OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Buyer's Risks/Facilitating External Financing

| Unit 4.2-Buyer's Risks | Introduction | Timely Payment | External Financing | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 4.1 | Unit 4.2 | Unit 4.3 | Unit 4.4 | Unit 4.5 | Unit 4.6 | Unit 4.7 | Unit 4.8 | Unit 4.9 Return to Trade Finance Module 4: Payment Methods |

## Facilitating External Financing

To understand the risks of external financing, the following questions need to be asked:
* What is external financing?
* How can it be viewed and understood?
* How does CAMEL play a role in external financing as it has been described above?
* What are the issues and factors that need to be considered when determining external financing?
The answers can be grouped by both commercial and political risk categories as discussed below.

### Commercial Credit Risk

* Nature of the business
* Financial strength of the buyer
* Nature of the relationship with the buyer--new buyer or a frequent customer, dealer/distributor, or a subsidiary/affiliate
* Buyer’s record of meeting local and international payment obligations
* Ownership of buyer, private or public sector
* Potential loss if shipment is not accepted:
** value of the shipment (marginal pricing concept--cash invested in the goods, high or low profit at the margin)
** types of goods , perishable or specially manufactured where total loss might result if shipment were refused
** likelihood of shipment being refused-- a change in market conditions for commodity shipments may induce buyer to refuse shipment).
Sources of information to help companies identify commercial credit risk are:
* credit reports from independent agencies, banks, etc.
* customer-supplied financial data
* industry intelligence

### Political Risks

* Political conditions in buyer’s country
* Stability of the local, state and federal governments
* Possibility of import license cancellation, or other unexpected actions that would result in the non-acceptance of the shipment
* Possibility of coup, civil disturbance, etc.
* Possibility of change in foreign exchange regulations that could delay or disrupt payment

### Economic Risks

* Economic conditions in buyer’s country including expected and recent changes
* Economic trends-- inflationary, recessionary, etc.
* Currency exchange control regulations
* Currency flow regulations
* Country’s balance of payments
Sources of information to help companies identify political and economic risks are government and private agency intelligence reports including the following:
* Chase World Guide for Exporters
* Chase Econometrics Country Reports
* International Monetary Fund Data
* World Bank Data
* CIA World Fact Book
* US Department of Commerce – Country Commercial Guides
* US State Department – Country Reports
# Business process management and automation

The goal of this department is to outline to any organization the opportunity they have to improve their return on investment through the application of Business Process Management and Automation techniques within their infrastructure. Thank you for your interest!

## Department-level projects and learning resources

Please collaborate with us on a few of our Learning Projects :
Theoretical
* BPMA Working Definition - Defining Business Process Management and Automation
* BPMA Working Definition - Defining Project Management
* BPMA Working Definition - Defining Information Technology
Applied
* Business Process Management and Automation in Project Management
* Business Process Management and Automation in Information Technology
Literature Review

## Discussion questions and essay ideas

* What are some ethical issues that can arise with business process automation?
* What are some business processes that are most conducive to automation?

## Readings and media
### Wikipedia

* Business intelligence
* Human resource management system
* Enterprise planning system
* Process architecture
* Process modeling
* Process engineering
* Autonomous logistics
* Process calculus
* Automatic invoice processing
* Deskilling
* Inventory control
* Chief technology officer
* Systems engineering
* Productivity, automation, and unemployment
* History of industrialisation
* Automated decision-making
* Project management
* Business rules engine
* Comparison of business integration software
* Process theory
* Smart manufacturing
* Automation
* Factory automation infrastructure
* Document automation
* Business Process Execution Language
* Enterprise resource planning
* Inventory management software
* Business process automation
* Warehouse management system
* Logistics automation
* Process automation system
* Automated teller machine
* Enterprise architecture
* Outline of automation
* Real-time enterprise
* Automated retail
* Cashierless store
* Self-checkout
* Data warehouse automation
* Business process re-engineering
* Business process management
* Manufacturing process management

## Active Participants

The histories of Wikiversity pages indicate who the active participants are. If you are an active participant in this department, you can list your name here (this can help small departments grow and the participants communicate better; for large departments it is not needed).

### Inactive Participants

* user:jcoickle
* user : venkatakrishnan
* user:mikekang
* user:bryanfrew

## Department News

* Date founded - 27/10/2006
# Butterfly Software Implementations
## Purpose

* developing FFT Butterfly parallel algorithms using MPI, OpenMP, ... .

