OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# EuroLex/E/Typhoon

typhoon
* Original language: English
* Original form and meaning: n. 'a tropical storm in the western Pacific'
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | taifun | 19c | the same as in English, see above, status: not (or no longer) recognized as English | dito | ... |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | tyfoon > taifoen [ti:fo:n] | 19c | the same as in English, see above, status: not (or no longer) recognized as English | dito | ... |
| English | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | taifun | 19c, via German | the same as in English, see above, status: not (or no longer) recognized as English | dito | ... |
| French | typhon [tifo] | 19c | the same as in English, see above, status: not (or no longer) recognized as English | dito | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Taifun | beg19c | the same as in English, see above, status: not (or no longer) recognized as English | dito | ... |
| Hungarian | táifun [ta:ifun] | beg19c, via German/Portuguese | the same as in English, see above, status: not (or no longer) recognized as English / word comes from other source than English: Greek; | dito | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | tifone | … | the same as in English, see above, status: word comes from other source than English: Portuguese/Arabic/Greek; | dito | ... |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | tyfon [tyfu:n] | 19c | the same as in English, see above, status: not (or no longer) recognized as English | dito | ... |
| Polish | ... | ... | status: word comes from other source than English: German; | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | tifón [tyfu:n] | 19c | the same as in English, see above, status: not (or no longer) recognized as English / word comes from other source than English: French; | dito | ... |
| Swedish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
# EuroLex/Envelope

* Original language: French
* Original form and meaning: enveloppe - 1. reference; 2. envelope; 3. pay/wage packet; 4. husk, paring
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | enveloppe | ... | 'meaning 2' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | envelop | ... | 'meaning 2' | '...' | ... |
| English | envelope | 18c | 'meaning 2, 4; and also: a) the coma of a comet; b) mathematics: A curve or surface that is tangent to every one of a family of curves or surfaces; c) radio: (of a modulated carrier wave) a curve connecting the peaks of a graph of the instantaneous value of the electric or magnetic component of the carrier wave as a function of time' | '...' | http://www.etymonline.com |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| French | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Enveloppe | ... | 'mathematics: A curve or surface that is tangent to every one of a family of curves or surfaces' | 'meaning 2' | http://www.langenscheidt.de/fremdwb/fremdwb.html |
| Hungarian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Polish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | envelope | ... | 'meaning 2' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Swedish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |

### Annotations

Etymology: from F enveloppe, a back-formation of envelopper "to envelop", from OF envoluper, from en- "in" + voloper "wrap up", of uncertain origin, perhaps Celtic
Source: http://www.etymonline.com

### Information on Other Languages

meaning 2:
Czech: obálka
Danish: konvolut; kuvert
Estonian: ümbrik
Finnish: kirjekuori
Hungarian: (levél)boríték
Italian: busta
Latvian: aploksne; apvalks
Lithuanian: vokas
Norwegian: konvolutt
Polish: koperta
Slovak: obálka
Slovenian: kuverta
Spanish: sobre
Swedish: kuvert
# EuroLex/F/Accessory

* Original language: French
* Original form and meaning: accessoire m. - 1. supplement, 2. auxiliary tool, 3. requisite, 4. extra/extras, special equipment, 5. accessory
accessoire adj. - 1. acessory, 2. casual, 3. insignificant, 4. redundant
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | accessoire | ... | 'noun: meaning 5' | '...' | ... |
| English | accessory | '1400â50 as accessary, 17c as accessory' | 'noun: meaning 1, 4 and 5, in law: someone who helps another person commit a crime adjective: meaning 1; also auxiliary' | '...' | http://de.wiktionary.org/wiki, http://www.answers.com, http://www.allwords.com |
| Estonian | aksessuaar | ... | 'noun: meaning 5' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | asuste (???) | ... | 'noun: meaning 5' | '...' | ... |
| French | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Accessoire | ... | 'noun: meaning 4 and 5' | '...' | ... |
| Hungarian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | accessorio | ... | 'noun: meaning 1, 4, 5' | '...' | ... |
| Latvian | aksesuÄri | ... | 'noun: meaning 5' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | aksesuaras | ... | 'noun: meaning 5' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Polish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | 'n. - acessÃ³rio (m), adj. - acessÃ³rio' | ... | 'noun: meaning 5' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | n. accesorio | ... | 'noun: meaning 1 and 5, adjective: meaning 1 in law: someone who helps another person commit a crime' | '...' | ... |
| Swedish | accessoar | ... | 'noun: meaning 5' | '...' | ... |

