OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# United States Government/Assignment

Welcome to American Government!
Government perhaps is one of the most perplexing, yet fully rewarding subjects of the twenty-first century. This course will provide applicable information pertaining to the American democratic process and will allow you to make wise decisions in terms of voting and political discussions.
Feel free to review the course information and requirements below. If you are interested in enrolling in this course, please send an email to. Classes will begin on October 27,2013.

## Grading/Evaluation

Grading in this course follows a weights system as follows:
* 50% Exams, Tests
* 40% Reading Quizzes, Worksheets, etc.
* 10% Regular Attendance

## Course Materials

Students are expected to have some sort of access to the internet and/or a public library; Many reading assignments may be found online and libraries have a wide-range of texts relating to the political spectrum.
Although a standard text is not required, students are encouraged to have some sort of supplement. The wikibook for this topic maybe found with this link

## First Assignment

Please read the first section of the wikipedia page "United States Of America." A short Quiz will be posted!

## Wikimedia

* w: United States budget process
# United States History

Welcome to the United States History course! This course will focus on the “encounter” of Europeans to the New World. Native American society and culture will be examined in the face of European colonialism and what can only be described as the greatest land theft in human history: The taking of North America for European settlement and profit. The course will then proceed to analyze settlement patterns and colonial economies. The struggle for independence will be covered as will the beginnings of nation building.
As settlers move west and illegally seize Native American lands, Native American resistance will be examined. By the 1800’s the US was transformed into a free-market economy which facilitated even more growth, settlement and development. The status of African Americans and women will also be analyzed as will the persecution of other ethnic and religious minorities such as Germans and Mormons. The growing sectional split between North and South will be examined as will the outbreak and course of the Civil War.
From there on, we will discuss life in the early 1900s as well as both World Wars, the Korean, Vietnam, and Cold Wars. Throughout this entire course, we will be taking a look at each President throughout history and continue onto the 21st century.

## Course Outline
### Semester I

* Week 1: The World Before The Opening of the Atlantic (Beginnings - 1500)
* Week 2: New Empires In The Americas (1400 - 1750)
* Week 3: The English Colonies (1605 - 1774)
* Week 4: The American Revolution (1774 - 1783)
* Week 5: Forming A Government (1777 - 1791)
* Week 6: Citizenship & The Constitution (1787 - Present)
* Week 7: Launching the Nation (1789 - 1800)
* Week 8: The Jefferson Era (1800 - 1815)
* Week 9: A New National Identity (1812 - 1830)
* Week 10: The Age of Jackson (1828 - 1840)
* Week 11: Expanding West (1800 - 1855)
* Week 12: The North (1790 - 1860)
* Week 13: The South (1790 - 1860)
* Week 14: New Movements In America (1815 - 1850)
* Week 15: A Divided Nation (1848 - 1860)
* Week 16: The Civil War (1861 - 1865)
* Week 17: Reconstruction (1865 - 1877)

### Semester II

* Week 18: An Industrial Nation (1860 - 1920)
* Week 19: The Progressives (1898 - 1920)
* Week 20: Entering the World Stage (1898 - 1917)
* Week 21: The First World War (1914 - 1920)
* Week 22: From War To Peace (1919 - 1928)
* Week 23: The Roaring Twenties (1920 - 1929)
* Week 24: The Great Depression Begins (1929 - 1933)
* Week 25: The New Deal (1933 - 1940)
* Week 26: World War II Erupts (1939 - 1941)
* Week 27: The United States In World War II (1941 - 1945)
* Week 28: The Cold War Begins (1945 - 1953)
* Week 29: Postwar America (1945 - 1960)
* Week 30: The New Frontier and the Great Society (1961 - 1969)
* Week 31: The Civil Rights Movement (1954 - 1975)
* Week 32: The Vietnam War (1954 - 1975)
* Week 33: A Time of Social Change (1963 - 1975)
* Week 34: A Search For Order (1968 - 1980)
* Week 35: A Conservative Era (1980 - 1992)
* Week 36: Into the 21st Century (1992 - Present)
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses Organized by STEM Category/Mathematics/Contemporary Mathematics

