OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Programming Fundamentals/Introduction/Minding the Details

One of the biggest challenges students face in learning programming is overlooking important details that are necessary for successful completion of a given program. This activity introduces the step-by-step nature of computer programming by having you plan out instructions you will ask your partner to follow to accomplish a specific task. This activity will help you understand and appreciate the level of detail required when writing computer programs.

## Objectives

* Understand the level of detail required when planning and writing computer programs.

## Prerequisites

* None

## Introduction
### Questions

* How many steps do you think are necessary to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich?
* How many steps are necessary if you have to explain it to someone who has never made a peanut butter and jelly sandwich before?

### Possible Solution

How to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich:
* Get out bread, peanut butter, and jelly
* Open bread bag
* Take out two slices of bread
* Close bread bag
* Open peanut butter jar
* Open jelly jar
* Get knife from drawer
* Use knife to spread 2 tablespoons of peanut butter on one slice of bread
* Use knife to spread 1 tablespoon of jelly on the other slice of bread
* Put both slices of bread together with peanut butter facing jelly
* Cut sandwich in half, if desired
* Put knife in sink or dishwasher
* Close jelly jar
* Close peanut butter jar
* Put bread, peanut butter, and jelly away

## Activity

With a partner, consider the following scenario: Assume you are sitting in a classroom. You are directing your partner to write your name on the board in the front of the classroom and then return to their seat.
* What steps are necessary to make this happen? Write down the steps.
* Compare your list of instructions with your partner's list. Discuss any differences and make adjustments, if necessary.
* Take turns following the directions and asking your partner to follow the steps as you read them out.
* If you are the partner following instructions, you can't make any assumptions. If an important detail is missing, stop and return to your seat and ask your partner to make corrections. Then try again.
* How many steps are necessary in order for your partner to correctly write your name on the board?

## Applications

* Compare and contrast providing detailed instructions to a partner with computer programming (providing detailed instructions to a computer).
* Identify specific steps you will want to take when planning and writing computer programs.
* Discuss your activity experience with your classmates. What surprised you? What have you learned that you can apply to your own school or work environment?

## See Also

* YouTube: Exact Instructions Challenge
# Programming Fundamentals/Introduction/PowerShell
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own PowerShell compiler / interpreter / IDE.

### Online

* There are some options, but none are fully functional at this time.

### Windows

* Microsoft:Starting Windows PowerShell

### macOS / Linux

* HowToGeek: How to Install Microsoft PowerShell on Linux or OS X

## See Also

* Microsoft: Getting Started with PowerShell
* PowerShell
# Programming Fundamentals/Introduction/Rust
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Rust compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* paiza.IO
* repl.it
* RexTester
* rust-lang.org
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Rust
* Rust-lang: Learn Rust
# Programming Fundamentals/Introduction/Pseudocode
## See Also

* Pseudocode
* Gaddis Pseudocode
# Programming Fundamentals/Introduction/Perl
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Perl compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* Ideone
* paiza.IO
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Wikibooks: Perl Programming/First programs
# Programming Fundamentals/Introduction/Python3
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Python3 compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* InterviewBit
* paiza.IO
* Programiz
* PythonTutor
* Python Fiddle
* repl.it
* RexTester
* Trinket
* TutorialsPoint
* Python Online
* Python Playground
* LabEx

## See Also

* Wikibooks: Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 3/Hello, World
* Python Programming/Introduction
# Programming Fundamentals/Introduction/R
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own R compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* Ideone
* paiza.IO
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* R (programming language)
* Wikibooks: R Programming
# Programming Fundamentals/Introduction/Ruby
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Ruby compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* Ideone
* paiza.IO
* PythonTutor
* repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Wikibooks: Ruby Programming/Hello world
# Programming Fundamentals/Introduction/Objective-C
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Objective-C compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* Ideone
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* binpress: Objective-C Lesson 1: Hello, World!
# Programming Fundamentals/Introduction/PHP
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own PHP compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* Online PHP
* paiza.IO
* repl.it
* W3Schools

## See Also

* PHP.net: Your first PHP-enabled page
# The periodic table/Rubidium
## Quick Facts

| Name: Rubidium Symbol: Rb Protons: 37 Electrons: 37 Neutrons: 48 Color: Silver | Discovered in: 1861 Person who Discovered: R. Bunsen Atomic number: 37 Atomic Mass: 85.4678 amu Classification: Alkaline Metal | Crystal Structure: Cubic Melting Point: 38.89 °C Boiling Point: 688.0 °C |
# The periodic table/Silver
## Quick Facts

| Name: Silver atom Symbol: Ag Atomic Mass: 107.868 Atomic Number: 47 | Classification: transition metals Protons: 47 Neutrons: 61 Electrons: 47 Colour: Silver | Density: Face Centered Cubic Crystal Structure: Melting Point: 1,763°F (961.8°C) Boiling Point: 3,924°F (2,162°C) |
# The periodic table/Phosphorus
## Discovery

Phosphorus was discovered in 1669 by Henning Brandt in Hamburg. The name is derived from the Greek word, Φωσφόρος (phosphoros), meaning light-bearer.

