OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sustainability/Hammock (DIY)

This is a do it yourself guide to building a hammock for basic, convenient, mobile, leisure or inexpensive living comfort. The builder and user are responsible for personal safety.

## Common materials

Some building materials are optional. All materials should be non-cancerous/hazardous.
* eye hooks
* rope
* carbinger clips or ring hooks
* bedding material; ie: tarp, strong sheets, canvas etc.
* sufficient blankets for warmth
* mosquito netting

## Tweaks

Hybrid variations, with proper planning, can be made from different style hammocks.
# Sustainability/Community

* Sustainability
* Simultaneous consideration of all three of social, economic and environmental concerns.
* Introduction
* Activities
* Resources
* Community
* Links
Use this space for community building and sharing collective learning while working through the activities. For example, add links to blogs, chatrooms and other resources being used by participants in this course.

## Reading Groups

* Ivan Illich: Deschooling Society

## Related news

* September 9, 2006 - Plasma arc gasification facilities to be built in Florida...
# Technical writing/Specification exercise chair Zdenka

The Chair

## Structure

The chair must have
* the stable structure
* the metal construction
* 4 legs
* the solid metal frame for the seat
* the soft back-rest
* the plastic elbow-rest
* the bolted structure
* the dead- weight capacity
* black colour
The seat should be
* made of plastic
* soft

## Function

The chair shall serve only for the sitting shall be easy movable portable must stand any manipulation

## Users

* for an occasional usage, not for everyday sitting, but comfortable
* congress halls, waiting rooms
# Technical writing/Specification exercise chair - Alan
## Exercise 1

Structure
Must have a tubular frame
Will have 4 legs
Will have arm rests (plastic)
Must have a back rest (fabric)
Must have a seat (fabric)
Will use nuts & bolts for connecting components
Will have feet for legs
Use
The chair must hold a user when they sit on it
The chair must be sturdy enough to enable a user to stand on it
The chair must enable a user to lie on it (when used in tandem with other chairs)
The chair must enable a user to be affixed to the chair through use of binding materials
The chair must enable the user to hold objects up to a combined weight of 150kg
The chair must enable a juggler to use the chair as part of a defined balancing trick
The chair must pass the defined standards in order to be used as a barrier and shield
The chair design must enable stacking with other chairs
The chair must enable a child up to height of 100cm to hide under it
The chair must pass defined acceptability standards in order to represent a symbol of power
The chair must enable its use as a table
The chair must pass defined acceptability standards in order to enable use as a fashion / style icon
The chair must allow it to be used as a representation of another object
Users
Grandmother
Electrician
Homeless
Hostage
Startup businessman
Juggler
Soldier
Caretaker
Child
King
Mother
Guru
Architect
Users demand functions, which demand structures --> Requirements

## SDLC

The idea - initialization, analysis and planning (creating requirements)
Building the idea - design, development, testing and integration (updating requirements)
Using the idea - delivery, maintenance, improvement (complete requirements)
... but without accurate requirements, none of this works!

## Good requirements

Necessary, unambiguous (no vague terms), concise, consistent, complete, reachable (money, resources, time), testable, traceable
Use - strong commands, strong prohibitions (shall, must, will, must not, cannot, may not, shall not)
Do Not Use - weak suggestions, useless generalities (can, may, should, big, small, easy, friendly)
Provide examples, cite references, use tables and charts, use careful word order, keep it short, use consistent terminology, break it down into chunks and gloms
Successful projects spend at least 25% of the time on analysis and requirements specification.
# Technical writing/Tools/Making Wiki Tables

How to edit Wiki
Wikiversity Main Page

## Why and When to use Tables

Tables are an excellent way to organize large amounts of information in an easy to read way.

