OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Biogeochemical Selectiveness of Cedars Over Metamorphic Rocks of the Escambray Complex, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba/Abstract

Abstract
Cedars, growing over well developed alluvium overlying Cretaceous metamorphic rocks of the Escambray Complex in Central Cuba, were sampled to determinate whether concentrations of copper and other pathfinder elements in plant tissue were related to the ore in the studied sector. These results are compared to those obtained from a soil sampling using the same grid as for the biogeochemical sampling. At each sampling point, leaves, flowers, and the end of young branches were sampled. The main elements concentrated on cedars are lead (64,7%), silver (23,6 %), and copper (23,5%), which are elements directly related to the studied pyrite-copper outcrop. Soil samples chiefly concentrate molybdenum (81%), which is not a pathfinder element for this type of ore. Accordingly to the results of the degree of contrast of the different anomalies, the best materials to be sampled are the ends of young branches. However, also the flowers and the leaves from cedar give better result than the soil sampling. A compound sample of branches, flowers and leaves is also recommended for sampling.
Since the biogeochemical sampling is more effective, and it reduces the overall quantity of samples, it is recommended to introduce this method, although more experimental work should be done to improve the quality of the interpretation. These results are also a demonstration of the effectiveness of biogeochemical samplings in tropical countries.
# Bioethics/Life, but not as we know it

In May 2007, Dr J. Craig Venter addressed the General Assembly of the International Union of Biological Sciences in Washington DC. He explained that on a quest to create a fully synthetic chromosome and organism, the Venter Institute had sequenced the microbial flora found in the vagina, oral cavity and human gut and created a synthetic version of PhiX 174, a virus that attacks bacteria. He advised that the first prokaryote created from first principles (i.e., from inorganic chemicals rather than by clipping together DNA extracted from other organisms), would be made in his laboratories by April 2008, and that he anticipated the first eukaryote would be manufactured by 2012. The Venter Institute has been able to make these extraordinary advances because of the vast computing power at its disposal (it has the largest non-government computing facility on the planet) and the enormous database of genomic material that it has sequenced – particularly from organisms that the Institute has collected from the Gulf of Mexico. When questioned about the ‘nature of life’ (I asked Dr Venter whether he considered being alive simply a measure of a sufficiently high level of complexity), he replied that he had no idea.
Considerations
* If the Venter Institute succeeds in making a new living organism, who will own it?
* If a higher eukaryote is produced, especially a sentient one, what rights should it have?
* Much of the funding for Venter’s research has come from public grants. In light of this, should the Venter Institute be able to patent DNA sequences?
* Is it morally right to try to make new organisms?
* Even if Dr Venter agreed to stop this research, is it feasible to anticipate that it would not be undertaken elsewhere?
* Should legislation be put in place to prevent patenting of a complete genome? (If preventive legislation were enacted, what would be the likely consequences?)
* Much of a chromosome is made up of ‘junk DNA’. It is called this because it has no known function. Some laboratories are currently patenting this junk DNA. Is this action moral?
* Environmental bioethics
* Animal Rights and Conservation
* Dimethylmercury or CO2
# Biogeochemical Selectiveness of Cedars Over Metamorphic Rocks of the Escambray Complex, Sancti Spíritus, Cuba

* Cover
* Licensing

## Table of Contents

* Abstract
* Introduction
* Study Area
* Vegetation
* Conclusions
* Acknowledgement
* References
* List of Tables
# Biofabrication

Biofabrication may solve the crises relating to organ donation and lack thereof. There have been recent strides to make biofabrication a modern reality. Imagine the lives that could be saved or improved. Aside from synthetic biological systems, mechanical or electronic life support systems have come a long way, so far.
This resource strives to be up to date on the latest research. Ingenuity and theoretical work is also advocated, if done responsibly by documentation and separation, provided it is not misused.

