OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Student Projects/Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire:-
For more than 600 years,the Muslim Ottoman Turks ruled one of the largest empires ever seen. It stretched across the middle East,central and southern Europe,and Africa. Powerful emperors called sultans ruled this huge territory with the help of the janissaries, a personal army of slave-soldiers. The Ottoman Empire began as a tiny state in the northwest of present-day Turkey. The Ottomans were skillful warriors and they quickly increased their territory. In 1453,they captured Constantinople, which had been the capital of the Eastern Roman(Byzantine) Empire for 1,100 years. Renamed Istanbul, it became the center of their Islamic empire, and its rulers,the sultans, were leaders of the Muslim world. In the 15th and 16th centuries,the empire became very powerful and wealthy. The sultans built grand mosques and palaces,many of which can still be seen today. The different cities became famous for the beautiful decorative arts practised by their craftsmen:Iznik for ceramics,Bursa for silks and textiles, Cairo for carpets,and Baghdad for calligraphy.
Structure of an empire:- Although the empire was made up of many different races and had several major cities, it was organized from Istanbul by the sultan and his government. The sultan was both the political leader and the caliph,or religious head,of the Muslim world. He was assisted by a grand vizier,or chief minister, and other court officials and military commanders. Soldiers who volunteered for the army received land in return for service. The sultan's crack troops were the janissaries,a tough,highly trained army of foot soldiers willing to lay down their lives for their ruler.
# Student Projects/Nutrients and nutrition

Nutrition & Nutrients
Nutrition is a science that deals with nutrients in food and how it affects our life processes. What a person intake depends on the location and the availability of food there. For e.g. Staple food for South Indians are rice and rice products while in North India it is wheat. Whatever the food intake maybe, it is necessary to include to include the major nutrients in order to have a balanced diet and a healthy body. These nutrients are broadly classified into two: macro nutrients & micro nutrients.
Macro nutrients
These are the nutrients which are required in large quantities by the human body. They include carbohydrates, proteins and fat.
* Carbohydrates: substance which comprise mainly of sugar and starch. They provide energy o the body. The main source of carbohydrate includes grains, cereal and starchy vegetable such as potatoes.
* Proteins: they are molecules consisting of amino acids which enable our cells to function properly. Sources of protein include poultry, dairy products, legumes etc.
* Fats: fats act as storage unit for energy in our body. The food we eat which are not used up are saved for later in the form of fats. Sources of fat include oils, nuts and dairy products such as ghee, cheese cream, some fatty fishes etc.
Micro nutrients
These are required by the body in small quantities but are vital for healthy functioning of the body. These include vitamins & minerals.
* Vitamins: they are required for normal metabolic functions and to fight off disease. Sources of vitamins include fruits and vegetables mainly, but these are not the only sources. Some can be synthesized from outside sources such as sunlight.
* Minerals: they are required to develop and function normally. Sources of minerals include fruits especially dried nuts, vegetables, meat etc.
Apart from these, two major nutrients include fiber and water. Fiber is required to keep the digestive tract healthy and water plays a major role in all bodily functions. Fiber is obtained from wholegrain cereals, fruits such as berries and other leafy vegetables.
# Real function/Derivative/sin (cos z)/Exercise

Determine the derivative of the function
    $\mathbb {R} \longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,x\longmapsto \sin {\left(\cos x\right)}.$
# Real function/Derivative/z^2 exp(z^3-4z)/Exercise

Determine the derivative of the function
    $\mathbb {R} \longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,x\longmapsto x^{2}\cdot \exp {\left(x^{3}-4x\right)}.$
# Real function/Derivative function/Definition

Let $I\subseteq \mathbb {R}$ denote an interval, and let
    $f\colon I\longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
be a function. We say that $f$ is differentiable, if for every point $a\in I$, the derivative $f'(a)$ of $f$ in $a$ exists. In this case, the mapping
    $f'\colon I\longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,x\longmapsto f'(x),$
is called the derivative of $f$.
# Real function/Derivative/x^x/Exercise

Determine the derivative of the function
    $\mathbb {R} _{+}\longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,x\longmapsto x^{x}.$
# Real function/Derivative/sin cos/Exercise

