OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# General learning approaches
## Linguistic

Treating the field of study as a language, and applying all the linguistic rules and patterns. Used in: studying languages, computer programming.
* Branches: Classic Language approach; Methalanguage approach.
* Examples: Linguistinc approach in Programming Languages

## Mathematicals/Physical/Geometrical

Treating the field of research in terms of mathematical calculations, formulas, theorems, of physics, geometry, etc
* Used in: Any physical/mathematical science. Analyzing stand-alone physical system
* Can also be used in studying mechanical systems, since they parts in motion are geometrically analyzed.

## Schematic

Treating the object of research as a circuit of components. Their interaction, interfacing, and working together Used in analyzing electric circuits, pneumatic circuits, water pipe flow, heating/ventilation/air conditioning. As well as many composite (not standalone) systems, where it’s a must to know the interaction of components.
* Subdivisions:
** Physical circuits,are the structures which EXIST as circuits.
*** Electric/Pneumatic circuits,
*** transportation networks,
*** computer networks, etc.
** Virtual circuits is more logico-analytical approach.
*** Flow charts,
*** Graphs,
*** Work plans,
*** state diagrams,
*** finite automata, etc.
Ideal for analyzing system that doesn’t move itself, yet has some moving particles in it. (i.e. electrons is the circuits, gas/liquid in pneumatic/hydraulic system, transit vehicles in transportation network) Can be described as General Circuit Theory

## Conceptual

Consists just of learning, memorizing and sometime analyzing the concepts Used in learning history, geography, literature, arts, music…. legal studies, philosophy, and ethics require some logical analysis.

## Structural approach

can be used wither along with above listed approaches, and separately. It treats what is doen, as a structure. Examples are (Multiple-voice Musical Composition, Multiple layer technical drawing and graphics. Multilayer circuit, as found in microprocessors and IC chips.

## Executive approach

To be simple: given the instruction, the worker performs it. However, some logical decisions may be required. Used in: Construction, driving cars/trains, playing musical pieces by notes, etc.

## Ad hoc, or Practical

Used in learning and analyzing things completely by practice. Without any theoretical principle behing. Involoves looking on “How other do it” then just by imprerical. Later on logical conclusions can be made.
# General aviation
## Classes of Pilot Certificates

In the United States, there are many different Pilot Certificates:
* Student Pilot - This is issued at the time you pass your first medical exam and simply identifies you as a student.
* Sport Pilot - This does not require a medical exam and allows very restricted use.
* Recreational Pilot - This limits pilots in the number of passengers they can carry and distance they can travel.
* Private Pilot - Pilots may travel any distance and may carry passengers, but may not receive payment.
* Commercial Pilot - Pilots may receive payment.
* Airline Transport Pilot - Airline pilots.
For each class of certificate (except Student Pilot) the pilot must pass a knowledge test on the computer, an oral examination by a Designated Examiner, and a flight test by a Designated Examiner. For each class of certificate (except Sport Pilot) the pilot must also pass a medical examination. Sport pilots are allowed to certify themselves as fit to fly.

## Pilot Ratings

Pilots certificates contain ratings that specify which category aircraft the pilot is certificated to fly. Aircraft categories include:
* Airplane
* Rotorcraft (helicopters and autogyros)
* Glider
* Lighter than Air (blimps and balloons)
* Powered-lift
* Powered parachute
* Weight-shift-control aircraft
Your certificate only gives flying privileges for the category aircraft you trained for. To be able to fly other categories, you must also get the training and take the tests appropriate for them.

## Training

It is not necessary to have any certificate to begin flying lessons. After some ground school and some flying lessons, it will be necessary to get your Student Pilot certificate before you can fly solo. For any certificate other than Sport Pilot, your temporary Student Pilot Certificate will be issued by a Medical Examiner when you get your Medical Exam.
You then continue with lessons until you achieve your Sport, Recreational, or Private pilot certificate.
All these are done in a flying school, under the guidelines of the FAA, Federal Aviation Administration. The rules with relation to certifications are listed in the FAR Part 61. The FAR has other rules and regulations laid down as well, applicable for a student pilot to a airline pilot as well.
The Recreational Pilot's does not allow you to make flights more than a radius of 50 nautical miles of the airport you take of from and you cannot carry passengers. A private pilot does not have such restrictions but cannot carry passengers for income.
The actual rules and regulations are as follows.

