# Pre-Late Egyptian Reconstruction/Templatic Class I

Egyptian words which follow Templatic Class I generally emit an underlining nominal characteristic.
The following paradigms equate to Osing and Schenkel's: Subjekts-Nominalisierungen: Nominalbildungsklasse I (forms 1-4).

## AaBaC Forms

'Forms 1 - 4' appear to be specific to the infinitive and sometimes nouns.

### Form 1

| Root Class | Formula |
| 3-lit | AāBaC |

### Form 2

| Root Class | Formula |
| 3-lit | AaBǎC |

## AiBiC Forms

These forms may be better analyzed as an original adjectival vocalization as well as a true irregular counterpart to 'Forms 1 and 2' and they are discussed here:

### Form 3

| Root Class | Formula |
| 3-lit | AǐBiC |

### Form 4

| Root Class | Formula |
| 3-lit | AiBǐC |

## The Infinitive

The infinitive may be said to express a verbal action, which in transitive verbs passes to an object and in intransitive verbs affects the subject initiating the action. The infinitive can express an active or a passive sense (in English translations of Coptic and Egyptian infinitives); e.g. OYωN- ‘to open’ or ‘to be opened’, TAKO - ‘to destroy’ or ‘to be destroyed’, TAϪPO - to make strong’ or ‘to be strengthened’. With intransitive verbs the infinitive expresses an action without a direct object, e.g. ϩωN - ‘to come near’; or it denotes the beginning of a condition or circumstance, e.g. †ϩE - ‘to become drunken’.
The infinitival inflections below follow different vocalizations.

### a-Type Infinitives

The chart below outlines the formulas for those roots without ultimae-j/y consisting of what is called the a-Type pattern CaCaCaC:
| Root Class | Formula | Example |
| 2-lit. | AāB | dād [ϪⲰ] - saying |
| 2ae-gem. | AaBǎB | kamǎm [ⲔⲘⲞⲘ$^S$] - to be black |
| 3-lit. | AāBaC | sānat [ⲤⲰⲚⲦ] - found, create |
| 3ae-gem. | AaBCǎC or AǎBCaC | paḥrǎr - running sǎpdad - preparing [ⲤⲞⲂⲦⲈ$^S$] |
| 4-lit. | AǎBCaD or AǎBAaB | wǎstan - striding/expanding [ⲞⲨⲞⲤⲦⲚ$^S$] sǎlsal [ⲤⲞⲖⲤⲖ$^S$] - comforting, encouraging |
| 5-lit. | AaBǎCBaC | saqǎrqar [ⲤⲔⲞⲢⲔⲢ$^S$] - rolling |

### a-Type Infinitives: Intransitives

Some intransitive verbs may model after Form 2. The change in stress seems to be determined by semantic criteria to at least an extent:
jarǎš - become cold [ⲀⲢⲞϢ$^S$] marǎš - become red/yellow [ⲘⲢⲞϢ$^S$] madǎn - be at rest [ⲘⲦⲞⲚ$^S$] mdn$^{MEg}$ - be quiet, mtn$^{Dem}$ - repose ḥarǎš - become heavy [ϨⲢⲞϢ$^S$, ϨⲰⲢϢ- (lit: make heavy) make into a bad state] naḫǎt - be(come) strong [ⲚϢⲞⲦ$^S$, ⲚⲞⲨϢⲦ$^{s.}$ - oppress, do violence] rawǎd - be glad/eager/ready [ⲞⲨⲢⲞⲦ$^S$] rwd$^{MEg}$ - be firm, rwṱ$^{Dem}$ - be firm, fresh ḥalǎg - be merry, rejoice [ϨⲖⲞϬ$^S$ - become sweet; take delight] ḥnrg$^{MEg}$, ḥɜg$^{LEg}$ - be merry, rejoice; ḥlk$^{Dem}$ - sweet wamǎt - [ⲞⲨⲘⲞⲦ$^{SB}$ / ⲞⲨⲘⲀⲦ$^S$] - thicken ḥaqǎr - become hungry [ϨⲔⲞ]. darāɜ - become strong, firm, victorious [ϪⲢⲞ$^{SAA2}$ / ϬⲢⲞ$^{SB}$ ~ dr$^{Dem}$] waꜥǎb - purifying [OYOΠ$^S$] jahǎm - to sigh, groan [ⲀϨⲞⲘ - mourning] qanǎs - [ⲔⲚⲞⲤ - stinking, stink, be putrid] = etymology is obscure: qnst$^{Dem}$ - (fem) stinking. May come from qns - slay (which comes from Semitic) [ⲔⲰⲚⲤ - pierce, slay]
* Note: All a-Type verbs utilize the vowel /a/ within its stem- when additions are added to the verb there is sometimes a shift in stress or syncopation occurs to fit in within stress rules- this is why some intransitives have the final syllable accented as there has been final syllable syncopation for syllabic adjustment purposes, so for example:
          Ⲁ.Ⲛ.ⲀⲢⲞϢ - I became cold (intransitive)
             Versus
          Ⲁ.Ⲛ.ⲠOⲢϢ.Ϥ - I spread it (transitive)
* Note 2: This same procedure also occurs with i-Type infinitives.

