OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Open Web Sources for Teaching Innovation & Entrepreneurship- Links to online interest groups/Social Media groups/Angel Investor groups for entrepreneurs

* Links to online interest groups/Social Media groups/Angel Investor groups for entrepreneurs
* ‎1. London Women Mean Business – LinkedIn group
* London Women Mean Business is a ‎networking group managed by Business Link in London. Use the group to network, access ‎free business support, find out about free events, and ask questions about all aspects of ‎running a small or medium sized business in London. Exclusive invites to women-only events ‎and access to free guides and information.‎
* ‎2. UnLtdWorld – Social Network for Entrepreneurs
* UnLtdWorld is a open platform social ‎network aimed at connecting social entrepreneurs, social innovators and socially-minded ‎people. It allows entrepreneurs to build a personal business community, make connections, ‎collaborate and network to make new contacts. It also helps to promote business, get business ‎insights and find resources, toolkits and guides.‎
# Open academia/Processes

| Processes | Description |
| Open access | Materials are open and accessible to the public with no to minimal barrier. |
| Open formats | Materials are available as digital files which use open standards. |
| Open licensing | Materials are freely re-usable, e.g., use Creative Commons licensing |
| Free software | Materials are developed using software with freely available code. What is free sofware? |
| Open management / Open governance | Scholarly activities are governed openly and transparently. |
# Open academia/Rationale

Intellectual property laws allocate ownership to the creator(s) who may determine the terms of use. If no terms of use are indicated by the copyright owner, then the default copyright license is all rights reserved. As a result, much intellectual property is restricted in availability and usability. It is a key responsibility of the public sector, including government and cultural institutions such as universities to foster the development and availability of "public information for the common good", that is the "knowledge commons".
Attitudes towards intellectual property are often not unlike attitudes towards:
* body organs
* property and possessions
i.e., If you give them away, you probably have less to live with
However, intellectual property is an entirely different beast and is more like:
i.e., the more you give, the more that tends to get returned—a positive feedback loop—knowledge grows when shared
Academic pursuit is about standing on the shoulders of giants and allowing others to stand on your shoulders. When knowledge is openly licensed, the shoulders upon which we can stand are higher, stronger, and more connected.
# Open academia/Values

| Value | Description |
| Freedom | Freedom to use, change, develop materials without restriction |
| Transparency | Processes are open to review to help ensure quality and integrity in the public interest |
| Accessibility | Activities are available and accessible to people with economic or cultural prejudice or discrimination |
| Re-usability | Materials are maximally flexible and re-usable; re-usable utility is key to the value of processes, activities, and outputs. |
# Limits To Growth/world fisheries and aquaculture production and utilization

Capture fisheries and aquaculture supplied the world with about 142 million tonnes of fish in 2008. Of this, 115 million tonnes was used as human food, providing an estimated apparent per capita supply of about 17 kg (live weight equivalent), which is an all-time high. Aquaculture accounted for 46 percent of total food fish supply, a slightly lower proportion than reported in The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2008 owing to a major downward revision of aquaculture and capture fishery production statistics by China, but representing a continuing increase from 43 percent in 2006.
| Production (Million tonnes) | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
| Inland | | | | | | |
| Capture | 8.6 | 9.4 | 9.8 | 10.0 | 10.2 | 10.1 |
| Aquaculture | 25.2 | 26.8 | 28.7 | 30.7 | 32.9 | 35.0 |
| Total Inland | 33.8 | 36.2 | 38.5 | 40.6 | 43.1 | 45.1 |
| Marine | | | | | | |
| Capture | 83.8 | 82.7 | 80.0 | 79.9 | 79.5 | 79.9 |
| Aquaculture | 16.7 | 17.5 | 18.6 | 19.2 | 19.7 | 20.1 |
| Total Marine | 100.5 | 100.1 | 98.6 | 99.2 | 99.2 | 100.0 |
| Total Capture | 92.4 | 92.1 | 89.7 | 89.9 | 89.7 | 90.0 |
| Total Aquaculture | 41.9 | 44.3 | 47.4 | 49.9 | 52.5 | 55.1 |
| Total World Fisheries | 134.3 | 136.4 | 137.1 | 139.8 | 142.3 | 145.1 |
This production is used as follows:
| Utilization (Million tonnes) | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
| Human consumption | 104.4 | 107.3 | 110.7 | 112.7 | 115.1 | 117.8 |
| Non-food uses | 29.8 | 29.1 | 26.3 | 27.1 | 27.2 | 27.3 |
| World Population (billions) | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 6.8 |
| Per capita food fish supply (kg) | 16.2 | 16.5 | 16.8 | 16.9 | 17.1 | 17.2 |
# Limits To Growth/selected important minerals