Topics
Voting and Social Choice
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses Organized by STEM Category/Physics

Courses
Calculus Based Physics
General Physics
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses Organized by STEM Category/Physics/General Physics

Topics
Projectile Motion
Torque
Work & Energy
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses Organized by STEM Category/Technologies

Courses
Beginning Machining
Computer Numerical Controls
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses Organized by STEM Category/Mathematics/Calculus

Courses
Applications of Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Applied Linear Algebra
Applied Optimization Problems
Calculus I
Integration
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Mean Value Theorems
Modeling Periodic Behavior
Representing Functions as Power Series
Right Triangles: Applications
Right Triangles: Solving
Taylor Series
Trigonometric Integrals and Substitutions
Trigonometry
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses Organized by STEM Category/Mathematics/Graduate Seminar in Applied Mathematics

Topics
How to use Maxwell Model to Reconstruct Radar Image
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses Organized by STEM Category/Mathematics/Probability and Statistics

Courses
Binomial Distribution (Anahit Galstyan)
Binomial Distribution (Dr. Yanev)
Statistics
Statistical Inference on Mean
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses Organized by STEM Category/Physics/Calculus Based Physics

Topics
1-D Motion
2-D Non-Rotational Motion
Angular Momentum and Its Conservation
Circular Motion
DC Circuit(s)
Faraday's Law
Fluid Mechanics
Linear Momentum and Collisions
Oscillatory Motion
Particles and Waves
Static Equilibrium and Elasticity
Universal Gravitational Force
Waves and Vibrations
Work Energy Theorem and the Conservation of Energy
Vectors and Free Body Diagrams
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses Organized by STEM Category/Mathematics/Calculus/Trigonometry

Topics
Angles of Elevation and Depression
# UTPA STEM/CBI Courses Organized by STEM Category/Mathematics/Geometry

Courses
Properties of Area of Triangles
# Virtues/Fidelity
## Introduction:

Fidelity is the virtue of consistency. It is the basis for reliable thought, reason, morality, trust, and loyalty. It allows us to predict future behavior based on the history of past behavior.
Fidelity is most valuable when it is applied to the most worthy ideas, deeds, principles, or affiliations.

## The Virtue of Fidelity

Fidelity is neither fickleness—an arbitrary and unwarranted change—nor obstinacy—unfounded persistence or stubbornness. It is a consistency of thought, reason, morality, and loyalty that persists until some more profound truth, greater good, or more worthy affiliation becomes clear.
Fidelity provides a consistency essential for coherent thinking, reliable behavior, and durable affiliations.

## Everyday Fidelity

* Do what you say – Keep your promises. Act reliably. Be impeccable with your word. Trustworthiness is fidelity to your word. Be trustworthy.
* Abstain from hypocrisy – Align your actions with your words. Be consistent. Strive for congruence in what you believe, what you say, and what you do.
* Be consistent – What you state today as your beliefs should be consistent with what you professed yesterday and what you plan to profess tomorrow. Change those beliefs, and your representations of those beliefs, only when you come to a new understanding that is more consistent with reality.
* Be true to those who matter most – Keep your marriage vows, and maintain strong relationships with the most worthy people and organizations in your life. As a couple, seek love and longevity in your relationship.
* Seek truth—since truth is correspondence with reality, and reality is self-consistent, seeking truth aligns your thinking with reality and increases your fidelity with the real world. Reason is fidelity to truth.
* Seek insight—close the gap between appearances and reality. Become consistent with reality.
* Know how you know—Adopt and apply a robust theory of knowledge. Your theory of knowledge is how you decide what to believe. As you mature and learn more your beliefs will necessarily change. A robust theory of knowledge will help your beliefs converge steadily toward reality.

