OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Student Projects/10 min Easy, Tasty and Healthy cooking

Cooking generally is considered as a tedious and an energy-draining process. When guests or friends suddenly drop in at your home, unannounced, and you still want to make them feel at home (100 Brownie points for that!), what would you do?
You would definitely not Swiggy or zomato, would you? ( -100 points for ordering from outside)
Here is an easy, tasty and healthy snack recipe made with the goodness of Brown bread, Palak, sweet corn, carrot, capsicum and cabbage. ( Healthy, isn't it?)
Here is the Recipe of Indo-Italian Sandwich :
Ingredients:
1. Sweet corn
2. Grated carrot
3. (Finely chopped) Palak
4. (Finely diced) capsicum
5. (Finely shredded) cabbage
6. Garlic pods
7. Green chilli
7. Pepper powder
8. Salt
9. Milk
10.2 spoons of maida or all purpose flour
Recipe :
1. Take a griddle (kadhai) and add two teaspoons of oil and wait till it gets heated. Add finely chopped chillies and garlic to this. Sorte till the aroma tickles your tastebuds.
2. To this, add sweet corn, grated carrot, chopped palak, finely diced capsicum, finely shredded cabbage and allow it to get cooked in the garlic-chilli flavoured oil.
3. After a minute or so, add salt, pepper powder, sugar and tomato ketchup(optional) and 2 cups of milk to this. Add a spoon of maida or all purpose flour to get a thick consistency. Allow all the flavours to blend and switch off the stove
4. Take a frying pan and toast both the sides of the bread with butter before applying the mixture and add another slice on top of it. Roast on both the sides until it turns golden brown.
5. Serve it with Chilli sauce or Tomato ketchup
Receive appreciation, Love and share it with me by posting the pictures in the comment section.
# Student Projects/Agriculture and types of farming

Agricultura is a Latin word from which agriculture is derived. The first half word is agri of agricultura means field and the second half cultura means growing or cultivation. By combining these two words agri and cultura we get the word agricultura which is converted into word agriculture according to Late Middle English. Agriculture is not only just growing of crops it is also rearing of animals. Rearing of animals is often called livestock.
we can see as
Agri+culture – Cultivation of soil.
Seri+ culture- Cultivation of silkworm.
Pisi + culture – Which deals with fish growth.
Viti + culture – Which deals with grapes crop.
Horti + culture – This deals with fruits and gardening.
The prerequisite condition for agriculture to develop is first the climate and secondly the soil. If the climate is optimum it classifies as
1. Temperature.
2. Rainfall and for some crops.
3. Humidity and for some crops we might also see the frost conditions or the frost free days which is important for cotton cultivation.
And
Under the soil we have different kind of soils for different crops.
There are six main types of soils:
1. Clay
2. Sandy
3. Slity
4. Peaty
5. Chalky
6. Loamy
We will classify the types of farming mainly into 2 types one is subsistence farming and the other one is commercial farming. As the name implies, commercial farming is implied for commercial use that means we are not cultivating it for our self or our family but it is for commercial use it is meant for export purpose.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMERCIAL FARMING:
1. IT IS DONE ON LARGE SCALE FARMS.
2. IT CREATES EMPLOYMENT FOR MANY PEOPLE.
IT USES HIGH DOSES OF MODERN INPUTS LIKE HIGH YIELDING VARIETY SEEDS, CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS, INSECTICIDES AND PESTICIDES IN ORDER TO OBTAIN HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY.
However, the subsistence farming means it is for house hold purpose.
CAUSES FOR SUBSISTENCE FARMING ARE:
1. GROWING POPULATION AND
2. RIGHT TO INHERITANCE
Coming to what are the major crops:
1. Rice
2. Wheat
3. Millet's
4. Maize
5. Cotton
6. Jute
7. Coffee
8. Tea
1. RICE : Tropical & Sub-tropical– High temperature, humidity & rain; China, India, Sri Lanka, Japan & Egypt.
2. WHEAT : Moderate temperature & rain, USA<Canada, Argentina, Russia, Ukraine, Australia – in India in winters.
3. MILLET'S : Coarse, Sandy, Low rain & moderate temperature – Jo war, Bajra, Ragi; Nigeria, China, Niger.
4. MAIZE : Moderate temp. & lot of sunshine – N.America, Brazil, China, Russia, Canada, India, Mexico.
5. COTTON : High temp., Light rain, 210 frost free days, Black & Alluvial soil; China, India, USA, Pak., Brazil, Egypt.
6. JUTE : Golden Fibre, High temp., Heavy rain, Alluvial soil, Tropical; India & Bangladesh.
7. COFFEE : Warm & Wet, Loamy soil; Brazil, Columbia & India.
8. TEA : Heavy rainfall throughout year, Plantation, Loamy soil, Labor; Kenya, India, China & Sri Lanka.
# Student Projects/Addition and Multiplication In MS Excel
## Addition and Multiplication In MS Excel

