# Ancient Egyptian vocalization project/List of vocalized forms

This list is the core of the Ancient Egyptian vocalization project. It is supposed to become a compilation of all known reconstructed forms of the ancient Egyptian language, sorted alphabetically (in the traditional order). Please feel free to add - whether your reconstruction is based on Akkadian, Greek, Coptic, Meroitic, Hebrew, rhyme or puns in works of Egyptian literature, peculiarities of the writing system or phonetic considerations - just make sure to explain your reasoning or to provide a source if copying from another work. Thanks in advance!
See also: Ancient Egyptian vocalization project/General principles
Note: Please add new words using the alphabetic order, listing plurals, nisbes and other derivatives under the main entry. Use v/v: for an unknown vowel and state which period of the Egyptian language you think the reconstruction is valid for (where possible).

## Abbreviations for commonly used reference works

The following list is meant to make referencing the sources easier (endnotes would take up significantly more space). Please use this format and add the page number to make future look-ups easier!
* AE: Antonio Loprieno "Ancient Egyptian - A linguistic introduction"
* EAS: Wolfgang Schenkel "Einfuehrung in die Altaegyptische Sprachwissenschaft"
* EP: Carsten Peust: "Egyptian Phonology"
Note: There are many conventions for transcribing Egyptian consonants. The following set was chosen to obtain (subjectively) maximum intercompatibility combined with ease of use for editing.

## ɜ

ɜbd [ɜabád] (EAS, 64) (AE, 53) - month Copt: Sg. ΕϐΟΤ,
ɜbdw [ɜabūdaw] (AE, 53) - months Copt: Pl. ΕϐΗΤ and [e'bote]
ɜpp [ʻAʼpāpī] - snake Apep Copt: Ⲁⲫⲱⲫ, Greek: Ἄποφις

## ʲ

ʲɜq.t [ʲuRqat] (AE, 32) - vegetables Afroas: wrķ
ʲwn [ʲa'win] (AE, 31) - color Afroas: *lwn; Sem: *lawn
ʲwn [Āwanu] - Heliopolis
ʲwr.tʲ [ʲa'wirtVʲ] (AE, 78) - she is pregnant → [ʔaʔeʔtɘ]
ʲb [ʲib] (AE, 31) - heart Afroas: *lib
ʲmʲ [ʲamíʲ] - he who is in, which is in
ʲm.t [ʲāmʲat] - she who is in
ʲmn [amānu] - Amun
ʲmnʲ [ʲamīniʲ] - he who is in the west
ʲmn.t [ʲamnat] (AE, 56) - right side
ʲmn.tʲ [ʲa'mintiʲ] (AE, 56) - West Copt: EMNT
ʲmn.tt [ʲa'mintit] (AE, 57) - Western Land, Afterlife, Amentet Copt: AMNTE
ʲmr.wt [ʲa'mirwat] (AE, 250) - Inundation Copt: AMHIPI
ʲfdw [ʲaf'daw], fem. ʲfd.t [ʲaf'dat] - four Copt: ϤΤΟΟΥ
ʲ.ʲnʲ [ʲa'niʲ] (AE, 81) - fetch! (imperative!) Copt: E/ANAI
ʲnk [ʲa'nak] - I Copt: ΑΝΟΚ
ʲnn [ʲa'nan] - we Copt: ΑΝΟΝ
ʲnpw [ʲa'na:pa(w)] - Anubis Copt: ANOYП, Akk: a-na-pa
ʲr=f [ʲa'raf] - to him Copt: EPOϤ
ʲr.t [ʲīrit] - to do, to make → [ʔi:rɘ] (1,000 BCE) Copt: EIPE
ʲrʲ=f [ʲarīʲuf] (AE, 86) - he makes
ʲrʲ.n=k [ʲarnak/ʲariʲnak] (AE, 77) - you make
ʲrr=s [ʲa'rārVs] (AE, 79) - she does
ʲr.t [ʲārat] - eye
ʲqʲ [ˤuʲqVʲ] (AE, 47) - consecration Copt: AEIK
ʲsw.t [ʲiswat] (AE, 50) - price Copt: ACOY
ʲzr [ʲazrVw] (AE, 31) - tamarisk
ʲḥʲ [ʲa'ḥiʲ] (AE, 58) - ox Copt: EϨE
ʲḥ.w [ʲa'ḥiww] (AE, 58) - oxes Copt: EϨEY
ʲt [ʲātVʲ] (AE, 33, 35, 36) - father Copt: EIωΤ
ʲtʲ.w [ʲatʲaw] (AE, 49) - fathers Copt: EIAϮ
ʲt=f [ʲātʲif] (AE, 36) - his father
ʲtrw [ʲatraw] (AE, 47) - river Copt: EIOPE
ʲdmʲ [ʲV'dU:mVʲ] (AE, 245) - red linen Hebr: 'ēṭûn
ʲ.ḏd [ʲa'ḏid] (AE, 81) - say! (imperative) Copt: AϪI