## Assignment

Part 1: Notice your adherence to fidelity, everyday, as described above. Notice when you are inconsistent. What may be causing that inconsistency? What can you do to increase your fidelity?
Part 2: Additional assignments relevant to fidelity are described in the integrity module of the course on What Matters. Complete those assignments.
# Virtues/Generosity/Religious teachings

Generosity is a virtue that is often emphasized in various religions around the world. Different religious traditions offer teachings and guidelines on generosity as part of their moral and ethical frameworks. Here are some insights from major world religions:
* Christianity:
** Biblical Teachings: The Bible contains numerous references to generosity and charity. One of the most well-known verses is from the Gospel of Matthew (25:35-36): "For I was hungry and you gave me something to eat, I was thirsty and you gave me something to drink, I was a stranger and you invited me in, I needed clothes and you clothed me, I was sick and you looked after me, I was in prison and you came to visit me."
** Tithing: Many Christian traditions encourage the practice of tithing, where believers contribute a portion of their income, typically 10%, to support the church and help those in need.
* Islam:
** Zakat: Islam emphasizes the concept of Zakat, one of the Five Pillars of Islam. Muslims are required to give a portion of their wealth (usually 2.5%) to help the less fortunate and support various social welfare initiatives.
** Sadaqah: In addition to Zakat, Muslims are encouraged to engage in voluntary acts of charity, known as Sadaqah, as a way of expressing generosity and kindness.
* Judaism:
** Tzedakah: Tzedakah is the Jewish tradition of charitable giving and righteousness. Jews are encouraged to give to the poor and contribute to social justice causes. It is seen as a moral obligation rather than an option.
* Hinduism:
** Dana: Dana, or the act of giving, is a fundamental virtue in Hinduism. It is believed that selfless giving contributes to spiritual growth. Hindus are encouraged to give to those in need, including food, shelter, and education.
* Buddhism:
** Dana: Similar to Hinduism, Buddhism places importance on the practice of Dana, or generosity. Buddhists believe that generosity helps break the cycle of craving and attachment and leads to a compassionate and selfless life.
* Sikhism:
** Seva: Sikhs practice Seva, which translates to selfless service. Sikhs are encouraged to engage in acts of kindness and generosity, including feeding the hungry, providing shelter, and contributing to community well-being.
* Confucianism:
** Ren and Yi: Confucianism teaches the virtues of Ren (benevolence) and Yi (righteousness). Acts of generosity and charity are seen as expressions of benevolence and righteousness, contributing to harmonious social relationships.
While the specific practices and emphasis on generosity may vary, the common thread across these religions is the recognition of the importance of selfless giving, compassion, and concern for the well-being of others as essential aspects of a virtuous and meaningful life.
# Risk Management/Environment
## Environmental Risk Management

Environmental risk management has to goal to establish
* effective prevention measures,
* remove hazardous contaminations or
* management of risks to the environment, public health and safety associated with importing or manufacturing hazardous substances and introducing new organisms in an ecosystem
# Risk Management/Financial risk management

Subtopic of Risk Management. Could anyone list the areas of specialization under Financial Risk Management?
# Risk Management/Finance
## Risk Management in Finance

Risk Management has become a major focus for financial managers during recent years. The driver is an optimization process
* to minimize financial loss (negative statement)
* to maximize the revenue of a company.
The risk that a firm faces is often assessed in terms of exposure. The exposure that a firm experiences is a quantified representation of the value change it will experience whenever an underlying parameter changes. The primary underlying parameters that must be addressed include commodity prices, interest rates, and exchange rates. Given that the firm's value change with respect to a change in one of these underlying parameters is important it is apparent that risk management often relies upon the interpretation of the relevant partial derivatives. For example the first partial derivative of the firm's value with respect to an underlying commodity price. Similarly, it may be important to know the first partial derivative of the firm's value with respect to an interest rate. Furthermore, the first partial derivative of the firm's value with respect to an exchange rate could be important for firms that are somehow exposed to international markets.
When we think of risk in a business sense, there are a multitude of examples that come to mind. As a business or investor anticipates making a financial decision, the question of risk as it pertains to possible reward must be considered. We can measure this in many ways, but in its most basic form are we getting enough back in return for the risk being taken? While we would like to believe there are low risk/high return relationships in business, the fact is that this is indeed rare. As we dig deeper into the example risk, we find occurrences of low risk/high return and high risk/low return eventually regress to the mean of x risk/x return. There may be inherent risk in aspects of business such as entrepreneurship.

