OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kinematics of particles

Part of the Dynamics course offered by the Division of Applied Mechanics, School of Engineering and the Engineering and Technology Portal

## Lecture
### Equations of Motion

Rectilinear Motion The motion of any particle is most easily described by using the the equations of Rectilinear Motion. Where ${\boldsymbol {s}}$ represents distance or displacement, ${\vec {\boldsymbol {v}}}$ represents velocity and ${\vec {\boldsymbol {a}}}$ represents acceleration, it may be remembered from Physics that:
Curvilinear Motion The motion of any particle along a curved path is most easily described by using the the equations of Curvilinear Motion. Where ${\boldsymbol {\vec {r}}}$ represents the position of a particle in cartesian or polar coordinates and ${\boldsymbol {\Delta {\vec {r}}}}$ is the displacement of said particle, the scalar quantity ${\boldsymbol {s=|{\vec {r}}|}}$ represents the distance of the displacement and ${\boldsymbol {\vec {v}}}$ is the instantaneous velocity of the particle:

### 3D Motion

Motion in three dimensions may be described by the following equations:
Rectangular Coordinates (Cartesian) - (x,y,z)
Cylindrical Coordinates - (r, $\theta$, z) Also see Polar Coordinates (r, $\theta$)
Spherical Coordinates - (R, $\theta$, $\phi$)

### Mass Moment of Inertia

Mass Moment of Inertia is the resistance of an object to attempts to accelerate its rotation about an axis.
If the axis of rotation passes through the center of gravity of the rotating object, the calculated $\ I_{c}$ is called the Centroidal Mass Moment of Inertia. (See also the List of moments of inertia on Wikipedia)

### Additive Motion & Relative Motion

For a system of two vectors oriented in different directions, the relationsip between the two may be establshed through vector addition. For vectors ${\vec {\boldsymbol {v_{A}}}}$ and ${\vec {\boldsymbol {v_{B}}}}$, the relative motion of ${\vec {\boldsymbol {v_{A}}}}$ from the frame of reference of ${\vec {\boldsymbol {v_{B}}}}$ is:
The calculation of relative motion is completed similarly for acceleration.

## Assignments

Activities:
* Create an activity
Readings:
* Peruse the appropriate sections of b:Mechanics
Study guide:
* Wikipedia article:Cartesian coordinates
* Wikipedia article:Polar coordinates
* Wikipedia article:Cylindrical coordinates
* Wikipedia article:Spherical coordinates
* Wikipedia article:Displacement
* Wikipedia article:Distance
* Wikipedia article:Velocity
* Wikipedia article:Speed
* Wikipedia article:Acceleration
# Kinetic respiration analysis

under construction
following the Wikiversity:Adding content tutorial
Welcome to the learning project on Kinetic respiration analysis!
The following is a suggested list of headings for a learning project. For more information, please read the directions. Please organise the page as you see fit.

## Todo

* find similar links in soil science topics/schools

## Learning project summary

* Project code:
* Suggested Prerequisites:
* Time investment:
* Assessment suggestions:
* Portal: Portal:...(List main portal/s here)
* School: School:... (List main school/s here)
* Department: Topic:...
* Stream:
* Level:

## Content summary

Describe this learning project in a sentence or two.

## Goals

In this learning project we aim to...

## Contents
### Learning materials

Add learning materials here. See also the box below.

### Readings and other resources

Each project/lesson/activity may have a suggested reading selection. For example:
* w: ...
* b: ...

### Lessons

* Lesson 1:
* Lesson 2:

### Activities

* Activity 1:
* Activity 2:

### Tests and quizzes

* Quiz 1:
* Quiz 2:
* Test 1:

## Subpages

Subpages can be created - using the syntax '[[/concepts/]]' (for concepts involved in this learning project & without the quotes).
Links to subpages can be automatically shown using
* Kinetic respiration analysis

## Active participants

Active participants in this Learning Group
* Learning materials
* Learning materials and learning projects are located in the main Wikiversity namespace (i.e. without any prefix such as 'Topic:' or 'School:'). Simply make a link to the name of the learning resource, lesson, or learning project (these are independent pages in the main namespace, and sometimes subpages when appropriate) and start writing!
* You should also read about the Wikiversity:Learning model. Lessons should center on learning activities for Wikiversity participants. Learning materials and learning projects can be used by multiple projects - and you are encouraged to cooperate with other departments that use the same learning resource.
# Kirsten
## A Swedish pioneer girl in Minnesota