## ˤ

ˤɜ [ˤaR] (AE, 260) - big
ˤff.j [ˤuffiʲ] - fly (insect) Copt: AϤ
ˤnḫ [ˤaná:ḫ] - life, to live Copt: ⲰⲚⲀϨ, ⲀⲚⲀϨ
ˤnḫ [ˤa'ná:ḫ], pl. ˤnḫ.w [ˤa'ná:ḫw] (AE, 58) - oath Copt: ANAϢ, ANAYϢ
ˤq.w [ˤaqwuw] (AE, 53) - food, income
ˤšɜ [ˤi'šiR] (AE, 46) - many, to become many Copt: AϢAI
ˤḏɜ [ˤaḏɜV] (EP, 124) - guilty Copt: OϪ

## W

wɜḏ [wāRiḏ] (AE, 31) - green Sem: *warq; Copt: OYωT
wɜḏ.wrʲ [wāRiḏ'wūriʲ] (AE, 83) - sea
wˤb [wī'ab] (AE, 30, 44) - priest Copt: ΟΥΗΗϐ
wˤb [wa'ắb] (AE,30) - to be pure, to become pure Copt: OYOП
wˤbw [wǎ'baw] (AE, 30) - he is pure (stative form)
wˤw [wuˤˤuw], fem. wˤ.t [wuˤˤut] - one Copt: OYAI
wˤw [wīˤiw] (AE, 39) - soldier → [we:ˤɘ] Akk: ú-i-ú (1,000) → ú-e-eḫ / ú-e-e - ú-e-ú
wˤr.ty [wuˤrūtVj] (AE, 60) - (two) legs Copt: OYEPHTE
wbḫ [wa'baḫ] (AE, 37) - to become white Copt: OYϐAϢ
wbn [wabāna] - to rise (like sun), to shine
wn [wan] (AE, 16) - to be, to exist Copt: OYON
wpw.t [wapwat] (AE, 49, 57) - occupation Copt: EIOПE
wpw.ty [wap'wūtiʲ] (AE, 37, 57) - messenger Meroitic: apote
wpw.tyw [wap'wūtʲVw] (AE, 37) - messengers Akk: ứ-pu-ti, ứ-pu-ut
wrʲ [wūriʲ] (AE, 260) - great
wsḫ [wiḫat] (AE, 47) - breadth Copt: OYEϢCE
wsḫ [sǎḫat] (AE, 53) - field
wdḥ [wi'daḥ] (AE, 50) - fruit Copt: OYTAϨ
wḏɜ [wV'ḏiRV] (EP, 124) - to be safe Copt: OYϪAI
wḏɜ [wiḏRV] (EP, 124) - to go away Copt: OYEITE

## B

bʲn [bāʲin] (AE, 33) - bad (m.) Copt: ϐωωNE
bʲn.t [báɜnat] (AE, 60) - bad (f.) Copt: ϐOONE
bʲn.t [baʲnVt] (AE, 248) - harp Copt: ϐOINE
bnn [bānana] - phoenix
br [bār] - cargo boat Greek: βαρις
bz.tʲ [buztVʲ] (AE, 78) - you have been introduced → [best] (1,000 BCE)
bst.t [wubesti] - Bastet

## P

pr [pāruw] (ΑE, 12) - house
prʲ [pīraʲ] (AE, 260) - one who has come out
pr.t=k [pirtVk] (AE, 89) - your going forth
pr.t [pu'rut] (AE, 57) - seed Copt: (E)ϐPA
pḥ [pāḥ] - strength
pḥ.wʲ [paḥwVʲ] (AE, 60) - buttocks Copt: ПAϨOY
psd.w [pisi:ḏaw], fem. psd.t [pisi:ḏat] - nine Copt: ΨIT
pšs.t [pušsat] (AE, 47) - half Copt: ПIϢE/ПAϢE
pt [pit] (AE, 49, 57) - sky Copt: ПЕ
p.wt [pīwat] (AE, 59) - skies Copt: ПHYE
Ptḥ [Pītaḥ] (AE, 34) - god Ptah Greek: Фθα
pḏ.t [pīḏat] (AE, 38) - bow Akk: pi-ta; Copt: ПITE

