OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Engineering Projects/Music projects/Howard Community College/spring2012/p1501KP
## Electronic Sections Expected
### Problem Statement

To construct a BeatBearing musical sequencer.

### Team Members

    Patrick Marsden
    Kyle Gallun

### Summary

Our group began with the Beatbearing design in mind. We continued another group's work with the Arduino and programming. Once we had the Arduino communicating with the synthesizer, we began wiring and creating the board for the Beatbearing. We designed the board on Pro Engineer and planned to use a CNC machine to create the board out of plexiglass.

### Story

Week 1 - in week one we determined what kind of music project we wanted to do so we made a decision list weighing the pros and cons of each one.
Week 2 - in week two we worked on constructing the midi shield for the Arduino. after doing that we learner how to control the keyboard with the Arduino.
Week 3 - in week 3 we begun to draw a CAD model of the board and collecting materials for the circuit.
Week 4 - The CAD model on the board was finalized and construction on the circuit began.
Kyle's Work Weeks 1 through 4.

### Decision List

After looking at pros and cons we decided to go with the beat bearing maker.

### Material List

* 3 Ribbon Cables
* 32 Washers 7/8 (Outer Diameter) x 3/8 (Inner Diameter)
* MIDI Shield and assembly components
* Arduino UNO
* Computer (to use Ardunio software)
* Plexiglass board 15 x 7
* MIDI Cable
* Synthesizer (with MIDI input and output)
* Soldering Iron
* 63/37 Solder
* The masterful minds of Pat M and Kyle G

### Software List

* Arduino software to hack the synthesizer. Also used for programming and processing our incoming data from the beatbearing. The program is similar to C++.
* Pro Engineer is a CAD modeling software that we used to create a schematic for the beatbearing board.

### Time

32.34 Hours Spent

### Tutorials

How to: Solder MIDI Shield Components
How to solder ribbon cable to washer
cutting washers in half

### Next Steps

Complete wiring and fabrication of the board. Program Arduino to interpret data from the board (the bearings and washers creating an electrical signal). Hack synthesizer to have multiple sound settings in separate regions of the keyboard.
Current problems include not having a CNC machine to carve the plexiglass board and not having wired the circuitry together. Both of these problems have prevented the realization of the concept.
# Engineering Projects/Old flat screens
## Idea

Departments and buildings are beginning to surplus old flat screen monitors. The question is what to do with old ones. Can they all be hacked? Can a wall be covered with them and one image displayed? Can old cross switches that hook one monitor to several computers be used with them? What about old laptop displays? Can panel or array of monitors be built?
# Engineering Projects/Multimeter Arduino/Howard Community College/Fall2012/p3-550-t
### Problem Statement

Insert Arduino into Multimeter

### Team Members

Tung

### Summary

Put an overall, short one paragraph summary here.

### Poster

Put a graphic in wikimedia, include the graphic here or link to it here. The graphic should be suitable for creating a traditional project poster.

### Story

I started by taking apart the multimeter and taking pictures of each part of the multimeter.
* This is the outside cover of the front panel of the multimeter.
* This is the inside of the front panel of the multimeter and the circuit board.
* This is the outside cover of the back panel of the multimeter.
* This is the inside of the back panel of the multimeter.
* This the outside of the dial that controls what the multimeter is measuring.
* This is the inside of the dial.
* This is the display screen of the multimeter.
* This is the foam attached to the bottom of the multimeter.
* This is the on switch of the multimeter.
* These are the screws and the two metal balls for the multimeter.
* These are the test leads for the multimeter.
On the following week, I took better quality pictures and started soldering the ribbon wire into the circuit board of the multimeter. I encountered an issue while I was soldering; the holes that the wires were being soldered into were too small for most wires. I soldered the wire by splitting the stranded wire in half and cutting off the excess. This became a problem as there were exposed wires that could cause a short very easily. I am now using a thinner type of stranded wire that is able to fit into the holes without splitting the end.
* This is a much better quality picture of the front panel of the multimeter.
* This is the back of the display screen of the multimeter and the foam padding that is attached to it.
* This is the top face of the circuit board of the multimeter.
* This is the bottom face of the circuit board of the multimeter.
* This is a closer look of the top half of the circuit board.
* This is a closer look of the bottom half of the circuit board.
* This is the ribbon wire that I am currently using with its size being compared to a dime.

### Decision List

List all formal decisions made with links to their documentation such as a decision tree or decision matrix.

### Material List

    1. List materials used, quantity, size, cost.
    2. Describe what needs to be purchased in the future to continue working on this project.

