OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# BCP/Spergularia/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for Spergularia (Sandspurry). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

### Logs
#### 2008 Logs

* --Jomegat 02:41, 13 May 2008 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 17:50, 16 May 2008 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 03:34, 21 May 2008 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 17:21, 30 May 2008 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 19:58, 2 June 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 17:34, 17 June 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 17:18, 24 June 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 22:44, 1 July 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 02:55, 8 July 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 02:44, 15 July 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 17:14, 22 July 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 17:02, 28 July 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 00:54, 2 August 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 02:25, 13 August 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 20 August, 2008
* Jomegat 16:20, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

#### 2009 Logs

* Jomegat 00:38, 12 May 2009 (UTC)
* Jomegat 15:53, 21 May 2009 (UTC)
* Jomegat 01:58, 4 June 2009 (UTC)
* Jomegat 00:13, 15 July 2009 (UTC)
* Jomegat 00:54, 22 July 2009 (UTC)

##### Recent Logs

* Jomegat 23:23, 5 May 2010 (UTC)
# BCP/Solidago canadensis/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for Solidago canadensis (Canadian Goldenrod). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

### Logs
#### 2007 Logs

* --Jomegat 01:06, 30 July 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:39, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 19:09, 14 August 2007 (UTC)
* --Luai lashire 17:47, 15 August 2007 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 04:19, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 12:42, 28 August 2007 (UTC)
* --Luai lashire 14:12, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:34, 10 September 2007 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 12:46, 10 September 2007 (UTC)
* --Luai lashire 17:59, 15 September 2007 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 23:08, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
* --Luai lashire 18:30, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 17:20, 25 September 2007 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 03:02, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 13:16, 9 October 2007 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 04:21, 10 October 2007 (UTC)
* --Luai lashire 01:34, 14 October 2007 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 18:16, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
* SB Johnny-LM 09:32, 16 October 2007 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 16:42, 18 October 2007 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 00:35, 28 October 2007 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 23:15, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 23:01, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 22:59, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

#### 2008 Logs

* Jomegat 04:26, 17 July 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:56, 29 July 2008 (UTC) (about a week)
* Jomegat 12:20, 29 July 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 00:58, 2 August 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 18:01, 9 August 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 01:14, 17 August 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 03:14, 21 August 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 00:07, 30 August 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 21:33, 1 September 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 21:36, 18 September 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 23:34, 3 October 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 16:28, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
* Jomegat 18:12, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

#### 2009 Logs

* Jomegat 14 July 2009 (from photos)
* Jomegat 23:39, 18 July 2009 (UTC)
* Jomegat 15:49, 26 July 2009 (UTC)
* Jomegat 03:47, 2 August 2009 (UTC)
* Trinity507 18:45, 30 September 2009 (UTC)
* Jomegat 02:50, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

##### Recent Logs

* Jomegat 04:05, 5 July 2010 (UTC)
* Jomegat 19:46, 24 July 2010 (UTC)
* User:TristanDolciano 01:28, 25 Aug 2019 (UTC)
# BCP/Sorbus americana/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for Sorbus americana (American Mountain Ash). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

### Logs
#### 2008 Logs

* --Jomegat 13:23, 19 May 2008 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 02:49, 27 May 2008 (UTC)
* --Jomegat 20:54, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

#### 2009 Logs

* Jomegat 15:52, 21 May 2009 (UTC)
* Jomegat 00:21, 29 May 2009 (UTC)
* Jomegat 22:10, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

##### Recent Logs

* Jomegat 12:13, 4 May 2010 (UTC)
# BCP/Spigelia marilandica

Spigelia marilandica
| Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Spigelia marilandica (Indian pink, Woodland pinkroot) Identifying Characteristics Recent Logs SB Johnny-LM 18 June, 2008 SB Johnny-LM 09:17, 2 July 2008 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Early Summer, Mid Summer
Regional data: Southeastern Pennsylvania: (cultivated) June, July
Additional images:
# BCP/Sonchus asper

Sonchus asper
| Head and foliage Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Sonchus asper (Spiny Sowthistle) Identifying Characteristics Habit:erect herbaceous plantFlowers:yellow heads Recent Logs --SB_Johnny | 15:10, 4 August 2007 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 11:07, 31 May 2008 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 13:59, 9 June 2008 (UTC) --SB_Johnny | 10:33, 14 July 2008 (UTC) (view all logs) |
Global data:
Regional data: Southeastern Pennsylvania: (invasive or naturalized) June, July, August
Additional images:
# BCP/Solidago gigantea