### Annotations

Etymology: from MF accesoire, from Medieval Latin accessÅrius, from accessor, helper'
source: http://de.wiktionary.org/wiki, http://www.answers.com

### Information on Other Languages

Polnisch: n. modne dodatki
Danish: n. - ekstratilbehÃ¸r, tilbehÃ¸r; adj. - ekstra, ekstra-
Swedish: n. - tillbehÃ¶r, medhjÃ¤lpare; adj. - Ã¥tfÃ¶ljande, bidragande
# EuroLex/F/Adieu

* Original language:French
* Original form and meaning:adieu 'goodbye'
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| English | adieu | 14th c. | 1. 'an expression of kind wishes at the parting of friends, sinking into a mere formula of civility of parting: Good-bye! Farewell!', 2. 'an expression of regret at the loss or departure of anything, or a mere exclamatory recognition of its disappearance = Away!, no longer, no more, all is over with' | '...' | OED |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| French | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | adieu | 13th c.(Gottfried von Straßburg), 17th c. | 'common goodbye-saying' (buzzword, spreaded among people) | adé (MHG): 'common goodbye-saying'(15th/16th c. 17th c., Renaissance in 18th in poetic language) | Birken-Silvermann 2003: 131/132 |
| Hungarian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Polish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Swedish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
# English-Chinese/Cataracts usually develop slowly and may affect one or both eyes

Cataracts usually develop slowly and may affect one or both eyes.
白内障通常发展缓慢，可能会影响一只或两只眼睛。
# English-Chinese/Cauliflower leaves

Cauliflower leaves are edible and can be cooked as other vegetables. Cauliflower leaves are rich in vitamins, minerals and fiber.
花椰菜叶 可食用，可像 其他 蔬菜 一样 烹饪。 花椰菜叶 富含 维生素，矿物质 和 纤维。
# English-Chinese/Cataracts cause half of all cases of blindness

Cataracts cause half of all cases of blindness and 33% of visual impairment worldwide.
白内障导致全世界所有失明病例的一半和33％的视力损害。
# English-Chinese/Cauliflower fights against toxin

Cauliflower contains nutrients which helps to fight against toxin.
花椰菜含有有助于对抗毒素的营养素。
# English-Chinese/Cauliflower is rich in antioxidants

Cauliflower is rich in antioxidants that can slow aging.
花椰菜 富含 抗氧化剂，可减慢 衰老。
# English-Chinese/Cataracts become more common with age

Cataracts become more common with age.
随着年龄的增长，白内障变得越来越常见。
# English-Chinese/Cauliflower is rich in fiber

Cauliflower is rich in fiber and helps digestion.
椰菜花富含纤维，帮助消化。
# English-Chinese/Causes of anaphylaxis

Insect stings, food, antibiotics, and certain medicines may produce a systemic allergic response that is also called anaphylaxis; multiple organ systems can be affected, including the digestive system, the respiratory system, and the circulatory system.
昆虫叮咬，食物，抗生素和某些药物可能会产生全身过敏反应，也称为过敏反应; 多器官系统可能受到影响，包括消化系统，呼吸系统和循环系统。
# English-Chinese/Cathode ray tube

