OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Artificial Consciousness/Neural Correlates/Inter-Organ Connection Models/Cortico-Cortical Connections
## Cortico-Cortical Connections

There are two types of connections within the brain that connect the cortex to itself, what I call the Cortico-Cortical Connections within the cortex, and the Corpus Collosum, and Commisures that form bodies of connection outside the cortex itself. This article is about the first type, I will dedicate another article to the second type later.
It is important to recognize that there are many different connections within the cortex. One thing that has been noted is the high level of re-entry between neural groups in the cortex. Dr. Edelman published a picture that looked like these formed a grid, across the cortex, but that is of course a hopeless oversimplification. As well, we know that there are connections between Layer 2/3 and Layer 5. That link the output of the actual memory neurons to the activation of the Mini-column. To add to that we have networks of neurons that run almost the length of the cortex, hooking up the parietal lobe to the frontal lobes. Frankly there are a lot more connections, and I am not enough of a neuro-anatomist to describe them.
The reason that the Cerebral Cortex is so well interconnected, is partly because processing in some areas influences processing in other areas. However it is important to note that except for connections like the frontal parietal network, that connect remote areas of the brain, most interconnections do not extend past the Lobe boundaries. Because the lobe boundaries are more or less indications of the boundaries between sensory modalities, we can predict that most minds have several and isolated sensory processing systems. This creates the problem of Stove Pipe processing where processing is vertically integrated within a sensory modality but cross sensory connections are discouraged in the actual cerebral cortex.
There are conditions like synaethesia where cross connections between modalities survive the early babyhood, but these are exceptions or attempts by the brain to rewire after trauma.
# Artificial Consciousness/Neural Correlates/Neural Groups
## Neural Groups

At first scientists thought that each neuron was important to the operation of the brain, however as the size of the probes meant to connect to neurons in the brain got smaller, it became possible for scientists to note, that, especially in the cerebral cortex, neurons tended to form groups, where hundreds of neurons would activate, but only a token few would actually fire. The idea that hundreds of neurons would contribute to the firing of a few, was called Neural Groups by some and the Center Surround Function by others. While we are still not sure exactly how it happens it is thought that there is some mechanism whereby neurons naturally self-organize into groups. Others have noted that the center surround function is mostly found in the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex, and that the right hemisphere operates differently, which might be the basis of bicameral mind theories.
* Inherited Phylogeny Neural Groups
* Heterogeneous Neural Groups
* Marr's Codon Model
* The Center Surround Function
* Laberge - Kasevich Theory of the Apical Dendrite
* A Unified Neural Group/Columnar Model
# Artificial Consciousness/Neural Correlates/Inter-Organ Connection Models/DorsoLateral Prefrontal Cortex Connections
## DorsoLateral PreFrontal Cortex Connections

Depending on interpretation the DorsoLateral PFC is either limited to 2 or 3 brodman areas or may encompass 6 or 7 brodman areas. It is connected to the OrbitoFrontal PFC, the Basal Ganglia, the Thalamus, the Hippocampus, and primary and secondary associative cortexes of the different sensory modalities.
It is thought that the DorsoLateral PFC is the primary motor planning area and the seat of the Working Memory. This is the area of the brain that when damaged during stroke, and accident causes loss of executive function. One aspect of this type of disfunction is that while people who have it can discuss the relative merits of their choices, they tend to make the choices for immediate gain against their own understanding of the situation. The high reliance on Dopamine suggests that the role of this area is again to suppress competing responses, and select the best response from the options.
The high incidence of impulsivity in people with depressed dopamine balances, such as are suspected in ADD and ADHD, and people with executive dysfunction, suggests that suppression of competition among alternatives is the operative mode, and that at least a portion of the input is impulsive options.
In all probability the ability to delay gratification is dependent on this function.
While we are not sure exactly how this area of the brain works, we think it has something to do with Top-down attention. However the linkage to the thalamus suggests a role for bottom-up attention as well.
# Artificial Consciousness/Neural Correlates/Inter-Organ Connection Models/Recticular Activation
## The Reticular Activation System (RAS)

