OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Brezhoneg Pevar

Brezhoneg Pevar :
| Brezhoneg Beg ar c'havr, Kraozhon Brezhoneg Unan "Brezhoneg Pevar" is a course in the Breton Department. In this Beginner's course, students are introduced to simple texts, grammar complements and some phrases for a simple conversation. | Breizh Gorsedd in Brittany  Breton literature In the 19th century antiquarians and Celtic revivalists undertook the collection of folk texts, songs and stories. Writers such as Anatole Le Braz and Kervarker brought new readers to traditional Breton literature. The poet Yann-Ber Kalloc'h (1888-1917) was killed during the First World War. His posthumously-published collection Ar en deulin established his reputation as a war poet. In the 1920s a movement, in which the linguist and author Roparz Hemon played an important part, arose to introduce the trends of modern literature into Breton. The literary magazine Gwalarn provided an outlet for modern authors, such as Jakez Riou and Youenn Drezen (who published the first long novel in Breton in 1941). Per-Jakez Helias (1914-1995) wrote prose and poetry in both Breton and French. His contemporary Añjela Duval (1905-1981) wrote poetry reflective of her peasant origins, mysticism, and social conscience. |
| Lessons Kentel kentañ: Poems & rhymes Eilved kentel: In town Teirved kentel: Plurals Pederved kentel: More tenses Pempved kentel: Traoù fentus (jokes) | Breizh Gorsedd in Brittany  Breton literature In the 19th century antiquarians and Celtic revivalists undertook the collection of folk texts, songs and stories. Writers such as Anatole Le Braz and Kervarker brought new readers to traditional Breton literature. The poet Yann-Ber Kalloc'h (1888-1917) was killed during the First World War. His posthumously-published collection Ar en deulin established his reputation as a war poet. In the 1920s a movement, in which the linguist and author Roparz Hemon played an important part, arose to introduce the trends of modern literature into Breton. The literary magazine Gwalarn provided an outlet for modern authors, such as Jakez Riou and Youenn Drezen (who published the first long novel in Breton in 1941). Per-Jakez Helias (1914-1995) wrote prose and poetry in both Breton and French. His contemporary Añjela Duval (1905-1981) wrote poetry reflective of her peasant origins, mysticism, and social conscience. |
| previous lesson | next lesson | Department | Division |
# Brezhoneg Daoù/Lesson 5

User:Luzmael/Teacher availability/template
Lesson 5: Questions / Kentel Pemp : Goulennoù
Here are the main ways of asking a question.
(br)
(en)
IPA notation
Piv ?
Who?
['pi$^u$]
Pe ?
What?
[pe]
Pet ?
How many?
[pet]
Pelec'h ?
Where? (lit . What place?)
[pe'lex]
Petra ?
What? (lit. What thing?)
[pe'trɑ]
Pegoulz ?
When? (lit. What period?)
[pe'guls]
Penaos ?
How? (lit. What shape?
[pe'no:s]
Perak ?
Why? (lit. What cause?)
[pe'rak]
Pegement ?
How much? (lit. What quantity?)
[pe'gemɛ̃nt] :
| previous lesson | previous page | next page | lesson intro | next lesson | Department | Division |
# Brezhoneg Pemp/Lesson 2

User:Luzmael/Teacher availability/template
Krennlavaroù / Proverbs
BrezhonegEnglish
Aesoc'h eo dimeziñ eget sevel ti.
It is easier to marry than to build the house. (ie. than to face the reality)
Ar gwellañ bara da zebriñ A vez gounezet o c'hwezhiñ.
The best bread to eat Is earned by sweating.
An hini a heuilh chas a bak c'hwen.
The one that follows dogs will get flea.
An danvez dastumet gant ar rastell, a yelo buan gant an avel.
Riches gathered with a fork (in big quantities), Will go away fast with the wind (are spent fast).
Gant ar pezh a vez e vez graet an eured.
With what's in store is done the wedding.
Tud fallakr, abred pe ziwezhat, O devezo greun diwar o had.
Bad people, sooner or later, Will get grain from their seed.
Exercises
Ex 1 : Quiz
Go to the Quiz.
Ex 2 : Memory training
Write out the Breton words, section by section.
Have 2 columns, clearly separated, and write Breton and English. Then cover up one column (eg. English) with paper and write the corresponding words on the paper.
Then try it the other way round, cover up the Breton, and write out the words using the English as cues. This will be a little bit more difficult.
Repeat all this after an interval, the more you do it the easier you will remember the words. :
| previous lesson | previous page | next page | lesson intro | next lesson | Department | Division |
# Airplane Flying Handbook/The four fundamentals
## THE FOUR FUNDAMENTALS

