OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Web Translation Projects/Approaches to Translating Dialect/Speech defect

This strategy consists in full interlingual and intralingual translation with a defect posited in the TL phonology. It uses a defect in the speaker's pronunciation as a means of transferring the SL social deixis in the translation. The phonetic markers appear every time the character uses a word that contains the sounds on which the non-standard pronunciation is marked. The social deixis in this strategy is nullified because the speech defect in the translation does not possess the characteristics of any specific TL language community. The effect is then that, though a difference in the character's speech against the TL standard is marked, it implies the character's individual way of speaking rather than identifies them with any existing group - whether social, geographical etc.
This strategy can, therefore, be used to differentiate the speech of one character against others, but will fail in achieving identification with any larger group. It does, however, help avoid introducing false intertextuality, since no TL varieties are implied.
| Original W. Shakespeare, Henry V | Translation Dzieje żywota króla Henryka Piątego (translation by M. Słomczyński) |
| By Chrish la tish ill done: the work ish give over: the trumpet sound the retreat. By my hand, I swear, and my father's soul, the work ish ill done; it ish give over. I would have blowed up the town, so Chrish save me, la, in an hour. O! tish ill done, tish ill done; by my hand tish ill done. | Na Chrusztusza, hej! To żła szprawa. Praczę poszuczono, trąbka gra dowrót. Na mą rękę żaklinam szę i na duszę mego ojcza, ta pracza żle jest przeprowadżona, poszuczono ją. A wyszadżyłbym miaszto, tak mi Jeszu dopomósz, w godzinę. O, to żła szprawa, żła szprawa, na mą rękę żła szprawa. |
| The character whose speech is presented here (Captain MacMorris) is Irish, which is indicated with the use of phonetic dialect markers. Each time a word with the alveolar fricative /s/ appears, he palatalises it into /ʃ/. Additionally, we have non-stabdard lexical elements (la) and grammar (tish give over). | The translation indicates by the means of phonetic dialect markers that the character palatalises dental and alveolo-palatal affricates and fricatives: - Chrysztusza (standard: Chrystusa) 'Christ' - żła (standard: zła) 'bad, wrong' - praczę (standard: pracę) 'job, work' - szprawę (standard: sprawę) 'case' This speech defect, however, is not indicative of any existing language community. All other dialect markers are gone. |
# Web Translation Projects/Approaches to Translating Dialect/Neutralisation

This strategy involves a full intralingual and interlingual translation of the SL text. It neutralises all kinds of dialect markers - phonetic, morphological, syntactic, and lexical. This results in the original text, which is written fully or partly in SL dialect, being rendered in the translation fully in the TL standard. Berezowski allows in this strategy for trace amounts of dialect markers, which he claims to be "below statistical relevance." The effect of this strategy is twofold: on the one hand, the translator can avoid false intertextuality, because no TL dialect, and therefore social deixis, is introduced; however, for the same reason, the use of this strategy makes it impossible to differentiate the social identity of dialect speakers from the identity of the speakers of standard, because there are no linguistic traits to anchor the speaker in any language community. While employing dialect to introduce social deixis to a character's speech may be the point of a literary work, in which case this strategy would not be a good translation choice, Berezowski lists two situations in which neutralisation may be appropriate: firstly, when the original text does not use social deixis to differentiate between social group membership of different characters but is only a way of asserting the author's stance against the standard, either because the work is a monologue, or because all characters speak the same language variety; or if the translator decides that it will cause less damage to the integrity of the work to forego some of the meaning than to risk introducing false intertextuality by the use of TL dialect.
The example below illustrates the use of the neutralising strategy:
| | Original R. Burns, To a Mouse | Translation Do myszy (translation by S. Barańczak) |
| | Wee, sleekit, cow'rin, tim'rous beastie. O, what a panic's in thy breastie! Thou need na start awa sae hasty, Wi' bickering brattle! I wad be laith to rin an' chase thee, Wi murd'rin pattle! [...] But, Mousie, thou art no thy lane In proving foresight may be vain: The best laid shcemas a mice an' men Gang aft a-gley An' lae'e us naught but grief an' pain For promised joy. | Maleńki, cichy, bojaźliwy stworze Ileż popłochu w piersi twojej gorze! Cóż się tak zrywasz, czemu w swej norze Dalej nie drzemiesz Myślisz, że życie twoje też rozorze Morderczy lemiesz? [...] Lecz Myszko, innych też nadzieja łudzi; Przewidywaniem mózg próżno się trudzi: Przemyślane plany i myszy i ludzi w gruzy się walą Nasze zapały zawód zwykle studzi Zwątpienia stalą |
| Comments | The original uses the Scottish dialect. It is manifest in phonetic, lexical, and morphological dialect markers. | The translation is rendered almost fully in standard Polish, except for some elements marked for informality. Some of the changes from SL dialect into the TL standard are the following: - phonetic markers wee 'little' -> maleńki tim’rous 'timorous' -> bojaźliwy - morphological markers beastie 'beast' -> stworze breastie 'breast' -> piersi - lexical markers [gang aft] a-gley 'awry' -> walić się w gruzy |
# Web Translation Projects/Approaches to Translating Dialect/Transliteration