### Software List

You installed different software packages or used already installed software. Describ the programs here.

### Time

Put one number here. Hours. Total hours that everyone worked on the project. Do not estimate. Do not talk about it. ADD.

### Tutorials

All projects create new tutorials of technical details future participants are going to want to know. They are going to be separate pages that are linked to here.

### Next Steps

List specific details, advice, describe the current problems that the next team faces associated with the project here.
# Engineering Projects/Music projects
## Idea

Music projects involve creating new instruments, sampling in a new way and creating new sounds. For example, hall effect probes, magnents and a bean can can be combined to create a combination player piano drum and mixer. Ball bearings and metal washers can be combined into a drum box.

## SubSystems

    Synthesizers
    MIDI

## College/Universities

Howard Community College
# Engineering Projects/Music projects/Howard Community College

Music projects for Howard Community College.
    fall2011
    spring2012
# Engineering Projects/Perfume
## Idea

The goal is to use a chemical unit process called distillation to create new perfume from "found smells."

## College/Universities

    Howard Community College
# Engineering Projects/Music projects/Howard Community College/fall2011

502_MusicTeam
502_SynthTeam
502_The Tin Can Band
# Endomorphism/Eigenvectors/Linearly independent/Fact

Let $K$ be a field, $V$ a $K$-vector space and
    $\varphi \colon V\longrightarrow V$
a linear mapping. Let $v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}$ be eigenvectors for (pairwise) different eigenvalues $\lambda _{1},\ldots ,\lambda _{n}\in K$.
$v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}$
# Endomorphism/Eigenvectors/Linearly independent/Fact/Proof

We prove the statement by induction on $n$. For $n=0$, the statement is true. Suppose now that the statement is true for less than $n$ vectors. We consider a representation of $0$, say
    $a_{1}v_{1}+\cdots +a_{n}v_{n}=0\,.$
We apply $\varphi$ to this and get, on one hand,
    $a_{1}\varphi (v_{1})+\cdots +a_{n}\varphi (v_{n})=\lambda _{1}a_{1}v_{1}+\cdots +\lambda _{n}a_{n}v_{n}=0\,.$
On the other hand, we multiply the equation with $\lambda _{n}$ and get
    $\lambda _{n}a_{1}v_{1}+\cdots +\lambda _{n}a_{n}v_{n}=0\,.$
We look at the difference of the two equations, and get
    $(\lambda _{n}-\lambda _{1})a_{1}v_{1}+\cdots +(\lambda _{n}-\lambda _{n-1})a_{n-1}v_{n-1}=0\,.$
By the induction hypothesis, we get for the coefficients $(\lambda _{n}-\lambda _{i})a_{i}=0$, $i=1,\ldots ,n-1$. Because of $\lambda _{n}-\lambda _{i}\neq 0$, we get $a_{i}=0$ for $i=1,\ldots ,n-1$, and because of $v_{n}\neq 0$, we also get $a_{n}=0$.
# Endomorphism/Finite-dimensional/Minimal polynomial/Principal ideal/Fact

Let $V$ be a finite-dimensional vector space over a field $K$, and let
    $f\colon V\longrightarrow V$
denote a linear mapping.
    ${\left\{P\in K[X]\mid P(f)=0\right\}}$
is a principal ideal in the polynomial ring $K[X]$, which is generated by the minimal polynomial
$\mu _{f}$
# Endomorphism/Dilation/Every vector neq 0 is eigenvector/Exercise

Let $K$ be a field, and let $\varphi \colon V\rightarrow V$ be an endomorphism on a $K$-vector space $V$. Show that $\varphi$ is a homothety if and only if every vector $v\in V$, $v\neq 0$, is an eigenvector of $\varphi$.
# Endomorphism/Eigenspaces are linear subspaces/Zero/Fact/Proof/Exercise

Let $K$ be a field, $V$ a $K$-vector space and
    $\varphi \colon V\longrightarrow V$
a linear mapping. Show that the following statements hold.
* Every eigenspace is a linear subspace of $V$.
    $\operatorname {Eig} _{\lambda }{\left(\varphi \right)}$
* $\lambda$ is an eigenvalue for $\varphi$ if and only if the eigenspace $\operatorname {Eig} _{\lambda }{\left(\varphi \right)}$ is not the null space.
* A vector $v\in V,\,v\neq 0$, is an eigenvector for $\lambda$ if and only if $v\in \operatorname {Eig} _{\lambda }{\left(\varphi \right)}$.
# Endomorphism/Eigenvalue and characteristic polynomial/Fact/Proof