There are four fundamental basic flight maneuvers upon which all flying tasks are based:
* straight-and-level flight,
* turns,
* climbs, and
* descents.
All controlled flight consists of one or a combination of these basic maneuvers.
If a student pilot is able to perform these maneuvers well, and the student’s proficiency is based on accurate "feel" and control analysis rather than mechanical movements, the ability to perform any assigned maneuver will only be a matter of obtaining a clear visual and mental conception of it.
The flight instructor must impart a good knowledge of these basic elements to the student, and must combine them and plan their practice so that perfect performance of each is instinctive without conscious effort. The importance of this to the success of flight training cannot be overemphasized. As the student progresses to more complex maneuvers, discounting any difficulties in visualizing the maneuvers, most student difficulties will be caused by a lack of training, practice, or understanding of the principles of one or more of these fundamentals.
This article incorporates text from the public domain edition of Airplane Flying Handbook by the US Federal Aviation Administration.
# Airway Control

Airway Management
In every patient you see, with major or minor injuries, you should assess the ABC's;
* Airway
* Breathing
* Circulation
The most important of which is of course, the patient's airway. A simple assessment is sometimes the most effective;

## Clearing the Airway
### Jaw Thrust Method

The jaw thrust method is the most commonly used airway-clearing technique, and BLS providers (including non-medical personnel) can easily be trained to employ it effectively. By grasping the jaw, and pulling the mandible forward, the airway can be cleared - due to displacement of debris and a shift in tongue position.

### Chin Lift Method

Again, the chin lift can be safely employed by BLS providers. However, since this manovure will disrupt c-spine placement, it's use is strongly discouraged.
Please note this lesson is currently in development
Lesson by Dr. Colin Brennan, MBChB, MSc
User:Hepatomegaly u
# BCP/Malva neglecta

Malva neglecta
| Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Malva neglecta (Cheeseweed) Identifying Characteristics Similar Plants:Often confused with species of Geranium Recent Logs Jomegat 02:09, 1 June 2009 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Early Summer, Mid Summer, Late Summer
Regional data: Southeastern Pennsylvania: (invasive or naturalized) June, July, August, September New Hampshire: May, June, October
Additional images:
# BCP/Malva neglecta/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for Malva neglecta (Cheeseweed). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

### Logs
#### 2008 Logs

* --SB_Johnny | 08:27, 16 June 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 09:18, 2 July 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:32, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny 09:57, 11 August 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 01:15, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

##### Recent Logs

* Jomegat 02:09, 1 June 2009 (UTC)
# BCP/Maianthemum racemosum

Maianthemum racemosum
| Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Maianthemum racemosum (False Solomon's Seal) Identifying Characteristics Recent Logs Jomegat 23:27, 26 May 2010 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Late Spring, Early Summer
Regional data: Southeastern Pennsylvania: (native) May, June New Hampshire: May, June
Additional images:
# BCP/Maianthemum racemosum/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for Maianthemum racemosum (False Solomon's Seal). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

### Logs
#### 2008 Logs

* --SB_Johnny | 21:24, 22 May 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:14, 27 May 2008 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 23:15, 3 June 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 11:02, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 23:47, 9 June 2008 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 23:09, 15 June 2008 (UTC)

#### 2009 Logs

* Jomegat 21:38, 23 May 2009 (UTC)
* Jomegat 00:09, 29 May 2009 (UTC)
* Jomegat 00:26, 2 June 2009 (UTC)
* Jomegat 00:21, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

##### Recent Logs

* Jomegat 23:27, 26 May 2010 (UTC)
# BCP/Malus domestica/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for the plant Malus domestica (Apple). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

##### Recent Logs (flowers)

* --SB_Johnny | 10:02, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 08:28, 23 April 2008 (UTC)
* SBJ 10:37, 26 April 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:28, 27 April 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 12:15, 4 May 2008 (UTC)
* Anna gdf 13 April 2009 (Photo)
* --Anna gdf 17:12, 20 April 2011 (UTC)

##### Recent Logs (ripe fruit)

* --SB_Johnny | 12:37, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

##### Archived Logs

(If there are more than 5 signatures under the recent logs heading, move the oldest logs to under this heading (generally leave the 3 most recent).
* (no archived logs yet)
# BCP/Mandevilla x amabilis