This learning project is part of the History through American Girl project; based on the Kirsten books by Janet Shaw, part of the American Girls Collection:
* Meet Kirsten
* Kirsten Learns a Lesson
* Kirsten's Surprise
* Happy Birthday, Kirsten!
* Kirsten Saves the Day
* Changes for Kirsten
In the first book, the fictional characters of 9-year-old Kirsten and her family leave Sweden to try and find a better life in Minnesota in 1854. Through the rest of the series she discovers all of the trials and joys of pioneer life with her family and friends, including learning English at a new school, celebrating the 4th of July for the first time and holding on to Swedish family traditions even in a new land.
Despite the fact that these books were written for entertainment purposes, the novels are surprisingly historically accurate; which makes them the ideal vehicle for a children's history course (especially for girls). They are very popular and easy to obtain; found in most bookstores and libraries. They are short and to the point, making them easy for an educator to read aloud to a group.

### Project goals

The goal of this project is to create and maintain resources pertaining to the books, including further reading lists, possible craft projects, fun games and quizzes and more. Also, each book should have a "Cliff Notes" synopsis for quick reference as well as a more detailed breakdown for educators.
# Kidney

Kidney (Latin ren, Greek. νεφρός [nephros], English. kidney) is a human organ. An adult has a length of 12 cm, a length of 6 cm, and a length of 3 cm. The kidney is placed on the back wall of the sacral cavity at the 12th vertebra, and its minimum size is at the height of the 3rd dorsal vertebra. It is located 1.5-2.0 cm on the left and right sides. The reason for this is that the right kidney is pressed against the right kidney.

## Kidney structure

The renal artery, the renal vein, and the ureter are all called the renal sinus. It is at the entrance of the kidney, and the cavity is called the renal pelvis. The renal pelvis collects the urine in the kidney and passes it to the ureter. The renal pelvis collects urine from 2-3 major calyces, and the major calyx collects urine from 2-3 minor calyces. The kidney is covered with fibrous connective tissue. Interstitial tissue of the kidney is a fluffy connective tissue, and on the outside it is rich in reticular and reticular economy. The kidney is divided into two parts: the cortex and the medulla, and the medulla, which is slightly more useful for the cortex, has acquired a pale appearance. The cerebrum is made up of 8-12 pyramidal structures (renal pyramids) with the base of the pyramid facing the cortex and the apex facing the entrance of the kidney. At the top of the pyramid, the tip of the papilla, such as the renal papilla, collects urine through a small cup. Interstitial tissue of the pyramids was deciphered as the renal column (renal column). The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. Nephrons filter blood and produce urine, and each kidney consists of 1 million good nephrons.

## Duty

Participates in the formation and excretion of urine.
Regulates cell fluid balance [ECF].
Regulates blood pressure.
Role of electrolyte compensation in body fluids.
Acid-base balance.
Regulates osmotic pressure in plasma.
Regulation of erythropoietin.
Renin-angiotensin, prostaglandin, and kallikrein-kinin apparatuses are involved in the endocrine system of the kidneys.

## How to protect your kidneys

The key to preventing and slowing down the progression of kidney disease is keeping your blood pressure stable, or more specifically, keeping your blood pressure below 130/80. 3/2 percent of the main causes of chronic kidney disease are diabetes and high blood pressure. That's why it is possible to prevent the disease by following a regular exercise and a healthy and well-balanced diet.
# Kinetics of Particles

Part of the Dynamics course offered by the Division of Applied Mechanics, School of Engineering and the Engineering and Technology Portal

## Lecture

The application of particle kinematics to systems of forces is wholly dependent upon Newton's Second Law. Solutions to kinetics problems may be obtained by using Newton's Law directly, Work/Energy methods or through Impulse/Momentum calculations.

