OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Informal learning activities/TpcFrr/GHSthAmrc
## South America

The overall history of South America is given here .  The history of the Americas as a whole is given here , and the Wikipedia portal for Latin America is here .
Otherwise, links to the history of the individual countries and their constituents follow in alphabetical sequence of the countries.

### Argentina

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  Its History  and of its Provinces  .
Provinces within Regions  (these are a bit confused, notionally W⇒E then N⇒S).
Northwest  : Jujuy  Salta  Tucumán  Catamarca
Gran Chaco   Formosa  Chaco  Santiago del Estero
Mesopotamia  : Misiones  Entre Ríos  Corrientes
Cuyo  : San Juan  La Rioja  Mendoza  San Luis
Pampas  : Córdoba  Santa Fe  La Pampa  Buenos Aires
Patagonia  : Rio Negro  Neuquén  Chubut  Santa Cruz  Tierra del Fuego
A List of cities in Argentina  (Pop$^n$⇓) : Buenos Aires  Córdoba  Rosario  Mendoza  La Plata  Tucumán  Mar del Plata

### Bolivia

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History
Nine Departments  : Beni  Chuquisaca  Cochabamba  La Paz  Oruro  Pando  Potosí  Santa Cruz  Tarija  (italics → no history)
Cities  (Pop$^n$⇓) : Santa Cruz  El Alto  La Paz  Cochabamba  Oruro  Sucre  Tarija  Potosí

### Brazil

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History
States  : ( Distrito Federal   ) (Pop$^n$⇓) São Paulo  Minas Gerais  Rio de Janeiro

### Chile

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Colombia

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Ecuador

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### French Guiana

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Guyana

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Nicaragua

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Paraguay

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Peru

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Suriname

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Uruguay

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History

### Venezuela

( ⇑ ⇑⇑ ⇓⇓ ⇓ )  History
# Informal learning activities/TpcFrr/GHCe

[[w:{{{1}}} {{{2}}}|{{{1}}}]]:
This sets up a link to "{{1}} {{2}}" but only "{{1}}" is displayed for the link, and the display is used as a prefix in italics.  Note that a colon and following spaces are generated.
# Informal learning activities/TpcFrr/GHc

[[w:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]]
This simply sets up a Wikipedia link to "{{1}}", which is displayed for the link.  Note that a following space is generated.
# Informal learning activities/Tns

Tns
This inserts a link to the country or area, in this case Tunisia, into a Places & Buildings or Buildings and Places item.
# Open badges in higher education

This Education resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
This page is for collaborating around the use of open badges in higher education. Feel free to edit.
# Open community approach/Open Source Hardware

In comparison to a download of open source software citizens can just build a version without optimization or they can optimize a product.

## Requirements

* A user can download the construction plan for the product/hardware and he/she has the permission to adapt the needs of the user.
* A user shares modifications and optimizations again with the community, so that other community members can build on the optimization.
* Share also dead ends of developments, unsuccessful approaches so that others can learn from these results. Well documented reproducible failure of a development is a valuable source for the next step of development.
* Modular transparent reproducible design of a product.

## Learning Task

* Compare the Open Source Software with an Open Source product like an electric vehicles!
** What is equivalent to the source code in an Open Source product e.g. for an electric car.
** What is equivalent to the binary software (e.g. the LibreOffice suite) in the setting of an Open Source product.
* What are PROs and CONs of an Open Source product - (e.g. spare parts, repair, licencing, dependency of companies, licensing concept,...)?
* See Wikipedia:Arduino and analyze the combination of Open Source and Open Hardware.
* Analyze the licensing model! What does mean for an user of hardware or an developer, if a product was licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL), permitting the manufacture of hardware and software and its distribution by anyone.
* What are your expectations, if someone releases a product as Open Source hardware? A hardware needs resources to build it and a user has to pay for the required resources. What is the difference to a classical commercial product, where the company does not allow building the hardware by anyone?
* How does a modular transparent reproducible design of an Open Source hardware could improve waste management and a reduction of waste?
# Open access journal

Open access journals are scholarly journals that are available to the reader "without financial or other barrier other than access to the internet itself."
# Open consulting
## What is "open consulting"?