Determine the derivative of the function
    $\mathbb {R} \longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,x\longmapsto (\sin x)(\cos x).$
# Real function/Derivative zero/Constant/Fact

Let
    $f\colona,b\longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
be a differentiable function such that $f'(x)=0$ for all $x\ina,b$.
$f$
# Real function/Derivative zero/Constant/Fact/Proof

If $f$ is not constant, then there exists some $x<x'$ such that $f(x)\neq f(x')$. Then there exists, due to the mean value theorem, some $c$, $x<c<x'$, such that $f'(c)={\frac {f(x')-f(x)}{x'-x}}\neq 0$, which contradicts the assumption.
# Real function/Even and odd/Addition/Exercise

Show that the sum of two even functions is again even, and that the sum of two odd function is again odd. Can you say something about the sum of an even function and an odd function?
# Real function/Determine derivative/x^(1 over n)/n in N/Exercise

Determine the derivative of the function
    $f\colon D=\mathbb {R} _{+}\longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,x\longmapsto f(x)=x^{\frac {1}{n}},$
for all $n\in \mathbb {N} _{+}$.
# Real function/Even and odd/Multiplication/Exercise

Show that the product of two even functions is again even, that the product of two odd functions is even, and that the product of an even and an odd function is odd.
# Vegetable protein

Humans require about 50 grams of dietary protein per day from plant or animal sources. Dietary protein is required to supply nutritionally indispensable amino acids:
* histidine,
* isoleucine,
* leucine,
* lysine,
* methionine,
* phenylalanine,
* threonine,
* tryptophan, and
* valine.
Dietary protein is also required to supply nitrogen for the biosynthesis of nutritionally dispensable amino acids:
* aspartic acid,
* asparagine,
* glutamic acid,
* alanine, and
* serine
as well as other physiologically important nitrogen-containing compounds such as
* nucleic acids,
* creatine, and
* porphyrins.
Vegetable protein intake is inversely associated with blood pressure.
# VendingMachine/Howard Community Collge/Spring2012

    p1501ghi
# Verb Conjugation - Irregular Japanese Verbs

There are two irregular verbs in total in the Japanese language. They mean "to come" (Kuru) and "to do" (Suru). Since their Conjugation is irregular, It will simply be listed below.
* Negative: konai, shinai (can't come, can't do)
* Infinitive: kimasu, shimasu (come, do)
* Dictionary: kuru, suru (to come, to do)
* Imperative/Conditional: koi, shiro [seyo] (come here! do it!) kureba, sureba (what if you came? what if you did it?)
* Volitional: koyou, shiyou (let's come -never used, let's do it)
Copula are the words that mean "to be" in Japanese. The copula in Japanese are used far more than we would use "is" in English, however. There are two copula, Desu and Da, both meaning the same thing and the only difference in them being their use in honourable language, i.e., Da is less formal than Desu. They are effectively the same word.
If I was speaking to a friend, I would say "ore no heso da." (it's my bellybutton) When speaking of my bellybutton to a superior officer in the military I would say "Kanchou! Jibun no heso desu!" (Captain! It is my belly button!). I suppose in this way one could say that da means "it's" and desu means "it is" in simple conversation.
Da and Desu may also be used in conversation after a verb for no apparent reason. Generally this is for the purpose of politeness and carries no meaning. I could say also "hashittemasu no desu" (it is that I am running) or just "hashittemasu'n'da" [friendly level of conversation].
Their conjugations are slightly irregular and should be noted as irregular.
* Negative: Dewa Nai, Dewa Arimasen (Isn't)
* Conjunctive: n/a
* Dictionary: Da, Desu (to be)
* Imperative: n/a
* Volitional: Darou, Deshou (isn't it?)
The last form of copula, the "isn't it?" should be used basically as that phrase is used in English, though there are more advanced uses. It does not agree with the classification of "let's be." That would just be silly.
# Verilog programming in plain view
## Basic Features of Verilog
#### Design Levels of Abstraction

* Modeling Overview (pdf)
* Gate-Level Modeling (pdf)
* Dataflow Modeling (pdf)
* Behavioral Modeling (pdf)

#### Simulation Timing

* Timing Model (pdf)
* Assignments and Delays (pdf)
* Blocking & NonBlocking Assignments
* Assignments With Delays
go to [ Electrical_&_Computer_Engineering_Studies ]
# Verilog

Welcome to the Wikiversity content-development project for the Verilog language.
Verilog Course :
| Completion | Completion status: this resource is a stub, so not much has been done yet. |
| Classification | Type classification: this resource is a course. |
| Level | Educational level: this is a tertiary (university) resource. |
| Category | Subject classification: this is an engineering resource. |

## Introduction

Verilog is a Hardware description Language (HDL) originally began as a proprietary HDL of Cadence Design Systems. But Cadence transferred control of Verilog to a consortium of companies and universities known as Open Verilog International (OVI) as a step leading to its adoption as an IEEE standard.