Transliteration involves incomplete intralingual and interlingual translations of the SL text. The elements excluded from translation are foreign lexical elements, which are additionally transliterated - spelt in TL graphological form. In terms of the amount of the retained dialect markers (which is indicative of how neutralising a strategy is), translation scores similarly to lexicalisation. The intended social deixis is similar to the one in the previous strategy, though the spelling of the foreign element using TL spelling conventions points implicitly to the mutual recognisability of the speaker's culture and the TL culture.
| Original S. Bellow, Herzog | Translation Herzog (translation by K. Tarnowska) |
| Alein, alein, alein, alein Ellend vie a shtein Mit die tzen finger - alein [...] "Who is it?" "It's Moses..." "I don't know you. I'm alone. Moses?" "Tante Taube -- Moses Herzog. Moshe." "Ah -- Moshe." | Ałajn, ałajn, ałajn, ałajn Ełend wi a sztajn Mid di cen finger - ałajn [...] - Kto to? - Moses. - Nie znam pana. Jestem sama w domu. - Ciotko Taubo... to ja, Moses Herzog. Mosze. - Ach, Mosze. |
# World Languages/South America

South America includes 14 countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Falkland Islands (United Kingdom), French Guiana (France), Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay and Venezuela. Spanish is the official language of all South American countries except Brazil, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana, and is spoken even in countries that are not historically Spanish. Portuguese is the official language of Brazil. Official languages in Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana are respectively English, Dutch and French.
Before colonization from European nations, South America was inhabited by several Aboriginal natives speaking a wide variety of languages from different language families, most of them being long forgotten now, but a lot are still known by few and are currently in danger of extinction. At the time of European contact, it is estimated that 1,500 languages were spoken in South America; only 350 of those languages are still spoken today. Quechua is the native language family with the most speakers.
The classification and studies of indigenous languages in South America is not very advanced compared to the classification of North American indigenous languages. As such, it is difficult to determine what languages are related to each other to develop proper language families.

## List of indigenous languages

This list only includes languages with living speakers.
* Akawaio (Brazil, Guyana, Venezuela)
* Arawak (French Guinea, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela)
** Achagua
** Alto Perene
** Amuesha
** Apuriña
** Asháninka/Ashéninka
** Baniva
** Barawana
** Baure
** Cabiyari
** Caquinte
** Chamicuro
** Enawene Nawe
** Iñapari
** Kinikinau
** Kurripako
** Lokono Dian
** Machiguenga
** Maliwan
** Marawa
** Mehináku
** Moxos: Trinitario, Ignaciano
** Nomatisguenga
** Palikúr
** Paraujano
** Paresí
** Piro
** Resígaro
** Saraveka
** Taíno (revitalization efforts)
** Tariana
** Terena
** Wapishana
** Waraikú
** Warekena
** Waurá
** Wayuunaíki
** Yavitero
** Yawalapiti
* Arutani (Brazil, Venezuela)
* Barí (Colombia, Venezuela)
* Carib (French Guinea, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela)
** Amonap
** Apalaí
** Arára
** Akuriyó
** Atruahí
** Bacairí
** Carijona
** Cumanagoto
** Galibi
** Hianákoto
** Hixkaryána
** Japréria
** Kapóng
** Macushi
** Mapoyo
** Opon
** Panare
** Pemon
** Salumá
** Tamanaku
** Tiriyó
** Txikão
** Waiwai
** Wayana
** Ye'kuana
** Yukpa
* Chaima (Venezuela)
* Cuiba (Colombia, Venezuela)
* Cumanagoto (Venezuela)
* E’ñapa Woromaipu (Venezuela)
* To be completed...

