OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Business

A business is a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods or services.

## Learning projects

* Companies
* Markets
* Work smarter
* Earning money
* Employee-owned companies
* Operating a business

## Discussion questions

* How can business be utilized to benefit one's own self and others?
* How can business be used to benefit society?
* What are the best ways to raise funds to start a business?
* What sort of business or businesses are you interested in starting?
* What are the steps to start a new business ?
* What are remedies to solve the problems of women entrepreneur ?

## Readings
### Wikipedia

* Decentralized autonomous organization
* Benefit corporation
* Public-benefit corporation
* Business
* Business plan

## Wikibooks

* Business Wikibooks

### External readings

* Raising Private Money: Gifts, Loans, and Equity Investments

## See Also

* School:Business
* Portal:Management
* Entrepreneurship
* School:Entrepreneurship
* Principles of entrepreneurship
* Innovation and Entrepreneurship
* Internet entrepreneurship
* Online social entrepreneurship
* Conservation Entrepreneurship
* Social entrepreneurship
* Benefit corporation
* Asteroid mining - a future business of harvesting resources from asteroids
* Preliminary WikiJournal of Business and Economics
* Wiki business plan
* Innovation
* Innovation and Entrepreneurship
# Business, politics and sport

Download a PDF or order a book version of this course.
Business, Politics and Sport is a unit of study that introduces you to some of the varying aspects of political processes and corporate involvement in local, state, national and international sport, exercise and recreation. The unit aims to give you the opportunity to investigate topics that are of interest to you, to establish professional expertise in that topic, and make a contribution to public knowledge about these topics.

## Topics

The coordinator will organise a number of events, seminars, interviews and panel discussions, to assist you in accessing and understanding the subject range of this unit. Use these topics to help decide on the topics you cover in your assignments. Exceptional assignments from present and past students may also appear in this list.
* Orientation to the unit
* Chain reactions - cycling in Australia
* Greater than the sum of the parts? - The Crawford Report
* Open water - Australian canoeing
* Wayfinding - Orienteering in Ausralia
* Individuals and sport - the role of family, politics, and marketing in the development of a generation
* The use of sport as a political vehicle - Considering nation state politics in the Olympic Games
* The history of the paralympic movement in Australia - Tony Naar talking about the History of the Paralympic Movement in Australia
* The corporate approach - Alannah Magee from Sportsman's Warehouse talking about her work and outlook (notes only, no recording)
* The role of sport in communities - Sport is uniting and dividing communities, says Keith Lyons
* Football power and politics - under development

## Resources

* Unit weblog - up to date news, links and resources

## Assignments

You have three assignments with which to demonstrate your grasp of the learning objectives for this unit:
* Essay
* Presentation
* Exam

## Examples

* Essays
* Presentations on Youtube (other presentations included in the essays)
* 2011 exam questions

## Objectives

The learning objectives for this course are:
* Explain the major catalysts responsible for the commodification of Australian sport
* Identify the similarities and differences between the commercialisation of Australian sport and international sport
* Discuss the ways in which sport and politics intersect
* Contribute to public debates about the politics of sport in modern societies.
* Communicate - express knowledge and ideas, present arguments and ideas effectively, listen and respond to the ideas of others and create and present new ideas.
* Develop your information literacy – locate, identify, collate, analyse, evaluate, interpret and present information.
* Engage in problem solving – identify problems and analyse the main features of problems relevant to their professional field, apply appropriate problem solving processes, arguments and critical thinking, implement and evaluate strategies for the resolution of problems, anticipate and define new problems, and identify and resolve new problems in new fields.

## Feedback

* Feedback from participants is collected on the discussion page of this wiki
# Business, politics and sport/Chain reactions

Stephen Hodge will talk about his work based on cycling in Australia, and its relationship with business and politics. He plans to talk about the politics of 'productivity', and look at how cycling in its current context is increasing population's physical activity (health prevention objective of productivity, healthier workforces etc), and being a transport mode and potential congestion reliever (productivity benefit). Stephen's work intersects with the business world, federal political lobbying and sport administration.

## Readings

* About The Amy Gillet Foundation. Working to realise safe bicycling in Australia
* Cycling Promotion Fund. Industry Update - April 2011
* Cycling Promotion Fund. What We Do

## Recordings

* Audio recording of Stephen Hodge's talk
# Business, politics and sport/Greater than the sum of the parts?

At Thursday's lecture held on the 1st of September, Keith Lyons spoke about the Crawford Report in his talk, Greater than the sum of the parts? - A discussion of the Crawford Report as a case study of the articulation of sport, business and politics.