## F

fɜʲ.t [faRʲat] (AE, 87) - carrying → [faʔʔ] (1,000 BCE); Copt: ϤOE

## M

m [ʲamāʔ] (AE, 81) - come! (m.) (imperative) Copt: AMOY
m [ʲamīʔ] (AE, 81) - come! (f.) (imperative) Copt: AMH
m ʲr.w [ʔVm'ʔāraw] (AE, 99) - not to do Copt: MПωP
mɜˤt [muRˤat] (AE, 39) - truth → [muʔˤɘ] (1,000 BCE); El Amarna letters in Akkadian to Amenhotep III call pharaoh Ni-ib-mu-wa-ri-ia Akk: -mu-a; Copt: ME/ MEI
mˤḥˤw.t [maˤḥíˤwat] (AE, 53) - tomb
mw [māw] (AE, 12, 44) - water Copt: MOOY/ MAY/ MωOΥ
mw.t [muʔwat] (AE, 245) - mother Copt: MAAY
mn [mān] (AE, 36, 53) - to stay, to remain, to be stable; Akk: Royal name of king Seti I mn-mɜˤ.t-rˤw /minmuʔˤɘ'riˤɘ/ is mi-in-mu-a-ri- (1,000 BCE) 'Ra is stable of truth' ; Copt: MOYN
mn [min] (AE, 87) - stable Greek: Mεμ
mn nfr - [minnafir] (AE, 57) - enduring beauty Greek: Мεμφις Copt: MNEϤ [menfɘ]
mrw [mūraw] (AE, 250) - river bank Copt: MHP
mrw.t [marūt] - love, desire
mrʲ.t [mirʲit] (AE, 89) - to love → [meʔʔ] (1,000 BCE); Copt: ME
mrʲ.t=f [mir'ʲītVf] (AE, 99) - to love him Copt: MEPITϤ
mrr=f [marāruf] (AE, 86) - which he loved
mrʲw [marʲiw] (AE, 38) - beloved Akk: ma-a'-ia/ ma-a-i
mrʲ nṯr [māriʲ'naṯar] (AE, 99) - pious Copt: MAINOYTE
mḥʲ.t [ma'ḥīʲVT] (AE, 39) - Northwind → [mɘ'ḥe:ʔ] ; Akk: ma-ḫe-e (1,000 BCE)
Mḥʲ.t [ma'ḥūʲVt] (AE, 39) - Goddess Mehit → [mɘ'ḥu:ʔ] ; Akk: ma-ḫu-ú (1,000 BCE); Greek: Mχης
msʲ.w [masʲaw] (AE, 78) - he was born
msḏw [masḏiw] (AE, 55) - enemy
msḏw.t [mas'ḏīwat] (AE, 87) - hated → [mɘs'de"wɘ]; Copt: MECTH
mšʲ [mašˤVʲ] (AE, 44) - to walk Copt: MOOϢE
mdw [maduw] (AE, 58) - word
mdw.w [mā'dūw] (AE, 36, 37) - words Copt: MTAY