What might this term mean?
Hmm, I hadn't come across this term before... what might it mean? Well, referring to open teaching, open education, and open educational resources, I think it relates to access and freedoms. There could be any number of consulting models under this term: open. For example:
* A freeware model - You might offer consultation services free of charge and all the materials you use for that consultation are available at a charge. Of the other way around, all the materials you use are available free of charge, but your consultation comes at a fee.
* A free software model - Your materials are available free of charge AND free for reuse, but likewise your consultation service comes for a fee
* Free or charge - (might this be gratis?) Where both service and material are free. And this model could have a number of submodels - mostly relating to methods of obtaining income:
   * free and open materials made available in particular formats (like printed and bound books, DVDs etc) are available for a charge and distributed at the free consultation;
   * initial consultation is for free, with follow on or focused consultation at fee..
   * alternative views such as by providing consultation for free you gain other forms of income such as networking, or research, or community contribution etc.
# Open education and research at the University of Canberra

Presentation by Leigh Blackall and James Neill, University of Canberra, at the Annual Conference of Knowledge Commercialisation Australasia, November 11, 2010.

## Key points

* Universities have vast amounts of unrealised intellectual capital - most of it has very little commercial viability - but much of it has potentially significant scientific, educational, and social value which, if openly shared, could bring significant local, national and international benefits.
* Does a protectionist stance, for commercial purposes alone, return enough to compensate for these lost opportunities? At any rate, how does a university become aware of projects with commercial potential?
* We think the proposed IP policy for the University of Canberra gives us a more reliable trigger, while ensuring maximum opportunity gains for the majority of IP at the university.
# Open community approach/Open Scientific Paper Development

Open Scientific Paper Development allows the community of scientist to view, participate and contribute to the development of a scientific paper. The reviewing processing and support for the development can be realized interactively already in the early development of the ideas of the paper.

## Learning Tasks

* (Transparent Developement) The development process of scientific papers is transparent from the very beginning or from the earliest stage of the paper when the scientist decide to present already the preliminary ideas to the community of learners and scientist. What are the PROs and CONs for applying the Open Scientific Paper Development for a specific subject! Would you develop a scientific paper transparently in a Wiki and submit the paper to an Open Access journal?
* (Who Did When What?) The community will see, who did when want in the paper development. How can this concept be benefitial from the perspective of learning how to publish a scientific paper.
* (Agile Scientific Paper Development) Combine the Open Scientific Paper Development with Agile Scientific Paper Development, that allows an evolutionary development of a paper based on dynamic changes in the availability of new data and the application of the same analytic methods to the new data.
** (Content Developement) Scientists added new content or update existing content in the paper and create new versions of the paper, due new evidence caused by additional data processed and due to improved methods of analysis (new Wiki versions are generated)
** (Software/Script Development) According to the improvements of scripts for the data analysis new versions of the scripts for the algorithms are published for the paper (new versions or the script/methods are created)
** (Aggregation of Data) new data is added and the whole analysis of the data is triggered according to agile script development in the paper.
* (Peer Review & Version Control) The script development leads to result, that documents can be generated dynamically. New documents lead to new version in a version control system. A new release in the scientific paper is a new candidate for peer-reviewing of script correctness and scientific correctness of the paper.
# Open education

Open education is a broad term which can refer to learning programs which have one or more of the following features:
   * use open educational resources
   * allow anyone to participate at no cost
Open education can be one of the outputs of open academia.

