OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Motivation and emotion/Changes/2015

For 2015, the unit structure and materials were updated to reflect changes in the 6th edition of the Reeve (2015) textbook which include:
* 3 new chapters (Individual Emotions, Mindsets, Interventions)
* Greater emphasis on neuroscience and practical applications
* Expanded quiz test bank
In addition, the maximum length of the Multimedia assessment item was reduced from 5 to 3 minutes.
# Northern Arizona University/Environmental Ethics/Climate Change

* Mitigation for Climate Change
* Adaptation to Climate Change
# Northern Arizona University/Environmental Ethics/Handouts

* Syllabus
* Readling List
* Short Paper #1
* Short Paper #2
* Short Paper #3
* Short Paper Four
* Term Paper
# Northern Arizona University/Environmental Ethics/Bibliography and Links to Other Resources
## 1. Primary Materials for the course
### Material on Constitutional Law

Oliver Wendell Holmes "The Path of the Law"
Comparison of the Covenant of the League of Nations to the UN Charter
Federalist papers
Marbury v. Madison
Background on Marbury v. Madison
Background on Federalist paper 10
Background on Federalist paper 51
McCullough v Maryland
Calder v Bull
State v Post
Dred Scott v Sanford
Background on Dred Scott v Sanford
Missouri ex rel Gaines v Canada
Plessy v Ferguson
Background on Plessy v Ferguson
Background on Reconstruction in the South
Brown v Board of Education
Craig v Boren
Korematsu v United States
Slaughterhouse Cases
Lochner v New York
Roe v Wade
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern PA v Casey
Cherokee Nation v Georgia
Worcester v Georgia
United States v Sioux Nation of Indians
MINNESOTA V. MILLE LACS BAND OF CHIPPEWAINDIANS
MERRION v. JICARILLA APACHE TRIBE
ATKINSON TRADING CO. V. SHIRLEY

### Material on International Law

Grotius on the Law of The Law of War and Peace
Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace
Charter of the United Nations
Security Council Home Page
International Court of Justice
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Milosevic (IT-02-54) "Kosovo, Croatia and Bosnia"

## 2. Secondary Materials
### Material on International Law:

Comparison of the Covenant of the League of Nations to the UN Charter
Human Rights Library at the University of Minnesota
Human Rights Watch
Comparative Constitutional Law Center at the University of Chicago
Sanderson Beck, "Grotius on International Law"
Judge Koroma on the history of the International Court of Justice
Wikipedia entry on Nicaragua_v._United_States
Doing Research on Indigenous Peoples in International Law
STUDY GUIDE: The Rights of Indigenous Peoples

### Material on Legal History:

wiki on Roman Law

### Rights of Indigenous Peoples

* Arizona Native Net
* Indigenous Peoples and the Law: U. of Victoria, Wellingtion
Return to Northern Arizona University/Philosophy of Law Main Page
# Northern Arizona University/Environmental Ethics/Handouts/Short Paper Four

Philosophy of Law

## Short paper #4

(1 ½ to 2 pages, typewritten, due April 11th at the beginning of class. If you would prefer to turn it in next Tuesday, that will also be fine. You will, however, receive feedback later than those who turn in the short paper on Thursday.)
Let us use this short assignment as an opportunity to make more progress on your term paper. For this assignment, start with the dispute that you intend to focus on and attempt to narrow it down and clarify the nature of the dispute. Try to find specific sources for the dispute and explain the basis of the competing claims. If, for instance, you are focusing on a dispute in a case of constitutional law, look at specific paragraphs in the decision and the dissent. Having clarified the nature of the dispute, think more about the thesis you would like to work on as you attempt to work through such a dispute. Try to clarify the thesis by explaining what you intend to argue for and against and what you intend to set aside for the purposes of the paper.
Having clarified the nature of your thesis, try to outline the main steps in the argument you intend to make in support of the thesis. Work through the basic ideas in this argument and try to explain how they function as ideas in support of your thesis. Finally, consider the main objections one might make to your argument. Pick one or two that you think are serious objections and explain how you intend to respond to the objections.
# Northern Arizona University/Environmental Ethics/Handouts/Short Paper