## N

n(n) [nai] - no
nɜ-msḥ.w [naR-masḥaw] (EP, 67) - crocodiles Akk: nam-su-ḫa
nʲw.t [nūʔat] (AE, 245) - city, Thebes Akk: né-e
nb [nīb] – every Copt: NIBI, NIBЄ
nb [nīb] (AE, 36, 55) - lord
El Amarna letters in Akkadian to Amenhotep III call pharaoh Ni-ib-mu-wa-ri-ia (from his royal cartouche nb-mɜɜ-rˤ 'Ra is the lord of the truth); Copt: NEП
nb.f [nībif] (AE, 55) - his lord Greek: νηφχις
nb.t [nībat] - lady
nb.t ḥw.t [nībat ḥāwit] - Nephthys (lit. Lady of the Enclosure) Greek: Νέφθυς
nbw [nābaw] (AE, 41, 248) - gold Copt: NOYϐ
nfr [nāfir], fem. nfr.t [nafrat] (EAS,89) (AE, 39) - good, beautiful, perfect → [na:fɘ(ʔ)] (1,000 BCE); Akk: na-a-pa (Dyn. XIX); Copt: NOYФE
nfr.t [nāfrat] - perfection, beauty
ns [nis] (AE,31) - tongue Copt: λΑc Sem: liš-ān
nsw-bjt [insiw-bīʲVt] - King of Upper and Lower Egypt → [ensɘbīʲɘ] (1,000 BCE); Akk.: in-si-bi-ya
nhzʲ [nihVsʲV] (EP, 98) - to awake Copt: NEϨCE
nḥḏ.t [nuḥḏat] (AE, 251) - tooth Copt: NAϪPE
nkt [nu'kut] - (AE, 251) thing Copt: NKA
nṯr [nāṯar], pl. nṯr.w [naṯūraw] (AE, 13, 35, 45, 53) - god Copt.: NOYTE, NTAIP
nṯr.t [naṯārat] (AE, 35) - goddess Copt: NTωΡΕ
nṯrʲ [nuṯriʲ], fem. ntr.t [nuṯrit] (AE, 53) - divine
nḏm [nāḏim], fem. nḏm.t [naḏmat] (AE, 32) - sweet Sem: *n'm

## R

r [rāR] (AE, 58) - mouth, utterance, magic spell, speech Copt: PO
r.w [rā:Raw] (AE, 58) - mouths, utterances, magic spells, speeches Copt: PωOY
rˤ [ri:ˤu(w)] (AE, 39) - sun, sun god → [re:ˤɘ] (1,000 BCE) ;El Amarna letters in Akkadian to Amenhotep III call pharaoh Ni-ib-mu-wa-ri-ia (from his royal cartouche nb-mɜɜ-rˤ 'Ra is the lord of the truth', also Nim-mu-ria, Mi-im-mu-ri-ia, Im-mu-ri-ia, Nam-hurya Akk: ri-ia/ re-e; Coptic: PE
rmṯ [ra:maṯ] (AE, 36, 45) - man Copt: PωΜΕ
md.t rmṯ [madat'ra:maṯ] (AE, 57) - thing of man, mankind Copt: MNTPωΜΕ
rmṯ ˤɜ [ra:maṯ'ɜaR] (AE, 57) - great man, rich Copt: PMΜAO
rn [rin] (AE, 46) - name → [ren] (1,000 BCE) Copt: PAN
rnp.t [ranpat] (AE, 59) - year Copt: POMПE
rnp.wt [ran'pawwat] (AE, 59) - years Copt: PMПOOYE
rdw [ra:duw] (AE, 58) - plant Copt: PωT
rdw.w [raduwaw] (AE, 58) - plants Copt: POϮ

## H

hɜbw [haRbuw] (AE, 59) - event Copt: ϩωϐ
hɜbw.w [haR'bu:waw] (AE, 59) - event Copt: ϩϐHYE
hɜb=f [hVR'bif] (AE, 77) - he sends
hʲbw [hiʲbaw] (ΑΕ, 48) - ibis → [hi:b] Copt: ϩIП
hʲbʲ.w [hiʲ'ba:ʲVw] (ΑΕ, 48) - ibises Copt: ϩIϐωΙ
hrw [harwuw] (AE, 36) - day Copt: ϩOOY
hrw.w [haruww] (AE, 58) - days Copt: ϩPEY
hnw [hi:niw] (AE, 88) - bent