### Conclusion & Final Formula

According to the above examples and studies, several conclusions can be had:
* It appears the main infinitival construction followed Templatic Class I: Form 1 and existed for most if not all roots.
* The |a < i| vowel replacement is discussed here but to summarize: a theory exists where there was a separate i-Type vocalization specific to the adjective-verb. This i-Type vocalization may have influenced the modification of some ultimae-j/y/ɜ/ꜥ roots.
* These generalizations are based upon three major Coptic Infinitival sub-classes of vocalizations: a-Type, i-Type and Stative/Qualitative Adaptations.
Examples:
Egyptian Transitive: gmt.f jn ḥm.f => gǎmtaf n̩ ḥǎmaf - finding him by His Incarnation tzt.j jb.j => tăzti jǐbi - my lifting up my heart.
Egyptian Intransitive: prt sm => pǎrat sǎm (párat-sǎm) - the emerging of the sm-priest prt.s => pārtas - its emerging
Alternative Egyptian Spelling based upon ultimae-j: pǐrit sǎm => pǐjt sǎm (píjt-sǎm)$^{colloquial/LE}$ pǐrtas => pītas$^{colloquial/LE}$

## Nominal Forms

Egyptian Nouns which follow Templatic Class I: Form 1 and 2 [these forms may also be indistinguishable with Templatic Class II: Form 1] with an addition of feminine forms which caused alteration of stress and vowel quantity:
| Root Class | Formula | Example |
| 2-lit. | AǎB AāBat (fem) AǎBat (fem #2) | sǎn [CON$^{copt}$] - brother sānat [CωNE$^{copt}$] - sister jǎdat [OOTE - womb] - vulva |
| 3-lit. | AāBaC AaBāCat (fem) AǎBCat (fem #2) | nātar [NOYTE$^{copt}$] - god natārat [NTωPE$^{copt}$] - goddess rǎnpat [POMΠE$^{copt}$] - year |
| 4-lit. | AǎBCaD | nǎmtat [NOMTE$^{copt}$ - strength, power] - nmtt$^{ME}$ - step |
Stress-tone/accent in nouns with the formation CaCaC(at) can appear to be unpredictable in many Coptic words, fortunately there is usually logic behind why the stress has shifted- for example, the difference between natārat (fem) and rǎnpat (fem #2) is the first formula represents the feminine form of a masculine formation with the feminine marker attached to the root causing the relocation of the stress one syllable to the right and the second formula is rather treated as a regular vocalized 4-lit. root but is a feminine noun. Other-times there is no concise reason.
* List of 2-lit. AǎB roots:
zǎp [COΠ$^{copt}$] - time, occasion, turn tǎm(aɜ) [TOM$^{copt}$] - mat kǎɜ [KO$^{copt}$] - bull rǎɜ [PO$^{copt}$] - door, mouth, gate, utterance, magic spell, speech rǎɜ [PO$^{copt}$] - goose tǎɜ [TO$^{copt}$] - land, earth ḫǎɜ [ϢO$^{copt}$] - thousand ḥǎr [ϩO$^{copt}$] - face ḥǎp [ϩOΠ$^{copt}$] - feast,; marriage feast, bride-chamber bǎh [BOϩ, Bωωϩ$^{b.copt}$] - an idol in Alexandria (probably Buchis, sacred bull of Hermonthis) gǎs [ϬOC$^{copt}$] - half pǎ(y) [ΠOI$^{copt}$ - bench] = p$^{ME}$ - base, throne; py$^{dem}$ - seat. sǎɜ [COI$^{copt}$] - back (of man or beast) dǎw [TOOY$^{copt}$] - mountain, desert wǎf(aɜ) [OYOϤ$^{copt}$] - lung
* List of 2-lit. AāBat (fem) roots:
ɜāḥat [EIωϩE$^{copt}$] - field sāḫat [CωϢE$^{copt}$] - field; meadow, country sāḫat [CωϩE$^{copt}$ - weave] - plait, weave dārat [TωPE$^{copt}$] - hand šāpat [ϢωΠE$^{copt}$] - cucumber (also sšpt, š(s)pt, špj) mānat [NOYNE$^{copt}$] - root nārat [NOYPE$^{copt}$] - vulture bādat [BωTE$^{copt}$] - emmer (a cereal) māmat [MOYME$^{copt}$] - fountain, spring nāhat [NOYϩE$^{copt}$] - sycamore tree
* List of 2-lit. AǎBat (fem) roots:
zǎwat [COOYO$^{copt}$, COYA$^{f.copt}$] - wheat (also corn in Demontic and Coptic)
* List of 3-lit. AāBaC roots:
jāt(af) [EIωT$^{copt}$] - father mālaḥ [MOYλϩ$^{copt}$] - wax rāmat [PωΜΕ$^{copt}$] - man nābas [NOYBC$^{copt}$ - Christ's tree] = nbs$^{ME/LE}$ - a (type of) tree qābah [KωBϩ$^{copt}$] - sinew, cord wānaš [OYωNϢ$^{copt}$] - wolf jāpad [ωBT$^{copt}$] - goose (or other edible bird); poultry. jānar [ωNE$^{copt}$] - stone ꜥāb(aw) [ωB$^{copt}$] - lettuce šāꜥ(ay) [Ϣω$^{copt}$] - sand šām(aw) [ϢωM$^{copt}$] - summer ḫāpaš [ϢωΠϢ$^{copt}$] - arm, foreleg (of animals) šādat [ϢωTE$^{copt}$] - water hole, well, pit, cistern šādat [ϢωTE$^{copt}$] - dough, flour sāšan [ϢωϢEN$^{copt}$] - lotus (also zššn, sššn) šāp(aj) [ϢωΠ$^{copt}$] - necklet or bracelet kā(ɜa)m [ϬωM$^{copt}$] - garden, vineyard, property bā(ɜa)k [BωK$^{copt}$] - servant b(aɜ)ākat [BωKI$^{b.copt}$] - female servant
* List of 3-lit. AaBāCat (fem) forms:
jarātat [EPωTE$^{copt}$] - milk
* List of 3-lit. AǎBCat (fem #2) roots:
jǎbḥat [OBϩE$^{copt}$] - tooth jǎɜdat [EIωTE$^{copt}$, yꜥt̪ɜt$^{dem}$] - dew šǎndat[ϢONTE$^{copt}$] - thorn tree m(aɜ)āqat [MOYKE$^{copt}$] - ladder
* List of 4-lit. AǎBCaD roots:
sǎntar [CONTE$^{copt}$ - resin] - incense hǎnmat [ϩONBE$^{copt}$] - spring, well jǎtraw [EIOOP(E)$^{copt}$ - canal] - river ḥǎfɜaw [ϩOϤ$^{copt}$] - snake

