OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Disk Operating System

* Introduction
* A simple DOS that displays "Hello, World!"
* Hello! You found the page for learning about and building disk operating systems! Disk operating systems were the primary type of operating system between the 80's to the mid 90's. Though disk operating systems have declined and are no longer used as they were back in the day, studying and build one helps us understand some basic knowledge on how the computer actually works. This course is intended to teach you some of the functions of a computer and how to build a disk operating system hands-on. The best part about this tutorial is that there will be no cost for working with our software tools for anyone with a x86 PC!
* Note: Building an operating system can take a lot of work and it can be a challenge, but don't give up! Your hard work will surely pay off when you finish.
* (This page is just getting started and you can help us. You don't need a degree or certification, just be Be Bold !)
* I would appreciate any feedback or questions about this course. --I8086 (discuss • contribs)
* Prerequisites
* Prerequisites are courses it is suggested you understand before you attempt this course. If you're having a hard time understanding the material in this course, make sure you understand these prerequisites first.
* Computer Skills
* Introduction to Computers
* Introduction to Computer Science
* x86 Assembly Language Skills
Lessons
Completion statusThis course contains a lot of stubs, which means that pretty much nothing has been done yet.
Educational level: this is a secondary education resource.
Educational level: this is a tertiary (university) resource.
Educational level: this is a non-formal education resource.
Subject classification: this is a technology resource.
Getting Started
Introduction
Numeral System
Units of Information
Terminology
Target Platform
Goals
Protecting Your Work
Copyrights
Source Code Availability
Licenses
DOS Then & Now
History of the DOS
Use of the DOS Today
Why DOS?
DOS Fundamentals
The Kernel
The BIOS
Input/Output
System Calls
Interrupts
Device Drivers
File System
Serial Ports
Memory Management
Graphics
Networking
Security
Multitasking
Introduction to Nasm
Getting Started With Nasm
Working With Nasm
Macros In Nasm
Your First DOS
Your First Bootloader
Hello, World! :
* Active Participants
* Teachers or Contributors
* If you are helping to develop this resource, please sign below by typing 4 tildes (~).
* I8086 (discuss • contribs) 14:18, 4 November 2014 (UTC)
* Students
* If you are using this course as a learning resource, please sign below by typing 4 tildes (~).
* Related Links
* List of Open Source DOS
* MikeOS
* TachyonOS
* TomOS
* The Blue Jay Project
* FreeDOS
* List of Closed Source DOS
* MS-DOS
* CP/M
* DR-DOS
* List of Assemblers and Compilers
* Netwide Assembler
* Flat Assembler
* SmallerC Compiler
* Operating System Development Websites
* OSDev.org
# Discrete mathematics in plain view
## Logic

* Overview (A.pdf)
* Connectives (A.pdf)
* Propositional Logic (A.pdf)
* First Order Logic (A.pdf)
* Truth Table in C (A.pdf)
* Implications (A.pdf)
* Resolution (A.pdf)
* Boolean Algebra
    - Overview (A.pdf)
    - Functions (A.pdf)
    - K-Map (A.pdf)
* Normal Form (A.pdf)
* Logic Old Note (H1.pdf)
* Logic in Haskell (pdf)
* MIT OCW

## Set theory

* Set Operations (A.pdf)
* Cardinality (A.pdf)
* Sets in Haskell (pdf)

## Functions and Relations

* Functions (A.pdf)
* Matrix (A.pdf)
* Relations (A.pdf)
* Equivalent Relations (A.pdf)
* Partial Order Relations (A.pdf)
* Relation Note (H1.pdf)
* Functions in Haskell (pdf)
* Relations in Haskell (pdf)

## Algorithms

* Algorithms
    - Overview (A.pdf)
    - Bubble Sort (B.pdf)
    - Insertion Sort (C.pdf)
    - Binary Search (D.pdf)
* The Growth of Functions (A.pdf)
* The Complexity of Algorithms (A.pdf)
* [ Binary Search ]
* [ Bubble Sort ]
* [ Insertion Sort ]

