OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Survey research and design in psychology/Lectures/Descriptives & graphing

Lecture 03: Descriptives & graphing
This is the third lecture for the Survey research and design in psychology unit of study.

## Outline

Overviews descriptive statistics and graphical approaches to analysis of univariate data.
* Getting to know a data-set
* Parametric & non-parametric statistics & level of measurement
* Univariate descriptive statistics
* Univariate graphs
* Properties of the normal distribution
* Non-normal distributions

## Readings

* Howitt and Cramer (2011a):
** Chapter 01 - Why you need statistics: Types of data (pp. 1-10)
** Chapter 02 - Describing variables: Tables and diagrams (pp. 11-22)
** Chapter 03 - Describing variables numerically: Averages, variation and spread (pp. 23-35)
** Chapter 04 - Shapes of distributions of scores (pp. 36-45)
** Chapter 05 - Standard deviation and z-scores: The standard unit of measurement in statistics (pp. 46-58)
* Howitt and Cramer (2014a):
** Chapter 01 - Why statistics? (pp. 1-16)
** Chapter 02 - Some basics: Variability and measurement (pp. 19-28)
** Chapter 03 - Describing variables: Tables and diagrams (pp. 29-43)
** Chapter 04 - Describing variables numerically: Averages, variation and spread (pp. 44-57)
** Chapter 05 - Shapes of distributions of scores (pp. 58-70)
** Chapter 06 - Standard deviation and z-scores: The standard unit of measurement in statistics (pp. 71-85)

## Videos

* Video: Science is beautiful - explores 3 different visualisations, Florence Nightingale (health), genome overlaps, ocean currents (Nature Video, Youtube, 5:30 mins).
* Video: Is Pivot a turning point for the web? - demonstrates the potential for dynamic data visualisation in order to discover patterns and links (Gary Flake, TED talk - 6:25 mins).

## Slides

* Lecture slides (Google Slides)
* 2018 handouts:
** Download 6 slides to a page:
** Download 3 slides to a page:
# Survey research and design in psychology/Lectures/Multiple linear regression I

Lecture 7: Multiple linear regression I
This is the seventh lecture for the Survey research and design in psychology unit of study.

## Outline

Introduces and explains the use of linear regression and multiple linear regression, a multivariate correlational statistical technique, in the context of psychology.
More specifically, this lecture covers:
* Correlation (Review)‏
* Simple linear regression
* Multiple linear regression
** General steps
** Assumptions
** R, coefficients
** Equation
** Types
* Summary
* MLR I Quiz - Practice questions

## Prerequisite

* Correlation (Lecture)

## Readings

* Howitt and Cramer (2014a):
** Chapter 09: Regression: Prediction with precision (pp. 120-132)
** Chapter 32: Multiple regression and multiple correlation (pp. 444-459)
* StatSoft (2016). How to find relationship between variables, multiple regression. StatSoft Electronic Statistics Handbook.
* Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013) (6th ed. - International ed.). Multiple regression (Ch. 5) [Includes sample write-ups]. Using multivariate statistics (6th ed., pp. 117-196). Boston, MA: Pearson. Includes example write-ups. UCLearn reading list (Psychometric instrument development)

## Handouts

* Lecture slides (Google Slides)
* 2018 handouts:
** Download 6 slides to a page:
** Download 3 slides to a page:
# Survey research and design in psychology/Lectures/Exploratory factor analysis

Lecture 5: Exploratory factor analysis
This is the fifth lecture for the Survey research and design in psychology unit of study.

## Outline

This lecture introduces and explains the use of exploratory factor analysis particularly for the purposes of psychometric instrument development. The lecture is accompanied by a computer-based tutorial about psychometrics.