Addition and multiplication are two very basic and easy operations which can be performed in MS Excel.

## Addition

Addition in MS Excel can be done through 2 pathways:

#### Autosum

If the data are arranged continuously, select the cells and click on "Autosum" under 'Home' tab. The sum of the selected cells will appear one cell to the right or down of the selection, according to the direction of the selection.

#### Manual

If the data are segregated , select the cell in which the sum is required, and enter = symbol and manually select the cells one by one, whose values needed to be added, with + symbols between each consecutive selection. Then press the 'Enter' key and the sum appears in the selected cell.

## Multiplication

Select the cell in which the product needs to be entered. Enter = symbol and select the cells whose values needs to be multiplied with * symbol in between two consecutive selections. Press the Enter key and the product of the selection appears.
# Student Projects/Agriculture and types of Agriculture

AGRICULTURE
The word 'agriculture' is derived from the Latin word 'ager' or 'Agri' means 'soil', and 'culture' means 'cultivation' or tilling of soil. By this we can understand that the word Agriculture means cultivation of soil for growing of the crops and rearing the livestock for the human needs.
Agriculture is the premium occupation for human beings since civilizations had been started and till now it is the main and largely followed occupation in most of the developing countries as well as few developed nations. We can say that half of the world’s population are taking part in agriculture activities.
The civilizations of this world has begun with digging of land with human hands ,then after with sticks, hoes and sticks, then after as the civilization developed human started using ox drawn plough, till now most if Indians uses this method of cultivation. In developed countries today all farm operations have been mechanized. Tractors with multiple attachments perform different functions.
Types of Agriculture, Can be broadly dived into two categories:
1 subsistence agriculture and
2 commercial agriculture.
This bifurcation depends on the type of crops grown and it’s uses, area of the farm.
1.Subsistence Agriculture
The type of Agriculture which practiced mainly to meet the requirements of the local community.
It includes mainly the types of traditional agricultural practices i.e., Nomadic herding, Shifting cultivation and Intensive agriculture.
a)Nomadic herding: It is practiced by those people who rear cattle, sheep, goats, camels and yaks. These animals are dependent on the natural vegetation in the area. Herders move with their animals from one place to another in search of fodder.
b)Shifting cultivation: The farming method practiced by a very small population living in dense forests is known as shifting cultivation. These people do not lead a settled life. The land is prepared for cultivation by felling trees and burning them. The produce is consumed by the community.
c)Intensive Agriculture: The method of farming in which the farmer gets a very high yielding by using good quality of seeds, more pesticides, fertilizers, livestock, workers etc...,
2.Commercial Agriculture
The crops which are cultivated mainly to get more profit in the market are known as commercial crops. The cultivation of these crops is known as commercial agriculture.
It has two main classifications: commercial grain farming and plantation agriculture.
a)Commercial grain farming: The farming which takes place only for the commercial use is known as commercial gain farming.Commercial farming is also known as extensive agriculture because, when compared to intensive agriculture, the amount of capital and labor applied per unit area is relatively less here.Mixed farming: when the cultivation of crops is combined with livestock, then that is known as mixed farming.
b) Plantation agriculture: This is the type of agriculture where the crops are grown in an organized and well managed and manner. It needs a large area of land. Mainly it is found in hilly areas.
# Student Projects/3 medicinal plants to add to your garden

