OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Learning theories in practice/Vocabulary Learning
## Vocabulary Learning Strategies in Foreign Language

One of the language learning is vocabulary learning. The vocabulary learning is the most basic and fundamental unit of language learning. Specifically, it is more important for second/foreign language learners. They can understand word meanings well and maintain the new words longer, having their own effective vocabulary learning strategies.
This chapter reviews various vocabulary learning strategies in foreign language learning.
* Thematic organization of vocabulary
* Wholes to parts.( body-arms/legs-fingers/toes)
* General to specific(food-vegetables-cabbages)
* Degree of difference(hot-warm-cold, always-usually-sometimes-never)
* Guessing from context
* Using dictionary/E-dictionary
* Note-taking
* Rote-rehearsal
* Repeating aloud: the ear does assist the eye in the long-term retention of lexis.(Kelly)
* Using the word in several sentences.
* Mnemonics; focusing on memory
* Word formation; focusing on form
* Semantic networks; focusing on meaning
* Think of memories, emotions that might associate with this word.
In conclusion, myriad strategies have been used in language learning process. However, there is not a single best strategy in vocabulary learning. Different people have different strategies. Thus the choice, use, and effectiveness of vocabulary learning strategies depend on the task, the learner, and the context. Furthermore, as a teacher, he or she is responsible for providing students with opportunities to choose their individual strategy by themselves.
# Learning to edit a wiki

This page is a list or collection of resources for teaching classes and individuals about how to edit a wiki.

## Resources for classes

These are resources for teachers and their classes.

### Lesson plans

* Lesson Plan A

## Resources for individuals

These are resources which individual visitors to Wikiversity can use.
# Learning theory

This Education resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
Theories of learning attempt to explain ways in which people acquire information, knowledge, and skills.
# International Regulations/Resources

| Unit 4.3-International Regulations | Introduction | ICC | UCP | eUCP | Rules for Collections | International Court of Arbitration | INCOTERMS | WTO | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 4.1 | Unit 4.2 | Unit 4.3 | Unit 4.4 | Unit 4.5 | Unit 4.6 | Unit 4.7 | Unit 4.8 | Unit 4.9 Return to Trade Finance Module 4: Payment Methods |

## Resources

International Chamber of Commerce – www.iccwbo.org
ICC Resources – www.iccbooksusa.com The World Trade Organization – www.wto.org World Trade Press Publications – www.worldtradepress.com
* Dictionary of International Trade
* International Finance
FCIB Online Resource Library, – www.fcibglobal.com
Exporting from Start to Finance, Third Edition, L. Wells and K. Dulat.
# International Regulations/ICC

| Unit 4.3-International Regulations | Introduction | ICC | UCP | eUCP | Rules for Collections | International Court of Arbitration | INCOTERMS | WTO | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 4.1 | Unit 4.2 | Unit 4.3 | Unit 4.4 | Unit 4.5 | Unit 4.6 | Unit 4.7 | Unit 4.8 | Unit 4.9 Return to Trade Finance Module 4: Payment Methods |

## ICC

The International Chamber of Commerce was founded in 1919 with a goal to serve world business by promoting trade and investment, open markets for goods and services, and the free flow of capital. ICC activities cover a broad spectrum--resolving disputes through arbitration, making the case for open trade and the market economy system, helping business become self-regulated, fighting corruption, and combating commercial crime.
ICC model contracts make life easier for small companies that cannot afford high legal costs by providing templates.
* ICC is a pioneer in business self-regulation of e-commerce.
* ICC codes on advertising and marketing are frequently reflected in national legislation and the codes of professional associations.
* ICC has direct access to national governments all over the world through its national committees. The organization's Paris-based international secretariat feeds business views into intergovernmental organizations on issues that directly affect business operations.
* The ICC also sets rules and standards:
** Arbitration under the rules of the ICC International Court of Arbitration is on the increase. Since 1999, the Court has received new cases at a rate of more than 500 a year.
** ICC's Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP 500) are the rules that banks apply to finance billions of dollars worth of world trade every year.
* ICC Incoterms are standard international trade definitions used every day in countless transactions.
# International Regulations/Summary

| Unit 4.3-International Regulations | Introduction | ICC | UCP | eUCP | Rules for Collections | International Court of Arbitration | INCOTERMS | WTO | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 4.1 | Unit 4.2 | Unit 4.3 | Unit 4.4 | Unit 4.5 | Unit 4.6 | Unit 4.7 | Unit 4.8 | Unit 4.9 Return to Trade Finance Module 4: Payment Methods |

