OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# U. S. Government/WWII/Japanese Internment

After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on the morning of December 7, 1941, many Americans distrusted Japanese-Americans living in the United States. As a result of this prejudice, Theodore Roosevelt ordered that all Japanese-American be sent to internment camps. An internment camp is a prison like camp where Japanese-Americans were forced to live for the rest of WWII. In order to prove that they were loyal Americans, many Japanese-Americans joined the military and fought in World War II.
The Japanese internment camps were very different than Nazi concentration camps . While it is true that Japanese-Americans lost personal freedom at these camps, they were not murdered or forced to do hard labor.
# UCNISS
## ABOUT UCNISS

Note: UCRISE replaced UCNISS as the University of Canberra's research institute for sport and exercise in 2013.
The University of Canberra National Institute of Sport Studies (UCNISS) provided programs of study, conducted research projects and implemented community engagement activities in areas of sport coaching and exercise science as well as sport management and sport media between 2009 and 2013. UCNISS grew out of the Centre of Sports Studies at the University of Canberra. The Centre was established in 1981, to coincide with the development of the Australian Institute of Sport.
Some curated items of UCNISS's work can be found at:
* UCNISS on Youtube
* UCNISS group on Slideshare
Keith Lyons was the Founding Director of UCNISS.
# U. S. Government/political divisions

Nearly every place on earth where people live and work is covered by a complicated mesh of political divisions or jurisdictions. For example, a typical registered voter in the US will live in a particular voting district or precinct in a ward in a county in a state, though the number and names of the specific political divisions in this hierarchy may differ between locations. A specific voting district will generally be part of a school and a water district plus legislative districts for the United States House of Representatives and the state legislature. In states with bicameral legislatures, that voting district will be part of both a state house of representatives and a state senate district. People further live in either a municipality or an unincorporated area. Some will live where the city and county governments are combined, as in Denver, Colorado, and San Francisco, California.
Suppose you want to petition your government for something, or you want to organize to petition your government for a redress of grievances. How can you to identify the correct political division responsible for the issue that concerns you at that moment?
Many registered voters can check their local electoral agency for this. For example, a registered voter in Johnson County, Kansas can go to jocoelection.org, the web site of the Johnson County, KS, Election Office, click "Voter information", then "Voter lookup", enter "First Name", "Last Name", and "DOB (mm/dd/yyyy)", then click "Look me up". When I have done that, it told me which district I was in for the US House of Representatives, Kansas House and Senate, and similar district information for county, municipality, school boards and water district.
But how can I find this information for a particular set of geographic coordinates if I'm not a registered voter there?
# U. S. Government/WWII/Systematic Attempt to Rid Europe of All Jews
## Boycott of Jewish stores

The first Nazi planned action against Jews was a boycott of Jewish businesses. Signs were posted saying, "Don't buy from Jews" and "The Jews are our misfortune". The nationwide boycott was not very successful and lasted just one day, but it marked the beginning of a nationwide campaign by the Nazi party against the entire German-Jewish population.

## Threats and Violence

Because the boycotts were unsuccessful, many Nazis then threatened violence if Jewish businesses did not shut down. In two days, over 8 thousand Jewish businesses were trashed and looted. Dozens of Jewish people were killed. This attack became known as Kristallnacht, or "Night of Broken Glass", for the shattered glass from the store windows that littered the streets.

## Segregation into ghettos

Segregation into ghettos Jews became totally segregated from the rest of the Germans after "Kristallnacht". The Nazis began to move the Jewish population by forcing Jews to live in marked-off sections of towns and cities called "ghettos". Curfews were placed on Jews; limiting the hours of the day they could leave their homes.