The cathode ray tube or CRT was invented by Karl Ferdinand Braun. It was the most common type of display for many years. It was used in almost all computer monitors and televisions until LCD and plasma screens started being used.
阴极射线管 或 CRT 由 Karl Ferdinand Braun 发明。这是 多年来 最常见的 显示器 类型。在 LCD 和 等离子屏幕 开始使用 之前，几乎 所有的 计算机显示器 和 电视机 都 使用 它。
# English-Chinese/Causes and prevention of fatty liver

Eating too much fat meat, fried food, and white food, and lack of exercise will lead to fatty liver. The best method for prevention and treatment of fatty liver is a healthy lifestyle.
吃 太多 肥肉，煎炸食物，和 白色食物，加以 缺乏运动 就会 导致 脂肪肝。脂肪肝的 最好 防治方法 就是 健康的 生活方式。
# Endomorphism/Invariant subspace/Definition

Let $K$ be a field, $V$ a vector space over $K$ and
    $\varphi \colon V\longrightarrow V$
a linear mapping. A linear subspace $U\subseteq V$ is called $\varphi$-invariant, if
    $\varphi (U)\subseteq U\,$
holds.
# Endomorphism/Power is identity/Eigenvalues are roots of unity/Exercise

Let $K$ be a field, and let $\varphi \colon V\rightarrow V$ be an endomorphism on a $K$-vector space $V$, satisfying
    $\varphi ^{n}=\operatorname {Id} _{V}\,$
for a certain $n\in \mathbb {N}$. Show that every eigenvalue $\lambda$ of $\varphi$ fulfills the property $\lambda ^{n}=1$.
# Endomorphism/Minimal polynomial/Introduction/Section
## Definition

Let $V$ be a finite-dimensional $K$-vector space and
    $f\colon V\longrightarrow V$
a linear mapping. Then the uniquely determined normed polynomial $\mu _{f}\in K[X]$ of minimal degree fulfilling
    $\mu _{f}(f)=0\,$
is called the minimal polynom
$f$

## Corollary

Let $V$ be a finite-dimensional vector space over a field $K$, and let
    $f\colon V\longrightarrow V$
denote a linear mapping. Then the set
    ${\left\{P\in K[X]\mid P(f)=0\right\}}$
is a principal ideal in the polynomial ring $K[X]$, which is generated by the minimal polynomial
$\mu _{f}$

### Proof

$\Box$

## Example

For the identity $\operatorname {Id} _{V}$ on a $K$-vector space $V$, the minimal polynomial is just $X-1$. This polynomial is sent under the evaluation homomorphism to
    $\operatorname {Id} _{V}-\operatorname {Id} _{V}=0\,.$
A constant polynomial $a_{0}$ is sent to $a_{0}\operatorname {Id}$, which is not, with the exception of $a_{0}=0$ or $V=0$, the zero mapping.
For a homothety, that is, a mapping of the form $\lambda \operatorname {Id} _{V}$, the minimal polynomial is $X-\lambda$, under the condition $\lambda \neq 0$ and $V\neq 0$. For the zero mapping on $V\neq 0$, the minimal polynomial is $X$, in case $V=0$, it is the constant polynomial $1$.

## Example

For a diagonal matrix
    $M={\begin{pmatrix}d_{1}&0&\cdots &0\\0&d_{2}&\ddots &\vdots \\\vdots &\ddots &\ddots &0\\0&\cdots &0&d_{n}\end{pmatrix}}\,$
with different entries $d_{i}$, the minimal polynomial is
    $P=(X-d_{1})(X-d_{2})\cdots (X-d_{n})\,.$
This polynomial is sent under the substitution to
    $(M-d_{1}E_{n})\circ (M-d_{2}E_{n})\circ (M-d_{n}E_{n}).$
We apply this to a standard vector $e_{i}$. Then factor $(M-d_{j}E_{n})$ sends $e_{i}$to $(d_{i}-d_{j})e_{i}$. Therefore, the $i$-th factor ensures that $e_{i}$ is annihilated. Since a basis is mapped under $P(M)$ to $0$, it must be the zero mapping.
Assume now that $P$ is not the minimal polynomial $\mu$. Then there exists, due to fact, a polynomial $Q$ with
    $P=Q\mu \,,$
and, because of fact, $\mu$ is a partial product of the linear factors of $P$. But as soon as one factor of $P$ is removed, say we remove $X-d_{i}$, then $e_{i}$ is not annihilated by the corresponding mapping.

