OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Banana production

< Wikiversity Part of the Department of Pomology, Tropical and Subtropical Pomology I.
* Last lesson:
* Next lesson: Pineapple production
This lesson is in preparation --Juan 18:19, 6 December 2006 (UTC)
Bananas are fruits beared by Musa ssp. They are the tropical fruits mostly cultivated on the plantations of all tropical regions of the world. But not all bananas are fruits. There are also so called plantains, which are believed to be a vegetable. According the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) rank for fruits, bananas are one of the most consumed fruits with the highest production ................../ year.

## Common names

* banana – English
* plátano – Spanish
* banana – Spanish

## Taxonomy

When talking about bananas, two genera of the family Musaceae are important. They are the genus Ensete and the genus Musa. Ensete are plants with the origin in Asia with a secondary distribution in Africa. On the other hand genus Musa comes from Africa and it is widely distributed to Asia and Pacific Ocean. From the taxonomical point of view Musa ssp. is divided into 4 sections. They are namely Eumusa, Callimusa, Rhodochlamys and Australimusa. Section Eumusa contains about 14 edible species including Musa acuminata and M. balbisiana – to taxa, which are used to produce new hybrids and varieties in the banana fruit processing. They are seedless. The second section “Callimusa” is used for ornamental purposes and its fruits are with seeds. The third section “Rhodochlamys” also contain ornamental bananas with seeds, but they are much smaller (up to 3 m of high). Last section “Australimusa” originates in Queensland, Australia and Filipines and it is used for fiber production. In overview Musa ssp. contains about 25 species. When talking about species

## Morphology

It is a large herb with a succulent juicy stem called pseudotrunk.

### Flowers

Are big giant predators

### Fruits

Fruits are developed partenocarpicly. Fruit type is berry.
# Banking

* Please help develop and classify this resource
* Learn how you can develop this resource to teach participants about Banking. Choose a subject, education level, and resource type to classify the resource by. You may learn more about the topic to help you develop and classify the resource from:

## Resources

* w:Bank
* w:Central bank
* w:Private banking
* w:Financial market
* w:Investment banking
* w:Online banking
* w:History of banking
* w:Bank regulation
* w:Banknote
# Balancing equations

Equations in chemistry : When two or more reactants react together chemically to produce products then this reaction is called a chemical equation. Eg : NaOH(base) + HCl(acid) --> NaCl(common table salt) + H$_2$O(water) Types of reactions : 1) Combination reactions - When two or more elements or compounds react with each other to form fewer compounds then started is called a combination reaction Eg : 2Mg + O$_2$ ---> 2MgO
2)Decomposition reactions : When only 1 reactant either is heated or electricity is made to pass through it to form two or more products then the reaction is called decomposition reaction. Eg : 2NaCl (on heating) ---> 2Na + Cl$_2$
3)Displacement reactions : When two reactants react such that one ion/radical gets exchanged with another to form a product then the reaction is a single displacement reaction. Eg : Zn + H$_2$SO$_4$ ---> ZnSO$_4$ + H$_2$
i)Double displacement reaction : When two reactants react with eachother such that 2 ions/radicals get exchanged with eachother then the reaction is double displacement reaction Eg : AgNO$_3$ + NaCl ---> AgCl + NaNO$_3$
4)neutralization reaction:An acid reacts with base,in which characteristics properties of both of them are destroyed or neutralized to give salt and water.such reaction is called neutralization reaction.this reation is simply expressed as, acid+base ---> salt+water for Eg:NaOH+HCL ---> NaCL+H$_2$O
# Balti/Foods

As most of the Balti people are muslims now, they like to eat Halal foods which include a variety of dishes, curries and other eatables like fruits and vegetables. Balti foods are specially prepared by applying the Halal processes and procedures to obtain and mix the ingredients that make these foods highly and superbly nutritional and health giving. Baltis are famous as cooking experts due to their long history of civilization and good traditions.
# Bandpass Modulation/Demodulation techniques

Bandpass Modulation or Passband Modulation refers to modulation of signal over a carrier frequency. In these techniques the signal to be transmitted is sent by modulating either one or more of the three properties of carrier wave. And accordingly they are classified into diffrent categories as
1. Amplitude Modulation - In this the amplitude of carrier wave is modulated by the message signal. It can be expressed mathematically as
$s(t)=Am(t)*cos(wt)$
here Am is the modulating signal and w is the angular frequency of carrier.
2. Angle Modulation - In this the angle of carrier wave is modulated by the message signal. This is further divided into two types:
s(t) = cos(wt + Φ(t))
a. Frequency Modulation b. Phase Modulation
In practical digital communication systems, phase modulation frequently combined with amplitude modulation is used over Frequency modulation, as they provide better performance.
# Banking the unbanked

