OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Geographic Information System/Cartography

A map is a way of representing our world, based on the knowledge and culture of the mapping society at a particular time in history. The purpose of a map is to transmit knowledge visually. Maps are often considered to be one of the three major modes of communication.
A cartographer is someone who designs and prepares a map for distribution. Cartographers are trained professionals in the field of cartography which is the art and science of making maps. Cartographers also study the philosophical and theoretical bases of the rules for making maps.
Cartography is a professional field that has existed for hundreds of years, and it takes cartographers many years of apprenticeship to become skilled at their craft. However, with today's computer technology allowing us to quickly manipulate, analyze, and visualize spatial information, map-making is now being shared by professionals outside of cartography. Therefore, it is important that any user of a GIS be trained in cartography so that their maps will be effective tools for communication.
# Geographic Information System/Geodatabase
## Geodatabase

A geodatabase is a storage container for GIS data. Databases have many advantages over shapefiles such as:
* speed
* ability to hold vector and raster data
* ability to restrict attributes to certain formats or range of values
* ability to enforce rules on input
* and many more.
The standard geodatabase contains two major structures that you should be aware of:
* feature data set
* feature class
A feature data set is simply a collection of feature classes. You can think of a feature data set as a folder inside of the database. A feature data set will contain one or more feature classes and all those feature classes must have the same coordinate system. In other words, a feature data set is a logical grouping of feature classes inside of a geodatabase.
A feature class is a collection of common features and is analogous to a single shapefile. Each feature class must have the same geometry, just like the shapefile.
(image of geo database browser)
# Geochronology/Varves

Def. "a pair of sedimentary layers, a couplet, that form in an annual cycle as the result of seasonal weather changes" is called a varve.
"Typically formed in glacial lakes a varve couplet consists of a coarser grained summer layer formed during open-water conditions, and a finer grained winter layer formed from deposition from suspension during a period of winter ice cover. Many varve deposits contain hundreds of couplets."
"The ruin marble structure of the Cretaceous/Paleogene fine-grained marly limestone from the Outer Flysch Belt of the Western Carpathians has a non-tectonic origin, according to structural and sedimentological evidence. Distinctive offsets of coloured red-brownish ferric oxyhydroxide bands are not due to displacements along rock-cutting fractures, as they superficially appear to be. Evidences for shear movement along these pseudo-faults were not observed. Band offsets result from different velocities of pervasively diffusing fluids, precipitating ferric oxyhydroxides in corridors bounded by sets of mineralised systematic joints. During rock weathering, calcite-filled joints operated as barriers for lateral fluid diffusion, but enabled longitudinal diffusion along healed joints."
# Geographic Information System

A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographic data.

## Basics

* Attributes
* Metadata
* Environments
* Identify

## Data models

* Vector Model
* Raster Model

## Storage formats

* Vector Formats
* Raster Formats
* Geodatabase

## GIS Programs

* ArcGIS - Commercial
* SAGA GIS - OpenSource - Desktop Application - Linux, Mac, Win - Novice GIS
* Quantum GIS - OpenSource - Desktop Application - Linux, Mac, Win - Novice GIS
* GRASS GIS - OpenSource - Desktop Application - Linux, Mac, Win - Advanced Users
* LeafletJS - OpenSource - webbased visualisation and plugin based processing of geodata - Web Browser
* OpenLayers - OpenSource - webbased visualisation of dynamic data and processing of downloaded geodata (e.g. Earthquake heatmap) - Web Browser

## Map design

* Cartography
* Map Elements
* Final Map Setup

## Analysis Tools

* Buffer
* Merge
* Selection
* Results
* Intersect

## See Also

* Wikipedia: Geographic information system
* Spatial Analysis in R with PDF-Tutorial
# Geographic Information System/Intersect