## Readings and media
### Wikipedia

* Open education
* Open educational resources
* Open learning
* Massive open online course
* Outline of open educational resources
* Open educational practices
* Open research
* Open University

### Videos

* Intro to Open Education

## Discussion questions and essay ideas

* Can research be considered an aspect of open education?
* How can open education help there to be more prosperity and abundance on Earth?
* How can open education most advantageously interface and interact with traditional accredited educational institutions?
* In what ways can open education make progress towards eliminating poverty?
# Korean/Words/밝다
## 밝다

RR: balg-da > bak-da

### Adjective

* to be bright, light, clear, otherwise than dark, unclear
* to be bright, intelligent, etc.
* to be (in process of) dawning and morning

### Antonyms

* 어둡다 (eodubda)
* 검다 (geomda)
| 하얗다 | 까맣다 |
| hayahda | kkamahda |
| white, west | black, north |

### Relatives

* 밝히다 (balghida) "to brighten"
* 밝쥐 (balgjwi) > 박쥐 #Korean (bagjwi), literally, "bright-eyed rat," that is, "bat" from balke #Middle English

### Comparatives

| Tongues | Remarks |
| wikt: valge #Estonian wikt: valkea #Finnish | "white" |

### Volga and Kama

The two merging Russian rivers Volga and Kama, possibly meaning respectively "white" and "black," thus, "west" and "north" as per the oriental tradition. As such, their etymology should be oriental, and Korean might be above all other candidates.

### See also

* w: Udmurt, perhaps literally meaning "upper river liver" as per Korean. Suggest otherwise!
# Korean/Words/밤

* ㄱ ㄲ ㄴ ㄷ ㄸ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅃ ㅅ ㅆ ㅇ ㅈ ㅉ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ -ㄱ-ㄲ-ㄴ-ㄷ-ㄸ-ㄹ-ㅁ-ㅂ-ㅃ-ㅅ-ㅆ-ㅇ-ㅈ-ㅉ-ㅊ-ㅋ-ㅌ-ㅍ-ㅎ- 말+/말씀+/물+/불+ a2z/Basics/News/Notes/Table/Legend/Sandbox

## 밤
### Noun

* 밤나무의 열매. 가시가 많이 난 송이에 싸여 있고 갈색 겉껍질 안에 얇고 맛이 떫은 속껍질이 있으며, 날것으로 먹거나 굽거나 삶아서 먹는다.
    chestnut

### Relatives

* 마름 (mareum, "water chestnut, water caltrop")

### Compounds

* 단밤 (dan-, lit. "sweet chestnut")
* 말밤 (mal-, lit. "coarse chestnut" cf. 末栗)
* 말밤* (mal-, "horse chestnut")
* 물밤 (mul-, lit. "water chestnut")
* 밤색 (-saeg, "brown" lit. "chestnut color")

### Comparatives

* marron #French
** (n.) horse chestnut, chestnut
** (a.) chestnut brown

### See also

* 밤낮 (bam-, "all the time," lit. "night and day" alt. day and night)
* 밤불 (bam-bul, lit. "night fire" cf. vampyre)
* ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=밤
* ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/밤#Etymology_2
* ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=단밤
* ↑ Assumed, hence the asterisk, as originally meaning "coarse chestnut."
* ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=물밤
# Korean/Words/벼락

* ㄱ ㄲ ㄴ ㄷ ㄸ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅃ ㅅ ㅆ ㅇ ㅈ ㅉ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ -ㄱ-ㄲ-ㄴ-ㄷ-ㄸ-ㄹ-ㅁ-ㅂ-ㅃ-ㅅ-ㅆ-ㅇ-ㅈ-ㅉ-ㅊ-ㅋ-ㅌ-ㅍ-ㅎ- 말+/말씀+/물+/불+ a2z/Basics/News/Notes/Table/Legend/Sandbox

## 벼락
### Noun

* 공중의 전기와 땅 위의 물체에 흐르는 전기 사이에 방전 작용으로 일어나는 자연 현상.
** thunderbolt (thunder + lightning) from thunderstorm
** thundercrack cf. Icelandic þórduna, Swedish tordön, lit. "Thor's crack"

### Synonyms

| Korean | Sino-Korean |
| 번개 (beon-gae, "lightning") 우레 (ure, "thunder") | 천둥 (天動, cheondung, "thunder") 뇌우 (雷雨, noe-u, "thunderstorm") |