Philosophy of Law
Short paper #3
(1 ½ to 2 pages, typewritten, due March 15th at the beginning of class. If you would prefer to turn it in after Spring Break, just let me know.)
It is time to start thinking about the term paper. Let us use this short assignment as an opportunity to start the process of doing the research and settling on a topic and thesis. For this assignment, pick a topic for your term paper. Start with something that is fairly broad and see if you can narrow it down by picking a dispute over a particular issue. The issue might be something fairly narrowly proscribed, such as the dispute between two Supreme Court justices who have penned an opinion and a dissent in a case of constitutional law. The issue might be something less narrow, such as a dispute between two philosophers about the nature of a form of inference such as analogy and how it can or can’t be used to settle matters in the law. Finally, think about the thesis you would like to work on as you attempt to work through such a dispute. You don’t need to figure out the key ideas in your argument for the thesis—that will be the aim of the next short assignment. Instead, try to clarify the thesis.
So, to sum up what I am asking to you to do in the short paper, here are the three things you need to do. First, identify a topic and explain what it it is about the topic you find interesting. That should take a couple of paragraphs. Second, locate a dispute over a question and attempt to clarify the nature of the dispute. That will take most of a page. Third, state your thesis and attempt to clarify what position you intend to argue for in the term paper. That will take a couple of paragraphs. If, after writing this paper, you change your mind and decide to write your term paper on another topic and another question, then that will be fine. By writing this paper, you may discover that you are heading down what appears to be a dead end, or you might discover that a question that isn’t quite as interesting as you first thought. Better to discover that now than in the last week of classes. If you do discover such a fact, you can always write another short paper #3, and so on, until you settle on a topic and thesis.
Given the aims of this class, there are three general classes of topics you might consider. You might write a paper on the philosophical foundations of constitutional law, or the foundations of international law, or you might look at the relationship between constitutional law and international law.
Return to Handouts
# Northern Arizona University/Environmental Ethics/Handouts/Readling List

Daily Reading and Assignment List
Week 1
January 16: Introduction to the Course: Aristotle, excerpt from the Constitution of Athens
January 18: Constitution of the United States
Week 2
January 23: Finer, “On Whether Constitutions Matter,” in Comparing Constitutions
January 25: Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., “The Path of the Law”
Week 3
January 30: Federalist Papers numbers 10, 45, 46, 51
February 1: Marbury v Madison
Week 4
February 6: Reck, “Philosophy in the Debates of the Constitutional Convention of 1787,” in Constitutionalism
February 8: McCullough v Maryland and Calder v Bull
Week 5
February 13: Griffin, “Theories of Constitutional Interpretation”
February 15: The path to the 14th amendment: State v Post, Dred Scott v Sanford
Week 6
February 20: Plessy v Ferguson, Missouri ex rel. Gains v Canada
February 22: Brown v Board of Education of Topeka
Week 7
February 27: Korematsu v United States, Craig v. Boren
March 1: Slaughter House Cases, Lochner v. New York
Week 8
March 6: Continue Lochner v New York, start Roe v Wade
March 8: Continue Roe v Wade, discuss Planned Parenthood v Casey
Week 9
March 13: Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, Worcester v. Georgia
March 15: United States v. Sioux Nation
Week 10
Spring Break
Week 11
March 27: Continue United States v. Sioux Nation, Minnesota v. Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians
March 29: Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe, Atkinson Trading Co. V. Shirley
Week 12
April 3: Grotius, On the Laws of War and Peace, pp. 1-26
April 5: Kant, On Perpetual Peace
Week 13
April 10: United Nations, Charter
April 12: International Court of Justice
Week 14
April 17: Nicaragua v. United States, Libya v United States
April 19:
Week 15
April 24: International Declaration on Human Rights
April 26: Case
Week 16
May 1:
May 3:
Final Exam Week
Return to Handouts
# Northern Arizona University/Environmental Ethics/Handouts/Practice questions for the final exam