## Table Syntax

The following code will build a basic table.
Tables always begin with {| and end with |}
In the first line we set the widths of the borders and the space between cells.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"
On the second line we enter the title of the table.
|+ 2006/07 Premier League Table
The following lines create the column headings, when creating the column headings we use a "!" instead of a pipe.
!Position
!Club Name
!Points
Now we create the rows and the information that goes in them. Each line starts with a pipe and each row of information is separated by a |-.
|1 || Manchester United || 89
|2 || Chelsea || 83 |-
|3 || Liverpool || 68 |-
|4 || Arsenal || 68 |-
|5 || Tottenham || 60 |-
|6 || Bolton || 59
Notice that each cell is split by a double pipe ||. Usually there would be no space between the pipes, here the space is there to make reading the code easier.
This will create a basic table, which looks like this.

## Tips and Tricks

Table width:
In the first line of the table it is possible to define the table's width, for example:
{| width=1000pt border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"
Column width:
To define the column width just add a percentage of the overall width to the column heading lines, as follows:
! width=25% | Position
! width=50% | Club Name ! width=25% | Points
The table now looks like this:
2006/07 Premier League Table :
| Position | Club Name | Points |
| 1 | Manchester United | 89 |
| 2 | Chelsea | 83 |
| 3 | Liverpool | 68 |
| 4 | Arsenal | 68 |
| 5 | Tottenham | 60 |
| 6 | Bolton | 59 |
Common Problems
* Missing pipes
* Too many spaces
* Not ending the table with |}

### Exercise 1 Adding a Table to a Wiki

* Create a page
* Add a table with 2 columns and five rows
* Fill in the table with the names of five people and their favorite drink
* Save your page
* Debug the table if needed

### Examples

    List of subpages
# Technical writing/Technical writing Persona Joe Perry

Back to Requirements Analysis

## Background

Joe was born in the United Kingdom but spent most of his childhood in Vancouver, Canada. At university he studied English literature and decided to spend a year teaching English as a foreign language, and did a 4 week training course straight after university.
Now 28 Joe has spent more than 5 years teaching in various parts of Europe, including Sicily, Turkey, Georgia and currently Prague.
Joe has become fed up with teaching and has decided that he needs a "proper job".

## Interests

Joe reads a lot. His teaching job gives him plenty of time for reading as his classes are spread around the city.
# Technical writing/Structure/Descriptions

Back to Structure

## What are descriptions?

Descriptions are verbal and visual representations of objects, mechanisms, and processes. (cf. Markel, p. 204)
The purpose of a description is to help your audience understand what a thing is for and how it is related to other things.
This is in contrast to Instructions, which tell the audience what to do with a thing.
# Server-Side Scripting/Routes and Templates/Go
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into the following free online development environment or use your own Go compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* Repl.it

## See Also

* Docker/Go
# Server-Side Scripting/Routes and Templates/Python (Flask)
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into the following free online development environment or use your own Python (Flask) compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* Repl.it

## See Also

* Flask
# Server-Side Scripting/Requests/Python (Flask)
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into the following free online development environment or use your own Python (Flask) compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* Repl.it

## See Also

* Flask
# Server-Side Scripting/Routes and Templates/Python (FastAPI)
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into the following free online development environment or use your own Python (FastAPI) compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* Repl.it

## See Also

* FastAPI
# Server-Side Scripting/Routes and Templates/Node.js (Express)
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into the following free online development environment or use your own Node.js (Express) compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* Repl.it

## See Also

* Flask
# Server-Side Scripting/Routes and Templates/PHP
## Try It

Copy and paste the code above into the following free online development environment or use your own PHP compiler / interpreter / IDE.
* Repl.it

## See Also

* Flask
# Server-Side Scripting/SQL Databases/Go
## Try It

See Server-Side Scripting/Routes and Templates/Go to create a test environment.
# Server-Side Scripting/Requests/Python (FastAPI)
## Try It

See Server-Side Scripting/Routes and Templates/Python (FastAPI) to create a test environment.