## Induction and Recursion

* [ C Recursion Functions ]
* Induction and Recursion in Haskell (pdf)

## Number theory

* [ Binary Numbers ]
* [ Hexadecimal Numbers ]
* Number Theory (A.pdf)
* Number Theory in Haskell

## Combinatorics

* Counting (A.pdf)

## Probability

* Probability (A.pdf)
* Bayes' Theorem (B.pdf)
* Monte Carlo Algorithms (C.pdf)
* Expected Value (D.pdf)

## Graphs

* Graph Overview (A.pdf, H1.pdf)
* Eulerian Cycles (A.pdf)
* Hamiltonian Cycles (A.pdf)
* Shortest Path Problem (A.pdf)
* Minimum Spanning Tree (A.pdf)
* Graph Search (A.pdf)
* Planar Graph (A.pdf)
* Graph Isomorphism (A.pdf)
* Graph Coloring (A.pdf)
* Graph Drawing in Latex (A.pdf)
* Network Analysis using R (A.pdf)

## Trees

* Tree Background (pdf)
* Tree Traversal (pdf)
* Binary Search Tree (pdf)
* Tree Drawing in Latex (A.pdf)

## Automata

* Finite State Machine (pdf)
* Finite State Automata (pdf)
* Push Down Automata (pdf)
* Turing Machine (pdf)

## Formal Language

* Regular Language (pdf)
* Context Free Language (pdf)
* Recursively Enumerable Language Language (pdf)

## Note

* Week 01 (H.pdf, K.pdf, P.pdf)
* Week 02 (H.pdf, K.pdf, P.pdf)
* Week 03 (H.pdf, K.pdf, P.pdf)
* Week 04 (H.pdf, K.pdf, P.pdf)
* Week 05 (H.pdf, K.pdf, P.pdf)
* Week 06 (H.pdf, K.pdf, P.pdf)
* Week 07 (H.pdf, K.pdf, P.pdf)
* Week 08 (H.pdf, K.pdf, P.pdf)
* Week 09 (H.pdf, K.pdf, P.pdf)
* Week 10 (H.pdf, K.pdf, P.pdf)
* Week 11 (H.pdf, K.pdf, P.pdf)
* Week 12 (H.pdf, K.pdf, P.pdf)
* Week 13 (H.pdf, K.pdf, P.pdf)
* Week 14 (H.pdf, K.pdf, P.pdf)
* Week 15 (H.pdf, K.pdf, P.pdf)
go to [ Electrical_&_Computer_Engineering_Studies ]
# Discriminant function analysis

This statistics resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
Discriminant function analysis involves the predicting of a categorical dependent variable by one or more continuous or binary independent variables. It is statistically the opposite of MANOVA. It is useful in determining whether a set of variables is effective in predicting category membership.
It is also a useful follow-up procedure to a MANOVA. Instead of doing a series of one-way ANOVAs, for ascertaining how the groups differ on the composite of dependent variables.
# Exam 98-362: Windows Development Fundamentals

Exam 98-362: Windows Development Fundamentals was a Microsoft Technology Associate (MTA) entry level certification exam.
This exam was retired on July, 31, 2014. The exam is no longer available.

## Preparation

This is an advanced software development course. Learners should already be familiar with software development fundamentals.

## Lessons

* Understanding Windows Programming Basics
* Creating Windows Forms Applications
* Creating Windows Services Applications
* Accessing Data in a Windows Forms Application
* Deploying a Windows Application
# Exam 98-361: Software Development Fundamentals/Understanding General Software Development

This lesson covers Understanding General Software Development. It looks at application life cycle management, application specifications, algorithms and data structures.

## Activity 1 - Understand Application Life Cycle Management

This objective may include but is not limited to: phases of application life cycle management; software testing.
* Read Visual Studio Application Lifecycle Management.
* Read UML Component Diagrams: Guidelines.