## Quick Facts

| Name: Phosphorus Symbol: P Mass: 30.97376 Atomic Number: 15 Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s$^2$ 3p$^3$ | Classification: non-metal CAS Number: 7723-14-0 Appearance: White phosphorus is a poisonous waxy solid that is spontaneously flammable and glows in the dark. Red phosphorous is an amorphous non-poisonous solid. Discovery in: 1669 Key Isotopes: $^{31}$P Allotropes: white P, red P, black P, P$_2$ | Density: 1.82 g/L (diamond) Crystal Structure: monoclinic Melting Point: 44.15 °C Boiling Point: 280.5 °C |

## Uses

White phosphorus is used in flares and incendiary devises. Red phosphorus is the material, when mixed with powdered glass, that is stuck on the side of boxes of safety matches where the matches must be struck to light them. However, by far the largest use of phosphorus is for fertilizers, mainly in the form of ammonium phosphate – they are manufactured from phosphate ores by conversion into phosphoric acids. Phosphorus is also important in the production of steel. Phosphates are ingredients of some detergents, but are increasingly being omitted nowadays due to concern that high phosphate levels in natural water supplies cause the growth of undesirable algae. Phosphates are also used in the production of special glasses and fine chinaware.
Phosphorus is essential to all living things since it forms the structural sugar-phosphate helices of DNA and RNA. It is the key to energy transfer in cells in the weakly bonded third phosphate group in ATP (adenosine-Tri-phosphate), and is present in several other biologically important molecules. We take in about 1 gram of phosphate a day, and we store about 750 grams in our bodies, since our bones and teeth are mainly calcium phosphate. White phosphorus is very toxic and contact with skin can cause severe burns.

## Atomic Data

| Atomic radius: 1.800 Å Covalent radius: 1.09 Å Electronegativity: 2.190 Electron affinity: 72.075 kJ mol$^{-1}$ | Ionisation energies First: 1011.811 kJ mol$^{-1}$ Second: 1907.465 kJ mol$^{-1}$ Third: 2914.115 kJ mol$^{-1}$ Fourth: 4963.578 kJ mol$^{-1}$ Fifth: 6273.963 kJ mol$^{-1}$ Sixth: 21267.377 kJ mol$^{-1}$ Seventh: 25430.619 kJ mol$^{-1}$ Eighth: 29871.836 kJ mol$^{-1}$ |

## Supply Risk

Scarcity factor: 5.0 (medium risk)
| Crustal abundance: 567 ppm Reserve base distribution: 44.7% Production concentration: 38.5% | Top 3 countries for mining: Morocco China USA | Top 3 countries for production: China Mexico Morocco |

## Oxidation States and Isotopes

Common oxidation states: 5, 3, -3
Isotopes
| Isotope | Atomic mass | Abundance (%) | Half life | Mode of decay |
| $^{31}$P | 30.974 | 100 | | |

## Pressure and Temperature Data

Molar heat capacity: 23.824 J mol$^{-1}$ K$^{-1}$

## See Also

* red phosphorus on Wikipedia
# The periodic table/Selenium
## Discovery

Selenium was discovered by Jöns Jacob Berzelius in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1817. The name is derived from 'selene', the Greek name for the Moon.

## Quick Facts

| Name: Selenium Symbol: Se Mass: 78.963 Atomic Number: 34 Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d$^{10}$ 4s$^2$ 4p$^4$ | Classification: non-metal CAS Number: 7782-49-2 Appearance: Either as a silvery semi-metal or as a red powder Discovery in: 1817 Key Isotopes: $^{80}$Se Allotropes: Red Se, Black Se, Grey Se | Density: 4.79 g/L Crystal Structure: hexagonal Melting Point: 220.8 °C Boiling Point: 685 °C |

## Uses

Selenium has both a photovoltaic action (converts light to electricity) and a photoconductive action (electrical resistance decreases with increased illumination). Selenium is therefore useful in photocells and solar cells. It can also convert a.c. electricity to d.c. electricity, so is extensively used in rectifiers. It is used by the glass industry, and to make stainless steel. It is also used in photocopiers.
Selenium is an essential trace element for some species, including humans, and our bodies contain about 14 milligrams. However, it is toxic in excess. It is carcinogenic and teratogenic.