Philosophy of Law Final Exam
Practice Questions
The final exam is this Thursday at 12:30 until 2:30 in LA 112. The exam consists of two questions. My prediction is that both questions will bear a striking similarity to the questions listed below. The ground rules for the exam are as follows. You must write your response to the questions during the time of the exam. You may bring in notes, the readings, your papers, outlines of responses to the practice questions, rough drafts of answers to the questions, etc. Anything is acceptable except secondary sources that were not assigned as readings during the course—and a friend. Your aim in writing each response should be to form a coherent argument for a clear point. The point you make is up to you—I will be looking at the manner in which you sort out the issues you believe are important and how you support your claims.
First question: How should we draw the line between what would count as a natural extension of the legal principles embodied in the 14th amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America, and an illegitimate attempt to rewrite the Constitution without taking the pains to amend the document itself? Consider the various sources of law, including custom, consent, natural law, etc. in developing a response. Next, take one or two of the cases that we have read, such as Brown v Board of Education, Roe v. Wade or Cherokee Nation v Georgia, and explain how you would draw the line between a natural extension of the legal principles in the 14th amendment to a new set of facts versus an illegitimate attempt to rewrite of the law. We all know that it is possible to amend the Constitution through the process articulated in the Constitution itself. Setting this process to the side, at what point should courts refrain from reaching too far in extending their interpretation of these basic principles of justice?
Second question: For the sake of this exam, let us assume that--to some degree--the present system of international law fails to embody the rule of law. Explain what is required for a legal system such as the international system of law to embody the rule of law. What is so special about the idea of the rule of law itself? Next, explain one or two changes that would have to be made in the system of international law in order to realize the rule of law. Explain why these changes are necessary for the very possibility of the rule of law.
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real power series/Convergence/Continuous function/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Theorem 12.2
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real power series/Derivative by formal derivative/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Theorem 16.1
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real series/Sum 1 over k(k+1)/Example/Examplereferencenumber

Example 9.2
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real sine and cosine function/Derivative/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Theorem 16.8
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Riemann integrability/Elementary properties/Fact/Proof/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 18.14
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real sine and cosine function/Derivative/Fact/Proof/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 16.4
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real square root/Continuous/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 10.4
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real series/Absolute convergence and convergence/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Lemma 9.9
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real series/Cauchy-product/Absolute convergence/Fact/Factreferencenumber

Lemma 12.4
# Mathematics for Applied Sciences (Osnabrück 2023-2024)/Real sequence/Convergence/Unit fractions/Exercise/Exercisereferencenumber

Exercise 7.7
# Open Pathology Project/Plasma cells

Plasma cells are whilte blood cells originating from the bone marrow. Their function is to secrete antibodies in response to antigens.

## More information

* Structured data : depicts Plasma cells
* Category: Plasma cells
* Libre Pathology
* w:en:Plasma cells
# Open Pathology Project/Products of gestation

Products of conception are the placental and fetal tisse that remains in the uterus after the loss of a pregnancy.

## More information

* Category: Histopathology of products of conception
* Structured data: depicts products of conception
* w:en:Products of conception
* Libre Pathology: Products of conception
# Open Pathology Project/Pulmonary tuberculosis

Pulmonary tuberculosis is the infection of the lung by Mycobacterium.

## More information

* Category: Histopathology of pulmonary tuberculosis
* Structured data: depicts Pulmonary tuberculosis
* w:en:Pulmonary tuberculosis
* Libre Pathology: Tuberculosis
# Open Pathology Project/Retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma is a tumor of the retina of the eye.

## More information

* Category: Histopathology of retinoblastoma
* Structured data: depicts Retinoblastoma
* w:en:Retinoblastoma
* Libre Pathology: Retinoblastoma
# Open Pathology Project/Plasmacytoma

Plasmacytoma arises from plasma cells.