Introduction
The production rates and estimated exhaustion rates (years to exhaustion at the current rate of consumption and also the number of years left if the world consumed at half the US per-capita rate.) for several important minerals are shown in this table, adapted from
| Mineral | Exhaustion Rate, Current | Exhaustion Rate, Half US Rate | World mine Production 2005 (Tonnes) |
| Antimony | 30 yrs | 15-20yrs | 150,000 |
| Aluminum | 1027 yrs | 510 yrs | 31,900,000 |
| Chromium | 143 yrs | 40 yrs | 18,900,000 |
| Copper | 61 yrs | 38 yrs | 15,000,000 |
| Gold | 45 yrs | 36 yrs | 2,430,000 |
| Molybdenum | n/a | n/a | 186,000 |
| Nickel | 90 yrs | 57 yrs | 1,449,000 |
| Phosphorous/Phosphate Rock | 345 yrs | 142 yrs | 154,000,000 |
| Platinum | 360 yrs | 42 yrs | 548,000 |
| Silver | 29 yrs | 9 yrs | 20,411,000 |
| Tantalum | 116 yrs | 20 yrs | 142,700 |
| Titanium | n/a | n/a | 16,134,000 |
| Tin | 40 yrs | 17 yrs | 337,000 |
| Zinc | 46 yrs | 34 yrs | 10,100,000 |

## References:

* ↑ Turner, R. K., Morse-Jones, S., and Fisher, B. (2007). Perspectives on the ‘Environmental Limits’ Concept: A report to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. CSERGE, Norwich. Defra, London.
# Limits To Growth/world agricultural production

World Agricultural Production
This page presents production of the 20 most important food and agricultural commodities (ranked by economic value) worldwide for the the year 2008. Data is from the FAOSTAT database: http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx
| Commodity | Production (MT) |
| Cow milk, whole, fresh | 580,428,259 |
| Rice, paddy | 689,140,348 |
| Indigenous Cattle Meat | 61,770,940 |
| Indigenous Pigmeat | 104,539,608 |
| Indigenous Chicken Meat | 78,450,112 |
| Wheat | 683,070,203 |
| Hen eggs, in shell | 61,989,410 |
| Soybeans | 231,392,067 |
| Buffalo milk, whole, fresh | 89,354,031 |
| Vegetables fresh nes | 249,659,862 |
| Maize | 826,718,343 |
| Potatoes | 327,682,537 |
| Sugar cane | 1,728,943,998 |
| Cotton lint | 22,623,138 |
| Tomatoes | 142,153,859 |
| Grapes | 66,611,636 |
| Apples | 69,304,442 |
| Groundnuts, with shell | 37,650,689 |
| Indigenous Sheep Meat | 8,323,311 |
| Cassava | 233,359,379 |
In 2010 World grain production reached 2,213 million tons with consumption at 2,238 million tons. Cropland of 689 million hectares was planted for this production.
# Literature/2007/Cohen

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Wikimedia

* w: The Second Bounce of the Ball
** The book's title comes from Cohen's belief that the second bounce of a ball is difficult to predict even though the problem, familiar to 'A' Level maths and physics students, was fully solved in the 17th century by Sir Isaac Newton.
*** Cf. Quantum leap
# Literature/2004/Maniura

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Excerpts

* For Turner, pilgrimage shares some of the characteristics of rites of passage where an individual passes through a 'liminal' state, characterized by few of the attributes of normal life, before being reintegrated into the social group. Pilgrimage is the 'great liminal experience' of Christian religious life. The pilgrim travels to a remote shrine leaving behind his or her structured social self and entering a state of 'antistructure', experiencing a commonness of feeling among structurally independent persons -- 'communitas'. The status of the holy place in this system is not fully elaborated and the pilgrim's fundamental motivation seems to be the achievement of this ideal community. Turner does, however, note that pilgrimage sites tend to be associated with miracles. They secure 'personal exposure to the beneficent unseen presence of the Blessed Virgin or the local saint, mediated through a cherished image', and exposure through which 'faith is strengthened and salvation better secure' -- indeed an expression of intrinsic holiness. This exposure to the holy seems to be part of the longed-for 'communitas', perhaps to be glossed in theological terms as a direct perception of participation in the Communion of Saints.