Solidago gigantea
| Inflorescence and habit Wikipedia • Commons • Wikibooks (horticulture) • Wikibooks (subject) • Wikispecies • Fruit and seed clock | Profile for Solidago gigantea (Giant Goldenrod) Identifying Characteristics Habit:Erect, colonizing herbaceous plantFlowers:Yellow heads held on compound paniclesFoliage:SimpleLife Cycle: PerennialSimilar Plants:Solidago canadensis (haired shoot axis) Recent Logs (no logs yet) (view all logs) |
Global data:
Regional data:
Additional images:
# BCP/Sonchus asper/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for Sonchus asper (Spiny Sowthistle). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

### Logs
#### 2007 Logs

* --SB_Johnny | 14:34, 9 June 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 09:52, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 09:57, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 11:18, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

#### 2008 Logs
##### Recent Logs

* --SB_Johnny | 15:10, 4 August 2007 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 11:07, 31 May 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 13:59, 9 June 2008 (UTC)
* --SB_Johnny | 10:33, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
# BCP/Solidago gigantea/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for Solidago gigantea (Giant Goldenrod). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

### Logs
#### 2008 Logs

* (no archived logs yet)

##### Recent Logs

* (no logs yet)
# AP World History/Cold War and Decolonization
## Objectives and Skills

Topics may include:
* Setting the Stage for the Cold War and Decolonization
* The Cold War
* Effects of the Cold War
* Spread of Communism After 1900
* Decolonization After 1900
* Newly Independent States
* Global Resistance to Established Power Structures After 1900
* End of the Cold War
* Causation in the Age of the Cold War and Decolonization
# AP World History/Transoceanic Interconnections
## Objectives and Skills

Topics may include:
* Technological Innovations from 1450 to 1750
* 2 Exploration: Causes and Events from 1450 to 1750
* Columbian Exchange
* Maritime Empires Established
* Maritime Empires Maintained and Developed
* Internal and External Challenges to State Power from 1450 to 1750
* Changing Social Hierarchies from 1450 to 1750
* Continuity and Change from 1450 to 1750
# AP World History/Land-Based Empires
## Objectives and Skills

Topics may include:
* Empires Expand
* Empires: Administration
* Empires: Belief Systems
* Comparison in Land-Based Empires
# AP World History/Networks of Exchange
## Objectives and Skills

Topics may include:
* The Silk Roads
* The Mongol Empire and the Making of the Modern World
* Exchange in the Indian Ocean
* Trans-Saharan Trade Routes
* Cultural Consequences of Connectivity
* Environmental Consequences of Connectivity
* Comparison of Economic Exchange
# AP World History/Revolutions
## Objectives and Skills

Topics may include:
* The Enlightenment
* Nationalism and Revolutions in the Period from 1750 to 1900
* Industrial Revolution Begins
* Industrialization Spreads in the Period from 1750 to 1900
* Technology of the Industrial Age
* Industrialization: Government’s Role from 1750 to 1900
* Economic Developments and Innovations in the Industrial Age
* Reactions to the Industrial Economy from 1750 to 1900
* Society and the Industrial Age
* Continuity and Change in the Industrial Age
# AP World History/The Global Tapestry
## Objectives and Skills

Topics may include:
* Developments in East Asia from c. 1200 to c. 1450
* Developments in Dar al-Islam from c. 1200 to c. 1450
* Developments in South and Southeast Asia from c. 1200 to c. 1450
* State Building in the Americas
* State Building in Africa
* Developments in Europe from c. 1200 to c. 1450
* Comparison in the Period from c. 1200 to c. 1450
# AP World History/Global Conflict
## Objectives and Skills

Topics may include:
* Shifting Power After 1900
* Causes of World War I
* Conducting World War I
* Economy in the Interwar Period
* Unresolved Tensions After World War I
* Causes of World War II
* Conducting World War II
* Mass Atrocities After 1900
* Causation in Global Conflict
# AP World History/Globalization
## Objectives and Skills

Topics may include:
* Advances in Technology and Exchange After 1900
* Technological Advances and Limitations After 1900: Disease
* Technological Advances: Debates About the Environment After 1900
* Economics in the Global Age
* Calls for Reform and Responses After 1900
* Globalized Culture After 1900
* Resistance to Globalization After 1900
* Institutions Developing in a Globalized World
* Continuity and Change in a Globalized World
# AP World History/Consequences of Industrialization
## Objectives and Skills

Topics may include:
* Rationales for Imperialism from 1750 to 1900
* State Expansion from 1750 to 1900
* Indigenous Responses to State Expansion from 1750 to 1900
* Global Economic Development from 1750 to 1900
* Economic Imperialism from 1750 to 1900
* Causes of Migration in an Interconnected World
* Effects of Migration
* Causation in the Imperial Age
# Controversies in Science/Was there a mitochondrial Eve?/A critique of Recent African origin of modern humans revealed by complete sequences of hominoid mitochondrial DNAs.