3 MEDICINAL PLANTS TO ADD TO YOUR GARDEN
* Indian borage ( Plectranthus amboinicus) • helps to alleviate cold and cough. • reduce nasal congestion and sore throat. • treat asthma and bronchitis. • helps in digestion
* Indian pennywart ( Centella Asiatica) • revitalize brain and nervous system. • increase attention span and concentration. • improves blood circulation
* Indian nettle ( Acalypha indica) • reduces pimples and acne. • treat skin diseases and scabies. • has anti-inflammatory and anti -ulcer properties.
# Student Projects/Acids, bases and salts

Everybody has heard about salt. Salt is used in our daily life in preparing food. Salt, in chemistry, is a substance produced by the reaction of an acid with a base. Salt consists of the positive ion (cation) of an acid and the negative ion (anion) of a base. the reaction between an acid and a base is called a neutralization reaction. Salt is a substance which is neutral whose aqueous solution does not affect litmus. According to Faraday, acids, bases and salts are termed as electrolytes. Liebig said that acids are compounds that contain hydrogen that can be replaced by metals. Sour taste is given by acid and bitter taste is given by base. In solution, H plus is given by acid whereas base gives hydroxyl ions in solution. Acid turns blue litmus red whereas base turns red litmus blue.
Characteristics of Acids, Bases and Salts
Acids, bases and salts are part of things we handle daily in our life. Acids give sour taste to fruits, while bases like ammonia are found in many types cleaners. Salts are products of the reaction between an acid and a base. A common method used to determine an acid or a base is litmus test, but there are other characteristics that can help us to identify acids, bases and salts.
Acids
Acids are sour in taste. Citric acid gives sour taste to lemons, oranges and other citrus fruits while acetic acid gives vinegar its sour taste. Acids turn litmus paper into red. Litmus is a vegetable dye that turns red to indicate an acid and blue to indicate a base. Acids also contain combined hydrogen.
Bases
Bases are ionic compounds which contain metal and hydrogen ions. Bases tastes are bitter and slippery when dissolved in water. For example, when we rub household ammonia between our fingers, we will feel the slipperiness of the base. Soap is slippery because it contains base. When it is placed on red litmus paper, bases will turn blue.
Acids will neutralize base and a base will neutralize an acid. For example, magnesium hydroxide is found in milk of magnesium, neutralizes stomach acid.
Salts
Salt is a compound and it is combined of acid and base. There are many chemical compounds that are classified as salts according to Journey into Science. Table salt is the most common salt and sodium chloride. Salt will contain baking soda and sodium bicarbonate. Salts are made of metallic and non-metallic ions. The tightly bonded ions present in salts are weakened and so it separates in water. Salts can be of different colors and of five tastes, they include, salty, sweet, bitter, sour, or savory. Their odor mainly depends on acids and base as it is comprised of.
# Spanish/Vocabulary

aprender - to learn
(yo) aprendo - I learn, (tu) aprendes - you learn (familiar) (usted)aprende - you learn (formal) (el/ella) aprende - he/she learns (nosotros)aprendemos - we learn (vosotros) aprendáis - you learn (plural familiar) (ustedes)aprenden - you learn (plural formal) (ellos/ellas) aprenden - they learn
hablar - to speak
(yo) hablo - I speak (tu) hablas - you speak (familiar) (usted)habla - you speak (formal) (el/ella) habla - he/she speaks (nosotros)hablamos -we speak
(vosotros) habláis - you speak (plural familiar) (ustedes) hablan - you speak (plural formal) (ellos/ellas) hablan - they speak
enseñar - to teach
(yo) enseño - I teach (tu) enseñas - you teach (familiar) (usted)enseña - you teach (formal) (el/ella) enseña - he/she teaches (nosotros)enseñamos - we teach (vosotros) enseñáis - you teach (plural familiar) (ustedes) enseñan - you teach (plural formal) (ellos/ellas) enseñan - they teach
# Spanish: An Introduction/Pronunciation/Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