## Example

For the matrix
    $M={\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\0&0\end{pmatrix}}\,,$
$X^{2}$ is the minimal polynomial. This polynomial becomes, after the substitution, the zero mapping, because of
    $M^{2}={\begin{pmatrix}0&0\\0&0\end{pmatrix}}\,.$
The factors of $X^{2}$ of smaller degree are the constant polynomials $\neq 0$ and $a_{1}X$ with $a_{1}\neq 0$, but these polynomials do not annihilate $M$.
# Endomorphism/R^2/No eigenvalue, power has/Example/Exercise

Give an example of a linear mapping
    $\varphi \colon \mathbb {R} ^{2}\longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ^{2}$
such that $\varphi$ has no eigenvalue, but a certain power $\varphi ^{n}$, $n\geq 2$, has an eigenvalue.
# Endomorphism/Geometric and algebraic multiplicity/Fact/Proof

Let $m=\dim _{\left(\operatorname {Eig} _{\lambda }{\left(\varphi \right)}\right)}$ and let $v_{1},\ldots ,v_{m}$ be a basis of this eigenspace. We complement this basis with $w_{1},\ldots ,w_{n-m}$ to get a basis of $V$, using fact. With respect to this basis, the describing matrix has the form
    ${\begin{pmatrix}\lambda E_{m}&B\\0&C\end{pmatrix}}.$
Ttherefore, the characteristic polynomial equals (using exercise) $(X-\lambda )^{m}\cdot \chi _{C}$, so that the algebraic multiplicity is at least $m$.
# Endomorphism/Polynomial/Eigenvalues/Exercise

Let $K$ be a field, and let $\varphi \colon V\rightarrow V$ be an endomorphism on a $K$-vector space $V$. Let $\lambda \in K$ be an eigenvalue of $\varphi$ and $P\in K[X]$ a polynomial. Show that $P(\lambda )$ is an eigenvalue of $P(\varphi )$.
# Endomorphism/Geometric and algebraic multiplicity/Fact

Let $K$ denote a field, and let $V$ denote a finite-dimensional vector space. Let
    $\varphi \colon V\longrightarrow V$
denote a linear mapping and $\lambda \in K$.
    $\dim _{\left(\operatorname {Eig} _{\lambda }{\left(\varphi \right)}\right)}\leq \mu _{\lambda }(\varphi )\,$
between the geometric and the
# Endomorphism/Nilpotent vector/Invariant subspace/Exercise

Let $\varphi \colon V\rightarrow V$ a linear mapping on a $K$-vector space $V$ over a field $K$. Show that the subset of $V$, defined by
    $U={\left\{v\in V\mid {\text{ there exists an }}n\in \mathbb {N} {\text{ with }}\varphi ^{n}(v)=0\right\}}\,,$
is an $\varphi$-invariant linear subspace.
# English-Chinese/Chicken

A chicken is a kind of domesticated bird. It is raised in many places for its meat and eggs. They are usually kept by humans as poultry. Most breeds of chickens can fly for short distance. Some sleep in trees if there are trees around.
鸡 是 一种 驯养的 鸟。许多 地方 养鸡 是 为了 它的 肉 和 蛋。它们 通常 被 人类 作为 家禽 饲养。大多数 鸡的 品种 只能 飞行 很短的 距离。如果 周围 有 树，有些 鸡 会 睡 在 树上。
# English-Chinese/Chinese Buddhism has shaped Chinese culture

Chinese Buddhism has shaped Chinese culture in a wide variety of areas including art, politics, literature, philosophy, medicine, and material culture.
中国佛教在艺术，政治，文学，哲学，医学和物质文化等广泛领域塑造了中国文化。
# English-Chinese/Chinese language

