OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Crowdsourcing

This learning resource will be designed to understand crowdsourcing as methodology and after finishing the learning resource you will be able to initiate a basic crowdsourcing project.

## History of Learning Resource

The learning resource was build on exisiting material on Crowdsourcing in Wikipedia. Due to technical problems in the import process we do not have a clean history from the branching version in Wikipedia. To be transparent it is necessary to keep the comments about the history of this learning resource in the top page of the learning resource. To follow the full history of the the learning resource check "[view history of source article in Wikipedia]"

## Learning Steps

* (Open Community Approach) This learning resource is following the Open Community Approach. Explain why Wikipedia, Wikiversity is following the Crowd Sourcing approach. What is the resource coming from the crowd.
* (Swarm Intelligence)
* (Open Data Collection) Open Data Kit can be used as Open Source Platform to collect the data. Analyze the contribution of data collection in the context of

## Submodules

* Learning ODK
* Objective: Define the objective for your own crowdsourcing project.
* Definitions: Identify an appropriate definition for your own small crowdsourcing pilot
* Learn about a Case Studies
# Commercial diving/Operate the High Pressure Compressor

Relevance: Scuba diving, Surface supplied diving, Surface oriented wet bell diving.'
Required outcomes:
* Start up the compressor according to manufacturer instructions and company operations manual, policies and procedures
* Operate the compressor according to manufacturer instructions and company (dive school) operations manual, policies and procedures including periodical checks and adjustments during operation
* Shut down the compressor according to manufacturer instructions and company (dive school) operations manual, policies and procedures
# Commercial diving/Operate the Low Pressure Compressor

Relevance: Surface supplied diving (all outcomes), Surface oriented wet bell diving (all outcomes).
Required outcomes:
* Start up the compressor according to manufacturer instructions and company operations manual, policies and procedures
* Operate the compressor according to manufacturer instructions and company operations manual, policies and procedures including periodical checks and adjustments during operation
* Shut down the compressor according to manufacturer instructions and company operations manual, policies and procedures
# Commercial diving/Perform underwater work

Relevance: Scuba diving (partial), Surface supplied diving (full), Surface oriented wet bell diving (full).
Required outcomes:
* Demonstrate the ability to perform inspection dives
* Demonstrate the ability to perform underwater searches
* Demonstrate the ability to safely use hand and power tools underwater
** Demonstrate the ability to safely use hand tools underwater
** Demonstrate the ability to safely use power tools underwater
* Demonstrate the ability to carry out underwater rigging and lifting activities
# Commercial diving/Prepare for and carry out emergency procedures and drills

Relevance: Scuba diving (partial), Surface supplied diving (partial), Surface oriented wet bell diving (full).
Required outcomes:
# Commercial diving/Interpersonal Skills

Relevance: Scuba diving, Surface supplied diving, Surface oriented wet bell diving.
Required outcomes:
* Discuss the role verbal communication plays in commercial diving, including during emergency procedures
* Discuss the importance of being able to listen to, understand and follow instructions
* Discuss the importance of team work in the context of commercial diving
# Commercial diving/Post Dive Activity Documentation

Relevance: Scuba diving, Surface supplied diving, Surface oriented wet bell diving.
Required outcomes:
* Describe the purpose and process of completing diving operational logs
* Discuss the purpose and process of completing personnel documentation and diver log books
* Discuss the purpose and process of completing chamber logs
* Discuss the purpose and process of completing maintenance logs
* Discuss the purpose and process of completing operational reporting
* Discuss the purpose and process of completing inspection reporting
* Discuss the purpose and process of completing checklists
* Discuss the purpose and process of reviewing certification
* Discuss the purpose and process of completing accident and incident reports
# Commercial diving/Interpersonal skills

Relevance: Scuba diving (full), Surface supplied diving (full), Surface oriented wet bell diving (full).
Required outcomes:
* Demonstrate the ability to communicate effectively with team members (continuous)
* Exhibit the ability to listen to, confirm understanding of, and follow instructions given by the supervisor (continuous)
* Show the ability to contribute to the team’s effectiveness (continuous)
# English-Chinese/Dendrology

