OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# IB History Review Guide

The IB (International Baccalaureate) History Review Guide is a free online course about the history of the first half of the twentieth century CE.
    Introduction to the Guide
    How to use this Guide
| Detailed contents list Prescribed Topics Chapter 1 ~ Use of Source Material Documents Origin, Purpose, Value, and Limitation Chapter 2 ~ The USSR and Stalin Excerpt from the Syllabus Struggle for Leadership Collectivization Five-Year Plan Nature of the Soviet State The Purges Foreign Relations Chapter 3 ~ People's Republic of China Excerpt from the Syllabus The Chinese Civil War Political Unification The First Five Year Plan Mass Campaigns The Great Leap Forward Ideology Additional Topics Chapter 1 ~ Causes, Practices and Effects of War Excerpt from the Syllabus Chapter 2 ~ The Rise and Rule of single-party States Excerpt from the Syllabus Fidel Castro Benito Mussolini Regional Topics Chapter 1 ~ Tsarist Russia to Communist USSR Excerpt from the Syllabus Timeline Glossary of Terms The 1905 Revolution The February 1917 Revolution The October 1917 Revolution The Russian Civil War Chapter 2 ~ The Causes, Course, and Effect of World War One Excerpt from the Syllabus Timeline Glossary of Terms Causes Course Effect Chapter 3 ~ The inter-war Years 1919-1939 Excerpt from the Syllabus Chapter 4 ~ Totalitarian Europe Excerpt from the Syllabus Benito Mussolini Josef Stalin Adolf Hitler Chapter 5 ~ The Second World War Excerpt from the Syllabus Timeline Glossary of Terms Causes Course Effect Indices Contributors | . |
# IB History Review Guide/How to use this Guide

Do not: Try to memorize everything. That is absurd, and generally not required. Consider this- in Paper II you need to write two essays on two topics and paper three, three essays on three topics. Therefore, study certain individual topics extensively.
   * Memorize Key dates, key names, and a couple of key quotes. Memorize these things extremely well.
   * Understand the timeline of events in the order of which they happened and be able to describe that order.
Also, don't narrow yourself to using only the information available in this guide, there are plenty of great Wikibooks about History!
You might want to look at
   * How to write a research paper in History
   * World History and sections such as World History/The Rise of Dictatorship and Totalitarianism
   * Wikipedia itself! Wikipedia provides information in depth on numerous events, characters and places. Want to know what happened at the Battle of Stalingrad? Well, it's just a click away!
# LHC black hole risk/A Critque of: Review of the Safety of LHC Collisions

(Review Paper) Cited in LHC black hole risk/A Critque of: Review of the Safety of LHC Collisions

### Review of the Safety of LHC Collisions

The LSAG report proves that the utilization of the LHC would be perfectly and 100% safe
According to Einstein's theory of relativity, a black hole could never be created during a LHC collision; however, even if by some miracle it were to happen, the black hole would be so microscopic it would disappear almost immediately. Stephen Hawkins found that black holes disappeared and because of the size of any black holes creating by the LHC, would not survive long enough to start accreting matter and to cause macroscopic effects. In addition, black holes that are created by stars collapsing have proven to be non-detrimental to the surrounding galaxies and earth itself. Black holes such as these are heavier and larger than anything that the LHC could potentially produce.
The RHIC has been successfully operating since 2000 with no presence or formation of stranglets. The LHC will run hotter than the RHIC and therefore the likelihood of stranglets created by the LHC is nonexistent. The temperatures would not allow for the formation and reproduction of strange matter and experience has already proven the formation of stranglets to be false.
Cosmic Rays naturally produce LHC-like collisions in our universe at a rate of over 10 million per second. On earth, there has been upwards of a million LHC-like collisions. Yet the earth still exists as does our surrounding galaxy.

### Methods

In 2003, five non-LHC affiliated particle physicists were commissioned by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) to analyze the safety of the LHC.