The intersect tool in ArcGIS is a way to merge layers together. Features inside of your layers that overlap can be merged into one shape with the help of the intersect tool. The main use is when trying to intersect geometric features. One important thing to keep in mind when intersecting features is to make sure they are simple features such as point, multipoint, line, or polygon. When selecting your input features make sure you keep in mind that the output feature class will be the same as the lowest dimension geometry of the input features you selected. (Ex. If you have two input features one is point and the other is polygon the output feature class will be in point)
How to get to intersect tool: Open ArcMAP and go to the Catalog viewer. Toolboxes -> System Toolboxes -> Analysis Tools -> Overlay -> Intersect.
Once you have the Intersect tool opened select the Input Features you want to intersect and then make sure you save it to the right folder and give it a name for the Output Feature Class.
# Geographic Information System/Buffer

The buffer geoprocessing tool is used to create a polygon around the input feature. The size of the polygon depends on the distance specified when inputting the parameters. After the tool has run a new layer is created with the buffer polygons.
For example: This tool could be used by a delivery company to specify their delivery radius.
How to use:
The buffer tool is located under the Geoprocessing tab (See Figure 1).
Once you open the tool you must select an input feature, output feature, and the distance of your buffer (See Figure 2). There are additional options as well but are not necessary for a basic buffer.
After clicking OK, a new layer is created displaying the buffered areas (See Figures 3 and 4).
# Geographic Information System/Identify

The Identify tool lists features at specific locations on the map that are automatically generated from uploaded metadata. Instead of searching through dozens of layers in the table of contents, you can save a lot of time by using the identify tool (e.g. Don’t know where a certain city is? Easy, just open the identify tool and search for it. ArcGIS will zoom in on the area of interest). This tool is just as helpful if you want to know what features are where while looking at different parts of the map (e.g. addresses, zip codes, coordinates, road lengths, etc.). If you’re looking for an attribute connected to a certain feature, you can right-click the feature after opening the identify tool. If you’re overwhelmed by excess data in the frame, you can also customize the identify tool to list data applicable to you.
# Geographic Information System/Environments
### Setting Coordinate system

Setting a coordinate system in ArcGIS useful because it will automatically change files you upload to your map to that coordinate system and you will not have edge issues with you data not matching up. To do this you go to the

### Setting Work Spaces

Work spaces in ArcGIS is the setting where you tell the program where you are pulling the data from on your computer or cloud drive and where you wish to save all of the changes you make to data. The former is called your current workspace while the latter is called your scratch workspace. To set your workspaces go to the geoprocessing menu and click environments. Click the workspace tab and then select the file locations.

### Relative Pathways

In ArcGIS when you move files around sometimes a red exclamation point will pop up next to file or map layer meaning that it no longer can be found in the file location it was stored in. Setting relative path names ensures that this doesn't happen, instead of searching for the file location it searches for the file name instead. To do this, go to map document properties under the file menu and click the check box at the bottom that reads store relative pathnames to data sources. To make this the default option go to the customize menu and click ArcMap options and select the general tab. Check the box that says make relative paths the default for new map documments.
# Graphitic carbon nitride

Graphitic carbon nitride carbon nitride (g-C$_3$N$_4$) is a family of compounds with general formula near to C$_3$N$_4$ which depending on reaction conditions exhibit different degrees of condensation, properties and reactivities.
Graphitic carbon nitride can be made by polymerization of cyanamide, dicyandiamide or melamine. The firstly formed polymeric C$_3$N$_4$ structure, melon, with pendant amino groups, is a highly ordered polymer. Further reaction leads to more condensed and less defective C$_3$N$_4$ species, based on tri-s-triazine (C$_6$N$_7$) units as elementary building blocks (1).
Graphitic carbon nitride can also be prepared by electrodeposition on Si(100) substrate from a saturated acetone solution of cyanuric trichloride and melamine (ratio =1: 1.5) at room temperature (2).
Well-crystallized graphitic carbon nitride nanocrystallites also can be have prepared via benzene-thermal reaction between C$_3$N$_3$Cl$_3$ and NaNH$_2$ at 180–220 °C for 8–12 h (3).
Recently, a new method of syntheses of graphitic carbon nitrides by heating at 400-600ºC of a mixture of melamine and uric acid in presence of alumina has been reported. Alumina favored the deposition of the graphitic carbon nitrides layers on the exposed surface. This method can be assimilated to an in situ chemical vapor deposition (CVD)(4).
Characterisation of crystalline g-C$_3$N$_4$ can be carried out by identifying the triazine ring existed in the products by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements, photoluminescence spectra and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum (peaks at 800 cm$^{-1}$, 1310 cm$^{-1}$ and 1610 cm$^{-1}$).
Due to the special semiconductor properties of carbon nitrides, they show unexpected catalytic activity for a variety of reactions, such as for the activation of benzene, trimerization reactions, and also the activation of carbon dioxide (artificial photosynthesis)(5).
A commercial graphitic carbon nitride available under the brand name Nicanite® can, in its micron-sized graphitic form, be used for tribological coatings, biocompatible medical coatings, chemically inert coatings, insulators and for energy-storage solutions (6).
# Gravitation