## Background

FFTW
* 1.A FFTW
P3DFFT
* 2.A P3DFFT
2DECOMP FFT
* 3.A 2DECOMP&FFT
SPIRAL
* 4.A SPIRAL
MPI
* See MPI programming in plain view
Beowulf Cluster

## Idea Sketch

* Idea.1.A (pdf)

## Applications

* geoscience & remote sensing
* nest
* esa
* sdr
* debian remote sensing
go to [ Electrical_&_Computer_Engineering_Studies ]
# Buyer's Risks/Assessment

| Unit 4.2-Buyer's Risks | Introduction | Timely Payment | External Financing | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 4.1 | Unit 4.2 | Unit 4.3 | Unit 4.4 | Unit 4.5 | Unit 4.6 | Unit 4.7 | Unit 4.8 | Unit 4.9 Return to Trade Finance Module 4: Payment Methods |
# Buyer's Risks/Resources

| Unit 4.2-Buyer's Risks | Introduction | Timely Payment | External Financing | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 4.1 | Unit 4.2 | Unit 4.3 | Unit 4.4 | Unit 4.5 | Unit 4.6 | Unit 4.7 | Unit 4.8 | Unit 4.9 Return to Trade Finance Module 4: Payment Methods |

## Resources

Association of Executes in Finance, Credit & International Business (FCIB) – ww.fcibglobal.com
Chase Publications – www.chase.com (see World Guide for Exporters & Chase Econometrics Country Reports) International Monetary Fund Data – www.imf.org World Bank Data – www.worldbank.org The CIA World Fact Book – www.cia.gov US Department of Commerce – Country Commercial Guides – www.export.gov US State Department – Country Reports - www.state.gov
# Computer Skills/Advanced/Internet

Advanced Internet concepts include Internet structure, error messages, and basic website creation.

## Objectives and Skills

Objectives and skills for Internet concepts include:
* Understand Internet structure: delays in sending/receiving; can’t find page message; etc
* Understand basic website creation
* Recognize file formats

## See Also

* Computer Skills/Basic/Internet
* Computer Skills/Intermediate/Internet
* Computer Skills/Proficient/Internet
# Computer Skills/Advanced/Multimedia

Advanced multimedia concepts include CD, DVD and mp3.

## Objectives and Skills

Objectives and skills for advanced multimedia include:
* Know how to use CD; DVD; mp3

## See Also

* Computer Skills/Basic/Multimedia
* Computer Skills/Intermediate/Multimedia
* Computer Skills/Proficient/Multimedia
# Computer Skills/Advanced/Presentations

Advanced presentation concepts include links.

## Objectives and Skills

Objectives and skills for advanced presentations include:
* Insert links into presentations
* Insert or create graphs
* Insert objects into presentations
* Adjust the layout/master of presentations

## See Also

* Computer Skills/Basic/Presentations
* Computer Skills/Intermediate/Presentations
* Computer Skills/Proficient/Presentations
# Computer Skills/Advanced/Operating Systems

Advanced operating systems concepts include performance indicators, alerts, flash drives and memory cards.

## Objectives and Skills

Objectives and skills for operating systems include:
* Understand operating systems performance indicators: disk space; alert boxes; warnings; viruses; memory; CPU
* Understand use of flash drives; memory cards
# Computer Skills/Advanced/Spreadsheets

Advanced spreadsheet concepts include formulas, sorting, number formats, and filters.

## Objectives and Skills

Objectives and skills for advanced spreadsheets include:
* Investigate formulas
* Conduct complex sorts
* Format dates; numbers
* Apply filters

## See Also

* Computer Skills/Basic/Spreadsheets
* Computer Skills/Intermediate/Spreadsheets
* Computer Skills/Proficient/Spreadsheets
# Computer Skills/Advanced/Tables

Advanced table concepts include complex tables.

## Objectives and Skills

Objectives and skills for tables include:
* Create and format more complex tables

## See Also

* Computer Skills/Intermediate/Tables
* Computer Skills/Proficient/Tables
# Computer Skills/Advanced/Word Processing

Advanced word processing concepts include hyperlinks.

## Objectives and Skills

Objectives and skills for advanced word processing include:
* Know how to create and use hyperlinks

## Multimedia

* YouTube: Word 2010: Hyperlinks

## See Also

* Computer Skills/Basic/Word Processing
* Computer Skills/Intermediate/Word Processing
* Computer Skills/Proficient/Word Processing
# Computer Skills/Advanced/Maintenance

Advanced maintenance concepts include upgrade installation.

