OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Computer Security/Data Breach

A data breach is the intentional or unintentional release of secure or private/confidential information to an untrusted environment. Other terms for this phenomenon include unintentional information disclosure, data leak and also data spill. Incidents range from concerted attack by black hats associated with organized crime, political activist or national governments to careless disposal of used computer equipment or data storage media.

## Readings

* Wikipedia: Data breach
* Wikipedia: List of data breaches

## Case Studies

Case studies of data breach events (based on haveibeenpwned.com): Special:Prefixindex/Computer Security/Data Breach/

## See Also

* Computer Networks/Security
* IT Security

## External Links

* Have I been pwned? - Check if you have an account that has been compromised in a data breach
# Computer Security/Data Breach/Tesco

In 2014 British retailer Tesco suffered a data breach.

## Further Reading

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-26171130
# Computer Security/Computer Hackers

This is a list of some computer hackers' case studies/article page. Some of the links here redirect to standalone Wikipedia articles.

## Hackers

Link to existing Wikipedia articles. Wikiversity does not duplicate other Wikimedia projects.

## What can you learn from these?

* Be careful as there are bad hackers who work for terrorist groups like ISIL/ISIS as well.
* Some hackers don't hack for profit, they do it to express their political grievances.
# Computer Security/Data Breach/Myspace

In approximately 2008, MySpace suffered a data breach that exposed almost 360 million accounts. In May 2016 the data was offered up for sale on the "Real Deal" dark market website and included email addresses, usernames and SHA1 hashes of the first 10 characters of the password converted to lowercase and stored without a salt. The exact breach date is unknown, but analysis of the data suggests it was 8 years before being made public.
# Computer Science Course Listing

Welcome to the full course listing for courses in The School of Computer Science
This is only a tentative listing of courses. If there's a course you'd like to see here, just add an empty link to it the course offering below. The sky is the limit. Well, not really, because we can't compute that.

### Courses

If you're not sure where to start, begin with Introduction to Computers, and work your way through courses and their prerequisites.
* Computer Programming
* Computer programming
* Introduction to Programming
* Introduction to Programming Logic
* Object-oriented programming
* Dynamic programming
* Algorithms
* Programming Languages
* Theory of programming languages
* Compilers and language theory
* DirectX
* Lisp
* OpenGL
* Shell Scripting
* Python
* libavg
* pyOpenGL
* JavaScript
* jQuery
* PHP
* Ruby
* Java
* Introduction to Programming in Java
* Java tutorial
* Web programming, an example
* Smalltalk
* C
* Objective-C
* C++, .NET
* Assembly
* VHDL
* Software/Application engineering
* Software project management
* Databases
* Modelling
* User interfaces
* Software testing
* Software quality assurance test
* Service Oriented Architecture
* Computer Graphics Programming
* Information Science
* Information theory
* Data compression
* Data structures
* Information security
* Cryptography
* Information Management.
* Networking
* Networking
* Wireless systems
* Information security
* Cryptography
* Client/Server and other types of communication
* Server administration
* Data Management
* Server content : Files and Databases
* Databases
* Operating Systems
* Operating Systems
* Kernel internals (e.g. Linux, BSD, MINIX)
* Artificial Intelligence
* Artificial intelligence
* Natural Language Processing
* Machine learning
* Theory, Logic and Design
* Algorithms
* Introduction to algorithms
* Numerical Algorithms
* Number Theory
* Introductory Discrete Mathematics for Computer Science
* Computer Engineering (The Art of Making Computers)
* Computer architecture
* Introduction to Computer Architecture
* Service Oriented Architecture
* Electronic Design
* Logic Design
* VHDL
* Processor Architecture
* Data Logic
* Computer Logic
* Statistics
* Graph theory
* Information theory
* Computer Science Theory
* Introductory Discrete Mathematics for Computer Science
* Automata theory
* Complexity theory
* Multimedia
* Multimedia
* Graphic design with computers
* Computer-aided Geometric Design
* Applied Computer Science
* Scientific computing
* Bioinformatics
* Geoinformatics (i.e. GIS)
* Graphic design with computers
* Web Services
* Websites
* Web development
* XML, HTML, XHTML, CSS.
* JavaScript
* jQuery
* Web_programming,_an_example
* PHP/MySQL
* .NET
* Python
* Ruby
* Web design
* User interfaces
* Web Applets
* Programming Wikidata
* Other Courses
* Design Physics
* Business process management
* Computational geometry
* Computational linguistics
* Digital Libraries
* Information systems
* Very Small Information Systems
* Nonkilling Technology
* Quantum computing
* Software freedom
* Device Utilization
* Parallel computing
* Concurrency and real-time programming
# Computer Security

