# Aztec language

Classical Nahuatl (also known simply as Aztec or Nahuatl) are the variants of Nahuatl, spoken in the Valley of Mexico and central Mexico as a lingua franca at the time of the 16th-century Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. During the subsequent centuries, it was largely displaced by Spanish and evolved into some of the modern Nahuan dialects in use today. Nonetheless, Classical Nahuatl has survived through a multitude of written sources by Nahua peoples and Spaniards in the Latin script, as well as a fair amount of codices in the precolonial proto-script.

## Learning resources
### Pronounciation

Phonology overview: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl#Phonology
“(Changing) Word Prosody in Nahuatl”: details of pronounciation: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1z9DkTiDBS4zPCiUdd0tZKHzTTC2KqqD2/view?usp=sharing
Collection of pronounced word mp3 files, sorted alphabetically: https://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/language/pronunciation

### Orthography

Overview of classical and modern orthographies: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatl_orthography
Detailed guide of classical and modern spelling conventions: https://nahuatlstudies.blogspot.com/2016/07/how-to-spell-nahuatl-nawatl-nauatl.html

### Dictionaries

Online dictionary: http://www.condip.dk/condip.php
Best online dictionary (Spanish, English and Classical Nahuatl): https://nahuatl.uoregon.edu/
Great French online dictionary: http://sites.estvideo.net/malinal/nahuatl.page.html
“An analytical dictionary of classical nahuatl”: best modern dictionary pdf: lendable version: https://archive.org/details/analyticaldictio0000kart or in a better digitalization here: https://web.archive.org/web/20130423035132/http://www.mexicauprising.net/Nahuatl+dictionary.pdf
“Vocabulario de la lengua mexicana”: Best classical (Spanish!) dictionary: https://archive.org/details/vocabulariodela00platgoog/page/n27/mode/2up

### Courses and grammars

User-friendly introduction to 16th century Nahuatl by Joseph Campbell and Frances Karttunen.
Foundation Course Volume I part 1: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1f92YeILoE3i5SIEcZv8kRm-WZSJDJAY1/view
Foundation Course Volume I part 2: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1C80Brq_zvlAd4qJ5-IXpUiFYH4FXhaIe/view?usp=sharing
Volume II of this Foundation Course, which is essentially a vocabulary and key: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1l-MjxxkDx10RoAbq9aMYSCYsSDzEbGRc/view
“Introduction to Classical Nahuatl” - Revised Edition, by J. Richard Andrews: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1pXSWo2XszJrtFfnLzo8NJ_cMXcMzuJ-g/view?usp=sharing
“Nahuatl as written”: introduction to reading and translating classical texts: https://adele-blow-job-stephens.blogspot.com/2018/09/download-nahuatl-as-written-pdf-free.html
“Classical nahuatl wikibook”: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl
Introductory grammar overview and vocabulary explainations: ​https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/11644302
“Inadequate Nahuatl reference Grammar”: simplified basic grammar overview: https://pages.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/nahuatl/nahugram.html
“Arte de la lengua Mexicana”: best classical grammar: https://archive.org/details/artedelalenguame00carouoft

### Activities

“Inadequate Nahuatl Lessons”: Beginners morphology interactive lessons: https://pages.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/nahuatl/nahuatllessons/INL-00.html
Online vocabulary learning flash cards: https://app.memrise.com/course/1399684/classical-nahuatl/
Free E-Mail nahuatl course with pay options: https://nahuatl.thinkific.com/courses/freenahuatl2020
Well organized online spanish nahuatl course: https://nawatl.com/
Spanish nahuatl workbook pdf: http://jupiter.plymouth.edu/~wjt/Nahuatl/Nahuatl1.pdf