## See Also

* FastAPI
# Sequence/Third root of rational function/Exercise

Determine the limit of the sequence
    $x_{n}={\sqrt[{3}]{\frac {27n^{3}+13n^{2}+n}{8n^{3}-7n+10}}},\,n\in \mathbb {N} .$
# Sequence and series/R/Finite change/Limit/Exercise

Show that in a real sequence if you change finitely many sequence elements then neither the convergence nor the limit changes, and that in a series if you change a finite number of series terms then the convergence does not change, but the sum changes.
# Sequence/sin n/Divergence/Exercise

Show that the sequence
    $x_{n}:=\sin n\,$
does not converge.
# Serbo-Croatian stream

| Translations: | English  • српски / srpski |

## Purpose of the Serbo-Croatian stream Stream

Major: If all units in this stream are completed, it will be the equivalent of a Major
Minor: If all units up to level X in this stream are completed, it will be the equivalent of a Minor

## Units in the Serbo-Croatian stream Stream

* Course code: Unit name

## Participants

(imported from Wikibooks)

#### Serbo-Croatian

* --Ђорђе Д. Божовић 23:17, 11 November 2005 (UTC) (native speaker. Here's some advice: Knowing Serbo-Croatian language would mean that you know Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian, too, because those are not different languages, but one single language which is called in four different ways. Some small differences really exist between these languages, but Serbo-Croatian covers all the variants, and it is the most of all recommended for learning. See Serbo-Croatian Textbook and Introduction to Serbo-Croatian for further information about these languages and their "differences".)

#### Serbian

* --Ђорђе Д. Божовић 23:17, 11 November 2005 (UTC) (native speaker. See Serbian Language Textbook)

#### Croatian

* --Ђорђе Д. Божовић 23:17, 11 November 2005 (UTC) (native speaker)
* --Tomica 19:22, 25 April 2006 (UTC) Native speaker

#### Bosnian

* --Ђорђе Д. Божовић 23:17, 11 November 2005 (UTC) (native speaker, but I recommend to others not to start learning Bosnian, but Serbian or Croatian first, because knowing Serbian or Croatian means that you also know Bosnian very well. That's a friendly and teacher's advice. See this page for further information on the Serbian-Croatian-Bosnian languages relation)

## Wikibooks

Learning this beautiful South Slavic language would open the whole spectre of opportunities for learning other Slavic languages, such as Russian, Polish, Bulgarian, Slovenian, Czech, etc. The w:Serbian Wikibook offers an introduction to the language, a grammar of the language, and many lessons and text for reading and practicing Serbian/Serbo-Croatian.
# Sequence/sin n over n/Exercise

Determine the limit of the sequence
    ${\frac {\sin n}{n}},\,n\in \mathbb {N} _{+}.$
# Sequence of sequences/Sum sequence with growing number of summands/Exercise

Suppose that for every natural number $k$, a null sequence $y_{k}$ is given, we denote the $n$-th member of the $k$-th sequence by $y_{kn}$. Is the sequence $z_{n}$, whose $n$-th member is defined by
    $z_{n}=\sum _{k=1}^{n}y_{kn}\,,$
also a null sequence?
# Sequence of powers/x larger 1/Divergent/Exercise

Let $x>1$ be a real number. Prove that the sequence $x^{n},\,n\in \mathbb {N}$, diverges to $+\infty$.
# Sequence of sequences/Product sequence with growing number of factors/Exercise

Suppose that for every natural number $k$, a null sequence $y_{k}$ is given, we denote the $n$-th member of the $k$-th sequence by $y_{kn}$. Is the sequence $z_{n}$, whose $n$-th member is defined by
    $z_{n}=\prod _{k=1}^{n}y_{kn}\,,$
also a null sequence?
# Partial fraction decomposition/x^7+x^4-5x+3 over x^8+x^6-x^4-x^2/Exercise

Determine the complex and the real partial fraction decomposition of
    ${\frac {X^{7}+X^{4}-5X+3}{X^{8}+X^{6}-X^{4}-X^{2}}}.$
# Partial differential equations/Separation of variables method
## Introduction

We often consider partial differential equations such as
$\nabla ^{2}\psi ={\frac {1}{c^{2}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}\psi }{\partial t^{2}}}$ ,
which is recognisable as the wave equation in three dimensions, with $\nabla ^{2}$ being the Laplacian operator, $\psi$ being some function of three spacial dimensions and time, and c being the speed of the wave.
These are often found by considering the physical connotations of a system, but how can we find a form of $\psi$ such that the equation is true?