## FAR61

subpart C
* REDIRECT 61.8161.81 Applicability.
* REDIRECT 61.8161.83 Eligibility requirements for student pilots.
* REDIRECT 61.8161.85 Application.
* REDIRECT 61.8161.87 Solo requirements for student pilots.
* REDIRECT 61.8161.89 General limitations.
* REDIRECT 61.8161.93 Solo cross-country flight requirements.
* REDIRECT 61.8161.95 Operations in Class B airspace and at airports located within Class B airspace

## Wikimedia

* w: General aviation
# General life satisfaction

This psychology resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
General life satisfaction is a social science construct which is a closely related to quality of life. It is the overall degree to which one is content with one's life and its circumstances.
# General linear model

This statistics resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
The general linear model provides the statistical basis for many well-known inferential parametric tests. For more info, see general linear model (Wikipedia}.
# General Studies

This course covers the syllabus of General Studies under Indian Civil Service Examination.

## Syllabus

General_Studies/Syllabus

### Preliminary

* Current events of national and international importance.
* History of India and Indian National Movement.
* Indian and World Geography - Physical, Social, Economic Geography of India and the World.
* Indian Polity and Governance - Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc.
* Economic and Social Development - Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector initiatives, etc.
* General issues on Environmental Ecology, Bio-diversity and Climate Change - that do not require subject specialisation
* General Science.

### Mains

The main Examination is intended to assess the overall intellectual traits and depth of understanding of candidates rather than merely the range of their information and memory.
ESSAY Candidates will be required to write an essay on a specific topic.
GENERAL STUDIES
The questions will be such as to test a candidate’s general awareness of a variety of subjects, which will have relevance for a career in Civil Services.
PAPER - I
* History of Modern India and Indian Culture
* Geography of India
* Constitution of India and Indian Polity
* Current National Issues and Topics of Social Relevance
PAPER - II
* India and the World
* India’s Economic Interaction with the World
* Developments in the Field of Science & Technology, IT and space
* International Affairs and Institutions
* Statistical analysis, graphs and diagrams

## 2 Markers

* Glossaries: Ancient India, Astronomy, Geology

## Lists

* List of National Institutes in India
# Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Honesty-promoting conditions

* [Replace this text with the URL Multimedia presentation (3 min)]

## Overview

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## Types of content

hgkjhgkgkhmg

## Test Your Knowledge

Fell asleep half way through? Test how much you know?
# Plant identification

The Plant identification project is for making quizzes where students can try to identify plants from photographs.
Individual pages can be transcluded to make quizzes. Be careful not to make the quiz pages too large, out of courtesy for our friends with slow connections.

## How to make pages for individual plants

To start, just go to the Plant list page, and add the plant to the list there (in alphabetical order) using the following link style:
This will create a "red link" to the subpage you want to create. Click on that red link, then paste the following onto the page:
Use just the individual page name for the image, the template will supply "File:" and the number of pixels, (and the image must exist in the File: namespace). For example:
Acer griseum0.jpg, not [[File:Acer griseum0.jpg]]

## How to make quizzes

Quizzes can be made for any reason. For Wikiversity purposes, some will be created as adjuncts to the Bloom clock, but users are encouraged to make quizzes for any purpose, such as study aids for University or other classes.

