OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Neurodiversity Movement/Section 2: A History Of Abuse
## Section 2: A History Of Abuse

This section'll introduce the abuse suffered by other neurotypes, (Explanation at Section 1), and some examples.

### Quack cures and their dangers.

For Autism, there is not a cure yet, but, some people still think about the possible existence of one, leading to dangerous approaches in their attempt.
One example of this, is the bleach cure, which includes Jim's Humble Miracle Mineral Solution, which was offered to children with Autism, and other neurotypes, it's a chlorine dioxide-formed product, which offers now to treat Ebola or Cancer, sometimes affirming the existance of viruses in some still unclear diseases.
* This caused a death, and several injuries.

### Twisted therapies

* ↑ Wikipedia: Autism
* ↑ "Autism Wikia on Bleach"
* ↑ "Jim Humble's Website"
* ↑ "News Article on the Bleach in Autism Topic"
# Neurodiversity Movement/Why language matters

This page is about how we use language in the Neurodiversity movement and why different ways to communicate or write things matter. Work in progress, feel free to edit freely.
The use of the word "Neurotypical" for example.
# Neuroethics/Centres

Topic:Neuroethics
* 3TU.Center for Ethics and Technology a collaboration of the philosophy sections of Eindhoven University of Technology, Delft University of Technology and the University of Twente.
* The Hastings Center in New York
* London School of Economics, 'Brain, Self and Society in the 21st Century' project, Professor Nikolas Rose, Martin White.
* Center for Bioethics at the University of Pennsylvania and their Neuroethics project
* Neuroethics.Net Canadian research led by Dalhousie University.
* Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics and their Neuroethics Theme Group
# Nuclear power greener/A critique of Potential threats from a likely nuclear power plant accident: a climatological trajectory analysis and tracer study.

(Review Paper) Cited in Nuclear power greener/A critique of Potential threats from a likely nuclear power plant accident: a climatological trajectory analysis and tracer study.
# Nuclear power greener/A critque of:Nuclear energy: Good or bad?

(Review Paper) Cited in Nuclear power greener/A critque of:Nuclear energy: Good or bad?
# Nuclear power greener/A critique of Limits to the Use of Energy: The limit to population set by energy is extremely large, provided that the breeder reactor is developed or that controlled fusion becomes feasible

(Review Paper) Cited in Nuclear power greener/A critique of Limits to the Use of Energy: The limit to population set by energy is extremely large, provided that the breeder reactor is developed or that controlled fusion becomes feasible

### Nuclear power can keep up with population growth with breeder reactors

Reactors that make more radioactive fuel create an unlimited supply of energy.
# Nuclear power greener/A critique of Nuclear power and the environment: comparative assessment of environmental and health impacts of electricity-generating systems.

(Review Paper) Cited in Nuclear power greener/A critique of Nuclear power and the environment: comparative assessment of environmental and health impacts of electricity-generating systems.

### Nuclear Power is Greener

Not only is Nuclear energy much safer in terms of lives lost in manufacturing but compared to coal and electricity its carbon foot print is non-existent. Also the process of generating nuclear power creates very little waste or bi products.
Nuclear Power meets 17% of demand of electricity from the world. It also comes very close to being non-existent in the air as a pollutant gas that effects the global climate.

### Methods

Nuclear power generators were compared with other energy sources. After considering total deaths, waste products, and sustainability, nuclear power had significantly better outcomes.

### Results

In the end, nuclear power comes out as a misunderstood energy source. When looking at it from a humanitarian perspective, producing nuclear power is not as dangerous as other sources. Coal and gas require every day retrieval, which leads to many more deaths and persistent health problems. Nuclear power also has a higher density than other energy sources, with less product resulting in more power. On top of everything else, nuclear power is cheaper and has some of the lowest emission rates, resulting in less ecological deterioration.
Because of the scientific proof of nuclear power containing low emission rates, goals have been made to work towards the improvement of economics of nuclear power. Some of these goals are to decrease the risk there is when it comes to accidents and increase the number of resources of nuclear power.
# Nuclear power greener/A critique of Risks of nuclear power

(Review Paper) Cited in Nuclear power greener/A critique of Risks of nuclear power