## Finding General Solutions

One way of doing this is to make the assumption that $\psi$ itself is a product of several other functions, each of which is itself a function of only one variable. In the case of the wave equation shown above, we make the assumption that
$\psi (x,y,z,t)=X(x)\times Y(y)\times Z(z)\times T(t)$
(NB Remember that the upper case characters are functions of the variables denoted by their lower case counterparts, not the variables themselves)
By substituting this form of $\psi$ into the original wave equation and using the three dimensional cartesian form of the Laplacian operator, we find that
$YZT{\frac {d^{2}X}{dx^{2}}}+XZT{\frac {d^{2}Y}{dy^{2}}}+XYT{\frac {d^{2}Z}{dz^{2}}}={\frac {1}{c^{2}}}XZY{\frac {d^{2}T}{dt^{2}}}$
We can then divide this equation through by $\psi$ to produce the following equation:
${\frac {1}{X}}{\frac {d^{2}X}{dx^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{Y}}{\frac {d^{2}Y}{dy^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{Z}}{\frac {d^{2}Z}{dz^{2}}}={\frac {1}{c^{2}}}{\frac {1}{T}}{\frac {d^{2}T}{dt^{2}}}$
Both sides of this equation must be equal for all values of x, y, z and t. This can only be true if both sides are equal to a constant, which can be chosen for convenience, and in this case is -(k$^2$).
The time-dependent part of this equation now becomes an ordinary differential equation of form
${\frac {d^{2}T}{dt^{2}}}=-c^{2}k^{2}T$
This is easily soluble, with general solution
$T(t)=A\cos(ckt)+B\sin(ckt)$
with A and B being arbitrary constants, which are defined by the specific boundary conditions of the physical system. Note that the key to finding the time-dependent part of the original function was to find an ODE in terms of time. This general process of finding ODEs from PDEs is the essence of this method.
# Partial fraction decomposition/3x^5+4x^4-2x^2+5x-6 over x^3/Exercise

Determine the partial fraction decomposition of
    ${\frac {3X^{5}+4X^{4}-2X^{2}+5X-6}{X^{3}}}.$
# Spectral Graph Theory

This page, as of now, contains resources to learn spectral graph theory

## Textbooks

* Algebraic Graph Theory by Chris Godsil and Gordon Royle.
* An Introduction to the Theory of Graph Spectra by Dragoš Cvetković, Peter Rowlinson, Slobodan Simić
* Eigenvalues in Combinatorial Optimization by Bojan Mohar and Svatopluk Poljak

## Offsite courses
### With video lectures

* Spectral graph theory, Steve Butler, Iowa State University, Spring 2017. (video lectures)
* Spectral graph theory, Bojan Mohar, International Conference and PhD-Master Summer School on Graphs and Groups, Spectra and Symmetries, Summer 2016.
* Spectral graph theory, Luca Trevisan, Algorithmic Spectral Graph Theory Boot Camp University of California, Berkeley, Summer 2014
* Eigenvalue techniques in graph theory, Willem Haemers, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Summer 2011.
* Graph partitioning part of the Udacity course High Performance Computing, Rich Vuduc, Georgia Institute of Technology

### Without video lectures

* Spectral Graph Theory, Dan Spielman, Yale University, Fall 2015
* Algorithmic Spectral Graph Theory, Lap Chi Lau, University of Waterloo, Fall 2015
* Spectral Graph Theory and The Laplacian Paradigm, Gary Miller, Carnegie Mellon University, Fall 2016. Earlier versions: Fall 2013
* Spectral Graph Theory, Alexandra Kolla, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Spring 2015
* Spectral Graph Theory and Algorithmic Applications, Amin Saberi, Stanford University, Spring 2016
* Spectral Graph Theory, Thomas Sauerwald and He Sun, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Winter 2011
* Algorithmic Spectral Graph Theory, James R. Lee, University of Washington, Spring 2012
* Graph Partitioning, Expanders and Spectral Methods, Luca Trevisan, University of California, Berkeley, Winter 2011
* Spectral Graph Theory, David P. Williamson, Cornell University, Fall 2016
# Specialty (medicine)

