OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mergers and Acquisitions/Business Plan

Welcome to The Business Plan, M&A 5300. This course is designed to introduce the student to essential constructs and uses of the Business Plan.

## Sessions
### Session 1: The Purpose of a Business Plan
### 1. Introduction

1.1 – Introduction 1.2 – Criteria for Feasibility
A successful business or entrepreneur must take in more money than they pay out. A cash flow analysis is a critical piece of preliminary planning. Create a spreadsheet with all anticipated expenses, all sources of capital, and estimated sales curves for the first three years of the proposed business. Analyze the cash balances and cash flow and vary some assumptions such as sales figures and available capital to determine breakeven points and net profits or losses. If you start out day one profitable congratulations, but keep planning. Business conditions and outlooks can change swiftly and an orderly shutdown can be critical to sustaining an overall profit for the venture. Typically successful businesses will take between six months to three years to show their full profit potential. Once you begin operating you can plug real data into your cash flow analysis and begin refining it to demonstrate where errors and inaccuracies exist in your planning assumptions and process.

### 2. Background

    2.1 – Business Type/Set-up
    2.2 – Loans and Overdrafts
    2.3 – Sources of Finance
    2.4 – Law & Legal
    2.5 – The Economy

### 3. Market Research

The purpose of market research is to analyze customers, volumes, and competition.
    3.1 – Customer Research
    3.2 – Competition Research
    3.3 – Current Market Situation

### 4. Marketing Plan

    4.1 - Marketing Mix
    4.2 - Advertising Costs
    4.3 - Pricing Strategy

### 5. Property and Location

    5.1 – The Area and Location
    5.2 – The Property
    5.3 – Layout of the Shop

### 6. Costs and Revenues

       This section may be completely redundant to a good detailed cash flow projection as per 7.1
    6.1 – Sales and Revenue Predictions
    6.2 – Running Cost Predictions
    6.3 – Start-Up Cost Predictions

### 7. Financial Planning

    7.1 – Cash Flow Forecasts
    7.2 – Balance Sheets -- Sample balance sheet
    7.3 – Profit and Loss Accounts
    7.4 – Ratio Analysis
    7.5 – Investment Appraisal
    7.6 – Break Even Analysis

### 8. Conclusion

    8.1 – SWOT Analysis
    8.2 – Conclusion from Criteria

### 9. Bibliography

Appendices A – Economy B – Questionnaires C – Products D – Competitors E – Financial Planning

#### Session 9: Exit Strategy
## Required Reading
## Suggested Media

* http://www.sba.gov/smallbusinessplanner/plan/writeabusinessplan/index.html
* Startup Studio - Interviews with entrepreneurs on how they started their businesses and suggestions for other entrepreneurs
# Mergers and Acquisitions/Introduction

Welcome to Introduction to Mergers and Acquisitions, M&A 1000. This course is being designed to introduce the basic skills needed in the field of mergers and acquisitions.

## Sessions
### Session 1: Basic Principles and Concepts

    Session 1 will focus on .
# Mere Christianity (CBL)/Week 8
## Assignments

* Read pg. 119-138
* Write a well developed response that expands upon a theme or concept from this week's reading.
* Answer weekly question set
* Study for the Book IV Quiz in two weeks
* Turn in Essay for review (optional but highly recommended!)
* Check scores from last unit quiz (optional but highly recommended!)

## Discussion

This week's discussion will be held at TIME on DATE in the AWF virtual universe, Agape World at the AWF School facility.There is a section on the talk page where you can post topics and questions for us to go over. If you are unable to make it, your questions can also be posted in a separate section to the talk page, where I will do my best to answer them shortly.

## Final Essay

This is the second week that the Essay will be accepted and final week where you will have a chance to resubmit. Essays turned in last week will be returned by the beginning of next week and essays turned in this week will be returned by the end of next week. This will give you either one or two weeks to revise your essay and submit the final copy.