Let $M$ denote a describing matrix for $\varphi$, and let $\lambda \in K$ be given. We have
    $\chi _{M}\,(\lambda )=\det {\left(\lambda E_{n}-M\right)}=0\,,$
if and only if the linear mapping
    $\lambda \operatorname {Id} _{V}-\varphi$
is not bijective (and not injective) (due to fact and fact). This is, because of fact and fact, equivalent with
    $\operatorname {Eig} _{\lambda }{\left(\varphi \right)}=\operatorname {ker} {\left((\lambda \operatorname {Id} _{V}-\varphi )\right)}\neq 0\,,$
and this means that the eigenspace for $\lambda$ is not the null space, thus $\lambda$ is an eigenvalue for $\varphi$.
# Endomorphism/Finite-dimensional/Minimal polynomial/Definition

Let $V$ be a finite-dimensional $K$-vector space and
    $f\colon V\longrightarrow V$
a linear mapping. Then the uniquely determined normed polynomial $\mu _{f}\in K[X]$ of minimal degree fulfilling
    $\mu _{f}(f)=0\,$
is called the minimal polynom of $f$.
# Endomorphism/Eigenspaces are linear subspaces/Zero/Fact

Let $K$ be a field, $V$ a $K$-vector space and
    $\varphi \colon V\longrightarrow V$
a linear mapping. Then the following statements hold.
* Every eigenspace is a linear subspace of $V$.
    $\operatorname {Eig} _{\lambda }{\left(\varphi \right)}$
* $\lambda$ is an eigenvalue for $\varphi$, if and only if the eigenspace $\operatorname {Eig} _{\lambda }{\left(\varphi \right)}$ is not the null space.
* A vector $v\in V,\,v\neq 0$, is an eigenvector for $\lambda$, if and only if $v\in \operatorname {Eig} _{\lambda }{\left(\varphi \right)}$.
# Endomorphism/Eigenvalue and characteristic polynomial/Fact

Let $K$ denote a field, and let $V$ denote an $n$-dimensional vector space. Let
    $\varphi \colon V\longrightarrow V$
denote a linear mapping.
$\lambda \in K$ is an eigenvalue of $\varphi$ if and only if $\lambda$ is a zero of the characteristic polynomial
$\chi _{\varphi }$
# English-Chinese/South Korea

South Korea is a country in the southern part of the Korean peninsula, in the northeast region of Asia. The capital city is Seoul.
韩国 是 朝鲜半岛 南部的 一个 国家，位于 亚洲 东北部。首都 是 Seoul。
# English-Chinese/Soy protein is made from soybean meal that has been dehulled and defatted

Soy protein is made from soybean meal that has been dehulled and defatted.
大豆蛋白质是由脱壳和脱脂的豆粕制成的。
# English-Chinese/Southeast

Southeast is the direction halfway between south and east. It is the opposite of northwest.
东南 是 东方 和 南方 之间的 方向。它 与 西北 相反。
# English-Chinese/Southern Ocean

The Southern Ocean is the ocean around Antarctica. It was a new term in geography officially created in 2000. It means the waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans around the continent of Antarctica out to sixty degrees south latitude. Some people call this ocean the Antarctic Ocean.
南大洋 是 南极 周围的 海洋。这是 2000年 正式 创建的 地理学 新术语。它 指的是 南纬60度 以南 南极洲 周围 大西洋，太平洋，和 Indian洋的 水域。有些人 称 这片 海洋 为 南极海洋。
# English-Chinese/Southern hemisphere

The Southern hemisphere is the half of Earth that is south of the equator.
南半球 是 赤道 以南的 地球的 一半。
# English-Chinese/Sovereign state

A sovereign state is a state with borders where people live, and where a government makes laws and talks to other sovereign states. The people have to follow the laws that the government makes.
主权国家 是 人们 居住，有边界的 国家，政府 制定 法律 并 与 其他 主权国家 谈判 的 国家。人民 必须 遵守 政府 制定的 法律。
# English-Chinese/Soy product
## English

A soya product is a food that is made from soya beans.