## Activity 2 - Interpret Application Specifications

This objective may include but is not limited to: reading application specifications and translating them into prototypes, code, and components.
* Read Overview of Windows-based Applications.
* Read DAO: Writing a Database Application.

## Activity 3 - Understand Algorithms and Data Structures

This objective may include but is not limited to: arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists, and sorting algorithms; performance implications of various data structures; choosing the right data structure.
* Read Visual C# Resources.
* Read An Extensive Examination of Data Structures Using C#.
* Read Arrays Tutorial.
* Read Visualization and comparison of sorting algorithms in C#
# Exam 98-362: Windows Development Fundamentals/Accessing Data in a Windows Forms Application

This lesson covers Accessing Data in a Windows Forms Application. It looks at data access methods and databound controls.

## Activity 1 - Understand Data Access Methods for a Windows Application

This objective may include but is not limited to: connecting to a database.
* Read Development for Beginners.
* Read Creating Data Applications by Using Visual Studio.

## Activity 2 - Understand Databound Controls

This objective may include but is not limited to: how data is bound to controls; how to display the data in the appropriate manner; forms and WPF binding; validating databound items.
* Read Windows Forms Data Binding.
* Read Validating Data in Datasets.
* Read Walkthrough: Validating Data in the Windows Forms DataGridView Control.
# Exam 98-362: Windows Development Fundamentals/Creating Windows Services Applications

This lesson covers Creating Windows Services Applications. It looks at creating and installing Windows Services applications.

## Activity 1 - Create a Windows Services Application

This objective may include but is not limited to: inheriting the ServiceBase class; writing code in the Main method; overriding the OnStart and OnStop procedures.
* Read Introduction to Windows Service Applications.
* Read Developing Windows Service Applications.

## Activity 2 - Install a Windows Services Application

This objective may include but is not limited to: creating installers for Windows Services; installing services on a target computer.
* Read How to: Install and Uninstall Services.
* Read How to: Add Installers to Your Service Application.
# Exam 98-361: Software Development Fundamentals/Understanding Desktop Applications

This lesson covers Understanding Desktop Applications. It looks at Windows Forms applications, console-based applications, and Windows Services.

## Activity 1 - Understand Windows Store apps

UI design guideline categories, characteristics and capabilities of Store Apps, identify gestures. This section was updated in late 2014 to focus on Windows Store apps and not on Windows Forms. There may be some minimal visual inheritance but no MDI.
* Read Creating a User Interface.
* Read Create your first Windows Runtime app using C# or Visual Basic

## Activity 2 - Understand Console-based Applications

This objective may include but is not limited to: characteristics and capabilities of console-based applications.
* Read How to: Create a C# Console Application.

## Activity 3 - Understand Windows Services

This objective may include but is not limited to: characteristics and capabilities of Windows Services.
* Read Introduction to Windows Service Applications.
* Read Walkthrough: Creating a Windows Service Application in the Component Designer.
# Exam 98-361: Software Development Fundamentals/Understanding Web Applications

This lesson covers Understanding Web Applications. It looks at web page development, Microsoft ASP.NET web application development, web hosting, and web services.

## Activity 1 - Understand Web Page Development

This objective may include but is not limited to: HTML, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), JavaScript.
* Read Beginner Developer Learning Center.
* Read Introduction to the Web as a Platform.
* Read Introduction to CSS.

## Activity 2 - Understand Microsoft ASP.NET Web Application Development

This objective may include but is not limited to: page life cycle; event model; state management; client-side vs. server-side programming.
* Read Introduction to JavaScript.

## Activity 3 - Understand Web Hosting

This objective may include but is not limited to: creating virtual directories and Web sites; deploying Web applications; understanding the role of Internet Information Services.
* Read The Official Microsoft IIS Site.

