OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Psychometric instrument development

| SRDP Home | Survey design | Descr/ Graphs | Correl- ation | EFA | Psycho- metrics | MLR | Signifi- cance | Power | Effect size | Conf. intervals | Acad. integrity |
Lectures | Tutorials | Assessment
* Psychometric instrument development involves designing, developing and testing measures of psychological constructs. An expert in this area is called a psychometrician. Psychometricians, in general, are in high demand.
* This set of learning resources focuses on operationalision, and developing and testing tools designed to measure fuzzy psychological constructs such as attitudes, self-esteem, personality, and intelligence.
* See also: Psychometric instrument development (Lecture slides)

## Undergraduate

| # | Topic |
| 1 | Concepts and their measurement |
| 2 | Exploratory factor analysis |
| 3 | Psychometrics |
| 4 | Reliability and validity |
| 5 | Composite scores |

## Graduate

| # | Progress | Topic |
| 1 | | Confirmatory factor analysis |
# Psychology (A-Level)

This is a brief overview of the A-Level course for Psychology.

## AS Level
### Unit 1 - Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology and Research Methods

* Memory
* Attachments
* Research Methods

### Unit 2 - Biological Psychology, Social Psychology and Individual Differences

* Stress
* Conformity and Group Influence
* Abnormalities

## A2 Level
### Unit 3 - Topics in Psychology

You will learn three of the following subjects for Unit 3.
* Biological Rhythms and Sleep
* Perception
* Relationships
* Agression
* Eating Behaviour
* Gender
* Intelligence and Learning
* Cognition and Development

### Unit 4 - Psychopathology, Psychology in Action and Research Methods

* Psychopathology (One of the following)
** Schizophrenia
** Depression
** Phobic Disorders
** Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
* Psychology in Action
** Media Psychology
** The Psychology of Addictive Behaviour
** Anomalistic Psychology
* Research Methods
# Psychology 101

This unit is delivered via University of Canberra's Moodle site and is closed to non-enrolled students. However, you can access some free and open materials for the accompanying Psychology 102 unit.
# Psychology of natural scenes/Journals

Journals which may publish about the psychology of natural scenes:
* Journal of Environmental Psychology
* Environmental Science and Technology
* Environment and Behaviour
* Motivation and Emotion
# Psychology of religion

This psychology resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
# President of the United States/Franklin Pierce

| 12th President | 13th President | 14th President | 15th President | 16th President |
| Zachary Taylor 1849 - 1850 | Millard Fillmore 1850 - 1853 | Franklin Pierce 1853 - 1857 | James Buchanan 1857 - 1861 | Abraham Lincoln 1861 - 1865 |
# President of the United States/George H. W. Bush

| 39th President | 40th President | 41st President | 42nd President | 43rd President |
| Jimmy Carter 1977 - 1981 | Ronald Reagan 1981 - 1989 | George H. W. Bush 1989 - 1993 | Bill Clinton 1993 - 2001 | George W. Bush 2001 - 2009 |
# President of the United States/Grover Cleveland (2)

| 22nd President | 23rd President | 24th President | 25th President | 26th President |
| Grover Cleveland 1885 - 1889 | Benjamin Harrison 1889 - 1893 | Grover Cleveland (2) 1893 - 1897 | William McKinley 1897 - 1901 | Theodore Roosevelt 1901 - 1909 |
# President of the United States/George W. Bush

| 41st President | 42nd President | 43rd President | 44th President | 45th President |
| George H. W. Bush 1989 - 1993 | Bill Clinton 1993 - 2001 | George W. Bush 2001 - 2009 | Barack Obama 2009 - 2017 | Donald Trump 2017 - 2021 |
# President of the United States/Gerald Ford

| 36th President | 37th President | 38th President | 39th President | 40th President |
| Lyndon B. Johnson 1963 - 1969 | Richard Nixon 1969 - 1974 | Gerald Ford 1974 - 1977 | Jimmy Carter 1977 - 1981 | Ronald Reagan 1981 - 1989 |
# President of the United States/Grover Cleveland

| 20th President | 21st President | 22nd President | 23rd President | 24th President |
| James Garfield 1881 | Chester Arthur 1881 - 1885 | Grover Cleveland 1885 - 1889 | Benjamin Harrison 1889 - 1893 | Grover Cleveland (2) 1893 - 1897 |
# President of the United States/Harry S. Truman

| 31st President | 32nd President | 33rd President | 34th President | 35th President |
| Herbert Hoover 1929 - 1933 | Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933 - 1945 | Harry S. Truman 1945 - 1953 | Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953 - 1961 | John F. Kennedy 1961 - 1963 |
# President of the United States/Final Exam Essay

