OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# WikiJournal Preprints/An Overview of the Deep-focus Earthquakes in Northeast China

WikiJournal Preprints Open access • Publication charge free • Public peer review
WikiJournal of Science
WikiJournal of Humanities
WikiJournal of PPB
Editorial guidelines Ethics statement Bylaws Indexing Financials and reports 1-year/3-year plan Proposed platform Meeting minutes Calendar
WikiJournal User Group is a publishing group of open-access, free-to-publish, Wikipedia-integrated academic journals. <seo title=" Wikiversity Journal User Group, WikiJournal Free to publish, Open access, Open-access, Non-profit, online journal, Public peer review "/>
This article is an unpublished pre-print not yet undergoing peer review.
To submit this article for peer review, please: Submit authorship declaration form
Create peer review location

## Article information

Author: Zhihao Xu
* ↑ tjjlb@urpgs.com

## Introduction

Hunchun - Wangqing Deep Seismic Zone is the only one deep seismic zone distributed in China. Since 1900, seismic activity in mainland China can be roughly divided into six active periods. Earthquakes of magnitude 6.5 or higher occurred in the deep earthquake zone in Northeast China in each first four active period, and the seismic activity levels in the active earthquake period are also relatively strong.
name of image creator, CC-BY 3.0
Manuscript text goes here

### Subheading
## Additional information
### Acknowledgements

Any people, organisations, or funding sources that you would like to thank.

### Competing interests

Any conflicts of interest that you would like to declare. Otherwise, a statement that the authors have no competing interest.

### Ethics statement

An ethics statement, if appropriate, on any animal or human research performed should be included here or in the methods section.
# WikiJournal Preprints/An Extension of Denavit-Hartenberg Parameters Toward Modeling Soft Limbs

WikiJournal Preprints Open access • Publication charge free • Public peer review
WikiJournal of Science
WikiJournal of Humanities
WikiJournal of PPB
Editorial guidelines Ethics statement Bylaws Indexing Financials and reports 1-year/3-year plan Proposed platform Meeting minutes Calendar
WikiJournal User Group is a publishing group of open-access, free-to-publish, Wikipedia-integrated academic journals. <seo title=" Wikiversity Journal User Group, WikiJournal Free to publish, Open access, Open-access, Non-profit, online journal, Public peer review "/>
This article is an unpublished pre-print not yet undergoing peer review.
To submit this article for peer review, please: Submit authorship declaration form
Create peer review location

## Article information

Author: Aaron Mazzeo
* ↑ Rutgers University
* ↑ aaron.mazzeo@rutgers.edu

## Introduction

name of image creator, CC-BY 3.0
Manuscript text goes here

## Additional information
### Acknowledgements

Any people, organisations, or funding sources that you would like to thank.

### Competing interests

Any conflicts of interest that you would like to declare. Otherwise, a statement that the authors have no competing interest.

### Ethics statement

An ethics statement, if appropriate, on any animal or human research performed should be included here or in the methods section.
# Real sine and cosine function/Derivative/Fact

sine function
    $\mathbb {R} \longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,x\longmapsto \sin x,$
is differentiable, with
    $\sin \!'(x)=\cos x\,,$
and the cosine function
    $\mathbb {R} \longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,x\longmapsto \cos x,$
is differentiable, with
    $\cos \!'(x)=-\sin x\,.$
# Realvalued function/Extrema/Introduction/Section
## Definition

Let $M$ denote a set, and
    $f\colon M\longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
a function. We say that $f$ attains in a point $x\in M$ its maximum, if
    $f(x)\geq f(x'){\text{ holds for all }}x'\in M,$
and that $f$ attains in $x$ its minimum, if
    $f(x)\leq f(x'){\text{ holds for all }}x'\in M.$
The common name for a maximum or a minimum is extremum. In the preceding definition, we also talk about the global maximum, since the property refers to all elements of the domain of the definition. When we are only interested in the behavior on an open, maybe small, neighborhood, then the concept of a local maximum is relevant.