## Readings

* Justin Shaw, May 2011. The Future of Australian Sport. The Drum Opinion (ABC)
* The Crawford Report

## Recordings

* Keith Lyons' audio visual presentation, created after the lecture he gave to BPS2011 participants
# Business, politics and sport/Open water

At today's lecture, we heard from Greg Doyle, who flew down from Newcastle to speak to us about his experiences as a sporting organisation manager of Tennis NSW, Surf Life Saving Central Coast, Athletics NSW and now Australian Canoeing. Greg's talk was refreshingly frank and bang on what we need to be hearing in this unit - the practicalities of business and politics in sporting organisations, and like he said, "same horse, different jockey". Some good questions were asked at the end of the talk, and I'm sorry that the recording cut out half way through one of Greg's answers. It pays to be at the lectures in person sometimes.

## Readings

* Canoeing Australia's website

## Recordings

* Notes and recordings of Greg Doyle's talk given to BPS2011 participants
# Business, politics and sport/Football power and politics

This topic is under development, please feel free to add to this page...

## Readings

TBA

## Recordings

FIFA: Football, power and politics - BBC Radio documentary. Producer: Mark Burman.
# Bush adventure therapy

Bush adventure therapy is a term used to described the practice and profession of adventure therapy in Australia. The term evolved during the early 21st century and is represented by the Australian Association of Bush Adventure Therapy.
# Business, politics and sport/Individuals and sport

A discussion about the development of individual sport, and the business relationship that has formed around that.

## Readings

* From politics to business: Adventure sport, gender identity and product marketing

## Recordings

* Slide from Leigh Blackall's presentation to BPS2011 participants, and the audio recording to go with them
# Analogies for Sustainable Development/Brain as garden

* Analogy Ranking and Review
* Analogy Characteristics
* Style: analogy
* Directionality: unidirectional
* Analogy Quality
* Rigor: solid
* Popularity: published
* Value: high
* Article Quality
* Peer review: no
* Resource base:
* References:
* Analogy map:

## Quote Bank

Gopnik, Meltzoff, & Kuhl (2000):
"The synapses that carry the most messages get stronger and survive, while weaker synaptic connections are cut out. This process is rather like pruning a fruit tree or pinching a geranium plant. Stopping the growth in some branches strengthens the growth in other branches and changes the whole design of the plant. The brain can make a frequently used connection stronger by pruning connections that aren’t used. Experience determines which connections will be strengthened and which will be pruned; connections that have been activated most frequently get preserved."
James Allen, As a Man Thinketh (1903):
“A man's mind may be likened to a garden, which may be intelligently cultivated or allowed to run wild; but whether cultivated or neglected, it must, and will, bring forth. If no useful seeds are put into it, then an abundance of useless weed seeds will fall therein, and will continue to produce their kind.”
# Analogies for Sustainable Development/Brain as onion
## Quote Bank

Baler (2016):
"If we zoom into the neuronal circuits and clusters that make up the brain’s systems, we’ll find them laid out like the concentric layers of an onion, functional layer upon functional layer. This arrangement is the result of the relentless evolutionary push to continuously improve on an animal’s ability to navigate its complex and ever-changing environment."
"The core of the onion: autonomous systems... They are in charge of the most basic survival routines like swallowing, vomiting, heart beating and respiration, which are so indispensable that they run, for the most part, on autopilot. Accordingly, they are very hard, though not impossible, to modulate voluntarily. Our human species shares these circuits with fish and reptiles."
"Next layer of the onion to grow: instinct. Our chances of survival were greatly enhanced with the arrival of instincts. Vertebrates benefited tremendously from these pre-programmed circuits that expanded their behavioral repertoire and increased their fitness.... Instincts mediate behaviors so crucial to survival that they are encoded as such in the genes themselves, hard-wired in the brain during an animal’s development and not changed by later experience."
"Let’s examine the next layer: emotion. An amazing breakthrough happened in mammals, with the laying out of a new set of neural substrates capable of generating emotions....it surrounds in its embrace the more primitive survival and instinctual regions of the brain, affording us primates a whole new set of behavioral tools for interacting with the world."
"For example, the instinctual drives to have sex and to run away from danger would be inextricably linked to powerful feelings of affection and fear, respectively. The influence that this new circuitry exerts over our decisions and behaviors is enormous. The neural substrates of emotions are strongly influenced by developmental factors. Perhaps because of its more recent origins, the emotional circuitry is even more flexible and responsive to external influeces than earlier circuits."
"The outermost peel (aka, the neocortex) was overlaid atop an already crowded swarm of networks. In primates, it exploded into two huge hemispheres that completely enveloped the older parts of the brain. This new shell serves as the testing grounds for our still developing reasoning abilities. Because they are so recent, neocortical functions are the most flexible and sensitive to the impact of social and environmental experience."
"it is hard to recognize that the neocortex is constantly competing against earlier webs of well-established brain circuitry, and that its contribution to our motivations and actions are likely less than what we’d expect."
# Caregiving and dementia/Projects/GP and medical specialists needs analysis project
## Overview

In partnership with the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, this project facilitated the identification of GP learning needs in regards to the provision of dementia care.