## Ḥ

ḥɜ.t [ḥuʀīt] (AE, 41) - front, beginning [ḥuʀīt] → [ḥe] (EP,224); Akk: pa-re-a-ma-ḫu-ú (2,000 BCE) → ma-an-ti-me-AN-ḫe-e (1,000 BCE); Copt: ϩH
ḥɜ.tʲ [ḥu'ʀītij] (AE, 72) - first
ḥʲpw [ḥuʲpVw] - god Apis → [ḥeʔp(Vw)] Copt: ϩAПЕ
ḥw.t [ḥāwit] - mansion, palace, sanctum Gr: Αἴγυπτος (< Ḥāwit-kuз-Pitáḥ the temple of the ka of Ptah)
ḥfɜw [ḥafɜaw] (AE, 55) - snake Copt: ϩOϤ
ḥm [ḥam] - man
ḥm nṯr [ḥam'naṯar] (AE, 57) - priest Copt: ϩONT
ḥm.t [ḥiʲmat] (AE, 59) - woman Copt: ϩIME
ḥm.wt [ḥiʲamwat] (AE, 49) - women Copt: ϩIOME
ḥnˤ [ḥāna] - together with, and
ḥnw [ḥīnaw] (AE, 38, 47) - jar → [ḥV'new] (1,000 BCE); Akk: ḫi-na; Copt: ϨNAY
ḥr [ḥar] (AE, 32, 56) - upon, face, for Afroas: *xal; Sem: *'al; Copt: ϨO
ḥr=f [ḥa'rif] (AE, 56) - his face Copt: ϨPAϤ
ḥrʲ [ḥaríʲ] (AE, 56) - upper part Copt: ϨPAI
Ḥr.(w) [Ḥāruw] (EAS, 36, 60) (AE, 38, 55) - Horus → [Ḥārɘ] → [Ḥor] (1,000 BCE); Assyr: $^d$Ḫa-a-ra/$^m$Ḫu-u-ru (1,000 BCE); Greek Ὡρος; Copt: ϩOP
ḥrʲ-pḏ.t [ḥariʲ'pīḏat] (AE, 39) - overseer of the troop → [ḥɘ:ri'pi:dɘ]; Akk: uḫ-ri-pí-ta
ḥḥ [ḥāḥ] - eternity, eternal, million, god Heh
ḥzʲw [ḥasʲiw] - praised → [ḥɘs'ʲeʔ] (1,000 BCE); Copt: ϨACIE
ḥqr [ḥa'qar] (AE, 248) - hungry → [ḥqoʔ] (1,000 BCE); Copt: ϨKO
ḥqr.tʲ [ḥa'qirtVʲ] (AE, 257) - she is hungry
ḥtp [ḥātip] (AE, 36) - pleasing
ḥtp=ṯ [ḥVt'piṯ] (AE, 82) - may you be satisfied → [ḥɘt'peʔ] (1,000 BCE)
ḥṯṯ.t [ḥaṯ'ṯat] (AE, 57) - armpit AϬO

## Ḫ

ḫɜw [ḫūʀuw] (AE, 250) - blow of the wind Copt: ϩH
ḫnmw [ḫa'nāmuw] - the god Khnum Greek: Χνούμ
ḫmnw [ḫa'ma:naw], fem. ḫmn.t [ḫa'ma:nat] - eight Copt: ϢΜΟΥΝ
ḫmtw [ḫamtaw], fem. ḫmt.t [ḫamtat] - three Copt: ϢOMT
ḫrw [ḫi'raw] (AE, 41) - voice Copt: ϩPOOY
ḫʕʲ=k [ḫaʕ'ʲak] - you will appear
ḫprw [ḫupraw] (AE, 55) - shape, form, transformation → [ḫuprɘ] ; Akkadian: ḫu-u'-ru (1,000 BCE)
ḫprw.w [ḫu'pirwaw] (AE, 37) - shapes, transformations → [ḫpeʔr] ; Akkadian:(a)ḫ-pi-ir
ḫpr [ḫupVr] - become (AΕ, 22) → [ḫa:pɘ], [ḫο:pɘ] (1,310 - 1,195 BCE) Copt: ϢωΠΕ
ḫpr.w [ḫapraw] (AΕ, 41) - has become (stative) Copt: ϢOΠ/ϢOOΠ
ḫt [ḫit] - tree, wood

## H

ẖɜb.t [ẖa'ʀabʲVt] (AE, 245) - sickle Copt: XPOϐI
ẖˤq [ẖa'ˤaq] (AE, 248) - wool Copt: ϩKA
ẖt ['ẖūwat] (AE, 41) - body, belly → ['ẖūwa’] (1700 BCE) → ['ẖēw] (800 BCE); Copt: ϩH
ẖnw [ẖānaw] (AE, 48) - inside Copt: ϩOYΝ
ẖnn [ẖānan] (AE, 48) - to approach Copt: ϩωΝ
ẖr [ẖur] (AE, 58) - beneath
ẖrʲ [ẖuriʲ] (AE, 58) - lower part ϩPAI
ẖr.t [ẖurit] (AE, 58) - food ϩPE