## Other languages

* German, Colonia Tovar (Venezuela)
* To be completed...

## Extinct languages

* Baniva
* To be completed...
# World Languages/Antarctica

There are no languages native to Antarctica.

## See Also

* Wikipedia: Antarctica
# World Languages/Asia

Asia includes six main regions: Central Asia (blue on map), East Asia (yellow/orange), Middle East (brown), Russia and the Caucasus (purple), South Asia (green) and Southeast Asia (red). The main majority languages of this continent

## East Asia
### South Korea

* Jeju language
* ... (table)

## Middle East

* Arabic
* Hebrew
* Kurdish
* Persian

## South Asia

* Bengali
* Hindi
* Nepali
* Urdu

## Southeast Asia
### Indonesia

* There are 10 countries in SE Asia, with Indonesia as the most linguistically-diverse country (see Language in Southeast Asia). There are more than 700 languages in this region alone, and many of them does not have their languages documented.
# World Languages/Africa
## North Africa

* Arabic
* Berber

## South Africa

* Afrikaans

## East Africa

* Amharic
* Somali

## West Africa

Nigerian Pidgin

## See Also

* Wikipedia: Languages of Africa
# World Languages/North America

North America includes six main regions: Canada, Caribbean, Central America, Greenland, Mexico and United States of America. The main majority languages of this continent are English (mainly USA and Canada), Spanish (Mexico, most of Central America and some of Caribbean), French (Canada, especially Quebec, Haiti, Guadeloupe), and Greenlandic (Greenland).
Before colonization from European nations, North America was inhabited by several Aboriginal nations speaking a wide variety of languages from several different language families, most of them being long forgotten now, but a lot are still known by a few and are currently in danger of extinction. In fact, only a small number of those Aboriginal languages are not considered endangered.

## Canada

See detailed page: Canada
Canada has two official languages: English and French. French is the official language in the province of Quebec. The province of New Brunswick has both French and English as official languages. All other provinces have English as official language, but French has some legal recognition in Ontario (bilingual officially by law and government) and Manitoba.
Knowing the exact number of Aboriginal languages across Canada is almost impossible especially since many Natives speak English or French as a mother tongue and most of them have only a limited passive knowledge of their ancestral languages. The task is even more difficult since the majority of languages has many dialects. Ethnologue lists 63 languages for Canada. There are 74 different indigenous languages with their own ISO 639-3 code that have alive speakers in Canada. There are only three indigenous languages of Canada that are not considered threatened or endangered: Cree, Inuktitut and Ojibwe.
# World Languages/Oceania

Oceania is divided into six main regions: Australia (orange on the map), Melanesia (green), Micronesia (pink), New Zealand (blue), Papua New Guinea (dark blue) and Polynesia (purple). The majority language in Oceania is English.
Oceania has many indigenous languages, though many have been replaced by English and other European languages, where they are now endangered. Melanesia and Australia is home to over 5000 languages alone, with one of the greatest linguistic diversity in the world.
In comparison, Polynesia lacks great diversity, because they are all descendants of a migrant community from southern China (the proto-Austronesians) and have the same language family.

## Australia

Official Languages:
English
Native languages:
Upper Arrernte
Kalaw Lagaw Ya
Tiwi
Walmajarri
Warlpiri
Wati
Other Languages:
Portal:Australian Indigenous languages

## New Zealand

Historically native languages to New Zealand are:
* Maori (with various dialects)
* Moriori (closely related to Maori)
Official languages of New Zealand are:
* New Zealand English
* Maori
* New Zealand Sign Language

## Papua New Guinea

With over 850 languages, Papua New Guinea holds a tenth of the world's 20,000 languages[citation needed], despite its small population. Most are undocumented, especially as many of its users have not had contact with non-Papuan peoples. Papua New Guinea has 3 official languages: English, Hiri Motu and Tok Pisin. Tok Pisin language is the most spoken in the country and is used as the local lingua franca, it is an English-based creole.

## Polynesia

Historically native languages to Polynesia are:
* Cook Islands Maori
* Niuean
* Pitcairn
* Samoan
* Tongan
# Windows Server Administration/Collection
## Windows Server Administration
### Learning Guide

This learning guide supports the Wikiversity course Windows Server Administration, available at http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Windows_Server_Administration.