### Kinetic Energy Analysis (Energy of Motion)
## Assignments

Activities:
* Create an activity
Readings:
* Peruse the appropriate sections of b:Mechanics
Study guide:
* Wikipedia article:Newtons Laws
* Wikipedia article:Mechanical Work
# Khovsgol lake

Khövsgöl Lake (also spelled Khövsgöl Nuur or Khuvsgul Lake) is one of the most significant natural landmarks in Mongolia, often referred to as the "Blue Pearl of Mongolia." Here's an overview of the lake:
### **Location and Geography**
- **Location:** Khövsgöl Lake is located in the northernmost province of Mongolia, Khövsgöl Aimag, near the Russian border. It is part of the larger Sayan Mountain range.
- **Coordinates:** The lake lies at approximately 51°N latitude and 100°E longitude.
- **Altitude:** The lake is situated at an elevation of about 1,645 meters (5,397 feet) above sea level.
### **Size and Depth**
- **Surface Area:** Khövsgöl Lake covers an area of approximately 2,760 square kilometers (1,065 square miles), making it the largest freshwater lake by volume in Mongolia and the second largest by surface area.
- **Depth:** It is one of the deepest lakes in Central Asia, with a maximum depth of around 262 meters (860 feet).
- **Volume:** The lake holds roughly 70% of Mongolia’s fresh water, and about 0.4% of the world's total freshwater reserves.
### **Ecological Importance**
- **Water Quality:** Khövsgöl Lake is known for its pristine and clear water, often compared to Lake Baikal in Russia, to which it is hydrologically connected via the Egiin River, a tributary of the Selenge River.
- **Biodiversity:** The lake and surrounding area are home to diverse wildlife, including endemic fish species, birds, and various mammals. The area is part of Khövsgöl National Park, which helps protect the region's natural beauty and biodiversity.
- **Climate:** The region around the lake experiences a subarctic climate with long, cold winters and short, mild summers.
### **Cultural and Economic Significance**
- **Indigenous People:** The region around Khövsgöl Lake is inhabited by several ethnic groups, including the Darkhad and the Tsaatan (Dukha), who are reindeer herders with a shamanistic culture. The lake holds spiritual significance for these communities.
- **Tourism:** Khövsgöl Lake is a popular tourist destination, especially during the summer months. Visitors come to enjoy hiking, horse riding, kayaking, and exploring the surrounding mountains and forests. In winter, the lake freezes over, creating opportunities for ice fishing and other winter sports.
- **Nomadic Life:** The region is also significant for those interested in Mongolia's nomadic culture, with many traditional ger camps around the lake where visitors can experience the nomadic way of life.
### **Conservation and Environmental Issues**
- **Protection:** Khövsgöl National Park, established in 1992, aims to preserve the lake and its surrounding ecosystems. The park covers an area of about 8,381 square kilometers (3,236 square miles).
- **Challenges:** Despite its remote location, Khövsgöl Lake faces environmental pressures, including pollution from tourism, overfishing, and the potential impacts of climate change.
Khövsgöl Lake is not just a natural wonder but also a vital resource and cultural heritage site for Mongolia, playing a crucial role in the ecological and social fabric of the region.
# Programming Fundamentals/Conditions/Flowchart
## Try It
### Free Online Flowchart Tools

* Diagramo
* Draw.io

### Free Downloadable Flowchart IDEs

* Flowgorithm
* LARP
* RAPTOR
* Visual Logic

## See Also

* MathsIsFun: Conversion of Temperature
* Flowgorithm
* Raptor (programming)
* Flowgorithm.org: If
# Programming Fundamentals/Conditions/Go
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Go compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* Ideone
* GoLang.org
* paiza.IO
* repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* GoLang.org: Documentation
# Programming Fundamentals/Conditions/Java
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Java compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* InterviewBit
* paiza.IO
* PythonTutor
* repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Wikibooks: Java Programming
# Programming Fundamentals/Conditions/Lua
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Lua compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* Ideone
* repl.it
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Lua.org: Reference Manual
# Programming Fundamentals/Conditions/JavaScript
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own JavaScript compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* Chapman.edu: Online JavaScript Interpreter
* CodeChef
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* JS.do
* paiza.IO
* PythonTutor
* repl.it

## See Also

* Wikibooks: JavaScript
* How to Create Conditions in JavaScript
# Programming Fundamentals/Conditions/Clojure
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Clojure compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* Ideone
* paiza.IO
* repl.it
* RexTester
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* Wikibooks: Clojure Programming
* TutorialsPoint: Clojure
* ClojureDocs: Clojure Core
# Programming Fundamentals/Conditions/Compound Conditions

Compound conditions perform different computations or actions depending on whether multiple combined programmer-specified Boolean conditions evaluate to true or false. This activity introduces compound conditions. This activity will help you understand how to use compound conditions in a program.