Mandevilla x amabilis
| cv. 'Best Red' Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Mandevilla x amabilis (Mandevilla) Identifying Characteristics Recent Logs SBJ 10:00, 27 July 2007 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data:
Regional data: Southeastern Pennsylvania: (cultivated) July
Additional images:
# BCP/Malus/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for the plant Malus (Apple, Crabapple). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

##### Recent Logs

* SBJ 12:05, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
* SB_Johnny-LM 08:32, 23 April 2008 (UTC)
* SBJ 10:26, 26 April 2008 (UTC) (several varieties)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:28, 27 April 2008 (UTC)
* --Luai lashire 21:41, 28 April 2008 (UTC)
* Ngravagna 19:01, 3 May 2008 (UTC)
* --Luai lashire 21:02, 3 May 2008 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 17:04, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

##### Archived Logs

(If there are more than 5 signatures under the recent logs heading, move the oldest logs to under this heading (generally leave the 3 most recent).
* (no archived logs yet)
# BCP/Malus domestica

Malus domestica
| Flowers Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Malus domestica (Apple) Identifying Characteristics Recent Logs (flowers) --SB_Johnny | 10:02, 9 May 2007 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 08:28, 23 April 2008 (UTC) SBJ 10:37, 26 April 2008 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 10:28, 27 April 2008 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 12:15, 4 May 2008 (UTC) Anna gdf 13 April 2009 (Photo) --Anna gdf 17:12, 20 April 2011 (UTC) Recent Logs (ripe fruit) --SB_Johnny | 12:37, 16 September 2007 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Mid Spring, Late Spring
Regional data: Southeastern Pennsylvania: (cultivated) April, May
Additional images:
# BCP/Maianthemum canadense/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for Maianthemum canadense (False Lily-of-the-valley). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

### Logs
#### 2008 Logs

* --Jomegat 19:01, 18 May 2008 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 03:30, 21 May 2008 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 23:51, 25 May 2008 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 22:59, 28 May 2008 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 23:05, 31 May 2008 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 00:18, 3 June 2008 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 23:55, 9 June 2008 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 23:09, 15 June 2008 (UTC)

#### 2008 Logs

* Jomegat 00:49, 14 May 2009 (UTC)
* Jomegat 00:22, 19 May 2009 (UTC)
* Jomegat 00:24, 25 May 2009 (UTC)
* Jomegat 00:09, 29 May 2009 (UTC)
* Jomegat 00:26, 2 June 2009 (UTC)
* Jomegat 00:21, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

##### Recent Logs

* Jomegat 01:17, 6 May 2010 (UTC)
# BCP/Malus

Malus
| Flower of M. Asiatica Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Malus (Apple, Crabbapple) Identifying Characteristics Recent Logs SBJ 12:05, 12 May 2007 (UTC) SB_Johnny-LM 08:32, 23 April 2008 (UTC) SBJ 10:26, 26 April 2008 (UTC) (several varieties) --SB_Johnny | 10:28, 27 April 2008 (UTC) --Luai lashire 21:41, 28 April 2008 (UTC) Ngravagna 19:01, 3 May 2008 (UTC) --Luai lashire 21:02, 3 May 2008 (UTC) --Jomegat 17:04, 16 May 2008 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Mid Spring, Late Spring
Regional data: Southeastern Pennsylvania: April May Central Pennsylvania: April May Aurora, Colorado area: May
Additional images:
# Biblical Studies (NT)/Introduction to the New Testament

Introduction to the New Testament
The New Testament is a rich tapestry of people, culture, history, and theology. In its pages, we meet real people with real joys and sorrows. We meet a Messiah who loved the human race so much that he gave his life for it. We discover and rediscover God, not as a distant, uninterested Spirit, but as one who is intimately involved in the affairs and lives of human beings. And amazingly, the New Testament is just as relevant, exciting, and alive today as it was two thousand years ago when it was written.
It has often been said that in order to accurately interpret a specific verse in the Bible, you have to look at its context. This statement is not as simple as it looks at first glance. The immediate context of a verse is the passage in which the verse is located, which of course will tell you a lot about what the verse is saying. But you also have to consider the overall message of the Biblical book in which the verse is found, which might have some bearing on its meaning. Then you have to consider who wrote the book, and why. You have to know when and where it was written, and the social, cultural, and political factors which may have influenced its contents. Finally, you have to look at it in the context of the entire Bible. Where does it fit in? What part does it play? Do other passages shed light on the one being studied? These lessons are designed to help students achieve these objectives.
It is also important to realize that while the New Testament is made up of twenty-seven separate documents, there is a progression from Matthew to Revelation that leaves one feeling that they really are one book, which of course is how we have come to see them. This idea can be expanded to the Bible as a whole, which begins with the creation of the Earth in Genesis, and ends with the destruction of the Earth in Revelation. The “tree of life” which was lost at the beginning is restored at the end, so that the story comes full circle.
No other literary work has influenced Western history and culture like this one. No other book claims to have such a clear outline of God’s plan for the world. When we add the Hebrew scriptures (Christian Old Testament) to the Greek (Christian New Testament), we see that the Bible, though it has many authors, forms one complete story, and like any other good story, it has an introduction, a development, and a dramatic conclusion.
# Biomembrane Transport