The Reticular Activation System consists primarily of the Upper Brain Stem, specifically the Reticular Formation which surrounds the actual brain stem itself, and the Thalamus. It has close proximity and connections between it, and the Basal Ganglia, which might mean there is a role for the Basal Ganglia and the Cerebellum to which it is also connected to play in this system. The RAS has two known roles, it is a motor control conduit, and it is thought to be the timing source of brainwaves throughout the cerebral cortex. At first look these roles seem unrelated, however I believe that I can relate them.
Many sensory systems pass through the Thalamus, which is why it was thought to be the seat of consciousness at one time. Today it is thought to be mostly a relay system, although the possibility of being able to switch its relay functions and thus act as a router, has recently been suggested.
Recent work on Attention has connected the thalamus with the Bottom-up Attention System. Maps of the Thalami connections, indicate that each thalamus has several connections to the various different areas of the cerebral cortex hemisphere it services each handled by a different laminae. According to Dr. LaBerge some of these connections are linked to the 5th Layer Pyramidal Neurons, and act to pre-activate the neurons making the mini-columns more sensitive to the input of Layer2/3 Pyramidal Neurons.
According to Dr. Edelman's Dynamic Core Hypothesis, parts of the thalamus resonate with the Gamma Synchronized Oscillations (GSOs) that seem to mark through synchronization, Cross-Modality clusters which he has labelled Functional Clusters. The question is, does the Thalamus resonate in response to the GSOs or does the GSO resonate in response to the Thalamas? Because of the Thalamus tight connection to the rest of the RAS, it makes sense to me that the GSO resonates in response to the Thalamus. However I could be wrong.
If both Dr. LaBerge and I are correct, then, bottom-up activation, will always be associated with GSO frequency information being over-layed over the basic Layer 2/3 memory output without changing the basic information content. The primary difficulty with this hypothesis, is that it needs a channel that is not Mini-Column specific for implicit memory, Recent work on memory during Anesthesia, suggests that implicit long term memory is dependent on the GSO. This suggests a possible link between the thalamus and the S synapse, which might have the ability to trigger similar chemical cascade reactions to those postulated by Kandel and his contemporaries to trigger Fibril growth between neurons, and thus promote long-term memory via the NMDA Synapse. How this secondary route to impose GSO signals onto implicit memory is achieved is not at this time known, however the role of Facilitation of the Neuron should impose a GSO frequency on the neuron similar to that of the 5th layer pyramidal Neurons, despite the fact that 5th layer Pyramids are not involved.
# Artificial Consciousness/Linguistics

Linguistics
And how it Impacts on Consciousness
Linguistics is the study of Language and how it is used. Although it is not considered necessary for primary consciousness to have the ability to implement language, the study of Linguistics has opened up a number of issues based on the development of language that are important enough to indicate a natural order to the development of language that implies a natural order to the processing within the brain.
In her book Beyond Modularity Annette Karmiloff-Smith, explored the nature of development as a force in the growth of so called innate knowledge as suggested by Jerry A. Fodor's Modularity of Mind. As a result of her work, scientists today routinely look for three types of knowledge when analyzing neural structures, Innate, or DNA defined knowledge, Knowledge developed as a result of Development, and Learned knowledge.
Another interesting element in Annette's book, was the mentioning of a theory called Representational Redescription (RR), Although Representation has been considered controversial up until now, recent work based on Neural Group Mapping in the individual has allowed scientists to prove that while the actual neuron in a Neural Group often changes over time, the activation of a Neural Group, can be consistently associated with a specific piece of data. Using this theory monkeys have consistently been able to activate robotic arms simply by thinking of moving their own arms. A special module that is trained on the individual monkeys nervous system, translates the unique representation of the movement into a command for the robotic arm to move in the same direction as the monkeys arm moved. This strongly suggests that representation at the Neural Group level is consistent. Annette's research was into the developmental aspects of language development which she abstracted and found in other developmental situations involving the growth of knowledge. Her theory is that the representation flows through a number of phases, and each phase corresponds to a redescription of the data, into another form.
It is important to realize that this pattern of learning might have an impact on the nature of consciousness, by impacting on the structure of the brain needed to achieve specific functions.
# Artificial Consciousness/Neural Correlates