## Summary

An international manager armed with information about organizations that create international regulation requirements will be better equipped to understand the resources available in decision- making. By having an overview of the way these organizations function, there is the increased likelihood for timely payment from the buyers.
# International Regulations/Assessment

| Unit 4.3-International Regulations | Introduction | ICC | UCP | eUCP | Rules for Collections | International Court of Arbitration | INCOTERMS | WTO | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 4.1 | Unit 4.2 | Unit 4.3 | Unit 4.4 | Unit 4.5 | Unit 4.6 | Unit 4.7 | Unit 4.8 | Unit 4.9 Return to Trade Finance Module 4: Payment Methods |
# International Regulations/Uniform Customs and Practice (UCP) for Documentary Credits

| Unit 4.3-International Regulations | Introduction | ICC | UCP | eUCP | Rules for Collections | International Court of Arbitration | INCOTERMS | WTO | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 4.1 | Unit 4.2 | Unit 4.3 | Unit 4.4 | Unit 4.5 | Unit 4.6 | Unit 4.7 | Unit 4.8 | Unit 4.9 Return to Trade Finance Module 4: Payment Methods |

## Uniform Customs and Practice (UCP) for Documentary Credits

International standards of letter of credit practices were established for bankers by the International Chamber of Commerce. Historically, the UCP has been revised about every ten years to keep up with changing practice; the most recent revision, UCP600, was completed in 2006 and was put into effect July 1, 2007. Although the UCP defines rights and obligations of the various parties in a letter of credit transaction, it is not law; so any given letter of credit is subject to the UCP only to the extent indicated in the letter of credit itself.
# International Regulations/Uniform Customs and Practice – Electronic Supplement (eUCP)

| Unit 4.3-International Regulations | Introduction | ICC | UCP | eUCP | Rules for Collections | International Court of Arbitration | INCOTERMS | WTO | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 4.1 | Unit 4.2 | Unit 4.3 | Unit 4.4 | Unit 4.5 | Unit 4.6 | Unit 4.7 | Unit 4.8 | Unit 4.9 Return to Trade Finance Module 4: Payment Methods |

## Uniform Customs and Practice – Electronic Supplement (eUCP)

The electronic supplement to UCP 500 was first launched in April 2002. It was also updated and is now part of the UCP600. The eUCP provides a general framework of principles for dealing with the electronic documents (shipping, customs clearance and banking documents) being presented in letter of credit transactions. This document outlines the steps to authenticate documents and gives presentation requirements as well as the steps to take if a document is corrupted. The creation of this supplement shows the need and willingness of the ICC to maintain its currency in the world of business and the changes in technology that affect business.
# International Regulations/Uniform Rules for Collections

| Unit 4.3-International Regulations | Introduction | ICC | UCP | eUCP | Rules for Collections | International Court of Arbitration | INCOTERMS | WTO | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 4.1 | Unit 4.2 | Unit 4.3 | Unit 4.4 | Unit 4.5 | Unit 4.6 | Unit 4.7 | Unit 4.8 | Unit 4.9 Return to Trade Finance Module 4: Payment Methods |

## Uniform Rules for Collections

The Uniform Rules of Collections are the international standards of draft collection practices established for bankers by the International Chamber of Commerce. The Uniform Rules are not law but are more properly viewed as a handbook for banks used to establish common understanding of terminology and expectations.
# International Regulations/ICC International Court of Arbitration

| Unit 4.3-International Regulations | Introduction | ICC | UCP | eUCP | Rules for Collections | International Court of Arbitration | INCOTERMS | WTO | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 4.1 | Unit 4.2 | Unit 4.3 | Unit 4.4 | Unit 4.5 | Unit 4.6 | Unit 4.7 | Unit 4.8 | Unit 4.9 Return to Trade Finance Module 4: Payment Methods |