## Contents

* Tissue - Synthesized organs, and nanofabrication
* Mechanical - life support, pacemakers, artificial valves, prosthetics, visual prosthetic
# Biodiversity loss
## Change of land use

Quote from Seabloom et al. (2020):
# Bioethics/Environmental
## Welcome

Welcome to Environmental and Bioethics - the forum to take responsibility for making the world a better place.
Environmental ethics involves recognition that our actions, however small, will impact upon the natural environment. Environmental Bioethics is particularly concerned with our affect on biota, the living world. Environmentally ethical behaviour is achieved when we minimise any deleterious effects.
The science of Environmental and Bioethics is more important than ever, for since the industrial revolution, mankind has contributed to a significant degradation of our world, with concurrent loss of many species. We are still losing species – many of which are yet to be described. To be environmentally ethical is to accept a moral imperative that results in our behaviour being both informed and sustainable. It involves making decisions – often difficult ones.
Environmental and Bioethics explains the theories that underpin the decision-making process, and with case studies, leads you through some of the choices, with possible outcomes. Importantly, your ideas and cultural perspectives will be of value to both fellow students and to us. As such we encourage discussion on the issues presented. The present course is self-assesed; however we are in the process of developing a peer-assessed programme, where links made with fellow students worldwide.
The course and its contents are an initiative of the International Centre for Environmental and Bioethics.

## For Educators

Ethical practice, pertaining to the environment and living organisms, has for some decades been the focus of symposia in the developed nations. This focus follows recognition that the actions of humanity have lead to significant environmental degradation. Some excellent work has been done in curriculum development, wherein environmental ethics has become mandatory (e.g. in most engineering degrees). However, the message is yet to have wider currency, especially in developing nations and this is the objective of this course.
We encourage educators to direct their students to these courses, or to use the case studies presented to initiate debate within classrooms.
For a basic introduction to the ethical theories presented herein, refer to Philosophy 1100.

## Case Studies

* Animal Rights and Conservation
* Dimethylmercury or CO2
* Life, but not as we know it
* The Tragedy of the Commons
# Biofabrication/Mechanical
## Artificial heart

Artificial hearts are used as a temporary life support until a real heart becomes available. There have been advances where an artificial organ was small enough to be used for an infant, and a recent development where an artificial heart could last five years.
An aortic valve has been successfully installed inside a patient's functioning heart. There was a promising proposal being researched to allow installation of an aortic valve without the need for open heart surgery.
Technological improvements have been increasing recently, but still further advancements are needed.
# Biofabrication/Tissue

This resource pertains to organ fabrication. Organ printing is a upcoming technology in its developmental stages.

## Organ Printing

There is speculation about using a printer to fabricate organs. Scientists had the problem of how to use living cells as ink, but recently this problem has been solved by the development of bio-ink.
Cartilage fabrication which is far simpler has been achieved, and it has been constructed to be durable. The surrounding tissue still needs time to heal and the body must also produce cartilage to mend with the synthetic cartilage.
Another alternative is to print the 3 dimensional organ structure, then grow cells on it.
With these advances in organ printing, there is still a way to go before it becomes a modern reality.
It is better that the cell samples to be duplicated come from the person to receive the synthetic organ. This way the body is less likely to reject the organ, since they will be of the same type cells.
A bladder fabricated from the patient's own cells, transplanted into the patient has been successful. Fabrication of many other types of organs has not been attempted yet.

## Other

There is a way of creating two dimensional tissues, but the method is primitive. Some problems are that the tissue layer is too thin or can't be grown into a structural form. A synthetic structure could be built to support the synthetic structure. There is a separate proposal to take 2 dimensional tissues, and fold them into 3-d organs, taking a page from origami.
What about fabricating organs the same way materials are molded in assembly lines?
# Fibonacci numbers/Sequence/Definition

The sequence of Fibonacci numbers $f_{n}$ is recursively defined by
    $f_{1}:=1\,,f_{2}:=1{\text{ and }}f_{n+2}:=f_{n+1}+f_{n}$
# Fibonacci sequences, binary numbers and compositions
## Fibonacci numbers