Gravitation is the fundamental force of attraction between objects having masses. In everyday life, gravitation is commonly thought of as the weight of an object.
the fundamental force of attraction that exists between all particles with mass in the universe
Gravitation keeps the Earth and the other planets in their orbits around the Sun. It keeps the Moon in its orbit around the Earth. It causes tides, convection and many other things that happen. Gravitation is also the reason that the Earth, the Sun, and most other objects in space exist. Without it, matter would not have come together into these big masses. Without gravitation, life as we know it would not exist.
Physics describes gravitation using the theory of general relativity. Newton's law of universal gravitation is very similar to the theory of relativity but much more simple.
The term "gravity" is often used to mean "gravitation". In science, the terms "gravitation" and "gravity" are used differently. "Gravitation" is the theory about the attraction. "Gravity" is the force that pulls objects towards each other. Unit of gravitational force is Newton.

## Studies

/Four potential gravitation

## Other websites

* Gravity Probe B Experiment The Official Einstein website from Stanford University
* Gravity for kids (flash)
* How stuff works: How does gravity work?
# Grassroots media training/KKFI

    This article exists to facilitate collaborative development and use of a training curriculum that hopefully will become a regular part of how KKFI, Kansas City Community Radio, pursues its mission. We hope to do this by offering classes that increase both the skill level of our volunteers and the number of volunteers. The increased skill should improve the quality of what we broadcast. And that increase in quality as well as a presumed increase in the number of volunteers would both likely help increase our audience. The increase in quality, volunteers and audience should also help increase our funding, which should make it easier for us to produce even better training and broadcasts, in a virtuous cycle.
    It is on Wikiversity to invite anyone interested to contribute in any way they feel may help KKFI or may be useful from some similar organization.
KKFI currently offers “New Volunteer Orientation” and classes in podcasting. The following summarizes more of our pressing training needs:
Beyond that, KKFI needs people who are capable of managing the production of, for example, All Souls Forum, for which we do not currently have a volunteer committed to edit the recording each week, enter it into our PAL software, and create the episode description to appear on KKFI's web site. For this we will eventually also need documentation and training for the following:
These latter two classes should follow the Program Associate training, because KKFI doesn't want just anyone doing these tasks without demonstrating a certain skill level and commitment to maintaining high quality standards in what we broadcast. We don't want, for example, just anyone messing with our sensitive production equipment nor our web site.
Discussions of other possible training offerings will be added in the future.
# English-Chinese/Mental disorder is a behavior or mental pattern that causes severe damage of personal function

Mental disorder is a behavior or mental pattern that causes severe damage of personal function.
精神障碍是一种 导致个人功能严重受损的 行为或心理模式。
# English-Chinese/Mediterranean diet may improve cardiovascular outcomes

Evidence suggests that the Mediterranean diet may improve cardiovascular outcomes.
有证据表明，地中海饮食可以改善心血管疾病。
# English-Chinese/Meat