## Quizzes

* Quiz 1 (Mid-Atlantic, USA: Winter)

### Ethnobotany-related quizzes

* Plants used by the Cherokee
# Plant identification/Acer saccharum

Add this to a quiz page by copying and pasting
             {{:Plant identification/Acer saccharum}}
What plant is this? :
* Scientific Name
* Acer saccharum
* Common (English) Name
* Sugar Maple
* Links
* Wikipedia article
* Wikibooks chapter
* More images on Commons
# Plant identification/Atropa belladonna

Add this to a quiz page by copying and pasting
             {{:Plant identification/Atropa belladonna}}
What plant is this? :
* Scientific Name
* Atropa belladonna
* Common (English) Name
* Belladonna, Deadly Nightshade
* Links
* Wikipedia article
* More images on Commons
# Plant identification/Achillea millefolium

Add this to a quiz page by copying and pasting
             {{:Plant identification/Achillea millefolium}}
What plant is this? :
* Scientific Name
* Achillea millefolium
* Common (English) Name
* Yarrow
* Links
* Wikipedia article
* More images on Commons
# Plant identification/Aponogeton distachyos

Add this to a quiz page by copying and pasting
             {{:Plant identification/Aponogeton distachyos}}
What plant is this? :
* Scientific Name
* Aponogeton distachyos
* Common (English) Name
* Waterblommetjie, Water Hawthorn, Cape Pondweed
* Links
* Wikipedia article
* More images on Commons
# Plant identification/Acer griseum

Add this to a quiz page by copying and pasting
             {{:Plant identification/Acer griseum}}
What plant is this? :
* Scientific Name
* Acer griseum
* Common (English) Name
* Paperbark Maple
* Links
* Wikipedia article
* Wikibooks chapter
* More images on Commons
# Plant growth promoting bacteria

Green biotechnology is a branch of biotechnology with application in agricultural process mainly to reduce dependence on fertilizers, pesticides and other agrochemical products (1). Some examples of this are the use of genetic engineering to make plants that express pest resistance or reduce vulnerability to environmental stresses. In the same way, the use of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) has gained an important place in the world towards a sustainable agriculture. PGPB are a group of microorganisms which are able to confer beneficial effects on plant growth (commonly through mutualistic symbiosis) and development without causing damage to the host (2). PGPB (bacteria) belongs to a broader group PGPM (plant growth promoting microbes), that include other microbes other than bacteria, such as plant growth promoting fungi (PGPF). Those PGPBs colonise the rhizosphere (root or surounding soil) are sometimes called Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) These microorganisms have to colonize and grow on or around the roots as a necessary step for the establishment of an effective plant–microbe interaction. Some of them are able to enter roots by different mechanisms and establish endophytic populations. PGPB include a variety of bacterial genera such as Gluconacetobacter, Burkholderia, Klebsiella, Azoarcus, Azospirillum, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Thiobacillus, among others, and they are usually classified into two groups (2). The first group affects plant growth indirectly by means of a biocontrol effect preventing the action of phytopathogenic organisms. The other group is usually referred as “biofertilizers”. This group directly stimulates plant growth as a consequence of nitrogen fixation, production of phytohormones, enhancement of mineral availability as well as phytoremediation, but the exact mechanisms by which PGPB stimulate plant growth in vivo are not clearly established. Regardless of the mechanisms involved, the importance of PGPB is their contribution to crop improvement. In the last decade many microorganisms with the ability of plant growth promotion have been reported and, taking into account the wide biodiversity of microorganisms in nature, they are expected to give more solutions that conduce to an environmentally friendly agriculture. PGPB are being considered the potential tools for the future of sustainable agriculture.
* (1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology
* (2) Sophie Mantelin and Bruno Touraine(2003). Plant growth-promoting bacteria and nitrate availability: impacts on root development and nitrate uptake. Journal of Experimental Botany, 55,pp. 27-34 .
* (3) The Plant Microbiome at Work, by Schlaeppi and Bulgarelli (2015), NCBI, DOI, PDF
# Plant identification/Actaea spicata

Add this to a quiz page by copying and pasting
             {{:Plant identification/Actaea spicata}}
What plant is this? :
* Scientific Name
* Actaea spicata
* Common (English) Name
* Eurasian Baneberry, Herb Christopher
* Links
* Wikipedia article
* More images on Commons
# Plant identification/Butomus umbellatus

Add this to a quiz page by copying and pasting
             {{:Plant identification/Butomus umbellatus}}
What plant is this? :
* Scientific Name
* Butomus umbellatus
* Common (English) Name
* Flowering Rush
* Links
* Wikipedia article
* Wikibooks chapter
* More images on Commons
# Plant identification/Cardamine hirsuta

Add this to a quiz page by copying and pasting
             {{:Plant identification/Cardamine hirsuta}}
What plant is this? :
* Scientific Name
* Cardamine hirsuta
* Common (English) Name
* Hairy bittercress
* Links
* Wikipedia article
* Wikibooks chapter
* More images on Commons
# Geometry/Chapter 4/Lesson 1
## Introduction
### What is a triangle?