## Hanzi

大豆产品是由大豆制成的食品。

## Pinyin

Dàdòu chǎnpǐn shì yóu dàdòu zhìchéng de shípǐn.
# English-Chinese/Soy protein isolate has been used since 1959 in foods for its functional properties

Soy protein isolate has been used since 1959 in foods for its functional properties.
大豆蛋白质分离物自1959年以来一直在食品中利用其功能特性。
# English-Chinese/Soviet Union

The Soviet Union (short for Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or USSR) was a single-party Marxist-Leninist state. It existed from 1922 until 1991, and was the first country to declare itself socialist and build towards a communist society. It was a union of 14 Soviet Socialist Republics and 1 Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russia).
苏联（Soviet社会主义共和国联盟的 简称 或 USSR）是 一党派的 Marx-Lenin主义 国家。它 存在于 1922年 至 1991年，是 第一个 宣布 自己 为 社会主义 并 建立 共产主义社会的 国家。它是 14个 Soviet社会主义共和国 和 1个 Soviet联邦社会主义共和国（Russia）的 联盟。
# English-Chinese/Soy protein is a protein that is isolated from soybean

Soy protein is a protein that is isolated from soybean.
大豆蛋白质是从大豆中分离出来的蛋白质。
# Controversies in Science/Water fluoridation/A Critique of Arsenic and Fluoride Exposure in Drinking Water: Children's IQ and Growth in Shanyin County, Shanxi Province, China

(Review Paper) Cited in Controversies in Science/Water fluoridation/A Critique of Arsenic and Fluoride Exposure in Drinking Water: Children's IQ and Growth in Shanyin County, Shanxi Province, China

### A Decrease in IQ Levels

The children with high concentrations of fluoride and arsenic had their IQ levels decreased by 5 to 10 points when compared to those with low concentrations of fluoride and arsenic..

### Methods

A study of 720 children was done with different amounts of arsenic and fluoride in the water. The controlled variable had small traces of fluoride which was in the drinking water and small amounts of arsenic, and the manipulated variable had small amounts of arsenic and large amounts of fluoride.
A table showed that people with high levels of fluoride had an IQ approximately 5 points lower then the control group because of developmental problems.
Another test was done on rats and was determined that fluoride is neurotic to rats, which prevented the proper development of the brains functions. The scientist discovered this threw the study of the rats synapses. It was compared to new born babies who's mothers were exposed to fluoride. The results showed that the babies had developmental issues with their nervous system and the muscles tension in the brain, similar to those of the rats. This establishing a connection between a children's IQ and the exposure to fluoride.

### Results

The results did not show a significant decrease in IQ, however the control group was taller, weighed more, and had a larger lung capacity than the manipulated variable.
The results showed a decrease in IQ scores for the control group.
# Controversies in Science/Water fluoridation/A Critique of Community water fluoridation and caries prevention a critical review

(Review Paper) Cited in Controversies in Science/Water fluoridation/A Critique of Community water fluoridation and caries prevention a critical review

### We Already Have Fewer Cavities

The use of toothpaste already exposes the teeth to appropriate amounts fluoride, without the inclusion of fluoride in water, although this can be effected simply by human routines and habits. Several studies conducted in fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities suggested that this method of delivering fluoride may be unnecessary for caries prevention, particularly in the industrialized countries where the caries level has became low.

### Methods

Laboratory investigations show that saliva and plaque fluids with low levels of fluoride (0.03ppm or higher) reduces the rates of demineralization and caries in teeth..

### Results

Laboratory tests prove that in more established populations water fluoridation is not significant due to more frequent topical fluoridation, whereas in less established populations CWF is more effective in preventing caries due to less accessibility to topical fluoridation..
# Controversies in Science/Water fluoridation/A Critique of Recent trends in dental caries in U.S. children and the effect of water fluoridation

(Review Paper) Cited in Controversies in Science/Water fluoridation/A Critique of Recent trends in dental caries in U.S. children and the effect of water fluoridation

### 25% drop in cavities

When taking fluoride drops use by children both in fluoride treated and non-treated areas, there was a 25% drop in cavities in fluoride treated areas.

### Methods

Over 39,000 children's teeth were examined between the ages of 5 to 17. Sampling was done fairly by testing children from different regions of the US, cities and rural areas, public and private schools.
The children's parents were asked whether or not fluoride drops were administered. Public records were checked to see if fluoride was added to the public drinking water..
# Controversies in Science/Water fluoridation/A Critique of The effect of water fluoridation and social inequalities on dental caries in 5-year-old children

(Review Paper) Cited in Controversies in Science/Water fluoridation/A Critique of The effect of water fluoridation and social inequalities on dental caries in 5-year-old children

### Points Made

Water fluoridation reduces tooth decay in poorer communties and the use of water fluoridation would dramatically effect the quality of dental health in such neighborhoods. This study will show that poorer children benifit the most from water fluoridation
There is no credible evidence that water fluoridation is associated with any adverse health effects- McDonagh MS, Whiting PF, Wilson PM, Sutton AJ, Chestnut I, Cooper Jet al.Systematic review of water fluoridation. Br Med J2000;321: 855–9.
Studies done in the UK, Autralia and New Zealand have shown that water fluoridation lowers the number of dental caries and improves the oral health of all those living in fluoridated areas. Because water fluoridation is available to all regardless of income and social standing, it will reduce the inequality gap of dental issues amounst children in particular because they do not engage in such behaviours as smoking, drinking alcohol and caffeine.