## ICC International Court of Arbitration

The International Chamber of Commerce has applications that can impact timely payments. In particular, there are arbitration mechanisms available that can help parties reach an amicable settlement for payment issues. A final and enforceable decision can generally be obtained only by recourse to the courts or by arbitration. Because arbitral awards are not subject to appeal, they are much more likely to be final than are the judgments of courts of first instance. Although arbitral awards may be subject to being challenged (usually in either the country where the arbitral award is rendered or where enforcement is sought), the grounds of challenge available against arbitral awards are limited.
# International Regulations/WTO

| Unit 4.3-International Regulations | Introduction | ICC | UCP | eUCP | Rules for Collections | International Court of Arbitration | INCOTERMS | WTO | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 4.1 | Unit 4.2 | Unit 4.3 | Unit 4.4 | Unit 4.5 | Unit 4.6 | Unit 4.7 | Unit 4.8 | Unit 4.9 Return to Trade Finance Module 4: Payment Methods |

## World Trade Organization

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business.
The WTO can be involved in dispute settlements that may result from untimely payments. The WTO’s procedure for resolving trade quarrels under the Dispute Settlement Understanding is vital for enforcing the rules and therefore ensuring that trade flows smoothly.
A dispute arises when a member government believes another member government is violating an agreement or a commitment that it has made in the WTO. The authors of these agreements are the member governments themselves; the agreements are the outcome of negotiations among members.
Ultimate responsibility for settling disputes also lies with member governments, through the Dispute Settlement Body.
# MDLD/exponential function to base

Start=exponential function to base Target=Real exponential function/Base/Via logarithm/Definition
# MDLD/equivalent linear system

Start=equivalent linear system Target=System of linear equations/Set of variables/Equivalent system/Definition
# MDLD/even (real function)

Start=even (real function) Target=R to R/Even function/Definition
# MDLD/even functions (R)

Start=even functions (R) See=even function (R) MDLD/even function (R) Target=R to R/Even function/Definition
# MDLD/exponential function (R)

Start=exponential function (R) Target=Real exponential function/Via series/Definition
# MDLD/exponential function (real base)

Start=exponential function (real base) Target=Real exponential function/Base/Via logarithm/Definition
# MDLD/equivalent system (linear)

Start=equivalent system (linear) Target=System of linear equations/Set of variables/Equivalent system/Definition
# MDLD/even function (R)

Start=even function (R) Target=R to R/Even function/Definition
# MDLD/exponential function (R base)

Start=exponential function (R base) Target=Real exponential function/Base/Via logarithm/Definition
# MDLD/exponential function (base)

Start=exponential function (base) Target=Real exponential function/Base/Via logarithm/Definition
# Microcontrollers Atmel
## Electronics Engineering/Microcontrollers Atmel

Back to: Topic:Electronic Engineering Welcome to the course EE 211.
* EE211 Edit/View
* Electronic Engineering
* EE_Microcontrollers_Atmel
* AVR Studio 4
* Central processor theory and architecture
* The Basic commands
* Loops

## Assumed Understanding or Prerequisites

* A basic course in computer hardware covering building and repair (A+ cert course).
* OS 1 or more
** Windows file system and general program use
** Linux file system and general use, WINE
* EE 111 Digital Electronics
* EE 112 Electronics fundamentals
* EE 90 Introduction to Electronics or the folowing
** oscope DMM and power supply use
** Breadboarding
** Schmatics

## Syllabus

Although this course covers the Atmel family of microcontroller, it is set up to apply to other brands/family's of microcontrollers and some CPU's.
This is an intro to Assembly language course for microcontrollers, other courses may deal with C programming for microcontrolers.
Before contributing please see the talk page for this class.Talk:EE_Microcontrollers_Atmel

## Lecture plan

* EE 111 Digital Electronics
** Lecture 1, Central processor theory and architecture
** Lecture 2, The Basic commands
** Lecture 2, Loops
* Mid-term Exam
** Lecture #, $
* Final Exam

