OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Trade Finance/Risk Mitigation Techniques

| Trade Finance | Introduction | M.1 Political and Economic Risk | M.2 Risk Mitigation Techniques | M.3 Commercial Risk | M.4 Payment Methods | M.5 Selecting Payment Methods | M.6 Financial Plan | M.7 Short-term Financing | M.8 Medium- and Long-term Financing |

## Module 2: Risk Mitigation Techniques
### Module Introduction

The objective of this module is that after evaluating foreign currency exchange risk, select, implement, and manage risk mitigation techniques to protect the company against fluctuation of foreign exchange.
The globalization of business generates foreign currency risks which need to be recognized. The globalization process is irreversible and will be critical to the survival of most industries and businesses. This process affords enormous opportunities to diversify business risk, generate economies of scale and capture additional market share. Managing foreign exchange risk requires understanding political, economic and financial markets. It is not always possible for all participants to have experience in the market options available. It is possible to have sufficient knowledge to mitigate most of the risks that businesses can face. Managing foreign exchange risk requires understanding currency convertibility--with open or closed borders--when exchange rates are fixed, floating or managed. Knowing the appropriate hedging actions to take is essential in any of these complex situations.
A success global business professional may not actively participate in foreign exchange risk mitigation; however, understanding the risks and opportunities is essential to operating a profitable international business. To master the concepts in this Task, you must know and understand foreign exchange risk mitigation techniques and required documentation: hedging tools, currency option contracts, and transfer pricing.

### Module Sections

* Unit 2.1: Foreign Exchange Risk Mitigation Techniques

### About this Resource

These resources were developed by MSU Global with funding provided by a U.S. Department of Education, Business in International Education Title VIB grant.
# Understanding the environment

The definition of the word environment is:
The natural environment has a constant range of change within a particular area, and has mostly direct impact on the design. The more these are understood and taken into consideration the more the design will be appreciated.
The man made environment has a changing range and is not so stable it could change with the change of man him or her self. Sometimes the impact is so high on the design that it could mean that a certain design is good in one environment and a failure in another. Here we have to take into consideration and have the flexibility to change. This will allow the design to live longer.
# Understanding vertometry

Five comprehensive instructional videos derived from the original Flash animation on the use of the Topcon lensmeter (vertometer). Produced by Dr Suzane Vassallo with La Trobe University. These videos are used in the subject Optics and Refractive State. All best watched at full screen.
Also available at Youtube, Archive.org and Wikimedia Commons.
* Instrument set-up and calibration. Also on Archive.org and Youtube. Best watched in full screen.
* Mounting glasses. Also on Archive.org and Youtube. Best watched in full screen.
* Measuring spherical lenses. Also on Archive.org and Youtube. Best watched in full screen.
* Measuring prisms. Also on Archive.org and Youtube. Best watched in full screen.
* Measuring prisms. Also on Archive.org and Youtube. Best watched in full screen.
# Understanding the Doctrine of Justification

The Doctrine of Justification was called the article on which the Church stands or falls. The idea that we are made righteous, not through our own merits, but simply through God’s gracious declaration of our righteousness, is the entire problem that fueled the Reformation. The Lutheran reformers focused the greatest part of their efforts on defining this doctrine, and many of those who followed the Lutheran movement lifted up this faith tenet as central as well.
The first part of the current study relies heavily on the two normative documents of the Lutheran church—namely scripture and the Lutheran confessions contained in the Book of Concord—although it pulls gently from some other writings of the reformers and those that influenced them as well. The second part of the study aims to examine the doctrine as redefined in movements which were to reexamine the issue in the years that followed.