## Wikimedia

| w: Black Madonna of Częstochowa w: Saint George and the Dragon | w: Liminality w: Communitas |

## Chronology

* Maniura, Robert (2004). Pilgrimage to Images in the Fifteenth Century: The Origins of the Cult of Our Lady of Częstochowa. Boydell Press. $^{[^]}$
* Eade, J. & M. Sallnow (1991). Contesting the Sacred: The Anthropology of Christian Pilgrimage. London.
* Turner, Victor & Edith Turner (1978). Image and Pilgrimage in Christian Culture: Anthropological Perspectives. Columbia University Press. $^{[^]}$
# Literature/2007

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Subpages

* Literature/2007/Block $^{[^]}$
* Cohen, Ronald (2007). The Second Bounce of the Ball: Turning Risk into Opportunity. London: Weidefeld & Nicolson. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2007/Eagleton $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2007/Hitchens $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2007/Hjorland $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2007/Jarvelin $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2007/Jones $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2007/Mandler $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2007/Mieville $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2007/Muller $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2007/Rowley $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2007/Tipler $^{[^]}$
* Wallace, Danny P. (2007). Knowledge Management: Historical and Cross-Disciplinary Themes. Libraries Unlimited. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2007/Wright $^{[^]}$
# Literature/2005

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Subpages

* Literature/2005/Bates $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2005/Blackmore $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2005/Blair $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2005/Crestani $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2005/Fensel $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2005/Fisk $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2005/Haser $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2005/Hirsch $^{[^]}$
* Ingwersen, Peter & K. Järvelin (2005). The Turn: Integration of Information Seeking and Retrieval in Context (The Information Retrieval Series). Secaucus, NJ: Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2005/Lai $^{[^]}$
* Lesk, Michael (2005). Digital Searching to Digital Reading. Presentation at LITA session at American Library Association conference, Chicago, 2005. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2005/Lipetz $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2005/Logan $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2005/Lung $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2005/O'Reilly $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2005/Olalla $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2005/Tipler $^{[^]}$
# Literature/2006

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Subpages

* Literature/2006/Assange $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2006/Bates $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2006/Blair $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2006/Briet $^{[^]}$
* Buckland, Michael (2006). "Collaboration: Bad Words and Strong Documents," (p. 3) In: Hassanaly, Parina, et al., eds. (2006). Proceeding of the 2006 Conference on Cooperative Systems Design: Seamless Integration of Artifacts and Conversations -- Enhanced Concepts of Infrastructure for Communication. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS Press. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2006/Carlson $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2006/Dawkins $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2006/Dennett $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2006/Dorsey $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2006/Falkvinge $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2006/Garfield $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2006/Giarlo $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2006/Harris $^{[^]}$
* Jones, Ben (2006). "The Swedish Pirate Party presents their election manifesto," TorrentFreak 29/08/2006. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2006/Krippendorff $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2006/Langford $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2006/Minsky $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2006/Noble $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2006/Pyati $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2006/Turner $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2006/Wilson $^{[^]}$
# Literature/2005/Ingwersen

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Wikimedia
### w: Human-computer interaction

| w: Information retrieval w: Information revolution | w: Cognitive science w: Cognitive revolution |

## Chronology

* Ingwersen, Peter & K. Järvelin (2005). The Turn: Integration of Information Seeking and Retrieval in Context (The Information Retrieval Series). Secaucus, NJ: Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. $^{[^]}$
* Ingwersen, Peter (1996). "Cognitive Perspectives of Information Retrieval Interaction: Elements of a Cognitive IR Theory," Journal of Documentation, 51(1): 3–50. DOI: 10.1108/eb026960 $^{[^]}$

## Reviews

* D. Soergel & Xiaoli Huang (Aug 2, 2006)
# Literature/2006/Jones

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Excerpts
### Protected integrity in an open society

* The development of technology has made sure Sweden and Europe stand before a fork in the road. The new technology offers fantastic possibilities to spread culture and knowledge all over the world with almost no costs. But it also makes way for the building of a society monitored at a level unheard of up until now.
* In no time, the monitoring state has advanced its positions strongly in Sweden. This development threatens equality and safety before the law, and nothing indicates that it even adds to security. The Pirate Party believes this is the wrong way to go.
* The right to privacy is a corner stone in an open and democratic society. Each and everyone has the right to respect for one’s own private and family life, one’s home and one’s correspondence. If the constitutional freedom of information is to be more than empty words on a paper, we much defend the right for protected private communication.