## Lessons
### Introductory Lessons

* Introduction to Verilog
* Basic Example
* Basic Constructs
** Primitives
** Signals
** Operators
** Constants
* Procedural Blocks
** Initial Block
** Always Block
* Assignments
* Hierarchy
* System Tasks
* Testbenches in Verilog

### Sequential Logic
## See Also

* Wikipedia: Verilog
# VendingMachine
## Idea

Vending machines are sometimes used to dispense parts used in DIY projects at some colleges. They are also used for ordinary reasons. So the idea is to purchase one and use it for a different purpose than it was designed for.

## Goals

    Find used/old vending machine.
    Get it working.
    Put DIY project kits or parts in it.

## Tutorials

    Mechanical coin detection system
    Dollar bill changer system

## Current Status

    Just started
# Vernier scale

Here we use the Vernier scale to analyze data from Beads on string drop, a classroom measurement of Earth's gravitational acceleration.
There are two ways to use the resource in the classroom
* For a "hands-on" activity with scissors, the figure to the right can be copied, expanded, and printed on a sheet of paper. Students cut out the Vernier scale and measure the times associated with the rising edge of the peaks. These correspond to times when a paperclip strikes the coffee can.
* For a less time-consuming activity, a classroom with internet access could measure the times using the images in the following section.
Both methods recover the data required to experimentally measure g.

### Collecting the data from images with a Vernier scale

The first figure below shows the vernier at zero. The others verniers are aligned to the vertical dotted line (black) that represent the approximate time when a paperclip struck a coffee can. First guess the time and then hover your mouse over the figure and see if you got the right answer.
* 0.0 seconds
* 1.06 seconds
* 1.15 seconds
* 1.26 seconds
* 1.37$^+$ seconds
* 1.47 seconds
* 1.59$^−$ seconds
* 1.71 seconds
* ↑ See Physics and Astronomy Labs/Beads on string drop
* ↑ The reader might notice that the value is a bit higher than 1.37
* ↑ The reader might notice that the value is a bit lower than 1.59
# Teletraffic engineering/How does Internet telephony traffic differ/Solutions to Module 8
## Solution

    a) d$_{prop}$ = ${\frac {M}{S}}$
    b) d$_{trans}$ = ${\frac {L}{R}}$
    c) d$_{prop}$ + d$_{trans}$ = ${\frac {M}{S}}$ + ${\frac {L}{R}}$
    d) At t=d$_{trans}$, the bit would have moved along the link a distance of:
       d = S*d$_{trans}$
    The link distance M is given by:
       M = S*d$_{prop}$
    Since d$_{prop}$ > d$_{trans}$, the bit will still be on the link going towards the other end of the link.
    e) At t = d$_{trans}$, the bit would have moved along the link a distance of:
       d = S*d$_{trans}$
    The link distance M is given by:
       M = S*d$_{prop}$
    Since d$_{prop}$ < d$_{trans}$ then M < d, hence the bit would have already reached the other end of the link
# Teletraffic engineering/Limited availability/Solutions
## Solution Exercise 1.