## Contents
### The Lutheran Spark

* We are Justified
* By Grace
* Through Faith
* Apart from Works
* For Christ's Sake

### Refining Reformers

* Calvin and Reform
# Software Design/Provide context information in exception and error logging messages

Checklist questions:
* The exception is created with a descriptive message with the relevant context information provided?
* Exception is not created with a non-constructive message such as "oops!", "wtf", "error", etc.?
* Logged message includes all relevant context information?
When throwing an exception, create it with a message that describes the nature of the exceptional situation (unless the programming language supports exception classes and the class of the thrown exception itself identifies the nature of the exceptional situation) and the reason for the exceptional situation, if known. Make sure that the exception's message includes the information that would allow debugging the error, for example:
* The name of the function where the exceptional situation occurred (unless the programming language and the runtime environment take care of collecting and presenting stack traces of thrown exceptions themselves).
* The data being processed, such as argument values for the function where the exception is thrown.
* The state of the object (in object-oriented languages, when the exception is thrown from a function belonging to the class of the object) or the subsystem from where the exception is thrown.
* The root cause of the exception, such as another exception. If the programming language supports a conventional way to provide this information, such as Throwable.addSuppressed in Java, it should be used.
This practice equally applies to logging statements.
This practice corresponds to Item 75: "Include failure-capture information in detail messages" in Effective Java.

## Why

Descriptive error messages and inclusion of relevant context information makes the error behavior traceable and thus reduces the time needed to investigate the problem.

## Why not

Emitting detailed context information may have security and privacy implications. For example, if an exceptional situation occurred when processing some data for some user, logging the user's data may expose the private information about the user to operators of the system. For another example, some web server technologies and frameworks propagate the error information to the client. A detailed error message with a stack trace exposes some information about the website's internals to the client and may help to create an exploit to the website.
# Software Design/Quality

This page is a template for quality articles in the Software Design project.

## Examples
### Example 1

An example may include code (see also Programming language of examples), or just describe the situation when the quality is particularly high (or low).

### Example 2
## Relations to other qualities

Other qualities that correlate, derive from, or induce the subject quality should be mentioned in this section, as well as qualities that negatively correlate, are inhibited by, or inhibit the subject quality.

## Relevant practices

* Relevant practice 1
* Relevant practice 2
* Relevant refactoring
# Software Design/Require the least powerful abstract class you need to implement a function
## Related

* Extract generic components
# Software Design/Resource usage
## Relevant practices

* Share state by communicating

## Related

* Resource contention
# Software Design/Prohibit overriding implementation of a function
## Why

* Harder to reason about the behavior of a class if the function might be overridden in a subclass.
* Fosters scattering the logic across the hierarchy => more navigation is required, easier to make mistakes because the logic of a procedure is not at the same place in front of the developer's eyes.

## Why not

* Forces to write boilerplate code (and leads to increased code size) when inheriting behavior from abstract classes (e. g. Java's default methods).
* May lead to some logic duplication between implementations of a function in different classes extending an abstract class: see practice Don't repeat logic in several places.

## Related

* Design and document for inheritance or else prohibit it

## Sources

* A De Goes, John (October 26, 2019). "12 Steps to Better Scala". Hamburg, Germany: Scala Hamburg. "Make Methods Final or Abstract"
# Software Design/Separate description of effectiful system from interpretation
## Related

* Create pure functions

## Sources

* Warski, Adam (Feb 26, 2019). "Describe, Then Interpret: HTTP Endpoints Using Tapir".
# Software Design/Prohibit implicit type conversion

Convention: prohibit implicit type conversion in languages that have it (such as C, C++, and Java).
# Software Design/Reduce variable's scope
## Sources

* Effective Java (3 ed.). 2018. ISBN 978-0134685991. Item 57: "Minimize the scope of local variables"
* Boswell, Dustin; Foucher, Trevor (2011). The Art of Readable Code. ISBN 978-0596802295. Chapter 9, "Shrink the Scope of Your Variables" section
* "Keep scopes small" in C++ Core Guidelines
# Software Design/Share state by communicating
## Why

Passing state requests through a queue is a way to make the communication between the sender and the receiver independent on the precise timing of the requests, which reduces the complexity of this communication and rules out timing-related concurrency bugs, thus making the code more robust.
Passing changing state through a queue (instead of accessing it at the mutation place) reduces the load on the cache coherence system due to reduced true sharing of the memory lines if there are usually some elements in the queue.