* Question: Who is your Favorite President and Why?
* Grade
** 25% of grade- opinion is given
** 75% of grade- Sufficient evidence for opinion is given.
# PlanetPhysics/Geometrically Defined Double Groupoid With Connection
### Introduction

In the setting of a {\em geometrically defined double groupoid with connection}, as in, (resp.), there is an appropriate notion of geometrically thin square. It was proven in, (theorem 5.2 (resp., proposition 4)), that in the cases there specified geometrically and algebraically thin squares coincide .

### Geometrically defined double groupoid with connection
#### Basic definitions

A map $\Phi :|K|\longrightarrow |L|$ where $K$ and $L$ are (finite) simplicial complexes is PWL ({\it piecewise linear}) if there exist subdivisions of $K$ and $L$ relative to which $\Phi$ is simplicial.

#### Remarks

We briefly recall here the related concepts involved: A square $u:I^{2}\longrightarrow X$ in a topological space $X$ is thin if there is a factorisation of $u$, $u:I^{2}{\stackrel {\Phi _{u}}{\longrightarrow }}J_{u}{\stackrel {p_{u}}{\longrightarrow }}X,$ where $J_{u}$ is a tree and $\Phi _{u}$ is piecewise linear (PWL, as defined next) on the boundary $\partial {I}^{2}$ of $I^{2}$.
A {\it tree}, is defined here as the underlying space $|K|$ of a finite $1$-connected $1$-dimensional simplicial complex $K$ boundary $\partial {I}^{2}$ of $I^{2}$.
# PlanetPhysics/George Polya
## George P\'olya

American mathematician
Born Gy\"orgy P\'olya in Budapest, Hungary in 1887, (d. 1985 in Palo Alto, USA)
An excellent problem solver. He designed a complete strategy for problem solving that can help both the beginner and the advanced mathematician to solve both mathematical and physical problems.
""His first job was to tutor the young son, Gregor, of a Hungarian baron. Gregor struggled due to his lack of problem solving skills. Thus, according to Long, Polya insisted that the skill of ""solving problems was not an inborn quality but, something that could be taught .
In 1940, George Polya and his wife, Stella, (the only daughter of Swiss Dr. Weber, in Zurich) moved to the United States because of their justified fear of Nazism in Germany.
He taught at first, at Brown University, and then he moved permanently with his wife to Stanford University. Became Professor Emeritus at Stanford in 1953. He also taught many classes to elementary and secondary classroom teachers, inspiring them how to motivate and teach their students how to solve problems. His research was in several mathematical areas: functional analysis, probability, number theory, algebra, combinatorics and geometry. Recieved The Mathematical Association of America Award for articles of expository excellence published in the College Mathematics Journal. He published in 1945 the book ""How to Solve It that sold in more than one million copies in 18 languages. Although an appropriate strategy can be learned by solving many problems, it is learned much faster if several, similar examples are worked out first with a teacher on an one--on--one basis. Here are some of the highlights of his simple strategies for problem solving:
* Understand the Problem
* Devise a Plan on how to approach the Problem; such a plan may include one or several of the following:
* Make a first guess to begin with, and then verify the answer
* Solve a simpler problem
* Consider special cases that are much easier to solve
* Look for a pattern
* Draw a picture
* Use a model
* Use direct reasoning but double-check your results
* Use a formula that you fully understand and have used before
* Eliminate possibilities
* Carry out the Plan, as modified by partial solutions
* If plan doesn't work, make an improved plan but do not give up
* Last-but-not-least, look back and examine critically your solution(s):
* Does the solution make sense? Does it check out in particular cases?
* Make sure there are no gaps and no steps missing.
He published also a two-volume book, ""Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning in 1954, and Mathematical Discovery in 1962.
# PlanetPhysics/Generalized Toposes With Many Valued Logic Subobject Classifiers
### Introduction

Generalized topoi (toposes) with many-valued \htmladdnormallink{algebraic {http://planetphysics.us/encyclopedia/CoIntersections.html} logic subobject classifiers} are specified by the associated categories of algebraic logics previously defined as $LM_{n}$, that is, non-commutative lattices with $n$ logical values, where $n$ can also be chosen to be any cardinal, including infinity, etc.