## Handouts

* Lecture slides (Google slides)
* 2018 handouts:
** Download 6 slides to a page:
** Download 3 slides to a page:

## Readings

* Beavers, A. S., Lounsbury, J. W., Richards, J. K., Huck, S. W., Skiloits, G. J., Esquivel, S. L. (2013). Practical considerations for using exploratory factor analysis in educational research. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 18(6).
* Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4, 272-299.
* Floyd, F. J., & Widaman, K. F. (1995). Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment, 7, 286-299.
* Howitt and Cramer (2014a). Chapter 31: Factor analysis: Simplifying complex data (pp. 423-443) UCLearn reading list (Exploratory factor analysis section)
* Streiner, D. L. (1994). Figuring out factors: The use and misuse of factor analysis. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 39, 135-140.
* Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Principal components and factor analysis. In Using multivariate statistics. (6th ed., pp. 607-675). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. UCLearn reading list (Exploratory factor analysis section)
* Wikiversity (2017). Exploratory factor analysis: Glossary.
* Williams, B., Brown, T., & Onsman, A. (2012). Exploratory factor analysis: A five-step guide for novices. Australian Journal of Paramedicine, 8(3).

## Recording

* Lecture 05 recording (2018)
# Endomorphism/Nilpotent/Definition

Let $K$ be a field, and let $V$ be a $K$-vector space. A linear mapping
    $\varphi \colon V\longrightarrow V$
is called nilpotent, if there exists a natural number $n$ such that the $n$-th composition fulfills
    $\varphi ^{n}=0\,.$
# Matrix/Nilpotent/Definition

A square matrix $M$ is called nilpotent, if there exists a natural number $n\in \mathbb {N}$ such that the $n$-th matrix product fulfills
    $M^{n}=\underbrace {M\circ \cdots \circ M} _{n{\text{-mal}}}=0\,$
# Matrix/Nilpotent/Typical form/Example

Let $M$ be an upper triangular matrix with the property that all diagonal entries are $0$. Thus, $M$ has the form
    ${\begin{pmatrix}0&*&\cdots &\cdots &*\\0&0&*&\cdots &*\\\vdots &\ddots &\ddots &\ddots &\vdots \\0&\cdots &0&0&*\\0&\cdots &\cdots &0&0\end{pmatrix}}.$
Then $M$ is nilpotent, with every power the $0$-diagonal is moved one step up and to the right. If, for example, the product of the $i$-th row and the $j$-th column with
    $i\geq j-1\,$
is computed, then there is always a $0$ in the partial products and, altogether, the result is $0$.
# Matrix/Nilpotent/Total Jordan block/Basis vectors/Example

A special case of example is the matrix
    ${\begin{pmatrix}0&1&0&\cdots &\cdots &0\\0&0&1&0&\cdots &0\\\vdots &\ddots &\ddots &\ddots &\ddots &\vdots \\0&\cdots &0&0&1&0\\0&\cdots &\cdots &0&0&1\\0&\cdots &\cdots &\cdots &0&0\end{pmatrix}}.$
An important observation is that under this mapping, $e_{n}$ is sent to $e_{n-1}$, $e_{n-1}$ is sent to $e_{n-2}$, and , finally, $e_{2}$ is sent to $e_{1}$, which is sent to $0$. The $(n-1)$-th power of the matrix sends $e_{n}$ to $e_{1}$ and is not the zero matrix, but the $n$-th power of the matrix is the zero matrix.
# Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Theory of informatons