## Activity 4 - Understand Web Services

This objective may include but is not limited to: Web services that will be consumed by client applications; accessing Web services from a client application; SOAP and Web Service Definition Language (WSDL).
* Read Web Services and the Microsoft Platform.
* Read Web Services.
# Exam 98-361: Software Development Fundamentals/Understanding Object-Oriented Programming

This lesson covers Understanding Object-Oriented Programming. It looks at classes, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation.

## Activity 1 - Understand the Fundamentals of Classes

This objective may include but is not limited to: properties, methods, events, and constructors; how to create a class; how to use classes in code.
* Read Classes and Structs.
* Read Classes.
* Read Properties.

## Activity 2 - Understand Inheritance

This objective may include but is not limited to: inheriting the functionality of a base class into a derived class.
* Read Inheritance.
* Read Abstract and Sealed Classes and Class Members.

## Activity 3 - Understand Polymorphism

This objective may include but is not limited to: extending the functionality in a class after inheriting from a base class; overriding methods in the derived class.
* Read Polymorphism.
* Read Knowing When to Use Override and New Keywords.

## Activity 4 - Understand Encapsulation

This objective may include but is not limited to: creating classes that hide their implementation details while still allowing access to the required functionality through the interface; access modifiers.
* Read Access Modifiers.
# Exam 98-362: Windows Development Fundamentals/Creating Windows Forms Applications

This lesson covers Creating Windows Forms Applications. It looks at events, Windows Forms inheritance, controls, user input, and debugging.

## Activity 1 - Create and Handle Events

This objective may include but is not limited to: methods for creating events in an application; handling events raised in an application.
* Read Creating a User Interface.
* Read Events Overview.
* Read How to: Create Event Handlers at Run Time for Windows Forms.
* Read How to programmatically add controls to Windows forms at run time by using Visual C#.
* Read How to programmatically add controls to Windows Forms at run time by using Visual Basic.

## Activity 2 - Understand Windows Forms Inheritance

This objective may include but is not limited to: implementing forms inheritance in applications for visual inheritance.
* Read Windows Forms Inheritance.
* Read Walkthrough: Demonstrating Visual Inheritance.

## Activity 3 - Understand How to Create New Controls and Extend Existing Controls

This objective may include but is not limited to: creating a new GUI control or inheriting functionality from an existing control.
* Read Varieties of Custom Controls.
* Read Control Type Recommendations.
* Read Walkthrough: Inheriting from a Windows Forms Control with Visual C#.
* Read Walkthrough: Inheriting from a Windows Forms Control with Visual Basic.

## Activity 4 - Validate and Implement User Input

This objective may include but is not limited to: implementing the correct user input model based on application design and requirements; accepting keyboard and mouse input; validating user input through GUI controls such as text boxes and dialog controls.
* Read User Input in Windows Forms.
* Read Using Keyboard Events.
* Read Mouse Input in a Windows Forms Application.
* Read User Input Validation in Windows Forms.
* Read MaskedTextBox Class.
* Read Control.Validating Event.

## Activity 5 - Debug a Windows-based Application

This objective may include but is not limited to: using breakpoints and debugging techniques to identify issues in code; debugging a Windows Services application.
* Read Debugging Managed Code.
* Read Walkthrough: Debugging a Windows Form.
* Read Debugging Windows Service Applications.
* Read How to: Debug Windows Service Applications.
* Read How to: Debug the OnStart Method.
# Exam 98-362: Windows Development Fundamentals/Deploying a Windows Application

This lesson covers Deploying a Windows Application. It looks at deployment methods and Windows setup and deployment projects.

## Activity 1 - Understand Windows Application Deployment Methods

This objective may include but is not limited to: different methods of deploying Windows applications; choosing the appropriate method for deployment.
* Read .NET Framework Deployment Basics.
* Read Choosing a Deployment Strategy.
* Read Deploying the .NET Framework and Applications.
* Read ClickOnce Deployment Overview.
* Read How to: Publish a ClickOnce Application using the Publish Wizard.