### Compounds

* 돈벼락 (don-, "blessing with money")
* 벼락부자 (-buja, "an overnight millionaire")

### Relatives

* 벼랑 (byeorang, "precipice")
* 벼룩 (byeorug, "flea")

### Comparatives

| Adapted from lightning #Translations | Adapted from thunder #Translations |
| Akkadian: 𒉏𒄈 (birqu) Arabic: بَرْق‎ (barq) Aramaic: ܒܪܩܐ‎ (barqā) Ge'ez: በረቀ (bäräḳä) Tigre: በርቅ (bärḳ) Hebrew: בָּרָק‎ (barák) Korean: 벼락 (byeorak) Persian: برق‎ (barq) Somali: biriq Tajik: барқ (barq) Ugaritic: 𐎁𐎗𐎖 (brq) Uyghur: بەرق‎ (berq) | Indonesian: guruh Malay: guruh Kazakh: күркіреу (kürkirew) Kyrgyz: күркүрөө (kürküröö) Belarusian: гром (hrom) Bulgarian: гръм (grǎm) Czech: hrom Polish: grom Russian: гром (grom) Serbo-Croatian: гром (grom) Slovak: hrom Slovene: grom |

### See also

* 구름 (gureum, "cloud") as the phenomenal source of 벼락 "thunderbolt"
* 구르다 (gureuda, "to roll") as the onomatopoeic source of 구름 "cloud"
* ↑ You miss a thundercrack here.
* ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=벼락
* ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/벼락
* ↑ The Korean order is also thunder followed by lightning as "천둥번개". But the natural order is lightening followed by thunder, of course.
* ↑ (mimic) cf. 번쩍
* ↑ (onomatopoeic) See also 우르렁 (ureureong, "thundering sound") cf. 으르렁 (eureureong, "deep roaring sound as of the lion") 구름 (gureum, "cloud" as the source of lightning and thunder) cf. 구르다 (gureuda, "to roll")
* ↑ 번개우레 is proposed to replace 천둥번개. However, 벼락 is everything anyway!
* ↑ 천둥과 번개를 동반하는 대기 중의 방전 현상.
* ↑ 천둥과 번개를 동반한 비.
* ↑ 갑자기 한꺼번에 생긴 많은 돈을 비유적으로 이르는 말.
* ↑ Etymology Barak ברק means lightning in Hebrew. Barcas, the surname of the famous Hamilcar Barca, is the Punic equivalent of the name.
# Korean/Words/방아

* ㄱ ㄲ ㄴ ㄷ ㄸ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅃ ㅅ ㅆ ㅇ ㅈ ㅉ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ -ㄱ-ㄲ-ㄴ-ㄷ-ㄸ-ㄹ-ㅁ-ㅂ-ㅃ-ㅅ-ㅆ-ㅇ-ㅈ-ㅉ-ㅊ-ㅋ-ㅌ-ㅍ-ㅎ- 말+/말씀+/물+/불+ a2z/Basics/News/Notes/Table/Legend/Sandbox

## 방아
### Noun

* 곡식 따위를 찧거나 빻는 기구나 설비를 통틀어 이르는 말. 물방아, 디딜방아, 물레방아, 연자방아, 기계 방아, 쌍방아 따위가 있다.
    cf. Old Norse and Icelandic banga > English bang

### Compounds

* 디딜방아 (didil-, "treadmill type")
* 물(레)방아 (mulle-, "watermill type")
* 연자방아 (yeonja-, "animal-engine type")
* 방앗공이 (bang-at-gong-i, "pestle, pounder")

### Relatives

* 찧다 (jjih-da, "to pound")
* 빻다 (ppah-da, "to pulverize")

### Comparatives

* bang #Etymology, etc.
* English: bang
* Icelandic: banga
* Old Norse: banga
* ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=방아
* ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/방아
* ↑ The last "-a" is nothing but a verbal suffix.
# Korean/Words/버텅아래
## 버텅아래