## Why not

Organising queues or channels between objects take the system's memory, thus increasing the total memory consumption by the program.

## Related

* Minimize mutability

## Sources

* Andrew Gerrand. "Share Memory By Communicating". The Go Blog.
* David Thomas; Andrew Hunt (2019). The Pragmatic Programmer (20th Anniversary ed.). Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 978-0135957059. "Don't hoard state. Pass it around."
# Storyboard Artwork Project/What is storyboarding artwork?

| Examples of Artwork for Storyboarding Artwork Samples Here are three examples of storyboarding artwork. These are human figures seen from many angles. These are excellent samples to look at... but don't copy. Create your own original artwork and submit it to us. Cartoon Solutions Storyboard Quick ToonBoom Studio] | Example #1 - Cartoon Solutions Go to Cartoon Solutions and look at one of their cartoon figures. This link takes you to a teenage boy. As you can see, the artwork is gorgeous but the boy is drawn in pieces. We need whole figures. Draw your figures as complete drawings. Note: We are currently looking for a young person about 10 years old (rather than a teenager.) Can you please create a young person (boy or girl) about 10 years old who is intellegent and curious? And in the same style, we also need an older person who is very wise and drawn with the same style as the young person. |
| Examples of Artwork for Storyboarding Artwork Samples Here are three examples of storyboarding artwork. These are human figures seen from many angles. These are excellent samples to look at... but don't copy. Create your own original artwork and submit it to us. Cartoon Solutions Storyboard Quick ToonBoom Studio] | Example #2 - Storyboard Quick A 2D storyboarding program that includes artwork (characters, locations and props) Go to Storyboard Quick to see the basic information about this program. There is also a QuickTime which demonstrates this program. (You get extremely useful information.) |
| What do we need from you? Your Assignment To turn Tux Paint into a useful storyboarding tool, we need you to create views of human figures. Currently, we need both a Young Person (age 10 to 12) and a very wise person. For each of these figure we need three to five basic poses. If you wish, we also need the same models with the camera looking up and looking down for a total of 15 illustratons (or more.) | The Five Basic Poses Drawing the figure from five different angles. The five basic poses that we need are: Front 30 degrees to the side Profile (turned to the side) Back Back at a 45 degree |
# Strain for scientists and engineers/Cauchy strain

For simplicity, we make two assumptions:
* The deformation is such that the origin of a two-dimensional coordinate system remains motionless.
* All motion of points off the origin is linear. This is equivalent to stating that all partial derivatives of $u(x,y)$ are constants.
# Strategic Studies/Topics

* Famous Military Strategists · Sun Tzu ·
* Wars · World War Two ·
* Military Organization · Roman Legion ·
* Weapons Systems · Swords ·
* Types of Strategy · Maritime Strategy ·
# Strategic Studies/Universal Operational Simulation

Part of Strategic Studies

## Introduction

The Operational Simulations page contains a number of games, as well as the proposed Universal Operational Simulation, and the discussion on theory and how its rules should be developed.

## The Universal Operational Simulation

* Universal Operational Simulation: A discussion of the fundamental primciples that should be observed in the Operational Simulation.
   * Universal Operational Simulation: Rules: The raw rules of the Operational Simulation.