(Review Paper) Cited in Controversies in Science/Was there a mitochondrial Eve?/A critique of Recent African origin of modern humans revealed by complete sequences of hominoid mitochondrial DNAs.

### Points Made

There is evidence to support the existence of mitochondrial eve because comparison of synonymous changes between African, Japanese, European, orangutan, chimpanzee and gorillas mitochondrial DNA points to shallow human ancestry, and specifically that modern humans originate from Africa.
Modern Humans came from Africa and traveled to Eurasia essentially replacing Homo Erectus and the Neanderthals with gene exchange. Neanderthal mDNA is outside the variance seen in the Human DNA and thus it can be determined that the two groups separated 660,000 years ago, give or take 140,000 years.

### Methods

Published in 1997 was an analysis of mtDNA extracted from Neanderthals. The first Neanderthal fossil was found in Neander Valley, Germany. Part of the fossil was then ground up to extract mtDNA for further comparison to modern human mtDNA.
The upside to mtDNA is that it can be cleanly traced from the mother's genetics which go straight to the child unlike male genetics which can get twisted and confused. They took DNA samples from 3 different nationalities (Africans, Japanese and Europeans) and compared their DNA with those of chimpanzees, gorillas and Pygmies which are three main Africans apes. They compared the DNA differences.

### Results

As you can see in the table above, the lowest number of synonymous changes was shown in the RNA genes between European-Japanese, European-African and African-Japanese. The minimal differences suggest that the last common ancestor for humans lived about 143,000 ± 18,000 years ago. The mtDNA compared that displayed the highest levels of synonymous differences between human and non-human were between European, African and Japanese, and orangutan mtDNA. All data considered, the results support the theory of recent African origin or modern humans, because of a mitochondrial Eve. The results also suggest that human’s closest living relative is the chimpanzee.
If human's closest living relatives are chimpanzee's it not a stretch to think that if neanderthal's were living they would be an even close relative and therefore humans may indeed be older than 143,000 ± 18,000 years ago.Jhill171 (talk) 02:42, 28 March 2012 (UTC)
    It is said that 99% of our DNA is linked to chimpanzees and orangutans therefore looking back in anthropology in evolution we encounter a phase where we were a direct link to of monkeys to humans, therefore like stated above a relative to human can be much older than what science can study. Because we are at the moment limited on the scientific curve of study to be able to find the answers to the questions we are asking. Computers and our research is still fairly limited to how we can apply it.Sambo1428 (talk)
# Controversies in Science/Was there a mitochondrial Eve?/A critique of Origins of modern multi regional or out of Africa?

(Review Paper) Cited in Controversies in Science/Was there a mitochondrial Eve?/A critique of Origins of modern multi regional or out of Africa?

### Multi Regional Theory

The multiregional theory argues that our earliest ancestors came from out of Africa. These ancestors then migrated from Africa to different parts of the world through gene flow and natural selection.
# Controversies in Science/Was there a mitochondrial Eve?/A critique of The "Eve" Hypotheses: A Genetic Critique and Reanalysis

(Review Paper) Cited in Controversies in Science/Was there a mitochondrial Eve?/A critique of The "Eve" Hypotheses: A Genetic Critique and Reanalysis

### Mitochondrial Eve Hypotheses Flaws

Mitochondrial Eve is a true hypothesis. All mtDNA must come from a common female ancestor. It must come from a female ancestor because mtDNA is passed through the female/mother. However, hypothesis have been made to conclude that this female ancestor is of African origin, lived 200,000 years ago, that the phylogeny of mtDNA is also of population (saying that all modern humans are from the same geographical population as the common ancestor) and also that the modern human came from Africa and spread across the world to wipe out the homo humans to extinction, also known as "out of Africa replacement hypothesis". These hypotheses are wrong.
It has also been said that Africans contain DNA at a higher level than Europeans or Asians when it comes to genetic diversity, but no statistical test has been showed to support it.

### Methods

Hypothesis One – African Origin: Maddison looked at the cladogram that supports the hypothesis that the mtDNA originated in Africa. There were 10,000 trees that were shorter than the rest and had two different basal clades. The first basal clade had seven African haplotypes and the second clade was an Asian-African clade. Therefore the clade is not purely African which means the mtDNA could not have originated from Africa. There are many flaws to using cladograms to measure origins. Hypothesis Two- Lived 200,000 years ago: They used intraspecific calibrations to measure the time of origin, however this has multiple errors. The large ranges provided by the calibrations (varied between the two scientist) make clear the uncertainty. Because of genetic drift and the evolutionary process, no large sample can be used to accurately trace ages of species. Hypothesis Three and Four – Same Geographical Population/Spread Around Old World: They looked at 2 population expansions, both being at the haplotype level within 1 step clades. First being Arabs and Sub-Saharan Arficans and the second being across Europe. All showed restricted but non-zero gene flow. There could have been geographical origin because all Old World humans had to have come in contact with one another.