## More information

* TBA
# Caregiving and dementia/Projects/Knowledge transfer in relation to the care of people with dementia
## Overview

Knowledge Transfer (KT) in general and KT as related to improving practice in the care of people with dementia is in an early stage of development. This project synthesised the existing views into a clear, practical statement on the nature of knowledge translation as it may be applied to the transfer of research knowledge gained through Dementia Initiative-related activities. The statement will be informed and illustrated by 10 case studies based on KT related projects carried out in each of the DTSCs.
This project aimed to provide a clear, practical description of the KT process as it can be applied to services for people with dementia.
The project:
* Provided a clear description of the ‘state of the art’ of knowledge transfer based on a review of the literature.
* Provided 5 DTSC’s with direct support in a KT project each year for 2 years.
* Used these projects as case studies to assess and illustrate the application of KT approaches.
* Resulted in the publication of a detailed report on the application of KT processes to the improvement of services for people with dementia.
* Provided a set of recommendations to guide future KT activities.
The field of KT is not well developed either conceptually or in terms of having a strong track record in the delivery of effective methods. While the other KT projects were successful in the dissemination of information they do not guarantee the adoption of new, and better, practice. There is much to be learned about how practitioners can be persuaded and empowered to change their practice in the light of new knowledge. This project provided a foundation for the effective transfer of knowledge gained in future dementia-related research activities.
The project was conducted in close collaboration with the UNSW DCRC KT Director whose specialised knowledge assisted in the project's development and implementation. The project was managed so that it complemented the KT activities of the DCRCs.

## More information

* TBA
# Caregiving and dementia/Projects/Fellowships in dementia education program
## Overview

This project developed, implemented and evaluated state-wide programs for health professionals in leadership roles using the train the trainer model to support workforce development.
The workshop part of this program was delivered to participants from metropolitan, regional and rural areas. The fellows returned to their workplaces to implement their training programs and provided written evaluations of their work.

## More information

* TBA
# Caregiving and dementia/Projects/Knowledge transfer events
## Overview

Knowledge Transfer (KT) has been described as a ‘contact sport’ and the establishment of a community of interest has been identified as one of the key features of an effective KT strategy. KT should also be a two-way process with opportunities for the researchers to hear the views of potential users of their research so that they can ensure it meets their needs.
This project involved a major KT event in each of the five Dementia Training Study Centre (DTSC) jurisdictions. These KT events brought researchers and practitioners together in a series of workshops that facilitated the transfer of practical knowledge and the interchange of ideas on new directions for research.
The overall aim of this project was to support the development of a community of interest focused on the application of evidence-based practice in the care of people with dementia. This was achieved by:
* Providing a nationwide infrastructure for the dissemination of research findings through a series of major events
* Supporting the DTSCs with their KT responsibilities
* Bringing the researchers into contact with a wide range of practitioners with the purpose of informing them on perceived gaps in research.
KT requires a mix of methods for raising awareness of new information, engaging practitioners in considering it and providing them with an impetus to adopt it into their everyday activities. This project complemented the establishment of the Australian Journal of Dementia Care by providing an opportunity for practitioners to hear the views of the researchers directly from them and to provide feedback and new ideas to the researchers in return.
While there are important national conferences (DCRC Forum, Alzheimer’s Association and HammondCare) and significant KT activities conducted by the DTSCs in the form of Clinical Workshops and Guest Lectures, there is no other systematic attempt at bringing DCRC, and other Dementia Initiative, researchers into contact with practitioners across Australia with the goal of translating their research into practice. This project drew on the example of the Aged Care Accreditation Agency which uses the annual series of Better Practice Conferences in each State to promote improved care.

## More information

* TBA
# Caregiving and dementia/Projects/GP and medical specialists education and training
## Overview

This project involved the development of education and training materials that address GP education and conducted a formal needs analysis for the GPs and medical specialists needs analysis project.