The Chinese language is the group of languages used by Chinese people in China and elsewhere. It forms part of a language family called the Sino-Tibetan family of languages.
汉语 是 中国人 在 中国 和 其他 地方 使用的 一组 语言。它 构成了 一个 称为 汉藏语系的 语系的 一部分。
# English-Chinese/Childhood abuse lead to depression

Childhood physical or sexual abuse in particular significantly correlates with the likelihood of experiencing depression over the victim's lifetime.
特别是儿童身体或性虐待与受害者一生中经历抑郁的可能性显着相关。
# English-Chinese/China

China is in the east of Asia. It includes the Chinese Mainland, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
中国 位于 亚洲 东部。 它 包括 中国大陆，香港，澳门，和 台湾。
# English-Chinese/Chinese
## English

Chinese is the common language of China. It has two written forms - Hanzi and Pinyin.

## Hanzi

中文 是 中国的 共同语言。它 有 两种 书面形式 - 汉字 和 拼音。

## Pinyin

Zhōngwén shì Zhōngguó de gòngtóng yǔyán. Tā yǒu liǎng zhǒng shūmiàn xíngshì - Hànzì hé Pīnyīn.
# English-Chinese/Chinese Mainland

The Chinese Mainland is a part of China. It is a term referred to the part of China excluding Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. It is governed by the government of the People's Republic of China.
中国大陆 是 中国 的 一部分。 这 是 一个 术语，指 中国 除 香港、澳门 和 台湾 之外 的 部分。 它 由 中华人民共和国 政府 管理。
# English-Chinese/Chicken is healthier than red meat

Chicken is cited as being more healthful than red meat, with lower concentrations of cholesterol and saturated fat.
鸡被认为比红肉更健康，胆固醇和饱和脂肪含量较低。
# English-Chinese/Chicken is the most common type of poultry in the world

Chicken is the most common type of poultry in the world.
鸡是世界上最常见的家禽类型。
# English-Chinese/Chicken meat contains more polyunsaturated fat

Chicken meat contains about two to three times as much polyunsaturated fat as most types of red meat when measured as weight percentage.
当以重量百分比测量时，鸡肉含有大多数类型红肉的多不饱和脂肪的约2至3倍。
# Educational Media Awareness Campaign/Art/POTD

Gallery of featured media for art
Home
· Picture 1
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Art Picture of the Day
The Bayeux Tapestry
A detailed from the Bayeux Tapestry, showing William of Normandy. In general, paintings prior to the 20th century are in the public domain due to expiration of copyright, which means you can use images of them freely in educational materials. For works of art created in the 20th century, normally you cannot reuse any copies. Click on the image for a full size version which you can freely re-use and modify. Print it and use it for your lessons, integrate it into your pages on Wikiversity, or use it in other learning resources and websites. Use the links below to find more images like this one.
Bayeux Tapestry - Medieval tapestry - Romanesque art - Art in general This image is a part of the Educational Media Awareness Campaign, raising awareness among educators about the availability and usage of millions of free internet media in education. :
# Educational Assessment/Principles of Good Practice for Assessing Student Learning

In 1992, the American Association of Higher Education published "Principles of Good Practice for Assessing Student Learning. The principles are:"
* The assessment of student learning begins with educational values.
* Assessment is most effective when it reflects an understanding of learning as multidimensional, integrated, and revealed in performance over time.
* Assessment works best when the programs it seeks to improve have clear, explicitly stated purposes.
* Assessment requires attention to outcomes but also and equally to the experiences that lead to those outcomes.
* Assessment works best when it is ongoing not episodic.
* Assessment fosters wider improvement when representatives from across the educational community are involved.
* Assessment makes a difference when it begins with issues of use and illuminates questions that people really care about.
* Assessment is most likely to lead to improvement when it is part of a larger set of conditions that promote change.
* Through assessment, educators meet responsibilities to students and to the public.

## See Also

* Wikisource: Principles of good practice for assessing student learning