Neural Correlates
There is a move in Neuropsychology to associate cognitive functions with mechanisms in the neurons of the brain. These neural mechanisms are called Neural Correlates because they represent locations where Neuroscience and Psychology can be correlated. In other words a definition in psychology can be associated with a neural mechanism. Ideally we want to build up theories that can be checked and correlated with other theories, Physics is the ultimate expression of this, where the theory of the atom, correlates with the theory of the elements in the periodic table, which correlate with the components of molecules, which make up everything physical.
Much of Cognitive Psychology still does not have Neural Correlates, so we are not sure that there is always a connection between what psychology says the brain does, and what the neurons in the brain actually do. However over time we have built up models of neural systems that we think have some relationship to neural function. These models explain how the neural mechanisms can achieve the psychological functions, when there is reason to question the assumptions about the nature of the psychological functions. Sometimes we find models that result in a paradigm shift, and our whole set of concepts about psychology are skewed as a result.
The following Models are transitory expressions of the current thought on how the brain works according to the current understanding. As we do more science these models might shift and new principles might emerge that change the way we look at neural correlates.
* Synaptic Models
* Neural Models
* Neural Network Models
* Neural Groups
* Neural Maps
* Brain Organ Models
* Inter-Organ Connection Models
* Functional Models
* Hybrid Models
# Artificial Consciousness/Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence
And How it Relates to Consciousness
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the study of how to make an Intelligent Machine. Originally Artificial Consciousness was an offshoot of AI, but the studies diverged when it became obvious that Consciousness was something different from Intelligence although both were associated in the Human mind. Essentially what was discovered was that intelligence is necessary but not sufficient to explain consciousness.
Up until this principle was discovered it was thought that consciousness might be an emergent property of intelligence and if we developed a device that was intelligent enough it would also be conscious. For me the dividing line was written in Consciousness Explained by Daniel C. Dennett a book that apologized for even thinking of Consciousness as a separate topic. After reading that, I could no longer think of myself as an artificial intelligence researcher.
Students will probably find the work that is the closest to Artificial Consciousness is the relatively current work done on Agents, and Multiagent systems. One current Functional theory of consciousness is the Global Workspace theory which depends on a T.V. station like central network, and multiple agents competing for the right to work. Since the Functional School is partially supported by MIT's A.I. laboratories, The functional school of consciousness is also the one most closely related to A.I.
--Graeme E. Smith 00:42, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

## See Also:

* w:Artificial intelligence
* W:Software Agent
* w:Intelligent Agent
* w:Multi-Agent System
* w:Global Workspace Theory
# Artificial Consciousness/Computer Science