### Results

The results are as follow, the location of the mitochondrial eve is not Africa, it is unknown. The time period in which she lived was not 200,000 years ago, it was much longer ago than that. The Out-of-Africa hypothesis is false.
It's questionable how there is a wide genetic variation in our modern world today but yet it leads down to one common ancestor.
# Controversies in Science/Water fluoridation/A Critique of Adding fluoride to water supplies

(Review Paper) Cited in Controversies in Science/Water fluoridation/A Critique of Adding fluoride to water supplies

### Water Fluoridation is regarded by many as 'Mass Medication

This process highly controversial – the general population is being medicated without consent. For example, those without dental caries are receiving unneeded fluoride.
Adding fluoride to the water supply does not take into consideration the individual's circumstances such as age, gender,and medical history; and is therefore unethical. Fluoridation is medicating people with an uncontrolled dose and can be hazardous to those who do not require it. For example, infants whose formula was made with fluoridated water are receiving a fluoride dose that is 100 times that of an infant who is breastfed. This mass medication of infants is extremely unethical.

### Results

There are 4 main points that this paper emphasizes as the the danger of water fluoridation
1. Water Fluoridation is unethical - Fluoride in the water can be classified as a mass medication that can't be controlled by the people consuming it.
2. Water fluoridation is unsafe - There are many diseases/illnesses that can be contracted through the over exposure to fluoridation in water. Various scientific journals as specified in the article claim that some of these ailments include could include bone disease and skeletal-fluorosis.
3. Water Fluoridation is ineffective - There is false information according to this article, that suggests in the 1970's and 1960's fluoridation has actually decreased tooth decay in Western countries.
4. Fluoride is actually endorsed by corporations for the public to believe in - Food industries have promoted fluoride as the key negation to tooth decay.
# Controversies in Science/Was there a mitochondrial Eve?/A critique of The Myth of Eve

(Review Paper) Cited in Controversies in Science/Was there a mitochondrial Eve?/A critique of The Myth of Eve

### Points Made

The theory of a Mitochondrial Eve is supported by anthropological evidence. However, it is a theoretical explanation to address current confusion between group genealogies and individual genealogies. The mitochondrial eve is the latest female that humans can be traced through the woman-only link. More research needs to be conducted, but the evidence does seem to point to a specific point of divergence towards the evolution of modern human beings.

### Methods

The mitochondrial DNA, which is inherited from the mother, was sampled from 147 females found in five regions of the world. This proved all woman had a common ancestral mother.The research compared 30 DNA polymorphisms from 14 populations around the world, in contrast to earlier mtDNA samples that were sampled in small numbers earlier.

### Results

Both of the genealogies are dated back to around the same time, approximately 156 000 years ago – which is around the same time it was believed that modern humans spread out from Africa. Though the amount was small, it did point to a convincing hypothesis that modern human populations did in fact originate from Africa; our testing of the larger group of 30 DNA polymorphisms also supports this date and location. The data suggests the same maternal ancestry..
    Is it possible that there is evidence against Mitochondrial eve that just hasn't been discovered yet? This suggests that sufficient research and analysis has not been conducted yet and the result of this isn't enough to form a strong opinion one way or the other if Mitochondrial Eve is correct. Perhaps data from an earlier date in other locations has not been identified yet. Cyabl420 (talk) 02:11, 28 March 2012 (UTC)
    It is possible that the sample of mtDNA is too small to accurately see its existence. The nuclear genome shows that mtDNA may exist in populations outside of Africa. Nzurg (talk) 02:33, 28 March 2012 (UTC)
# Controversies in Science/Was there a mitochondrial Eve?/A critique of The Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?

(Review Paper) Cited in Controversies in Science/Was there a mitochondrial Eve?/A critique of The Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?

### Points Made

Anatomical evidence for the multi-regional theory suggests that human evolution evolved through genetic drift and natural selection. Different ancestors like the Neanderthal which is found in Europe and Asia had specific features like larger brow ridges, massive facial skeleton and long clavicles just to name a few. This theory helps undermine the Mitochondrial Eve hypothesis.

### Methods

After an expansive span of individual evolution in Europe, Neanderthals had evolved enough to be described as a separate species, labelled "Homo neanderthalensis".

### Results

Anatomical evidence and paleogeographic evidence shows that two completely different species evolved due to isolation between modern humans and Neanderthals.