### Medial Weak Radicals

* 3.lit forms:
kǎɜas [KOEIS$^{copt}$ - vessel (for liquids)] - a vessel (of metal) dǎyas [TO(E)IC$^{copt}$] - piece, rag (of cloth), linen tǎwat [TOOYE$^{copt}$ - shoe; pair of shoes] - sandals. hǎɜan [ϩOEIM$^{copt}$] - wave (original hɜnw, hym$^{dem}$) wǎdaw [BOIT / OYOEIT] - ox; cow [wd - freely moving cattle]
* 4.lit forms:
sǎwḥat [COOYϩE $^{Copt}$] - egg bǎjnat [BOINE $^{S.}$] - harp
* ↑ pg 19 http://bibletranslation.ws/down/Plumley_Coptic_Grammar.pdf
* ↑ This simply seems the vowel /a/ is distributed within the stem according to stress placement.
* ↑ Even though geminated/reduplicated roots show extreme irregularities in Coptic, it is an accepted theory that originally the AaBǎB was the main construction- but by the time Coptic came into usage newly modified forms unpredictably appeared in lieu of final-reduplicated radicals with unstable stress placement.
* ↑ Merely a hypothesis based upon construction of 2ae-gem and other reduplicated nouns.
* ↑ Carsten Peust, Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language pg 247
* ↑ These appear to be specific to static / adjective-verbs and it appears some of these verbs followed an adoptive imitation of Stative/Qualitative constructions as their infinitive form
* ↑ -ⲢⲰⲦ/-ⲢⲞⲦ- adj. firm, strong
* ↑ In Coptic this infinitive can be used as a noun to mean hunger as well as famine.
* ↑ J. Černý, Coptic Etymological Dictionary pg 59
* ↑ Excluding verbs borrowed from foreign languages.
* ↑ The loss of the vowel of the pre-stress syllable was already accomplished in the NK, cf. Zeidler (1995), and the same is probably true of the assimilation of the glottal stop to the following m. - Reading Late Egyptian by Helmut Satzinger.
* ↑ Assuming the suffix pronoun j was pronounced i like in other Afroasiatic languages.
* ↑ jb - heart; possibly had always been pronounced with an ǐ. This word is also well attested in most Afroasiatic languages typically spelled lib(b). Omotic language = yib, also some Cushitic forms utilize lap or lip.
* ↑ prj - emerge is an ultimae-j root
* ↑ The same is true of vowel quantity and quality.
* ↑ -y ending appears to have been added in colloquial speech at a later date possibly Demotic/Pre-Coptic.
* ↑ The Coptic reflex is interesting in that it shows the original |a| before a fem. -t ending.
* ↑ In hieroglyphics 'father' was usually written jtf occasionally written jt. A possible explanation for this was to distinguish from other homonyms. Another example of the -f ending would be the word snf - blood [possibly to differentiate between sn - brother]; and in Coptic we have: Pω.Ϥ - mouth (-.Ϥ - his, was added to differentiate from PO - door = PwoY - doors and PO - goose).
* ↑ in hieroglyphs spelled mnḥ or mlḥj$^{dem}$
* ↑ qbht$^{ME}$ - tendon; feminine ending appears to have completely vanished by Pre-Coptic.
* ↑ may represent an early Egyptian instance of |-ɜa| deletion.
* ↑ Also may represent an early Egyptian instance of |-ɜa| deletion or hieroglyphic |ɜ| represented a vowel.
* ↑ May represent an early Egyptian instance of |-aɜ| deletion or hieroglyphic |ɜ| represented a vowel.
* ↑ The reduced feminine ending seemed to appear after Middle Kingdom where before the feminine -t marker was not used in hieroglyphs and the word was originally masculine.
* ↑ The long vowel ω in Coptic may indirectly represent a syllable -āʔ.