Dendrology is the science of trees and other woody plants such as shrubs or lianas. The word "dendrology" comes from Greek words δένδρον meaning "tree" and λόγος meaning "study".
树木学 是 树木 和 其他 木本植物的 科学，如 灌木 或 藤本植物。 “树木学” 一词 来自 希腊语 单词 δένδρον 和 λόγος，意思是 “树” 和 “学习”。
# English-Chinese/Depressed mood

A depressed mood can be a symptom of some physical diseases and a side effect of some drugs and medical treatments.
情绪低落可能是某些身体疾病的症状，也可能是某些药物和医学治疗的副作用。
# English-Chinese/Depressed mood can be the result of

Depressed mood can be the result of a number of infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies, neurological conditions and physiological problems, including hypoandrogenism (in men), Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome, hypothyroidism, Lyme disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, chronic pain, stroke, diabetes, and cancer.
抑郁情绪可能是由于许多传染病，营养缺乏，神经系统疾病和生理问题，包括低雄激素血症（男性），艾迪生病，库欣综合征，甲状腺功能减退症，莱姆病，多发性硬化症，帕金森病，慢性疼痛，中风 ，糖尿病和癌症。
# English-Chinese/Depressed mood may not require professional treatment

Depressed mood may not require professional treatment, and may be a normal temporary reaction to life events, a symptom of some medical condition, or a side effect of some drugs or medical treatments.
情绪低落可能不需要专业治疗，可能是对生活事件的正常临时反应，某些医疗状况的症状，或某些药物或医学治疗的副作用。
# English-Chinese/Depression

Depression, a state of low mood and aversion to activity, can affect a person's thoughts, behavior, tendencies, feelings, and sense of well-being.
抑鬱症是一種情緒低落和對活動的厭惡，可以影響一個人的思想，行為，傾向，感受和幸福感。
# English-Chinese/Depression feelings

A great deal of people of depression have feelings of dejection, hopelessness, and sometimes suicidal tendencies.
许多抑郁症患者都有沮丧，绝望和有时有自杀倾向的感觉。
# English-Chinese/Depressed mood is a normal temporary reaction to life events

A depressed mood is a normal temporary reaction to life events, such as the loss of a loved one.
情緒低落是對生活事件的正常臨時反應，例如失去親人。
# English-Chinese/Depressed mood may be a symptom of some mood disorders such as major depressive disorder or dysthymia

Depressed mood may be a symptom of some mood disorders such as major depressive disorder or dysthymia.
抑鬱情緒可能是某些情緒障礙的症狀，如重度抑鬱症或心境惡劣。
# English-Chinese/Depression can either be short term or long term

Depression can either be short term or long term depending on the severity of the person condition.
抑郁症可以是短期或长期的，取决于人的病情严重程度。
# English-Chinese/Dependent territory

A dependent territory is a territory that is not fully independent. They belong to a sovereign state, and are dependent on that state to some degree. There are varying degrees and forms of such a dependence.
附属领土是不完全独立的领土。他们属于一个主权国家，在某种程度上依赖于这个国家。这种依赖有不同的程度和形式。
# DevOps/Docker/docker compose

Docker Compose is a tool available since 2014 for defining and running multi-container Docker applications.
Rules are defined in docker-compose.yml and executed by running docker-compose up.
docker-compose allows to define start order dependencies between containers.
For reference of valid options for docker compose check: https://docs.docker.com/compose/compose-file/