Meat is animal tissue used as food. Most often is used to describe skeletal muscle and fat that is found with it. Types of meat include beef and veal from cattle, pork, ham and bacon from pigs, mutton from sheep, venison from deer, fish, insects, and poultry from chickens, ducks and turkeys. The word meat is also used for sausages and for non-muscle organs which are used for food, for example liver, brain, and kidneys.
肉 是 用作 食物的 动物组织。通常 用于 描述 骨骼的 肌肉 和 脂肪。肉的 类型 包括 来自 牛的 牛肉 和 小牛肉，来自 猪的 猪肉，火腿 和 bacon，来自 羊的 羊肉，来自 鹿的 鹿肉，鱼，昆虫 以及 来自 鸡，鸭 和 火鸡的 家禽肉。肉 这个 词 也 用于 香肠 和 用于 食物的 非肌肉 器官，例如 肝脏，脑部 和 肾脏。
# English-Chinese/Medicine in hypertension treatment

If lifestyle changes do not decrease a person's blood pressure, then the person may need medications. A doctor will choose which medications to use, based on what other medical problems the person has. Examples of medications that decrease blood pressure include:
* Diuretics, which increase urination to get rid of extra fluid
* Beta blockers, which slow down the heart rate
* ACE inhibitors, which relax the arteries
如果 改变 生活方式 不能 降低 血压，就 可能 需要 药物治疗。医生 会 根据 患者的 其他 医疗 问题 选择 使用 哪种 药物。降低 血压的 药物的 例子 包括：
* 利尿剂，增加 排尿，排出 额外的 液体
* Beta阻滞剂，减慢 心率
* ACE抑制剂，放松 动脉
# English-Chinese/Mediterranean Sea

The Mediterranean Sea is the body of water that separates Europe, Africa, and Asia.
地中海 是 分隔 欧洲，非洲，和 亚洲的 水体。
# English-Chinese/Memory is often affected by stress, fatigue, and certain diseases and drugs

Memory is often affected by stress, fatigue, and certain diseases and drugs.
记忆常常受到压力，疲劳以及某些疾病和药物的影响。
# English-Chinese/Men are at greater risk of heart disease than pre-menopausal women

Men are at greater risk of heart disease than pre-menopausal women.
与绝经前女性相比，男性患心脏病的风险更高。
# English-Chinese/Men have more risks of coronary heart diseases

Coronary heart diseases are 2 to 5 times more common among middle-aged men than women.
冠心病在中年男性中比女性多2到5倍。
# English-Chinese/Measurement

Mesurement means compare to a fix standard value (eg 1 kilometer means 1000 meter that show this distance is 1000 times greater than standard value of distance which is 1 meter). To measure something is to give a number to some property of the thing. Measuring something puts the amount of the thing into numbers. Measurement can be written using many different units.
度量 意思是 与 固定的 标准值 进行比较（例如，1千米 意思是 1000米，表示 这个 距离 是 距离的 标准值 1米的 1000倍）。测量 某物 是 为 物体的 某些 属性 赋予 一个 数字。测量 一些 东西的 数量 就是 数字。度量 可以 使用 许多 不同的 单位 来 表示。
# English-Chinese/Men may get cardiovascular diseases earlier than women

Cardiovascular diseases onset is typically seven to ten years earlier in men as compared to women.
与女性相比，男性心血管疾病的发病时间通常要早7到10年。
# Hormones as drugs

This Wikiversity learning project allows participants to explore how hormones are used as drugs and other related drugs that modify hormonal signals in the body. The emphasis is on common health-related topics that involve hormones.

## Why hormones can often be used as drugs

Animals have evolved such that hormone molecules are stable enough in the blood stream to be able to reach target tissues and trigger a desired response. Direct injection of hormones into the body allows for replacement of endogenous hormone by hormone applied as a drug. Since 1922, insulin has been injected and used as a drug used to substitute for low levels of endogenous insulin in diabetics. Insulin does not need to be injected directly into a blood vessel to be effective (see subcutaneous injection).
Other ways to introduce hormonal drugs into the body include:
* oral administration and absorption from the digestive tract into the blood
* absorption from the surface of the body
Inhalable insulin recently became available as an alternative to injection. Other hormones are better candidates for absorption into the body because of their molecular structures. For example, progesterone can be administered either orally or topically.
# Hormone

Welcome to the Wikiversity learning project about hormones. Wikiversity learning resources about hormones are under development.