### Methods

Nuclear power technology produces radiation that is known as "radioactive". This type of radiation can cause serious effects if exposed in the wrong circumstances. Exposure to radioactive materials is likely to cause an increased adverse effect on human health now and in the future.
Although reactor accidents have a low probability of occurring, the outcomes are quite extensive in nature. There is serious potential risk for surrounding areas that inhabit life. It has been determined that high exposure to radiation can destroy parts of the body increasing the chances of death.
Radioactive waste is confined from the population for a very long period of time. Essentially this waste is converted to a rock-like form and placed deep within the earth. It is expected that a rock in this type of environment will live for one billion years. If the radioactive waste acts in the same way as a rock, this will result in one death from every 50 years of operations.

### Results

Everyday, human beings are exposed to 15,000 particles of natural radiation every second from natural sources. It is estimated that this type of radiation causes about 1% of all cancers. When humans come into contact with radioactive radiation, the exposure rate increases to about 0.2%, thus increasing cancer risk by 0.002% which essentially reduces life expectancy by one hour.
A mathematical calculation called "probabilistic risk analysis" (PRA), was conducted to forecast the probability of a reactor accident. These were the results: "A fuel melt-down might be expected once in 20,000 years of reactor operation. In 2 out of 3 melt-downs there would be no deaths, in 1 out of 5 there would be over 1000 deaths, and in 1 out of 100,000 there would be 50,000 deaths. The average for all meltdowns would be 400 deaths".
Based on the rationale of radioactive waste as stated above, it is determined that the risk of death is very low from the operation of one power plant (one death per 50 years of operation).
# Nuclear power greener/Burying Uncertainty: Risk and the case against geological disposal of nuclear waste

(Review Paper) Cited in Nuclear power greener/Burying Uncertainty: Risk and the case against geological disposal of nuclear waste

### Points Made

The issue with the appropriate, ensuring method of the complete disposal of nuclear waste is that there is none because it has never been accomplished before.

### Methods

A study by the US government and industry scientists of a low level radioactive waste commercial site in Maxey Flats, Kentucky found that stored plutonium was much more harmful than they had previously expected. The facility was supposed to be a low-level waste site where the material was disposed of in hard shale with no expectations of any harmful effects. It actually migrated 2 miles offsite in less than 10 years. Although scientists at the site believed they had taken all necessary precautions and that there was no way the radioactive material could have any harmful effects, they were terribly wrong. There is no safe, viable option for disposal of radioactive waste.
# Introduction to US History/United We Stand:The History of the United States of America

United We Stand
To be exported to United We Stand at Wikibooks as it is developed.
Table of Contents
* Chapter 1:America Before Columbus
* Chapter 2:Foreign Exploration
* Chapter 3:Colonial America
# Null sequence/R/1 by n^a/Exercise

Let $k\in \mathbb {N} _{+}$. Prove that the sequence ${\left({\frac {1}{n^{k}}}\right)}_{n\in \mathbb {N} }$ converges to $0$.
# Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/Publications on the way/Well-being among medical students in Panamá study using GHQ12 data 2021-22 with Diploma 1
## 2. Study work

* Research questions and protocol
* Questionnaire Google Form
* Literature search and review
* Pilot test
* Data collection
* Data analysis and Article/thesis writing
* Article/Thesis ready and defense
* The scientific publication, conference presentations
# Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/Publications on the way/Well-being among medical students in Panamá study using GHQ12 data 2021-22 with Diploma 1/Zoom meetings

ZOOM meetings for Diploma 1 education and Study on welbeing for medical students
Meeting 1: Day/Months/year/time:
* Participants
* Week 1 Diploma 1 introduction
* Study plans
* Next meeting
# Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/Publications on the way/Psychological Distress in Venezuelan, Thai, French, and Spanish maritime students GHQ12 2022-23
#### ZOOM MEETING ON THE:

Article 2: Psychological Distress among seafarers and its Assessment on Venezuelan, Thai, French, and Spanish maritime students by using General Health Questionnaire- 12 items
AGENDA:
* Expected submission year and month
* Journal for publication
* Tasks to be done: 1. Data from Thailand and UMIP Panama available will be sent. 2. Decision pending on whether to include French and Panama data or not
* Next meeting: Will be decided after Olaf receives data from Panama
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
References
* ↑ Suyasha Koirala (1), Aayushi Thapa (1), Olaf Jensen (2), David Lucas (3,4,5) Psychological Distress among seafarers and its Assessment on Venezuelan, Thai, French, and Spanish maritime students by using General Health Questionnaire- 12 items 1) Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark 2) Centre for Maritime Health and Society, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark 3) ORPHY Laboratory, University Brest, F-29200 Brest, France 4) Occupational and Environmental Diseases Center, Teaching Hospital, F-29200 Brest France 5) French Society of Maritime Medicine Brest, F-29200, France
* ↑ Journal finder
* ↑ Elsevier open-access/agreements/SDU
# Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/Publications on the way/Well-being among medical students in Panamá study using GHQ12 data 2021-22
## 2. Study work

* Research questions and protocol
* Questionnaire Google Form
* Literature search and review
* Pilot test
* Data collection
* Data analysis and Article/thesis writing
* Article/Thesis ready and defense
* The scientific publication, conference presentations
# Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/Publications on the way/Well-being among medical students in Panamá study using GHQ12 data 2021-22/Diary notes
#### 2021 participants

* Diploma 1 Introduction week 1
* Study on well-beeing among medical students in Pamnama - planning
* Next meeting
# Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/Publications on the way/Health services among port workers in Costa Rica: analysis of data from a container terminal clinic/Zoom meetings

ZOOM meetings
16/12/2021/ 12:30-13 AM, OJ
* Questionnaire data, patients coming to the clinic?
* Possible include 50 cases analysis in VC Thesis - in a comparative study
* Possible analyse the clinical data in VC Thesis /especially Exposures (tractor/ crane drivers) and health pain
13/11/2021/8-9 AM with AM, OJ
* reading similar articles,
* homogenise of some variables
* elaborate article content
* Next meeting - in 14 days
* File Diagnostics? what to do
* Discuss 15 & 16 Copy 13 Nov ENERO-SEP 2021 Job Place
* 3051 in total = visits some of them return?
Return
# Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/Publications on the way/Systematic Review on Psychological Distress among maritime students 2022-23
#### MONDAY 18 OCTOBER 11-12 AM 2021 ZOOM with DL, AT, SK, OJ

Article 1: Systematic Review on Psychological Distress among maritime students 2022-23
AGENDA:
* Expected submission year and month Year: 2022 - 23
* Journal for publication
* Tasks to be done: 1. Supplementary literature in other databases 2. Update PubMed result
* Next meeting: Date: Nov 16th 2021, Time: 3 PM Danish Time. POSTPONED NO NEW DATE NOW
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
References
* ↑ Aayushi Thapa (1), Suyasha Koirala (1) David Lucas (2,3,4) Olaf Jensen (5) Systematic Review on Psychological Distress among seafarers and its Assessment on Venezuelan, Thai, French, and Spanish maritime students 1) Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark 2) ORPHY Laboratory, University Brest, F-29200 Brest, France 3) Occupational and Environmental Diseases Center, Teaching Hospital, F-29200 Brest France 4) French Society of Maritime Medicine Brest, F-29200, France 5) Centre for Maritime Health and Society, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
* ↑ Aayushi Thapa, Suyasha Koirala. Thesis 2021: Psychological Distress among maritime students
* ↑ Journal finder
* ↑ Elsevier open-access/agreements/SDU
# Maritime Health Research and Education-NET/Publications on the way/Well-being among medical students in Panamá study using GHQ12 data 2021-22/Zoom meetings

ZOOM meetings for Diploma 1 education and Study on welbeing for medical students
Meeting 1: Day/Months/year/time:
* Participants
* Week 1 Diploma
* Study plans
* Next meeting
# Radioactivity basics

Nuclear physics is the study of behaviour of the atomic nucleus. It can be subdivided into various categories, such as:
* Radioactivity Basics
* Detectors
* Nuclear Fission
* Nuclear Fusion

## Radioactivity Basics

Radioactivity is the tendency of unstable nuclei to emit particles in order to bring it closer to stability. There are 4 main types:
* Alpha radiation - the emission of a $_{2}^{4}He$ nucleus
* Beta Minus (Plus) radiation - the emission of an electron (positron) from the atom
* Gamma radiation - the emission of a photon by the nucleus
* Neutron radiation - the emission of a $_{0}^{1}n$ from the nucleus
These particles are encountered at typically very low level in nature. Moderate to high rates of exposure to these particles can be severely detrimental to organic tissues and life threatening to humans and the rest of the ecosystem.

