OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# LearnIt/Programming Languages

This page is either for interesting languages or interesting resources. Please no yet another "learn smth in # days". Good introductory courses are still welcome. Preferably, no materials for beginners like "smth as your first language".

## C#
## clojure
## F#

* https://courses.edx.org/courses/course-v1:Microsoft+DEV207.1x+1T2016/info

## erlang

* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9uIhawQ1G0I
* http://www.infoq.com/presentations/joe-armstrong-erlang-qcon08
* http://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/ErlangMasterClasses/
* https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/concurrent-programming-erlang

## Haskell

* https://compscicenter.ru/courses/func-prog/2015-spring/
* https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc15_cs13/course
* Microsoft Channel 9
* Some singular presentations
** A taste of Haskell - Simon Peyton Jones
** Adventure with Types in Haskell - Simon Peyton Jones
** Parallel and concurrent programming in Haskell https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqG3mURwUxo

## java

* https://www.edx.org/course/introduction-programming-java-part-1-uc3mx-it-1-1x-0
* https://www.edx.org/course/introduction-java-programming-part-1-hkustx-comp102-1x

## ocaml

* http://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/csep505/09wi/lectures/

## scala

* https://class.coursera.org/progfun-2012-001/lecture

## scheme

* Video Lectures by Hal Abelson and Gerald Jay Sussman [link]

## Swift

* Building Better Apps with Value Types in Swift - Apple WWDC 2015 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=av4i3x-aZbM
* Protocol-oriented Programming in Swift - Apple WWDC 2015 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g2LwFZatfTI
* Understanding Swift Performance - Apple WWDC 2016 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9By9KLs51Dc
# LearnIt/Quantum Field Theory
## Introductory level

* The Discovery of the Higgs Boson, Edinburgh University [link] (somewhere popular, not a regular studying course)
* Leonard Susskind, Advanced QM and Particle Physics [ Adv, P1, P2, P3 ]
* Alex Flornoy, Particle physics, Colorado School of Mines [link]
* Muhammad S. Anwar, Introduction to Quantum Field Theory - Physlab, Pakistan [link not available]

## Relativistic QM

(also considered as introductory level QFT)
* Apoorva D Patel, Relativistic Quantum Mechanics [link]
* Ennio Gozzi, Relativistic Quantum Mechanics

## QFT General Level Courses

* Sidney R. Coleman [link] + lecture notes [link ]
* Tobias Osborne, Quantum field theory [link], Advanced Quantum Field Theory [link]
* David Tong [author's site] [youtube] [movie with slides]
* Kevin Cahill [link1] [link2]
* Markus Luty [link]
* Prasanta Tripathy [link]
* Tim Evans [broken link]
* QFT 1, QFT 2, Perimeter, PSI [link]
* Herman Nicolai, CERN [link]
* Erik Verlinde, Introduction to QFT, CERN [link]
* A list of other CERN QFT lectures [infocobuild/QFT-CERN]
* Alexander Maloney QFT-1 [2014] [2015] (any others?)
* Alexander Maloney QFT-2 [2015] (any others?)
* The Standard Model (Paul Langacker @PSI 2013) https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLNhSjK9aGXjq22HAdhjMdJM3Ig4KdLayP

## QFT Books

* An Interpretive Introduction to Quantum Field Theory
* How Is Quantum Field Theory Possible?
* The Conceptual Framework of Quantum Field Theory
* Conceptual Foundations of Quantum Field Theory
* Gauge Theories in Particle Physics: A Practical Introduction
# LearnIt/Philosophy of mind

* Searle course video
* course kane b video
* forum for philosophy videos
# LearnIt/Philosophy of language

* course Carneades.org video
* course bebelflaupa video
* course of Searle video
* kane b video
* wireless philosophy
* roger clark video
# Learn Arabic (Language Of Quran)

This project is for Arabic language learners, trying to learn the language of Arabic.