Computing Science
And How it relates to Consciousness
Computer Science is the study of how to design Algorythms that facilitate the implementation of functions on a Computer System. Many computer programs simulate or emulate other systems. Computing Science is most important to Artificial Consciousness because of the lessons learned in designing synthetic languages for the computer.
One of the early thinkers in Computer Science was Alan Turing, who is best known for his Turing Test. His main contribution was the idea of tape based automata that could do "Truth preserving functions", and an early theory of Mind called the Computational Theory of Mind(CTM) It was based on this theory that he suggested the Turing Test which we can blame for the preponderance of Chatbots on the Internet.
It is partly because of Turings work, that up until recently it was assumed that any sufficiently intelligent machine would also be conscious. The reason for this is simple, Turing made no distinction in his test, between intelligence and consciousness. If we accept Turings test for Intelligence then we have to accept the precept that Intelligence is necessary and sufficient to explain consciousness. There would thereafter be no reason to study consciousness separately from intelligence.
An Early but obscure Theory of Psychology was the Production System Theory, on which all modern computer architectures are baaed. In this theory Short Term and Long Term memory serve a central processing Unit, and Short term memory consists of registers called clumps that reference Lists of Long Term Memory contents. Scientists in Psychology and Neuroscience have long held that this is a poor model for brain design, and that computers and brains do not work the same way. In short Production System Theory has been replaced with Cognitive Science, and there is no longer a direct link between the psychological theory of cognition and the architecture of the computer.
Despite the fact that scientists do not accept the computer as a model of the brain, they do tend to accept it as a research tool, and many simulations of parts of the nervous system are done every day, in an attempt to prove theories about how the nervous system might work. Once we understand the nature of consciousness we will, hopefully, be able to simulate or emulate it on a computer system, or we will be able to design a new system perhaps based on computer technology that works in a completely new way following the successful model. We will probably not however call the device a computer.
Topics of use to the Learner from Computer Science include:
* Heuristic Algorythms
* MetaHeuristic Techniques
* Advanced Languages and their Design
* Virtual Machines
* Neural Simulation Techniques
* Cognitive Architectures

## See Also

* Wikipedia article Computer Science
* Introduction to Computer Science
* Wikipedia article Heuristic
* Wikipedia article MetaHeuristic
* Wikipedia article Virtual Machine
* Wikipedia article Neural Networks
* Wikipedia article Cognitive Architecture
# Artificial Consciousness/Hybrid Consciousness
## Hybrid Consciousness

As Scientists improved their Models of Consciousness they found that there were many places where classical psychological Testing regimes could not answer questions about the nature of the Mind, but Simulations and Modeling could. It quickly became obvious to some scientists that to best model the mind, and especially consciousness, we would need a system based on both Psychology and Neural Models and simulations. This gradually evolved into the Hybrid School of Consciousness.
One of the Early Leaders of this school, was Dr. Ron Sun, Who developed a Hybrid Cognitive Architecture called CLARION which among other things has been used in Mine-Field clearing.
# Artificial Consciousness/Natural Language

Natural Language
And How it relates to Consciousness
It was partly the work of Noam Chomsky that broke the death-grip that behaviorists had on psychology. His work in discovering the nature of Natural Language, (Actual live languages) could not be explained adequately by the behaviorist model. As a result he opened the way for the later ascendence of the Cognitive model. It is partly because of his work, that Chatbots became practical and some chatbot designers claim their chatbots pass the Turing Test.
It is partly because of this claimed success that scientists have determined that language ability is neither necessary nor sufficient for either intelligence or Consciousness, since a Chat bot need not be either conscious nor intelligent to be able to pass the Turing Test, if the designers are correct. Most Chat bots take advantage of the willingness of humans to attribute intelligence to a discussion as long as it makes linguistic sense. Turing's test is therefore not especially interesting to science, and amounts to a license to trick rather than a serious test of either intelligence or consciousness.
In his book Wider than the Sky, The Phenomenal Gift of Consciousness Dr. Edelman suggests that we separate consciousness into two phases, the first phase called Primary Consciousness may be equivalent to the consciousness found in many mammals. The second phase called Higher Order Consciousness includes Natural Language capabilities and the ability to "Think". There is reason to believe that the natural language capabilities are merely extensions of capacities found in most mammals, we have taught a number of animals to understand a limited vocabulary and a limited grammar, but only humans understand the richness of human language. However, there is some discussion about this, since there is no known difference between human conscious mechanisms and mammalian consciousness mechanisms that can explain this difference in sophistication. (reference Dr. Bernard J. Baars' book on the subject.)
--Graeme E. Smith 02:46, 27 January 2009 (UTC)
# Artificial Consciousness

