OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# PlanetPhysics/Quantum Space Times

This is a fundamental topic on quantum space-times viewed from general relativistic and quantum gravity (QG) standpoints, and includes, for example, quantum geometry fundamental notions.

## Quantum Space-Times (QST)

The concept of quantum space-times (QST) is fundamental to the development of relativistic quantum theories and at this point it can only be broadly defined as a class of mathematical spaces that allow the construction of quantum physical theories in a manner consistent with both relativistic principles and quantum gravity . There is no universal agreement amongst either theoretical physicists or mathematicians who work on physical mathematics about either a specific definition of such quantum space-times or how to develop a valid classification theory of quantum space-times. However, several specific definitions or models were proposed and a list of such examples is presented next.

### Specific Definitions for Models of Quantum Space-Times (QSTs) and Quantum Geometry

* QSTs represented by posets or causal sets
* QSTs represented by so-called quantum topoi with Heyting logic algebra as classifier
* QSTs represented by topological quantum field theories (TQFTs) or homotopy QFTs
* QSTs represented as spin foams of spin networks
* QSTs represented as a noncommutative, algebraic-- and/or "geometrical"--quantized space as in noncommutative geometry models for SUSY
* QSTs represented as generalized Riemannian manifolds with quantum tangent spaces
* QSTs represented as presheaves of local nets of quantum operators in algebraic QFT (AQFT)
* QSTs represented as quantum fields on a (physical) Lattice of geometric points
* QSTs represented as consisting of quantum loops
* QSTs represented as fractal dimension spaces
* QSTs represented as categories or spaces of quantized strings as in string theories
* Twistor representations in Quantum Gravity (QG) (introduced by Sir Roger Penrose).
# PlanetPhysics/Quantum Symmetry 2
## Quantum Symmetry

Often quantum symmetry is understood in terms of properties of symmetry groups, their representations and related algebras. Quantum groups also possess quantum symmetries which are distinct from those exhibited by classical Lie groups, groups of rotations and Poisson or Lorentz transformation groups. Extended quantum symmetries are also encountered for quantum groupoids, quantum categories, Hamilton algebroids, graded Lie super-algebras, Lie algebroids and quantum systems with topological order.
# Science/Facts/?/Exercise

Which of the following statements are scientific facts? To which science do they belong? On what does its validity or invalidity rest?
* Smoking is dangerous for the health.
* Dinosaurs became extinct some 65 million years ago.
* Dinosaurs did not die out at all.
* Such a thing as a dinosaur never existed.
* The gospels were written by eyewitnesses.
* The $abc$-conjecture is now a theorem.
* The $abc$-conjecture is still a conjecture.
* The theory of relativity is confirmed.
* It is not possible to make gold out of other materials.
* The world will soon perish.
# Science/Viewpoint/Exercise

In the lecture, we indicated a quite positive view on science. There are also many quite opposite opinions, as expressed in the following statements. What is your opinion?
* Science is a tool for authority and dominance.
* Science is just a loony occupation of a small elite.
* Science is a modern fairy tale, a construct of language, a discourse, a narrative, which could also be deconstructed.
* Science serves alone to the maintenance of the patriarchy.
* Science is against god.
* Science is just an arbitrary collection of statements, the opposite is also true.
* The so-called science yields only a very superficial idea of the world. True knowledge emerges in uniting with the world.
# Science 2.0