The Fibonacci numbers can be found in different ways in the sequence of binary strings. Due to a bijection between binary strings and compositions,
every definition in terms of strings can also be given in terms of compositions, and vice versa.
* The number of binary words of length n (length from first digit to last value 1 digit) without consecutive 0s is the Fibonacci number F$_{n+1}$. E.g., out of the 8 binary words of length 4, there are F$_5$ = 5 without consecutive 0s - they are 0101, 1101, 1011, 0111 and 1111.
* The number of strings of length n without consecutive 1s is the Fibonacci number F$_{n+2}$. E.g., out of the 16 binary strings of length 4, there are F$_6$ = 8 without consecutive 1s - they are 0000, 1000, 0100, 0010, 1010, 0001, 1001 and 0101. (By symmetry, the number of strings of length n without consecutive 0s is also F$_{n+2}$.) This corresponds to the following statement about compositions, quoted from OEIS A000045: F(n)=number of compositions of n-1 with no part greater than 2. Example: F(4)=3 because we have 3 = 1+1+1=1+2=2+1. 00 corresponds to 1+1+1, 01 corresponds to 1+2, 10 corresponds to 2+1.
* The number of binary words of length n (length from first digit to last value 1 digit) without even numbers of consecutive 0s or 1s is the Fibonacci number F$_n$. E.g. out of 32 binary words of length 6 there are F$_6$ = 8 with all runlengths odd - they are 000001, 010001, 000101, 010101, 011101, 000111, 010111 and 011111.
* The number of strings of length n without an odd number of consecutive 1s is the Fibonacci number F$_{n+1}$. This corresponds to the following statement about compositions, quoted from OEIS: F(n) = number of compositions of n into odd parts; e.g. F(6) counts 1+1+1+1+1+1, 1+1+1+3, 1+1+3+1, 1+3+1+1, 1+5, 3+1+1+1, 3+3, 5+1.
* Further, the number of compositions of n without addends equal to 1 is the Fibonacci number F$_{n−{\displaystyle-}1}$. E.g. out of the 8 compositions of 4 there are F$_3$ = 2 without 1s - they are 2+2 and the 4 itself. Out of the 16 compositions of 5 there are F$_4$ = 3 without 1s - they are 2+3, 3+2 and the 5 itself.

## Fibonacci numbers of higher order

About the files showing two matrices:
* In the top matrices blocks of n or more consecutive 0s are indicated by green dots. The number of columns without green dots between two green trigons is an element of the Fibonacci sequence of order n.
* The number of compositions of natural numbers with no addend greater than n is a Fibonacci sequence of order n. Due to the bijection between compositions and binary numbers, this is what the bottom matrices show: The blocks of n or more consecutive 1s are indicated by strong red squares. The number of columns without strong red squares, from the left side to a green trigon, is an element of the Fibonacci sequence of order n.
# Fiction writing

Fiction writing is any kind of writing that is not factual. Fictional writing most often takes the form of a story meant to convey an author's point of view or simply to entertain. The result of this may be a short story, novel, novella, screenplay, or drama, which are all types (though not the only types) of fictional writing styles. Taken from wikipedia
This learning project will be focused in all things related to fiction. Initially, it will include basic questions and research about this important subject. The plan is that this project becomes a useful resource for writers of fiction. The novel writer usually cannot find many resources devoted to it, or at least does not know where to look. Nevertheless, the writer is made and not born; thus, any advice given here will only be of any use if the writer practices and learn by doing. Besides, this project will be just a guide given as helpful tips that may or may not apply to all writers. Take what you like and ignore or discuss the rest.
# Fibonacci numbers/Simpson formula/Exercise/Solution

The initial case for $n=2$ is clear because of
    $f_{3}\cdot f_{1}-f_{2}^{2}=2\cdot 1-1^{2}=1=(-1)^{2}\,.$
We assume now that the statement is already known for some $n$ and we consider the statement for $n+1$. This follows from
    ${\begin{aligned}f_{n+2}f_{n}-f_{n+1}^{2}&={\left(f_{n}+f_{n+1}\right)}f_{n}-f_{n+1}^{2}\\&=f_{n}^{2}+f_{n+1}f_{n}-f_{n+1}^{2}\\&=f_{n}^{2}+f_{n+1}{\left(f_{n}-f_{n+1}\right)}\\&=f_{n}^{2}+f_{n+1}{\left(f_{n}-f_{n}-f_{n-1}\right)}\\&=f_{n}^{2}-f_{n+1}f_{n-1}\\&=(-1){\left(f_{n+1}f_{n-1}-f_{n}^{2}\right)}\\&=(-1)(-1)^{n}\\&=(-1)^{n+1}\end{aligned}}$
# Fiction

Fiction generally is a narrative form, in any medium, consisting of imaginary people, events, or places—in other words, not based strictly on history or fact. It also commonly refers, more narrowly, to written narratives in prose and often specifically novels. In film, it generally corresponds to narrative film in opposition to documentary.