## Installation

* brew install docker-compose

## Basic commands

* docker-compose -h (for list of commands and options)
* docker-compose up
* docker-compose up -d
    -d daemon
* Start your containers with a command line variable: YOUR_VARIABLE=YOUR_VALUE docker-compose up
* docker-compose -p NAME --project-name
Logs:
* docker-compose logs View output from containers
* docker-compose logs -f View output from containers
* docker-compose pull SERVICE_NAME or docker-compose pull
docker-compose
* docker-compose build
* docker-compose bundle
* docker-compose config
* docker-compose create
* docker-compose down
    docker-compose down --remove-orphans
* docker-compose events
* docker-compose exec
* docker-compose help
* docker-compose images
* docker-compose kill
* docker-compose logs: docker-compose logs SERVICE_NAME (You will find your SERVICE_NAME looking into your docker-compose.yml file)
* docker-compose pause
* docker-compose port
* docker-compose ps
* docker-compose pull.docker-compose pull SERVICE_NAME. Just pull container images but do not start them. To update your image and start your services: docker-compose pull && docker-compose up -d
* docker-compose push
* docker-compose restart
* docker-compose rm
* docker-compose run
* docker-compose scale
* docker-compose start
* docker-compose stop
* docker-compose top
* docker-compose unpause
* docker-compose up

## Activities
### Basic

* Read docker-compose StackOverflow questions: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/docker-compose?tab=Votes
* Read docker-compose changelog: https://github.com/docker/compose/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md
* Review docker compose file format evolution

### Advanced

* Read docker-compose source code: https://github.com/docker/compose
* Read Ansible module documentation about docker_compose: https://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/modules/docker_compose_module.html
* Learn to use extension-fields or templating added in 3.4 version.
# DevOps/Docker/docker inspect

docker inspect CONTAINER_ID|IMAGE_ID (also available for: container, image, volume, network, node, service, or task)
* http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/disco/man1/docker-inspect.1.html
* https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/inspect/
* List of mounts: docker inspect -f '{{ .Mounts }}' CONTAINER_NAME
* Restart policy: docker inspect --format '{{json .HostConfig.RestartPolicy}}' CONTAINER_NAME
# DevOps/Docker/docker run

docker run IMAGE|IMAGE_ID
    -e (Environment variables)
    -d detach
    --link (deprecated) (See also: Kibana/Install Kibana using docker)

## Activities

* Understand the difference between docker start and docker run: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/34782678/difference-between-running-and-starting-a-docker-container. See also runC
# DevOps/Docker/Start configuration behavior and restart policy

To configure the start configuration behavior or the restart policy for a container (both of them), use the --restart flag when using the docker run command. The value of the --restart flag can be any of the following:
* Do not automatically restart the container. (the default): no
* Restart the container if it exits due to an error, which manifests as a non-zero exit code: on-failure
* Restart the container unless it is explicitly stopped or Docker itself is stopped or restarted: unless-stopped
* Always restart the container if it stops: always
The following example starts a Redis container and configures it to always restart unless it is explicitly stopped or Docker is restarted:
$ docker run -dit --restart unless-stopped redis With docker inspect CONTAINER you can verify RestartPolicy configuration.
To update restart policy execute:
    docker update --restart=always CONTAINER_ID|CONTAINER_NAME
    If the container is started with “--rm” flag, you cannot update the restart policy for it. The AutoRemove and RestartPolicy are mutually exclusive for the container.
# DevOps/Docker/docker compose/Docker compose file: docker-compose.yml

Review different versions of docker-compose.yml

## YAML Explained

Version and at least one service is needed.

## Version 3

* DevOps/Docker/docker compose/Version 3 resource limitation
Removed options: volume_driver, volumes_from, cpu_shares, cpu_quota, cpuset, mem_limit, memswap_limit, extends, group_add
v3.7 (18.06.0+)
* init in service definitions
* rollback_config in deploy configurations
* Support for extension fields at the root of service, network, volume, secret and config definitions
v3.6 (8.02.0+)
* tmpfs size for tmpfs-type mounts
v3.5
* isolation in service definitions
* name for networks, secrets and configs
* shm_size in build configurations

## Restart policy

* Version 3: https://docs.docker.com/compose/compose-file/#restart_policy
* Version 2:

## logging

* https://docs.docker.com/compose/compose-file/#logging
    json-file is the default option
See also: docker logs: docker logs --since 1h CONTAINER_NAME
# DevOps/Docker/docker compose/Version 3 resource limitation