This is a learning project and resource related to banking the unbanked. There are hundreds of millions of humans on Earth who do not have access to traditional banking services. Banking services can provide a benefit to humans because they enable individuals to have somewhere to store money, which can then be used to pay for useful goods and services. If more humans on Earth are given access to banking services, or banking-like services, then the amount of abundance and prosperity on Earth can be increased.

## Discussion questions

* What cryptocurrencies are best suited to bank the unbanked?
* How is effectively banking people helpful to them?
* What are the functions of banks?
* How can cryptocurrencies function like a banking system?
* How can giving all humans access to digital financial services help to decrease economic inequality and help move all humans towards states of economic abundance?

## Readings
### Wikipedia

* Unbanked
* Underbanked
* Hawala
* Informal value transfer system
* Financial inclusion
* Alliance for Financial Inclusion
* Financial deepening
* Development economics
* Economic development
* Bottom of the pyramid
* EndPoverty.org
* Inclusive business
* Social entrepreneurship
* Economic inequality
* Small finance bank
* Access to finance
* Alternative financial service
* Peer-to-peer lending
* Credit union
# Digital Media Concepts/Steve Jobs

Steve Jobs
Arab American, Steve Jobs (Born February 24, 1955), is a widely known technology inventor and successful entrepeneur for his revolutionary work, whom is CEO and co-founder of Apple inc. Jobs began to gain recognition for his name when he created the Apple 1 personal computer with his duo Steve Wozniak which impacted the growth of technology. Steve Jobs was an adopted child and raised in San Francisco, CA. Jobs attended school in California until he decided to study at Reed College in Portland, Oregon.

## Education

As a young child, Jobs attended Homestead High School in Cupertino, CA. Later left to Oregon, Portland and briefly attended Reed College to study calligraphy. After a couple of months, Jobs dropped out and explored India to find enlightenment in himself.

## Notable work
### Apple 1, 1976

Steve Wozniak, Jobs duo, hand-build the Apple 1 Computer after attending a meeting at Homebrew Computer Club, and was immediately inspired to work his knowledge and inspiration towards the Apple 1 Computer. Jobs acquainted Wozniak in promoting and marketing his product to make a profit and was able to sell for $500 each in Mountain View, California.

### iMac, 1998

In result of Jobs' return to Apple, they created an innovative computer that looks completely different and unoriginal. Its purpose was to boast the idea of it looking better than any other computer product. This product sold for $1,299 during the time because it included the innovative feature of a USB port.

### Other work

Bilal’s work is constantly informed by the experience of fleeing his homeland and existing simultaneously in two worlds – his home in the “comfort zone” of the U.S. and his consciousness of the “conflict zone” in Iraq. Using his own body as a medium, Bilal continued to challenge our comfort zone with projects like 3rdi and …and Counting. Bilal’s most recent body of work, Canto III, premiered in a solo booth at the New York Armory Show in 2015 and went on to be shown in the 2015 Venice Biennale.
# Digital Media Concepts/Steve Jobs and his Leadership styles
## Steve Jobs

American Business man who was the co-founder, chairman and CEO of Apple
; was born on February 24th 1955, in San Francisco , California. He Attended Reed College. Jobs withdrew from Reed college the same year and in 1974 travelled through India seeking enlightenment. Jobs died on October 5,2011 from a respiratory arrest.
He is best known for Pioneering the personal computer revolution and Co-Creating the Apple II, Macintosh, iPod, iPad, iPhone and the first Apple Store.

### Leadership style

Steve Jobs was described as an autocratic leader during his time at Apple. His Leadership Style, Fast-decision making and an eye for detail were crucial for achieving Apple's success.

## Autocratic Leadership Style

Autocratic Leadership describes a leader who has absolute power and control in every part of the business. These leaders like to control everything related to work, from the companies policies, vision and goals to employees work style.