## Atomic Data

| Atomic radius: 1.900 Å Covalent radius: 1.18 Å Electronegativity: 2.550 Electron affinity: 194.997 kJ mol$^{-1}$ | Ionisation energies First: 940.961 kJ mol$^{-1}$ Second: 2044.523 kJ mol$^{-1}$ Third: 2973.714 kJ mol$^{-1}$ Fourth: 4143.559 kJ mol$^{-1}$ Fifth: 6589.943 kJ mol$^{-1}$ Sixth: 7882.846 kJ mol$^{-1}$ Seventh: 14993.809 kJ mol$^{-1}$ |

## Supply Risk

Scarcity factor: 4.5 (low risk)
| Crustal abundance: 0.13 ppm Reserve base distribution: 23.3% Production concentration: 34.8% | Top 3 countries for mining: Chile USA Canada | Top 3 countries for production: Japan Germany, Belgium |

## Oxidation States and Isotopes

Common oxidation states: 6, 4, -2
Isotopes
| Isotope | Atomic mass | Abundance (%) | Half life | Mode of decay |
| $^{74}$Se | 73.922 | 0.89 | > 5.5 x 10$^{18}$ years | EC-EC |
| $^{76}$Se | 75.919 | 9.37 | | |
| $^{77}$Se | 76.92 | 7.63 | | |
| $^{78}$Se | 77.917 | 23.77 | | |
| $^{80}$Se | 79.917 | 49.61 | | |
| $^{82}$Se | 81.917 | 8.73 | > 9.5 x 10$^{19}$ years | β-β- |

## Pressure and Temperature Data

Molar heat capacity: 25.363 J mol$^{-1}$ K$^{-1}$
# The periodic table/Samarium
## Discovery

* Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran isolated a samarium salt in 1879 in Paris, France.
* First, Boisbaudran extracted ‘didymium’ from the mineral samarskite and made a solution of ‘didymium’ nitrate. He then added ammonium hydroxide and found two precipitates were formed; one containing ‘didymium’ and the other a new element – samarium.
* The new element samarium was named after the mineral samarskite in which it had been found.

## Quick Facts

| Name: Samarium Symbol: Sm Mass: 150.36 Classification: Lanthanides | Protons: 62 Electrons: 62 Neutrons: 88 Color: silvery-white Discovered in: 1879 Electron Configuration: Xe 4f6 6s2 | CAS Number: 7440-19-9 Appearance: silvery-white metal Key Isotopes: 152Sm Allotropes: α-samarium, β-samarium, γ-samarium | Density: 7.54 grams per cubic centimeter Crystal Structure: ​rhombohedral Melting Point: 1,074°C Boiling Point: 1,794°C |

## Uses

* Samarium is used as a catalyst for the dehydration and dehydrogenation of ethanol, and is also used in infrared absorbing glass.
* Radioactive 153Samarium is used in the treatment of cancer.
* Samarium is used as an absorb-er in nuclear reactors.
* Main use of Samarium is in samarium-cobalt alloy magnets. These magnets are resistant to demagnetization.

## Atomic Data

| Atomic radius: 229 pm Covalent radius: 198 pm Electronegativity: 1.17 Electron affinity: 0.162 (theoretical) | Ionisation energies First: 1st: 544.5 kJ/mol Second: 2nd: 1070 kJ/mol Third: 3rd: 2260 kJ/mol |

## Supply Risk

| Relative supply risk: 9.5 Crustal abundance: 0.3 ppm Recycling rate: <10% | Substitutability: High Production concentration: 97% Reserve distribution: 50% |

## Oxidation States and Isotopes

Common oxidation states: 3, 2
Isotopes
| Isotope | Atomic mass | Abundance (%) |
| $^{144}$Sm | 143.912 | 3.07 |
| $^{147}$Sm | 146.915 | 14.99 |
| $^{148}$Sm | 147.915 | 11.24 |
| $^{149}$Sm | 148.917 | 13.82 |
| $^{150}$Sm | 147.915 | 11.24 |
| $^{148}$Sm | 147.915 | 11.24 |
| $^{148}$Sm | 147.915 | 11.24 |

## External Links

* "Discovery of Samarium"
# The periodic table/Radon
## Quick Facts

| Name: Radon Atom Symbol: Rn Mass: 222 Classification: Group 0 (Noble Gases) | Protons: 86 Electrons: 86 Neutrons: 136 Color: Colorless Discovered in: 1900 | Crystal Structure: Cubic Melting Point: -71.0 °C Boiling Point: -61.8 °C Common Uses: producing neutrons for research, radiotherapy (cancer treatment) |
# The periodic table/Potassium
## Discovery

Potassium was discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1807. This alkali metal was the first metal that was isolated by electrolysis. The name comes from the Arabic word, القَلْيَه‎ (al-qali), meaning Plant Ashes.