## Definition

Suppose that $D\subseteq \mathbb {R}$ is a subset and let
    $f\colon D\longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
denote a function. We say that $f$ attains a local maximum in a point $x\in D$, if there exists some $\epsilon >0$, such that for all $x'\in D$ fulfilling $\vert {x-x'}\vert \leq \epsilon$, the estimate
    $f(x)\geq f(x')\,$
holds. We say that $f$ attains a local minimum in a point $x\in D$, if there exists some $\epsilon >0$, such that for all $x'\in D$ fulfilling $\vert {x-x'}\vert \leq \epsilon$, the estimate
    $f(x)\leq f(x')\,$
If $f(x)>f(x')$ holds for all $x'\neq x$, then we talk about an isolated maximum.
# Real series/Sum 1 over k(k+1)/Example

We want to compute the series
    $\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{k(k+1)}}.$
For this, we give a formula for the $n$-th partial sum. We have
    $s_{n}=\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\frac {1}{k(k+1)}}=\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\left({\frac {1}{k}}-{\frac {1}{k+1}}\right)}=1-{\frac {1}{n+1}}={\frac {n}{n+1}}\,.$
This sequence converges to $1$, so that the series converges and its sum equals $1$.
# Real square root/Continuous/Exercise

Prove that the function
    $\mathbb {R} _{\geq 0}\longrightarrow \mathbb {R} _{\geq 0},x\longmapsto {\sqrt {x}},$
is continuous.
# Real series/n! over n^n/Exercise

Decide whether the series
    $\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {n!}{n^{n}}}$
converges.
# Realvalued function/Set/Maximum/Definition

Let $M$ denote a set, and
    $f\colon M\longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
a function. We say that $f$ attains in a point $x\in M$ its maximum, if
    $f(x)\geq f(x'){\text{ holds for all }}x'\in M.$
# Real series/Sum sin n over n^2/Convergence/Exercise

Prove that the series
    $\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin n}{n^{2}}}$
converges.
# Real sine and cosine function/Derivative/Fact/Proof/Exercise

Determine the derivatives of the sine and the cosine function by using fact.
# Real squaring/Fixed points/Exercise

Determine the fixed points of the mapping
    $f\colon \mathbb {R} \longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,x\longmapsto x^{2}.$
# Real series/Reordering/Definition

Let $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }a_{k}$ be a real series. A reordering of this series is a series $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }b_{k}$ with $b_{k}=a_{\sigma (k)}$ for a bijective mapping $\sigma \colon \mathbb {N} \rightarrow \mathbb {N}$.
# Should coercive treatment be made illegal?

Should coercive treatment be made illegal? Coercive treatment is the administration of treatment (e.g. medicines into a human body or electroshocks) against the will of the human, e.g. in the case of patients with mentally anomalous conditions such as psychosis (delusions, hallucinations). Involuntary treatment is a broader category since it encompasses e.g. treatment of someone in a coma.

## Coercive treatment should be made illegal
### Pro

* Pro Forced medication is a worse violation of human autonomy than imprisonment. Therefore, those subjected to involuntary medication are treated worse than actual criminals. That is unacceptable.
* Pro Expanding on the above, electroshocks are no better than forced substance intake. They were criticized by the American classic Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance by Robert Pirsig.

### Con

* Con Those who are in the risk of harming themselves need medical help.
** Objection Not against their will; that is a violation of their human autonomy.
** Objection Each person has the right to take their own life since they alone are the rightful owners of their own life. A state that violates a bodily and mental autonomy of a person in the name of their protection engages in a grave act of despotism. See also Should suicide be legal?
* Con Those who are in the risk of harming others need to be prevented from doing so.
** Objection True, but only by legitimate means, such as incanceration (limiting of freedom of movement). Violation of bodily autonomy and integrity and violation of mental autonomy and integrity is not a legitimate means.
# Should demonstrations against COVID-19 measures have been allowed in 2020?

At some point in time in 2020 in some countries, anti-COVID-19 protests were banned as part of bans on gatherings. Should they have been so banned or should they have been exempted from the bans?
Search terms: rights of assembly during COVID-19

## Demonstrations against COVID-19 measures should have been allowed in 2020
### Pro

* Pro The right to demonstrate against government policies is an essential political freedom that must not be curbed even in the times of a pandemic.
* Pro Since Black Lives Matter demonstrations were allowed (or de facto allowed), demonstrations against COVID-19 measures also ought to have been allowed, for consistency's sake.