## Learning Task

* Explore the concept of resilience and explain, what are interventions, management activities that improve resilience in finance.
* If we describe resilience in the finance system as the capacity of an to respond to a disturbance by preventing damage and recovering quickly from a crisis, you might know measures that increase or decrease the resilience.
* Were these measures part of your financial risk management strategies? What are your individual consequences and needs for the finance system, you know about?
# Risk Management/Agricultural Water Pollution Management
## Surface runoff: The hydrological dilemma

Surface runoff increases disproportionally to rainfall.

## Artificial surface waters

Characteristics:
* artificial
* drainage channels
* channelized
* cleared
Differences to natural surface waters:
* lower plant density
* higher flow velocity / lower retention time
* higher flood potential (in downstream regions)
* reduced self purification
Surface waters do not fulfil their full range of ecosystem services to humans and society!

## Constructed Wetland (CW)
### Characteristics

* artificial wetland containing vegetation
* created for treating anthropogenic
** discharge (municipal or industrial wastewater)
** storm-water runoff (urban or agriculture)
* decrease of flow velocity / longer residence time
* higher sedimentation rate
* higher metabolisation rates: photodegradation and microbial processes
* integration of nutrients in biomass
* adsorption of chemicals to organic surfaces (e.g., plants or sediment)

### Important factors

* size
* flow length
* hydraulic loading rate
* hydraulic retention time

### Retention

The retention of a chemical or suspended solids can be calculated:
$Retention[\%]={\frac {C_{i}-C_{o}}{C_{i}}}$
with
$C_{i}:Inlet\,concentration$
$C_{o}:Outlet\,concentration$

## Study: a real constructed wetland
### Study Concept

* Application of Azinphos-methyl (AZP) to orchards
* Measurement of AZP at inlet and outlet before and after application events
* Calculation of AZP retention

### Results

* 90% AZP retention in the CW
* Sorption of AZP to aquatic macrophytes
* Retention of > 90% of measured insecticide substances observed
* Sorption of AZP to aquatic macrophytes

### Conclusion

Constructed wetlands are a good option for agricultural water management
* A case study showed that pesticide retentions ≥ 90% are possible within a CW
* Mortality of aquatic invertebrates was 90% lower at concentrations measured at the CW outlet compared to concentrations measured at the inlet
* Plants play an important role in the retention of pesticides as shown in a meta analysis of literature data
# Risk Management/Health

This learning resource about Risk Management in the Health sector starts with an application. The analysis of this application introduces to further exploration of the topic.

## Cyanobacterial Toxins and Health Risk Management

Toxins generated by cyanobacteria may imply health wirk if they occur in mass populations. In general the exponential growth of bacteria under favorable condition could lead to the fact, that even minor irrelevant concentrations produced by a small colony of bacteria could increase towards health relevant concentration of toxins due to exponential growth and aggregation of the toxins.
Key questions for the risk management are:
* (Occurance) Where do mas population of cyanobacteria with health relevants toxins occur? (see spatial representation of risk),
* (Ecology) What is the relationship between cyanobacteria, other icroorganisms and their interaction with environment? Especially determine environmental conditions that trigger the mass population of bacteria.
* (Detection) How can public health agencies detect mass populations and warn population in affected regions if necessary? to Detection, Toxicology and Health Effects Assessment.
* (Toxicology and Health Care) What are the adverse effects of the toxicants on living organisms and how can medical staff member can diagnose and treat exposures to toxicants, that generated by mass populations of cyanobacteria. Especially relationship between dose and its effects on the exposed organism is very important in toxicology, even if mixture toxicants with an acceptable dose could lead to higher or lower influence chemical toxicity that estimated by a separate the consideration of dose–response relationship.