The theory of informatons is a mathematically based theory of Antoine Acke, retired professor at the industrial engineering department of the "Katholieke Hogeschool Sint-Lieven" (now KU LEUVEN - Faculty of Industrial Engineering - Campus Ghent). It explains the influence that material objects in space exert on each other (the so-called "action-at-a-distance").
The theory of informatons concerns the gravitational and electromagnetic interactions and laws as described and understood in the context of Heaviside's gravitoelectromagnetism (GEM) and Maxwell's electromagnetism (EM). GEM and EM are classical field theories and GEM starts from the idea that the gravitational field and the electromagnetic field in vacuum are isomorphic structures, which implies that GEM is an extension of the Newtonian view of gravity because in the context of GEM one also takes into account the kinematics of the gravitating objects.
The theory of informatons develops the hypothesis that every material object manifests itself in space by emitting, at a rate proportional to its rest mass, mass- and energyless granular entities that rush away at the speed of light and that are carriers of "information" regarding the position, speed and - if this is the case - the electrical condition of their emitter. Because these entities transport nothing else than information, they are called “informatons”.
This hypothesis ("The postulate of the emission of informatons") implies that every material object is at the center of an expanding cloud of informatons, which regarding gravitational phenomena is identified as the gravitational field of that object and regarding electromagnetic phenomena - if the object is electrically charged - as its electromagnetic field. According to the theory of informatons, “information” is the substance of gravitational and electromagnetic fields.
The postulate of the emission of informatons leads to the insight that gravitational fields (electromagnetic fields) are dual structures that are created by time-dependent masses and/or mass flows (electric charges and/or electric currents) and that at each point in space are fully characterized by two time-dependent intertwined vectorial quantities: the field strength E and the induction B. The relations between these quantities and between these quantities and their sources (Maxwell-Heaviside equations ) appear to be the expressions of the kinematics of the informatons at the macroscopic level.
Furthermore, in the context of the theory of informatons, gravitational (electromagnetic) interactions are understood as the effect of the fact that a (charged) object in a gravitational field (an electromagnetic field) is subject to a tendency to accelerate so that it becomes “blind” for that field. And finally accelerated masses (charges) appear to be a source of gravitational (graviton) [electromagnetic (photon)] radiation.
# Nilpotent endomorphism/Characterization on basis/Fact

Let $V$ denote a finite-dimensional vector space over a field $K$. Let
    $\varphi \colon V\longrightarrow V$
be a linear mapping. Then the following statements are equivalent.
* $\varphi$ is nilpotent.
* For every vector $v\in V$, there exists an $k\in \mathbb {N}$ such that
    $\varphi ^{k}(v)=0\,.$
* There exists a basis $v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}$ of $V$ and a $k\in \mathbb {N}$ such that for $i=1,\ldots ,n$.
    $\varphi ^{k}(v_{i})=0\,$
* There exists a generating system $v_{1},\ldots ,v_{m}$ of $V$ and a $k\in \mathbb {N}$ such that for $i=1,\ldots ,n$.
    $\varphi ^{k}(v_{i})=0\,$
# Nilpotent endomorphism/Characterization on basis/Fact/Proof

From (1) to (2) is clear. From (2) to (3). Let $v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}$ be a basis
(or a finite generating system), and let $k_{j}\in \mathbb {N}$ be such that
    $\varphi ^{k_{j}}(v_{j})=0\,.$
Then
    $k:={\max {\left(k_{j},j=1,\ldots ,m\right)}}\,$
fulfills the property for every generator. From (3) to (4) is clear. From (4) to (1). For $v\in V$, we have
    $v=\sum _{i=1}^{m}a_{i}v_{i}\,.$
Due to the linearity of $\varphi ^{k}$, we have
    $\varphi ^{k}(v)=\varphi ^{k}{\left(\sum _{i=1}^{m}a_{i}v_{i}\right)}=\sum _{i=1}^{m}a_{i}\varphi ^{k}(v_{i})=0\,,$
therefore,
    $\varphi ^{k}=0\,.$
# AWS Cloud Practitioner/Cloud Concepts
## Objectives and Skills

Objectives and skills for the cloud concepts portion of AWS Cloud Practitioner certification include:
* Define the AWS Cloud and its value proposition
* Identify aspects of AWS Cloud economics
* List the different cloud architecture design principles

## Readings

* Wikipedia: Cloud computing
* Wikipedia: Amazon Web Services
* AWS: Overview of Amazon Web Services
* AWS: Fundamentals - Core Concepts

## Multimedia

* YouTube: AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner Training
* YouTube: AWS Cloud Value Proposition
* YouTube: Practice Questions Walkthrough for the AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner (1/4)

## Activities

* Complete AWS: Cloud Practitioner Essentials Modules 1 - 3.

## Lesson Summary
### Define the AWS Cloud and its value proposition

* Cloud computing is the on-demand delivery of compute power, database, storage, applications, and other IT resources through a cloud services platform via the Internet with pay-as-you-go pricing.