## Textbooks and required reading/refrence

* AVR Instruciton Set151 pages
* ATmega164P datasheet/manual439 pages

## Lab Materials

* A computer with
** windows 98,2000,ME,XP or Linux distrobution with WINE
** 1 Serial port, parrallel port and USB port
* AVR Studio 3.5x (dead link)
* AVR Studio 4.X (dead link)

## Datasheets Relevant
### Microcontrollers

| IO pins | 6 | 8 | 18 | 24 | 32 |

## Online resources

http://www.nongnu.org/avr-libc/user-manual/index.html
# Microcontrollers Atmel/The Basic commands

* EE211 Edit/View
* Electronic Engineering
* EE_Microcontrollers_Atmel
* AVR Studio 4
* Central processor theory and architecture
* The Basic commands
* Loops
# Microeconomics/The Effects of Taxation

When a government imposes tax on particular goods, this action would have effects on equilibrium price and quantity. Basically, a tax is money collected by a government from businesses or individuals directly or indirectly against services provided to the community.

## Sales Tax

A tax which we will deal in today's lecture is Sales tax or tax that occur when there is exchange of goods.

### Specific Tax

Specific Tax is a unit-quantity tax placed on goods. For example, a tax of $5 placed on a certain good would mean a buyer/seller pays $5 as tax to government for every unit traded.

#### Effect on Price and Quantity

A marginal tax on sale of a given good will shift the supply curve to the left until the vertical distance between the two supply curves is equal to the per unit tax, given that other things remain equal. This will increase the market price (the price consumers buy a given good), and decrease the pay received by the sellers.
Alternatively, a marginal tax on consumption will shift the demand curve to the left, given that other things remain equal. This will increase the market price (price paid by consumers), and decrease the pay received by sellers by the same amount as if the tax had been imposed on the sellers. The end result is that no matter who is taxed, the sellers get less paid, though the consumers pay more.

#### Effect on Production

Tax increases the price of a good; it makes it more expensive. In economic terms, it causes demand for a good to reduce. Also, the desire of the producers (suppliers) will not be realized (fully) as their ability to earn adequate revenue slows down. However, most governments understand the impact of tax on demand and supply, so they try to support producers by providing them some incentives. A government may also introduce subsidy to sustain demand in cases where a given good is highly essential.
Taxation is necessary for welfare of any nation.

### Ad Valorem Tax

Ad Valorem Tax is a tax based on value of goods or assets usually presented in term of percentage.
tax has an effect of reducing the consumption of goods and services as it led to an increase in the prices.
# Microcontrollers Atmel/Central processor theory and architecture

* EE211 Edit/View
* Electronic Engineering
* EE_Microcontrollers_Atmel
* AVR Studio 4
* Central processor theory and architecture
* The Basic commands
* Loops

## ALU

In simple terms the arithmic logic unit is the foundation of a CPU.

## Program counter

The program counter is a register pointer that points to the next operand in the flash or program memory to execute. It is advanced after each clock cycle and can be reassigned new values to jump or branch.
# Microeconomics

Welcome to Introduction to Microeconomics. Wikipedia defines Microeconomics to be "the study of the economic behaviour of individual consumers, firms, and industries and the distribution of production and income among them".
This is an introduction to microeconomic analysis of the workings of supply and demand in the determination of price, resource allocation, and distribution. In this course markets are analyzed for their effect on economic efficiency and income distribution.
But what does this mean? "The study of economic behavior". One of the key concepts in Economics is the idea of scarcity. Society as a whole has unlimited wants, and scarcity occurs because there are not enough resources to satisfy these wants. Economic behavior comes into play when deciding how to allocate the resources available.