## Imprisonment and killing of Jews and others

(in concentration camps) The Nazis entered the ghettos and rounded up all Jewish men, women, and children. From there, Jews were transported by train to concentration camps, where men were separated from women and children. A physician, looked quickly at each person to decide if he or she was healthy and strong enough for forced labor. Those who could not work at the camps (babies, young children, pregnant women, elderly, handicapped, sick) were told they were going to take a shower to rid themselves of lice, but instead were led to gas chambers to die.
# U. S. Government/WWII/US enters WWII

As conflict grew in Europe and Asia, American foreign policy evolved (slowly changed) from neutrality to direct involvement.

## I. The change was gradual from neutrality to involvement

* Isolationism (Great Depression, legacy of World War II)
* Economic Aid to Allies (Lend Lease Act)
* Direct Involvement in the war (Attack on Pearl Harbor)

## II. The U.S. enters WWII (direct involvement)

Rising tension developed between the US and Japan, because of Japanese aggression in Eat Asia. On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the US at Pearl Harbor without warning. The US declared war on Japan. Germany declared war on the US.
# UCNISS/Sport Social Media Academy/Copyright
## Copyright

Copyright is an important consideration when using social media. Who owns the content that you and your sport organization post online?
# System of linear equations/Set of variables/Equivalent system/Definition

Let $K$ denote a field, and let two (inhomogeneous) systems of linear equations, with respect to the same set of variables, be given. The systems are called equivalent, if their solution sets are identical.
# Systemic Approaches to Trauma and Neglect

This subject is a post-graduate and professional level of study divided into two modules. In module 1 you will synthesise theoretical and practical contributions from various systemic models of therapy to conceptualise, assess and respond to the needs of families and couples where one or more of the members have experienced trauma and/or neglect, broadly conceived. You will also integrate the knowledge and skills from Trauma and Neglect: Theory and skills for intervention with individuals as you focus on the particular needs of children, siblings, non-offending parents, and offenders. Module 2 consists of clinical practice classes where you will work in groups of 6 with a supervisor to practice and refine your skills and knowledge as applied in role-play, discussion and live work using a reflecting team process. This subject is currently available via face to face sessions at The Bouverie Centre.

## Modules

* Introduction to contemporary trauma theory and practice with families
* Trauma clinical practice
# Upper Limb Orthotics/Introduction to occupational therapy and low temperature thermoplastics

This lecture and practical series is provided by OttoBock. Damien Sylvester is a Hand Therapist who will spend the day with you developing your skills in low temperature thermoplastics. Two of the devices you make during these sessions will form part of your assessment for Enquiry 1. You will also use these devices in a later practical looking at functional activies.
# Upper Limb Orthotics/Exam

The examination for this subject covers all material learnt in the lectures, practicals and in the additional readings that are supplied. The exam is a 75 minutes in duration, 15 minutes reading time and 60 minutes writing time. The exam consists of two sections short answer worth 30 marks and long answer worth 30 marks, for a total of 60 marks. The exam will be scheduled in the Semester 1 examination period.
# Upper Limb Orthotics/Exam preparation

The lecture is designed to familaise you with the layout, content and proceedure for the POR4ULO exam. Practice questions will be worked through and suggestions for study and revision will be given.
The exam is a 60 minute exam that consists of short and long answer questions. All material presented in the course is examinable. This includes lectures, practicals, readings and external websites.
# Upper Limb Orthotics/Introduction to subject

This introductory lecture should assist you to gain an understanding of the overall intention of the subject, the development of learning via the lecture series and the amount of external reading and other work required for you to achieve the learning objectives and pass the subject. You should understand the timetable requirements and group allocations for all lecture and / or prac work, including special sessions, e.g., seminars. You should understand the assessment criteria for all assessment tasks for the subject. You should obtain an idea of the content of the subject – lecture series and practical activities and the relationship between the concurrent activities.
The following links may be of interest and assist with your learning.
* Safe Work Australia
* Animal and Human Bites
* Overview of Upper Limb injuries
* Upper Limb Information
# WikiJournal of Medicine/Volume 3 Issue 1