### Results

Their findings proved that the LHC would not be dangerous to the earth or its inhabitants in anyway.
# LLinES

Abbreviation LLinES stands for "Living Lab in El Salvador". This Learning Resource focuses on the implementation of a Living Lab structure to identify and exploit strategies for risk minimization in the area of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in El Salvador.

## Learning objectives

* What is a Living Lab and user-driven innovation?
* How is this applied in El Salvador on Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) of non-traditional causes?
* Requirements and Constraints analysis for a successful implementation of a Living Lab (obstracles, challenges, ...)
* Lessons learnt and adaptation to the requirements and constraints in El Salvador.
* What is Design Sciences and how is this applied in a living lab approach?
* What are generalizable principles how can the concept be transfered to other Risk Mitigation scenarios?
# LHC black hole risk

(from Controversies in Science)
Should we turn on the LHC?

## Points For
### Large Hadron Collider Protection Means No Risk

The Large Hadron Collider has been made safe due to the numerous protection measures, such as the Quench Protection Systems, which assures any excess energy is discharged through magnetic coils. The Fast Magnet Current Charge Monitor detects when current levels in the Large Hadron Collider change and thus are able to control them. Finally, the active hardware diagnostics keeps the Large Hadron Collider running smoothly, making the risk levels go down..

### Correcting the Black Hole Theory

Due to black holes being unstable, they are deemed to be safe.

### Review of the Safety of Large Hadron Collider Collisions

The LSAG report proves that the utilization of the Large Hadron Collider would be perfectly and 100% safe.

### group 5 point

Black holes generated through the LHC are insignificant in size and strength, resulting in them posing no serious threat to humanity.

### group 7 point
## Points Against
### group 4 point

The Large Hadron Collider has no real evidence that is is safe. The assumptions that scientists have made stating that the black holes are not dangerous has yet to be tested. Also Hawking radiation is used to promote the safety of this experiment even though it has never been tested.

### The LHC Isn't Safe

The magnitude of the experimental Large Hadron Collider, and the largely unknown potential outcomes of the experiment could lead to disastrous consequences for humanity and the planet.
# LHC black hole risk/A critique of "Critical Revision of LHC risks and communication"

(Review Paper) Cited in LHC black hole risk/A critique of "Critical Revision of LHC risks and communication"

### Points Made

As of yet, there has been no real evidence that proves The LHC is safe. Scientists have been claiming that the black holes are not dangerous, but their assumptions have not been tested. In addition to this, Hawking radiation has been used to promote the safety of this experiment; however, this has also not been tested.

### Methods

LHC uses superconducting magnets to increase acceleration of particle beams in different directions through a circular tunnel, almost at the speed of light.

### Results

CERN claims that it may take up to three years before methodological assessment of the initial experiments can be conducted. The time lapse allows for micro black holes to develop, before scientific evidence of their formation can be measured.
# LMCC

Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada, commonly abbreviated as LMCC, is not a license to practice medicine, but is generally a requirement to gain an independent practise license (a license to practise medicine) in Canada.

## See Also

* Wikipedia: Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada
# LHC black hole risk/A critique of Stop the LHC-until we know it's safe

(Review Paper) Cited in LHC black hole risk/A critique of Stop the LHC-until we know it's safe

### The LHC Isn't Safe

The magnitude of the experimental Large Hadron Collider, and the largely unknown potential outcomes of the experiment could lead to disastrous consequences for humanity and distorting the planet..

### Rationale

The potential for the creation of miniature black holes within the LHC as a result of collisions between protons is unpredictable. A black hole created by these collisions would be trapped within earths gravitational field, and potentially slowly gain and acquire mass, causing it to grow. The argument that a miniature black hole poses little risk due to the argument of "Hawking Radiation" has not been proven. The risk with continuing with such an experiment far outweighs any potential scientific benefit, because such an experiment as the LHC has the potential to put human life and the planet at risk of being destroyed..
# LHC black hole risk/a critique of Correction to the Higher Dimensional Black Hole Entropy

(Review Paper) Cited in LHC black hole risk/a critique of Correction to the Higher Dimensional Black Hole Entropy

### Correcting the Black Hole Theory

Due to black holes being unstable, they are deemed to be safe and less likely to destroy earth. Black holes are not likely to cause harm because they have powerful gravity that can prevent anything from escaping, even light..