Computer security, also known as cybersecurity or IT security, is the protection of computer systems from the theft or damage to the hardware, software or the information on them, as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide.

## Resources

* Computer Hackers
* Data Breach
* Ethical Hacking
* Who is a hacker?

## See Also

* IT Security
* Wikipedia: Computer security
* Wikipedia: Cybercrime
# Computer Security/Data Breach/2016 Indian Banks data breach

The 2016 Indian Banks data breach were reported in October 2016. It has affected several major banks in India.

## Further Reading

Wikipedia entry of the data breach
# Computer Security/Data Breach/Ashley Madison

On 2015 the hacker group "Impact Team" announced that they had hacked into the servers of the extramaritial dating affairs website "Ashley Madison". Countless user records were breached and prompted the company's CEO to step down.
# Computer Security/Data Breach/Linkedin

On May 2016, LinkedIn had 164 million email addresses and passwords exposed. Originally hacked in 2012, the data remained out of sight until being offered for sale on a dark market site 4 years later. The passwords in the breach were stored as SHA1 hashes without salt, the vast majority of which were quickly cracked in the days following the release of the data.
# Computer Security/Data Breach/2016 KM.RU and Nival

The KM.RU and Nival Networks data breaches were reported in early 2016. KM.RU is a Russian email service while Nival Networks is a Russian gaming company. A total of at least 1.5 million victims were affected by these data breaches according to computer security researcher Troy Hunt, who also confirmed the legitimacy of the data breaches themselves and pointed out that the most sensitive between the two breaches came from KM.RU, where security questions and answers are included in the breach in a plain text format.
# Computer graphics/2013-2014/Laboratory 5

Quick links: front; laboratories agenda, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, JOGL template.

## 2D GRAPHICS BASICS (PART 4)
### Placing text in your scene

In (J)OGL one can place text at certain coordinates (2D or 3D). This is easily achieved by using the GLUT API. The method (function) intended for displaying text is glutBitmapString.
Important: it should never be placed inside a glBegin/glEnd block.
Before using it we need however to specify the raster position (used to position pixel and bitmap write operations) by using the glRasterPos method (function). The object coordinates presented by glRasterPos are treated just like those given with glVertex methods (functions).

## 2D Application Example
### Simple Star Chart

In what follows we will put together what we have seen so far and create a simple 2D application which displays a Star Chart. A Star Chart is basically a projection (using for example the Polar Projection) of constellations, stars and other stellar objects on a screen (paper).
To do this we need an API for reading and computing the coordinates of our objects (constellations, stars, names) from some data files. A simple API which does the previous can be found here.
The next code fragment shows you how you it could be used:
Links:
* Star Chart
* Star Chart examples
* Map projections
* Tutorial on building 2D Star Charts
* Gabriel Iuhasz, iuhasz.gabriel@info.uvt.ro
# Computer graphics/2013-2014/Laboratory 12

Quick links: front; laboratories agenda, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, JOGL template.