### Algebraic category of LM$_n$ logic algebras

\Lukasiewicz logic algebras were constructed by Grigore Moisil in 1941 to define `nuances' in logics, or many-valued logics, as well as 3-state control logic (electronic) circuits. \Lukasiewicz-Moisil ($LM_{n}$) logic algebras were defined axiomatically in 1970, in ref., as N-valued logic algebra representations and extensions of the \L ukasiewcz (3-valued) logics; then, the universal properties of categories of $LM_{n}$ -logic algebras were also investigated and reported in a series of recent publications ( and references cited therein). Recently, several modifications of $LM_{n}$-logic algebras are under consideration as valid candidates for representations of quantum logics, as well as for modeling non-linear biodynamics in genetic `nets' or networks, and in single-cell organisms, or in tumor growth. For a recent review on $n$-valued logic algebras, and major published results, the reader is referred to.

### Generalized logic spaces defined by LM$_n$ algebraic logics

* topological semigroup spaces of topological automata topological groupoid spaces of reset automata modules

### Axioms defining generalized topoi

* Consider a subobject logic classifier $\Omega$ defined as an LM-algebraic logic $L_{n}$ in the category ${\mathbf {L} }$ of LM-logic algebras, together with logic-valued functors $F_{\omega }:{\mathbf {L} }\to V$, where $V$ is the class of N logic values, with $N$ needing not be finite.
* A triple $(\Omega ,L,F_{\omega })$ defines a generalized topos, $\tau$, if the above axioms defining $\Omega$ are satisfied, and if the functor $F_{\omega }$ is an univalued functor in the sense of Mitchell.
{\mathbf More to come...}

### Applications of generalized topoi:

* Modern quantum logic (MQL)
* Generalized quantum automata
* Mathematical models of N-state genetic networks
* Mathematical models of parallel computing networks

### Applications of generalized topoi:

* XY
* YZ

### Generalized logic `spaces' defined by LMn.

* XY
* YZ
# PlanetPhysics/Geodesic

\newcommand{\sqdiagram}[9]{Failed to parse (unknown function "\diagram"): {\displaystyle \diagram #1 \rto^{#2} \dto_{#4}& \eqno{\mbox{#9}}} }
Given a curved space $\S _{C}$ one can find the geodesic by writing the equation for the length $l_{v}$ of a curve -- which is defined as a function $f:(R)\to \S _{C}$ from an open interval $(R)$ of $\mathbb {R}$ to the manifold $\S _{C}$-- and then by using the calculus of variations minimizing this length. In physical applications, however, to simplify the calculation one may also require the minimization of energy as well as the length of the curve.
However, in Riemannian geometry geodesics are not coinciding with the "shortest length curves" joining two points, even though a close connection may exist between geodesics and the shortest paths; thus, moving around a great circle on a Riemann sphere the `long way round' between two arbitrary, fixed points on a sphere is a geodesic but it is not obviously the shortest length curve between the points (which would be a straight line that is not permitted by the topology of the surface of the Riemann sphere).
The orbits of satellites and planets are all geodesics in curved spacetime. As a more general physical example in general relativity theory, relativistic geodesics describe the motion of point particles in a spacetime with a curvature determined only by gravity.
Consider such a point particle $z^{\mu }$ that moves along a trajectory or "track" in physical spacetime; also assume that the track is parameterized with the values of $\tau$. Then, the velocity vector pointing in the direction of motion of the point particle in spacetime can be written as:
$u^{\mu }={dz^{\mu } \over d\tau }.$
If there are no forces acting on a point particle, then its velocity is unchanged along the trajectory or `track' and one has the following geodesic equation :
${du^{\nu } \over d\tau }+\Gamma _{\mu \sigma }^{\nu }u^{\mu }u^{\sigma }\quad =\quad {d^{2}z^{\nu } \over d\tau ^{2}}+\Gamma _{\mu \sigma }^{\nu }{dz^{\mu } \over d\tau }{dz^{\sigma } \over d\tau }\quad =\quad 0.$
More generally, a geodesic in metric geometry is defined as a a curve $\Gamma :I\to M$ from an interval $I\subset \mathbb {R}$ to the metric space $M$ for which there exists a constant $v\leq 0$ such that for any $t\in I$ there is a neighborhood $J$ of $t\in I$ such that for any $t_{1},t_{2}\in J$ one has that
$d(\Gamma (t_{1}),\Gamma (t_{2}))=v|t_{1}-t_{2}|.\,$
When the equality $d(\Gamma (t_{1}),\Gamma (t_{2}))=|t_{1}-t_{2}|\,$ is satisfied for all $t_{1},t_{2}\in I$, the geodesic is called the shortest path or a minimizing geodesic .
# PlanetPhysics/Generator