Total circuits no. is 86 Half the total no. is 43 1 circuit out of 43 is not available hence available circuits are: 43-1 = 42; the availability of the system. Alternatively,Total unavailable circuits are:43+1 = 44, Available circuits are: 86-44=42; availability of the system

## Solution Exercise 2.

1. a) A system where an input can be connected to a free or idle outlet at any at the given time in a service request.
b) Inlet cannot be connected to an outlet because of busy outlets or unavailable internal path. There is only limited number of the total outputs accessible to the inputs.
c) A system where a caller who encounters congestion waits for an available resource. The caller is placed in a queue.
2. Assumptions • Traffic has a pure chance arrival,
* System is at statistical equilibrium,
* Full availability system,
* Complete blocking or loss of calls encountering congestion.
3. An iterative process with the link capacity G as the initial value of the reservation threshold (Q).
4. Occupancy distribution and blocking probability. They are important in defining and determining the grade of service.
# Teletraffic engineering/Flow Control Telecoms/Solutions
## Solution

1. VoIP makes use of the Realtime Transport Protocol (RTP) which is a User Datagram Protocol UDP stream. Unlike TCP, UDP is connectionless and has no in flow control mechanisms.
2. If TCP were used for applications such voice or video when there was packet loss due to congestion TCP would than retransmit the lost packets. These packets would then arrive late and would create additional distortion to the voice call or video stream. The retransmitted packets could also compound the congestion problem with more traffic.
Back to Flow Control
# SPICE/NOT TTL

created in LTspice/Switcher CAD III(could be template/tag)

## Description

| bad fuse image | This schematic would need some work before it can be simulated in SPICE and is untested on Breadboard. |
The internal schematic of a standard TTL NOT gate

## Dependances

* SPICE/VCC 5V

## Code Listing

NAND.TTL.asc
# SPIR608/Bibliography

This is a bibliography for SPIR608 Political Simulation and Gaming.
* Atkins, B (2003). More Than A Game. London: Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719063657.
* Becker-Ho, A; Debord, G (2007). A Game of War. London: Atlas Press.
* Dunnigan, J (1992). The Complete Wargames Handbook: how to play, design find them. New York: Quill.
* Flanagan, M (2009). Critical Play: radical game design. Boston Mass: MIT Press.
* Huizinga, J (1950). Homo Ludens: a study of the play-element in culture. Boston Mass: Beacon Press.
* Laver, M (1979). Playing Politics: seven games that bring out the politician in all of us!. London: Penguin.
* McGonigal, J (2011). Reality is Broken: why games make us happy and how they can change the world. London: Penguin.
* Perla, P (1990). The Art of Wargaming. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute.
* Rapoport, A (1960). Fights, Games and Debates. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
* Sabin, P (2007). Lost Battles: reconstructing the great clashes of the ancient world. London: Hambleton Continuum.
* Salen, K., ed (2004). Rules of Play: game design fundamentals. Boston Mass: MIT Press.
* Wilson, A (1968). The Bomb and the Computer. London: Barrie & Rockliff.
# SPIR608/Clubs

This is a list of some of the game clubs in London

## Tuesdays

* Bush Bash, Shepherds Bush or Gold Hawk Road, 7pm

## Wednesdays

* London On Board, St Paul's, 5:45pm
* Swiggers, London Bridge, 6pm

## Sundays

Chestnut Lodge Wargames group
* Sunday 6th February: Balkans Political Game and Goodwood at Anerley Methodist Church
* Sunday 6th March: Hell of the North and Carry on Colonelsat Anerley Methodist Church
* Sunday 3rd April: (Continued from Saturday 2nd April) Strategic Triad, Seven Years War Strategic, Once More over the Hill and 1814 Campaign
# SPIR608/Components
## Places to get game components
### On-line

* Spiel Material
* Meeple
* Kallistra
* War Bases
* Board Game Extras
# SPIR608/Weblinks
## General Websites

* BoardGameGeek: reviews, photographs and forums for lovers of board games.
* Brettspiel
* Journal of Board Game Design
* Mike Doyle, The Function(s) of Game Art
* Computer Games Design at UEL

## Videos
### Scott Nicholson

Scott Nicholson is a an Associate Professor at Syracuse University
* Board Games with Scott: Video reviews of loads of board games.
* GAMBIT Class: CMS.608 Scott Nicholson on "Board Game Publishing"
# SPICE/VCC 5V

created in LTspice/Switcher CAD III(could be template/tag)

## Description

| bad fuse image | This part is for drawing only and is nonfunctional. |
(todo image of not gate pointing to 5V thing at top) This is a round +V symbol with a line comming down connecting to a pin pad