Breves reseñas históricas
Los orígenes fundacionales de la ciudad de Las Palmas se remontan al año 1478, concretamente al 24 de junio (día de San Juan) momento en el cual Don Juan Rejón, capitán castellano, inicia la conquista de la isla de Gran Canaria. Esta conquista se inicia en la desembocadura del barranco de Guiniguada, lugar que inicialmente se denominaría El Real de Las Palmas y que pertenece en la actualidad al barrio de Vegueta.
La lucha se prolongó por un periodo de cinco años, costando un gran número de vidas, sobre todo en el lado aborigen, que carecía de medios para defenderse frente a los ejércitos mandados por los Reyes Católicos. Aun así la resistencia fue feroz. El final de la conquista llegaría en 1483, con la incorporación de la isla a la Corona de Castilla por parte de Don Pedro de Vera que logró el sometimiento de los aborígenes de Gáldar en la zona noroeste de la isla.
La importancia de la ciudad fue creciendo paulatinamente, convirtiéndose en el centro administrativo y político del Archipiélago, constituyéndose el Obispado de Canarias (cuyo ámbito actual es el de la provincia de Las Palmas) Tribunal de la Santa Inquisición, la Real Audiencia de Canarias, etcétera.
Durante estos primeros siglos de vida, la ciudad se convirtió en un punto activo económico, principalmente debido al comercio de la caña de azúcar, llegando en el siglo XVII un receso debido al freno que sufrieron las exportaciones agrarias tanto a América como al resto de Europa. Durante la época de esplendor, se produjeron numerosos ataques piratas que se prolongaron en el tiempo hasta el siglo XVIII.
En octubre de 1595, la ciudad consiguió repeler el ataque inglés a mando de Francis Drake y John Hawkins, pero cuatro años más tarde, los holandeses, al mando de Van der Does saquearon e incendiaron la ciudad.
En el siglo XIX se produjo un hecho de importancia vital para la economía de la ciudad. La instauración de los puertos francos. Se trata de un régimen económico especial que favorece las relaciones comerciales del archipiélago. Este beneficio actúa como estimulante para que numerosos barcos y navieras recalen en la isla. Este ir y venir de barcos fue la primera semilla para que posteriormente se desarrollara en la isla la principal fuente de economía actual, el turismo. De este interés inicial por el turismo nace el primer hotel de la isla, el Hotel Santa Catalina, en el año 1890 y que en la actualidad sigue abierto y es considerado el de mayor prestigio de la ciudad.
Con posterioridad a la finalización de la Guerra Civil Española y de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, se notaron ciertos síntomas de recuperación turística, que culminan en la Navidad de 1957 cuando aterriza en el Aeropuerto de Gando un avión de la compañía sueca Transair AB, con 54 pasajeros en su interior. Acababa de iniciarse la era de los vuelos charter, principal motor económico de la isla, y en general del archipiélago canario en la actualidad.
# Spanish 1

Welcome, disciples, to Spanish 1 - your guide to the Spanish language! This course is designed for English speakers. Knowing Spanish will improve your experience while visiting a Spanish-speaking country or learning another Romance language such as Romanian, French, Italian, or Portuguese. Today, 21 countries in Latin America, Europe (Spain) and Africa (Equatorial Guinea) have Spanish as their national language. In the United States, it is offered as a foreign language course in the majority of high schools and, with a growing Hispanic minority, the number of people who use the language increases by the day. Over 500 million people speak Spanish worldwide, and Spanish is an easy language to learn for fluent speakers of English or a Romance language. Spanish-speaking countries have beautifully rich cultures, something especially notable in literature, food, music, and the arts. Throughout this course, there will be 'knowledge sections' that contain facts about Spanish-speaking countries and their cultures. Our forum is a place where you can receive feedback and ask questions about Spanish.