### Some texts

“Cantares Mexicanos: Songs of the Aztecs”: Translated from the Nahuatl, with an Introduction and Commentary by John Bierhorst: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1V3mrjExCQe_lkE06vM48owLqLPgCJAoN/view?usp=sharing
Aesops fables translated: https://nahuatlahtolli.wordpress.com/category/aesops-fables/
“Flower songs of hungry coyote”: http://www.famsi.org/research/curl/nezahualcoyotl2.html
“Florentine codex”: https://www.wdl.org/en/item/10096/view/1/1/ contents: https://nahuatlahtolli.wordpress.com/2014/09/25/florentine-codex-table-of-contents/
Some nahuatl songs: https://nahuatlahtolli.wordpress.com/2015/08/08/nahuatl-songs/
Codex “Chimalpahin”: https://nahuatlahtolli.wordpress.com/2015/06/30/codex-chimalpahin-table-of-contents/ contents: https://nahuatlahtolli.wordpress.com/2015/06/30/codex-chimalpahin-table-of-contents/
Some more bilingual texts: https://pages.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/nahuatl/ReadingMictlan.html https://pages.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/nahuatl/ReadingToltecs.html https://pages.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/nahuatl/ReadingQuetzalcoatl.html https://pages.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/nahuatl/ReadingCoatlicue.html https://pages.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/nahuatl/nican/NicanMopohua.html https://pages.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/nahuatl/aztecfolio/AztecFolio.html
More texts: http://sup-infor.com/sources/liste-nahuatl.htm
Christian song texts in nahuatl: https://archive.org/details/depsalmodiachris00saha/page/30/mode/2up

### Miscellaneous

Nahuatl greetings: https://nahuatlahtolli.wordpress.com/2014/09/24/phrasebook-greetings/ https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/nahuatl.php
“Conventions of polite speech in nahuatl”, Karttunnen: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1KzoEVH8m2LTUZLtsNARrDqEYuCoAsH7j/view?usp=sharing
“El insulto en nahuatl”: on insults (in spanish): https://drive.google.com/file/d/13LEph4ybrKVJz1kGol8JIZVaN0S1yM38/view?usp=sharing
On one-word poems: http://nahuatlstudies.blogspot.com/2016/05/nahuatl-one-word-poems-guestblog-by-ben.html
List of nahuatl place names with their literal translations: https://archive.org/details/AztecPlaceNames/page/n19/mode/2up
List of “Nahuatl Borrowings in Mexican Spanish Vocabulary”: http://www.mexica.net/nahuatl/nahuawds.php

### Precolonial writing and texts

Codex overview: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_codices#List_of_Aztec_codices Many digitalizations can be found in the sources of the linked articles
Online codex digitalizations: http://www.famsi.org/research/mltdp/catalog.htm
More online codex digitalizations: http://www.famsi.org/research/loubat/index.html
Best codex Mendoza digitalization: https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/objects/2fea788e-2aa2-4f08-b6d9-648c00486220/surfaces/68210492-1fd1-499e-acee-188fa1226ca1/
How precolonial codices were created: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uh0qKLDBYCiLdktYWzQyxIuvNlCLPi_n/view
Introductory overview on nahuatl codices: https://blogs.uoregon.edu/mesoinstitute/about/curriculum-unit-development/codices/
Introduction to nahuatl glyphs: https://web.archive.org/web/20171028204843/http://www.ancientscripts.com/aztec.html
Alfonso Lacadena‘s „Methodological Implications for the Decipherment of Nahuatl Writing“: http://www.mesoweb.com/pari/publications/journal/804/PARI0804.pdf
Gordon Whittaker‘s: „The principles of nahuatl writing“: http://whp.uoregon.edu/dictionaries/nahuatl/whittakernahuatlwriting.pdf
On the Whittaker-Lacadena-debate: http://nahuatlstudies.blogspot.com/2016/06/aztec-writing-how-does-it-really-work.html
Miscellaneous details of nahuatl writing jump-site: https://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/writing/
The workings of nahuatl placename glyphs (in spanish!): https://www.academia.edu/5049025/Toponimia_Nahuatl_en_los_Codices_Azoyu_1_Azoyu_2_Palimpsesto_de_Veinte_Mazorcas_Lienzo_de_Chiepetlan_1._Un_Estudio_Critico_de_los_nombres_de_lugar_de_los_antiguos_se%C3%B1orios_del_oriente_de_Guerrero
Descriptions and analysis of several codex pages and their glyphs (spanish): https://www.tetlacuilolli.org.mx/codices.php
Searchable list of nahuatl place names with spanish explainations: https://pueblosoriginarios.com/lenguas/glifos_aztecas.php
Largest searchable internet lexicon of nahuatl glyphs: https://aztecglyphs.uoregon.edu/
Wikimedias glyph list: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aztec_glyphs