* Introduction to Biomembranes
* Diffusion and Osmosis
* The Resting Membrane Potential
* Action potentials
* Transporter Kinetics
# Biophysics

Biophysics (also biological physics) is an interdisciplinary science that applies the theories and methods of physics, to questions of biology.
Biophysics research today comprises a lot of specific biological studies, which don't share a unique identifying factor, nor subject themselves to clear and concise definitions. The studies included under the umbrella of biophysics range from sequence analysis to neural networks. In the past, biophysics included creating mechanical limbs and nanomachines to regulate biological functions. Today, these are more commonly referred to as belonging to the fields of bioengineering and nanotechnology respectively.
It is somewhat difficult for physicists to get involved in biophysics, since the material studied is foreign to those who have had the standard physics course. Additionally, many institutions do not offer any courses in biophysics. It is important that Wikiversity be able to fill this significant gap in physical knowledge.

## Readings

* Wikipedia: Biophysics

## Lessons

* Introduction

## Research areas

* Membrane biophysics
* Neural networks
* Photosynthesis
* Quantum Biophysics and Quantum Biochemistry
* Protein crystallography
* Nucleic Acid - structure and dynamics
* Theoretical biophysics (including simulations)
* Mathematical biophysics (including computer modelling)

## See Also

* Wikipedia: Molecular models of DNA
# Bionomics

"Bionomics" is derived from the comprehensive study of an organism and its relation to its environment. The term "ecology" could be considered a a subset. The same would be valid for the term "Ecological Economics", a more specific subdiscipline. An example of studies of this type is Richard B. Selander's Bionomics, Systematics and Phylogeny of Lytta, a Genus of Blister Beetles (Coleoptera, Meloidae), Illinois Biological Monographs: number 28, 1960. Michael Rothschild used the term in his book, but does not make reference to prior uses.
Bionomics has been defined in different ways:
* as an economic discipline which studies economy as a self organized evolving ecosystem (Michael Rothschild);
* as a biological discipline which studies the economic species (living organisms having economic nature), relations between them and relations between them and their environment (Igor Flor).
When thinking about biological relationships in terms of bionomics, the following phrase coined by John Muir comes to mind: " when you pull on a worm, you need to remember that a whole planet is attached".
One method for applied bionomics is the comparative bioeconomic analysis based on the universal system of bioeconomic analogies (parallels). Bionomics is considered by some as one of the best ways to build green economy and to avoid ecocatastrophe (International Bionomics Institute).
# Biophilia project

Welcome to the Biophilia Project, a Wikiversity learning project where participants explore the wonders of biology.

## Activities

* Identify exciting recent discoveries about living organisms and add information about them to Wikiversity pages.
* Create video podcast versions in the style of Wikiversity Reports.

## Background

See: Biophilia hypothesis at Wikipedia biophilia: our "innate tendency to focus on life and lifelike processes."

## Topics

* Biophilia Project/Human genetic uniqueness - Triangulating on human genetic uniqueness; building on the Human Genome Project. Review recent results on Neanderthal DNA studies and Evolutionary and Biomedical Insights from the Rhesus Macaque Genome.
# Bengali Language/Education
## Subjects

| English | Bengali | Transliteration |
| Astronomy | জ্যোতির্বিদ্যা | jyotir-bidyaa |
| Biology | জীববিজ্ঞান | jib-big-gan |
| Chemistry | রসায়ন | ro-saa-yon |
| History | ইতিহাস | Itihaash |
| Law | আইন | Ayne |
| Mathematics | গণিত | Gonit |
| Physics | পদার্থবিদ্যা | po-daartho-bidyaa |
| Science | বিজ্ঞান | Biggaan |
| Geography | ভূগোল | Bhugol |