## Sources of Radioactivity

* Minerals containing naturally radioactive elements (potassium, radium, uranium, thorium...)
* Background cosmic rays
* Solar flux
* Nuclear power plants & nuclear fuel cycle plants
* Old watches & clocks (with radioluminescent paints (radium, tritium)
* Nuclear labs
* Radioactive waste
* Nuclear medicine
* Nuclear bomb testing
* Radon gas

### Radioactive Decay

The activity of a radioactive nucleus (the rate of decay with time) can be described by the following equation:
    $A={\frac {dN}{dt}}=-\lambda N$
where $\lambda$ is the 'decay constant' of the process in question.
The exponential behaviour of radioactive decay can be derived by separating the variables and integrating:
    $\int _{1}^{N}{\frac {dN}{N}}=-\int _{0}^{t}\lambda dt$
    $lnN=-\lambda t+C\,$
Setting the initial number of nuclei $N_{0}=e^{C}\,$ results in the final equation:
    $N=N_{0}e^{-\lambda t}\,$
Similarly, the decay by two or processes may be described by:
    $N=N_{0}e^{-(\lambda _{1}+\lambda _{2}+...)t}\,$
The half-life of a substance is the time that it takes for the number of nuclei to decay to half their initial value. It can be shown that the half life, $t_{1/2)$ is given by:
    $t_{1/2}={\frac {ln2}{\lambda }}$

## Detectors

The detection of radiation is accomplished by several different mechanisms:
* Gas-filled detectors
* Scintillation detectors
* Semiconductor detectors
* Cerenkov detectors

## Nuclear Fission

Nuclear fission is the 'splitting' of an atomic nucleus into two or more lighter components. The energy used to run commercial nuclear power plants and to cause the explosion of nuclear weapons is gained from this process. This process takes place with the liberation of enormous amounts of heat.

## Nuclear Fusion

Nuclear fusion is the process by which two or more nuclei combine to form one heavier nucleus. If the final product has a mass number lower than Iron (Fe-56), energy is released and can be used to do useful work. It is the aim of several current international projects to refine this process into an economically viable one.

## Reference Texts

Knoll, Glenn F. - Radiation Detection and Measurement
Krane, Kenneth S. - Introductory Nuclear Physics
# Radio Discussion/Living on Earth/2008.2.8/Segment 6

Naked in the Woods

## Topics

* About an early 20th century survivalist
# Radio Discussion/Living on Earth/2008.2.8/Segment 5

Belching Cows

## Topics

* Cattle create methane while digesting. Grass fed may emit more.
# Radio Discussion/Living on Earth/2008.2.8/Segment 7

40 Days, Carbon-free

## Topics

* A religious group tried to cut their carbon footprint
# Radio Interferometer Telescope

* Please help develop and classify this resource
* Learn how you can develop this resource to teach participants about Radio Interferometer Telescope. Choose a subject, education level, and resource type to classify the resource by. You may learn more about the topic to help you develop and classify the resource from:

## Introduction

This project deals with making a astronomical interferometer (a type of a radio telescope) based on the techniques of aperture synthesis. This telescope is designed to work at a radio frequency of 74 MHz.
The basic idea is to measure complex cross-correlation coefficients between voltage signals from two antennas separated by a distance, $b$. This technique, called interferometry, is used to obtain higher angular resolution, which may not be attainable due to modest sizes of individual antenna (or dishes) involved in observations.