Science 2.0 describes a range of activities to benefit increased collaboration between scientists using networking and the Internet. To do Science 2.0, scientists use wikis, blogs, video, online/open journals, and other collaborative web technologies to share findings. The term suggests the benefits of openness and sharing, regarding papers and research ideas and partial solutions.
A general view is that Science 2.0 is gaining traction with websites beginning to proliferate. There is a "sea change" happening in the status quo of scientific publishing, and substantive change regarding how scientists share research data. There is considerable discussion in the scientific community about whether scientists should embrace the model and exactly how Science 2.0 works. 'Slow use' is as prominent an activity style as faster adaptations and projects.
* Science 2.0 is a term that alludes to Web 2.0 — interactive content creation over the Internet — and is frequently used to describe adaptations of the scientific method to this era of the World Wide Web. Many of these adaptations are related to an increased transparency of scientific research, most notably with respect to the handling of data and the publication, in academic journals, of research results derived from these data. Two important movements in this regard are Open Data and Open Access, both inspired by the Open Source movement.
* Another important point is to leverage or develop Web 2.0 tools and technologies — e.g. blogs, wikis and social networks — for scientific purposes that range from databases to cloud computing to telemedicine. As such, Science 2.0 is intertwined with parallel developments in other parts of society, including Library 2.0 and Education 2.0.
Wiki Research • Open Scientist

## Examples

Wikispecies • Wikimedia Commons • Wikiversity Science
# Science2Education

The Science2Education describes a workflow from scientific results towards learning resources in Wikiversity. This approach transfers scientific results e.g. in the context of sustainable development into learning resources that help to introduce the results learning material in school, teachers training or in Bachelor courses at a University).

## Learning Tasks

* explore the learning resource about Water and describe the scientific objective or project that contributes to new knowledge in that area.
* Furthermore explain: What would be impact on the content of the learning resource "Water" if you could provide evidence new scientific evidence in a peer-reviewed journal (Remark: focus on link between a new scientific result and the need to modify the learning resource, explain that specifically with the content elements in the learning resource about "Water".
* Apply this workflow to the content of risk mitigation and risk management practice! (e.g. need to alter a learning module about Risk Literacy)
* Explore the paper "Learning about learning in Wikiversity" by Cormac Lawler at Wikimania 2007 and link that concept to scientific publication in a general peer-reviewed journal of the educational impact after a reviewing process in a WikiJournal.
* Explain the benefit of having the results of WikiJournal and the educational material in a single Wiki for Science and Education and conclude challenges and obstacles of such an approach (Neutral Point of View)!
# Organic chemistry/Stoichiometry

Concepts for this unit:
* Moles
** What is a mole and using it in calculations
* Formulae
** Molar mass
** n=m/M
** Empirical vs molecular formula
* Chemical equations
** Balancing
** Limiting reagents
** State symbols
* Solutions
** c=n/v
# Organizational behavior and structure
### Organizational Behavior and Structure

Organizational behavior classes cover concepts such as:
* Taylorism
* The Hawthorne Effect
* Social Networks
* Organizational Behavior
# Organic chemistry/to do

* Here are some tasks you can do:
* Page requests:
* everything!Expand:
* everythingStubs:
* everything!Other:
* We need lots of help to develop this course
# Organization

This psychology resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
# Organometallic Chemistry/Acyclic Diene Metathesis

Acylic diene metathesis is when two terminal olefins are combined, via an organometallic compound (most typically a Grubb's Ru carbene catalyst) acting as a catalyst, to yield ethane and a new hydrocarbon chain. The process is continued until it is kinetically limited or the catalyst has decomposed.
# Introduction to Electronics/Lecture Mounting Techniques

* EE90 Edit/View
* Electronic Engineering
* EE Introduction to Electronics
* Lecture, Test Equipment
* Lecture, Smart test equipment
* Lecture, Mounting Techniques
* Lecture, Soldering
* Lecture, Schematics
* Lecture, SPICE
* Mid-term Exam
* Final Exam

## Rattail Joint

Back to: Topic:Electronic Engineering
# Introduction to Electronics/Lecture Schematics

* EE90 Edit/View
* Electronic Engineering
* EE Introduction to Electronics
* Lecture, Test Equipment
* Lecture, Smart test equipment
* Lecture, Mounting Techniques
* Lecture, Soldering
* Lecture, Schematics
* Lecture, SPICE
* Mid-term Exam
* Final Exam
Back to: Topic:Electronic Engineering

## Basics

Schematics are used to describe electronic circuits to other people. For the most part they are a universal language that will cross most language barriers.
When viewing a schematic the first thing to know is when wires cross or when they are tied together.
| 2 crossing wires that are not electrically tied together. | 2 wires that cross and are electrically tied together. |

