OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# EuroLex/E/Tax-free shop

tax-free shop
* Original language: English (not an English word, but an Anglicism nevertheless)
* Original form and meaning: 'a duty-free shop'
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | tax-free shop [= English] | end20c | the same as in English, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English | dito | ... |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | tax-free shop | 1970s | the same as in English, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English | dito | ... |
| English | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | tax-free shop [= English] | 1960s | the same as in English, status: restricted use | dito | ... |
| French | tax free shop > boutique hors taxes | 20c | the same as in English, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (banned) | dito | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | tax-free shop < duty-free shop | ... | the same as in English, status: known mainly to bilinguals and felt to be English | dito | ... |
| Hungarian | tax-free shop [= English] > vámmentes bolt | mid20c | the same as in English, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English | dito | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | tax-free shop < duty free shop | ... | the same as in English | dito | ... |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | tax-free shop [= English] | 1960s | the same as in English, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English | dito | ... |
| Polish | tax-free shop < duty-free shop | ... | the same as in English | dito | ... |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Swedish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
# EuroLex/E/Tattoo

tattoo
* Original language: English
* Original form and meaning: 'an indelible design marked on the skin by puncturing it and inserting pigment'
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | tattoo < tetoviranje | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | tattoo [= English] < tatoeage | 1980s | the same as in English, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (journalese, modern) | dito | ... |
| English | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | tattoo < tatuointi | 19c | the same as in English, status: not (or no longer) recognized as English | dito | ... |
| French | tattoo < tatouage | ... | the same as in English | dito | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Tatau(ierung) < Tätowierung | 1980s | the same as in English, status: restricted use: youth, rare | 19c, status: known mainly to bilinguals and felt to be English (archaic) | ... |
| Hungarian | tattoo [= English] < tetoválás | end20c | the same as in English, status: restricted use: written, journalese | dito | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | tattoo [tetu:] < tatuaggio | end20c | the same as in English, status: restricted use: modern | dito | ... |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | tattoo < tatovering | ... | the same as in English | '...' | ... |
| Polish | tattoo < tatuaz | via French | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | tatuaje | via French | the same as in English, status: not (or no longer) recognized as English | dito | ... |
| Swedish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
# EuroLex/E/Taylor system

taylorism / Taylor system
* Original language: English (not an English word, but an Anglicism nevertheless)
* Original form and meaning: 'a system of scientific management and work efficiency, propounded by F.W. Taylor (US engineer, 1856-1915)'
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | tejlorizam | beg20c | the same as in English, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (technical) | dito | ... |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | taylorsysteem | 20c | the same as in English, status: restricted use: technical, word comes from other source than English | dito | ... |
| English | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| French | taylorisme [telorizm] | 1920s | the same as in English, status: not (or no longer) recognized as English (technical) | dito | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Taylorsystem | 1920s | the same as in English, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English, word comes from other source than English (technical) | dito | ... |
| Hungarian | Taylor-rendszer | 20c | the same as in English, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English, word comes from other source than English (technical) | dito | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | taylorismo [teilorizmo] | 1920s | the same as in English, status: not (or no longer) recognized as English | '...' | ... |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | Taylorsysstem | 20c | the same as in English, status: restricted use: technical, word comes from other source than English | dito | ... |
| Polish | tayloryzm [tajlorizm] | beg20c | the same as in English, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (technical) | dito | ... |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | taylorismo | mid20c | the same as in English, status: fully accepted, but still marked as English (technical) | dito | ... |
| Swedish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
# Isomorphism/Inverse mapping/Eigenvalue/Exercise

Let $\varphi \colon V\rightarrow V$ be an isomorphism on a $K$-vector space $V$, and let $\varphi ^{-1}$ be its inverse mapping. Show that $a\in K$ is an eigenvalue of $\varphi$ if and only if $a^{-1}$ is an eigenvalue of $\varphi ^{-1}$.
# Ithkuil

Welcome to the Ithkuil Department at Wikiversity, part of the Center for Foreign Language Learning and the School of Language and Literature. Ithkuil is a collective name for four constructed languages created by John Quijada, intended to be "idealized language[s] whose aim is the highest possible degree of logic, efficiency, detail, and accuracy in cognitive expression via spoken human language [...]".
The purpose of the course below is to introduce concepts of the Ithkuil IV language at a structured linear pace.
* Official Ithkuil III website
* Wikiversity Lexicon
* Errata and Lexical Gaps
* Multilingual Terminology
* Web resources and tools