## Objectives and Skills

Objectives and skills for maintenance include:
* Understand purpose and process for upgrade installation
# Computer Skills/Basic

Basic computer skills, as defined by the ICAS Computer Skills Assessment Framework include Internet and email, computers, word processing, graphics and multimedia, and spreadsheets.

## Preparation

Learners should complete the Fundamentals computer skills lessons before proceeding to the basic level.

## Internet and Email

* Internet
* Email

## Computers

* Hardware
* Software Concepts

## Word Processing

* Word Processing
* Formatting

## Graphics and Multimedia

* Presentations
* Graphics
* Multimedia

## Spreadsheets

* Spreadsheets

## See Also

* Computer Skills/Fundamentals
* Computer Skills/Intermediate
* Computer Skills/Advanced
* Computer Skills/Proficient

## External Links

* Microsoft: Digital Literacy Course
# English-Chinese/Black day in history

The day when the war began was a black day in history.
战争开始的那一天是历史上的黑色日子。
# English-Chinese/Biophysics

Biophysics is a science where the laws of physics are used to study biology, the science on life and living things. Unlike biochemistry and molecular biology, sciences where macromolecules or "large" groups of molecules are studied, biophysicists study single or small groups of molecules.
生物物理学 是 一门科学，物理定律 被用来 研究 生物学，生命科学 和 生物科学。与 生物化学 和 分子生物学 研究 大分子 或 “大”分子群的 科学 不同，生物物理学家 研究 单个 或 小组的 分子。
# English-Chinese/Bipolar disorder

Another mood disorder, bipolar disorder, features one or more episodes of abnormally elevated mood, cognition and energy levels, but may also involve one or more episodes of depression.
另一种情绪障碍，双相情感障碍，具有异常升高的情绪，认知和能量水平的一次或多次发作，但也可能涉及一次或多次抑郁发作。
# English-Chinese/Bird

Birds are a group of vertebrates which evolved from dinosaurs. They are endothermic, with feathers.
鸟类 是 由 恐龙 进化而来的 一种 脊椎动物。它们 是 体温调节的，有 羽毛。
# English-Chinese/Black wood ear is an edible fungus

Black wood ear is an edible fungus. Its shape is like an ear with a black color. It usually grows on elder wood.
黑木耳是一种食用菌。 它的形状就像一个黑色的耳朵。 它通常生长在老木上。
# English-Chinese/Binary digit
## English

Bit is the abbreviation for binary digit. Each bit can be 0 or 1.

## Hanzi

Bit 是 二进制数位的 缩写。 每个 bit 可以 是 0 或 1。

## Pinyin

Bit shì èrjìnzhì shùwèi de suōxiě. Měi gè bit kěyǐ shì 0 huò 1.
# English-Chinese/Biosphere

The biosphere includes everything living on Earth. Currently the biosphere has a biomass (or amount of living things) at around 1900 gigatonnes of carbon. It is not certain exactly how thick the biosphere is, though scientists predict that it is around 12,500 meters. The biosphere extends to the upper areas of the atmosphere, including birds and insects.
生物圈包括生活在地球上的一切。目前，生物圈的生物量约为1900亿吨碳。虽然科学家预测生物圈的厚度大约为12,500米，但尚不确定它究竟有多厚。生物圈延伸到大气的上部区域，包括鸟类和昆虫。
# English-Chinese/Black soybean

Black soya bean is a kind of soya bean that its color is black.
黑豆是一种颜色为黑色的大豆。
# English-Chinese/Biochemistry

Biochemistry is the study of chemical reactions in living beings, and of biological molecules in general. It is important to cell biology and physiology. The study of biochemistry involves enzymes, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, sugars, proteins, and lipids. In the body, most of the molecules are polymers built of long chains of carbon atoms with hydrogen, oxygen and other atoms added.
生物化学 是 研究 生物体中的 化学反应，以及 一般 生物分子的 化学反应。这 对 细胞生物学 和 生理学 非常 重要。生物化学 研究 涉及 酶，核酸，碳水化合物，糖，蛋白质 和 脂质。在 身体中，大多数 分子 是 由 碳原子长链 构成的 聚合物，其中 加入了 氢，氧 和 其他 原子。
# English-Chinese/Biology