WikiJournal of Medicine Open access • Publication charge free • Public peer review • Wikipedia-integrated
Volume 11
Previous Volume 1(1) Volume 1(2) Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Volume 5 Volume 6 Volume 7 Volume 8 Volume 9 Volume 10
Editorial guidelines Ethics statement Bylaws Financials Calendar
WikiJournal of Medicine is an open-access, free-to-publish, Wikipedia-integrated academic journal for Medical and Biomedical topics. <seo title=" WJM, WikiJMed, Wiki.J.Med., WikiJMed, Wikiversity Journal of Medicine, WikiJournal Medicine, Wikipedia Medicine, Wikipedia medical journal, WikiMed, Wikimedicine, Wikimedical, Medicine, Biomedicine, Free to publish, Open access, Open-access, Non-profit, online journal, Public peer review "/>
# WikiJournal of Medicine/Volume 11 Issue 1

WikiJournal of Medicine Open access • Publication charge free • Public peer review • Wikipedia-integrated
Volume 11
Previous Volume 1(1) Volume 1(2) Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Volume 5 Volume 6 Volume 7 Volume 8 Volume 9 Volume 10
Editorial guidelines Ethics statement Bylaws Financials Calendar
WikiJournal of Medicine is an open-access, free-to-publish, Wikipedia-integrated academic journal for Medical and Biomedical topics. <seo title=" WJM, WikiJMed, Wiki.J.Med., WikiJMed, Wikiversity Journal of Medicine, WikiJournal Medicine, Wikipedia Medicine, Wikipedia medical journal, WikiMed, Wikimedicine, Wikimedical, Medicine, Biomedicine, Free to publish, Open access, Open-access, Non-profit, online journal, Public peer review "/>
# WikiJournal of Medicine/Volume 1 Issue 1

WikiJournal of Medicine Open access • Publication charge free • Public peer review • Wikipedia-integrated
Volume 11
Previous Volume 1(1) Volume 1(2) Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Volume 5 Volume 6 Volume 7 Volume 8 Volume 9 Volume 10
Editorial guidelines Ethics statement Bylaws Financials Calendar
WikiJournal of Medicine is an open-access, free-to-publish, Wikipedia-integrated academic journal for Medical and Biomedical topics. <seo title=" WJM, WikiJMed, Wiki.J.Med., WikiJMed, Wikiversity Journal of Medicine, WikiJournal Medicine, Wikipedia Medicine, Wikipedia medical journal, WikiMed, Wikimedicine, Wikimedical, Medicine, Biomedicine, Free to publish, Open access, Open-access, Non-profit, online journal, Public peer review "/>
# WikiJournal of Medicine/Volume 1 Issue 2

WikiJournal of Medicine Open access • Publication charge free • Public peer review • Wikipedia-integrated
Volume 11
Previous Volume 1(1) Volume 1(2) Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Volume 5 Volume 6 Volume 7 Volume 8 Volume 9 Volume 10
Editorial guidelines Ethics statement Bylaws Financials Calendar
WikiJournal of Medicine is an open-access, free-to-publish, Wikipedia-integrated academic journal for Medical and Biomedical topics. <seo title=" WJM, WikiJMed, Wiki.J.Med., WikiJMed, Wikiversity Journal of Medicine, WikiJournal Medicine, Wikipedia Medicine, Wikipedia medical journal, WikiMed, Wikimedicine, Wikimedical, Medicine, Biomedicine, Free to publish, Open access, Open-access, Non-profit, online journal, Public peer review "/>
# WikiJournal of Medicine/Volume 2 Issue 1