Let us consider an abelian category ${\mathcal {C}}$. Then, an object $G$ of ${\mathcal {C}}$ is called a generator if $Hom_{\mathcal {C}}(G,A)$ is nonzero for every nonzero object $A$ of ${\mathcal {C}}$.
# PlanetPhysics/George Karreman
## Dr. George Karreman

was born on November 4, 1920 in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, the youngest of three sons. His father, from whom he may have inherited som of his mathematical skills, was Chief Engineer for the Dutch Merchant Marine.
George Karreman studied at Leiden University. He received his B.S. in Physics and Mathematics in 1939. He obtained his M.S. (Doctorandus (Drs.)) in theoretical physics in 1941 under professor Kramers one month before the University was closed. For the remainder of the second World War he kept food on the table of his family by tutoring students in mathematics and students.
After having read the first book on "Mathematical Biophysics" written by Nicholas Rashevsky, in August 1948 he decided to emigrate to USA, and came to Chicago with a ten day visitor's visa and Failed to parse (syntax error): {\displaystyle \} 100</math> in his pocket, and then and he contacted Rashevsky at the University of Chicago. He was awarded with Rashevsky's help a University of Chicago Fellowship and completed a Ph.D. in Mathematical Biology in 1951. In 1950 he was only the third cardiac patient to undergo successful coarctation surgery at the University of Chicago. In 1953 he married Anneke Halbertsma and they moved to Cape cod, Massachusetts where their first child, Grace, was born in 1954. Dr. Karreman worked as a scientific research Advisor to Dr. Albert Szent-Gyorgi at the Institute for Muscle Research at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole. To access more advanced computers in 1957 he moved to Philadelphia, where he was appointed to Senior Medical Research Scientist at the Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute. In 1958 his first son, Frank, and in 1962 his second son, Hubert-Jan were born. One month after his second child was born he was appoints Associate Professor of Physiology at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. He worked at the Bockus Research Institute at the Graduate Hospital. In 1970 he was appointed professor of Physiology, a position he held until his retirement in 1983, when he was named the first Professor of Emeritus of Mathematical Biology. He continued to be active in research. Among his interests were: physiological irritability; biological energy transfer; quantum biology; systems analysis of cardiovascular and other systems; cooperative and threshold phenomena; adsorption mechanisms. Dr. Karreman was Co-Founder (together with H. Landahl and A. Bartholomay) and first president of the Society for Mathematical Biology in 1972. He was also a member of Sigma Xi, the Physiological Society of Philadelphia, the American Physiological Society, the New York Academy of Sciences, the Franklin Institute, the Society for Supramolecular Biology and the Society for Vascular system dynamics.

### Note

This entry is based in part on the content of a different GNU Licensed website by the same author that may be subsequently even further modified, altered, or updated in its contents.
# Materials Science and Engineering/Doctoral review questions
### Information from Group Study

Daily Discussions
Oral Schedule
Professors
Discussion List
Information Suggested to Memorize
Major Material Classes
Definitions
"Must Know" Questions

### Diagrams

Semiconductor Devices
Power Generating Devices
Device Fabrication Processes
Transducers

### Optimization

Optimization of Devices

### Glossary of Terms

Glossary of Quantum Mechanics Terms
Glossary of Thermodynamics Terms

### Equations

Equations of Physics
Equations of Kinetics
Equations of Thermodynamics
Equations of Electronic Materials
Equations of Quantum Mechanics
Equations of Magnetism

### Derivations

Quantum Mechanics
Kinetics
Semiconductor Devices

### Models

Models of Micro and Nanoscale Processing

### Types of Materials

Materials science encompasses various classes of materials, each of which may constitute a separate field. Materials are sometimes classified by the type of bonding present between the atoms:
* Ionic Crystals
* Covalent Crystals
* Metals
* Intermetallics
* Semiconductors
* Polymers
* Composite materials
* Vitreous materials