Biology is the science that studies life and living things, and their evolution. Living things include animals, plants, fungi (such as mushrooms), and microorganisms such as bacteria and archaea.
生物学 是 研究 生命 和 生物的 科学，以及 它们的 进化。生物 包括 动物，植物，真菌（如 蘑菇），和 微生物 如 细菌 和 古细菌。
# Field/Rules for powers/Positive case known/Exercise

Let $K$ be a field and let $a,b\neq 0$ be elements in $K$. Prove the following laws for powers for integer exponents $m,n\in \mathbb {Z}$. The corresponding laws for exponents from $\mathbb {N}$ can be used and also the facts that the inverse of the inverse is the element itself and that the inverse of $u^{k}$ equals ${\left(u^{-1}\right)}^{k}$.
    $a^{m+n}=a^{m}\cdot a^{n}\,.$
    ${\left(a^{m}\right)}^{n}=a^{mn}\,.$
    $(a\cdot b)^{n}=a^{n}\cdot b^{n}\,.$
# Field/Rules for powers/Natural exponents/Fact/Proof/Exercise

Let $K$ be a field and let $a,b\neq 0$ be elements in $K$. Prove the following laws for powers for natural exponents $m,n\in \mathbb {N}$.
    $a^{m+n}=a^{m}\cdot a^{n}\,.$
    ${\left(a^{m}\right)}^{n}=a^{mn}\,.$
    $(a\cdot b)^{n}=a^{n}\cdot b^{n}\,.$
# Field/Set of mappings/Vector space/Example

Let $K$ denote a field and let $I$ denote a set. We consider the set of functions from $I$ to $K$, that is
    $V=\operatorname {Map} \,{\left(I,K\right)}={\left\{f\mid f:I\rightarrow K{\text{ mapping}}\right\}}\,.$
This set is with componentwise addition, where the sum of two functions $f$ and $g$ is given as
    $(f+g)(z):=f(z)+g(z)\,$
for $z\in I$, and with scalar multiplication defined by
    $(sf)(z):=sf(z)\,,$
a vector space.
# Field/Tenth power/Few multiplications/Exercise

Let $a$ be an element in a field different from $0$. Show how to compute $a^{10}$ with four multiplications.
# Digital Media Concepts/Mayhem fest

Rockstar energy Mayhem fest was a Heavy metal tour that ran from 2008 till 2015. It featured big name bands such as Slipknot,Amon Amarth, and King Diamond This is one of the few concert tours that has branched out from the United states to Canada which is usually a "dead zone" for tours and concert series. It was also a marketing ploy where Rockstar Energy would sample their newest products as unlimited free samples. Many of the sponsors would also sell and sample there products and many small buisnesses would be there to promote themselves.
Stages and events
Each year the Metal Mulisha would have a separate motorcycle stunt show. The bands would also have their own meet and greet, if they so desire. Over the years, the sponsor stage has gone through a few name changes. It started as the Hot Topic stage (2008-2009), it then went to The Silver Star Stage in 2010,It changed again in 2011 to The Revolver Stage. And finally from 2012 till 2013 Sumerian Records named the stage after themselves, Then finally the last two years were sponsered by Victory Records.
Common locations
* Washington
* California
* Arizona
* New Mexico
* Colorado
* Kansas
* Texas
* Ontario
* Florida
* New York
Reasons for ending
One of the main reasons for the cancellation was that metal was belive to be a dying gnere and it wasnt getting the recognition it needed. Another reason was the fact that the money which once was wnough is no longer enought to pay for all the bands at all the venues, which lead to some stages being left empty.
References
Co-Founder confirms 2015 is the last year for the festival
R I P Mayhem Fest 2008-2015
# How to use SPSS/Compute
## The Compute Command

The compute command is useful if you want to shift a variable, center, log, square, or adjust the scores in every case in your dataset. The compute command looks like this.
compute (new or current variable name)= (variable name) .
Notice that compute is first followed by a new variable name that does not exist. The compute command can either create a new variable name or adjust a variable depending what you decided to type in to replace (variable name) (without the parenthesis). It is then followed by the "=" and the variable name and whatever mathematical thing you would like to do to it. If you wish to log it, it would look like this: compute educyrs_ln=ln(educyrs+1).
Notice that I placed a new variable name in there rather than just using "educyrs". Also, I used ln to command that I wanted to log a variable and I typed the variable into the parenthesis. Also, I added +1 to shift the cases because you cannot log 0.
To center a variable, find the mean and use the compute command like this:
Compute educyrs_centered=educyrs-(the mean).
Simply just replace your variable names with mine and put in the mean of the variable in the "(the mean)". You might center a variable to put it into a multiple regression so that you can show when you control for your variable that it is or isn't significant.
# How to use SPSS/Entering data