## Active Contributors

* dnjkirk

## Rule and Strategic Game Development Resources

* The Journal of Boardgame Design - an intelligent look at game development from a long-time game afficionado.
* Mike Doyle's Art Play - a look at artistic design in games and their pieces
# Storyboard Artwork Project/Using 2D software

| Draw the model Three Views For a simple set of stamps, create three views of the figure (or more). All you do is draw the figure on an empty background. Position the figure in a natural pose with the mouth slightly open. That way, it can be used in shots where the person is both not talking and talking. The pictures should be at least 600 pixels tall. For the storyboards of the short motion picture "Seduced by the Dark Side!" which talks about the meaning of life and the movie "Star Wars", Wikiversity Film School needs stamps of a young person and an old person. We need both a set of stamps full height (as shown here) and a set of stamps for a medium shot (the upper half of the body.) | The angles The minimum positions Front (45 degrees) Side (90 degrees) Back angle (135 degrees) Optional: Straight on front Optional: Straight on back Cartoon Solutions A sample of a 2D figures can be found at Cartoon Solutions. |
| Crop the stamps with Photoshop Crop and mask the images In a program such as Photoshop, crop the images and add a mask (alpha channel) to create the stamp. Save the images as PNG files and upload to Wikiversity. You can test your stamps by downloading the FREE Tux Paint program and putting your stamps in the stamp folder. If you have trouble with any of this, I will help you. Simply email me and we will figure something out. | Stamps for use in Tux Paint The completed stamps Here are the completed stamps after cropping and masking. Click on the picture to go to the original which will be full size. (The images shown here are are only miniatures.) |
| When you are done Send me your drawings Upload the drawings or send them to me. Once you have created a set of 2D stamps, please tell us how you did it. Write here or email me. | Two people look at the movie poster This storyboard was created with stamps in just a few clicks of the mouse. The figure on the left is drawn smaller than the figure on the right so it looks like a young boy. (Time to draw this picture was about 2 minutes. This makes storyboarding very fast.) |

## Don't do this!

| The limitations of Tux Paint Draw only whole figures Tux Paint has limitations so you must take care. Only create whole images, not parts to be assembled. Other programs work differently, Artwork for ToonBoom is always drawn in pieces. The program can handle this. Not so in Tux Paint. Tux Paint cannot assemble pieces of art. (It is a scaling problem.) | Mismatched pieces The arms do not match Tux Paint cannot magnify or shrink different stamps equally. If you create arms and you create a figure without arms, the two will not match in size in Tux Paint. In the scene above, the arms do not match the body even though they started out at the correct size. |
# Strap-on quad roller skates

A pair of strap-on roller skates allows a person to quickly equip himself with a cheap method and faster than walking-type of transportation, which is usable on streets within the city. The pair of skates would be posted on strategic locations around the city (eg just outside the home, outside at the workplace, ...) As the roller skates would be a strap-on version, the shoes themselves do not need to be switched, allowing to quickly pull the roller skates on while on the street.
Another method to use the skates would be to carry them in a backpack. This method would be useful for people not following a standard route (ie work-home), or in cities that do not have a locker on strategic places, to secure the skates in. This method would also allow people to carry them on (public) vehicles, ie trams, trains, ...

## Properties

* Buildable in low-tech workshop
* Cheap to construct
* Made from materials approved by the cradle-to-cradle concept
* Containing rigid structure, so as to allow use with non-rigid shoes. Non-rigid strap-on roller skates (eg Dualz skates, ... ) are thus not allowed.

## Design

The overall design would be quite similar to the Scorpion & Quadline Urban Street Skates. It would however be made somewhat more simple and out of less different types of materials.!

## Alternative

A alternative would be the use of strap-on jumping stilts.
# Upper triangular matrix/Definition

An $n\times n$-matrix of the form
    ${\begin{pmatrix}b_{1}&\ast &\cdots &\cdots &\ast \\0&b_{2}&\ast &\cdots &\ast \\\vdots &\ddots &\ddots &\ddots &\vdots \\0&\cdots &0&b_{n-1}&\ast \\0&\cdots &\cdots &0&b_{n}\end{pmatrix}}$
is called an upper triangular matrix.
# Upper Limb Orthotics/Wrist and hand injuries

This content is based on three lectures, finger and hand injuries, wrist and hand injuries 1 and wrist and hand injuries 2. These lectures will be delivered by Kerry Fisher and Sarah Anderson. You should gain an understanding of common pathologies, mechnaisims of injury and treatment options. These lectures will assist you in developing your treatment plan for your Enquiry 2 Case study.
# Upper triangular matrix/Basis/Invariant subspaces/Exercise