## Wikimedia
### w: Pirate Party (Sweden)

| w: Pirate Parties International | w: Internet |

## Chronology

* Jones, Ben (2006). "The Swedish Pirate Party presents their election manifesto," TorrentFreak 29/08/2006. $^{[^]}$
* Bernal, J. D. (1939). The Social Function of Science. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. $^{[^]}$
* Wells, H. G. (1938). World Brain. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Co. $^{[^]}$
# Programming Fundamentals/Objects/C Sharp
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own C Sharp compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* C# Pad
* .NET Fiddle
* Ideone
* paiza.IO
* Rextester
* repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* C Sharp
* Wikibooks: C Sharp Programming
# Programming Fundamentals/Objects/Swift
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Swift compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* paiza.IO
* repl.it
* Online Swift Playground

## See Also

* Apple: Swift Programming Language
# Programming Fundamentals/Objects/C++
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own C++ compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* paiza.IO
* PythonTutor
* repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* C++
* Wikibooks: C++ Programming
# Programming Fundamentals/Objects/Ruby
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Ruby compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* Ideone
* paiza.IO
* PythonTutor
* repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Wikibooks: Ruby Programming
# Programming Fundamentals/Strings/BASIC
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own BASIC compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* repl.it

## See Also

* Wikibooks: BASIC Programming
# Programming Fundamentals/Objects/Java
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Java compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* InterviewBit
* paiza.IO
* PythonTutor
* repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Wikibooks: Java Programming
# Programming Fundamentals/Objects/JavaScript
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own JavaScript compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* Chapman.edu: Online JavaScript Interpreter
* CodeChef
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* JS.do
* paiza.IO
* PythonTutor
* repl.it

## See Also

* Wikibooks: JavaScript
# Programming Fundamentals/Objects/Python3
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Python3 compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* InterviewBit
* paiza.IO
* Programiz
* PythonTutor
* Python Fiddle
* repl.it
* RexTester
* Trinket
* TutorialsPoint
* Python Online
* Python Playground
* LabEx

## See Also

* Python Programming
* Wikibooks: Python Programming
* Wikibooks: Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 3
# PlanetPhysics/Hamiltonian Algebroid
### Homotopy addition lemma

Let Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/en.wikiversity.org/v1/":): {\displaystyle f: \boldsymbol{\rho ^\square(X) \to \mathsf D} be a morphism of double groupoids with connection. If $\alpha \in {{\boldsymbol {\rho }}_{2}^{\square }}(X)$ is thin, then $f(\alpha )$ is thin.}

#### Remarks

The groupoid ${{\boldsymbol {\rho }}_{2}^{\square }}(X)$ employed here is as defined by the cubically thin homotopy on the set $R_{2}^{\square }(X)$ of squares. Additional explanations of the data, including concepts such as path groupoid and homotopy double groupoid are provided in an attachment.

### Corollary

\emph{Let $u:I^{3}\to X$ be a singular cube in a Hausdorff space $X$. Then by restricting $u$ to the faces of $I^{3}$ and taking the corresponding elements in ${\boldsymbol {\rho }}_{2}^{\square }(X)$, we obtain a cube in ${\boldsymbol {\rho }}^{\square }(X)$ which is commutative by the Homotopy addition lemma for ${\boldsymbol {\rho }}^{\square }(X)$ (, proposition 5.5). Consequently, if $f:{\boldsymbol {\rho }}^{\square }(X)\to {\mathsf {D}}$ is a morphism of double groupoids with connections, any singular cube in $X$ determines a [3-shell commutative]{http://www.math.purdue.edu/research/atopology/BrownR-Kamps-Porter/vkt7.txt} in ${\mathsf {D}}$.}
# PlanetPhysics/Harmonic Conjugate Functions