## Course

Ithkuil IV is a constructed language currently in development designed to express deeper levels of human cognition briefly yet overtly and clearly, particularly with regard to human categorization. It is based off of Ithkuil III (often known simply as "Ithkuil"), released in 2011, and strives to minimize the ambiguities and semantic vagueness found in natural human languages. Ithkuil is notable for its grammatical complexity and information density, in that nuances of meaning are specified grammatically, and phrases from natural languages can usually be expressed in with fewer sounds. Quijada has deemed his creation suited to human conversation; though nobody, himself included, is able to speak Ithkuil fluently. One of the primary goals of Ithkuil IV is learnability. This course aims to introduce the grammatical categories and parts of the lexicon for the new language before its official release. If you are familiar with Mr. Quijada's work, feel free to add content! We'll need to translate these lessons into other languages at some point. Visit the Discord or subreddit for more information.

### Lessons

* Introduction
* Formatives
* Alphabet
* Roots and Stems
* Verbs and Cases
* The Ca Affix
* Basic Adjuncts
* Affixes
* The Full Formative
* Advanced Adjuncts
* Mathematics

## Subpages

    List of subpages
# Isomorphic vector spaces/Introduction/Section
## Definition

Let $K$ denote a field and let $V$ and $W$ denote $K$-vector spaces. A bijective linear mapping
    $\varphi \colon V\longrightarrow W$
An isomorphism from $V$ to $V$ is called automorphism.

## Definition

Let $K$ denote a field. Two $K$-vector spaces $V$ and $W$ are called isomorphic, if there exists an isomorphism
$V$
$W$

## Theorem

Let $K$ denote a field and let $V$ and $W$ denote finite-dimensional $K$-vector spaces. Then $V$ and $W$ are isomorphic to each other if and only if their dimension
$n$
$K$
$K^{n}$

### Proof

$\Box$

## Remark

An isomorphism between an $n$-dimensional vector space $V$ and the standard space $K^{n}$ is essentially equivalent with the choice of a basis of $V$. For a basis
    ${\mathfrak {v}}=v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}\,,$
we associate the linear mapping
    $\Psi _{\mathfrak {v}}\colon K^{n}\longrightarrow V,e_{i}\longmapsto v_{i},$
which maps from the standard space to the vector space by sending the $i$-th standard vector to the $i$-th basis vector of the given basis. This defines a unique linear mapping due to fact. Due to exercise, this mapping is bijective. It is just the mapping
    $(a_{1},\ldots ,a_{n})\longmapsto \sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}v_{i}.$
The inverse mapping
    $x=\Psi _{\mathfrak {v}}^{-1}\colon V\longrightarrow K^{n}$
is also linear, and it is called the coordinate mapping for this basis. The $i$-th component of this map, that is, the composed mapping
    $x_{i}=p_{i}\circ x\colon V\longrightarrow K,v\longmapsto (\Psi _{\mathfrak {v}}^{-1}(v))_{i},$
is called the $i$-th coordinate function. It is denoted by $v_{i}^{*}$. It assigns to vector $v\in V$ with the unique representation
    $v=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\lambda _{i}v_{i}\,$
the coordinate $\lambda _{i}$. Note that the linear mapping $v_{i}^{*}$ depends on the basis, not only on the vector $v_{i}$.
If an isomorphism
    $\Psi \colon K^{n}\longrightarrow V$
is given, then the images
    $\Psi (e_{i}),i=1,\ldots ,n,$
form a basis of $V$.
# Isosceles Triangles

An isosceles triangle is a triangle that has two sides of equal length. Sometimes it is specified as having exactly two sides of equal length, and sometimes as having at least two sides of equal length, the latter version thus including the equilateral triangle as a special case. Examples of isosceles triangles include the isosceles right triangle, the golden triangle, and the faces of bipyramids and certain Catalan solids.