To create a variable to enter into the data, just click on the column that starts with var001 when SPSS is initially opened. You can also start a new data set or open an existing one depend on what you need. To enter in data into SPSS, you must realize what the survey or your actual data is trying to tell you. This sounds simple, but can be frustrating to first timers. If you are wanting to compare the bench press weight vs fixed weight bench press you must consider several factors.
What level of measurement is the variable:
Nominal- No ranking what so ever. Such as, all variables are equal and unranked. An example would be: Did you use a bench press? Yes or no? The answers cannot be ranked.
Ordinal- All variables and values and can be ranked. However, the data itself is in groups. An example would be: How much can you bench press? 0-120 121-150 151-200 201+. The answers are grouped, but they have the advantage that they can be ranked.
Interval- The data itself can be written down as a number and can be any value except zero. For example: Please write down how old you are. Obviously, it is impossible for a person to write down 0. The person will more than likely write a number higher than 0 or else it shouldn't be in the data.
Ratio- is a variable in which a number of any value can be written down including zero. For example, Please write how many pounds you can bench press. The respondent can answer with any value they choose including zero.
Now that you know the level of measurement for the variable, you can decide how many columns you would like to break a question up into. Sometimes its beneficial to have a question that is check all that apply on a survey, but when you code it you might consider breaking into a bunch of dichotomous variables like yes or no responses that are coded as 1 or 2. Also, it's helpful if you write on the survey what you expect to code each response as from a value that is 0 to 1000000000 or higher if needed. Generally, just keep must variables that are ordinal or nominal down to 10 categories/values.
To create a variable to enter into the data, just click on the column that starts with var001 when SPSS is initially opened. You can also start a new data set or open an existing one depend on what you need. Keep clicking on the columns and entering in all the variables and changing their names as needed. Next, you'll notice a bunch of rows with numbers on the left side. These numbers are each individual case or survey response. Just enter in the values for each question the respondent filled out on a survey and put it into the corresponding column and case number. As a hint, it helps to number each individual survey before entering in your data. On the variable view page, you can edit many things about each variable such as what level of measurement it is, assign a label, enter in which value is, and even change the name.
# How to use SPSS/Descriptives
## Descriptive & Graphical Exercise Using SPSS

* Assumed knowledge: Allen and Bennett Chapter 3: Summarising and displaying data (pp. 19-32)
* For univariate descriptive statistics and graph(s), determine the level of measurement and then decide on appropriate statistics and graphing.
* Download and open the datafile: World95.xls
* Conduct the univariate and bivariate descriptive and graphical analyses outlined below.

## Univariate

Determine the level of measurement and obtain appropriate univariate descriptives and graphs to depict the nature of responses to each of the following variables:
* LIFEEXPF (Life expectancy for females)
* RELIGION (Main religion of country)
Statistically, you may consider using:
* frequency / % / mode
* median
* mean, SD, skewness, kurtosis
Graphically, you may consider using:
* bar graph
* pie chart
* stem and leaf plot
* boxplot
* histogram
* line graph
* error bar

## Converting tables and graphs to APA style

Default SPSS tables and graphs generally need considerable editing in order to be presented in APA style.

### Figures - edit in chart editor, then copy into word processor

* Caption below - note italicisation, capitalisation
* Greyscale unless Colour is really needed
* Axis titles
* Legend - if needed
* More info and examples: ,

### Tables - copy to word processor and edit

* Caption above - note italicsation, capitalisation
* Horizontal lines above and below heading row and below bottom row - no other lines
* Remove redundant columns and rows
* Use labels rather than variable names
* More info and examples: , ,
# How to use SPSS/Frequencies

One of the most useful lines of code that you can type into the syntax file is:
freq vars= (variable name).
Simply this just generate a table with some simple data on your variables. I strongly recommend typing this after every other command and running it to double check your variables.
# How to use SPSS/Options
## Editing SPSS defaults

* Edit - Options, e.g.,
** Pivot Tables - TableLook