## More information

* TBA
# Caregiving and dementia/Projects/Graduate certificate in dementia care nursing
## Overview

This project resulted in the availability of a post-graduate certificate specifically designed to prepare registered nurses (RNs) for their leadership role in the delivery of care to people with dementia. While being based on the Graduate Certificate in Dementia Care offered by the University of Wollongong it offers options from a range of nursing specific modules written for the course and/or provided by other Universities from their existing courses. The course is delivered by distance education methods so that it is available nationally.
The course reflects the competency standards developed under project 5.3.
The overall aim of this project was to professionalise the nursing workforce through the provision of a dementia specific qualification in nursing care. This project:
* Established a national post graduate course for RNs that will prepare them for the responsibilities of managing and delivering care to people with dementia.
* Provided opportunities for the integration of existing modules from other Universities
* Enabled UoW to offer the course, in collaboration with other Universities, on a national basis in 2012.
As the number of RNs in aged care decreases, their direct care roles are being taken over by personal care assistants [5] with RNs often required to play a managerial role in dementia units in residential aged care, acute care and community based dementia services. They do so without any specific dementia training in their undergraduate curriculum[1] and are not well prepared for their roles in managing or advising on the care of patients with dementia [2].
This project addresses the provision of the formal education requirement identified as a need in the existing literature [2].

## More information

* TBA
# Caregiving and dementia/Projects/Identifying best practice models for the care of prisoners with dementia
## Overview

This project explored the issues relating to people with dementia in prisons.

## More information

* TBA
# Caregiving and dementia/Projects/Falls prevention
## Overview

This project involved the development of a dementia and delirium specific falls prevention education resource for use in acute, residential or community care settings.

## More information

* TBA
# Caregiving and dementia/Projects/Guest lecture series
## Overview

Guest lectures have been a core activity of the Dementia Training Study Centres (DTSCs) since their commencement in 2006. They have proven to be a popular means of raising awareness of new approaches and recent research. This project provided a series of guest lectures with the dual goals of knowledge transfer and increasing participation in the community of interest.
A regular series of guest lectures were conducted, recorded, and made available by the DTSCs.

## More information

* Knowledge transfer guest lectures (list and links)
* NSWACTDTSC (ustream)
# Caregiving and dementia/Projects/Improving the understanding of dementia in overseas qualified nurses
## Overview

This project identified the three largest groups of Overseas Qualified Nurses (OQN) working in aged care in NSW and the ACT and developed materials to improve their awareness of the cultural issues that they need to take into account in their care of people with dementia.
The overall aim of this project was the adoption into the OQN’s clinical practice of the Australian view on dementia. This was achieved by meeting the objective of developing and disseminating a resource that provides an educator with the materials required to assist the OQN to understand and accept the similarities and differences between the view of a person with dementia that is common in their country of origin and the view taken in best practice care in Australia.
The number of health care workers from CALD backgrounds in Australia is increasing, reflecting trends in the global movement of health care workforce. Twenty seven percent of nurses were born overseas, with recent arrivals more than likely to be trained overseas. These OQNs may have views on dementia and people with dementia that are not helpful in the Australian context. The obstacles to them providing high quality care have been well described in a UNSW DCRC report, Strategic Directions in CALD Dementia Research in Australia which identifies the need for culturally specific education. The great range of views on dementia of people from other cultures has been very well illustrated by the Alzheimers Association in their Perceptions of Dementia in Ethnic Communities resources which provides a good foundation for discussing the similarities and differences that exist with the Australian view.
These documents support the conclusion that there is a strong need to provide OQNs with an opportunity to explore the differences between their views on the nature of dementia and the care of people with dementia so that the care they provide is consistent with Australian best practice.

## More information

* TBA
# Collaborative computing/Protocol & protocol stack

Protocol & protocol stacks
To reduce the complexity of the design of networks, these are often organized as a stack of layers. Each layer has the task of offering specific services to the higher layer while shielding it from the technicalities within the service. Each layer has a defined agreement between the communicating parties on how the communication should proceed called a protocol; a protocol defines the syntax, semantics, synchronization and addressing. A list of protocols, one per layer, is called a protocol stack.
When transferring data between two machines, no data are transferred directly from layer n on Machine A to layer n on Machine B. All data are passed downward through the layers until the lowest layer is reached. Below this layer is the physical medium which connects Machine A and Machine B.
Between layers is an interface, which defines the services the lower layer makes available to the upper one. Therefore it is important that each layers role and the interface between layers are clearly defined. With clearly defined interfaces it is easier to replace a protocol in one layer without it affecting the overall network architecture.
A message sent through a multilayered communication process, as in the aforementioned network architecture, builds up overhead. When a message passes through each layer from Machine A, headers are added to the data to help the protocols know how to treat these in the corresponding layers on Machine B.