### Methods

The study examined previously obtained data from seven fluoridated and seven non-fluoridated districts in England. Other fluoridated districts were excluded for not meeting a 90% percent flouridation rate. The study focused on three major areas: 1) dental records from dentists visits outlining tooth decay, missing teeth etc. 2) the area that the children lived in 3) if the fluoride in the water has at it's optimal level of 90%

### Results

This study shows that tooth decay rises in poorer neighborhoods with a low level of fluoridation than areas where there is more material wealth
# Controversies in Science/Water fluoridation/A Critique of Community Effectiveness of Public Water Fluoridation in Reducing Children's Dental Disease

(Review Paper) Cited in Controversies in Science/Water fluoridation/A Critique of Community Effectiveness of Public Water Fluoridation in Reducing Children's Dental Disease

### Flouridated water is better for your teeth.

Flouride has been shown to prevent bacteria, plaque and improves the re-mineralization of the tooth.

### Methods

128 children between 5 and 15 years old had their teeth examined. The results were compared to whether or not they drank fluoridated water, how far out of town they lived, and their socioeconomic status.

### Results

Studies showed that children of all ages, living in a community with less than 0.3 parts of fluoride in the drinking water had more cavities then those of the same age range living in areas with a higher level of fluoride concentrations in their drinking water (more than 0.7 ppms)
# Controversies in Science/Water fluoridation/A Critique of Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Review on the Status and Stress Effects

(Review Paper) Cited in Controversies in Science/Water fluoridation/A Critique of Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Review on the Status and Stress Effects

### Fluoride Causes Abnormal Bone Growth

Ingesting fluoride has been shown to cause serious effects on bones in the human body by creating abnormal growths. The make up of bones is also compromised as your body is more ingesting fluoride for a longer amount of time. After ingesting fluoride for long periods, lesions start to present themselves on your bones; these lesions can be looked at as weaker or stronger parts of bone that allow the bone to grow in areas that are not formally known to grow; this creates abnormal growths. “The stages of bone lesions have been characterized by different names, including but not limited to; osteosclerosis, and osteomalacia (NA 2007).”
# Controversies in Science/Water fluoridation/A Critique of Effect of Long-Term Exposure to Fluoride in Drinking

(Review Paper) Cited in Controversies in Science/Water fluoridation/A Critique of Effect of Long-Term Exposure to Fluoride in Drinking

### Larger Amounts of Fluoride in drinking water causes higher risks of bone and hip fractures

Chinese populations that were exposed to larger amounts of Fluoride in drinking water (over 4.32 ppm) had higher risks of bone and hip fractures.

### Results

The study concluded that the long term exposure of high levels of fluoride in it, creates more potential risk for fracturing bones. Although this study was only conducted in a narrow ecological scope, further studies need to be more specific in the research of their subjects and precise in the determining factors of individuals bone fluroide, bone mass and bone strength in relation to the fractures.
# Controversies in Science/Water fluoridation/A Critique of Fluoride in drinking water and its removal

In Shanyin county, Shanxi province China,tests were carried out on 720 children to determine the effects of arsenic and fluoride in drinking water on their IQ levels. Some children were exposed to high levels of Arsenic(As) and medium level of As in drinking water. Another group of children were exposed to high levels of fluoride and low level of As. The two groups were compared to the control group that was exposed to low levels of fluoride and low levels of As. A classic Raven's test(a standardized IQ test)was used to determine the effects of fluoride and arsenic on these children's IQ. The effects of these exposures on the children's growth was determined using a standardized measurement procedure for height, weight, chest circumference and lung capacity.
# Controversies in Science/Water fluoridation/A Critique of Physiology and toxicity of fluoride

(Review Paper) Cited in Controversies in Science/Water fluoridation/A Critique of Physiology and toxicity of fluoride

### Harmful to development of children's teeth

In the right concentrations Fluoride strengthens teeth and bones.

### Methods

In various locations of India, children's are given fluoride supplements via drops or chewable tablets, causing dental fluorosis.

### Results

A study has shown that high concentrations of fluoride in a child's diet will lead to growth and developmental problems. The fluorides prevents the absorption of calcium into bones and teeth.