## Questions

After reading pages 119-138 and writing a response, please answer the following 10 questions in complete sentences. Each question will be worth one point, for a total of ten points possible.
* What is theology and why is it important?
* What is the popular conception of Christianity? What's so shocking about what Christianity actually says?
* What is the difference between begetting and making?
* What is man missing in his natural state?
* How is the three-personal God like dimensions?
* Why does God not suffer from the constraints of time?
* How does love show that God is at least two people?
* What does the union of the Father and the Son produce?
* What is a good infection?
* What is the only purpose of Christianity?

## Quiz

The quiz on this unit will open in two weeks. It will consist of 25 free response questions similar to the weekly questions. Any material from Book IV is fair game and you should begin studying now to maximize your score. Each question is worth 1 point and will be graded based upon completeness and comprehension.
# Introduction to Computer Science/Development environment and language principles

Course Navigation
| << Previous - How to go about implementing a problem solution as a program | Next - Types and variables >> |
* Choosing the right Development Environment, whether you may use Windows, some flavour of Unix or another operating system, the development environment will go a long way in helping you to begin programming in your preferred language. First, we will need to know the type of language we are going to choose, whether it is a compiled or interpreted language will be dependent on your programming needs.
* Next Lesson
* Previous Lesson
* Course Home Page
# Introduction to Computational Finance

Computational finance is also known as financial engineering. Read this link to get an idea what computational finance is about. Wikipedia: Computational Finance
This course will be organized in a series of lessons. Each lesson will contain other "mini-lessons" going over prerequisite materials to get through the main lessons.

## The Basics

This section is meant to be a quick review. The goal is to keep this section as brief as possible so that it can be easily used as a quick reference.

## Discounted Cash Flows (DCF)

Wikipedia has two pages that you can start with. Discounted Cash Flow and Time Value of Money. They aren't the best sources in terms of quality, but for the time being, they are included here.

### Definitions

* Cash Flow - An expenditure or receipt of cash in a given time period.
* Cash Flow Stream - A series of cash flows over several periods.

### Simple Interest

With simple interest, the future value grows linearly. In this case, interest is not applied to previous payments of interest (i.e. not compounded).
    $FV=(1+rt)PV\!$
r = Simple interest rate t = Time in years
FV = Future Value PV = Present value Note: Unless specified otherwise, for the remainder of the course, these are the default meanings for the variables.
For more info read this: w:Simple_interest

### Compound Interest

For review read this wikipedia article on compound interest. w:Compound_interest
    $FV=PV\left(1+{\frac {r}{n}}\right)^{nt}$
n = Number of compounding periods in a year.
If n is infinite, we get continuous compounding.
    $FV=\lim _{n\to \infty }PV\left(1+{\frac {r}{n}}\right)^{nt}=PVe^{rt}$
If you need a review of limits, you can check out the following learning resouces. Introduction to Limits or Calculus/Limits

### Present value

(Coming Soon)

### Application: Fixed Income Securities

(Coming Soon)

## Derivatives

(Coming Soon) - Will mostly cover the basics and definitions. Later sections will cover pricing.

## Volatility

(Coming Soon) - A good topic to cover before discussing option pricing.

## Portfolio Management

(Coming Soon)

## Risk Management

(Coming Soon)
# Introduction to Composite Materials

Composite materials are made from the combination of two or more different materials on a macroscopic scale to form a material capable of sustaining loads. It should be noted that the products of microscopic mixing of materials, such as alloying, do not belong to the class of composite materials.

## Theory of composite materials

Def. any "engineered material composed of two radically different materials in a tightly bonded matrix and having properties significantly different from either constituent" is called a composite material.

## Classification

Composite materials can be identified to belong to three different categories:
* Fibrous composites
* Laminated composites
* Particulate composites

## Fibrous composites

These composites are made from a matrix material that holds fibers of a different material. Fibers have higher stiffness and strength than a bulk object made of the same material because internal defects and dislocations are fewer. The material is thus "more perfect" and hence can sustain higher stresses. Some materials are made of whiskers instead of fibers which have even higher properties, however whiskers can cause pneumonic health issues.
# Introduction to Computer Architecture

* Introduction
* Lessons
* History of Computing
* Basics of Computer Architecture
* Personal Computers
* What is Algorithm
* How To Implement a Problem Solution as a Program
* Development Environment and Language Principles
* Types and Variables
* Operators and Expressions
* Control Structures
* Procedures and Functions
* Arrays, Strings and Records
* Basic I/O
# Introduction to Computers