##### Subjects

* History of Arabic
* Diacritical marks
* Alphabets
* Writing Practice 1/Connect Characters to get words!
* Reading Practice 1/Simple Sentences
* Reading Quran (Basics)
* Sentences
* Numbers
* Tenses
* Pronouns
* Negative and Interrogative
* Demonstratives
* Quiz
For your suggestions, please contact me on our project's offical facebook page! Learn Arabic
# LearnIt/Philosophy

* Metaphilosophy
* Philosophy of mind
* Metaphysics
* Philosophy of religion
* Philosophy of science
* Epistemology
* Logic
* Philosophy of language
* Philosophy of art
* Philosophy of biology
* Ethics
* Philosophy of history
* Philosophy of education
* History of philosophy
* Philosophical texts
# Financial Accounting/Financial Statements/Objectives

According to the Framework of International Accounting Standard, the objective of financial statements is to provide information about:
* financial position,
* financial performance
* cash flow statement, and
* changes in financial position of an enterprise.
The information contained in financial statements are useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions.
Financial statements also show the results of the stewardship of management, or the accountability of management for the resources entrusted to it.

## Financial position

Information about financial position of an enterprise as at the end of the financial period is primarily provided in a balance sheet. This shows assets, liabilities and ownership equity.

## Financial performance

Information about financial performance of an enterprise during the financial period is primarily provided in an income statement or profit and loss account. This shows income, expenditure, and finally net profit.

## Cash flow statements

These show information about how cash moves in and out of the business, and its allocation to departments throughout the business

## Changes in financial position

Information about the changes in financial position of an enterprise during the financial period is primarily provided in a separate statement.

## Notes and supplementary schedules

The financial statements also contain notes and supplementary schedules and other information. For example, they may contain additional information about:
* the risks and uncertainties affecting the enterprise; and
* any resources and obligations not recognised in the balance sheet such as mineral resources.
Information about geographical and industry segments and the effect on the enterprise of changing prices may also be provided in the form of supplementary information.
# Financial Accounting/Financial Statements/Qualitative Characteristics

Following are the qualitative characteristics of financial statements, as defined by the Framework of IAS/IFRS:
* Understandibility
* Relevance
** Materiality
** Timeliness
* Reliability
** Faithful representation
** Substance over form
** Neutrality
** Prudence
** Completeness
* Comparability
# Financial Accounting/Financial Statements
## Required readings

Read the following Wikipedia articles. Don't get too bogged down in the details at this time. Some of the concepts will be out of the scope of this session. They will be covered in detail in later sessions and courses.
* Financial Statements
* Balance Sheet
* Income Statement
* Cash Flow Statement
* Investopedia

## Summary

* Financial statements are the final product of financial accounting. All of the effort that is done over the course of a year is compiled into these. In later courses, we will explore these statements in greater detail.
* The balance sheet looks at company at a specific point in time. This is an important distinction from the income statement which is discussed below. It displays the assets that are owned by the company, the liabilities owed by the company and the equity (the residual interest of the owners) in the company. This statement is important to analyze the overall "health" of a company.
* The income statement displays the performance of a company over a period of time (e.g. a year). It displays how much revenue (not necessarily cash!) that was earned in the period and how many expenses (not necessarily cash!) were realized in the period. The difference becomes the profit. Profit can be reinvested (i.e. buy new assets or pay off debt) or can be paid out to owners (dividends). This statement is important to analyze how profitable a company is.
* The cash flow statement displays cash adjustments made to the income statement to arrive at the cash balance on the balance sheet. This statement is necessary because accrual accounting does not equate to movements in cash as discussed in a prior section. This statement often causes beginners confusion and frustrations as it can be difficult to produce on more complicated statements. There are two types of cash flow statements: the direct and indirect statements. The indirect is the more common of the two. The cash flow statement is important to ensure that an organization is taking in enough cash to pay for their current obligations.
* Financial statements contain foot notes after the statements themselves. These footnotes give additional details that are useful to users of the statements. For example, what types of property, plant and equipment make up the balance.