## Building a simple space simulator

This laboratory is intended as a recap of the previous laboratories dealing with 3D graphics. All the main issues that we have discussed in this second part of the labs should be included in this application.
Space simulators usually mean that the user have to move around a 3D space populated with planets, stars and other space objects. The overall aim of your task is to do the following:
* Create a scene by using a perspective projection
* Add one central sphere with a texture representing the Sun on it. Put a billboard in the center of the image that is large enough to simulate the Sun corona
* Add four spheres revolving around the central one with textures of Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars on them
* Add clouds to Earth (should be created by using another greater sphere on top of the initial one and by applying blending on it)
* Add the Moon around Earth
* Add camera movement support
* Add support for object picking. The user should be informed of which object he/she clicked on by displaying a text message (use GLUT) on the top-left corner of the viewport
* Add a world box around the scene and apply a texture with stars around it
* Add a simple collision detection mechanism so that the user should not leave the world box or go through any of the existing spheres
* Add a comet by using a simple particle engine
NOTE:
* the code should be placed inside a package called simulator
* add the texture related classes in a package called simulator.texturing
* place the methods for the billboard inside a separate class and package called simulator.billboarding
* place the camera related methods in a separate class and put it inside a package called simulator.camera
* place the particle related methods in a separate class and put it inside a package called simulator.particles
* Gabriel Iuhasz, iuhasz.gabriel@info.uvt.ro
# Computer graphics/2013-2014/Laboratory 13

Quick links: front; laboratories agenda, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, JOGL template.

## Simple Scene

For this laboratory we need to create a simple scene in which the user can move through (collision detection). Several obstacles through which the user cannot go through are placed randomly:
* Ground (a plane with some texture imitating grass or land)
* Trees (billboards textured with various trees. At least 3 types of trees should exist. Textures need to be applied randomly on the billboards)
** The location of the trees should be retrieved from a randomly generated matrix containing binary data (1 for trees and 0 for empty ground)
* World box (a cube where each face is textured differently: sky, mountains, etc)
NOTE:
* The code should be placed inside a package called scene
* The rest of the required packages (for textures, billboards and camera) should be taken from the previous assignment http://beta.wikiversity.org/wiki/Computer_graphics_--_2008-2009_--_info.uvt.ro/Laboratory_12
* Gabriel Iuhasz, iuhasz.gabriel@info.uvt.ro
# Controversies in Science/RNA world vs metabolism first

(from Controversies in Science)
Did the RNA world pre-date metabolism?
| Points For | Points Against |
| The RNA world can self replicate, synthesize cofactors, fuse amino acids, and has basic metabolism.. | Deep sea vents had the components to make RNA. |
| Life as we know was formed from an RNA world with life based on self-replicating biopolymers. If life was created from biopolymers, the metabolism theory would be incorrect because biopolymers are not rocks. Biopolymers are molecules that could have been found in places like ponds or beneath a desert floor where there is moisture. | | Organic Matter Could Form Spontaneously From what we know about cosmic and geological conditions and chemistry and thermodynamics, organic matter could have formed spontaneously. Grasses and minerals on the surface and in the oceans of the Earth reacted to one another and were eventually organized into supra molecular aggregates. |
# Controversies in Science/Are humans causing global warming/a critique of Evidence for the impact of global warming on the long-term population dynamics of common birds

(Review Paper) Cited in Controversies in Science/Are humans causing global warming/a critique of Evidence for the impact of global warming on the long-term population dynamics of common birds

### Points made

Temperature anomalies affect birds' reproduction rates
    The temperature does have an effect on birds reproduction because of how many birds are able to survive during a different climate or temperature year round in a country like Canada with all four season.Bomor394 (talk) 02:29, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

### Methods

Spring 2003 was an exceptionally warm spring for France, and a capture and recapture technique was used to monitor bird populations in several sites. They studied a total of 32 species of birds which were likely affected more by local factors than by any global effect.
    This article is good at showing how abnormal temperatures affect different species of birds. The selection of birds seemed to have been studied carefully.Lfamc 02:52, 15 February 2012 (UTC)
    This study should have had a little more clarification about the different temperatures that the birds were affected by.Bomor394 (talk) 02:34, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

### Results

In general, as temperature anomalies increased, productivity of the birds increased. There was quite a bit of variation in the results, most likely due to drought conditions which had not been taken into account during the study.
    Although this is an interesting study, it is not clear how humans are affecting global warming. And if humans are indeed causing global warming, wouldn't this be beneficial to these particular species of birds?Sjorg89 03:17, 15 February 2012 (UTC)
# Controversies in Science/RNA world vs metabolism first/A Critique of Origin of Self-Replicating Biopolymers: Autocatalytic Feedback Can Jump-Start the RNA World

(Journal article) Cited in RNA world vs metabolism first
Life as we know was formed from an RNA world with life based on self-replicating biopolymers. If life was created from biopolymers, the metabolism theory would be incorrect because biopolymers are not rocks. Biopolymers are molecules that could have been found in places like ponds or beneath a desert floor where there is moisture.