Course Navigation
* Next - Introduction to Computers/What is a computer >>
* Introduction
* This course is an introduction for non-computer science students (see Introduction to Computer Science for computer science students). Instead this course is a gentler, lighter survey course without delving too much into technical details. It will also examine computers from the perspective on how they influence society.
* Prerequisites
* Prerequisites are courses it is suggested you understand before you attempt this course. If you're having a hard time understanding the material in this course, make sure you understand these prerequisites first.
* There are no prerequisites! (You should be able to follow along no matter how little experience you have in this subject.)
* Lessons
* Introduction
* What is a computer?
* History of computers
* Computer types
* Hardware and software
* Basic operations
* Data sizes and speeds
* Inside a computer case
* Motherboard
* Processor
* Memory
* Disks
* Peripherals
* Input Devices
* Output Devices
* Future Peripherals
* System software
* Application software
* Personal
* Networks
* Security
* Internet
* Development
* Databases
* Artificial intelligence
* What Next?
* Once you have completed this course, you have learned enough to take these courses:
* Computer Skills
* Internet and Computing Core Certification (IC$^3$)
* IT Fundamentals
* Introduction to Computer Science
Course Navigation
* Next - Introduction to Computers/What is a computer >>
# Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Header

This is a free and open online book which focuses on using psychological knowledge about motivation and emotion to help humans improve their lives.
For more info, see:
* Topic selection
* Book guidelines
* Marking criteria
* 2010 textbook
* Unselected topics: 2010, 2011

## Overview

* This emerging academic-authored free and open book is being written as a learning and assessment exercise. Third-year year psychology students will mostly be the authors, although others are also welcome to write, contribute, and provide feedback.
* Participants are currently signing up for topics of choice. (First in, best dressed). Then we will develop chapter plans, chapter drafts, interactive learning features, and an accompanying 5 min. video.
* Authors should consult book chapter guidelines and marking criteria.

## Emphasis for 2011

* Chapters should aim to appeal to a broad audience interested in how insights from psychological science can be used to understand and improve their motivational and emotional lives
* Combination of theoretical, research and practical ("how to - in the real world")
* Shorter, punchier chapters than 2010 (which had unlimited word count)
* Target: Intelligent lay audience, i.e., written in a user-friendly, accessible way, based on, and referencing, best available psychological science.
* In 2011, we are aiming for the best-seller section of popular psychology-based self-help books. (In 2010, the target was an undergrad academic textbook audience.)
* The 2011 assessment for the wiki chapter includes 10% for social contribution (i.e., contributions to the book which go beyond one's primary chapter)

## Possible topics

* Choose from the growing list of topics below or suggest your own topic (which will be subject to further discussion and refinement).
* Choice of topic can and should reflect the author's personal interests, but should also target a motivation and emotion topic of practical use to a broad public audience.
# Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Header/Topic selection

Participants can choose a topic:
* from those listed listed in the table of contents without an accompanying user name
* propose a topic by emailing james.neill@canberra.edu.au or
* add it directly by editing the table of contents page
# Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Improve your life

* Introduction
* The goal of this book to make insights from psychological science freely available.
* This book offers a guide for human beings in how to live happier, healthier lives, based on insights from psychological science about motivation and emotion. The book does not suggest a grand theory, but rather addresses specific problems and opportunities that exist in the human condition and how they could be approached using knowledge of psychological theory and research.
* This is a free, open, online, crowd-sourced book, largely authored by participants in a 3rd year university psychology unit, Motivation and Emotion, 2011. The book is openly licensed and openly editable, using the Wikimedia Foundation platform, as a contribution to, and example of, the foundation's mission of empowering and engaging "people around the world to collect and develop educational content under a free license or in the public domain, and to disseminate it effectively and globally".
* More information about the development of this book can be found here.
* Applying insights from psychological science
* This book hopes to boost your zest for life.
* Quote from p. 42 of Reeve "If what you have is a way to help people address the significant questions in their lives, then there are 'Help Wanted' signs all over the place."
* Wilber quote
* Sum of all human knowledge
* History of motivation and emotion
* Overview the history of motivation and emotion
* Overview of chapters and topics
* Summarise one key, take-home insight from each chapter
* It could be nice to have a visual thumbnail for each chapter shown in the table of contents or this page.
* See also pearls of wisdom
# Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Growth through adversity/Header

