# Doctor of Philosophy

Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated as PhD is an academic degree traditionally awarded by universities.
This is a project space to develop an equivalent that we're calling the Open and Networked PhD (ONPhD).
Work to date has made it as far as articulating an equivalence to the formal PhD stage called Candidature. Other stages to the ONPhD are yet to be developed.

## Requirements

A traditional PhD requires acceptance from a University to become a PhD Candidate. There is usually a variety of processes that candidate can follow toward publishing a thesis, or similar. See a relevant University's website for their requirements.
An ONPhD does not require affiliation to a university, but does require the publication of a thesis or similar, that is assessed by peers to equivalent criteria. To date an ONPhD is not recognised as a PhD, but we do hope to establish a process where it can be shown to be equivalent to, if not an improvement on, the traditional PhD criteria and assessment.
As in a traditional PhD, an ONPhD will require:
* Candidature
* Literature review
* A question
* Coursework or documeted learning
* Research
* Publication and review

## Candidature

Follow the steps below to establish your candidature for ONPhD. We have developed a set of digital badges for each of these steps. See the course on P2PU, and the manual for earning the badges.
* Describe your learning history - This is a cumulative description of all the works (formal and informal) you have completed to be considered toward your candidacy for an ONPhD
* Identify your domain of study - The described domain of study should be both broad and focused. This is to allow others to get a sense of both the knowledge domain and your focus.
* Detail your contribution - What of considerable significance are you going to contribute to your chosen subject domain of knowledge?
* Methodology - Completion of a PhD requires a significant reseach project or major contribution to your chosen knowledge domain.
* Skills and Knowledge Development - Completion of a PhD level of knowing also requires the development of other related skills and knowledge.
* Engage the community - How are you going to engage the learning community and your learning network
* Seek supervision and endorsements - Identify the people in your learning network who are going to supervise or guide your research and assist your publication.

## Literature review

INCOMPLETE - Work has not commenced around the ONPhD equivalent to the literature review. Below is a suggested list of steps and we propose that those steps be developed in a similar fashion to the Candidature stage.
* Demonstrate thorough knowledge of a wide range of literature relating to your topic.
* Engage in critical appraisal of these works.
* Arrive at a question or "gap" in the literature, that you will structure your thesis around.
* Understand where your investigation sits in relation to the literature you have reviewed.
* Begin to position your thesis in terms of world view (philosophical framework), the types of methods you will use to investigate and test your ideas (methodical framework), and the way you will operate those methods (operational framework – including the definition of what is data and how it is appraised/analysed).

## Forming a research proposal

Drawing from D.R. Rowland's Annotated Sample Research Proposal: Process and Product for the University of Queensland, in which 3 stages are detailed:

### Preliminary sorting of ideas

Use a mind map...

### Outline in Terms of Focus Questions
#### Introduction

Addresses the significance of the research
* What have been the drivers of the calculus reform movement at the tertiary level?
* What are the motivations for introducing modeling as part of this reform?
* Why do reform approaches need a sound research base in general, and why in particular does using modeling as a reform approach need a sound research base?
* What then is the broad aim of the proposed research?

#### Previous research

Addresses questions about originality + uses previous research as a foundation for further research
* What research has already been done in this area? What deficiencies or gaps need addressing?
* What other research in related areas has been done that could inform research on the proposed problem?

#### Theoretical framework and hypotheses

What theories about learning guided the directions taken by the research and in particular, the hypotheses to be tested?
* What assumptions about student learning framed this research?
* What theories about student learning were believed to be of potential use and what hypotheses came out of these theories?

#### Methods

* What methodological issues needed to be addressed by this research?
* How were the hypotheses tested? Why use multiple methods?
* How was the sample chosen and does this choice pose a threat to external validity?
* How were the findings validated?
* What ethical issues are raised by the proposed approaches and how will these be addressed?

### Write the proposal! (And revise the organizational framework)

Argument mapping
See D.R. Rowland's Annotated Sample Research Proposal: Process and Product for an annotated example proposal.

## Coursework and learning

INCOMPLETE - Work has not commenced around the ONPhD equivalent to the development of courses to support people in their projects. We propose that relevant courses be developed across Wikiversity and listed here.
* Sport research
* Open educational resources
* Social media
* Other suggestions
* Your course here

## Research

INCOMPLETE - The work included here has been gathered from available content on Wikiversity that is deemed relevant. Further work to customise this to ONPhD has not yet taken place. We suggest that this section be developed into steps as with previous sections, to guide a candidate through all necessary considerations about developing and conducting a research plan.
All research is pivotal on methods – which requires sound alignment between:

### World view

(philosophical framework)
* w:Epistemology
* w:Ontology

### Methodical approach

(methodical framework)
* w:Qualitative research and Qualitative research
* w:Quantitative research
* w:Mixed methods research

### Methods

(operational framework – including the definition of what is data and how it is appraised/analysed).
* What is research?
* Research design
* Finding research
* Critiquing the literature
* Validity and reliability of data
* Ethics
* Data analysis and visualisation
* Writing
* Getting published
* Grant applications
* Presenting your work

### Ethics

Steps are needed for guiding a candidates consideration of the ethics of research, and how to obtain an equivalent to ethical clearance of research that is normally offered by a research university.

## Publication and review

INCOMPLETE - We suggest that this section be developed as a list of optional courses, that guide people in the publication of their research findings.
* The Directory of Open Access Journals
* w:Thesis
* Thesis structure - By Dr Mary Walsh

## Communications and support

To stay in contact with others who are openly documenting and networking their PhD work, please consider the following:
* The email forum on GoogleGroups: Open and networked PhDs
* tag onphd = Twitter, G+
* tag openphd
* The participant's list here on Wikiversity:PhD

## Assessment Criteria for ONPhD

INCOMPLETE - We suggest that this section be developed as a list of steps and courses, that guide people in the assessment of particular approaches to ONPhDs. The steps are universal and the courses are for unique assessment needs. We propose the following steps be universal:
* Original research
* Thesis is situated within a linage of philosophy, theory and/or research
* Data openly accessible online
* Thesis is developed and published iteratively (by publication)
* Continuous or iterative peer to peer review that is openly documented
* Manuscript or similar is freely accessible online

## Examples of PhDs and candidates using Wikiversity

* User:Jtneill/PhD - completed
* User:Cormaggio/Thesis - completed
* User:Leighblackall/PhD - in progress
* User:Peterrawsthorne/PhD - in progress
* User:SarahStewart/EdD - in progress
* User:Steelemaley/PhD - in progress
* User:Alexanderhayes/PhD - in progress
* User:Yvessimon1/PhD - in progress