Let $\varphi \colon V\rightarrow V$ be a linear mapping on a $K$-vector space $V$. Let $v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}$ be a basis of $V$, such that $\varphi$ is described, with respect to this basis, by an upper triangular matrix. Show that the linear subspaces
    $\langle v_{1},\ldots ,v_{i}\rangle$
are $\varphi$-invariant for every $i$.
# Upper triangular matrix/Eigenvalues/Exercise

Let
    $M={\begin{pmatrix}d_{1}&\ast &\cdots &\cdots &\ast \\0&d_{2}&\ast &\cdots &\ast \\\vdots &\ddots &\ddots &\ddots &\vdots \\0&\cdots &0&d_{n-1}&\ast \\0&\cdots &\cdots &0&d_{n}\end{pmatrix}}\,$
be an upper triangular matrix. Show that an eigenvalue of $M$ is a diagonal entry of $M$.
# Upper triangular matrix/First standard vector/Eigenvector/Exercise

Show that the first standard vector is an eigenvector for every upper triangular matrix. What is its eigenvalue?
# Study of Scripture - A Tale of Two Cities

=> School of Theology > Department of Biblical Studies > Center of Biblical Survey > Study of Scripture - A Tale of Two Cities
Perspective: Literal-Normal Interpretation. Its authors are committed to maintaining a high level of scholarly ethics. :
* Bible Tour: A Tale of Two Cities (section)
* Garden of Eden (section)
* Man's Covering For Sin (section)

## Introduction

Scripture can in many ways be seen as a tale of two cities. Long before Charles Dickens wrote about London and Paris, the authors of scripture wrote about a spiritual rivalry between the cities of Jerusalem and Babylon that span all the way from Genesis to Revelation.

## Tour of Scripture

Genesis 2:8-17 (passage) (lesson)
    The description of Eden provided by this passage becomes the template that both Babylon and Jerusalem try to mimic. Babylon attempts to create its own "Eden" apart from God, and through the sacrificial system Jerusalem tries to re-establish fellowship with God.
Genesis 3:7 (passage) (lesson)
    Immediately after he sins, man struggles to repair his mistake without the assistance of God. He tries to cover up his nakedness with fig leaves, while God's solution requires a covering of animal skin. This attempt to better himself apart from divine assistance foreshadows the humanistic attempts of Babel, whereas the faith in (dependence on) God's solution typifies redeemed Jerusalem.

## Topical Chain Reference

This section provides an extensive list of scripture pertaining to the rivalry between Jerusalem and Babylon.
Genesis
* Genesis 2:8-17
* Genesis 2:22-24
* Genesis 10:8-12
* Genesis 11:1-9

## Supplemental Resources

* A Tale of Two Cities - an excellent overview of the two cities throughout scripture.
# Study of Scripture - Salvation

=> School of Theology > Department of Biblical Studies > Center of Biblical Survey > Study of Scripture - Salvation
Perspective: Literal-Normal Interpretation. Its authors are committed to maintaining a high level of scholarly ethics. :
* Bible Tour: Salvation (section)
* The Fall of Man (section)

## Introduction

When trying to understand the Biblical concept of Salvation, it is helpful to understand from what one is being saved. This study, consequently, takes you through the Biblical concepts of Sin and Death, as well as God's Salvation from such problems.

## Tour of Scripture

Genesis 3 (passage) (lesson)
    In the beginning, Man messes up. He is created as ruler over all of the earth, yet he rebels against God, condemning himself to death. However because God loves Man, He promises that a child of the Woman will be born who will crush the serpent (later called Satan), and who will himself suffer loss.

## Topical Chain Reference

This section provides an extensive list of scripture pertaining to Salvation
Genesis
* Genesis 3

## Supplemental Resources

Salvation - a practical guide to obtaining salvation for yourself.