-x^{2}}}{a^{2}\!+\!x^{2}}}\,dx\;=\;{\frac {\pi }{2a}}e^{a^{2}}\,{\rm {erfc}}\,a$\\
4. \; $\int _{0}^{\infty }\sin {x^{2}}\,dx\;=\;\int _{0}^{\infty }\cos {x^{2}}\,dx\;=\;{\frac {\sqrt {2\pi }}{4}}$\\
5. \; $\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin {ax}}{x}}\,dx\;=\;({\mbox{sgn}}\,a){\frac {\pi }{2}}\qquad (a\in \mathbb {R} )$\\
6. \; $\int _{0}^{\infty }\left({\frac {\sin {x}}{x}}\right)^{2}dx\;=\;{\frac {\pi }{2}}$\\
7. \; $\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {1-\cos {kx}}{x^{2}}}\,dx\;=\;{\frac {\pi k}{2}}$\\
8. \; $\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {x^{-k}}{x\!+\!1}}\,dx\;=\;{\frac {\pi }{\sin {\pi k}}}\quad (0<k<1)$\\
9. \; $\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {e^{kx}}{1\!+\!e^{x}}}\,dx\;=\;{\frac {\pi }{\sin {\pi k}}}\quad (0<k<1)$\\
10. \; $\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {\cos {kx}}{x^{2}\!+\!1}}\,dx\;=\;{\frac {\pi }{2e^{k}}}$\\
11. \; $\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {a\cos {x}}{x^{2}\!+\!a^{2}}}\,dx\;=\;\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {x\sin {x}}{x^{2}\!+\!a^{2}}}\,dx\;=\;{\frac {\pi }{2e^{a}}}\quad \;(a>0)$\\
12. \; $\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin {ax}}{x(x^{2}\!+\!1)}}\,dx\;=\;{\frac {\pi }{2}}(1-e^{-a})\quad \;(a>0)$\\
13. \; $\int _{0}^{\infty }e^{-x}x^{-{\frac {3}{2}}}\,dx\;=\;{\sqrt {\pi }}$\\
14. \; $\int _{0}^{\infty }e^{-x}x^{3}\sin {x}\,dx\;=\;0$\\
15. \; $\int _{0}^{\infty }\!\left({\frac {1}{e^{x}\!-\!1}}-{\frac {1}{xe^{x}}}\right)dx\;=\;\gamma$\\
16. \; $\int _{0}^{\infty }\!{\frac {\cos {ax^{2}}-\cos {ax}}{x}}dx\;=\;{\frac {\gamma +\ln {a}}{2}}\quad (a>0)$\\
17. \; $\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {e^{-ax}\!-\!e^{-bx}}{x}}\,dx\;=\;\ln {\frac {b}{a}}\quad (a>0,\;\,b>0)$\\
18. \; $\int _{1}^{\infty }\left(\arcsin {\frac {1}{x}}-{\frac {1}{x}}\right)\,dx\;=\;1+\ln {2}-{\frac {\pi }{2}}$\\
19. \; $\int _{0}^{1}{\frac {\arctan {x}}{x{\sqrt {1\!-\!x^{2}}}}}\,dx\;=\;{\frac {\pi }{2}}\ln(1\!+\!{\sqrt {2}})$\\
Link to the original entry from which one can find the derivations of the given values.
# The Crafting Freedom Project/Henry Box Brown

Henry "Box" Brown was a 19th century Virginia slave who escaped to freedom by arranging to have himself mailed to Philadelphia abolitionists in a dry goods container.
# The Crafting Freedom Project/Sally Thomas