WikiJournal of Medicine Open access • Publication charge free • Public peer review • Wikipedia-integrated
Volume 11
Previous Volume 1(1) Volume 1(2) Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Volume 5 Volume 6 Volume 7 Volume 8 Volume 9 Volume 10
Editorial guidelines Ethics statement Bylaws Financials Calendar
WikiJournal of Medicine is an open-access, free-to-publish, Wikipedia-integrated academic journal for Medical and Biomedical topics. <seo title=" WJM, WikiJMed, Wiki.J.Med., WikiJMed, Wikiversity Journal of Medicine, WikiJournal Medicine, Wikipedia Medicine, Wikipedia medical journal, WikiMed, Wikimedicine, Wikimedical, Medicine, Biomedicine, Free to publish, Open access, Open-access, Non-profit, online journal, Public peer review "/>
# WikiJournal of Medicine/Volume 4 Issue 1

WikiJournal of Medicine Open access • Publication charge free • Public peer review • Wikipedia-integrated
Volume 11
Previous Volume 1(1) Volume 1(2) Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Volume 5 Volume 6 Volume 7 Volume 8 Volume 9 Volume 10
Editorial guidelines Ethics statement Bylaws Financials Calendar
WikiJournal of Medicine is an open-access, free-to-publish, Wikipedia-integrated academic journal for Medical and Biomedical topics. <seo title=" WJM, WikiJMed, Wiki.J.Med., WikiJMed, Wikiversity Journal of Medicine, WikiJournal Medicine, Wikipedia Medicine, Wikipedia medical journal, WikiMed, Wikimedicine, Wikimedical, Medicine, Biomedicine, Free to publish, Open access, Open-access, Non-profit, online journal, Public peer review "/>
# WikiJournal of Medicine/Volume 5 Issue 1

WikiJournal of Medicine Open access • Publication charge free • Public peer review • Wikipedia-integrated
Volume 11
Previous Volume 1(1) Volume 1(2) Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Volume 5 Volume 6 Volume 7 Volume 8 Volume 9 Volume 10
Editorial guidelines Ethics statement Bylaws Financials Calendar
WikiJournal of Medicine is an open-access, free-to-publish, Wikipedia-integrated academic journal for Medical and Biomedical topics. <seo title=" WJM, WikiJMed, Wiki.J.Med., WikiJMed, Wikiversity Journal of Medicine, WikiJournal Medicine, Wikipedia Medicine, Wikipedia medical journal, WikiMed, Wikimedicine, Wikimedical, Medicine, Biomedicine, Free to publish, Open access, Open-access, Non-profit, online journal, Public peer review "/>
# WikiJournal of Medicine/Volume 10 Issue 1

WikiJournal of Medicine Open access • Publication charge free • Public peer review • Wikipedia-integrated
Volume 11
Previous Volume 1(1) Volume 1(2) Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Volume 5 Volume 6 Volume 7 Volume 8 Volume 9 Volume 10
Editorial guidelines Ethics statement Bylaws Financials Calendar
WikiJournal of Medicine is an open-access, free-to-publish, Wikipedia-integrated academic journal for Medical and Biomedical topics. <seo title=" WJM, WikiJMed, Wiki.J.Med., WikiJMed, Wikiversity Journal of Medicine, WikiJournal Medicine, Wikipedia Medicine, Wikipedia medical journal, WikiMed, Wikimedicine, Wikimedical, Medicine, Biomedicine, Free to publish, Open access, Open-access, Non-profit, online journal, Public peer review "/>
# Tight closure/Does not commute with localization/Fact/Proof

One knows in our situation that $xy$ is a so-called test element. Hence fact shows that $f\notin I^{*}$.
# Tight closure/Generic bound/n is 4/a is 10/Example

Suppose that we are in $K[x,y,z]$ and that $n=4$ and $a=10$. Then the generic degree bound for ideal inclusion in the polynomial ring is $19$. Therefore by fact the generic degree bound for tight closure inclusion in a three-dimensional graded ring is $21$.
# Tight closure/Graded ring/Inclusion bound via strong HN-filtration/Remark