### Points Made

Life as we know was formed from an RNA world with life based on self-replicating biopolymers. If life was created from biopolymers, the metabolism theory would be incorrect because biopolymers are not rocks. Biopolymers are molecules that could have been found in places like ponds or beneath a desert floor where there is moisture. When RNA begins reproducing it starts out as a steady state and then the polymers concentration greatly increases. The first ribozymes that are created do not need to be perfect. A fully autocatalytic metabolic system does not work as the information in those molecules are not stored in sequence.

### Methods

A set of chemical reaction equations describing synthesis of RNA polymers was used. Wu and Higgs used a stochastic simulation in a finite volume to back the points made in the article.

### Potential Biases

The math used in the equations to back the evidence could have been done incorrectly. There could have been an error in a program or process in stochastic simulation. The numbers used are hypothetical and not fact biasing the calculations. Also, the stochastic simulation is done in a finite volume where the volume is hypothetical. There are also the personal biases such as money, recognition, and an extremist view against the metabolism theory.
# Controversies in Science/RNA world vs metabolism first/A Critique of Hydrothermal vents and the origin of life

(Review Paper) Cited in RNA world vs metabolism first
The origin of life is believed to have started from CO$_2$. There is evidence that life was able to start from the elements and proteins present in the deep sea vents. Carbon and hydrogen were also important elements in the creation of life.

### Results

There is a vent system that have carbonate chimneys that rise 60 meters above the sea floor. They have a similar composition to that of very early volcanoes, and they get extremely hot. This is named the Lost City hydrothermal field (LCHF). There has been evidence of ribosomal RNA in the venting carbonated chimneys in the LCHF. There are some microbial communities also within the vents. The bacteria that is present in the Lost City is able to synthesize it's own ATP.
# Controversies in Science/RNA world vs metabolism first/A Critique of Ribozyme catalysis of metabolism in the RNA world

(Review Paper) Cited in RNA world vs metabolism first
The RNA world could have all the things it needed to survive, including the ability to manufacture nucleotides and perform other necessary metabolic reactions.
# Controversies in Science/RNA world vs metabolism first/A critique of Darwin’s warm little pond revisited: from molecules to the origin of life.

(Review Paper) Cited in Controversies in Science/RNA world vs metabolism first

### Points Made

Organic matter could form spontaneously from what we know about cosmic and geological conditions and chemistry and thermodynamics, organic matter could have formed spontaneously. Gasses and minerals on the surface and in the oceans of the Earth reacted to one another and were eventually organized into supra molecular aggregates.
# Controversies in Science/Was there a mitochondrial Eve?/A Critique Of

(Review Paper) Cited in Controversies in Science/Was there a mitochondrial Eve?/A Critique Of

### Points Made

- Evidence for African origin is ambiguous. Inappropriate tests were used to confirm, and when appropriate tests were done, results could not provide significant support for African origin.
- The time of origin was originally calculated without incorporating key sources of error, so there is much uncertainty about when this "Eve" is said to have lived. Despite this uncertainty, it has been found that she was very likely much older than 200 000 years.
- The out-of-Africa replacement theory is rejected by cladogram data and nuclear DNA patterns. The data and patterns are consistent with population-expansion events and gene flow.

### Methods

Cladograms were examined and compared to the potential roots of humanity. No significantly conclusive results were found, so we do not have certainty that there was one location from which humans originated. The time to coalescence is seen as a variable as there is much potential for deviation.