### Con

* Con Such demonstrations threaten to reduce the effectiveness of COVID-19 suppression or mitigations policies/measures, resulting in considerable otherwise avoidable loss of life.
** Objection A protest can be organized in a way that maintains social distancing (minimum distance between protest participants), and thus, does not threaten to impair the effectiveness of the measures.
* Con Expanding on the above, as an alternative to physical protest, citizens should be able to create petitions online, where the chance of infection is zero.
** Objection Online petitions are an inferior substitute as they do not afford the social benefits of a physical, in-person event or organization. They do not facilitate social transmission or social cohesion to nearly the same extent, for example the discussion of dissenting opinions, the further organization of activism, and so forth. Nor can these natural and essential social processes be easily replaced by online discussions, which are often strictly moderated or otherwise manipulated by people who have ulterior motives.
# Should all books in Wikibooks have subpages for chapters?
## All books in Wikibooks should have subpages for chapters
### Pro

* Pro Reading subpages may be easier for people with attention deficit.
** Objection People with attention deficit can copy the text to Word or OpenOffice/LibreOffice analogue. It is no good idea to inconvenience an overwhelming majority in the name of serving special needs of a small minority, when the needs of the small minority can still be addressed, albeit with an overhead.
* Pro Revision histories of smaller pages create less burden on database storage.
** Objection That does not prevent Wikipedia from having some pages 100 KB to 200 KB long. Surely Wikibooks present a tiny fraction of database storage use compared to Wikipedia.
* Pro Having a uniform approach is easier for management: one does not need to decide on a per book basis.
** Objection That is no too big a decision burden.
* Pro Smaller pages lead to shorter loading times.
** Objection The difference is likely negligible, for pages less than 100 KB or even 200 KB. With one-page format, one gets the loading delay only once rather than getting it repeatedly as one navigates the page structure.

### Con

* Con One-page format makes it easier to find things using Control + F function.
* Con One-page format makes it easier to skim the resource and get an overall impression by mere scrolling.
* Con One-page format makes it easier to review changes in the history of the artifacts and see the snapshots of the book development in time. When there are separate pages, one can only get the history by consulting revision histories of all chapters. This is especially important for cases where someone decides to turn the structure of the book upside down, as all too often happens.
* Con One-page format makes it easier to get statistics for the page. With multiple pages, one would need to aggregate the statistics from the subpages.
* Con One-page format obviates the need to create and update a printed version page, which is done in the English Wikibooks for multi-page books.
* Comment The arguments against only have force for books up to a certain size. Once the book gets very large (over 200 KB?), the arguments for possibly prevail.
# Should animal testing be legal?

We made several important medical discoveries due to animal testing, but is it morally correct? Do the means justify the ends when we cause suffering and death to non-human animals? We usually value human life above all others (speciesism) but are there any limits on what costs are worth the benefits to us?
By animal testing we mean experimentation with non-human animals for the purpose of scientific research.

## Animal testing should be legal
### Pro

* Pro Animal testing helps researchers find cures and treatments for human and non-human diseases. As humans we should value other humans above animals and reduce harm to humans.
** Objection To value humans over other animals constitutes speciesism, and that is morally incorrect.

### Con

* Con Animals are not mere objects for humans to treat as we please, they do not consent to participate in experiments in which they may suffer or die, and we have no right to force them to do so.
** Objection Why cannot we force animals to participate? Is there anything that animals do consent to? Is it possible to know their consent? Using this line of logic, humans would also have no right to force them into servitude as pets.
*** Objection There is a big difference between 'forcing' an animal to be a pet and experimenting on them. First of all, being a pet is in most cases the best possible life for a being, while experimenting is quite the opposite.
* Con Using animals as a model for diseases or drug responses in humans can be unreliable, leading to experiments that cause animal suffering without helpful results to justify them.
# Spanish/Verbs/pensar/Present Tense

* Yo pienso
* Tú piensas
* Él/ella/usted piensa
* Nosotros/nosotras pensamos
* Vosotros/vosotras pensáis
* Ellos/ellas/ustedes piensan
# Spanish/Verbs/querer
## A quick note about verbs

* How we regularly talk is in the indicative mood. It is used to state something seen as a fact.
* The subjunctive is a mood used to express desires, doubts, emotions and the unknown. This is NOT a tense! More info about the Subjunctive can be found here.
* The imperative mood is just commands (: It is used to tell someone what to do. For this reason, there is no yo form in the imperative!
* If you don't know which mood to use, just use indicative!