* Growth through adversity:
* Why meaning matters
# New Zealand Law/Criminal/Provocation
## Statutory Provisions

Note Section 169: repealed, on 8 December 2009, by section 4 of the Crimes (Provocation Repeal) Amendment Act 2009 (2009 No 64). Crimes Act 169 Provocation
    (1) Culpable homicide that would otherwise be murder may be reduced to manslaughter if the person who caused the death did so under provocation.
    (2) Anything done or said may be provocation if—
       (a) In the circumstances of the case it was sufficient to deprive a person having the power of self-control of an ordinary person, but otherwise having the characteristics of the offender, of the power of self-control; and
       (b) It did in fact deprive the offender of the power of self-control and thereby induced him to commit the act of homicide.
    (3) Whether there is any evidence of provocation is a question of law.
    (4) Whether, if there is evidence of provocation, the provocation was sufficient as aforesaid, and whether it did in fact deprive the offender of the power of self-control and thereby induced him to commit the act of homicide, are questions of fact.
    (5) No one shall be held to give provocation to another by lawfully exercising any power conferred by law, or by doing anything which the offender incited him to do in order to provide the offender with an excuse for killing or doing bodily harm to any person.
    (6) This section shall apply in any case where the provocation was given by the person killed, and also in any case where the offender, under provocation given by one person, by accident or mistake killed another person.
    (7) The fact that by virtue of this section one party to a homicide has not been or is not liable to be convicted of murder shall not affect the question whether the homicide amounted to murder in the case of any other party to it.

## Definition

Provocation is anything that:
    (a) in the circumstances was sufficient to deprive a person of self control who:
       (i) has the power and self-control of an ordinary person; BUT
       (ii) otherwise having the characteristics of the accused; and
    (b) did deprive the offender of self control and induce him to murder.
Provocation must come from:
    (i) actual deceased; or
    (ii) intended victim (where deceased killed by accident)

## Cases

* R v McGregor
* R v Taaka
* R v Savage
* R v McCarthy
* R v Mita
* R v Campbell
* R v Rongonui
* R v Makoare
* R v Timoti
# New Zealand Law/Criminal/Sex Crimes
## Definitions
### Sexual Violation

* Male rapes female; or
* Unlawful sexual connection with another.

### Sexual Connection

    (a) penetration of the genitalia or anus by:
       (i) any part of the body; or
       (ii) any object,
       other than for bona fide medial purposes;
    (b) connection btwn the mouth and genitalia for any other purpose
    (c) continuation of these acts.

## Offences
### 1. Male rapes female

Sexual connection by a man without consent or without believing on reasonable grounds that a woman consents.

### 2. Unlawful sexual connection

Sexual connection without consent or without believing on reasonable grounds that a person consents.

### 3. Inducing sexual connection by coercion

Sexual connection with another knowing that person has been induced to consent by a express or implied threat:
    (a) of imprisonment offence;
    (b) of accusation (true of false) of misconduct by any person (living or dead) that will seriously damage the reputation of that person;
    (c) to make improper use of any power or authority arising out of employment or commercial relationship.

### 4. Incest

Sexual intercourse between:
    (a) parent and child;
    (b) brother and sister;
    (c) grandparent and grandchild.

## R v Daniels

* Facts
    Morgan invited buddies to have sex with wife. Rape requires knowledge or recklessness re consent.
* Held HL
* Honest belief need not be reasonable.
* Reasonableness is evidence of whether belief really held.
* Defendants could not have reasonably believed.
(Note: Rape must now be based on honest and reasonable belief.)