## Resistors

| Resistor denotes any element of a circuit thats main function is resistance or ohms. There are 2 styles of resistor symbols UK and US. The UK style is a simple rectangle and the US style is a upside down VV. When using the US style its ideal to denote the power requirement/dissipated power in text as shown in the table. When using the UK style you can use either the power denoting or common but its best for the common symbole to denote power dissipated to prevent someone from guessing, more info is generally better. | Resistor symbols and their powers All resistors are shown with the example of 150k ohms. The common resistors are shown with a example of 4Watts. UK US Common r1 150k 4W r1 150k 4W 1/20th watt r1 150k r1 150k .05W 1/8th watt r1 150k r1 150k 1/8W 1/4th watt r1 150k r1 150k 1/4W 1/2 watt r1 150k r1 150k 1/2W 1 watt r1 150k r1 150k 1W 2 watts r1 150k r1 150k 2W 5 watts r1 150k r1 150k 5W |

## Capacitors

| Capacitors generally are always some form of symbol showing 2 plates parallel to each other. The old capacitor symbol most likely dates back to the fact that at first scientists were unsure if the electrons are being stored in the dielectric between the plates or in the plates themselves. [factual?] Later it has been decided that the dielectric simply acts as a insulator and electrons are stored on the metal plates of a capacitor. | Capacitor symbols unpolarized polarized current standard recommended has both polarization indication curve and + symbol offers more info than usually needed on unpolarized caps as the curve points to negative which is good. older standard usage discouraged no curved line only the + symbol for identifying polarity and no polarity indication on unpolarized caps. old cap symbols sometimes still seen less common capacitors |
# Introduction to Electronics/Lecture Smart test equipment

* EE90 Edit/View
* Electronic Engineering
* EE Introduction to Electronics
* Lecture, Test Equipment
* Lecture, Smart test equipment
* Lecture, Mounting Techniques
* Lecture, Soldering
* Lecture, Schematics
* Lecture, SPICE
* Mid-term Exam
* Final Exam
Back to: Topic:Electronic Engineering
# Introduction to Electronics/Lecture Soldering

The tools you need for soldering are solder and a soldering iron. You first need to heat the soldering iron so that the solder will immediately fuse when it touches the solder. When it's already heated, you then touch the leg of your targeted component. Let the leg be heated for a few seconds before touching it with the solder. Don't melt too much solder and make sure it does not make contact with any conducting area on your circuit board unless intended.
* EE90 Edit/View
* Electronic Engineering
* EE Introduction to Electronics
* Lecture, Test Equipment
* Lecture, Smart test equipment
* Lecture, Mounting Techniques
* Lecture, Soldering
* Lecture, Schematics
* Lecture, SPICE
* Mid-term Exam
* Final Exam
# Introduction to Dynamics

Part of the Dynamics course offered by the Division of Applied Mechanics, School of Engineering and the Engineering and Technology Portal

## Lecture
### Center of Gravity (Mass)

The center of gravity (or mass), abbreviated as COM, of any object is that point within the object upon which gravity (or any body force) acts, regardless of the orientation of the object. The COM of an object may be calculated by using the principle of equilibrium. (See also the List of centroids on Wikipedia.)
I once ate 23 whole muffins in one sitting. In the event that the density $\rho$ of an object is not uniform throughout, the calculation of COM may be done by a similar set of equations involving the addition of density to the analysis.
If a body is made up of multiple sections, each of which has a unique mass, the method for evaluating the centroid of that body is to evaluate the composite body by finite element analysis of each of the sections through the use of moment balancing, as above.

### Inertia

Inertia is the resistance of an object in response to attempts to accelerate it in a linear direction (translation).
Inertia is considered the Inertial Force or Inertia Vector. The mass $\ m$ is a scalar.

### Mass Moment of Inertia

Mass Moment of Inertia is the resistance of an object to attempts to accelerate its rotation about an axis.
If the axis of rotation passes through the center of gravity of the rotating object, the calculated $\ I_{c}$ is called the Centroidal Mass Moment of Inertia. (See also the List of moments of inertia on Wikipedia.)