### Results

The article asserts that by one millions years ago humans were widespread in the Old World and had genetic contact with each other for much of the one million year time period. Concluding humans with regional subdivisions are from one evolutionary lineage, and can be traced using mtDNA. Cann, Stoneking, and Wilson, in their 1987 efforts to find the maxium parsimony tree failed because only one data order was tried..
# Controversies in Science/Are humans causing global warming/a critique of Global warming and the export of dissolved organic carbon from boreal peatlands

(Review Paper) Cited in Controversies in Science/Are humans causing global warming/a critique of Global warming and the export of dissolved organic carbon from boreal peatlands

### Points Made

Additionally to changes in temperature, global warming also affects water - table levels and discharge from peatlands. Consequently, this affects the delivery of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to downstream ecosystems where the productivity control is held along with biochemical cycles and reduction of visible and UV radiation. .

### Methods

To measure the changes caused by climate change, mesocoms consisting of plastic insulated tanks were sunk in the ground. They were then exposed to infrared radiation which was set at ambient, half or full heat light and left during growing season.
Controlling water tables using water temperature as the manipulative variable we would see the responding variable measurements through the amount of discharge. The outcome is that the amount of dissolved organic carbon is controlled mainly by alterations in the discharge and is not as much by effects of warming and/or position. .

### Results

The effects of the increase in temperature have influences on the regional carbon resources and the ecology of boreal and arctic surface waters. The results of the experiments were consistent with the decrease in DOC loadings into lakes in Ontario during warmer and drier than average years. This in turn increased UV penetration significantly thus causing lethal doses for many surface littoral organisms. These indirect effects of global warming may be the consequence of reductions in DOC export from peatlands under warmer climates.
ABOVE GRAPH: The water table levels are the effects due to infrared loading on bogs. From 1995-1997 the points on the graph represent infrared loading water table treatment combinations.
# Controversies in Science/Recycling

(from Controversies in Science)
Should we recycle?
# English-Pinyin/Tour

A tour is a travel for pleasure.
Lvvyour shih yi zhoong weihle warnleh de lvvxirng.
# English-Pinyin/We're here just about every week

We're here just about every week.
Wǒmen jīhū měi zhōu dōu zài zhèlǐ.
# English-Pinyin/The sun is coming out

The sun is coming out,
how beautiful
and how bright!
Taihyarng chulair le,
duome meeilih,
duome mirngliahng!
# English Language Reference Desk/Archives/2011
## Q

Is it correct to use " an empty glass of water" ?
    No. You could say "an empty water glass", meaning one normally used for water, but now empty. StuRat 00:58, 26 March 2011 (UTC)
# English Language Reference Desk/Archives

* 2007
* 2008
* 2009
# English Language Reference Desk/Archives/2010
## programs that seem to have been on my stuff

i discpovered this site on software controls on craigslist, it seems that who ever put it here, seems to have tagged both my home computer and my cell phone, here i have been wondering and asking att why my cell phone is acting so strange.
    First, this is the wrong Desk. This Desk is for questions about the English language. For general knowledge Q's, like this one, use the Wikiversity:Help_desk. Second, what is your Q, exactly ? And in what way is your cell phone acting strangely ? StuRat 12:56, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

## the influence of French on the English language

Can you tell me what percentage of English words are derived from French words? I was told that it is 60 to 70%, which seems surprisingly high for a language that is, as Wikipeida says, 'a West Germanic language'.
    According to this Wikipedia article, it's between 33% and 67%: List of English words of French origin. You might wonder why there's such a large range. Well, how to attribute words which are ultimately from Latin is tricky, as they may go Latin -> English, Latin -> French -> English, Latin -> Spanish -> English, Latin -> Italian -> English, or even more complex paths like Latin -> Italian -> French -> Spanish -> English. So, which of those words do you say is of French origin ? And should the same word be listed as both of French origin and also others ? If so, the total percentage of "source languages for English" goes way over 100%. StuRat 14:30, 9 March 2010 (UTC)
       Also, usually words which come from Norman are included in the "French" statistics. The Jade Knight 19:15, 23 March 2010 (UTC)
# Classical Mythology/Mesopotamia

* Classical Mythology Course
* Odysseus among the Sirens
* Return to Historical Background
* Text goes here.
* References
* Classical Mythology Course
* Odysseus among the Sirens
* Return to Historical Background