## Definition

to want -

## Conjugations
### Present Tense (indicative)

Querer in the Present Tense :
| quiero | queremos |
| quieres | queréis |
| quiere | quieren |

### Preterite Tense (indicative)

Querer in the Preterite Tense :
| quise | quisimos |
| quisiste | quisisteis |
| quiso | quisieron |

### Imperfect Tense (indicative)

Querer in the Imperfect Tense :
| quería | queríamos |
| querías | queríais |
| quería | querían |
# Spanish/Verbs/saber
## A quick note about verbs

* How we regularly talk is in the indicative mood. It is used to state something seen as a fact.
* The subjunctive is a mood used to express desires, doubts, emotions and the unknown. This is NOT a tense! More info about the Subjunctive can be found here.
* The imperative mood is just commands (: It is used to tell someone what to do. For this reason, there is no yo form in the imperative!
* If you don't know which mood to use, just use indicative!

## Definition

* To have knowledge or information about something
* To be aware of the existence, whereabouts or status of a person or thing. -
# Spanish/Verbs/querer/Present Tense

Querer in the Present Tense :
| quiero | queremos |
| quieres | queréis |
| quiere | quieren |
# Spanish/Verbs/querer/Preterite Tense

Querer in the Preterite Tense :
| quise | quisimos |
| quisiste | quisisteis |
| quiso | quisieron |
# Spanish/Verbs/quitar

to take away; to remove. Example: Quita los platos, por favor. (Take the plates/dishes, please.)
# Spanish/Verbs/pensar/Special Uses

Tener+que+infinitive. Example: Tengo que pensar (I have to think).
# Spanish/Verbs/querer/Imperfect Tense

Querer in the Imperfect Tense :
| quería | queríamos |
| querías | queríais |
| quería | querían |
# Technical writing/Specification/exercise chair Alistair

Specification writing
# Technical writing/SDLC

back to Technical Writing Level 1
* Technical Writing at Wikiversity
* The Systems Development Life Cycle starts with User Goals, which are translated into Requirements, that lead to Functions, Specified within the Structure that becomes the Product delivered by to the User. The User compares Functions within the Structure to Goals and the process repeats.
* A Simplified Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
* Goals
* Users have Goals. They want to communicate. They want to feel smart. They want to be entertained. They want to make more money by doing less work. They achieve these Goals by using Products. If the Products do not work, they search for new Functions that will meet their Goals. Users Goals continually drive the life cycle.
* The SDLC always begins with the Goals of the users of the system. At first, these Goals are expressed as vague wishes. An analyst must translate these goals into testable Functions. Together, the users, analysts, managers, and developers prioritize and describe the Functions that shall meet User Goals.
* This initial description of User Requirements is crucial to project success.
* Functions
* Functions are system actions caused by Users. Functions must serve User Goals described in the Requirements. The Functions of the system lead to the more detailed Specification of the logical and physical system Structure. Functions describe WHAT must happen, then designers and developers specify HOW it happens in the Structure.
* Structures
* Structures both support and limit the system. Structures respond to the environment of the Users, as well as the capabilities of the developers. Structures provide interfaces, data, workflow, integration, safety, and security. Together, they are tested and delivered to the Users as a Product.
* The Users interact with the Product. If the User's Goals are met in the Functions of the Product, the process continues allowing the User to discover new Goals and developers to add new Functions and Structures in the system.
back to Technical Writing Level 1
# Technical writing/Specification/Technical writing specification exercise calculator cheap Exercise Three

(back to Requirements Writing Workshop)
Describe a calculator with the fewest possible features. Perhaps it should cost less than ten cents, and only calculates up to four digits...
This is called "cheap-skating".
* How does this affect the cost and schedule?
* Who is likely to attempt this kind of "cheap-skating"?
* How can you avoid "cheap-skating"?
# Technical writing/Specification/Exercise chair Exercise One

(back to Requirements Writing Workshop)

## Describing Structure and Function

* List the structural features of a chair
* Organize the structural features into groups or gloms
* List the functions of a chair
* Organize the functions into groups or gloms
* How much overlap is there in the structural and functional groupings?