## Contents

* Introduction: Countries, Linguistic characteristics
* The Basics – Country focus: México
* Activities – Country focus: Estados Unidos
* Adjectives – Country focus: Cuba
* School – Country focus: República Dominicana
* The Classroom – Country focus: Puerto Rico
* Food & Drink – Country focus: El Salvador
* Health – Country focus: Guatemala
* Destinations – Country focus: Honduras
* Recreation & Lifestyle – Country focus: Nicaragua
* Family & Celebrations – Country focus: Costa Rica
* Adjectives & In a restaurant – Country focus: Panamá
* The Bedroom – Country focus: Colombia
* The Household – Country focus: Venezuela
* Shopping – Country focus: Ecuador
* At the Mall – Country focus: Perú
* Vacation – Country focus: Bolivia
* Community – Country focus: Paraguay
* Television – Country focus: Chile
* Computers – Country focus: Argentina, Uruguay, España, and Guinea Equatorial

## Other Spanish Resources

This is the first complete Spanish course to be offered at Wikiversity. We hope that there will be more Spanish courses - Spanish courses for different purposes, for the same kind of students, or courses which reflect different approaches to teaching/structuring lessons. This course does not yet offer multimedia experiences, quizzes, or other interactive elements, so contributions along those lines are especially welcome.
* Spanish 2 – Continuation of Spanish 1
* Forum – Discuss Spanish with other users, or receive feedback
* English Language Department at the Spanish version of Wikiversity
# Spanish: An Introduction/Pronunciation/Conquista de América

La Conquista de América es la expresión que hace referencia a la exploración, apropiación y colonización de parte del continente americano por parte de algunas naciones europeas, entre las cuales se encuentran España, Portugal, Inglaterra, Francia y Holanda, a partir de la llegada de Colón a América en 1492 y que se mantuvo principalmente durante los siglo XVI, XVII y XVIII, aunque aún continúan algunos enclaves coloniales en el presente.
Dicha acción supuso la invasión del territorio político y cultural de numerosos pueblos indoamericanos, entre los cuales los más conocidos fueron el Imperio Inca, el Imperio Azteca y la Confederación Chibcha, así como cacicazgos, tribus, confederaciones de tribus y otros sistemas de organización política que perdieron su autonomía, vieron sometidos o eliminados sus líderes, diezmada su población y aniquiladas sus culturas, en una acción de sometimiento de alcance continental.
El colapso demográfico padecido por los pueblos originarios a causa de las enfermedades traídas desde Europa, que en algunos casos llegó a exterminar el 97% de la población, desempeñó un papel decisivo en la conquista de América.
Hay que señalar también que la conquista europea fue rechazada en la mayor parte del continente. Varios pueblos originarios resistieron exitosamente las invasiones europeas sobre vastos territorios, y mantuvieron el dominio sobre ellos hasta fines del siglo XIX: la Patagonia, la llanura pampeana, el Mato Grosso, la Región Amazónica y las grandes praderas del oeste norteamericano, permanecieron bajo el dominio de naciones como los Mapuche, Het, Ranquel, Wichi, Qom, Amazónicas, Algonquina, Hopi, Comanche, Inuit etc.
# Spanish: An Introduction/Teaching tools

If you are a Spanish native speaker, you can help to record articles, dialogs and pronunciation below. Your records will be used in An Introductory course of Spanish. If you would like to help, move the request from "Record request" to "In progress". Than right down your name, accent (country or state - which Spanish you speak), and in how many days you are able to finish it. If it is finished, move it to "Complete records". Many thanks!
Si eres un hispanohablante puedes ayudar y grabar el artículo, dialogo o solamente la pronunciación de la palabra. Pospone entrada de la "demanda por grabaciones" al "en preparación". Escribe su nick, acento (se puede escribir solamente país de origen) y tiempo en que eres capaz a grabarlo. Después pospone la grabación a la categoría de las "grabaciones acabadas"). Muchas gracias!

## Record request (Demanda por grabaciones)

* Conquista de América - standard/Spain Spanish, moderate velocity.--Juan 20:44, 28 March 2007 (UTC)
* orange words - standard pronunciation.
* orange words - mexican pronunciation.

## In progress (En preparación)

* [[Example]] --Juan 08:07, 15 March 2007 (UTC) (Argentina) in 14 days