## Objectives

* Understand compound condition concepts.
* Understand how compound conditions are specified in a program.
* Create truth tables for "and" and "or" logical operators.
* Single-step through a program to observe nested condition execution.

## Prerequisites

Learners should already be familiar with nested conditions.

## Introduction

Review the flowchart example on the right.

### Questions

* What flowcharting symbol is used to indicate a condition?
* How are compound conditions structured?
* What is the difference between "and" and "or"?
* What are truth tables?
* What do "and" and "or" truth tables include?

## Activity

With a partner, perform the following:
* Using a visual programming language, create a program matching the flowchart on the right.
* Save the program.
* Test the program to verify that it works correctly.
* Trade places, so that both partners have an opportunity to "drive" the visual programming environment.
* Change the environment to use a slow run speed and/or step through the program one shape at a time.
* Working together, identify the compound conditions that would be used to either convert Fahrenheit temperature to Celsius or convert Celsius temperature to Fahrenheit, depending on user choice.

## Applications

* Identify specific steps which must be followed when creating a program using compound conditions.
* Discuss your activity experience with your classmates. What surprised you? What have you learned that you can apply to your own school or work environment?
# Programming Fundamentals/Conditions/Conditions

A condition performs different computations or actions depending on whether a programmer-specified Boolean condition evaluates to true or false. This activity introduces conditions. This activity will help you understand how to use conditions in a program.

## Objectives

* Understand condition concepts.
* Understand how conditions are specified in a program.
* Single-step through a program to observe condition execution.

## Prerequisites

Learners should already be familiar with a visual programming environment.

## Introduction

Review the flowchart example on the right.

### Questions

* What flowcharting symbol is used to indicate a condition?
* How are conditions structured?

## Activity

With a partner, perform the following:
* Using a visual programming language, create a program matching the flowchart on the right.
* Save the program.
* Test the program to verify that it works correctly.
* Trade places, so that both partners have an opportunity to "drive" the visual programming environment.
* Change the environment to use a slow run speed and/or step through the program one shape at a time.
* Working together, create a list of function names that would be used to follow the input-process-output model and either convert Fahrenheit temperature to Celsius or convert Celsius temperature to Fahrenheit, depending on user choice.

## Applications

* Identify specific steps which must be followed when creating a program using conditions.
* Discuss your activity experience with your classmates. What surprised you? What have you learned that you can apply to your own school or work environment?
# Programming Fundamentals/Conditions/Fortran
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into one of the following free online development environments or use your own Fortran compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* CodeChef
* GDB Online
* Ideone
* RexTester
* TutorialsPoint

## See Also

* TutorialsPoint: Fortran
* Fortran90.org: Best Practices
# Programming Fundamentals/Conditions/Nested Conditions

Nested conditions perform a sequence of different computations or actions depending on whether programmer-specified Boolean conditions evaluate to true or false. This activity introduces nested conditions. This activity will help you understand how to use nested conditions in a program.

## Objectives

* Understand nested condition concepts.
* Understand how nested conditions are specified in a program.
* Single-step through a program to observe nested condition execution.

## Prerequisites

Learners should already be familiar with conditions.

## Introduction

Review the flowchart example on the right.

### Questions

* What flowcharting symbol is used to indicate a condition?
* How are nested conditions structured?

## Activity

With a partner, perform the following:
* Using a visual programming language, create a program matching the flowchart on the right.
* Save the program.
* Test the program to verify that it works correctly.
* Trade places, so that both partners have an opportunity to "drive" the visual programming environment.
* Change the environment to use a slow run speed and/or step through the program one shape at a time.
* Working together, identify the nested conditions that would be used to either convert Fahrenheit temperature to Celsius or convert Celsius temperature to Fahrenheit, depending on user choice.