### Parallel Axis Theorem

If the Centroidal Mass Moment of Inertia of a body is known, the Parallel Axis Theorem may be used to determine the Mass Moment of Inertia of that body around any axis parallel to the first axis of rotation which passes through the center of gravity.
See also:
* Explanation of the Parallel Axis Theorem

### Radius of Gyration

The radius of gyration $\ k$, of a body is the distance from that body's rotational axis that the COG may be before the mass moment of inertia changes.

## Assignments

Activities:
* Create an activity
Readings:
* Peruse the appropriate sections of b:Mechanics
Study guide:
* Wikipedia article:Center of Mass
* Wikipedia article:Inertia
* Wikipedia article:Inertial Force
* Wikipedia article:Inertia Vector
* Wikipedia article:Mass Moment of Inertia
* Wikipedia article:Centroidal Mass Moment of Inertia
* Wikipedia article:Parallel Axis Theorem
* Wikipedia article:Radius of Gyration
# Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Stockholm syndrome emotion

* [ Multimedia presentation (3 min)]

## Overview

* Something catchy about paradox of empathy/compassion/gratitude alongside fear/terror/isolation/abuse. Figure 1. Emotive image capturing perspective of an individual being actively threatened
* Comment on complexity of human behaviour, why?
* Chapter will unpack:
* What is Stockholm syndrome[grammar?]
* Antecents[spelling?] to Stockholm syndrome
* Exploration of the emotional apects[spelling?] of Stockholm syndrome
* Psychological mechanisms - survival
* Contemporary view within literature
* Focus questions:
* What is Stockholm syndrome?
* What are the emotional aspects of Stockholm syndrome?

## Stockholm syndrome

Stockholm syndrome is complex adaptive response to traumatic and threatening situations
Definition:
* Origins: Norrmalmstorg robbery- Hyper link other cases i.e Patty Hearst,
* Differentiation from disorder (why?) - comment, prior to DSM V consideration of inclusion under other stress related condition
* Brief comment on need for language - title to change to reflect survival mechanism (discus later on)

## What are the emotional aspect of Stockholm sydrome?

Topic sentence

### Sub heading one

Para one
Para two
Para three

### Sub heading two

Para one
Para two
Para three
Para four

### Sub heading three

Para one
Para two
Para three
Para four
Table 1.
The Title of the table
| Likely to list emotions and definitions | Heading |
| Terror (?) | Explanation |
| Gratitude (?) | Explanation |
| Sympathy or Empathy (?) | Explanation |
| Fear (?) | Explanation |
| | Explanation |

### Test yourself

* REVIEW QUIZ

## Psychological mechanisms

Topic sentence (Brief): Survival

### Sub heading one

Para one
Para two
Para three
* Case study
* insert a case study example that illustrates how positive affect/sympathy w. ones capture can be a mechanism of survival - i.e decrease threat level and increase provision of needs

### Sub heading two

Para one

## Contemporary Approaches (critque)

Topic sentence (Brief):

### Test yourself

* REVIEW HOW TO DO QUIZ
# Programming Fundamentals/Introduction/Creating Flowcharts

A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents a step-by-step approach to solving a task. This activity introduces basic flowcharting symbols and how to put them together to represent the steps to complete a simple task. This activity will help you understand flowcharts and how to use them in the program planning process.

## Objectives

* Understand basic flowcharting symbols.
* Understand how to properly connect flowcharting symbols to represent a given task.

## Prerequisites

* Review Wikipedia: Flowchart.

## Introduction

Review the simple flowchart example on the right.

### Questions

* What symbol is used to indicate the beginning and ending of a program?
* What symbol is used to indicate annotations or comments?
* What symbol is used to indicate input or output?
* How are symbols connected together?
* How are comments connected to the flowchart?

### Further Research

* What symbol is used to indicate a process or calculation?
* What symbol is used to indicate a decision or choice?
* What software applications are available to help create flowcharts?