### Identify aspects of AWS Cloud economics

* Six advantages of cloud computing are:
** Trade capital expense for variable expense
** Benefit from massive economies of scale
** Stop guessing capacity
** Increase speed and agility
** Stop spending money running and maintaining data centers
** Go global in minutes

### List the different cloud architecture design principles

* Cloud computing models include:
** Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
** Platform as a Service (PaaS)
** Software as a Service (SaaS)
* Cloud computing deployment models include:
** Cloud
** Hybrid
** On-premises
* The AWS Cloud infrastructure is built around AWS Regions and Availability Zones.
* An AWS Region is a physical location in the world with multiple Availability Zones.
* Availability Zones consist of one or more discrete data centers, each with redundant power, networking, and connectivity, housed in separate facilities.
* The AWS cloud platform includes:
** AWS Management Console
** AWS Command Line Interface
** Software Development Kits
** Services for:
*** Analytics
*** Application Integration
*** Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality
*** AWS Cost Management
*** Blockchain
*** Business Applications
*** Compute Services
*** Customer Engagement
*** Database
*** Desktop and App Streaming
*** Developer Tools
*** Game Technology
*** Internet of Things (IoT)
*** Machine Learning
*** Management and Governance
*** Media Services
*** Migration and Transfer
*** Mobile Services
*** Networking and Content Delivery
*** Robotics
*** Satellite
*** Security, Identity, and Compliance
*** Storage
* The AWS Well-Architected Framework includes:
** Operational Excellence
*** Infrastructure as Code
*** Observability
** Security
*** Identity and Access Management (IAM)
*** Network Security
*** Data Encryption
** Reliability
*** Fault Isolation
*** Limits
** Performance Efficiency
*** Selection
*** Scaling
** Cost Optimization
*** Pay For Use
*** Cost Optimization Lifecycle

## See Also

* Quizlet: AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner Exam-Cloud Concepts
# AVR programming introduction

The Atmel AVR microcontroller architecture has, since its inception in 1996, gained popularity over among the professionals and amateurs alike.
This course is intended to serve as a hands-on introduction into AVR programming by providing complete and explained examples on how to use each of the common on-die peripherals, while also outlining the basic programming and schematics considerations.

## Prerequisites

At least basic understanding of the following subjects is presumed in this course.
* A text editor.
* C – the general-purpose programming language the examples in this course are written in.
* Either Bash (preferably) or some other Text (CLI) shells|command-line shell.
* GNU Make – a dependency-drived build tool.
The tasks in this course are intended to be completed using either a bare ATmega8 microcontroller (MCU; or a compatible one) with the Optiboot bootloader preloaded or one of the AVR-based Arduino boards. See the Simplistic device task for a variant of the circuit based on a bare MCU.

## Contents
### The beginning

    Simplistic device
    Simplistic program

### Internal peripherals

    Timer basics
    Pulse-width modulator
    Serial Peripheral Interface
    Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter
    Two-wire interface

### External peripherals

    Nokia 5110 LCD

### Complete devices, practical or not

    Signal acquisition interface
# AWS Cloud Practitioner

AWS Cloud Practitioner covers entry-level understanding of the Amazon Web Services (AWS) cloud infrastructure and related concepts.
This course includes four lessons covering the AWS cloud. Each lesson includes a combination of Wikipedia and other readings, YouTube videos, and hands-on learning activities. The course also assists learners in preparing for AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner Exam CLF-C01.

## Preparation

This is a college-level introductory information technology course. Learners should already be familiar with introductory computer concepts and IT fundamentals.

## Lessons

* Cloud Concepts
* Security
* Technology
* Billing and Pricing

## See Also

* Cloud Computing
* Amazon Web Services
* AWS: Certification Prep
* AWS: Cloud Practitioner Essentials (Second Edition)
* Quizlet: AWS - Certified Cloud Practitioner (CLF-C01)
# AWS Cloud Practitioner/Billing and Pricing

Billing and Pricing

## Objectives and Skills

Objectives and skills for the billing and pricing portion of AWS Cloud Practitioner certification include:
* Compare and contrast the various pricing models for AWS
* Recognize the various account structures in relation to AWS billing and pricing
* Identify resources available for billing support

## Readings

* AWS: How AWS Pricing Works

## Multimedia

* YouTube: AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner Training
* YouTube: Practice Questions Walkthrough for the AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner (4/4)

## Activities

* Complete AWS: Cloud Practitioner Essentials Modules 8 - 11.