### Steve Jobs Autocratic Leadership

Jobs founded Apple in 1976. and In 1985, he was forced to leave Apple. Nevertheless, in 1997, he was asked to return to Apple to save the company from bankruptcy.
Steve Jobs was an autocratic leader, and his style was questioned and criticised by others. He was impatient, a perfectionist person and a leader with high expectations. At Apple, he had a clear vision of what he wanted from his employees and how things should work.
As an autocratic leader, he believed that being in control of all decisions was efficient and quick. His competitive side let him take risks, pushed the company’s limit, and allowed Apple to be ahead of its competitors.
Jobs wanted every Apple product to be perfect. His impatient and high expectancy traits portrayed him as a tough boss to work with. He liked to work with the best people in their field, and yes, he didn’t have a good reputation when it came to being friendly or polite with others. In his interview with Walter Isaacson, he told Isaacson about his being tough “I don’t think I run roughshod over people,” and added, “but if something sucks, I tell people to their face. It’s my job to be honest.”
Steve Jobs’ autocratic leadership worked well in Apple when he was the CEO. His leadership style was criticised by others, such as his being controlling and his communication skills with his co-workers and employees. On the other hand, he was described as one of our times’ strong and successful leaders, alongside Bill Gates, Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, and others.

## Pros and Cons of Autocratic Leadership
### Pros

* Strong Leadership
* Effective handling of pressure
* Provides structure in inexperienced Teams

#### Cons

* Overwork load for the leader
* Trust Problems
* Communication Problems
* Dependance
* Damages Creativity
# Digital Media Concepts/Squid Game

Squid Game, created by Hwang Dong-hyuk, was originally released on September 17th, 2021 on Netflix. It is a Korean drama and has already been watched by many viewers all over the world. There are nine episodes of Squid Game so far, and each episode is roughly an hour long. Hundreds of contestants desperate for cash, accept an invitation to play children's games. The cash prize is high and the stakes are deadly.

## Film Set

Squid Game was filmed in one city an hour outside of Seoul, South Korea. Daejeon is a popular city for many South Korean films, and now Squid Game will be added to the archive.

## CGI

There was not a lot of CGI used in the making of Squid Game. The director wanted the set to be as real as possible. (add reference to youtube video mentioning this point). The first episode, Red Light, Green Light, actually had over 400 people on set since there was an enormous amount of space for everyone to be together.
# Bloom Clock/Keys/Southeastern Pennsylvania/May/Purple Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a graphical list.
* BCP/Geranium phaeum
* BCP/Verbena
* BCP/Salvia officinalis
* BCP/Hyacinthoides hispanica
* BCP/Hydrophyllum virginianum
* BCP/Picea pungens
* BCP/Salvia lyrata
* BCP/Dianthus plumarius
* BCP/Veronica
* BCP/Rhododendron 'Roseum Elegans'
* BCP/Vinca sardoa
* BCP/Phlox stolonifera
* BCP/Epimedium
* BCP/Pulmonaria
* BCP/Salvia nemorosa
* BCP/Nepeta x faassenii
* BCP/Thymus 'Spicy Orange'
* BCP/Lavandula angustifolia
* BCP/Geranium
* BCP/Viola labradorica
* BCP/Rhododendron catawbiense
* BCP/Allium schoenoprasum
* BCP/Paulownia tomentosa
* BCP/Iris sibirica
* BCP/Iris
* BCP/Ageratum houstonianum
* BCP/Vinca minor
* BCP/Cercis canadensis
* BCP/Geranium maculatum
* BCP/Syringa vulgaris
* BCP/Glechoma hederacea
* BCP/Hesperis matronalis
* BCP/Ajuga reptans
* BCP/Lamium purpureum
* BCP/Wisteria sinensis
* BCP/Aquilegia x hybrida
* BCP/Muscari armeniacum
* BCP/Lunaria annua
* BCP/Trifolium pratense
* BCP/Tradescantia
* BCP/Rhododendron
* BCP/Rosa
* BCP/Tulipa
* BCP/Phlox subulata
* BCP/Allium
* BCP/Allium aflatunense
* BCP/Viola
* BCP/Thymus
* BCP/Pulsatilla vulgaris
* BCP/Magnolia
* BCP/Dianthus
* BCP/Salvia
# Bloom Clock/Keys/Southeastern Pennsylvania/May/Red Flowers/DPL