## Z

zɜ [siɜ] (AE, 13) - son
zɜ=ʲ [si:Raʲ] (AE, 56) - my son
zɜ tɜ [siRtaR] (AE, 57) - basilisk Copt: CITE
zɜ.t [siɜat] - daughter
zʲnw [siʲnVw] (AE, 47) - physician Copt: CAEIN
znḥmw [sun'ḥu:mVw] (AE, 34) - locust Afroas: *sulxam; Sem: *sol'ām
zp [sāpa] - time
zẖɜw [sáhɜaw] (EAS, 65) - scribe Copt: CAϧ
zẖɜ.w [sáhɜa:waw] (EAS, 58) - scribes → [sɘẖ'ʔa:ʲ]; Copt: CϧOYI
zẖɜ [si'hiR] (AE, 46) - to write Coptic: CϨAI

## Ś

sbɜ [subɜāwat] (AE, 59) - star
sbɜ.wt [subɜáwwat] (AE, 59) - constellation
sbɜw [sabɜíw] (AE, 60) - wise (m.) Copt: CAϐE
sbɜw.t [sabɜīwat] (AE, 60) - wise (f.) Copt: CAϐH
sp.t [sa:pat] (ΑΕ, 34) - lip Afroas: *ṥapat; Sem: *ṥapat
sp.tʲ [sāptVʲ] (AE, 60) - (two) lips Copt: CΠOTOY
spd.tʲ [sa'pidtVʲ] (AE, 78) - you are sharp (stative) → [sɘpedtɘ] → [spet] (1,000 BCE)
s.mn.t [simī:nit] (AE, 53, 250) - to establish Copt: CMINE
s.mn.tʲ [sa'mantVʲ] (AE, 257) - she was established
sfḫw ['safḫaw], fem. sfḫ.t ['safḫat] - seven Copt: ϢAϢϤ, Afroas.: *sṗɣ
sn [san] (AE, 46, 53) - brother Copt: CON
sn.t [sá:nat] (AE, 53) - sister Copt: CωNE
sn.w [sanú:waw] (AE, 53, 55) - brothers Copt: CNHY
snwj [sinuwwaj], fem. sntj [sinu:taj] - two Copt: CNAY
snsn [sansan] (AE, 53) - befriend
sḩn.t [siḩVntV] (AE, 81) - to command Copt: CAϨNE
s.ḩtp [saḩ'tip] (AE, 81) - pacify! (imperative) → [sḩtep] (1,000 BCE)
sḫm [sāḫam] (AE, 59), pl. sḫm.w [sáḫmaw] - power → [so:ḫm], [saḫm] (1,000 BCE)
s.t [uːsat] - Isis → [ʔuːsəʔ] (1,000 BCE)
stḫ [sūtaḫ] - Seth
stp [sā:tap] - to choose El Amarna letters in Akkadian give royal name of Ramses III as šá-te-ep-na-ri-a (stp-n-rˤ /satepna'ri:ˤa/ 'the one whom Re has chosen'); Copt: CωTΠ
stp=k(w) [sVt'pā:ku] (AE, 36) - I choose (stative)
stp=kʲ [satVpakVʲ] (AE, 78) - I was chosen
stp=tʲ [sVt'pa:taʲ] (AE, 257) - you choose (m.) (stative)
stp= [sVt'pa:tiʲ] (AE, 257) - you choose (f.) (stative)
stp=w [satpaw] (AE, 37) - it was chosen Copt: COTΠ
sḏm [sá:ḏam] (AE, 89) - to hear him
sḏm=f [saḏmVf] (AE, 53) - may he hear
sḏm [sáḏma=N] (AE, 53) - may N hear
sḏm=s [saḏāmas] (AE, 53) - that she hear
sḏm=f [saḏmaf] (AE, 53) - may he hear
sḏm.n=f [saḏímnaf] (AE, 53) - he heard
sḏm [sāḏim] (AE, 53) - he who hears
sḏmw [sáḏmiw] (AE, 53) - he who is heard
s.ḏd.w [saḏdiw] (AE, 87) - told → [sɘḏ'dej] (1,000 BCE) Copt: ϢϪHI
s.ḏd.t [siḏdit] (AE, 49) - cause to tell Copt: ϢAϪE