## Who uses chairs?

Compare how the following people would use this chair:
* Robert Johnson, House Painter
* Arlo Gunther, Bar Brawler
* Mindy Catsworth, Performance Artist
* Alison Rich, Retired Kindergarten Teacher
# Technical writing/Specification/Exercise calculator Exercise One

(back to Writing Requirements Workshop)
Here is a common calculator. Describe its:
* Interfaces
* Functional Capabilities
Describe the users of this calculator. Who are they and what do they do with this calculator?
# Technical writing/Specification/Exercise calculator gold Exercise Two

(back to Requirements Writing Workshop
Describe a calculator with every possible extra feature you can think of. Perhaps it should have a diamond case, solid platinum keyboard, and a self-contained nuclear generator...
This is called "gold plating".
* How does this affect the cost and schedule?
* Who is likely to attempt this kind of "gold plating"?
* How can you avoid "gold plating"?
# Technical writing/Specification//Exercise calculator astronaut Exercise Four

(back to Requirements Writing Workshop)
Describe a calculator that will be used by an astronaut in space. Perhaps it should be integrated into the space suit, have radiation shielding, and be synchronized with an atomic clock for extra accuracy...
This is called "customizing".
* How does this affect the cost and schedule?
* Who is likely to attempt this kind of "customizing"?
* What are the advantages of "customizing"?
* What are the disadvantages of "customizing"?
# Web testing

* Please help develop and classify this resource
* Learn how you can develop this resource to teach participants about Web testing. Choose a subject, education level, and resource type to classify the resource by. You may learn more about the topic to help you develop and classify the resource from:
Testing web applications is more specific field in software testing. This is differentiated from the testing of client-server application on the following grounds.

## Vulnerabilities in web applications
### SQL Injection

SQL injection is a code injection technique that exploits a security vulnerability occurring in the database layer of an application. The vulnerability is present when user input is either incorrectly filtered for string literal escape characters embedded in SQL statements or user input is not strongly typed and thereby unexpectedly executed. It is an instance of a more general class of vulnerabilities that can occur whenever one programming or scripting language is embedded inside another. SQL injection attacks are also known as SQL insertion attacks. In other words, the application is forced to run SQL code that was not intended. If the application is creating SQL strings without consideration, the application manipulated data beyond secrecy and requirement.

### Cross Site Scripting
## Tools for Web Testing
### Broken Link Checking Tools

This tool helps in finding the broken links in the complex e-commerce websites where there is good possiblity of human error checking the links manually.
# Web technologies/2014-2015/Partial 1

Subiectele pentru Partialul 1 Technologii Web (2017-2018) le gasiti aici.
# Web technologies/2014-2015/Projects

List of proposed projects:
* Movie Rental Systems
* Online Auction System
* Online Hospital Management
* Online Job Recruitment System
* Online Banking system
* Discussion Forums
* Advanced Ticketing System for plays, matches
* Web Crawlers
* Web based Appointment Systems
* Social Networks
* Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP)
* Student Information system
* Attendance management system
* Speech Enabled Airline Reservation System
* Shop Management System
* Leave Application Management System
* Meeting Room Booking System
* REST API using GO
* REST API using Python FLASK and MongoDB (or ClouchDB)
* Django Based project
* Angular Based project
* REST API using NodeJS
NOTE: You can implement the projects using any language or platform you see fit JavaEE, GO, Flask, DJango, Angular si NodeJS. Students can propose other projects, this is not an exhaustive list.
# Web technologies/2014-2015/REST API

Representational state transfer (REST) is a software architectural style that describes a uniform interface between physically separate components, often across the Internet in a client-server architecture.

## Readings

* Wikipedia: Representational state transfer
* Miguel Grinberg: Designing a RESTful API with Python and Flask
* Wikiwand: Jakarta RESTful Web Services
Gabriel Iuhasz, 2019-12-11, iuhasz.gabriel@e-uvt.ro
* ↑ Wikipedia: Representational state transfer