This page is used to help create a graphical list.
* BCP/Verbena
* BCP/Lonicera x heckrottii
* BCP/Hieracium
* BCP/Geranium
* BCP/Morus rubra
* BCP/Rhododendron 'Hershey's Red'
* BCP/Malus
* BCP/Weigela
* BCP/Geranium phaeum
* BCP/Paeonia
* BCP/Dianthus plumarius
* BCP/Epimedium
* BCP/Rhododendron 'Girard's Crimson'
* BCP/Euphorbia
* BCP/Iris
* BCP/Vinca minor
* BCP/Hesperis matronalis
* BCP/Aquilegia x hybrida
* BCP/Calycanthus floridus
* BCP/Rhododendron
* BCP/Rosa
* BCP/Tulipa
* BCP/Phlox subulata
* BCP/Acer japonicum
* BCP/Prunus
* BCP/Viola
* BCP/Magnolia
* BCP/X Sinocalycanthus raulstonii 'Hartlage Wine'
* BCP/Dianthus
* BCP/Salvia
* BCP/Rumex acetosella
# Bloom Clock/Keys/Southeastern Pennsylvania/May/White Flowers/Shrubs/DPL

This page is used to help create a graphical list.
No pages meet these criteria.
# Bloom Clock/Keys/Southeastern Pennsylvania/May/White Flowers/Herbaceous/DPL

This page is used to help create a graphical list.
No pages meet these criteria.
# Collaborative computing/Data link layer

The Data Link layer
Dette er andet lag i OSI-modellen. Det er ansvarligt for fejlfinding - altså at finde ud af om er er nogle bits, der ikke er kommet frem. Fx laver den også flow control – hvis nu vi har en meget hurtig computer og en langsom router - hvis computeren sender for hurtigt, så drukner routeren i data, så taber man det meste på det. Derfor skal der være en måde, hvorpå afsender ved, at modtager er klar til at modtage. Dette gøres for det første ved, at man får en meddelelse oppe fra (fx fra oversætteren), der skal sendes videre. Laget modtager meddelelsen i ”pakker” – og pakkerne bliver i dette lag delt op i frames for at de kan kan sendes videre gennem det fysiske lag. Disse frames har en bestemt størrelse alt efter det enkelte netværk.
Hvis man vil sørge for at have en reliable connection og dermed tjekke om pakken er kommet korrekt frem, kan man lave en fejldetektering. Det gøres ved, at modtageren skal give afsenderen besked på, at nu er disse frames modtaget i samme stand, som de blev sendt. Man kan tillige tilføje et tjek-nummer på disse frames. Fx hvis man gerne vil sende meddelelsen "2, 1, 3" afsted og så et checksum, der er summen af de tre tal, altså 6. Så sender man altså alle fire tal afsted og på den måde har man et tjek.
# Collaborative computing/Internet protocol

Internet Protocol (IP) is the primary communication protocol when transferring packets from one computer to another. It is responsible for routing packets to the correct receiver. With IP, data are broken up into small independent packets and sent between computers via the Internet. The relevant data isn't important, but the transfer. IP connects local networks, thus establishing Internetworking. It is an unreliable process due to the IP doesn't give any feedback, when routing packets.
# Collaborative computing/Cooperative work

Cooperative work in general is when two or more people are working together for a common goal.
An example of coorporative work is Adam Smith's pin factory. Each worker becomes better at his job because that’s all he has to concentrate on.
pin factory
# Collaborative computing/Distributed system

A distributed system appears like a single system to the user, when in fact it is not: "The key distinction is that in a distributed system, a collection of independent computers appears to its users as a single coherent system (Tanenbaum, 2011:2)." The most well-known distributed system is the World Wide Web (WWW), which runs on the Internet, but appears to the user as a single coherent system (a web-page).
In literature there is confusion about the differences between a distributed system and a computer network. Unlike in the distributed system, a computer network exposes the user to the different machines and makes no attempt to make the machines look and act in a coherent way. In fact, distributed systems rely on services and protocols provided by computer networks. Distributed systems are formed by independent machines which orchestrate their operation via messages flowing through those computer networks.
# Collaborative computing/Common field of work

The mutual interacting objects and processes in the field of work should be characterized by these five points:
2. The common field of work is manifold and therefore also comprise of the artifacts and effectors used between/by the actors.
3. The process is carried out in i wider work environment with constraints and demands. Examples could be legal, environmental or economic constraints.
4. The results from an actor-object relationship can function as the object of another work process. The knowledge gained from the first process can be used in other relationships. An example could be the use of data collections to help as a field of work.
5. The field of work is constantly changing according to the environment. The borders of the field of work has to be expanded when further activities are required to continue the cooperative work.
# Collaborative computing/Connection-oriented vs. connectionless service