## Lesson Summary
### Compare and contrast the various pricing models for AWS

* There are three fundamental drivers of cost with AWS: compute, storage, and outbound data transfer. These characteristics vary somewhat, depending on the AWS product and pricing model you choose.
* AWS offers several pricing models depending on product. These include:
** On-Demand Instances
** Savings Plans
** Spot Instances
** Reservations
* The AWS Free Tier enables you to gain free, hands-on experience with more than 60
* AWS products. AWS Free Tier includes the following free offer types:
** 12 Months Free
** Always Free
** Trials

### Identify resources available for billing support
## Key Terms
## See Also

* Quizlet: AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner Exam-Billing and Pricing
# AP United States History

Advanced Placement examinations (AP exams) are exams offered in United States by the College Board and are taken each May by students. The tests are the culmination of year-long Advanced Placement (AP) courses. AP exams (with few exceptions) have a multiple-choice section and a free-response section.
The AP United States History exam studies the cultural, economic, political, and social developments that have shaped the United States from c. 1491 to the present, including analyzing texts, visual sources, and other historical evidence and writing essays expressing historical arguments.

## Outline

* 1491-1607
* 1607-1754
* 1754–1800
* 1800-1848
* 1844-1877
* 1865-1898
* 1890-1945
* 1945-1980
* 1980-Present

## See Also

* Wikipedia: Advanced Placement exams
# AP Psychology/Social Psychology

Introduces how humans interact in groups and social situations, as well as how others can affect an individual’s behavior and mental processes.

## Objectives and Skills

Topics may include:
* How social and cultural categories like gender and race can impact self-concept and behavior
* The factors that lead people to form and change attitudes
* Group dynamics, including conformity, compliance, and obedience to authority
* Types of behavior caused by the presence of others
* Bias, prejudice, and discrimination
* Altruism and aggression
* The variables that contribute to attraction
# AP Psychology/Learning

Introduces the field of psychology that studies how humans and other animals learn as well as how learning changes over a lifetime.

## Objectives and Skills

Topics may include:
* Influential researchers and theories of learning
* Results of famous learning experiments
* Types of learning
* Types of conditioning and their effects
* Social and cognitive factors in learning
# AP Psychology/Developmental Psychology

Introduces how physical and social changes over humans’ lifespans can influence behavior and mental processes from a variety of perspectives.

## Objectives and Skills

Topics may include:
* Physical and social development in childhood
* Theories of cognitive development in childhood
* Adolescent development and challenges
* Adulthood and aging
* Theories of moral development
* Gender and sexual orientation
# Applied Programming/Variables/Python3
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Python3 compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* InterviewBit
* paiza.IO
* Programiz
* PythonTutor
* Python Fiddle
* repl.it
* RexTester
* Trinket
* TutorialsPoint
* Python Online
* Python Playground
* LabEx

## See Also

* Computer Programming
* Python Programming
* Wikibooks: Python Programming
* Wikibooks: Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 3
* Python For Everybody - P4E
# Applied Programming/Variables/Java
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Java compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* InterviewBit
* paiza.IO
* PythonTutor
* repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Wikibooks: Java Programming
# Applied Programming/Variables/JavaScript
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own JavaScript compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* Chapman.edu: Online JavaScript Interpreter
* CodeChef
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* JS.do
* paiza.IO
* PythonTutor
* repl.it

## See Also

* Computer Programming
* JavaScript
# Applied analysis

Applied analysis is the study of limits, differentiation, integration, and series as they apply to real world problems. The more theoretical side of the subject is Abstract Analysis, which deals with how one can perform all of these operations inside of more exotic sets and spaces than the familiar real and complex numbers.

## Resources

* Calculus
* Vector calculus
* Ordinary differential_equations 25%
* Partial differential_equations
** Fourier analysis
** Heat equation
** Laplace Equation
** Poisson Equation
** Bessel functions
# Applied Programming/Variables/PHP
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own PHP compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* Online PHP
* paiza.IO
* repl.it
* W3Schools

## See Also

* Computer Programming
* PHP
* Wikibooks: PHP Programming