## Lectures

* Lecture I: Introduction to Microeconomics
    Key Terms:
       Supply, Quantity Supplied, Law of Supply, Demand, Quantity Demanded, Law of Demand, Equilibrium
    Practice Problems: Practice Problems#Supply Demand and Equilibrium
    Solutions: Solutions#Supply Demand and Equilibrium
* Lecture II: Supply Demand and Equilibrium
    Key Terms:
       Supply, Quantity Supplied, Law of Supply, Demand, Quantity Demanded, Law of Demand, Equilibrium
    Practice Problems: Practice Problems#Supply Demand and Equilibrium
    Solutions: Solutions#Supply Demand and Equilibrium
* Lecture III: The Effects of Taxation
    Key Terms:
       Excise Tax, Sales Tax
    Practice Problems: Practice Problems#The Effects of Taxation
    Solutions: Solutions#The Effects of Taxation
* Lecture IV: Indifference Curves and Budget Lines
    Key Terms:
       Indifference, Indifference Curve, Budget Line
* Lecture V: Building the demand curve
    Key Terms:
       Normal, Inferior, Ordinary, Giffen
* Lecture VI: Types of Markets
    Key Terms:
       Oligopoly, Perfect Competition, Monopoly
* Lecture VII: Consumer Theory
    Key Terms:
       Preferences, Utility Function, Expenditure Function, Marshallian Demand Curves, Hicksian Demand Curves
# Microeconomics/Theory of Fertility

The microeconomic theory of fertility is useful here because it asks the question why a family would decide to rear children in the first place. The economics of the family asks what kinds of incentives are involved. After all, the decisions being made are often not based on society’s natural capital, or local wage levels. Family decisions are often made at the microeconomic rather than the macroecnomic level.
# Informal learning activities/TpcFrr/GHC

[[w:{{{1}}}|here]]
This simply sets up a Wikipedia link to "{{1}}", and displays here for the link.  Note that a following space is not generated.
# Informal learning activities/TpcFrr/GHCc

[[w:{{{1}}} ({{{2}}})#History|{{{1}}}]]
This sets up a link to ''{{1}}, ({{2}})#History'' but only ''{{1}}'' is displayed for the link.  Note that a following space is generated.
# Informal learning activities/TpcFrr/GHc1

This sets up branches to four locations. The intention is, in sequence to go up one or two places, and down two or one places.
# Informal learning activities/TpcFrr

Topical name tree forests are those which each provide trees for a particular kind of entity.  In a way, they are like Wikipedia portals but are much simpler and more focussed.  They can very well used for mere wandering, but are particularly for users who want to wander within a particular area to build up knowledge about that area.

## Topical Name Tree Forests

A topical name tree forest provides a portal into Wikipedia for a particular topic.  Unlike the primary and secondary name trees, the link lists are not somewhat randomly chosen, but provide complete coverage for the topic.
At present, only one forest is supplied, and that only partially developed, to illustrate the possibilities.

### Geographical History

The geographical history forests are described and listed here .  A separate grove is given for each continent or region.
For each grove, the history links are given by country in alphabetic sequence, with separate links for provinces and cities appended to each country link.
# Informal learning activities/TpcFrr/GHMdtrnRgn
## The Mediterranean Region

The overall history of the countries and territories of the Mediterranean Region is given here .  Shorter histories are given here and here .  Also, the Wikipedia Portal is here .
Otherwise, links to the history of the individual countries and their constituents follow in alphabetical sequence of the countries.  Note that link names in italic will not lead specifically to history.

### Albania

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  Its simple history  is supplemented by an extended history  and a timeline  .
There are twelve Counties  (with cities):
Berat:  Berat   Kuçovë   Skrapar   Ura Vajgurore    Dibër:  Bulqizë    Durrës:  Durrës   Krujë   Shijak    Elbasan:  Elbasan   Gramsh   Peqin    Fier:  Fier   Lushnjë    Gjirokastër:  Dropull   Gjirokastër   Këlcyrë   Libohovë   Përmet   Tepelenë    Korçë:   Devoll   Korçë   Pogradec   Pustec    Kukës: 
Lezhë: 
Shkodër: 
Tirana: 
Vlorë:

### Algeria

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Bosnia and Herzegovina

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Croatia

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Cyprus

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Egypt

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### France

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Gibraltar

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Greece

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Israel

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Italy

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Lebanon

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Libya

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Malta

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Monaco

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Montenegro

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Morocco

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Palestine

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Slovenia

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Spain

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Syria

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Tunisia

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Turkey

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History