## Š

šˤnw [šV'nuw] (AE, 47) - net → [šɘneʔ] (1,000 BCE); Copt: ϢNE
šwt [šawīt] - shadow
špʲ.tʲ [šapiʲtVʲ] (AE, 78) - she is ashamed → [šɘpi:tɘ] (1,000 BCE)
šmsʲ [šimsiʲ] - to worship Copt: ϢMϢE
šny [šūnVʲ] (AE, 38) - tree → [še:nɘ]; Akk: si-ni (1,000 BCE)
šrr [ši:rar] (AE, 260) - small

## Ḳ/Q

qbb [qa'bab] (AE, 42) - to cool Copt: XϐOϐ
qnʲ.t [qinʲit] (AE, 47) - to become fat Copt: KNNE/KNNIE
qrf [qa'raf] (AE, 46) - ambush Copt: KPOϤ
qdʲ [qādaʲ] (AE, 60) - to turn Copt: KωTE
qd.w [qu:daw] (AE, 78) - it was built

## K

kɜ [kuR] - soul, ka
kɜm [kaRmVw] (AE, 31) - vineyard Sem: *karm
kɜmw [kaRmiw] (AE, 56) - gardener Copt: ϬME
kmm [ka'mam] (AE, 88) - to become black Copt: KMOM
km.t [kūmat] (AE, 42) - Egypt Copt: KHME

## G

gɜw [ga:Riw] (AE, 260) - narrow Copt: KOYI
gmʲ.t [gī:mit] (AE, 42) - to find Copt: ϪIMI/ϬINE
grg.t [ga'rū:gat] (AE, 42) - dowry Copt: ϬPHϪI
gstʲ [gastVʲdmʲ] (AE, 245) - palette Hebr: qešet

## T

tɜ [taʔ] (AE, 41, 49) - land Copt: TO
tɜ.wy [taRwVʲ] (AE, 38) - two lands → Akk: ta-a-wa
tɜš [ta'Raš] (AE, 56) - border Copt: TOϢ
tɜš.w [taRšaw] (AE, 59) - borders Copt: TOOϢ
tɜšʲ [taR'šiʲ] (AE, 56) - neighbor Copt: TEϢE
tɜšʲ.w [taR'šiʲwaw] (AE, 59) - neighbors → [tɘʔšeʲwɘ]; Copt: TEϢEEY
tpj [ta'piʲ] (AE, 36) - glorious, chief, above, first
tppwḥ [tap'pu:ḥ] (AE, 48) - apple Heb: תפוח‎; Copt: ϪMПЕϨ
tf [tif] (AE, 42) - spittle Copt: TAϤ

## Ṯ

ṯɜʲ.t [ṯi:Rʲit] (AE, 42) - to receive, to take Copt: ϪI
ṯʲw [ṯiʲu] - yes
ṯr.t [ṯa:rat] (AE, 42) - willow Copt: ΘωΡΙ
ṯzʲ.w [ṯasʲaw] (AE, 97) - he was exalted

## D

dʲ [di:j] (AE. 82) - to give → [diʔ] (1,000 BCE)
djw [di:jaw], fem. [di:jat] - five Copt: TΙΟΥ
dwn [da:wan] (AE, 32) - to strech Sem: *ṭwl
db [dib] (AE, 41) - horn Copt: TAП
dbn [dī:ban] (AE, 38) - weight Akk: ti-ba-an
dp.t [dV:put] (AE, 58) - boat
dp.wt=f [dV:pwV:tif] (AE, 58) - his boat
dnʲ.t [danʲut] (AE, 40) - part Copt: TOE

## Ḏ

ḏb [ḏa:baˤ] (AE, 44) - to seal TωωϐΕ
ḏr.t [ḏārat] (AE, 22) - hand Copt: TωPE
ḏrʲ.w [ḏārʲaw] (AE, 22) - he is strong (stative) Copt: ϪOOP
ḏḥwtʲ [ḏiḥautī] - Toth
ḏd [ḏā:d] (AE, 53) - to speak, to say Copt: Ϫω
ḏd=f [ḏi:duf] (AE, 86) - he said
ḏdd.w [ḏVdV:diw] (AE, 87) - said
ḏdd.t [ḏVdVdat] (AE, 53) - what is said
ḏd.n=k [ḏidnuk] (AE, 53) - what you said
ḏd.n=n [ḏidnan] (AE, 77) - we said
* ↑ Wolfgang, Schenkel (1986). Das Wort für König (von Oberägypten). University Heidelberg. OCLC 811861925. http://worldcat.org/oclc/811861925.