A specialty, or speciality, in medicine is a branch of medical practice. After completing medical school, physicians or surgeons usually further their medical education in a specific specialty of medicine by completing a multiple year residency to become a medical specialist.
For further details see Wikipedia article about Specialty in medicine.
# Spectrographs/Quiz

Spectrographs/Lecture is a lecture on a variety of analyzing technologies. It is a part of the {{technology resources}} series on analytical optical instruments.
You are free to take this quiz based on Spectrographs/Lecture at any time.
To improve your score, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{technology resources}} template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.
As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.
Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.
To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* Spectrographs can be built to differentiate tachyons, luminals, and tardyons.
# Spectroscopy/Electronic spectroscopy

Electronic Spectroscopy is concerned with the excitation of electrons with visible or ultraviolet light to atomic or molecular orbitals. Energy gaps exists and of which values are determined of E=hν where E is energy, h is Planck's constant, and ν frequency equal to c/λ with c in the speed of light and λ a wavelength. Wave-particle duality is shown through h/λ=mc. Hamiltonians, Born-oppenheimer approximation, Jablonski diagrams all help to illustrate electrons in orbit. A spectrometer measures light as it is passed through matter, a transparent medium, and the promotion of an electron in it's ground state to an excited state. It deals with a white light excitation source, sample, and detector.
# Spectroscopy

Spectroscopy is a fascinating window into atomic and molecular structure. In fact, sometimes it is the only way to work out what is going on in terms of molecular level information.

## Lessons

* Molecular energy levels
* Rotational spectroscopy
* Vibrational spectroscopy
* Rotational-vibrational spectroscopy
* Electronic spectroscopy
* Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
# Web Design/Learning Basic HTML and CSS/Quals

The Learning Basic HTML and CSS module is related to qualifications in the following countries:

## Australia

The following units of competency from the ICA40305 Certificate IV in Information Technology (Websites) are related but not fulfilled
* ICAB4135A Create a simple mark-up language document to specification
* ICAB4171A Develop cascading style sheets
To demonstrate competence in these two units you will additionally need to demonstrate:
* Document Type Declarations
* Successful validation of your HTML pages using the W3 Validation service.
# Web Design/Pen and Paper HTML activities

Web Design → Pen and Paper HTML activities
This page is part of the Web Design project. :

## Spot the Error

With each of the following snippets of HTML, see if you can spot the error:
# Web Design/Layout toggle

This is a demonstration for toggling between two layouts using a script that toggles between the CSS class names "grid" and "list".
The HTML document used in the demo has the style sheet and script on board, embedded using <style> and <script> tags respectively. The appearance of the elements is determined through classes in the style sheet. The items' descriptions are hidden in grid view. The source code is annotated with comments.
This demonstration also makes use of tooltips using the title attribute, showing additional details when the pointer is hovered on some of the elements.
When the user toggles between the list and grid views, the text in the button is changed accordingly. The script memorizes the last used view by storing it into a browser cookie, and loads it when opened the next time. The Firefox browser stores cookies for local HTML files (file:///), as has been successfully tested. A localhost server might be necessary to test this feature on a different browser.
At the end of the script, the one list item is multiplied between 10 to 50 times and sets a random background colour for variety. This would not be done on an actual website, and serves for illustration in this demo.
# Web Design/Learning Basic HTML and CSS

Web Design → Learning Basic HTML and CSS
This page is part of the Web Design project. :
<html> <head> <title>My CSS Webpage</title> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="external.css"> </head> <body>

# Some heading

This is a webpage that uses an external stylesheet. The style is controlled from the file style.css.
This is an advantage because you can call this same CSS Style on many pages. When you want to edit the style for the whole website you just have to change code within the external.css file.
</body> </html>
# Web Science/Part1: Foundations of the web/Transmission Control Protocol/Summary, further reading, homework/script

exercises:
* Use netstat to display protocol statistics.
* Use netstat to display all active connections and listening ports.
* Use Wireshark to capture and analyze User Datagram Protocol (UDP) traffic.
* Use Wireshark to capture and analyze Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) traffic.