Connection-oriented and connectionless services are two distinct techniques in data communications to transfer data through a subnet. Both techniques have each its advantages and disadvantages.
A Connection-oriented service need to establish a session connection before data packages/frames can be sent. Using this method, guarantees that data will arrive in the same order as it was sent. An example of a connection-oriented service is the telephone network . A caller must dial the called party’s number and wait for the session connection to be established before talking or sending data. When the connection has been established a fixed route through the telephone system is maintained until the call is terminated. All data packages are sent through the same route. If something on the subnet goes down, the connection session is aborted.
A connectionless service does not need to establish a session connection before sending data packages/frames. Unlike with a connection-oriented service, every package is routed independently through the subnet. The advantage of this kind of connection service is that if something goes wrong on the subnet, no harm is done to the data which has already been sent. The network will simply reconfigure itself dynamically and the following data will be sent via a different route to the same destination. Using a connectionless service does not guarantee that the data is received in the same order as it was sent. An example of a connectionless service is the postal system.
Connection-oriented and connectionless services can either be reliable or unreliable.
Tanenbaum, A. & Wetherall, D. (2011) “Computer Networks”, 5th edition, Prentice hall, s. 35-38, 359-361
# Collaborative computing/Cooperative artifacts

Coordinative artifact
Schmidt (2002) snakker om 'koordinerende artefakter'. Koordinerende artefakter er de artefakter, der formidler koordinerende praksis i kraft af en forud fastsat koordinativ protokol. Dvs en fælles informationsressource, og forbinder forskellige fagfolk og får dem til at arbejde sammen i et og samme projekt.
Eksempel på en koordinerende artefakt er en byggeplan – når ingeniører udarbejder en byggeplan, som håndværkerne og projektlederne arbejder ud fra.
# Collaborative computing/Ethernet

Ethernet is a standard network plugin, that connects a computer to the network via a cable. It is the most common type of wired LAN. Compared to a WIFI, there is far less security concerns and less package loss with this kind of connection.
# Collaborative computing/Cooperative work arrangement

A term closely related to Common Field of Work; The work arrangement and Field of Work are separate terms, but their definitions are entwined. A Work Arrangement cannot exist without a Common Field of Work.
Whenever you cooperate, you cooperate on "something" - this "something" is the Common Field of Work - whereas the Cooperative Work Arrangement (CWA) refers to the organisation of the cooperation - how agents and tools (though not actual artifacts) support the work environment.
Example: When Jørgen and Stine offer a number of definitions, which need to be written and uploaded to the wiki, the actual tasks are our Common Field of Work. The different teams of contributors are the CWA, within which articulation work of first and second order is carried out in order to fulfill the tasks at hand.
There are several aspects of the actual consistence of a Cooperative Work Order. A CWA is rarely assembled incidentally:
"Cooperative work arrangements emerge in response to different requirements and must serve different generic functions such as augmentation of capacity, differentiation and combination of specialities and techniques, mutual critical assessment, and combination of perspectives" (Schmidt, 1994).
Ref: Schmidt, K. (1994). Modes and Mechanisms of Interaction in Cooperative Work. Risø National Laboratory. [Chapter 2]
# Collaborative computing/Host, router & subnet

Host: A network host is a computer connected to a computer network. A network host may offer information resources, services, and applications to users or other nodes on the network.
Router: A router is a device that connect two or more transmission lines within a single network. The common name for a machine (router) that makes a connection between two networks is a gateway.
Subnet: A subnetwork, or subnet, is a subdivision of an IP network. It may also refer to a grouping of transmission lines and routers between hosts.
Combined interaction: A host is a physical machine that shares information on a network. The host needs a router in order to get the information through to a subnetwork.
# E-Safety

e-Safety covers a range of things relating to how to stay safe while using technology. We will cover:
* Password security
* Cyber Bullying
* Social Networking
* Chat rooms
* Digital Footprint
* Publishing online
* Personal information

## e-Safety Lessons

* Lesson 1: Safe Passwords
* Lesson 2: Cyber Bullying
* Lesson 3: Personal Information

## See Also

* Computer Use and Safety