## Examples

The following are some examples of financial statements of public companies. You can view the statements of any public entity. Keep in mind that these organizations are multi-billion dollar operations and have very complex statements. Small businesses have much simpler statements meaning there are fewer line items that make up each statement and far fewer and shorter note disclosures. Skim through these to get an idea of how the statements come together.
* Apple 2013
* Tesla 2013
* ExxonMobil 2013

## Problems

* Waiting for contributors

## Solutions

* Waiting for contributors

## Resources

* Elements
* Objectives
* Qualitative Characteristics
* Underlying Assumptions
# Financial Accounting/Financial Statements/Underlying Assumptions

According to the Framework of IAS/IFRS, the underlying assumptions for the preparation of financial statements are:
Accrual basis The financial statements are prepared under the accrual basis. According to accrual basis of accounting, the effects of transactions and other events are recognized when they occur and not when the cash is received or paid. In other words, the transactions are recorded in the books of accounts when they occur and not when the cash is received or paid. It is opposite to cash basis of accounting.
Going concern basis The financial statements are prepared under the going concern basis. Under going concern basis, it is assumed that the enterprise will continue in operation for the foreseeable future, and the enterprise has neither the intention nor the need to liquidate or curtail materially the scale of its operations.
# Financial Accounting/MBA

Welcome to the Financial Accounting learning project of the Wikiversity Master of Business Administration Program.

## Getting started

A good place to start is Accounting. While most MBA's are not a big fan of double entry book keeping, finance starts with accounting. Understanding what depreciation (the spreading of the cost of a tangible asset over time) and amortization (the spreading of the cost of an intangible asset over time) are is going to be essential to understanding corporate finance (if only because you are going to need to reverse out the effects from GAAP Income Statements to get cash flows).
# Financial Accounting/Depreciation
## Required Readings

* Matching Principle
* Depreciation
* Amortization
* Residual Value
* Useful Life
* Amortization vs. Depreciation

## Summary

* Depreciation is the regular reduction in value of a fixed asset. Since the entry must be two sided, the entry is to debit depreciation expense and credit the accumulated depreciation. The net of the cost of the asset and accumulated depreciation is the net value of the asset.
* The most common method of depreciation is straight-line depreciation. This method credits the asset by an equal amount over the asset's useful life.
* The residual value must be subtracted from the initial cost to determine the amount to expense each period. So the equation looks like this:
* The net value on the balance sheet of an asset is not meant to reflect it's fair value (the value it could be sold for). Depreciation is a method of spreading the assets cost over several periods on the income statement and does not necessarily reflect its usage pattern. If this were not the case, companies could appear unprofitable in years of large investments such as the purchase of land and building even though those investments are meant to benefit the company over a longer period of time. This is a key component to accounting called the matching principle.

## Examples

We will go over a few examples to illustrate how these depreciation entries work.
* Sherry buys a lawnmower with her own cash for $500 to start a lawn-care business:
* Sherry estimates that the lawnmower will last 5 years and she will be able to sell it after 5 years for $200. Her depreciation expense is ($500 - $200) / 5 years = $60. Let's make our depreciation entry:
* At the end of the first year, the net value of the lawnmower is $440 on the balance sheet. This same entry will take place in year two resulting in a net asset value of $380 at the end of year 2.

## Problems

* Waiting for contributors

## Solutions

* Waiting for contributors
# Financial Accounting/Session 2

In all businesses from the smallest individual to the largest multinational corporation, a set of financial accounts are kept which detail all financial activity carried on by the business. This is a key requirement allowing the business to keep track of income and expenses as well as assets and liabilities.
In practice, there are some slight differences between companies and sole traders (or partnerships) which revolve around the equity line (as introduced in session 1). Sole traders call this 'Owners funds or owner's equity' generally representing the initial amount of cash they personally inject into the business. Companies however have 'share capital' representing the value in cash of the issued shares of the company. From a pure accounting view point, this difference is not important at this stage.
We will begin by focusing on a sole trader below. We begin by noting that from the outset a trader (or company) will create a Chart of Accounts which is little more than a collection of all the required accounts for business. Each account is used for one type of activity, so examples might be a fixed asset account, a debt account, a cash account and an equity account. These four accounts together would make up the chart of accounts. It is important to note that there is no fixed amount set in stone. A small trader may have a single Expenses account, but a large company may split this into many smaller accounts for wages, tax, telephone costs, paper and so on.
As an example, lets select a very simple set of accounts for an individual, Pat, who pays cash for everything, but sometimes writes an IOU if there's not enough cash on hand. Pat has no checking or savings account, owns no house or car or stocks, saving nothing except cash on hand and personal property for later. Pat's chart of accounts might include the following:
Assets
* Cash on hand
* Personal property
Liability
Owner's Equity
Now let's consider a few transactions in the accounts.
(1) Pat works all day and is paid $50 in cash at end of day
To record receipt of cash for day's work
(2) Pat spends buys $20 of food, but only pays $15 cash, and writes an IOU for the remaining $5.00
To record purchase of food with cash and IOU
How do Pat's accounts look after transaction (2)? The accounts have the following balance:
Assets
* Cash on hand has a Debit balance of $35.00
* Personal property has a Debit balance of $20.00
Liabilities
Owner's Equity
Or, writing these balances as T-Accounts:
Cash on hand
35.00 |
Personal Property
20.00 |
Accounts payable
0.00 | 5.00
Pat's Equity
0.00 | 50.00
# Klingon/KE guidelines

