# Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Individual emotions

Tutorial 5: Individual emotions This is the fifth tutorial for the motivation and emotion unit of study.

## Overview

This tutorial is about individual emotions and time perspective.

## Individual emotions

Table 1. 20 Individual Emotions in 3 Categories (based on Reeve, 2018)
| Basic (7) | Self-conscious (5) | Cognitively complex (8) |
| Fear | Shame | Envy |
| Anger | Guilt | Gratitude |
| Disgust | Embarrassment | Disappointment |
| Contempt | Pride | Regret |
| Sadness | Triumph | Hope |
| Joy | | Schadenfreude |
| Interest | | Empathy |
| | | Compassion |
* Handout: 20 Individual Emotions Matching Exercise
* What are the three categories of emotion? (see Slide 3 of Lecture 09)
** Basic (7)
** Self-conscious (5)
** Cognitively complex (8)
* What is the difference between shame and guilt?
** Guilt focuses on behaviour; shame focuses on self
** Guilt is private; shame is public
* What are the two types of envy?
** Benign envy focuses on self-improvement
** Malicious envy focuses on undermining another
* What are the different causes and consequences of disappointment and regret?
** Disappointment involves not perceiving that one's behaviour could have been different
** Regret involves perceiving that one's behaviour could have been different and is stronger
* What are the two aspects of pride?
** Authentic (based on actual achievements)
** Narcissistic (based on a desire to be better/more dominant than others)
* What is the difference between empathy and compassion?
** Empathy mirrors the feelings of another
** Compassion involves action to help another
* What are the two aspects of gratitude?
** If the receiver focuses on what was received (e.g., $50), then the receiver may feel indebted to repay, leading to an exchange-based relationship
** If the receiver focuses on the giver (e.g., a friend), then the receiver may feel cared for and loved, leading to a communal relationship
* What is the opposite of hope?
** Fear

## Time perspective - ZTPI

* Self-test online: Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (56/61 items).
** Note that the display of the graph at the end does not work
* Compare your scores with the:
** Norms:
*** Past Negative (M = 3.00)
*** Past Positive (M = 3.22)
*** Present Fatalism (M = 3.22)
*** Present Hedonism (M = 2.33)
*** Future (M = 3.69)
*** Transcendental Future
** 'Optimal' profile
*** High Past Positive (like your past)
*** Moderate Present Hedonism (choose when to select pleasure in the present)
*** Moderately high Future orientation (work for the future)
** The worst time-perspective profile includes:
*** High Past Negative
*** High Present Fatalism
*** "These people are living in a negative past and think nothing they do can change it."
* Watch and discuss video: Philip Zimbardo prescribes a healthy take on time (Philip Zimbardo, 6:31 min, TED talk, 2009)
* Zimbardo's two books on this topic are:
** "The Time Paradox"
** "The Time Cure"

## Readings

* Chapter 14: Individual emotions (Reeve, 2018)

## Book chapter development

* Peer reviewing / Social contributions
* Interactive features
* Wiki-blitz based on outstanding questions about the chapters
* Author guidelines

## Recording

* Tutorial 05 recording, 2017