## Activity 2 - Create Windows Setup and Deployment Projects

This objective may include but is not limited to: creating setup projects for applications; specifying custom actions; creating special folders; security requirements; x64 deployment and program files location.
* Read Setup Projects.
# Informal learning activities/aM

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This template abbreviates an interfile link within Men & Women files.
# Informal learning activities/aW

[[../WMx{{{1}}}| {{{1}}}]]
This template abbreviates an interfile link within Women & Men Extra files.
# Informal learning activities/aQ

[[../BPx{{{1}}}| {{{1}}}]]
This template abbreviates an interfile link within Buildings & Places Extra files.
# Informal learning activities/bG

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This provides a simple way of getting a bigger italic font for {{{1}}}.
# Informal learning activities/aD

[[../DTx{{{1}}}| {{{1}}}]]
This template abbreviates an interfile link within Extra Things & Bits files.
# Informal learning activities/aL

[[../LTx{{{1}}}| {{{1}}}]]
This template abbreviates an interfile link within Extra Living Things files.
# Informal learning activities/aP

[[../PBw{{{1}}}| {{{1}}}]]
This template abbreviates an interfile link within Places & Buildings files.
# Informal learning activities/aS

[[../STw{{{1}}}| {{{1}}}]]
This template abbreviates an interfile link within Short-named Things files.
# Informal learning activities/bB

[[../BBw{{{1}}}| {{{1}}}]] [[../BBw{{{2}}}| {{{2}}}]]
This template abbreviates two interfile links within Beings & Behaviour files.
# Informal learning activities/bD

[[../DTx{{{1}}}| {{{1}}}]] [[../DTx{{{2}}}| {{{2}}}]]
This template abbreviates two interfile links within Extra Things & Bits files.
# English-Chinese/Concept

A concept is an idea that is applied to all objects in a group. It is the way people see and understand something. The name used to identify a concept (the concept's label) is a "term". For example, the word "Dog" is the term to identify the concept of what a dog is. Everything that a person knows about a dog is the concept of the term dog.
概念 是 一种 应用于 一组中 所有 对象的 想法。这是 人们 看待 和 理解 某事物的 方式。用于 标识 概念的 名称（概念的 标签）是 “术语”。例如，“狗” 这个词 是 用来 识别 狗的 概念的 术语。一个人 对 狗的 了解 就是 狗 这个 术语的 概念。
# English-Chinese/Conductive hearing loss caused by inflammation

Conductive hearing loss can also be caused by inflammation of the middle ear, resulting in fluid accumulation in the space that is usually filled with air.
传导性听力损失也可能由中耳炎症引起，导致通常充满空气的空间中的液体积聚。
# English-Chinese/Contaminants transferred to cabbage

Contaminants from water, humans, animals and soil have the potential to be transferred to cabbage, and from there to the end consumer.
来自水，人类，动物和土壤的污染物有可能转移到卷心菜，并从那里转移到最终消费者。
# English-Chinese/Connective tissue

Connective tissue is a fibrous tissue. It is one of the four traditional classes of tissues (the others being epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue).
Connective tissue (CT) is found throughout the body. It has 3 main components; cells, fibres, and extracellular matrix.
Connective tissue makes up a variety of physical structures including, tendons, blood, cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, and lymphatic tissue. CT is classified into three subtypes: embryonic CT, proper CT, and special CT.
结缔组织 是 一种 纤维组织。它是 四种 传统 类型的 组织 之一（其他 是 上皮，肌肉 和 神经组织）。
结缔组织（CT）遍布 全身。它 有 三个 主要 组成部分；细胞，纤维 和 细胞外基质。
结缔组织 构成 各种 物理结构，包括 肌腱，血液，软骨，骨骼，脂肪组织 和 淋巴组织。 CT 分为 三个 亚型：胚胎CT，一般CT 和 特殊CT。
# English-Chinese/Consciousness