The Life of Sally Thomas
Sally Thomas was born into slavery in 1787 on a tobacco plantation in Albemarle County, Virginia, near Thomas Jefferson’s home, Monticello. Her life represents the experience of an illiterate black female entrepreneur, of whom there were thousands in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Most of these women were seamstresses and laundresses. Records of the lives of these women, many of whom were poor and illiterate, are very limited. As such, that fact that historians have ferreted out Thomas’ story from extant records is unusual. Thomas became “quasi-free,” a term used to describe an enslaved person whose master allowed them to live as a free person, even though a formal deed of emancipation from the state had not been obtained.
Like many light-skinned enslaved women, Thomas was pursued sexually by rich white men. She had two sons by two white men, neither of whom acknowledged their paternity. Thomas’ sons followed her legal status, so they too were slaves. Her mission in life became to secure freedom for her sons.
At the age of thirty-two, Thomas was taken to Nashville, Tennessee, by a family member who had inherited her. There, she was permitted to hire her own time as a laundress. Eventually, she had money to rent a house where she located a laundry. Thomas paid a portion of her earnings to her owner, but she was able to retain much of her income. Her specialty was cleaning the fine linens and silks of Nashville’s white elite. She became a well-known, successful, and respected businesswoman.
As Thomas built a positive reputation and financial resources, she leveraged these assets toward her mission. She arranged for her first son, John, to work for a barge captain as a personal waiter and “pole boy.” Her plan was that the captain would emancipate her son at age twenty-one, and this came about. Thomas supported her second son, Henry, in his successful effort to claim his freedom by running away. She purchased the freedom of her third son, James, but his papers were stolen. Eventually, James’ former master went to court to attain a legal manumission for him.
Sally Thomas died suddenly during a cholera epidemic when she was in her early sixties. Although unmarried, illiterate, and legally a “slave,” she must have felt a great sense of satisfaction because she accomplished her mission in life– attaining freedom for her three sons.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON SALLY THOMAS
SECONDARY SOURCES
Franklin, John Hope, and Loren Schweninger. In Search of the Promised Land: A Slave Family in the Old South. Oxford University Press, 2005.
Hemphill, Phyllis M. Sally Thomas: Servant Girl. Nashville: Winston-Derek Publishers, 1989.
# The Concepts in Adaptive Signal Processing
## Background

Background (pdf)

## Wiener-Kolmogorov Filter

* Overview (pdf)

## LMS (Least Mean Square) Filter

go to [ Electrical_&_Computer_Engineering_Studies ]
# Windows Server Administration/Remote Access/Lesson flashcards
## Instructions

* Click on the flashcard text to show the answer.
* Click on Next Card to show the next flashcard.
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* Remote Access Lesson
* Remote Desktop Licensing enables a server to manage _____ that are required for _____ to connect to a Remote Desktop Session Host server. RDS CALs are managed using the _____ application. Remote Desktop Licensing enables a server to manage Remote Desktop Services client access licenses (RDS CALs) that are required for each device or user to connect to a Remote Desktop Session Host server. RDS CALs are managed using the Remote Desktop Licensing Manager application.
* Next Card
# Windows Server Administration/Roles and Features/Terms flashcards
## Instructions

* Click on the flashcard text to show the answer.
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* Roles and Features Terms
* A software framework developed by Microsoft that includes a large library supporting a variety of user interface, data access, database connectivity, cryptography, web application development, numeric algorithms, and network communications functions is the _____. .NET Framework
* Next Card
# Windows Server Administration/Storage/Lesson flashcards
## Instructions

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* Storage Lesson
* RAID may be implemented either in _____ or by _____. Hardware-based RAID does not require _____. RAID may be implemented either in a hardware controller or by the operating system. Hardware-based RAID does not require system processor resources.
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# Windows Server Administration/Storage/Terms flashcards
## Instructions

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* Storage Terms
* A special type of boot sector at the very beginning of partitioned computer mass storage devices like fixed disks or removable drives intended for use with IBM PC-compatible systems and beyond, limited to drives of 2 TB or less is _____. MBR (Master Boot Record)
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# Windows Server Administration/Remote Access/Terms flashcards
## Instructions

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* Remote Access Terms
* An authentication protocol that uses an algorithm to generate a password challenge based on a known password without ever transmitting the actual password across the network, making it more secure than PAP is _____. Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)
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# Windows Server Administration/Roles and Features/Lesson flashcards
## Instructions

* Click on the flashcard text to show the answer.
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* Roles and Features Lesson
* The .NET Framework 3.5.1 feature _____. The .NET Framework 3.5.1 feature installs support for .NET 2.0 and .NET 3.0 applications through the .NET Framework.
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# The Ancient World (HUM 124 - UNC Asheville)/Texts/Corn Woman Spirit by Freeman Owle
## Summary

This poem talks about a spirit named the Corn Woman who was sent down to walk with the Cherokee and who helps the Cherokee grow corn during the harvest season. However one day the corn did not come up, and the Cherokee discovered the Corn Woman was missing. All the animals and spirits were looking for her, and eventually the raven set out to find the Corn Woman. The raven found her in a dark cave, captured by an evil spirit. The raven had to rescue her or else the Cherokee starve. Eventually, the Raven rescues her and the corn returns along with the Corn Woman.