Artificial Consciousness is the study of how to design a conscious machine.
Proponents of Artificial Consciousness (AC) believe it is possible to emulate/simulate consciousness in a machine, probably some form of computer. However, there is no general agreement on how this will be done.
There are two main schools of thought in Artificial Consciousness
* Phenomenal Consciousness: Which assumes that simulation of neural structures is the key, some say that consciousness is an epiphenomenon of the brain.
* Functional Consciousness: Which assumes that we can model functions found by psychology
These schools tend to suggest mutually exclusive tests.
Recently a third school has started to develop. Called the Hybrid Consciousness School, it acknowledges that we do not yet have enough knowledge about the nature of the brain to do a pure Functional Approach, and should therefore simulate what we cannot directly translate into functions.
In order to fully understand this topic the student must understand a number of other disciplines and topics such as:
* Philosophy of Mind
* Psychology and how it relates to consciousness
* Neuroscience and the Neural Correlates of Consciousness
* Artificial Intelligence and how it relates to consciousness
* Computer Science and how it relates to language formation
* Natural Language/Linguistics and how they relate to Consciousness

### Notes for Instructors:

Warning, this is an informal source, meant as an overview or survey of the currently accepted topics related to this discipline. It does not claim to be suitable for direct use in the classroom, nor does it claim to have academic excellence, if you notice that the wrong terms have been used for a sub-topic please feel free to suggest new ones in the discussion for that page, or edit it yourself.
Also this source does not contain original research; that will be covered at a separate location. think of this as an introduction to the topic.

## See Also:

* Wikipedia: Artificial consciousness
* Igor Aleksanders Scholarpedia Article on Machine Consciousness
# Artificial Consciousness/(AC)

Artificial Consciousness (AC)
Artificial Consciousness is a relatively new term, that has become popular only recently, work has been done on this topic under a number of other topic names such as machine consciousness (MC) and synthetic consciousness
In 1992 Daniel C. Dennet published the book Consciousness Explained that was among other things an apology for even thinking of researching consciousness, as a result, many people who thought they were studying Artificial Intelligence (AI) realized they needed a new term for what they were working on. Artificial Consciousness is one of the terms they came up with.
--Graeme E. Smith 02:55, 27 January 2009 (UTC)
# Artificial Consciousness/Functional Tests

Tests of the Functional School
The functional school has defined its tests in terms of discrete functions that the simulation must perform to meet the standard. The reason this is incompatible with the phenomenal systems, is the fact that it is extremely difficult to prove a discrete function in a system where you cannot factor a function out. The most definite set of such tests can be found in the work of Bernard J. Baars.
The best Demonstration of Functional Consciousness is Franklins IDA/LIDA architecture which has:
* Constraint Satisfaction
* Deliberation
* Negotiation
* Problem Solving
* Expectation/Automation
* Perception
* Working Memory
* Episodic Memory
* Emotions
* Metacognition
Modules impacting on a central Consciousness Module that implements a Pandemonium Multi-Agent System.
# Automotive Technology/Stall Test

Haven't dine this yet
# Automotive Technology/Steering Columns

Always lock the steering wheel in place!
# Automotive Technology/Tire Code

* Tread width is usually in millimeters
* The aspect ratio is the sidewall divided by the tread width expressed as a percentage.
* They don't make passenger tires in the US that aren't radial.
* Rim size is usually in inches for unknown reasons.
* The load index refers to how much the weight the tire can handle
* The speed rating, shown as speed symbol, gives a maximum speed tolerance of the tire
* DOT tire code is a four digit code, 2 digit week and 2 digit year
The higher the aspect ratio, the easier the tire comes off the rim.
See Wheels
# Automotive Technology/Transmission Range Sensor

This sensor is a potentiometer on the gear shifter to tell a module the selected gear