RR: beoteong-arae
* Your, His or Her Majesty

### Synonyms

* 폐하 (陛下, pyaeha, "Your, His or Her Majesty")

### Comparatives

* Majesty
    The common majesty is "the quality of being impressive and great." What could physically justify the royal Majesty? It may be especially when His/Her Majesty leads the great noble crowd. Likewise is the case with the Korean counterpart, which is a metonym from Korean 버텅 (beoteong, "stepstone" + 아래 (arae, "the lower part"), possibly a calque from Sino-Korean 폐하 (pyaeha) from Chinese 陛下, all suggesting the noble gathering below the royal stepstone. As such, great nobility, east and west, must act as a measure, metaphor and/or metonym for great royalty and/or majesty.

### Comments

* This entry is to enter 표준국어대사전 (pyojun-gukeo-daesajeon), too.

### References

* ↑ 폐하 1 陛下 황제나 황후에 대한 경칭. 폐하 2 陛下 뜰의 층계 아래.
# Korean/Words/범

* ㄱ ㄲ ㄴ ㄷ ㄸ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅃ ㅅ ㅆ ㅇ ㅈ ㅉ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ -ㄱ-ㄲ-ㄴ-ㄷ-ㄸ-ㄹ-ㅁ-ㅂ-ㅃ-ㅅ-ㅆ-ㅇ-ㅈ-ㅉ-ㅊ-ㅋ-ㅌ-ㅍ-ㅎ- 말+/말씀+/물+/불+ a2z/Basics/News/Notes/Table/Legend/Sandbox

## 범
### Noun

* 고양잇과의 포유류. 몸의 길이는 2미터 정도이며, 등은 누런 갈색이고 검은 가로무늬가 있으며 배는 흰색이다. 꼬리는 길고 검은 줄무늬가 있다. 삼림이나 대숲에 혼자 또는 암수 한 쌍이 같이 사는데 시베리아 남부에서 인도, 자바 등지에 분포한다.
    tiger

### Synonyms

* 호랑이 (horang-i)

### Compounds

* 표범 (pyobeom, "leopard")

### Comparatives

* puma aka. cougar
From cougar #Translations :
| Bulgarian: пу́ма (púma) Czech: puma Danish: puma Dutch: poema English: puma Estonian: puuma Faroese: puma Finnish: puuma French: puma Galician: puma Georgian: პუმა (ṗuma) German: Puma | Greek: πούμα (poúma) Hungarian: puma Indonesian: puma Irish: púma Italian: puma Japanese: ピューマ (pyūma) Javanese: puma Khmer: ពូម៉ា (puumaa) Korean: 퓨마 (pyuma) Malay: Rumi: puma Occitan: puma Persian: پوما‎ (pumâ) | Polish: puma Portuguese: puma Quechua: puma Romanian: pumă Russian: пу́ма (púma) Slovak: puma Slovene: puma Spanish: puma Swahili: puma Swedish: puma Turkish: puma Welsh: pwma |
* ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=범
* ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/범
* ↑ "Puma" is the common name used in Latin America and most parts of Europe. The term puma is also used in the United States. The first use of puma in English dates to 1777, introduced from Spanish, and prior from the Quechua language in the 16th century, where it means "powerful".
* ↑ The cougar holds the Guinness record for the animal with the greatest number of names, with over 40 in English alone.
# Korean/Words/버들강아지

* ㄱ ㄲ ㄴ ㄷ ㄸ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅃ ㅅ ㅆ ㅇ ㅈ ㅉ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ -ㄱ-ㄲ-ㄴ-ㄷ-ㄸ-ㄹ-ㅁ-ㅂ-ㅃ-ㅅ-ㅆ-ㅇ-ㅈ-ㅉ-ㅊ-ㅋ-ㅌ-ㅍ-ㅎ- 말+/말씀+/물+/불+ a2z/Basics/News/Notes/Table/Legend/Sandbox

## 버들강아지
### Noun

* 버드나무의 꽃.