## Code Listing

5v.asy
# WikiJournal of Humanities/Volume 5 Issue 1

WikiJournal of Humanities Open access • Publication charge free • Public peer review • Wikipedia-integrated
Volume 5(1)
Previous Volume 4(1) Volume 3(1) Volume 2(1)
Editorial guidelines Ethics statement Bylaws Financials Calendar
WikiJournal of Humanities is an open-access, free-to-publish, Wikipedia-integrated academic journal for humanities, arts and social sciences topics. WJH WikiJHum Wiki.J.Hum. WikiJHum WikiHum WikiHumanities Wikijournal of Humanities Wikiversity Journal of Humanities WikiJournal Humanities Wikipedia Humanities Wikipedia Humanities journal Free to publish Open access Open-access Non-profit online journal Public peer review
# WikiJournal of Humanities/Volume 4 Issue 1

WikiJournal of Humanities Open access • Publication charge free • Public peer review • Wikipedia-integrated
Volume 5(1)
Previous Volume 4(1) Volume 3(1) Volume 2(1)
Editorial guidelines Ethics statement Bylaws Financials Calendar
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# WikiJournal of Medicine

WikiJournal of Medicine Open access • Publication charge free • Public peer review • Wikipedia-integrated
Volume 11
Previous Volume 1(1) Volume 1(2) Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Volume 5 Volume 6 Volume 7 Volume 8 Volume 9 Volume 10
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# WikiJournal of Humanities/Volume 1 Issue 1

WikiJournal of Humanities Open access • Publication charge free • Public peer review • Wikipedia-integrated
Volume 5(1)
Previous Volume 4(1) Volume 3(1) Volume 2(1)
Editorial guidelines Ethics statement Bylaws Financials Calendar
WikiJournal of Humanities is an open-access, free-to-publish, Wikipedia-integrated academic journal for humanities, arts and social sciences topics. WJH WikiJHum Wiki.J.Hum. WikiJHum WikiHum WikiHumanities Wikijournal of Humanities Wikiversity Journal of Humanities WikiJournal Humanities Wikipedia Humanities Wikipedia Humanities journal Free to publish Open access Open-access Non-profit online journal Public peer review
# WikiJournal of Humanities/Volume 3 Issue 1

WikiJournal of Humanities Open access • Publication charge free • Public peer review • Wikipedia-integrated
Volume 5(1)
Previous Volume 4(1) Volume 3(1) Volume 2(1)
Editorial guidelines Ethics statement Bylaws Financials Calendar
WikiJournal of Humanities is an open-access, free-to-publish, Wikipedia-integrated academic journal for humanities, arts and social sciences topics. WJH WikiJHum Wiki.J.Hum. WikiJHum WikiHum WikiHumanities Wikijournal of Humanities Wikiversity Journal of Humanities WikiJournal Humanities Wikipedia Humanities Wikipedia Humanities journal Free to publish Open access Open-access Non-profit online journal Public peer review
# WikiJournal of Humanities/Volume 2 Issue 1

WikiJournal of Humanities Open access • Publication charge free • Public peer review • Wikipedia-integrated
Volume 5(1)
Previous Volume 4(1) Volume 3(1) Volume 2(1)
Editorial guidelines Ethics statement Bylaws Financials Calendar
WikiJournal of Humanities is an open-access, free-to-publish, Wikipedia-integrated academic journal for humanities, arts and social sciences topics. WJH WikiJHum Wiki.J.Hum. WikiJHum WikiHum WikiHumanities Wikijournal of Humanities Wikiversity Journal of Humanities WikiJournal Humanities Wikipedia Humanities Wikipedia Humanities journal Free to publish Open access Open-access Non-profit online journal Public peer review
# Social loafing

This psychology resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.

## Search

Search for Social loafing on Wikipedia.
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# Social facilitation

This psychology resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
Social facilitation refers to the tendency for people to be aroused into better performance on simple tasks (or tasks at which they are expert or that have become autonomous) when under the perceived observation of others, compared to when performing alone. However, for complex tasks (or tasks at which people are not skilled), performance is often inferior in socially-observed settings. This effect has been demonstrated in a variety of species. In humans, it is strongest among those who are most concerned about the opinions of others, and when the individual is being watched by someone he or she does not know, or cannot see well.
# Social group

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# Social identity

This psychology resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
Social identity refers to one's perception of one's self in relation to group memberships and degree of identification with various social groups.