## Overview

Windows Server Administration is an advanced computer networking topic that includes server installation and configuration, server roles, storage, Active Directory and Group Policy, file, print, and web services, remote access, virtualization, application servers, troubleshooting, performance, and reliability.
This course comprises 15 lessons that use Windows Server to study and experiment with server administration. Each lesson includes a combination of Wikipedia and Microsoft readings, YouTube videos, and hands-on learning activities. The course also assists learners in preparing for the Microsoft MTA Exam 98-365: Windows Server Administration Fundamentals.
This entire Wikiversity course can be downloaded in book form by selecting Download Learning Guide in the sidebar.

## Preparation

This is a fourth-semester, college-level course. Learners should already be familiar with introductory computer networking concepts and Internet protocols.

## Lessons

* Introduction
* Installation
* Configuration
* Roles and Features
* Storage
* Active Directory
* Group Policy
* File and Print Services
* Web Services
* Remote Access
* Virtualization
* Application Servers
* Troubleshooting
* Performance
* Reliability

## See Also

* Exam 98-365: Windows Server Administration Fundamentals
# Windows Server Administration/Configuration/Lesson flashcards
## Instructions

* Click on the flashcard text to show the answer.
* Click on Next Card to show the next flashcard.
    Log in to hide the Clear the cache of this page? message before each new flashcard.
* Configuration Lesson
* Starting with Windows Server 2008 R2, service accounts can automatically be managed by Windows as a _____ account or _____ account. Starting with Windows Server 2008 R2, service accounts can automatically be managed by Windows as a managed service account or virtual account.
* Next Card
# Windows Server Administration/File and Print Services/Lesson flashcards
## Instructions

* Click on the flashcard text to show the answer.
* Click on Next Card to show the next flashcard.
    Log in to hide the Clear the cache of this page? message before each new flashcard.
* File and Print Services Lesson
* A file server is a computer attached to a network that has the primary purpose of _____. A file server is a computer attached to a network that has the primary purpose of providing a location for shared disk access to workstations on the network.
* Next Card
# Windows Server Administration/File and Print Services/Terms flashcards
## Instructions

* Click on the flashcard text to show the answer.
* Click on Next Card to show the next flashcard.
    Log in to hide the Clear the cache of this page? message before each new flashcard.
* File and Print Services Terms
* Provides services related to the session layer of the OSI model allowing applications on separate computers to communicate over a local area network is _____. NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System)
* Next Card
# Windows Server Administration/Application Servers/Terms flashcards
## Instructions

* Click on the flashcard text to show the answer.
* Click on Next Card to show the next flashcard.
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* Application Servers Terms
* A universal, reusable software platform to develop applications, products and solutions is a _____. software framework
* Next Card
# Windows Server Administration/Configuration/Terms flashcards
## Instructions

* Click on the flashcard text to show the answer.
* Click on Next Card to show the next flashcard.
    Log in to hide the Clear the cache of this page? message before each new flashcard.
* Configuration Terms
* A piece of software that takes advantage of a bug, glitch or vulnerability in order to cause unintended or unanticipated behavior to occur on computer software or hardware, typically to gain control of a computer system or allow privilege escalation or a denial-of-service attack is a/an _____. exploit
* Next Card
# Windows Server Administration/Group Policy/Lesson flashcards
## Instructions

* Click on the flashcard text to show the answer.
* Click on Next Card to show the next flashcard.
    Log in to hide the Clear the cache of this page? message before each new flashcard.
* Group Policy Lesson
* Group Policy objects are created and maintained using the _____. Group Policy objects are created and maintained using the Group Policy Management Console.
* Next Card
# World War I/United States

First World War
Back
Course Overview
· Lesson 1 - Introduction
· Lesson 2 - "Europe explodes" - The crisis which lead to World War I
· Lesson 3 - 1914 - The alliances and their agenda
· Lesson 4 - The "Schlieffen Plan" - First weeks of war
· Lesson 5 - The Eastern Front
· Lesson 6 - Inventions during World War I and their effects
· Lesson 7 - War at Sea
· Lesson 8 - The United States in World War I
· Lesson 9 - The Russian Revolution
· Lesson 10 - 1918 - The end of war
· Lesson 11 - The Treaty of Versailles
· Lesson 12 - The importance of World War I in the History of the 20th Century
· Lesson 13 - Conclusion
· Lesson 14 - U.S. Foreign Policy after WWI
Next :

### Reasons for U.S. Involvement in World War I

* German submarine warfare; especially the sinking of the Lusitania by a German U-boat.
* The United States had economic and political ties to Great Britain
* The Zimmerman Telegram
* Inability to remain neutral

#### Zimmerman Telegram

The Zimmerman Telegram was sent from Germany to Mexico in 1917. It asked Mexico to join the Central Powers and attack the United States. Mexico refused to attack the U.S., but when the U.S. found out about the Zimmerman Telegram, it angered Americans and led to the U.S. declaring war on Germany.