A triangle is a figure formed by 3 segments joining 3 noncollinear points. Each of these 3 points [in the triangle] are a vertex of the triangle. The segments are what is known as the sides of the triangle.

### How do we classify triangles?

We can classify them by their angles or sides. This lesson we will go over how to classify triangles by their angles. Next lesson (Geometry/Chapter 4/Lesson 2), you will go over the 2nd way of classifying triangles: By their sides.

#### Classifying Triangles by Angles

One way of classifying triangles is by their angles. All triangles have at least 2 acute angles, but the third angle is used to classify what type of triangle it is.

##### Acute Triangle

In an acute triangle, ALL of the angles are acute (<90). There is no single angle in this triangle that is (≥ 90).

##### Obtuse Triangle

In an obtuse triangle, only ONE angle is obtuse. Only one angle in this triangle is (> 90).

##### Right Triangle

In a right triangle, only ONE angle is right (= 90).

##### Equiangular triangle

In an equiangular triangle, ALL angles are congruent (<1 = <2, <2 = <3, <1 = <3).
* Acute Triangle
* Obtuse Triangle
* Right Triangle
* Equiangular Triangle
# Geometry/Chapter 3
## Lessons

* Lesson 1 - Parallel Lines
* Lesson 2
* Lesson 3
* Lesson 4
* Lesson 5
* Lesson 6
# Geometry/Chapter 2/Lesson 2
## Introduction

Now that we know about conditional statements and what makes up one—now, we will move on to mixing these statements around! This lesson, we will be learning about the converse and the inverse of a conditional statement. Next lesson (Geometry/Chapter 2/Lesson 3), we will go over the contrapositive of a statement, biconditional statements, and logic symbols.

### Negation

Before we jump into the converses and inverses of conditional statements, we must introduce the topic of negation to you. The negation of a conditional statement is the complete opposite of the original conditional statement. If the original statement is already negative, the negation would be the positive form of the statement.

#### Examples

    Statement 1: The dog is barking
    Statement 2: The dog is not barking
    Statement 1: The cats are not loud
    Statement 2: That cats are loud
    Statement 1: You are allowed to touch the sandwich.
    Statement 2: You are not allowed to touch the sandwich.

### Converse and Inverse

* Converse - The opposite (in terms of placement) of the given conditional statement.
* Inverse - The negation of the hypothesis and conclusion.
This is a fairly easy section of this lesson, so we will stop right here and move on to the examples.

#### Examples

    Statement: If the ball is red, then it is my ball.
       Converse: If it is my ball, then it is red.
       Inverse: If the ball is not red, then it is not my ball.
    Statement: If the pie is tasty, then my mom cooked it.
       Converse: If my mom cooked it, then the pie is tasty.
       Inverse: If the pie is not tasty, then my mom did not cook it. [change in grammar]
    Statement: If the bamboo did not fly, I would have taken it.
       Converse: If I would have taken it, then the bamboo did not fly.
       Inverse: If the bamboo did fly, I would not have taken it.
# Geometry/Chapter 2/Lesson 4
## Introduction

We will be going over inductive reasoning, conjectures, and counterexamples. Let's begin.

### Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning is used to make generalized decisions when you find a pattern in a specific case and then write a conjecture, an unproven statement based on observations. Inductive reasoning is used in predicting, forecasting and behavior--basically, it's more useful than you think. For example, if you see someone push you, you use inductive reasoning to assume that the person that pushed you is angry with you.
Why? During your lifetime, you've noticed that people that don't like each other and choose to get physical with each other push each other--thus, making the generalization, or conjecture, that a person that pushes another person does not like the person they are pushing. This conjecture can be proven false, as the push might have been an accident or a friendly/playful gesture. Thus, conjectures can be false.