## Resources

* Area

## See Also

* Wikipedia: Isosceles triangle
# Item response theory

This psychology resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
A little bit of item response theory (IRT) can go a long way towards improving the quality of a quiz or test.
Please feel free to expand this resource to help teachers learn practical uses of IRT.
# Introduction to social psychology/Lecture/Instructor notes
## 2005

* create an 'include' (single file) for the first slide for each lecture - with contact details
* About the right amount of content for 100 mins (with 30 min vid), plus 10 min break
* Check for some duplicates slides
* Cull some detail
* Refine the amount of text on each slide to prevent excessive zooming
* Includes 27 min VHS video
* Use overheads?
* Include exercises?
** 3 attitudes - What's your attitude towards guns? george bush? john howard? (choose object (gun), person (john howard/george bush), and an event (boxing))
** I am... (10 items / what # are group based)
(measure attitude first)
** 3 reasons why bin laden / john howard is good
(measure attitudes after)
* Add a history slide
** Social relatively recent development from nexus b/w psychology and sociology
* sociology focuses on groups; psychology on individuals; social psychology on the dynamic relationship between individuals and others
* Figure 1 can be redrawn in a non propietry form and include:
** Political psychology
** Environmental psychology
** Developmental psychology
** Cognitive psychology
** Clinical psychology
** Organisational / Industrial psychology
** Marketing psychology
* Consider/try finding an image for each of these themes and updating/changing the gallery so its more like a flickr slideshow
* Content on 'self' at the end (last 5 mins) was a bit weak - check textbook more carefully and consider moving it to next week (bec. it can lead into relationships) - maybe include a self-test
* Add diagrams showing circles and relations b/w groups and individuals (see Intro 3rd year SP lecture) - important to show/emphasize the kinds of relations
** Circles
*** I (Individual)
*** G (Group
*** depict possible relations / interactions
*** Add 'unit of analysis' as a feature
* Some references incomplete
# Introduction to templates

* Action required
* The open task template
* Maintenance
* Requests for deletion
* Requests for speedy deletion
* Requests for unblock
* Copyright violations
* Proposed deletions
* Pending deletions
* Requests for custodian action
* Notices for custodians
* Templates
* Introduction to templates
* Guide to templates
* Welcome templates
* Page flag templates
* Navigation templates
* Admin templates
* Template task force
* Development
* Developing Wikiversity
* Wikiversity logos
* Service community
* Metadata
* MediaWiki Project
* MediaWiki
* Technical needs
* Reference
* Policies
* Custodians
* Custodianship (policy)
* How to be a Wikimedia sysop
* Mission
* Managing vandalism
* MediaWiki Handbook
* Parser functions
* Logs
* Bots
* Consensus
* Statistics
* Events and news
* Announcements
* Wikimania
Welcome to the Wikiversity learning project that provides an introduction to templates for new wiki participants. Templates allow contents from one Wikiversity webpage to be shown on another page.

## Examples

Template:Learning1 is an example of a template. Note that the template exists as a page in the "template" namespace, a collection of many templates. The names of pages in the template namespace start with the "Template:" prefix.
To use the Learning1 template, you include {{learning1|my message}} in the edit window of another Wikiversity page.

## Try it yourself

Edit the next page section (below) and experiment with the template Template:Learning1. Add the following when you edit:
and replace "my message" with something unique.
and replace "my message" with something unique.
Note: the character "|" on your keyboard is not a "1" (the number one) or "l" (lower case "L"). It is usually found on the "\" key of most keyboards. It can also be found in the list of "Wiki markup" items below the edit window on this page, where if you click on the markup items they will be inserted into this edit window.

### Edit this section

[//en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology&action=edit edit ]
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Introduction_to_templates
Cognitive psychology (wiktionary | wikipedia | wikibooks)
# Introduction to social psychology/Lecture

| An undergraduate "Introduction to Social Psychology" lecture given at the University of Canberra, Tuesday, October 21, 2008. | Completion status: this resource is considered to be complete. |

## Video

* The power of the situation
# Introduction to software development methodologies

A series of activities aimed to help you grasp a range of traditional and non-traditional system development methodologies, and communicate your learning to your peers.