## Introduction

Hormones are molecules that are :
* made in and released from a cell
* carried through the circulatory system
* act through specific receptor systems to modify the behavior of target cells.
Hormones help coordinate the behaviors of distant parts of animals. One of the most familiar hormones is insulin. Insulin is made in the pancreas and is transported through the blood stream to its many target tissues. The pancreas is positioned so as to efficiently sense when food molecules are available in the digestive system. Insulin is released when food molecules are available and it triggers many cells in the body to adjust their metabolic processes so as to help store the available food molecules.
The fact that hormones function as control signals that are transported through the blood makes them an important class of drugs. For example, insulin can be used as a drug by some people with diabetes. Some drugs target the production of hormones or their receptors. We can also often influence the actions of hormones by our daily behaviors. Thus, there are many circumstances when people become interested in hormones for health reasons.

## Additional resources

* Hormones as drugs
# Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Mid Summer/Purple Flowers/DPL

This is a DPL-generated list, used to create the key for Purple-flowered plants in Mid Summer
* BCP/Angelonia angustifolia
* BCP/Allium ampeloprasum
* BCP/Hyssopus officinalis
* BCP/Nepeta cataria
* BCP/Vitex
* BCP/Eupatorium fistulosum
* BCP/Leonurus cardiaca
* BCP/Buddleja davidii
* BCP/Torenia fournieri
* BCP/Coleus
* BCP/Phlox paniculata
* BCP/Echinacea purpurea
* BCP/Cleome hassleriana
* BCP/Petunia x hybrida
* BCP/Allium vineale
* BCP/Hibiscus syriacus
* BCP/Eupatorium maculatum
* BCP/Vernonia noveboracensis
* BCP/Lathyrus odoratus
* BCP/Allium schoenoprasum
* BCP/Clematis
* BCP/Nepeta x faassenii
* BCP/Cirsium arvense
* BCP/Salvia nemorosa
* BCP/Allium canadense
* BCP/Astilbe chinensis
* BCP/Arctium lappa
* BCP/Geranium
* BCP/Antirrhinum majus
* BCP/Allium sativum
* BCP/Agastache foeniculum
* BCP/Allium cernuum
* BCP/Salvia vanhouttei
* BCP/Lythrum salicaria
* BCP/Callicarpa
* BCP/Lavandula angustifolia
* BCP/Platycodon grandiflorus
* BCP/Gladiolus
* BCP/Eupatorium purpureum
* BCP/Solanum dulcamara
* BCP/Liatris spicata
* BCP/Hosta
* BCP/Trifolium arvense
* BCP/Prunella vulgaris
* BCP/Trifolium pratense
* BCP/Viola tricolor
* BCP/Securigera varia
* BCP/Viola x wittrockiana
* BCP/Tradescantia
* BCP/Salvia guaranitica
* BCP/Salvia verticillata
* BCP/Veronicastrum virginicum
* BCP/Tradescantia virginiana
* BCP/Lagerstroemia indica
* BCP/Achillea sibirica
* BCP/Hemerocallis
* BCP/Physostegia virginiana
* BCP/Rhododendron
* BCP/Verbena hastata
* BCP/Digitalis purpurea
* BCP/Rosa
* BCP/Dipsacus
* BCP/Allium
* BCP/Viola
* BCP/Dianthus
* BCP/Astilbe
* BCP/Nepeta subsessilis
* BCP/Angelonia angustifolia
* BCP/Allium ampeloprasum
* BCP/Hyssopus officinalis
* BCP/Nepeta cataria
* BCP/Vitex
* BCP/Eupatorium fistulosum
* BCP/Leonurus cardiaca
* BCP/Buddleja davidii
* BCP/Torenia fournieri
* BCP/Coleus
* BCP/Phlox paniculata
* BCP/Echinacea purpurea
* BCP/Cleome hassleriana
* BCP/Petunia x hybrida
* BCP/Allium vineale
* BCP/Hibiscus syriacus
* BCP/Eupatorium maculatum
* BCP/Vernonia noveboracensis
* BCP/Lathyrus odoratus
* BCP/Allium schoenoprasum
* BCP/Clematis
* BCP/Nepeta x faassenii
* BCP/Cirsium arvense
* BCP/Salvia nemorosa
* BCP/Allium canadense
* BCP/Astilbe chinensis
* BCP/Arctium lappa
* BCP/Geranium
* BCP/Antirrhinum majus
* BCP/Allium sativum
* BCP/Agastache foeniculum
* BCP/Allium cernuum
* BCP/Salvia vanhouttei
* BCP/Lythrum salicaria
* BCP/Callicarpa
* BCP/Lavandula angustifolia
* BCP/Platycodon grandiflorus
* BCP/Gladiolus
* BCP/Eupatorium purpureum
* BCP/Solanum dulcamara
* BCP/Liatris spicata
* BCP/Hosta
* BCP/Trifolium arvense
* BCP/Prunella vulgaris
* BCP/Trifolium pratense
* BCP/Viola tricolor
* BCP/Securigera varia
* BCP/Viola x wittrockiana
* BCP/Tradescantia
* BCP/Salvia guaranitica
* BCP/Salvia verticillata
* BCP/Veronicastrum virginicum
* BCP/Tradescantia virginiana
* BCP/Lagerstroemia indica
* BCP/Achillea sibirica
* BCP/Hemerocallis
* BCP/Physostegia virginiana
* BCP/Rhododendron
* BCP/Verbena hastata
* BCP/Digitalis purpurea
* BCP/Rosa
* BCP/Dipsacus
* BCP/Allium
* BCP/Viola
* BCP/Dianthus
* BCP/Astilbe
* BCP/Nepeta subsessilis
# Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Mid Winter
## Mid Winter