### Contributions by Scientists

Contributions by Scientists - 20th Century

### Timeline of Material Advances

Timeline of Material Advances

### Subjects

Electronic Materials
Kinetics
Thermodynamics
Mechanics of Materials
Crystallography
Semiconductor Device Fundamentals
Micro and Nanoscale Processing
# Materials Science and Engineering/Doctoral review questions/Crystallography
## Tensor 1
### Propagation of Waves Along One-Dimensional Crystal with Two Kinds of Atoms

* Force-balance equations
* Trial solution
* With a given value of k, there are two different waves of angular frequency that may be propagated

#### Interpretation of the Solutions
##### Solutions of Small k
###### Solutions with negative sign at k = 0

Acoustic and optic branch

##### Displacements at kmx
#### Correspondence to the Identical-Atom Problem

The optical mode is not present in the case with one kind of atom.

## Tensor 2
### Wave Propagation in a Continuous One-Dimensional Medium

The wave velocity is independent of $\lambda$

### Total Number of Vibrational Modes that May be Supported by the Crystal

The number of vibration modes that can be supported is equal to the number of atoms in the crystal

## Tensor 3
### Propagation of Elastic Waves in Crystals

Relation of stress and strain in a cubic crystal

## Tensor 6
### Property Tensors
#### Isotropic
### Cauchy Relation

* Central Forces
* Each atom at center of symmetry
* No initial stress
# Materials Science and Engineering/Doctoral review questions/Daily Discussion Topics

* January 5, 2008
* January 6, 2008
* January 7, 2008
* January 8, 2008
* January 9, 2008
* January 10, 2008
* January 11, 2008
* January *12, 2008
* January 13, 2008
* January 14, 2008
* January 15, 2008
* January 16, 2008
* January 17, 2008
* January 18, 2008
* January 19, 2008
* January 20, 2008 (Questions to Discuss)
# Selected topics in finite mathematics

Finite Mathematics falls within the realm of Discrete Mathematics. This course will serve as a guide through the selected topics listed below.
* Graphs
* Operations Research
* Logic and Sets
* Voting
* Financial Mathematics
* Probability
* Statistics

## Module 1: Graphs and Optimization

* What is a graph?
* Eulerian cycles
* Hamiltonian cycles
* Minimum spanning trees
* Graph coloring
* Maximum flow
* Trees
* Directed graphs
* Bin packing
* Linear programming
* Transportation problems

## Module 2: Logic, Arguments, and Voting

* Sets, logic, and arguments
* Voting with preference schedules
** Plurality
** Condorcet method
** Borda count
** Sequential runoffs
** Sequential pairwise elections
* Fairness criteria
** Condorcet criterion
** Dropout criterion
** Majority criterion
** Independent of irrelevant alternatives
** Pareto condition
** Monotonic
* Approval voting
* Weighted voting
* Coalitions
* Voting power

## Module 3: Mathematics in money and ??

* Managing your money
* Taxes

## Construction

This Wikiversity will be constructed primarily between January and April 2012. If you're a participant and haven't edited a wiki before, you might try reading Wikiversity:Introduction for an introduction. Once you know how to navigate and edit the lessons above will be at your fingertips. You can read them to refine your understanding. Expand the lesson to master the material. Add examples where you can. Ask questions when you need, answer questions when you can. And remember to be bold!
See the Construction page for a list of items that need attention.
# Seismic sustainability

Seismic sustainability ( also called Seismic fitness) stands for ability of buildings or civil engineering structures to perform their basic operational functions with seismic risk limited to acceptable level. Seismic sustainability may be considered the paramount goal of earthquake engineering which is concerned with protecting society, the natural and the man-made environment from the earthquake hazards.
For any particular structural object and earth shaking intensity, seismic sustainability is not universal. It depends on a particular type of challenge: e.g., the soil conditions, 3-D directions of shaking, possibility of tsunami and its magnitude, etc.
A seismically sustainable structure does not necessarily have to be extremely strong or expensive. It just has to withstand predetermined seismic impacts while sustaining an acceptable level of damage.
The most powerful and budgetary tools for upgrading seismic sustainability of buildings and structures are vibration control technologies and, in particular, base isolation.
# Seismology

Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of waves through the Earth or through other planet-like bodies. The field also includes studies of earthquake effects, such as tsunamis as well as diverse seismic sources such as volcanic, tectonic, oceanic, atmospheric, and artificial processes (such as explosions).
A related field that uses geology to infer information regarding past earthquakes is paleoseismology. A recording of earth motion as a function of time is called a seismogram.