### Methods

Due to all the experimental equations, the Hawkin's temperature was derived and therefore explains the thermodynamics of a black hole. We use the thermodynamics laws to explain the black hole because defines the characteristics and fundamental physical quantities of a black hole with it's temperature, energy, and entropy.

### Results

According to quantum mechanics, the black holes would cause no danger. The black holes are microscopic and could evaporate quickly following their formation. The equations used by physicists explains the different thermodynamics of a black hole and how it conveys no danger to earth.
# Greek Language/Vowels

Greek vowels have similar pronunciations as those of Spanish. If you know Spanish, then you will have an easy time pronouncing these. Do not automatically apply standard English vowel pronunciations to Greek words! You will probably be pronouncing them wrong. Please refer to the page linked at the end of this article for sound clips of the correct prounciations.
| Letter | Name | Name | Pronunciation | Notes |
| Letter | Greek | English | Pronunciation | Notes |
| Α α | Άλφα | Alpha | [a] | Pronounced somewhere between apple and father. You will do better leaning toward the "apple" pronunciation. πάλι (help·info) |
| Ε ε | Έψιλον | Epsilon | [e] | Pronounced like elk or tent. |
| Η η | Ήτα | Eta | [i] | Pronounced like eel or feet. |
| I ι | Iώτα Γιώτα | Iota | [i] | Pronounced the same as η. νύχτα (help·info) |
| Ο ο | Όμικρον | Omicron | [o] | Pronounced between "hope" and "hop." You need to pronounce this without rounding your lips into the "oo" sound that English has at the end of a long o. Listen carefully; many English speakers have trouble noticing they are making that "oo" sound. μυαλό (help·info) |
| Υ υ | Ύψιλον | Upsilon | [i] | Pronounced the same as η and ι in modern Greek. Ancient Greek pronunciation is theorized to have been performed by making that sound but rounding the lips at the same time. |
| Ω ω | Ωμέγα | Omega | [o] | Pronounced the same as ο. Ancient Greek pronunciation is theorized to have been pronounced longer. Hence, o MEGA vs o MICRON. |
You will probably have noticed that some of the letters are redundant; Greek has three letters representing the sound /i/ ('ee') and two representing the sound /o/ ('oo'). This is because in Classical Greek the different letters did actually have different sounds associated with them. However, over the centuries, the pronunciations shifted to what they are today.
# Green IT

Green IT (Green ICT or Green Computing) is the study and practice of using computers and telecommunications in a way which maximises positive environmental benefit and minimise the negative impact. Energy efficiency of equipment is a major concern of Green ICT, but also the energy embodied in the equipment and the use of materials and how they are recycled. Green ICT seeks to guide technological implementation using accepted management practises, in support of business.

## Origin

The topic was originally created by User:Tom Worthington based on the Green ICT Strategies e-Learning Course. A certified version of the course is available from the Australian Computer Society. The Australian National University's College of Engineering and Computer Science will offer the course from July 2009 as Green ICT Strategies (COMP7310).

## Course components

* Introduction
* Global ICT Footprint

## Learning Tasks

* (Carbon Footprint) The carbon footprint is amount of greenhouse that is emitted to perform a specific task, job or process. Embed the Green IT approach in a broader concept of the carbon footprint. E.g. if flights of 10 people that want to join a meeting a specific location is replaced by one video conference.
* (Total Cost of Ownership) Transfer the concept of Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) to Total Carbon Footprint (TCF). What are the challenges, benefits and drawbacks of such an approach.