## Translations from Oral Tradition to Written Word

Immediately upon beginning the poem the reader is given a sense that this story is told with a casual attitude. This can be confusing If the poem is approached on its own. The poem begins with “Another” which suggests that the writer/narrator has already told another story. The second line tells the reader that the teller “mentioned that it is a matrilineal society.” With this line appearing so early in the story, it reinforces the idea that this poem is part of a much larger story. Not quite a fragment, but that as a reader, we’ve entered the story at the wrong point.
It is entirely possible that the author who transcribed this story from its original oral form, learned the story from a person who was not a practiced storyteller. It could also be a translation from an account written in with the Cherokee Syllabary, and later translated into English and written using the Latin alphabet. As was presented in Vedic India and Ifa divination, the exact retelling of a sacred story was of critical importance. The inclusion of many casual turns of English phrases suggests that the sanctity of this Cherokee origin story may have been lost in translation.

## Symbolism

Throughout this traditional Cherokee story, many symbols arise that give us a deeper look into the story and into Cherokee culture. One of the most prominent symbols is the "Hunger Spirit" that is given the blame when there was an absence of corn in the fields. The hunger spirit is a symbol of famine and failed crops during the growing season, and is viewed as an evil spirit who abducts the Corn Woman, which further prevents the crops from growing. The raven also serves as a symbol of the Cherokees respect for nature and the world around them. In the story it is emphasized that the Cherokee let ravens stay in the cornfield and eat their corn, as opposed to the Appalachian people who display raven heads on sticks to deter the other birds from entering the fields. We are able to take a deeper look into the the Cherokees respect for nature as the raven who is so often viewed as the villain in other cultures, is revered as a hero who saved the Corn Woman.

## Other Comments

* Similar in relation to The Epic of Gilgamesh and Beowulf in the sense that this is more of a narrative poem, it does not follow a specific rhyme scheme and tends to have a plot with a beginning and end.
# Selecting and employing software and hardware tools

ICAU4205A
From the official document:
    "This unit defines the competency required to select and use software and hardware diagnostic tools, including multimedia contexts and automated testing environments."
Basically, that means ... (translate above into plain english)
You can read more about this unit on the National Training Information Systems Official document for ICAU4205A.
This unit is a pre-requisite for the following qualifications:

## How this unit will help you

After learning and applying the skills required by this unit you'll be able to demonstrate your skills in:
| ELEMENT | PERFORMANCE CRITERIA |
| 1. Establish process operational requirements | Identify the process requirements ensuring they are accurate, complete, prioritised, have functionality and reference appropriate method/media types |
| 2. Select hardware and software for processing function | Identify and evaluate relevant hardware and software with reference to functional requirements |
| 3. Configure and test hardware and software | Install and configure appropriate hardware and software according to vendor guidelines with reference to system architecture and client functionality requirements |
| 4. Use and validate software and hardware | Provide appropriate training of client with reference to guides, instructions and vendor materials |
* translate the above elements and performance criteria into plain english and summarise here...

## Ideas for learning the required skills

Idea:
* Research
* Find Download
* Install
* Train somebody
* Lesson on Digi cams
* Research browsers
* download and install browsers
* Bookmarklets and extensions
* Write documentation - for client
* Train client in using (with extension - such as del.icio.us bookmarks)

## Ideas for demonstrating this unit

The best way to demonstrate these skills is ...

## Grading

If you are demonstrating this unit as part of a formal course, you might find that the unit is graded (meaning you can not only demonstrate your competence, but can also gain a credit or distinction). Your facilitator may already have set criteria that your college uses. If not, here are some ideas for possible credit/distinction activities that you can discuss with your facilitator:
# SelectionSort

SelectionSort divides a list into a sorted part and the unsorted part. At the beginning everything belongs to the unsorted part. Then the element with the smallest key value is looked up and swaped with the first element of the list. The sorted part now starts and ends with element 1 and the unsorted part starts with element 2. In the second run the smallest element is looked up starting from position 2. When the smallest element is determined it swaps with the element on position two. If the comparison is done with "smaller" and not "smaller or equal", the algorithm works stable. And, what should be obvious, it works in place.