### See also

* 보풀 (bopul, "fluff")
* ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=버들강아지
* ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/버들강아지
* ↑ Literally, "willow puppy," contrasting with "willow catkin," explicating "willow flower," that is, catkin
# Korean/Words/밤`

* ㄱ ㄲ ㄴ ㄷ ㄸ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅃ ㅅ ㅆ ㅇ ㅈ ㅉ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ -ㄱ-ㄲ-ㄴ-ㄷ-ㄸ-ㄹ-ㅁ-ㅂ-ㅃ-ㅅ-ㅆ-ㅇ-ㅈ-ㅉ-ㅊ-ㅋ-ㅌ-ㅍ-ㅎ- 말+/말씀+/물+/불+ a2z/Basics/News/Notes/Table/Legend/Sandbox

## 밤
### Noun

* 밤나무의 열매. 가시가 많이 난 송이에 싸여 있고 갈색 겉껍질 안에 얇고 맛이 떫은 속껍질이 있으며, 날것으로 먹거나 굽거나 삶아서 먹는다.
    chestnut

### Relatives

* 마름 (mareum, "water chestnut, water caltrop")

### Compounds

* 단밤 (dan-, lit. "sweet chestnut")
* 말밤 (mal-, lit. "coarse chestnut" cf. 末栗)
* 말밤* (mal-, "horse chestnut")
* 물밤 (mul-, lit. "water chestnut")
* 밤색 (-saeg, "brown" lit. "chestnut color")

### Comparatives

* marron #French
** (n.) horse chestnut, chestnut
** (a.) chestnut brown

### See also

* 밤낮 (bam-, "all the time," lit. "night and day" alt. day and night)
* 밤불 (bam-bul, lit. "night fire" cf. vampyre)
* ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=밤
* ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/밤#Etymology_2
* ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=단밤
* ↑ Assumed, hence the asterisk, as originally meaning "coarse chestnut."
* ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=물밤
# Korean/Words/벌

* ㄱ ㄲ ㄴ ㄷ ㄸ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅃ ㅅ ㅆ ㅇ ㅈ ㅉ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ -ㄱ-ㄲ-ㄴ-ㄷ-ㄸ-ㄹ-ㅁ-ㅂ-ㅃ-ㅅ-ㅆ-ㅇ-ㅈ-ㅉ-ㅊ-ㅋ-ㅌ-ㅍ-ㅎ- 말+/말씀+/물+/불+ a2z/Basics/News/Notes/Table/Legend/Sandbox

## 벌
### Noun

* 벌목의 곤충 가운데 개미류를 제외한 곤충을 통틀어 이르는 말.
    bee

### Relatives

* 꿀 (kkul, "honey")

### Compounds

* 꿀벌 (kkul, "honeybee")
* 벌꿀 (beol-kkul, literally, "bee honey")
* 말벌 (mal-beol, "*horse bee," lit. "horse bee")

### Comparatives

| bee | honey |
| abella #Catalan abella #Galician abeille #French abella #Portuguese abeja #Spanish | бал #Kazakh (bal) бал #Kyrgyz (bal) бал #Mongolian (bal) бал #Tatar (bal) bal #Turkish |

### See also

* 벌판 (beol-pan, "valley")
* ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=벌
* ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/벌
# Korean/Words/벽

* ㄱ ㄲ ㄴ ㄷ ㄸ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅃ ㅅ ㅆ ㅇ ㅈ ㅉ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ -ㄱ-ㄲ-ㄴ-ㄷ-ㄸ-ㄹ-ㅁ-ㅂ-ㅃ-ㅅ-ㅆ-ㅇ-ㅈ-ㅉ-ㅊ-ㅋ-ㅌ-ㅍ-ㅎ- 말+/말씀+/물+/불+ a2z/Basics/News/Notes/Table/Legend/Sandbox

## 벽
### Noun

* 집이나 방 따위의 둘레를 막은 수직 건조물.
    wall
* 극복하기 어려운 한계나 장애를 비유적으로 이르는 말.
    barrier, obstacle