## Applications

* Identify specific steps which must be followed when creating a program using nested conditions.
* Discuss your activity experience with your classmates. What surprised you? What have you learned that you can apply to your own school or work environment?
# Rational function/Taylor polynomial/Degree 3/Exercise

Determine the Taylor polynomial of degree $3$ of the rational function
    $f(x)={\frac {3x^{2}-2x+5}{x-2}}\,$
in the point $0$.
# Rational functions/Composition/Rational/Exercise

Show that the composition of rational functions is again a rational function.
# Rational function/R/Limit/Exercise form

Determine the limit of the rational function
    ${\frac {f}{g}}$
at the point $a=a$.
# Rational function/R/Determine derivative/x^n/n in Z/Exercise

Determine the derivative of the function
    $f\colon D=\mathbb {R} \setminus \{0\}\longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,x\longmapsto f(x)=x^{n},$
for all $n\in \mathbb {Z}$.
# Rational functions/Composition/2x^2-4x+3 divided by x-2 and x+1 divided by x^2-4/Exercise

Compute the compositions $f\circ g$ and $g\circ f$ for the rational functions
    $f(x)={\frac {2x^{2}-4x+3}{x-2}}\,\,{\text{ and }}\,\,g(x)={\frac {x+1}{x^{2}-4}}.$
# Rational function/R/Derivative/Polynomial if and only if derivative is zero/Exercise

Let $D\subseteq \mathbb {R}$ and
    $F\colon D\longrightarrow \mathbb {R}$
be a rational function. Prove that $F$ is a polynomial if and only if there is a higher derivative such that $F^{(n)}=0$.
# Rational function/R/Determine derivative/x^2+1 durch x^3/Exercise

Determine the derivative of the function
    $f\colon D=\mathbb {R} \setminus \{0\}\longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,x\longmapsto f(x)={\frac {x^{2}+1}{x^{3}}}.$
# Rational function/R/Determine derivative/x^2+x-1 over x^3-x+2/Exercise

Determine the derivative of the function
    $f\colon D\longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,x\longmapsto f(x)={\frac {x^{2}+x-1}{x^{3}-x+2}},$
where $D$ is the set where the denominator does not vanish.
# Rational function/R/Derivative/Rational/Exercise

Prove that the derivative of a rational function is also a rational function.
# Rational function/Real/Definition

For polynomials $P,Q\in \mathbb {R} [X]$, $Q\neq 0$, the function
    $D\longrightarrow \mathbb {R} ,z\longmapsto {\frac {P(z)}{Q(z)}},$
where $D$ is the complement of the zeroes of $Q$, is called a rational function.
# TESOL/Reactions
## Key sentences

| Making a comment | Giving a reaction |
| I like ice cream. | Oh, (reaction) |
| Making a comment | Giving a reaction |
| I like ice cream on fire. | Whoa, (reaction) |

### Drills

Say these sentences without looking.
Oh, (reaction) :
| reaction | sentence |
| really? | Oh, really? |
| I see. | Oh, I see. |
| ok. | Oh, ok. |
| hmm. | Oh, hmm. |
Whoa, (reaction) :
| reaction | sentence |
| are you serious? | Whoa, are you serious? |
| really? | Whoa, really? |
| no kidding! | Whoa, no kidding! |
| that's crazy! | Whoa, that's crazy! |

## Example

Practice this conversation.
| Making a comment | Giving a reaction |
| I like ice cream. | Oh, (really?) |
| Making a comment | Giving a reaction |
| I like ice cream on fire. | Whoa, (are you serious?) |
Change partners. Use your imagination and change the sentences.

## Exercise

Use your imagination. Make your own conversation.
| Making a comment | Giving a reaction |
| I like ice cream. | Oh, ... |
| Making a comment | Giving a reaction |
| I like ice cream on fire. | Whoa, ... |
Change partners. Use your imagination and make another conversation.

## Practice

| Making a comment | Giving a reaction |
| Share what you think. Include normal things and exciting things. | React naturally. |

## Further study

* English lesson topics
# TESOL/Numbers
## Quiz
### Which number do you hear?

(American English)