* All flowers (15)
# Bloom Clock/Keys/Global/Temperate/Mid Summer/Red Flowers/DPL

This is a DPL-generated list, used to create the key for Red-flowered plants in Mid Summer
* BCP/Campsis radicans
* BCP/Hibiscus moscheutos
* BCP/Geranium
* BCP/Weigela
* BCP/Salvia splendens
* BCP/Salvia vanhouttei
* BCP/Clematis
* BCP/Phlox paniculata
* BCP/Lonicera sempervirens
* BCP/Gladiolus
* BCP/Antirrhinum majus
* BCP/Rosa 'Knockout'
* BCP/Petunia x hybrida
* BCP/Begonia
* BCP/Lonicera x heckrottii
* BCP/Monarda didyma
* BCP/Hibiscus syriacus
* BCP/Calycanthus floridus
* BCP/Viola tricolor
* BCP/Viola x wittrockiana
* BCP/Lobelia cardinalis
* BCP/Hemerocallis
* BCP/Lagerstroemia indica
* BCP/Rhododendron
* BCP/Mandevilla x amabilis
* BCP/Crocosmia
* BCP/Rosa
* BCP/Viola
* BCP/Dianthus
* BCP/Rumex acetosella
* BCP/Spigelia marilandica
* BCP/Astilbe
* BCP/Campsis radicans
* BCP/Hibiscus moscheutos
* BCP/Geranium
* BCP/Weigela
* BCP/Salvia splendens
* BCP/Salvia vanhouttei
* BCP/Clematis
* BCP/Phlox paniculata
* BCP/Lonicera sempervirens
* BCP/Gladiolus
* BCP/Antirrhinum majus
* BCP/Rosa 'Knockout'
* BCP/Petunia x hybrida
* BCP/Begonia
* BCP/Lonicera x heckrottii
* BCP/Monarda didyma
* BCP/Hibiscus syriacus
* BCP/Calycanthus floridus
* BCP/Viola tricolor
* BCP/Viola x wittrockiana
* BCP/Lobelia cardinalis
* BCP/Hemerocallis
* BCP/Lagerstroemia indica
* BCP/Rhododendron
* BCP/Mandevilla x amabilis
* BCP/Crocosmia
* BCP/Rosa
* BCP/Viola
* BCP/Dianthus
* BCP/Rumex acetosella
* BCP/Spigelia marilandica
* BCP/Astilbe