## Quick Facts

| Name: potassium atom Symbol: K Atomic Mass: 39 Classification: alkali metals | Protons: 19 Electrons: 19 Neutrons: 20 Color: silvery-white | Discovery in: 1807 Density: 0.89 g/cm$^3$ Crystal Structure: cubic Melting Point: 49 °C Boiling Point: 774 °C Common Uses: glass, soap, substitute for table salt, fertilizers, gunpowder, medical uses |
# The periodic table/Poor Metals

Post Transition Metals:
* Aluminum
* Gallium
* Indium
* Tin
* Thallium
* Lead
* Bismuth
# The periodic table/Silicon

Silicon is a chemical element which has specific properties useful in modern electronics, such as semi-conduction.
Elemental silicon has two basic forms; amorphous, which has no regular structure, and crystalline, in which the atoms are arranged into a regular lattice. Both forms find use in modern electronics, but crystalline is the most useful form. The growth of silicon crystals is a long and complex process.

## Discovery

Silicon was discovered by Jöns Jacob Berzelius in Stockholm in 1824. The name is derived from the Latin 'silex' or 'silicis' meaning flint.

## Quick Facts

| Name: Silicon Symbol: Si Mass: 28.0855 Atomic Number: 14 Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s$^2$ 3p$^2$ | Classification: metalloid CAS Number: 7440-21-3 Appearance: blue-grey powder Discovery in: 1824 Key Isotopes: $^{28}$Si, $^{30}$Si Allotropes: amorphous Si, crystalline Si | Density: 2.329 g/L Crystal Structure: cubic Melting Point: 1414 °C Boiling Point: 3265 °C |

## Uses

Silicon is one of the most useful elements to mankind. It is used extensively in solid-state devices in the computer and microelectronics industries. For this, hyperpure silicon is needed, prepared by thermal decomposition of ultra-pure trichlorosilane, followed by recrystallization. The silicon is then selectively doped with tiny controlled amounts of boron, gallium, phosphorus or arsenic. Every year, 80,000 tonnes of semiconductor-grade silicon and 8 million tonnes of ferro-silicon are produced for the steel and metallurgical industries. Granite and most other rocks are complex silicates which we use for civil engineering projects. Sand (silicon dioxide or silica) and clay (aluminum silicate) are used to make concrete and cement. Sand is also the principal ingredient of glass, which has thousands of uses. Silicon carbides are important abrasives and also used in lasers. Silicon, as silicate, is present in pottery, enamels, and in high-temperature ceramics.
Silicon is essential to plant life but its use in animal cells is uncertain. Phytoliths are tiny particles of silica that form within some plants. Since they do not rot they provide us with useful evolutionary fossil evidence. Silicon is non-toxic but some silicates, such as asbestos, are carcinogenic. Some workers such as miners and stonecutters who are exposed to siliceous dust often develop a serious lung disease called silicosis.

## Atomic Data

| Atomic radius: 2.100 Å Covalent radius: 1.14 Å Electronegativity: 1.900 Electron affinity: 134.115 kJ mol$^{-1}$ | Ionisation energies First: 786.518 kJ mol$^{-1}$ Second: 1577.133 kJ mol$^{-1}$ Third: 3231.583 kJ mol$^{-1}$ Fourth: 4355.519 kJ mol$^{-1}$ Fifth: 16090.557 kJ mol$^{-1}$ Sixth: 19805.529 kJ mol$^{-1}$ Seventh: 23783.616 kJ mol$^{-1}$ Eighth: 29287.135 kJ mol$^{-1}$ |

## Supply Risk

Unknown

## Oxidation States and Isotopes

Common oxidation states: 4, -4
Isotopes
| Isotope | Atomic mass | Abundance (%) |
| $^{28}$Si | 27.977 | 92.223 |
| $^{29}$Si | 28.976 | 4.685 |
| $^{30}$Si | 29.974 | 3.092 |

## Pressure and Temperature Data

Molar heat capacity: 19.99 J mol$^{-1}$ K$^{-1}$
# The periodic table/Platinum
## Discovery

Platinum was discovered by astronomers Antonio de Ulloa and Don Jorge Juan y Santacilia in 1735. However, the first European reference to platinum appears in 1557 in the writings of the Italian humanist, Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484-1558). Charles Wood independently isolated the element in 1741. The alchemical symbol for platinum was made by joining the symbols of silver and gold.

