# AP United States History/1800-1848

Introduces how the young nation developed politically, culturally, and economically in this period.

## Objectives and Skills

Topics may include:
* The rise of political parties
* American foreign policy
* Innovations in technology, agriculture, and business
* Debates about federal power
* The Second Great Awakening
* Reform movements
* The experience of African Americans

## Study Notes

* Election of 1800 - Jefferson tied with Aaron Burr, even though they were running for different positions. 3/5th compromise helped Jefferson receive more votes in the election. Led to the 12th amendment, which separated the ballots of the president and vice president.
* John Marshall - fourth Supreme Court Chief Justice, dealt with many cases affecting the meaning of the Constitution. established judicial review, important in separation of powers
* Marbury v. Madison - Marbury was denied his job because he did not receive his commissions from Madison; Marbury petitioned for Madison to do his job (writ of mandamus). Madison did not give commissions because the Constitution did not give the Supreme Court the power to issue a writ of mandamus. Madison won because of Marshall's use of judicial review. first instance in which judicial review was used.
* Samuel Chase - against whom the Jeffersonians wanted revenge after Marbury V. Madison; a very disliked/unpopular person, arrogant Supreme Court justice, impeached by popular demand. showed a rise in Jeffersonian Republicans.
* Louisiana Purchase/Jefferson's "strict constructionist" views - Jefferson could not resists the bargain of the Louisiana territory even though his "strict constructionist" views would have told him that the Constitution did not have any article that the nation could purchase land. This showed Jefferson's permissiveness toward Hamiltonian ideology. doubled size of U.S.
* Louis and Clark - explorers sent by Jefferson to survey the Louisiana Territory. Clark was an officer; Lewis a personal secretary. helped shape the future of the Louisiana Territory.
* The Chesapeake - U.S. frigate that the British seized and attacked. enormous display of Britain's audacity to attack Americans. outraged Americans
* Macon's Bill No. 2 - intended to reduce or halt impressment and seizing of American ships. opened trade between Britain and France. Madison had the power to halt trade with either nation. useless after Madison found out that Napoleon would recognize America's neutrality
* War of 1812 - battle between Britons and Americans , one cause was impressment, removed British from Old Northwest, like a 2nd war of independence.
* Judicial review - the power of the Supreme Court to make its own interpretation of the Constitution for ruling cases. led to a better separation of powers and ensued more peace among the branches of government.
* Whig party(platform, demise) - The Whig Party hated Jackson, supported Clay's American System, and originated in the Senate when Clay, Calhoun, and Webster joined forces. They called for internal improvements such as canals, roads, telephone lines, asylums, prisons, and public schools. The deaths of Clay and Webster and slavery itself significantly led to its demise. claimed to defend the common man and showed how the issue of slavery interferes with politics.
* Presidential election of 1824 - The four popular candidates in this election were John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, William H. Crawford, and Andrew Jackson. Jackson did not win the electoral vote majority. Clay, the speaker of the house, was allowed to influence the outcome of the election. Many Jacksonians believed this election was a "corrupt bargain" because they thought Adams bargained with Henry Clay to become president. raise uproar among Jacksonians.
* Peggy Eaton Affair - Peggy was a high-class woman who was disrespectable for her sexuality. It was assumed that Peggy's father's suicide rose from Peggy's affair with Secretary of War John Eaton. Peggy's affair affected the status of all respectable women and even caused some Cabinet members to resign. Several Cabinet wives led an anti-Peggy coalition.
* "Mudslinging" - attacking one's opponent by discrediting his/her policies and beliefs. In the election of 1828 people accused Jackson's mother and wife of being prostitutes. Adams was accused to being a pimp to help the Tsar. Mudslining reached new lows in 1828.
* Andrew Jackson - 7th president of U.S., part of Democratic party, commanded in the Battle of New Orleans, brutal in expedition in Florida, invented the spoils system to increase his support from the public. appealed to the masses because he rose from the masses. strongest support from West and South. first nominated at a formal party convention. second president without college education.
* Henry Clay - devised the American System, Whig, accused of helping Adams win election of 1824. founded Monrovia as a place for freed slaves. tried to appease South in nullification crisis
* John C. Calhoun - Whig, wrote pamphlet "The South Carolina Exposition," which protested against Tariff of 1828. also suggested nullification. defended South and slavery as a sectionalist. helped spread hatred of tariff of 1828