Reference: https://docs.docker.com/compose/compose-file/#resources

## Activities

* Migrate your docker compose files from v2 to v3 using new version resource definition.
* Learn about differences between JVM memory limitation capabilities and docker options.
* Learn about Linux cgroups
* Read about Java and Memory Limits in Containers: https://dzone.com/articles/java-and-memory-limits-in-containers-lxc-docker-an
# DevOps/Docker/docker compose/Review docker compose file format evolution

https://docs.docker.com/compose/compose-file/
# DevOps/Docker/docker images

https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/images/
Notes:
# DevOps/Docker/docker system

* docker system info https://docs.docker.com/v17.12/edge/engine/reference/commandline/system_info/
* docker system events https://docs.docker.com/v17.12/edge/engine/reference/commandline/system_events/
* docker system df
* docker system prune -a
# English-Chinese/Leukemia increases CVD risk

As of 2017, there is evidence that certain leukemia-associated mutations in blood cells may also lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
截至2017年，有证据表明血细胞中某些与白血病相关的突变也可能导致心血管疾病风险增加。
# English-Chinese/Life expectancy

Life expectancy is how long a person is expected to live. It is based on many factors such as country and lifestyle including smoking, diet, and exercise.
预期寿命 是 一个人 活多久的 预期。它 基于 许多 因素，如 国家 和 生活方式，包括 吸烟，饮食 和 运动。
# English-Chinese/Life is a biological concept

Life is a biological concept regarding the characteristics, state, or mode that separates a living thing from dead matter.
生命是关于将生物与死物分开的特征，状态或模式的生物学概念。
# English-Chinese/Lifestyle changes in hypertension treatment

Hypertension can often be fixed with changes in diet or lifestyle. The 2004 British Hypertension Society suggests that people with high blood pressure:
* Lose weight if they are overweight or obese
* Exercise regularly
* Decrease the amount of salt they eat
* Limit the amount of alcohol they drink
* Eat a lot of fruits and vegetables
高血压 通常 可以 通过 改变 饮食 或 生活方式 来 解决。 2004年 英国高血压学会 建议 高血压 患者：
* 如果 超重 或 痴肥 就要 减肥
* 经常 锻炼
* 减少 吃盐
* 限制 饮酒
* 多吃 蔬果
# English-Chinese/Lettuce

Lettuce is a vegetable that is very healthy to eat. Both the stems and the leaves can be eaten.
生菜 是 一种 非常 健康的 蔬菜。茎 和 叶 都 可以 吃。
# English-Chinese/Lifestyle is the major factor in longevity

Lifestyle is the style of our life. It includes diet, exercise, rest, and mentality. It is the major factor in longevity. It determines the length of life.
生活方式 是 我们 生活的 风格。它 包括 饮食，运动，休息，和 心态。它是 长寿的 主要因素。它 决定了 生命的 长短。
# English-Chinese/Liana

Lianas are vines which live in rainforests. They are climbing plants which wrap around trees.
藤本植物 是 生长 在 热带雨林中的 藤类植物。它们 是 环绕树木的 攀爬植物。
# English-Chinese/Life events and changes that may precipitate depressed mood include

Life events and changes that may precipitate depressed mood include (but are not limited to): childbirth, menopause, financial difficulties, unemployment, stress (such as from work, education, family, living conditions etc.), a medical diagnosis (cancer, HIV, etc.), bullying, loss of a loved one, natural disasters, social isolation, rape, relationship troubles, jealousy, separation, and catastrophic injury.
生活事件和可能导致情绪低落的变化包括（但不限于）：分娩，更年期，经济困难，失业，压力（如工作，教育，家庭，生活条件等），医学诊断（癌症， 艾滋病毒等），欺凌，失去亲人，自然灾害，社会隔离，强奸，关系麻烦，嫉妒，分离和灾难性伤害。
# English-Chinese/Lifestyle modifications are important when dealing with hemorrhoids