### Compounds

* 바람벽 (baram-, "surrounding wall")
* 성벽 (城壁, seong-, "rampart, defensive wall" around castles or cities)
* 장벽 (障壁, jang-, "dam; barrier") cf. 베를린 장벽 "Berlin Wall"
* 절벽 (絶壁, jeolbyeog, "cliff") cf. bergvegg #Norwegian "rock face" from berg ("cliff") + vegg ("wall")

### Relatives

* 울(타리) (ul-tari, "thin fence, barrier") cf. wall #English
* 담(벼락) (dam-byeorag, "thick fence or wall") cf. dam #English
* 댐 (daem, "dam") cf. "Afsluitdam," as it were
* 둑 (dug, "dyke") cf. Afsluitdijk
* 제방 (堤防, jebang, "dyke, levee, bank, embankment")
    See also: (What's common in the following?)
* 벼락 (byerag, "wall" & "thunderbolt") cf. Barak #English from Hebrew for "thunderbolt"
* 벼랑 (byeorang, "cliff, precipice")
* 벼룩 (bueorug, "flea")

### Comparatives

* From veggr #Old Norse, etc.
* Cantonese: 壁 (bek, bik)
* Danish: væg, vægge, vegg
* Faroese: veggur
* Icelandic: veggur
* Korean: 벽 (壁, byeog)
* Norwegian: vegg
* Old English: wǣġ
* Old Norse: veggr
* Swedish: vägg
* ↑ Dutch zeedijk
* ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=벽
* ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/벽
* ↑ Often surrounded by the moat to make more defensive.
* ↑ https://ko.dict.naver.com/kokodict/#/search?query=장벽 障壁 가리어 막은 벽. 둘 사이의 관계를 순조롭지 못하게 가로막는 장애물. 장애가 되는 것이나 극복하기 어려운 것.
# Physics and Astronomy Labs/Optics: Thin lens equation (ray diagram)

* Each student makes a drawing similar to figure below and measures S$_1$, S$_2$, and f. Enter those values on a spreadsheet, making columns for each entry.
* To the right of this column, create three more columns that contain: S$_1$/f, S$_2$/f, and f/f (each entry in the last column is of course unity. These three columns represent the image and object distances, as measured in focal lengths.
* Let x = S$_1$/f and let y = S$_2$/f, and make a plot of x versus y.
* Now make a plot of X=1/x and Y=1/y. When doing such calculations by hand, use "bars" to distinguish upper and lower case letters, as shown to the right.
* S$_1$ represents the "object distance". Carefully define this distance by fully describing the two endpoints. The formula is only valid for an infinitely thin lens, research which part of the lens is used to define this endpoint. Research the Wikipedia articles and see if you can find a place where this distance is defined. The best way to search Wikipedia is NOT the Wikipedia search bar. Use Google or its equivalent instead. A list of search words includes thin lens and paraxial approximation
${\frac {1}{S_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{S_{2}}}={\frac {1}{f}}$ relates the focal length f of the lens, the image distance S$_1$, and the object distance S$_2$. The figure depicts the situation for which (S$_1$, S$_2$, f) are all positive: (1)The lens is converging (convex); (2) The real image is to the right of the lens; and (3) the object is to the left of the lens. If the lens is diverging (concave), then f < 0. If the image is to the left of the lens (virtual image), then S$_2$ < 0 .
# Physics and Astronomy Labs/Sound speed and the relativity of rhythm
## Beethoven's seventh symphony

Visit YouTube/SMALIN to hear and see the first movement of Beethoven's 7th symphony: The lively Vivace takes dotted quarter note at 104 beats per minute ( = 104) in a Compound Duple Meter. After a string of (often misleading) rhythmic hints, the pattern is establised at minute 4:16 in the youtube video. The theme is:

### Files
## Footnotes

* ↑ https://people.carleton.edu/~jellinge/m101s12/Pages/06/06CompoundMeter.html
# Physics and Astronomy Labs/Static forces

The Static Forces Lab group got together and set up the fish scales (N) really close to a 3-4-5 ratio (not exact) and took a picture and uploaded it.