When translating from Klingon to English:
* The answers are case insensitive.
* The answers do not contain any punctuation. They do not end in a period (.), a question mark (?) or an exclamation mark (!).
* Where the gender could be male or female or neither, then male is always used and if the number is unknown then singular is always used; so use he or him as appropriate.
* If an article is required, use the.
* jatlh is translated as speak.
# Klingon/Canon
## Introduction

The original work by Okrand was The Klingon Dictionary (TKD), which provides a complete grammar, plus English-Klingon and Klingon-English translations. An appendix was added, and later works extended the corpus. Additionally Okrand interacts with the Klingon Language Institute (KLI), who record additional points of grammar and new words.
Canonical Klingon is considered to be that described by Okrand, along with some reasonable interpretation. This is the Klingon language taught by this department.
Many people have invented Klingon words and grammar, notably John Ford, who wrote The Final Reflection. The dialect of Klingon in this novel is called Klingonaase. The works of Ford and others are not canonical.
See also Klingon languages.

## Sources
### CK

| Title | CONVERSATIONAL KLINGON |
| Format | Audio-Cassette |
| Author | Marc Okrand |
| Copyright | 1992 Paramount Pictures |
| ISBN | 0-671-85316-3 |
| Publisher | Simon & Schuster Audioworks, New York |

### KGT

| Title | Star Trek Klingon for the Galactic Traveler |
| Format | Book |
| Author | Marc Okrand |
| Copyright | 1997 Paramount Pictures |
| ISBN | 0-671-00995-8 |
| Publisher | Pocket Books, Simon & Schuster Inc |

### PK

| Title | POWER KLINGON |
| Format | Audio-casstte |
| Author | Barry Levine and Marc Okrand |
| Copyright | 1993 Paramount Pictures |
| ISBN | 0-671-85319-8 |
| Publisher | Simon & Schuster Audioworks, New York |

### SBX

| Title | SkyBox Trading Cards |
| Format | Trading Cards |
| Author | Translated by Marc Okrand |
| Copyright | 1993 Paramount Pictures 1994 Paramount Pictures 1995 Paramount Pictures |
| ISBN | |
| Publisher | SkyBox International |

### TKD

| Title | THE KLINGON DICTIONARY |
| Format | Book |
| Author | MARC OKRAND |
| Copyright | 1985 Paramount Pictures Addendum 1992 Paramount Pictures |
| ISBN | 0-671-74559-X |
| Publisher | Pocket Books, Simon & Schuster Inc |

### TKW

| Title | Star Trek: The Klingon Way - A Warrior's Guide |
| Format | Book |
| Author | Marc Okrand |
| Copyright | 1996 Paramount Pictures |
| ISBN | 0-671-53755-5 |
| Publisher | Pocket Books, Simon & Schuster Inc |
Topic:Klingon
# Klingon/EK guidelines

When translating from English to Klingon:
* The answers must be in the correct case for Klingon (lowercase "a", uppercase "D", etc).
* The answers do not contain any punctuation. They do not end in a period (.), a question mark (?) or an exclamation mark (!).
* The apostrophe used is the standard one under found under the "@" symbol on most keyboards.
# Klingon/Lesson 3

Previous < Up > Next
* Sentences with an object

## Introduction

In this lesson, you will learn how to form sentences with two nouns - a subject and an object. We will also introduce some more verb prefixes and a couple of verb suffixes.