Lifestyle modifications are important when dealing with hemorrhoids. Go to toilet on time and do not strain during defecation. Staying active can help prevent constipation and reduce weight.
在处理痔疮时，改变生活方式很重要。 准时上厕所，排便时不要紧张。 保持活跃有助于预防便秘和减轻体重。
# English-Chinese/Ligament

In anatomy, the term ligament usually means fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones or cartilages.
在 解剖学中，术语 韧带 通常 意指 将 骨骼 与 其他 骨骼 或 软骨 连接起来的 纤维组织。
# Comparative law and justice/Europe
## Comparative Law and Justice Wiki Project

Countries with completed wiki pages that are located in Europe
Armenia
Belarus
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Iceland
Italy
Romania
Poland
Portugal
Russia
San Marino
Scotland
Spain
Sweden
# Facing Facts/subjective and objective experiences

Identify each of these as being either subjective or objective experiences.
* Buoyancy
* Calorie Consumption
* Cleanliness
* Drowning
* Empathy
* Enjoying a book
* Enlightenment
* Epiphany
* Evil
* Gender
* Good
* Hunger
* Loneliness
* Love
* Obesity
* Overcrowding
* Pain
* Reading a book
* Sexual Identity
* Sexual preference
* Symmetry
* The age of a particular person.
* The age of the Earth.
* The age of the universe.
* The alcohol content of wine
* The beauty of a bird.
* The beauty of a sunset.
* The chemical composition of table salt.
* The composer of a particular music selection.
* The current human population of the earth.
* The experience of listening to a particular music selection.
* The height of the Eiffel tower.
* The pain of a headache
* The perceived redness of an evening sky
* The sound level of a particular music selection.
* The taste of table salt.
* The taste of wine
* The wavelength of a particular shade of red.
* Your enjoyment of a movie.
* Your experience of the color red.
# Dual mapping/Dual basis/Matrix/Fact/Proof

The claim means the equality
    $\varphi ^{*}(w_{j}^{*})=\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{ji}v_{i}^{*}\,$
in ${V}^{*}$. This can be checked on the basis $v_{k}$, $k=1,\ldots ,n$. On one hand, we have
    ${\begin{aligned}{\left(\varphi ^{*}(w_{j}^{*})\right)}(v_{k})&=w_{j}^{*}{\left(\varphi (v_{k})\right)}\\&=w_{j}^{*}{\left(\sum _{r=1}^{m}a_{rk}w_{r}\right)}\\&=\sum _{r=1}^{m}a_{rk}w_{j}^{*}(w_{r})\\&=a_{jk},\end{aligned}}$
on the other hand, we have
    ${\left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{ji}v_{i}^{*}\right)}(v_{k})=a_{jk}\,.$
# Dummy variable (statistics)