Consciousness means being awake, alert and responsive with the environment. The definition of consciousness may differ in psychology, neuroscience, philosophy and other related sciences.
意识 意味着 保持 清醒，警觉 并 对 环境 做出 反应。意识的 定义 可能 在 心理学，神经科学，哲学 和 其他 相关 科学上 有所不同。
# English-Chinese/Construction

Construction is the process of erection or assembly of any building or infrastructure on a site. In general, there are three types of construction:
* Building construction
* Heavy/civil construction
* Industrial construction
施工 是 在 现场 安装 或 组装 任何 建筑物 或 基础设施的 过程。一般来说，有 三种 施工：
* 建筑物 施工
* 重型/民用 施工
* 工业 施工
# English-Chinese/Confederation

A confederation is a group of countries that, by treaty, have given some of their powers to a central government. They do this in order to coordinate their actions in a number of areas. This is like a federation, but without the association being a new country.
邦联 是 一组 通过 条约 赋予 中央政府 权力的 国家。他们 这样 做 是 为了 协调 他们 在 一些 领域的 行动。这 就像 一个 联邦，但 没有 成立 一个 新的 国家。
# English-Chinese/Congestive heart failure

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is a condition that means that the heart is not pumping at normal levels.
充血性心力衰竭（CHF）是一种意味着心脏不能正常泵血的病症。
# English-Chinese/Continent

A continent is a large area of the land on Earth that is joined together. In general it is agreed there are seven continents in the world: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Europe, North America, Oceania, and South America.
大洲 是 地球上 大面积 连接 在一起的 土地。总体而言，全球 共有 七大洲：非洲，南极洲，亚洲，欧洲，北美洲，大洋洲，和 南美洲。
# Introduction to Probability/Quiz

* /level1
* /level2
* /level3
# Introduction to Probability/Quiz/level1

Instructions: Read the summary of the article Shark. Then take the quiz below. Evaluate your performance as explained below and proceed to your next selected lesson as per the ...link to index or lists of lists with coding information here.
/quiz
If you missed more than two answers consider selecting a lower level reading lab next time.
If you missed only one consider selecting a same level lab for additional practice.
If you missed none consider whether you wish to practice more at this level or start a more demanding level.
# Introduction to Political and Economic Risk/Resources

| Unit 1.1-Introduction to Political and Economic Risk | Introduction | Cultural Issues | Corporate Risks | Country-Related Risks | Economic Risks | Cultural Risks | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 1.1 | Unit 1.2 | Unit 1.3 Return to Trade Finance Module 1: Political and Economic Risk |

## Resources

* I. Brady and B. Isaac, A Reader in Cultural Change, vol.1 (Cambridge, MA Schenkman Publishing, 1975) p. x.
* V. Barnouw, An Introduction to Anthropology (Homewood, IL, Dorsey Press, 1975) p. 5.
* FITT Skills International Trade Finance Participants Manual, Forum for International Trade Training (FITT)
* International Business: The Challenge of Global Competition (7th ed.) Burr
# Introduction to Political and Economic Risk/Summary

| Unit 1.1-Introduction to Political and Economic Risk | Introduction | Cultural Issues | Corporate Risks | Country-Related Risks | Economic Risks | Cultural Risks | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 1.1 | Unit 1.2 | Unit 1.3 Return to Trade Finance Module 1: Political and Economic Risk |

## Summary

There are many forms of risk associated with business and more so with international business because of the added pressure caused by sovereign governments, geography and culture. A successful international business manager does not go into business with a blind eye. He/she identifies the potential risks, assesses the potential profits, and puts the appropriate risk mitigation tools into place. There are a variety of types of risk associated with international transactions, political, economic and commercial risk, all of which may render a buyer or seller incapable of conducting business (getting paid or receiving shipment). You must understand the complex interactions of the various kinds of risk. A simple way to differentiate commercial and country-risk is provided below:
* country risk = political risk + economic risk
* commercial risk = business transaction risk