## More information

* Category: Histopathology of plasmacytoma
* Structured data: depicts Plasmacytoma
* Libre Pathology: Plasmacytoma
* w:en:Plasmacytoma
# Open Pathology Project/Pneumonia

Pneumonia is the inflammation of the lung tissues.

## More information

* Category: Histopathology of pneumonia
* Structured data: depicts Lobar pneumonia
* w:en:Pneumonia
* Libre Pathology: Pneumonia
# Open Pathology Project/Renal cell carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma is a malignancy arising from the urinary system.

## More information

* Category: Histopathology of renal cell carcinoma
* Structured data: depicts Renal cell carcinoma
* w:en:Renal cell carcinoma
* Libre Pathology: Renal cell carcinoma
# Open Pathology Project/Pleomorphic adenoma

Pleomorphic adenoma is a benign tumor of the salivary gland.

## More information

* Category: Histopathology of pleomorphic adenoma
* Structured data: depicts Pleomorphic adenoma
* w:en:Pleomorphic adenoma
* Libre Pathology: Pleomorphic adenoma
# Open Pathology Project/Reactive hyperplasia

Reactive hyperplasia of the lymph node occurs in response to antigen stimulus.

## More information

* Category: Reactive hyperplasia of lymph node
* Structured data: depicts Reactive hyperplasia
# Open Pathology Project/Rhinosporidiosis

Rhinosporidiosis is an infection caused by a protist called Rhinosporidium seebri.

## More information

* Category: Histopathology of rhinosporidiosis
* Structured data: depicts Rhinosporidium
* en:w:Rhinosporidiosis
* Libre Pathology: Rhinosporidiosis
# Minecraft/Slabs

Slabs are half of a block.

## Different type of slabs

* Stone Slab
* Sandstone Slab
* Cobblestone Slab
* Brick Slab
* Stone Bricks Slab
* Nether Brick Slab
* Quartz Slab
* Oak Wood Slab
* Spruce Wood Slab
* Jungle Wood Slab
* Birch Wood Slab
# Minecraft/Wool

Wool is a type of decorative block which comes from Sheep, it is available in various types of color. This page will show the many colors Wool can be available in. Normal wool is white, since MOST of the time sheep are white. Sheep could be Black, Pink (rare), White (common), and Light Gray (common-ish).

### Colors Wool is available in

* Orange Wool
* Magenta Wool
* Light Blue Wool
* Yellow Wool
* Lime Wool (Green)
* Pink Wool
* Gray Wool
* Light Gray Wool
* Cyan Wool
* Purple Wool
* Blue Wool
* Brown Wool
* Green Wool
* Red Wool
* Black Wool
* White Wool
# Minerals

Minerals are naturally occurring chemical compounds, usually of crystalline form and not produced by life processes. A mineral has one specific chemical composition, whereas a rock can be an aggregate of different minerals or mineraloids. Minerals are classified by variety, species, series and group, in order of increasing generality.
Minerals are distinguished by various chemical and physical properties. Differences in chemical composition and crystal structure distinguish the various species, which were determined by the mineral's geological environment when formed. Changes in the temperature, pressure, or bulk composition of a rock mass cause changes in its minerals. Within a mineral species there may be variation in physical properties or minor amounts of impurities that are recognized by mineralogists or wider society as a mineral variety.
Minerals can be described by their various physical properties, which are related to their chemical structure and composition. Common distinguishing characteristics include crystal structure and habit, hardness, lustre, diaphaneity, colour, streak, tenacity, cleavage, fracture, parting, specific gravity, magnetism, taste or smell, radioactivity, and reaction to acid.