Dummy variables are dichotomotous variables derived from a more complex variable.
A dichotomous variable is the simplest form of data. For example, colour (e.g., Black = 0; White = 1).
It may be necessary to dummy code variables in order to meet the assumptions of some analyses.
A common scenario is to dummy code a categorical variable for use as a predictor in multiple linear regression (MLR).
For example, we may have data about participants' religion, with each participant coded as follows:
A categorical or nominal variable with three categories
| Religion | Code |
| Christian | 1 |
| Muslim | 2 |
| Atheist | 3 |
This is a categorical variable which would be inappropriate to use in this format as a predictor in MLR. However, this variable could be represented using a series of three dichotomous variables (coded as 0 or 1), as follows:
Dummy coding for a categorical variable with three categories
| Religion | Christian | Muslim | Atheist |
| Christian | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Muslim | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Atheist | 0 | 0 | 1 |
There is some redundancy in this dummy coding. For instance, if we know that someone is not Christian and not Muslim, then they are Atheist.
So, we only need to use two of the three dummy-coded variables as predictors. More generally, the number of dummy-coded variables needed is one less than the number of categories (k - 1, where k is the original number of categories). If all dummy variables were used, there would be multicollinearity.
Choosing which dummy variables to use is arbitrary, but depends on the researcher's logic. The dummy variable not uses becomes the reference category. Then, this is the tricky part conceptually, all other dummy variables will predict the outcome variable in relation to the reference variable.
For example, if I'm particularly interested in whether atheism is associated with higher rates of depression, then use the dummy coded variables for:
* Christian (0 = Not Christian or 1 = Christian)
* Muslim (0 = Not Muslim or 1 = Muslim)
If the regression coefficient for the Christian dummy coded variable is:
* not significant, then whether someone is Christian vs. Atheist isn't related to their depression
* significant and positive, then Christian people tend to be more depressed than Atheists
* significant and negative, then Christian people tend to be less depressed than Atheists
If the regression coefficient for the Muslim dummy coded variable is:
* not significant, then there whether someone is Muslim vs. Atheist isn't related to their depression
* significant and positive, then Muslim people tend to be more depressed than Atheists
* significant and negative, then Muslim people tend to be less depressed than Atheists
Alternatively, I may simply be interested to recode the data into a single dichotomous variable to indicate, for example, whether a participant is Atheist (0) or Religious (1), where Religious category consists of those who are either Christian or Muslim. The coding would be as follows:
A categorical or nominal variable with three categories
| Religiosity | Code |
| Atheism | 0 |
| Religious | 1 |
# Dry-stone walls control

People of Inca civilization were masters of the polished dry-stone walls, called ashlar, where blocks of stone were cut to fit together tightly without any mortar. The Incas were among the best stone masons the world has ever seen, and many junctions in their masonry were so perfect that even blades of grass could not fit between the stones.
Peru is a highly seismic land, and for centuries the mortar-free construction proved to be apparently more earthquake-resistant than using mortar. The stones of the dry-stone walls built by the Incas could move slightly and resettle without the walls collapsing which should be recognized as an ingenious passive vibration control technique employing both the principle of energy dissipation and that of suppressing resonant amplifications.
# Dual mapping/Dual basis/Matrix/Fact

Let $K$ be a field, let $V$ denote an $n$-dimensional $K$-vector space with a basis ${\mathfrak {v}}=v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}$, and let $W$ be an $m$-dimensional vector space with a basis ${\mathfrak {w}}=w_{1},\ldots ,w_{m}$. Let $v_{1}^{*},\ldots ,v_{n}^{*}$ and $w_{1}^{*},\ldots ,w_{m}^{*}$ be the corresponding dual bases. Let
    $\varphi \colon V\longrightarrow W$
be a linear mapping, and suppose that it is described by the $m\times n$-matrix
    $M=M_{\mathfrak {w}}^{\mathfrak {v}}(\varphi )=(a_{ij})_{ij}\,$
with respect to the given bases.
dual mapping
    $\varphi ^{*}\colon {W}^{*}\longrightarrow {V}^{*}$
is described by the transposed matrix ${{\left(M_{\mathfrak {w}}^{\mathfrak {v}}(\varphi )\right)}^{\text{tr}}}$ with respect to the dual bases of
${W}^{*}$
${V}^{*}$
# English-Chinese/Nebula

A nebula is an interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases in a galaxy.
星云 是 星系中的 尘埃，氢，氦 和 其他 电离气体的 星际云。
# English-Chinese/Neurological disorder

A neurological disorder is any disorder of the nervous system. Structural, biochemical or electrical abnormalities in the brain, spinal cord or other nerves can result in a range of symptoms.
神经系统疾病是神经系统的任​​何疾病。脑、脊髓或其他神经中的结构、生化或电异常可导致一系列症状。
# English-Chinese/Neuroscience

Neuroscience (or neurobiology) is the scientific study of the nervous system. It is the branch of biology that investigates the molecular, cellular, developmental, functional, evolutionary, computational, psychosocial and medical aspects of the brain.
神经科学（或 神经生物学）是 神经系统的 科学研究。它是 生物学的 一个 分支，研究 大脑的 分子，细胞，发育，功能，进化，计算，心理社会 和 医学 方面。