A notion of strong semistabilty exists also on higher dimensional normal projective varieties (depending on a polarization). If $\operatorname {Syz} _{d}\,$ is the top-dimensional syzygy bundle for a homogeneous ideal $I\subseteq R$ and $m$ is such that the minimal slope of $\operatorname {Syz} _{d}(m)$ is nonnegative, then $R_{\geq m}\subseteq I^{*}$. It is however more difficult to determine the degree of this syzygy bundle and to obtain exclusion results. Even if this bundle is strongly semistable there is no known inclusion/exclusion degree bound.
# Tight closure/Ideal/Domain/Definition

Let $R$ be a noetherian domain of positive characteristic and let $I\subseteq R$ be an ideal. The tight closure of $I$ is the ideal
    $I^{*}={\left\{f\in R\mid {\text{ there exists }}z\neq 0{\text{ such that }}zf^{q}\in I^{[q]}{\text{ for all }}q=p^{e}\right\}}\,.$
# Tight closure/Localization/Geometric deformation over one-dimensional domain/Fact/Proof

By localization, there exists $h\in D$, $h\neq 0$, such that $hf\in I^{*}{\text{ in }}R$. By persistence of tight closure (under a ring homomorphism), we get
    $hf\in I^{*}{\text{ in }}R_{\kappa ({\mathfrak {p}})}.$
The element $h$ does not belong to ${\mathfrak {p}}$ for almost all ${\mathfrak {p}}$, so $h$ is a unit in $R_{\kappa ({\mathfrak {p}})}$ and hence
    $f\in I^{*}{\text{ in }}R_{\kappa ({\mathfrak {p}})}$
for almost all ${\mathfrak {p}}$.
# Tight closure/Graded/Dimension 2/Gorenstein/Finite field/Test ideal exponent/Fact

Let $R$ be a standard-graded, two-dimensional (geometrically) normal Gorenstein domain over a finite field. Fix $n$ and suppose that $p=4(g-1)(n-1)^{3}$, where $g$ is the genus of the curve.
$n$
# Tight closure/Graded ring/Generic results/Fact

Let $d\geq 1$ and $a_{1},\ldots ,a_{n}$ be natural numbers, $n\geq d+1$. Let $K[x_{0},x_{1},\ldots ,x_{d}]\subseteq R$ be a finite extension of standard-graded domains (a graded Noether normalization). Suppose that there exist $n$ homogeneous polynomials $g_{1},\ldots ,g_{n}$ in $P=K[x_{0},x_{1},\ldots ,x_{d}]$ with $\operatorname {deg} \,(g_{i})=a_{i}$ such that $P_{\geq m}\subseteq {\left(g_{1},\ldots ,g_{n}\right)}$.
* $R_{m+d}\subseteq {\left(f_{1},\ldots ,f_{n}\right)}^{*}$ holds in the generic point of the parameter space of homogeneous elements $f_{1},\ldots ,f_{n}$ in $R$ of this degree type (the coefficients of the $f_{i}$ are taken as indeterminates).
* If $R$ is normal, then $R_{m+d+1}\subseteq {\left(f_{1},\ldots ,f_{n}\right)}^{F}\subseteq {\left(f_{1},\ldots ,f_{n}\right)}^{*}$ holds for (open) generic choice of homogeneous elements $f_{1},\ldots ,f_{n}$ in $R$ of this degree type.
# Tight closure/Generic bound/Parameter situation/Example

Suppose that $n=d+1$ in the situation of fact. Then the generic elements $f_{1},\ldots ,f_{d+1}$ are parameters. In the polynomial ring $P=K[x_{0},x_{1},\ldots ,x_{d}]$ we have for parameters of degree $a_{1},\ldots ,a_{d+1}$ the inclusion
    $P_{\geq \sum _{i=0}^{d}a_{i}-d}\subseteq {\left(f_{1},\ldots ,f_{d+1}\right)}\,,$
because the graded Koszul resolution ends in $R(-\sum _{i=0}^{d}a_{i})$ and
    $(H_{\mathfrak {m}}^{d+1}(P))_{k}=0{\text{ for }}k\geq -d.$
So the theorem implies for a graded ring $R$ finite over $P$ that $\subseteq (f_{1},\ldots ,f_{d+1})^{*}$ holds for generic elements. But by the graded Briançon-Skoda Theorem (see fact) this holds for parameters even without the generic assumption.
# Tight closure/Localization/Geometric deformation over one-dimensional domain/Fact