## Links

School:Information technology
Harnessing green IT:principles and practices
# Escuela de Lenguas UNLP/About Argentina/Important Argentinean Characters/Nobel Prize Recipients
## Medicine
### César Milstein

He was a scientific chemist. He was born on 8th October, 1927 in Bahía Blanca, Province of Buenos Aires, and died on 24th March, 2002 in Cambridge, UK. He was the 1984 Nobel Prize winner for Medicine.
# Escuela de Lenguas UNLP/About Argentina/Important Argentinean Characters/Other Important Characters
### Doña Petrona C. de Gandulfo

Doña Petrona was one of the greatest popular names of the XXth century. And her legend continues.Why? Because she explored the secrets of the kitchen and made an impact just on our homely tastes.And she was the perfect image of the perfect housewife. She was astute, strict, skilled, pleasant and she made tasty recipes, they had clear instructions; they were simple, easy and exact.All her recipes were tested by herself.She was the first media chef. The first book by Doña Petrona was published in 1933. It already has 100 reissues with more than 3000 recipes. Millions of books were sold. Born to teach, she transmitted her experience in magazines, on the radio and the TV. She started on TV in 1952 and made a revolution in her speciality.Her achievement was to make kitchen work simple, clarifying all the secrets.Doña Petrona´s book was considered by experts of the World as a New Phase in culinary art. Her main advice was: “Without good cooking they won’t be a happy home".

### Froilán Gonzalez

The culture of Santiago del Estero is a manifestation of the most authentic myths and traditions in folk music and native dances of Argentina. Frolián Gonzalez, a great man, lives in Santiago. He is a really great luthier, and his work is well-known in our country and abroad too. He was a child when he began working as a bombo leguero Luthier. His father was his first teacher. The Bombo Leguero is used to give rhythm to the songs and accompany authentic folklore dances of the North . It is called leguero because we can hear it from a long distance. Froilán Gonzalez’s workshop is located in a special place called “Boca Del Tigre” near the capital city of Santiago del Estero. Every Sunday some artists sing and dance for the tourists, and the tourists dance too. At his workshop, Froilán shows how to make the leguero bombo.

### Margarita Barrientos

Margarita Barrientos was born in October 1961 in Santiago del Estero, Argentina. She is married and has 12 children. She is a social worker; she is founder of Comedor Los Piletones in Villa Soldati where she currently feeds 2600 people (breakfast, lunch, and dinner). This is the beginning of a work that is today Foundation “Margarita Barrientos" and that has a nursery, a health center, a day center for grandparents and a community pharmacy. In 1999 she was selected “WOMAN OF THE YEAR “ by COAS. Today she opened two new centers: one in the city Cañuelas and another in Santiago del Estero.

### Marcelo Hugo Tinelli

Marcelo Hugo Tinelli was born in Bolívar on 1st April 1960; he's Argentinian. He's a sport jornalist, business man and TV producer. He married several times and has five children: three girls and two boys: Micaela, Candelaria, Francisco, Juana and Lorenzo, this last son with Guillermina Valdés. He’s the president of San Lorenzo Almagro, and he wants to be president of AFA. He likes playing football and running marathons. He’s funny and very popular in his work.
# Escuela de Lenguas UNLP/About Argentina/Tourist Attractions/Autonomous City/Buenos Aires
## Overview

The Cosmopolitan and eclectic city of Buenos Aires surprises us with its contrasts. Picturesque neighbourhoods and the melancholy of tango mixes with modern skyscrapers and the latest technology. The Spanish founded the city twice: in 1536 Pedro de Mendoza arrived in the city and in 1580 it was Juan de Garay´s turn. The city grew, with wide avenues, tree-lined promenades, mansions and public buildings designed by well-known architects. Today, about eleven million people live in Buenos Aires and its metropolitan area. Countless art galleries, museums, theaters and movie theaters, elegant boutiques and modern shopping centers, thousands of restaurants, bars, and discos, make Buenos Aires the Queen of the River Plate area.