## Resources

* Exploring science through fiction
* Fiction writing support group
* Science Fiction Challenge
* Portal:Literary Studies
* Fiction writing

## See Also

* Wikipedia: Fiction
* Wikibooks: Writing Adolescent Fiction
# Fibonacci numbers/Simpson formula/Exercise

Prove, by induction, the Simpson formula (or Simpson identity) for the Fibonacci numbers $f_{n}$. It says ($n\geq 2$)
    $f_{n+1}f_{n-1}-f_{n}^{2}=(-1)^{n}\,.$
# Databases/Introduction/Transwiki Database

Databases are a way of storing data in order that it may be information within a context of both itself and external sources.

## Types of Databases

There are several types of databases available :
* Flat Databases
* Relational Databases
* Object Oriented Databases
* Hierarchical Databases
* Post-Relational Databases

## Examples of Databases

* Flat Databases
** Unix passwd/shadow and group/gshadow files
* Relational Databases
** Firebird (http://www.firebirdsql.com/)
** MySQL (http://www.mysql.com/products/)
** PostgreSQL (http://www.postgresql.org/)
** Oracle Database (http://www.oracle.com/database/)
** Microsoft SQL Server (http://www.microsoft.com/sql/)
* Post-relational Databases
** InterSystems Caché (http://www.InterSystems.com)

## Database Programming Languages

Many people think that the programming languages used to access a database define what kind of database is used. This is not true.
For example,
SQL can be used to access information in both Relational Databases and in Post Relational Databases.
Caché ObjectScript can be used to access information in Object Oriented Databases, Hierarchical Databases, and Post-Relational Databases.
OQL can be used to access information in Object Oriented Databases.
OCL is part of the UML specification and allows the querying of objects that can be persisted in any form (for example, XML files and relational databases)
MUMPS can be used to access information in Hierarchical Databases, and Flat Databases.
Dbase can be used to access information in Flat Databases.
Database theory is hard to learn and needs an understanding of some mathematical theories to understand certain concepts.

## External References

* Borland Presentation on OCL
# Databases/Object-relational databases

An object-relational database (ORD) or object-relational database management system (ORDBMS) is a relational database management system that allows developers to integrate the database with their own custom data types and methods. The term object-relational database is sometimes used to describe external software products running over traditional DBMSs to provide similar features; these systems are more correctly referred to as object-relational mapping systems.
This page is initially focused upon hands-on mapping of the MediaWiki engine from an Object Oriented Software Design perspective using UML, the Unified Modeling Language.

## Readings

* Wikipedia: Object-relational database
# Databases

Welcome!
Why do I need a database?
While not everyone needs a database, having one can make business life and understanding the flow of information easier for everyone involved.
Information Management is huge! While I control what comes into my personal space, it is difficult and hard to control what enters your business environment. You want to receive offers from companies, you want people to know about your business, because you need to sell your business to make money!
Controlling the flow of information, how it is stored, how long to keep it, what do I do with it, is what many people do all day long. We have emails, downloaded files, faxes, paper mail, magazines, catalogs, and the list will continue. Sometimes the amount of paper or information is so overwhelming people just ignore it; or they throw everything out. This is not an answer, just a way to make the problem seem to go away. If you are in business - you could lose everything.

## Database Management Software

There are a substantial number and variety of database management software available, some of which are freely available while majority of them are paid. They also differ from the underlying model they support( e.g. relational database models such as; MS-SQL Server, IBM DB2, and MySQL Server). These software programs handle the majority of the most common tasks by default, while offering excessive control to the database administrator or developer.