Let $\mathbb {Z} /(p)\subset D$ be a one-dimensional domain, $D\subseteq R$ of finite type and $I$ an ideal in $R$. Suppose that localization holds and that
    $f\in I^{*}{\text{ holds in }}R\otimes _{D}Q(D)=R_{D^{*}}=R_{Q(D)}$
($S=D^{*}=D\setminus \{0\}$ is the multiplicative system).
$f\in I^{*}$
$R\otimes _{D}\kappa ({\mathfrak {p}})$
${\mathfrak {p}}$
$D$
# Types of Payments/Types of Payments

| Unit 4.6-Types of Payments | Introduction | Types | Negotiation | Summary | Resources | Activities | Assessment Go to Unit 4.1 | Unit 4.2 | Unit 4.3 | Unit 4.4 | Unit 4.5 | Unit 4.6 | Unit 4.7 | Unit 4.8 | Unit 4.9 Return to Trade Finance Module 4: Payment Methods |

## Types of Payments
### (At) Sight

This type of payment indicates immediate payment to the seller after
* presentation of sight draft (bill of exchange)
* presentation of conforming documents
* the stipulated (advising, confirming or issuing) bank has had reasonable time to examine documents
* the documents are found to be in order
It is important to recognize that “immediate” does not mean within hours, but within a reasonable period of time. To be on the safe side, it is wise to anticipate a minimum of 72 hours/3 business days after the above steps have taken place.

### Deferred Payment

In this situation, payment is made to a seller at a specified or determinable future date stipulated in the letter of credit or documentary collection, providing that the documents are found to be in order. An example is 60 days after date of transport document or invoice date. No draft is called for under this type of payment. It is important to remember that a buyer will have credit/collateral/cash tied up until payment is made; and if a deferred payment is made through a letter of credit, it is guaranteed to a seller just as if it were made immediately. The risk increases for a seller if the remitting bank is located in a risky country.

### Acceptance

The payment type known as an acceptance is similar to a deferred payment. In this case, however, a “term” or “usance” draft is presented together to a stipulated bank along with the other required documents. Once the documents and draft are accepted, then the draft will be drawn on and payable at a future date as stipulated in the letter of credit. For example 30 days’ sight would mean payment will be made to the seller 30 days after “sight” (the remitting bank has looked at, reviewed and accepted) of the documents.
# Typography

Typography is the art and technique of arranging type in order to make language visible. Typographic press errors throughout history are preserved in UNICODE long (spf rule see book: paradise lost ) , cedilla, small capital letters, and epigraphic type .

## Readings

* Wikipedia: Typography

## Typographers

* Jan Tschichold
# U. S. Government/Characteristics of Different Economic Types

Three basic questions of economics
* What will be produced?
* Who will produce it?
* For whom will it be produced?
Each type of economy answers the three basic questions differently.

#### Traditional economy

* Economic decisions are based on customs that have been going on for decades.
* People often perform the same type of work as their ancestors did.

#### Free market economy

* Private ownership of property/resources
* Profit motive
* Competition - Rivalry between producers/sellers; results in better quality and lower prices
* Consumer sovereignty - Consumers determine through purchases what will be produced
* Individual choice
* Minimal government involvement in the economy

#### Command economy

* Central ownership (usually by government) of property/resources
* Centrally planned economy
* Lack of consumer choice

#### Mixed economy

* Individuals and businesses are owners and decision makers for the private sector.
* Government is owner and decision maker for the public sector.
* Government's role is greater than in a free market economy, but less than in a command economy.
* Most ecomines today, including the US, are mixed economies.