## Vocabulary

Here a few more words:
| puq | (noun) | child |
| jup | (noun) | friend |
| qIp | (verb) | hit |
| legh | (verb) | see |
| ghobe' | (exclamation) | no |
| HISlaH / HIja' | (exclamation) | yes |
There are two words for yes, HISlaH and HIja'. There is no difference in their meaning.

### Verb Prefixes

Here are three more verb prefixes:
| Prefix | Subject | Object |
| qa- | I | you (sing.) |
| vI- | I | him / her / it / them |
| Sa- | I | you (plural) |

## Grammar
### Transitive Verbs

In lesson 2 we saw simple sentences with only a subject and a verb. In Klingon, the subject is placed after the verb. For example:
| ba' loD. | The man sits. or The man is sitting. |
In English, the verb sits is intransitive, which means there is no object. Verbs such as see or hit, are transitive - they require an object. The subject is the person or thing carrying out the action of the verb, the actor. The object is the person or thing that has the action inflicted upon them, the target.
In a sentence such as:
    The woman hit the man.
The subject is the woman and the object is the man and the word order is SUBJECT-VERB-OBJECT.
In Klingon, the word order of a sentence is reversed; it is OBJECT-VERB-SUBJECT. The object comes first, then the verb and finally the subject:
| loD qIp be'. | The woman hit the man. |
| be' qIp loD. | The man hit the woman. |
Transitive verbs can also be used with verb prefixes with an object:
| qaqIp. | I hit you (sing.) |
| Salegh. | I see you (plural). |

### Verb Suffixes

Verb suffixes are placed at the end of a verb. An example in English would be -er which is placed at the end of a verb such as fight to give a noun such fighter.
Our first suffix is -laH. It is translated as can or is able:
| qetlaH. | He can run. or She is able to run. |
Our next suffix is -'a'. It forms a question:
| Qam'a'? | Is he/she standing? |
The question is always one that would be answered by yes or no.
We can use both of these suffixes on the same verb. If so, -laH must come before -'a':
| yItlaH'a'? | Can she walk? or Is he able to walk? |
| jIba'laH'a'? | Can I sit? or Am I able to sit? |
| HISlaH. bIba'laH. | Yes. You can sit. |
In lesson 2 we also saw -be', used to negate a verb.
| yItlaHbe' | She can't walk. or He is not able to walk. |

## Exercises

Go and read this lesson again, memorize the new words and then try these exercises. If you need to, go back and read the previous lessons.
* Vocabulary
* Affixes
* Klingon to English
* English to Klingon

## Conclusion

In this lesson, you learnt how to form sentences with a subject and an object.
Previous < Up > Next
# Klingon
## Introduction

This is a course from the Klingon Language Department. It aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to the Klingon language. No previous knowledge of the language is required. The course will have a slow pace, with plenty of repetition and lots of exercises. The lessons should be completed in order, because each builds on the grammar and vocabulary taught in previous lessons.
Klingon will be written using the Roman alphabet, so that no special fonts or software are required. It is recommended that you view the lessons using a font such as Times New Roman, which has serifs. Serifs help to distinguish between the lower case l and the upper case I used in writing Klingon (e.g. tlhIngan). For further information, see Monobook & Fonts.
It is helpful if the student is familiar with basic grammatical terms, the following link to Wikipedia:
* Noun — Verb — Adjective — Adverb
* Subject of a sentence
* Object of a sentence

## Lessons

- Lesson 1: Writing Klingon - Lesson 2: Simple sentences - Lesson 3: Sentences with an object
# Klingon/Klingons
## Klingon names
### Honorifics

Various honorifics are used in Klingon names; however these are non-canonical and do not even follow Okrand's orthography (such as the use of a lowercase 'i' which has been corrected for there is no lowercase I in the Klingon language as is evidenced by all editions of the Klingon Dictionary).
Honorifics are granted by house or military unit (such as a fleet). In ascending status:
* taI
* vestaI
* sutaI
* zantaI
* epetaI
epetaI is used for the head of a house, which Okrand translates as joH (lord or lady).
Topic:Klingon