## Timing

In order to calculate the number of compare operations we use a visualization. In the first run the first element is compared with all others to find the smallest; this results in n - 1 compares. In the second run element two is compared with all others which results in n – 2 compares and so on. For 10 records we get the compare matrix:
The n * n matrix is half filled except for the diagonal which is n elements long. This gives the time for comparing with
    T$_{cmp}$ = ½ n$^2$ * C - n
SelectionSort needs in maximum one swap operation per data record (sometimes the smallest element is already on the target position)
    T$_{swp}$ = n * E
The total time for a sort can be estimated by
    T$_{sort}$ = T$_{cmp}$ + T$_{swp}$
    T$_{sort}$ = n$^2$ * D + n * E - n
    T$_{sort}$ = n$^2$ * D + n * (E – 1)
    T$_{sort}$ = n$^2$ * D + n * F
with D = ½ C and E and F = E – 1 being constants.
Even when the costs for swapping are low and D is small, the quadratic term will increase for bigger record numbers very fast and the fact that for swapping the necessary time only increases in linear fashion does not play any important role then.
In a concrete situation it could be vital that SelectionSort is about twice as fast as InsertionSort, but if there are algorithms available with better characteristics it is still a bad choice when there are more than a few dozens of records to be sorted.
In a situation where the records are nearly sorted, the time for swaps will be near to zero, but the number of compare operations still increases in a quadratic manner.

## Example

We start with this input list; the background is blue where the smalles element goes and the smallest element to be found has a green background:
| 387 | 310 | 529 | 174 | 011 | 227 | 020 | 901 | 522 | 771 |
| 011 | 310 | 529 | 174 | 387 | 227 | 020 | 901 | 522 | 771 |
| 011 | 020 | 529 | 174 | 387 | 227 | 310 | 901 | 522 | 771 |
| 011 | 020 | 174 | 529 | 387 | 227 | 310 | 901 | 522 | 771 |
| 011 | 020 | 174 | 227 | 387 | 529 | 310 | 901 | 522 | 771 |
| 011 | 020 | 174 | 227 | 310 | 529 | 387 | 901 | 522 | 771 |
| 011 | 020 | 174 | 227 | 310 | 387 | 529 | 901 | 522 | 771 |
| 011 | 020 | 174 | 227 | 310 | 387 | 522 | 901 | 529 | 771 |
| 011 | 020 | 174 | 227 | 310 | 387 | 522 | 529 | 901 | 771 |
| 011 | 020 | 174 | 227 | 310 | 387 | 522 | 529 | 771 | 901 |
# Selenography

Selenography is the study of the surface and physical features of the Moon. Historically, the principal concern of selenographists was the mapping and naming of the lunar maria, craters, mountain ranges, and other various features.
New Selenography is the preliminary publication of selenographic research update based on data delivered by Clementine, Lunar Prospector, Chandrayaan-1, SELENE, LRO and LADEE.

## Introduction and scope definition

Evolving - going to balance effort versus quality

## Description of Moon quadrangles

* New Selenography:LQ01
* New Selenography:LQ02
* New Selenography:LQ03
* New Selenography:LQ04
* New Selenography:LQ05
* New Selenography:LQ06
* New Selenography:LQ07
* New Selenography:LQ08
* New Selenography:LQ09
* New Selenography:LQ10
* New Selenography:LQ11
* New Selenography:LQ12
* New Selenography:LQ13
* New Selenography:LQ14
* New Selenography:LQ15
* New Selenography:LQ16
* New Selenography:LQ17
* New Selenography:LQ18
* New Selenography:LQ19
* New Selenography:LQ20
* New Selenography:LQ21
* New Selenography:LQ22
* New Selenography:LQ23
* New Selenography:LQ24
* New Selenography:LQ25
* New Selenography:LQ26
* New Selenography:LQ27
* New Selenography:LQ28
* New Selenography:LQ29
* New Selenography:LQ30
# Selenography/New Selenography:LQ04
## Overview

{{{annotations}}}

## Craters

| Name | Latitude | Longitude | maps | Diameter,km | Type |
| shortname | xxx | xxx | | xxx | simple |

## Standard features

| Name | Latitude | Longitude | maps | Diameter,km | Type |
| shortname | xxx | xxx | | xxx | simple |