## Activity

With a partner, consider the following scenario: Assume you are sitting in a classroom. You are directing your partner to write your name on the board in the front of the classroom and then return to their seat.
What steps are necessary to make this happen? Create a flowchart that documents the steps. Compare your flowchart with your partner's flowchart. Discuss any differences and make adjustments, if necessary.

## Applications

* Consider how flowcharts may be used in the program planning and documentation process.
* Identify specific steps you will want to take when planning and writing computer programs.
* Discuss your activity experience with your classmates. What surprised you? What have you learned that you can apply to your own school or work environment?
# Programming Fundamentals/Introduction/Fortran
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Fortran compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* RexTester
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* TutorialsPoint: Fortran
* Fortran90.org: Best Practices
# Programming Fundamentals/Introduction/Go
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Go compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* Ideone
* GoLang.org
* paiza.IO
* repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Go by Example: Hello World
# Programming Fundamentals/Introduction/Haskell
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Haskell compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* Ideone
* paiza.IO
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Haskell.org: Haskell in 5 steps
# Programming Fundamentals/Introduction/JavaScript
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own JavaScript compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* Chapman.edu: Online JavaScript Interpreter
* CodeChef
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* JS.do
* paiza.IO
* PythonTutor
* repl.it

## See Also

* JavaScript.info: Hello, World!
* w3Schools: JavaScript Output
* Progopedia: JavaScript Hello World Example
# Programming Fundamentals/Introduction/MATLAB
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own MATLAB compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Wikibooks: MATLAB Programming/Hello World
# Programming Fundamentals/Introduction/Lua
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Lua compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* Ideone
* repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Lua.org: Programming in Lua
# Programming Fundamentals/Introduction/Flowchart
## Try It
### Free Online Flowchart Tools

* Diagramo
* Draw.io

### Free Downloadable Flowchart IDEs

* Flowgorithm
* LARP
* RAPTOR
* Visual Logic

## See Also

* Flowgorithm
* Raptor (programming)
# Programming Fundamentals/Introduction/Java
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Java compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* InterviewBit
* paiza.IO
* PythonTutor
* repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Princeton: HelloWorld.java
# Programming Fundamentals/Introduction/Dart
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Dart compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* DartPad
* Ideone
* jdoodle
* repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Dart: Samples
# Microsoft Office

* Word
* Excel
* Macros
# Microsoft Office/Excel

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet application developed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications.

## Resources

* Functionality
* Learning Excel

## File Formats

* Wikipedia: Xls (file format)
* Wikipedia: Xlt (file format)

## See Also

* IC$^3$ Spreadsheets
# Microsoft Office/Excel/Functionality/Pivot tables

Pivot tables are one of Excel's most powerful features. A pivot table allows you to extract the significance from a large, detailed data set.
# Microsoft Office/Excel/Learning Excel

This Software resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
On this page you can find information that can help you to learn Excel/ working with spreadsheets.

## To-do

* What could be a next exercise after learning about AutoSum?

## Basic training

* AutoSum
# Microsoft Office/Excel/Functionality/AutoSum/Excercises

On this page you can find some excercises regarding the AutoSom functionality.

## Exercise 1

* Type in the numbers below.
* Place your mouse in cell A4 and click on the AutoSum button.
* Is the result correct?
* Look at the formula in cell A4.

## Exercise 2

* Add an extra number by inserting a row.
# Microsoft Office/Excel/Functionality/AutoSum

With AutoSum you can add up or subtract numbers. You can find the AutoSum button in menu 'Start'.

## Index

* Excercises
# Microsoft Office/Word/Configure documents to print or save

This lesson introduces configuring documents to print or save.

## Objectives and Skills

Objectives and skills for the configure documents to print or save portion of Microsoft Word certification include:
* Configuring documents to print, saving documents in alternate file formats, printing document sections, saving files to remote locations, protecting documents with passwords, setting print scaling, maintaining backward compatibility

## Multimedia

* Watch Microsoft: Save a Word document.