## Methodology

We plan to use half-wave dipole antennas to sense electromagnetic waves from astronomical sources at $74$ MHz. This signal will be down-converted to $1.9$ MHz using a mixer, after necessary amplification. A small band around 73.9 MHz, of about $0.25$ MHz will be recorded using a direct-voltage recorder system. This raw, 2-bit quantized data will be stored on a PC for a later processing by customized computer programs.
These programs have been termed as `software correlator'. Our code for cross-correlation is based on lookup-table approach, details of which will be available on a separate page titled BITS Correlator.
# Radio Discussion/Living on Earth/2008.2.8/Segment 4

Math on the Range

## Topics

* Grass-fed beef has a muck lower carbon footprint than grain fed
# Radioactivity
## Radioactivity

The nuclei of some atoms spontaneously disintegrate from one form of isotope to another until they reach a stable form. These atoms emit particles (alpha & beta) & photons (gamma rays) which are different in charge, size, penetrating power and ionization energy.

## Half life of the isotope

The half - life of an isotope is the time needed to decay until half of it's mass remains. Here is an example. 50 grams of the radioactive isotope Carbon 14 with a half-life of 5,730 years after 5,730 years, 25 grams will remain. After another 5,730 years only 12.5 grams will remain and so on. When a radioactive isotope completely decays into a daughter isotope, it may decay into another isotope, or remain the same, depending on whether it is stable or radioactive.

## Types of decay

There are three main types of radioactive decay; these include Alpha, Beta, & Gamma Radiation. Alpha and Beta decay are released in particles, while Gamma radiation is released in rays.
Gamma radiation is more penetrating than alpha & beta. An alpha particle can be stopped by a thin piece of paper and a beta particle can be stopped by a sheet of aluminium foil Gamma radiation can penetrate both with ease. The most efficient way to stop gamma rays is with and apron of lead (hence the wearing of a lead covering when you get a dental X-Ray).
Here are some common radiation emitters:
* Alpha
Americium-241
Radon
* Beta
Strontium-90
* Gamma
Uranium-238
# Radiology

Welcome to the Wikiversity Department of Radiology, part of the School of Medicine.
The Department of Radiology is a Wikiversity content development project. Wikiversity editors with an interest in radiology can use this page to plan, organize and develop learning resources for learning about radiology. All actual learning resources should go in the main namespace (use page names with no prefix).

## Introduction

Diagnostic Radiology is the use of modalities such as MRI, CT, ultrasound, plain films, nuclear medicine techniques to image the human body to diagnose disease or to follow the progress of disease already being treated.
MRI uses radiowaves and magnetic fields for excellent soft tissue detail. It is used heavily in Neuroradiology and Musculoskeletal imaging.
CT and xrays both use high frequency low wavelenght xrays. Bony detail is excellent though soft tissue detail is limited.
Ultrasound uses sound waves.
Nuclear medicine uses radioactive tracers and particles and depicts many physiologic processes.
A separate branch, interventional radiology, uses diagnostic techniques such as fluoroscopy, CT, ultrasound, and in the future, MRI, to guide the placement of needles, catheters and wires inside the human body for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
In the future, many newer techiniques, such as a functional MRI, interventional MRI, MRI/PET fusion, and molecular and genetic imaging will become routine.
Interventional procedures in the future will eventually minimize the use of xrays, which have potential effects to damage DNA, and rely more heavily on other techniques which will not use ioninzing radiation. Such techniques will include interventional MRI and MRI fluroscopy.
Radiologists will also be able to use small molecular probes in the future to diagnose specific genetic abnormalities, both for diagnostic purposes so treatment can be tailored individually, and for individually tailored gene therapy.

## Learning Projects

See: Learning Projects and the Wikiversity:Learning model.
Learning materials and learning projects are located in the main Wikiversity namespace. Simply make a link to the name of the learning project (learning projects are independent pages in the main namespace) and start writing! We suggest the use of the learning project template (use "subst:Learning project boilerplate" on the new page, inside the double curved brackets {}).
Learning materials and learning projects can be used by multiple departments. Cooperate with other departments that use the same learning resource.
Remember, Wikiversity has adopted the "learning by doing" model for education. Lessons should center on learning activities for Wikiversity participants. We learn by doing.
Select a descriptive name for each learning project. Learning projects can be listed in alphanumeric order by code, however code numbers are optional.
# Radio Discussion/Living on Earth/2008.2.8/Segment 8

The Chemistry of Love

## Topics

* About the biochemistry of romantic love
# Ordered field/Complete/Definition

An ordered field $K$ is called complete or completely ordered, if every Cauchy sequence in $K$ converges.