Two harmonic functions $u$ and $v$ from an open subset $A$ of $\mathbb {R} \times \mathbb {R}$ to $\mathbb {R}$, which satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations
   ${\begin{matrix}u_{x}=v_{y},\,\,\,u_{y}=-v_{x},\end{matrix}}$
are the harmonic conjugate functions of each other.
* The relationship between $u$ and $v$ has a simple geometric meaning:\, Let's determine the slopes of the constant-value curves\, $u(x,\,y)=a$\, and\, $v(x,\,y)=b$\, in any point\, $(x,\,y)$\, by differentiating these equations.\, The first gives\, $u_{x}dx+u_{y}dy=0$,\, or ${\frac {dy}{dx}}^{(u)}=-{\frac {u_{x}}{u_{y}}}=\tan \alpha ,$ and the second similarly ${\frac {dy}{dx}}^{(v)}=-{\frac {v_{x}}{v_{y}}}$ but this is, by virtue of (1), equal to ${\frac {u_{y}}{u_{x}}}=-{\frac {1}{\tan \alpha }}.$ Thus, by the condition of orthogonality, the curves intersect at right angles in every point.
* If one of $u$ and $v$ is known, then the other may be determined with (1):\, When e.g. the function $u$ is known, we need only to calculate the line integral $v(x,y)=\int _{(x_{0},y_{0})}^{(x,y)}(-u_{y}\,dx+u_{x}\,dy)$ along any path connecting\, $(x_{0},\,y_{0})$\, and\, $(x,\,y)$\, in $A$.\, The result is the harmonic conjugate $v$ of $u$, unique up to a real addend if $A$ is simply connected.
* It follows from the preceding, that every harmonic function has a harmonic conjugate function.
* The real part and the imaginary part of a holomorphic function are always the harmonic conjugate functions of each other.
Example. \, $\sin {x}\cosh {y}$\, and\, $\cos {x}\sinh {y}$\, are harmonic conjugates of each other.
# PlanetPhysics/Haag Theorem
### Introduction

A canonical quantum dynamics (CQD) is determined by the choice of the physical (quantized) `vacuum' state (which is the ground state); thus, the assumption that a field ${\mathcal {F}}_{Qc}$ shares the ground state with a free field ${\mathcal {F}}_{0}$, implies that ${\mathcal {F}}_{Qc}$ is itself free (or admits a Fock representation). This basic assumption is expressed in a mathematically precise form by Haag's theorem in `local quantum physics'. On the other hand, interacting quantum fields generate non-Fock representations of the commutation and anti-commutation relationships (CAR).

### Haag Theorem

\begin{theorem} (The Haag theorem in quantum field theory)
Any canonical quantum field, ${\mathcal {F}}_{Qc}$ that for a fixed value of time $t$ is:
* irreducible, and
* has a cyclic vector, $\Omega$ that is
* ${\mathcal {F}}_{Qc}$ has a Hamiltonian generator of time translations, and #
* it is unique as a translation-invariant state;
and also,
* is unitarily equivalent to a free field in the Fock representation at the time instant, $t$,
is itself a free field . \end{theorem}
# PlanetPhysics/Heat

Heat is one of the many forms of energy in the Universe around us. It is the measure of how much energy is transferred between objects due to either temperature differences or emitted radiation. Since heat is energy, the SI unit is the joule.
In order to visualize heat, one must understand a little about the underlying mechanisms of heat transfer. This means that the definition of heat encompasses three ways of energy transfer: heat conduction, convection and radiation.
In brief, heat conduction occurs by atoms and molecules 'bumping' into one another and transferring energy. Therefore, atoms of higher temperature are transferring energy to atoms of lower energy at a higer rate until equilibrium is reached.
Convection is then the actual moving of the atoms and molecules to a different location. A good example of this is the steam from boiling water. If you put your hand above boiling water the steam will heat your hand and if you are not careful, burn you. The steam you see rising before you is the transfer of energy by the moving gas.
The final method of transfer is radiation. The Sun transfers energy to Earth through the vacuum of space by means of radiation. Atoms in the sun are excited and release photons. These photons then travel millions of kilometers through space to interact with the grateful planet Earth.
A common misconception is that objects have heat. The correct terminology is that objects contain internal energy and not heat. Heat is the amount of energy transferred. Therefore, an object does not contain one joule of heat, but one joule of heat was transferred to the object. This confusion is understandable not only because past scientists misunderstood the nature of heat, but also due to similar definitions with the word heat in them: heat capacity, specific heat, molar specific heat and the heat of transformation.
{\mathbf References}
[1] Halliday, D., Resnick, R., Walker, J. "Fundamentals of Physics". 5th Edition, John Wiley \& Sons, New York, 1997.
[2] Kondepudi, D., Prigogine, I. "Modern Thermodynamics From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures" John Wiley \& Sons, Chichester, 1998.
# PlanetPhysics/H Algebra

An H $*$-algebra is defined as a Hilbert space $\mathbb {A} _{H}$ equipped with an associative unital algebra structure and an antilinear involution $^{*}:\mathbb {A} _{H}\to \mathbb {A} _{H}$ which is compatible with taking the adjoint of the operators on the Hilbert space for the left and right multiplication of $\mathbb {A} _{H}$ with itself (ref.).