## Learning Task

* Explore the systemic link of Antimicrobial Resistance and use of antimicrobials in
** medicine,
** agriculture and aquaculture.
    It is obvious that health care facilities services that the use of antimicrobial medicines is necessary, to treat infections (see antimicrobial chemotherapy) and the use of antimicrobial medicines prevents patients and population from being infected (see antimicrobial prophylaxis).
* Analyse toxic algal blooms and red tides from a global perspective! Start with Anderson, D. M. (1989) and check current literature on that topic? Analyse the consequence for regional or local fisherman and fishing industry in general.
* Compare drivers for minimizing animal losses and treatment costs in animal food production with negative side-effects on antimicrobial resitance. Find scientific evidence and make you own recommendation for decision-makers that includes both economic requirements and health risk management.
# Risk Management/Disaster Management

A disaster is a serious disruption, occurring over a relatively short time, of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental loss and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the consequence of inappropriately managed risk. These risks are the product of a combination of both hazards and vulnerability. Hazards that strike in areas with low vulnerability will never become disasters, as in the case of uninhabited regions.
Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits – more than 95 percent of all deaths caused by hazards occur in developing countries, and losses due to natural hazards are 20 times greater (as a percentage of GDP) in developing countries than in industrialized countries.

## Etymology

The word disaster is derived from Middle French désastre and that from Old Italian disastro, which in turn comes from the Ancient Greek pejorative prefix δυσ-, (dus-) "bad" and ἀστήρ (aster), "star". The root of the word disaster ("bad star" in Greek) comes from an astrological sense of a calamity blamed on the position of planets.

## Learning Task

* Explore the Space Application Matrix for Disaster Management provide by UN-SPIDER
# WheelChair/Howard Community College/fall2012/p1-503-tos
### Problem Statement

Making an electric wheel chair autonomous by using ardiunos to function it.

### Team Members

Thiam Onzere Smith

### Summary

Our work is based on making the wheel chair function autonomously. The wheel chair will be run by the arduinos. We will program the arduinos to control the wheelchair's movements. We downloaded the blink program example to the arduino. By using the program we downloaded the program to the arduino with the command to blink on and off. The youtube link showed a wheel chair that is controlled by the aruino: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=88oaO4ipiYk

### Story

We decided to make it function with arduinos. For our project we are looking for information,
it in the classroom.
We connected the arduino to the bread board to be able to connect it to the wheel chair. With the wheelchair sensor, we connected the wire that
the wheelchair sensor's LED blink with the arduino. We connecting the red wire that is on the sensor with the
wheelchair parts.

### Material List

1. Wheelchair
2. The wheelchair sensor
3. Arduino
4. Breadboard
5. Arduino power supply

### Software List

The different codes on the arduino are used in the jazzy wheelchairs to make it work autonomously. http://arduino.cc/forum/index.php?topic=88946.msg671116#msg671116

### Time

70 hours

### Tutorials

The wheelchair samples of autonomous wheelchairs.
-http://arduino.cc/forum/index.php?topic=88946.msg671116#msg671116 -http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/HomePage
Arduino and Motors/Arduino Introduction
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_Engineering_Introduction/Arduino_and_Motors/Arduino_Introduction
Arduino/Software Install http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Arduino/Software_Install

### Next Steps

We successfully found information about each part of the wheelchair. We focused on each detail of the wheelchair to learn the influence of each part. We also made the sensor work successfully with the aduidno by making the sensor light up. To improve this project the best way is to focus more on programming the arduino to make the wheelchair function autonomously. The motors should also constantly be checked to see if they are still functioning. Find a way to reattach the wire that controls the forward motion. Recharge or replace both batteries.