# Swarm intelligence

Swarm intelligence (SI) is the collective behavior of decentralized, self-organized systems, natural or artificial. SI systems consist typically of a population of individuals interacting in a network with one another and with their environment. The inspiration often comes from nature, especially biological systems. The individuals in Complex Adaptive Systems follow
* (Individual Behaviour) the individuals in a swarm have individual experiences, are located at different location in a swarm, perceive different features in their environment.
* (Swarm Interaction) swarm interaction is determined by an input of information from the swarm and output information to the swarm. The community of swarm indviduals listen/respond to the output of others (in their neighbourhood). Swarm interaction can be propagated through the network of individuals in the swarm.
* (Environment Interaction) Furthermore the behaviour of individuals is determined the interaction with the environment. Together with the with the interaction with the neighbours individual perceptions are propagated in the swarm as network of individuals.
All together the individual behaviour is determined by individual perceptions in the swarm, the information from other individuals (like warnings about predators or information about accessible food). The swarm intelligence arises from without a centralized control structure dictating how individuals in the swarm should behave, local, and to a certain degree random, interactions between such agents lead to the emergence of "intelligent" global behavior, unknown to the individual agents.

## Swarm - Communities

* Swarm of Birds
* Ant Colony and Network Communication with Pheromones
* Slime Mold: Swarm behaviour of Unicellular Organisms

## Swarm Properties

* Individual vs. Systems Performance: Swarm intelligence combines independent behaviour of individuals with a connect swarm behaviour. This subtopic explores that concept as introduction to Systems Thinking by application of the concept of performance indicators.
* algorithms, that apply the concept of swarm intelligence
* Swarm Intelligence and Innovation
* Neural Networks

## Modelling of Swarm Behaviour

* Applications
* In Popular Culture
* Artificial Intelligence

## Swarm Intelligence in Human Population

* Connection of teams,
* Diversity of knowledge of individuals,
* sacrifice individual preferences and performance to swarm performance

## Learning Task
### Swarm Ignorance vs. Swarm Intelligence

In this learning task we introduce the notion of swarm ignorance. It is not officially defined scientific term. It is artificially coined to contrast with swarm intelligence. Discuss scenarios in which you would assign one or the other term? What are the challenges in those examples and how would you improve negative side effects.
* Assume lemmings that behave similar to the next member of the swarm and run jointly towards the edge of the cliff and do not change the swarm behaviour if the first lemmings fall down. Explain missing swarm behaviour or try to define the notion of "swarm ignorance".
* Can you find examples in history (financial market, stock exchange, dictators, ...) that show aspects of swarm intelligence and swarm ignorance? What are other determinants that have an impact on swarm behaviour?
* (Psychology) Can you approach the "swarm ignorance" and "swarm intelligence" topic from the psychological perspective? What are drivers for swarm ignorance according to your definition?

### Education and Capacity Building

* Explain the role of education and capacity building in the context of swarm intelligence and a human population/communities!

### Sacrifice Specialities to defend the colony

Insects form colonies and specialize in certain areas:
* feeding the larvae,
* collecting food,
* soldier insects defend predators,
Try to find scientific evidence and examples in which insects sacrifice their specialities and act coherent in a swarm to defend the colony or respond jointly to a risk, the colony is exposed to!

### Disruptive Forces for Swarm Performance

Swarms of individuals are generated because they seem to have an evolutionary benefit in comparison loose collection of independent individuals. This is a Systems Thinking task.
* Teams for Development and Innovation
* Problem Solving teams,
* States with Democracy
* Teams in sports, that compete with other teams.
Disruptive forces for the swarm performance can come
* from outside, e.g.
** predator,
** virus or communicable disease,
** competing football team,
** competing companies in a global market,
* from inside, e.g.
** developers, that push only their own agenda for personal benefit,
** offence players, that prefer to score a goal instead providing an opportunity for other team players in more successful position to score the goal,
** people, that commit a crime in a society.
The examples coming from different domains (research and development teams, sports, society, economics). All swarms have a certain vulnerability. All examples are NOT pure swarm intelligence applications. You might identify centralized control structures. Explain and compare the different approaches of a
* centralized response and
* swarm response to disruptive forces for the community. How does the community work together against disruptive forces? What are the problems and challenges in the response methods?

### Historical Perspective

* Look for ancient high developed cultures (e.g. Egypt, ...). Where did they evolve (access to water, rivers)? When did they evolve, e.g. when there was a high availability of water or when there were limited water resources and the communities need to develop intelligence strategies to distribute and share the resources? Derive your conclusions for the emergence of swarm intelligence in human society!

### Information and Communication Technology

In biological swarms we can observe the coherence of swarm by the spatial connectivity. If we consider information and communication technology, we can consider swarm behaviour by application of mobile devices. Where do we find constructive swarm behaviour and the emergence of swarm intelligence? Where do we find disruptive aspects of swarm behaviour in collaborative networks? Yearly flu epidemics in a country has an impact on the performance of a company because the worker in team are sick? What are similarities and differences from biological and computer viruses in terms of their impact on the economic performance of a company? How does society and economy respond to that risk and how can swarm intelligence emerge with capacity building in the area of Risk Literacy?

### Scientific Hackathon

Explore the concept of a Scientific Hackathon and compare the SciHack approach with Swarm Intelligence!

### Computation and Swarm Intelligence

Analyze nature-inspired and computing and compare swarm intelligence and machine learning (genetic algorithms or artifical intelligence). How can intelligent behaviour be simulated and how can simulations be helpful to identifier and describe properties of swarm intelligence.

## From Learner to Author

Learning resources can guide the learner to become an author (see Learner2Author. Generate a quiz in Wikiversity for self-assessment is a task to answer the questions for yourself as learner and then create a quiz for it.

## ToDo for Learning Resource

* create a learning path, because digging into every single topic will create to much workload and the learner will loose the big picture of the topic
* create a quiz in Wikiversity for self-assessment.

## Notable researchers

* Marco Dorigo
* Russell C. Eberhart
* Luca Maria Gambardella
* James Kennedy