### R v Pauga

* Facts
* P charged with rape.
* The only evidence against the defendant was a videotaped interview, in which he said the victim wanted to have sex with him because she was scared he would beat her up.
* Defendant argued that lack of consent could not be proved from interview alone – there must be some evidence from the complainant.
* Held
* No rule of law that conviction cannot be sustained from accused’s confession alone.
* A reasonable jury, properly directed could be allowed to safely come to a conclusion.
* Jury should be advised:
       - video is only evidence
       - evidence comes solely from defendant
       - evidence not given under oath or subject to cross-exam
       - no corroboration
       - highly unusual for prosecution case to rely on confession alone
       - must be sure crime committed ie. essential elements established
       - must consider evidence anxiously and carefully
       - could be other reasons for admission, eg. fantasy, attention
       - jury must be sure of guilt.
# New Zealand Law/Criminal/Receiving
## Offence

Receiving any property stolen or obtained by crime:
    (i) knowing; or
    (ii) being reckless as to whether
the property has been stolen or so obtained.

## Doctrine of Recent Possession*

Where:
* defendant is in possession of recently stolen property; and
* the defendant offers no explanation or his explanation is inadequate
the jury is entitled to infer guilt.
(*A common law presumption)
# New Zealand Law/Criminal/Robbery
## Robbery
### Definition

Theft accompanied by violence or threats of violence in order to extort pty or prevent or overcome resistance to pty being stolen.

## Aggravated Robbery
### Definition

* Robbing anyone and immediately before or after causing gbh to anyone
* Robbery with another person
* Robbing anyone while armed with:
       (i) an offensive weapon or instrument; or
       (ii) a thing appearing to be an offensive weapon or instrument.

## Assault with Intent to Rob
### Definition

(1) With intent to rob:
    (a) causing gbh
    (b) assaulting while being armed with an offensive weapon or instrument
    (c) assaulting together with another; OR
(2) Withing intent to rob, assaulting anyone.
# New Zealand Law/Criminal/Sentencing
## Statutory Provisions

* Part II Crimes Act
* Criminal Justice Act 1985
* Sentencing Act 2002

## Definitions

Aggravating Factor: one which would justify a greater penalty if the court accepts it as a factor. Mitigating Factor: one which would justify a lesser penalty if the court accepts it as a factor.
Supervision sentence: 6 mths to 1 year. Community work: 40 to 400 hrs.

## R v Taueki

* Facts
    Charged with myriad of assaults. Plead guilty. Appealed sentence.
* Held
    Aggravating factors:
       - extreme violence
       - premeditation
       - serious injury
       - weapons
       - attacking head
       - facilitation of crime
       - perverting the course of justice
       - multiple attackers
       - vulnerability of the victim
       - home invasion
       - gang warfare
       - victim is public official
       - vigilante action
       - hate crime
    Mitigating factors
       - provocation
       - excessive self-defence
    Factors that should not be seen as reducing seriousness of conduct:
       - domestic situation
       - victim’s plea (for light sentence)
       - intoxication.
# New Zealand Law/Criminal/Mistake
## Definition

Where no intention, knowledge or recklessness exists due to mistake (even if the mistake is not reasonable).

## Cases
### R v Wood

* Facts
* D cultivated pot, claimed she thought they were tomatoes.
* Judged directed jury to use their own knowledge of how cannibus and tomatoes grown.
* Held
* Misdirection – no evidence on matter, jury not entitled to take notice.
* Following DPP v Morgan, honest belief need not be reasonable.

### R v Metuariki

* Facts
* Defendant picked wild mushrooms, sold to undercover police officer, charged with supply of class A controlled drug.
* Defendant knew mushrooms made you high, didn’t know contained class A drug, or illegal.
* Held
* To establish prima facie case, crown must prove defendant (i) supplied mushrooms (ii) mushrooms were a controlled drug.
* Knowledge would be presumed unless defendant introduce evidence that he honestly believed his actions were innocent.
* Ignorance of the law is no defence.
* For example, it is not a defence to claim that a person thought he was supplying a different controlled drug.
* Accused knew mushrooms had hallucinatory effects but they were growing in a public place. There was no evidence that he thought they were anything other than innocent vegetation.
* Accused entitled to acquittal unless jury convinced otherwise beyond a reasonable doubt.