### San Nicolás and Montserrat

There are two famous neighbourhoods in Buenos Aires (capital city): San Nicolás and Montserrat. Their arquitecture is fantastic! It's eclectic with elements resembling Barcelona, Paris and Madrid. It has a mixture of colonial, Art Nouveau and French bourbon style. San Nicolás is one of the neighbourhood of the city where there are a lot of famous buildings. It's usually referred as "the city centre". The first church of San Nicolás (St. Nicholas) used to be where the Buenos Aires Obelisk is located now. At the begining of the last century its buildings were charateristic of the May Avenue. Corrientes Avenue is often compared with those of Madrid. This neighbourhood has numerous museums related to history, fine arts, decorative arts and popular arts. It's also the home of hundred of bookstores, public libraries and cultural associations. Montserrat is a neighbourhood in the East of the Buenos Aires. You can find the City Hall and the City legislature among others buildings. May square is famous for the events that occurred there throughout history. It's usually referred as the city centre. Buenos Aires is a large city but these two neighbourhoods are the main tourist destinations.

### Confitería “Las Violetas”

“Las Violetas” is an old and emblematic building, located on the corner of Medrano and Rivadavia streets, in Buenos Aires city.
It opened on 21st September 1884, but around 1920 the present building was constructed and in 1998 it was declared historic place with beautiful glass windows and glass doors, and Italian marble floors.
“Las Violetas” is an elegant tea house; its famous teas in the afternoon are very abundant, with toast, cheese, jam, cakes, sandwiches, croissants, biscuits and orange juice. It also offers a delicious menu for dinner; the pasta is special.
# Escuela de Lenguas UNLP/About Argentina/Sports in Argentina
## Las Leonas

Las Leonas is the name of the women’s national hockey team in Argentina since 2000. In Sydney, Argentina played against the powerful Dutch team and they chose this occasion to put the image of a lioness on their shirts for the first time. Through its history, the team showed tenacious even when a game seems lost. Twice World Champions (2002 and 2010), they won a total of seven medals in theHockeyWorld Cup, four Olympic medals (two silver and two bronze), ten Champions Trophy medals (six gold) and eight medals at the Pan American Games (six gold and two silver). Luciana Aymar (captain until the end of 2014) was chosen as the Best World Player eight times and named Hockey Legend in 2008 by FIT (International Hockey Federation). Hockey was introduced in Argentina by English immigrants in the early twentieth century.
# Escuela de Lenguas UNLP/About Argentina/Tourist Attractions
## Autonomous City

Buenos Aires

## National Parks and Nature Reserves
### Punta Tombo

Punta Tombo is a nature reserve located on the South Atlantic Ocean. It is a colony of Magellanic penguins. There are small caves and low vegetation so this is an appropriate area for birds to lay eggs and rear their babies between September and April each year. Visitors can walk along a footpath next to the sea to see the penguins. The penguins live freely and they have a “right of way”, so if they walk across the footpath, people must stand still and wait for them to pass. These birds are not frightened by people and they don´t abandon their nests because of people’s presence. It's a really attractive and educative walk.

### Los Arrayanes National Park

Los Arrayanes National Park was created in 1971. It is a nature reserve located in the Province of Neuquén, on the Quetrihué Península, in the north of the Nahuel Huapi lake.  In the south there is a Myrtle forest.The Myrtle is a tree; its cortex is cinnamon color because of the tannins. Its flowers are white and its fruits are purple. There are also other trees like Coihues and Cypresses, among others. The fauna is varied with aquatic species, such as cormorants and cauquenes, and terrestrial species such as woodpeckers, red foxes and patagonian wolves. The Arrayanes National Park is a beautiful place to visit.

## Provinces

* Buenos Aires (province)
* Corrientes (province)
* Catamarca
* Chubut
* Córdoba (province)
* Entre Ríos
* Jujuy
* La Rioja (province)
* Mendoza (province)
* Misiones
* Neuquén (province)
* Río Negro
* Salta (province)
* San Juan
* Santa Cruz
* Tierra del Fuego

## Other tourist attractions

* Ski Resorts in Argentina