# Brezhoneg Daoù/Lesson 7

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Mutations to soften ("dre vlotaat")
Initial
KGGwPBMTD
Mutation
GC’hWBVVDZ
Soft mutation happens in the following cases :
after a, da, daou, div, dindan, diwar, dre, e (possessive), eme, en em, en ur, hanter, holl, na, ne, pa, pe, re, war...
after the article for the feminine singular words and the related adjective
after the article for the masculine plural person names (except when the plural is in -où) and the related adjective
Please note :
D will not mute after names
K becomes C'H for names after the article when there is no other mutation
P, T, K will not mute for adjectives when the related names ends by another letter than L, M, N, R or a vowel.
Soft Mutation will be noted (S!)
Following letters are affected:
B becomes V
D becomes Z
K becomes G
G becomes C'H
GW becomes W
P becomes B
M becomes V
T becomes D
Examples :
Breur (brother) gives Da vreur
Dant (tooth) gives Da zant
Glin (kneel) gives Da c'hlin
Mutations after the article
Here is a summary for mutations after the article :
Here is a presentation of the rules regarding the mutations after the aticle :
Go to the Quiz
Mutations of the adjective epithet
Here is a summary for mutations of the adjective epithet :
Here is a presentation of the rules regarding the mutations of the adjective epithet :
Go to the Quiz :
Mutations to harden ("dre galetaat")
Initial
BDG
Mutation
PTK
Hard mutation happens in the following cases :
Possessive "ho" (yours)
After "az, "ez", "'z" (you - sg.)
After "da'z ..." (to yours ...)
After "ez" (in yours ...)
Hard Mutation will be noted (H!)
Following letters are affected:
B becomes P
D becomes T
G becomes K
Examples :
Breur (brother) gives Ho preur
Dant (tooth) gives Ho tant
Glin (kneel) gives Ho klin :
Mixed mutations
Initial
BDGGWM
Mutation
VTC'HWV
Mixed mutation happens in the following cases :
Present participe
Formed by "o" + Verb.
After verb particle "e"
After "ma" (That)
Mixed Mutation will be noted (M!)
Following letters are affected:
B becomes V
D becomes T
G becomes C'H
GW becomes W
M becomes V
Examples :
Deskiñ (to learn) gives O teskiñ
Gortoz (to wait) gives O c'hortoz :
Spirant mutations
Initial
PTK
Mutation
FZC'H
Spirant mutation happens in the following cases :
After "ma" or "va" (mine)
After "he" (Hers)
After "o" (Theirs)
After numbers : tri, teir, pevar, peder, nav
Spirant Mutation will be noted (Sp!)
Following letters are affected:
P becomes F
T becomes Z
K becomes C'H
Examples :
Penn (head) gives Va fenn
Kador (chair) gives Va c'hador :
* Exceptions
* Bloaz
* Bloaz mutes into Vloaz after :
* Pet ?
* The cardinal numbers except after tri, pevar, pemp, nav
* Exemple :
* Pet vloaz eo bremañ ? Daouzek vloaz.
* Pet vloaz eo bremañ ? Pemp bloaz.
* Mintin
* Mintin mutes into Vintin after :
* Weekday names
* Dec'h
* Warc'hoazh
* Exemple :
* Dilun vintin, warc'hoazh vintin.
* Exercises
* Go to the Quiz
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