## Resources

* Minerals/Actinides
* Minerals/Aluminides
* Minerals/Blues
* Minerals/Carbonides
* Minerals/Chalcogens
* Minerals/Halogens
* Minerals/Ices
* Minerals/Ices/Black ices
* Minerals/Ices/Brittle ices
* Minerals/Ices/Clear ices
* Minerals/Ices/Sea ices
* Minerals/Metalloids
* Minerals/Metals
* Minerals/Metals/Alkaline earths
* Minerals/Metals/Alkalis
* Minerals/Metals/Body-centered cubics
* Minerals/Metals/Heavys
* Minerals/Metals/Precious
* Minerals/Metals/Transitions
* Minerals/Mineralogy
* Minerals/Pnictogens
* Minerals/Silicates
* Minerals/Transuranics

## See Also

* Portal:Mineralogy
* Portal:Rocks and Minerals
* Mineralogy
* Wikipedia: Mineral
# Minerals/Actinides/Quiz

Actinide minerals is a lecture from the school of geology. It is about solid, crystalline substances containing the actinide elements of the periodic table that occur in and compose astronomical objects. It focuses on materials that may occur on the surface of or associated with some astronomical objects.
You are free to take this quiz based on actinide minerals at any time.
To improve your scores, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under See also and External links, and in the {{radiation astronomy resources}} and {{geology resources}} templates. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.
As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.
Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.
To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information using more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* Actinides are often found in sedimentary rocks.
# Minerals/Aluminides/Quiz

Aluminide minerals is a lecture from the school of geology and the radiation astronomy department. It is about solid, crystalline substances that occur in and compose astronomical objects including the Earth. It focuses on materials containing large amounts of aluminum that may occur on the surface of or associated with some astronomical objects.
You are free to take this quiz based on aluminide minerals at any time.
To improve your scores, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under See also and External links, and in the {{radiation astronomy resources}} and {{geology resources}} templates. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.
As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.
Suggestion: have the lecture available in a separate window.
To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information using more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* Aluminide minerals are a generic for formation conditions.
# Northern Arizona University/Environmental Ethics/Journals
## Weekly Journals

The model for our journals is the one Thoreau kept during his stay at Walden pond. In this journal he recorded ideas as he planted and hoed beans, went for a swim, ate breakfast, read Plato or Homer, or prepared to do battle with the woodchuck. Each week, let us make one entry with the aim of keeping track of our thoughts as we work on the problems in environmental ethics and make our way through the texts. Record your puzzles, questions, insights, etc. Hopefully, they will also be helpful as you prepare to write a term paper.
* Fall 2010 journals
* Fall 2009 journals
* Jeff Downard's journal
* Adaptation Groups
# Northern Arizona University/Environmental Ethics/Journals/Angel's Journal

this is angels journal
# PlanetPhysics/Organismic Set Theory 2
### Organismic Set Theory and Relational Biology

Nicolas Rashevsky defined the mathematical concept of organismic sets for different levels of organization in living organisms by means of sets of several distinct types. Thus, in the case of organismic sets of zero-th order, $S_{0}$, the elements represent genes, and a concrete $S_{0c}$ is defined as the set of all genes $[G_{n}]$ of a specific organism or organism type (`species'); alternatively, $S_{0c}$ can be defined as a set representation of any organismic genome, $G_{O}$. The latter are then considered together with inputs $e_{i}$ from the environment, as well as their activities $a_{i}$ and relations $R_{ij}$ among organismic set elements (genes in the case of $S_{0}$), where $i,j$ are indices in a countable, index set $I$. Thus, Rashevsky's organismic set (OS) theory is part of abstract relational biology. At the next level of biological organization, cells are considered as first order organismic sets , $S_{1}$, whereas multi-cellular organisms are represented by organismic sets of second order, $S_{2}$, whose `elements' are the first order organismic sets, or cells, $S_{1}$. Attempts were then made by Rashevsky to expand his theory of organismic sets to organizational models of human societies. Results from such studies of relations between sets were considered to be far more important than the numerical or quantitative aspects that play such important roles in physics and chemistry. A number of interesting results were obtained by means of standard (Boolean) logic predicates applied to organismic sets and their relations. Further details can be found in the publications listed below and the references cited therein. Subsequently, autopoietic theories have enlarged upon, and also extended, the application of organismic sets to biological systems and Ecology.