#### Lusitania Sinking

The RMS Lusitania was a British ocean liner that was sunk by a torpedo from a German U-boat in 1915. 128 Americans on board were killed. This event angered many Americans, but the U.S. would remain neutral until Woodrow Wilson led the nation to war in 1917.
# AP United States History/1945-1980

Introduces the rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States, the growth of various social and political movements, and the economic, cultural, and political transformations of this period.

## Objectives and Skills

Topics may include:
* The Cold War and the Red Scare
* America as a world power
* The Vietnam War
* The Great Society
* The civil rights movement
* Youth culture of the 1960s
# AP United States History/1844-1877

Introduces how the nation expanded and the events that led to the secession of Southern states and the Civil War.

## Objectives and Skills

Topics may include:
* Manifest Destiny
* The Mexican–American War
* Attempts to resolve conflicts over the spread of slavery
* The election of 1860 and Southern secession
* The Civil War
* Reconstruction
# AP United States History/1865-1898

Introduces the nation’s economic and demographic shifts in this period and their links to cultural and political changes.

## Objectives and Skills

Topics may include:
* The settlement of the West
* The "New South"
* The rise of industrial capitalism
* Immigration and migration
* Reform movements
* Debates about the role of government
# AP United States History/1890-1945

Introduces America’s changing society and culture and the causes and effects of the global wars and economic meltdown of this period.

## Objectives and Skills

Topics may include:
* Debates over imperialism
* The Progressive movement
* World War I
* Innovations in communications and technology in the 1920s
* The Great Depression and the New Deal
* World War II
* Postwar diplomacy
# AP United States History/1980-Present

Introduces the advance of political conservatism, developments in science and technology, and demographic shifts that had major cultural and political consequences in this period.

## Objectives and Skills

Topics may include:
* Reagan and conservatism
* The end of the Cold War
* Shifts in the economy
* Migration and immigration
* Challenges of the 21st century
# Linear algebra (Osnabrück 2024-2025)/Part I/List of material

* List of definitions
* Important theorems
# Linear algebra (Osnabrück 2024-2025)/Part I/Important theorems

Let $a,b$ be elements of a field and let $n$ denote a natural number. Then
    $(a+b)^{n}=\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\binom {n}{k}}a^{k}b^{n-k}$
holds.
Let $K$ be a field and let $K[X]$ be the polynomial ring over $K$. Let $P,T\in K[X]$ be polynomials with $T\neq 0$. Then there exist unique polynomials $Q,R\in K[X]$ such that
    $P=TQ+R{\text{ and with }}\operatorname {deg} \,(R)<\operatorname {deg} \,(T){\text{ or }}R=0.$
Let $K$ be a field and let $K[X]$ be the polynomial ring over $K$. Let $P\in K[X]$ be a polynomial and $a\in K$. Then $a$ is a zero of $P$ if and only if $P$ is a multiple of the linear polynomial $X-a$.
Let $K$ be a field and let $K[X]$ be the polynomial ring over $K$. Let $P\in K[X]$ be a polynomial ($\neq 0$) of degree $d$. Then $P$ has at most $d$ zeroes.
Every nonconstant polynomial $P\in \mathbb {C} [X]$ over the complex numbers has a zero.
Let $K$ be a field, and let $n$ different elements $a_{1},\ldots ,a_{n}\in K$ and $n$ elements $b_{1},\ldots ,b_{n}\in K$ are given. Then there exist a unique
polynomial $P\in K[X]$ of degree $\leq n-1$, such that $P{\left(a_{i}\right)}=b_{i}$ holds for all $i$.
# Russian Revolution/Glossary

* Russia: The nation that was under Czarist rule until 1917 and was enveloped into the USSR and declared it self independent in 1991
* Pogrom: A government policy for or against something, most noticeably the Anti-Jewish pogroms in -