## Research Activity 1: A grounding in tradition

Print (or save) the wikipedia article on the w:Waterfall model for software development Using a highlighter (or otherwise):
* Identify the main features/important aspects of the waterfall methodology.
* Who do you reckon the Waterfall method would appeal to? (End users, funding stakeholders, project managers, developers). Why?
* Describe the main arguments for and against using a Waterfall methodology for a large project.
Find two other articles from what you consider to be reliable sources describing the Waterfall development process. You might like to choose one positive and one negative article. Use these articles to add to your responses to the above questions.
Finally, create either a brief report (1 page) or even better, a blog post, introducing the Waterfall methodology to a new student using your responses above. Make sure you include links to your sources, that you write your own thoughts, and that you address your target user audience (a new student who has not heard of development methodologies before). by milan

## Research Activity 2: A new methodology

Print (or save) the wikipedia article on the w:Agile software development. Using a highlighter (or otherwise):
* Describe how Agile development compares and contrasts to more traditional development processes (such as the Waterfall model).
* Describe the main arguments for and against using a Agile software development design method such as Extreme Programing or one of the other methods for a large project.
Find two other articles from what you consider to be reliable sources describing Agile development. You might like to choose one positive and one negative article. Use these articles to add to your responses to the above questions.
Finally, create either a brief report (1 page) or even better, a blog post, introducing the Agile development to a new student using your responses above. Make sure you include links to your sources, that you write your own thoughts, and that you address your target user audience (a new student who has not heard of development methodologies before).

## Scenarios for development methodologies

Using your knowledge of different development processes, ... TBD.
# Introduction to social psychology
## Explore

Some ways to explore further about social psychology on Wikiversity:
* Social psychology - distinguishes between sociological and psychological emphases
* Social psychology (psychology) - a third-year undergraduate, semester-long unit
* Social psychology category - all pages categorised as social psychology
* Introduction to social psychology (Lecture) - slides, audio, etc.
* Social psychology images on Wiki commons
* Psychology - all psychology material on Wikiversity!
* Search for Social psychology at Wikiversity

## Some broad questions

* What is social psychology?
* How has it evolved?
* What do social psychologists do?
* What can social psychology contribute?
* What does social psychology explain?
* What are the main social psychological theoretical perspectives?
* What are some key social psychological studies?
* What are the criticisms of social psychology?
* Where is social psychology heading?

## Video

We are looking for links to recommended introductory social psychology video - feel free to help!, e.g.,
* Introduction to social psychology (youtube search)
# Introduction to telecommunications
## Introduction

Information has a variety of meanings, from everyday talks to High Tech settings. Generally, the concept of information is closely relavant to issues of communications, control, data, instruction, knowledge, meanining, pattern, perception, and representation.

### Voice, Video, and Data

* Voice is practically the sound, that comes from our mouths and carried by sound waves. Sound waves can't carry it too far, so with a help of a microphone voice singals are converted to their electical equivalents, then carried by the electric wires. When the electric signal reaches destination, it is converted back to audio signal by a speaker.
* Video is a motion picture which is a quickly-changing image.. It works the same principle as an audio transmission, yet with a different information. Video camera converts the image to an electrical signal. The electrical signal travels through the electric wires, and reaches the destination. There it is converted back to visual by a TV.

## Elements of the communication systems

* For humans, signal is a piece of meaningful information, yet the electrical/electronic definition of signal would be
* A signal is a physical, and time-dependant energy used to convey information through the transmission line.
* Source is the originator of message, also known as Transmitting End
* Transmitting equipment
* Receiving End
* Receiving equipment

### Signals Carry

* Message - the information itself
* Meta data - the information the electronic transmitting media can require, which is
** messages' order
** message's length
** coding techniques
Signaling is a process of exchanging information on matter of the connection establishment, and managing telecom networks.
* Signals can be analog and digital.

### Social Aspects
## Signals: Analog and Digital
### Analogue Signals

By definition, an analogue signal is a signal which is continuous in both time and amplitude. Sine and Cosine functions may be considered as basis of analogue signals with the variable parameters of Amplitude, Frequency, and Phase.

### Gain Loss and Decibels
## Analog Transmission
### Modulation
#### Amplitude Modulation
#### Signals and channels
## Digital transmission
### Transmission Media

MEDIA and ENERGY TYPE
Copper-Twisted( (UTP/STP)) = (E/T Electrical Energy)
Coaxial Cable = (E/T Electrical Energy)
Optical Fiber = (E/T Light / Laser)
Air = (E/T Sound)
Free Space = (E/T Elecotro Magnatice Waves)

## Bibliography and Credits

* NYC College of Technology, Introduction to Telecommunication course notes by professor D.K.Mynbaev, PhD
* ASA Institute course notes to the Intro to Telecom course by Eleonora Beniaminova.