## Quick Facts

Name: platinum atom
Symbol: Pt
Atomic Mass: 195.08 amu
Classification: Transition Metals
Protons: 78
Electrons: 78
Neutrons: 117
Colour: silvery-white
Discovery in: 1735
Density: 21.45 g/cm$^3$
Crystal Structure: cubic
Melting Point: 1780 °C (2041 K)
Boiling Point: 3825 °C (4098 K)
Common Uses: used in catalytic converters for automobiles, coating missile nose cones, jet engine fuel nozzles, medical treatments of cancer
# Medical anthropology

Medical anthropology is a branch of anthropology concerned with the application of anthropological and social science theory and method to better understand health, illness and healing. Some medical anthropologists are trained primarily in anthropology as their main discipline, while others have studied anthropology after training and working as health professionals in medicine, nursing, psychology, or public health. Medical anthropologists conduct research in settings as diverse as rural villages and urban hospitals and clinics. They may teach medical anthropology in university anthropology departments, medical and nursing schools and in community-based settings. Medical anthropologists may find employment with international development organizations, government agencies, and some medical, pharmaceutical and consumer product companies with global operations or ethnically diverse customer base.
Themes and questions in medical anthropology include:
* Development of systems of medical knowledge and health care
* Patient-practitioner relationships and relationships between types of health practitioners
* Integrating alternative and complementary medical systems in culturally diverse environments
* The interactions between biological, environmental and social factors influencing health and illness at both individual and community levels
* The impacts of biomedicine and biomedical technologies
There is a Society for Medical Anthropology, part of the American Anthropological Association. The Society for Medical Anthropology offers an award for outstanding published works in Medical Anthropology, the Rudolph Virchow Award.
# Medical diagnosis

Medical diagnosis resource:
* Lab-on-a-chip
* Traditional diagnosis
# Medical diagnosis/Lab-on-a-chip

Biochips to diagnose diseases in tissue or blood samples may largely replace test-tubes. The entire lab can be conducted on the chip, called lab-on-a-chip, rather than add external tubing to detecting or measuring devices.
Researchers are developing a way to test glucose levels of saliva, as a way of replacing blood tests to measure glucose.
Diagnoses can be made more quickly and more accurately with biochips. Cancers can be detected through biochips before symptoms occur.

## Learning Task

thumb|International Space Station - Medical Experiments - Lab-on-a-Chip
* Explore the benefits and challenges of a Lab-on-a-chip application?
* On the International Space Station Lab-on-a-chip experiments can be performed. It is small group of astronauts that maintain a huge number of experiments in a limited time span and under resource constrainted conditions. Compare the Lab-on-a-chip application in a terrestial and outer space environment!
* Compare Lab-on-a-chip application in medical environment with Lab-on-a-chip application e.g. environmental sciences!
# Medical Ethics Topics

This is a repository of medical ethics resources created by John Orlando and the students of the Medical Ethics course at Norwich University in Vermont.

## Syllabus

Medical Ethics Syllabus Fall 2009

## Topics

History of Medical Ethics
Privacy
Informed Consent
Surrogate Decision-making
Human and Animal Testing
Death
Euthanasia
Healthcare Rationing
Organ Donation
Surrogate motherhood and IVF
Genetics
* Szaszian studies - professor emeritus and psychiatrist Thomas Szasz wrote a great deal about ethics in psychiatry and psychology

## Other Resources
### Debates/Discourse/Dialogues

* Should suicide be legal?

### Articles

* Medical School Pressure--JohnOrlando 13:22, 31 August 2009 (UTC)

### Medical Ethics in the Media

Books, TV shows, Videos, Movies, and other media with medical ethics themes.

### Medical Ethics Class Blog

* Medical Ethics Class Blog

### Just for Fun

* Diagnosis Wenckebach--JohnOrlando 13:22, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
* Waking Up Is Hard To Do--JohnOrlando 13:22, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
* UAB Emergency Room Rap--JohnOrlando 13:22, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
# Medical Ethics Topics/Surrogate decision-making

Surrogate Decision Making Outline Fall 2009
Surrogate Decision Making Cases Fall 2009
Vermont Advance Directive Short Form
Surrogate Decision Making Lecture
Surrogate Decision Making Discussion