### Counterexamples

If a conjecture is false, then you have to explain why it is wrong. This is when counterexamples come in. A counterexample is an example that disproves a conjecture.
Let's take, for example, the following conjecture: When an elephant walks by, any human being around it becomes alert. We can provide several counterexamples--but we will choose one.
    Counterexample: A dead person cannot become alert to an elephant walking by it.
Whenever you see a conjecture, ALWAYS look for a counterexample. Never go straight to "true"! Although this rule, there are conjectures that are most definitely right! Let's take this one, for example: A right angle is only 90 degrees. There is no counterexample to this because this conjecture is correct. All right angles are equal to 90 degrees... no matter what!
# Geometry/Chapter 2
## Lessons

* Lesson 1 - Conditional statements (hypotheses and conclusions).
* Lesson 2 - Negation, the converses and inverses of conditional statements.
* Lesson 3 - The contrapositive of a statement, biconditional statements, and logic symbols.
* Lesson 4 - Inductive reasoning, conjectures, and counterexamples.
* Lesson 5 - Deductive reasoning, Law of Detachment and Law of Syllogism.
* Lesson 6 - Properties
# Geometry/Chapter 3/Lesson 1
## When Lines and Planes are Parallel

Two lines that do not meet (or, intersect) are either parallel or skew.
* Parallel (||, parallel lines symbol--is parallel to) lines do not intersect and are coplanar (please refer back to the first lesson if you have forgotten the definition of "coplanar").
* Skew lines do not intersect and are NOT coplanar.
Segments and rays in the parallel lines are also termed "parallel". Say if line m contained A and B, while line l contained C and D. AB || CD [line segments] and AB || CD [rays].

### ∦ means is not parallel to. So AB ∦ CG means line AB is not parallel to line CG.

* Parallel planes are two planes that do not intersect.
* Perpendicular lines are two lines that form 90 degrees.

## Theorems
### Theorem 2-1

If two parallel planes are cut by a third plane, then the lines of intersection are parallel.
IMG: https://www.google.com/search?q=parallel+planes&rlz=1C1GGRV_enUS760US760&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj824yktNTWAhUF5yYKHYm8BAIQ_AUICigB&biw=1366&bih=637&safe=active&ssui=on#imgrc=hUqvVboZAEqRTM (Line AB and line CD are parallel. Thus AB || CD--the planes are parallel and BOTH planes contain lines AB and CD).

## Angle terms

* Transversal lines intersect two or more coplanar lines in different points. (Line t intersects lines a and r)
* Alternate interior angles are two nonadjacent interior angles on opposite sides of the transversal [line]. (∠2 and ∠3; ∠4 and ∠1)
* Same-side interior angles are two interior angles on the same side of the transversal. (∠1 and ∠3; ∠2 and ∠4)
* Corresponding angles are two angles in corresponding positions relative to the two lines. (∠1 and ∠5; ∠2 and ∠6)
We will use the picture below to explain these terms so you may better understand this.

### Explanations
## Angles Formed by Parallel Lines
### Postulate 7-1

Corresponding Angles Postulate - If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then corresponding angles are congruent.

### Theorem 7-1

Alternate Interior Angles Theorem - If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then alternate interior angles are congruent.

### Theorem 7-2

Same-Side (Consecutive) Interior Angles Theorem - If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the pairs of same-side interior angles are supplementary.
# Geometry/Chapter 4
## Lessons

* Lesson 1 - Introduction to triangles and classifying triangles by angles.
* Lesson 2 - Classifying triangles by their sides and the Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem.
* Lesson 3 - Exterior Angles, collaries and [intro to] finding x problems.
* Lesson 4 - Isosceles Triangles.
* Lesson 5 - Congruent Triangles.
* Lesson 6 - Pythagorean Theorem.
* Lesson 7 - Geometric Mean
* Lesson 8 - Finding the altitude of a triangle
* Lesson 9 - Special Right Triangles