## Resources

* Introduction
* SQL
* MySQL
* MariaDB
* MongoDB
* PostgreSQL
* Redis
* SQLite
* Database Fundamentals
* Database Applications
* Database Management
* Information system modelling
* Object-relational databases
* Oracle SQL Fundamentals
* Oracle Database Administration
* Relational Databases

## See Also

* Category:Databases
* AWS RDS
* Wikipedia: List of academic databases and search engines
# Database challenges

The following database challenges are designed to flex your database skills, giving you a chance to apply what you learn. The idea is simple: use your favourite database application (Microsoft Access, or OpenOffice Base) to design and create the database described in each challenge. As each challenge will not necessarily give you step-by-step instructions, it will be useful to work together with others and discuss your solutions together.
Note: You can right-click on any image and open it up in a separate window to see a larger version. If you then want to print the image you can then click on the "Download high resolution version" link on that page.

## Challenge 1: Recording your customer payments

Your friend owns a small mail-order business and, up until this point, has used a simple spreadsheet to record her customer details. She's asked you if you could create a small database for her to allow her to:
* Enter customer details
* For each customer, add payment details when necessary.
Laura doesn't need you to create fancy forms or anything else (yet), but would just like the two related tables as shown in the diagram, with the following data. Note - it will be important to look at the data before you design your tables, as it will help you decide what type of fields to use.

### Customers

| CustomerID | Firstname | LastName | Address | City | PostalCode | EmailAddress | MobileNumber |
| 1 | Elviss | Presley | 35 Rock Rd | California | 23457 | elvis@presley.com | 0474 234 234 |
| 2 | John | Lennon | 19 Abbey Lane | London | ZN2454 | john@beatles.com | +0576 234 535 |

### Payments

| PaymentID | CustomerID | CreditCardNumber | CreditCardExpDate | PaymentAmount | PaymentDate |
| 1 | 1 | 5465 3455 2345 2345 | 1109 | $2,000 | 2007-01-21 |
| 2 | 1 | 5465 3455 2345 2345 | 1109 | $1,000 | 2007-01-23 |
| 3 | 2 | 1121 3213 7654 6565 | 0708 | $11,000 | 2007-01-29 |
| 1 | 1 | 5465 3455 2345 2345 | 1109 | $999 | 2007-02-04 |
Notes:
* Make sure you understand from the data above which payment corresponds to which customer.
* Experiment with the different types of fields for your data, and debate your choice with the people around you!
* For help creating tables and relationships, check out the Roadmap to Access 2003 Training from Microsoft
# Dates/Quiz

Dates is a lecture regarding the times that are assigned to events.
This is a quiz based on the lecture that you are free to take at any time.
Once you’ve read and studied the lecture itself, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links and in the {{History of science resources}} template, you should have adequate background to take the quiz.
Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* The history of radiation astronomy dates at least to 42,000 b2k.
# Collatz sequence/Summation/1/Exercise

* Determine the members $a_{0},a_{1},a_{2},\ldots ,a_{10}$ of the Collatz sequence for the initial value $a_{0}=152$.
* Compute $\sum _{i=1}^{8}a_{i}$.
# College Algebra/FOIL and algebraic manipulation

FOIL is an abbreviation for the words first, outer, inner, and last. It is a mnemonic to help with polynomial multiplication.
Take a look at this example of multiplying two linear monomials:
    $(x+3)(x+4)\,\;$
There are 4 distinct products which have to be computed. Here they are highlighted:
    first - $(\mathbf {x} +3)(\mathbf {x} +4)\,\;$
    outer - $(\mathbf {x} +3)(x+\mathbf {4} )\,\;$
    inner - $(x+\mathbf {3} )(\mathbf {x} +4)\,\;$
    last - $(x+\mathbf {3} )(x+\mathbf {4} )\,\;$
The product of the highlighted terms gives:
    first - $x^{2}\,\;$
    outer - $4x\,\;$
    inner - $3x\,\;$
    last - $12\,\;$
Adding everything up, we get
    $(x+3)(x+4)=x^{2}+7x+12\,\;$
Note: The point of this is to remind you to multiply everything in one set of parenthesis exactly once with everything in the other set of parenthesis. As long as you understand that this is why you do this, it doesn't matter what order you do it in, as long as it all gets added in the end. And so, F+O+I+L is the same as O+L+I+F, L+I+F+O, F+L+O+I, etc.