# Paideia High School/How Should One Read a Book?

<Paideia Unit Plan Wikiversity Template This template is for texts of all types and works of fine art. Various categories are suitable for one type of work but not another. Irrelevant categories must be deleted in the final unit plan. It may be necessary to adapt categories to suit works science, mathematics, or fine arts.
To use this template, first click "Edit." Copy and paste all of the text below form the editor into the editor of a Wikiversity page designed for a Paideia Unit Plan. Text between markers <sample text> should be replaced or deleted. All other text, except irrelevant sections, should remain.
How Should One Read a Book? is a Paideia Unit Plan. These guidelines address teachers for the purpose of guiding instruction. See Paideia Learning Plan for the student's point of view.

## Column One

Column One teaching and learning should make up about 10% to 15% of the total scheduled instructional time. It is didactic in nature and uses teacher lectures, text books or other didactic instructional materials, and questioning appropriate to this mode of education. Teaching in this mode encompasses of three facets: Exoridium, Interpretation, and Erudition.

### Exordium

The Exordium is the teacher's didactic introduction to the work that is the subject of a Paideia Unit Plan. This introduction consists of both an oral and physical (or electronic) presentation of the work. For longer works, the teacher may limit the oral presentation to key parts of the work. The teacher should read texts live distinctly, accurately, and intelligently. Other works should be orally presented similarly as appropriate to the type of work. In addition, the teacher should provide high quality audio and video recordings of works if possible. Students should have a consumable print copy of the work both electronically and in hard-copy if possible.

#### Oral Presentation

* <Enter instructions or information about live presentation of the work.>
* <Enter information and links to quality audio or video recordings of the work.>

#### Written Presentation

* Text can be found here: http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/w/woolf/virginia/w91c2/chapter22.html
* <Enter references to available books, prints, scores, or recordings and include a reference as follows A reference template may be added to update this template later because Majrjejm is sure there's a better way but doesn't know it yet.>
* <Enter any notes about the work, whether it's in the public domain, under copyright, out of print, available through used booksellers, other vendors etc.>

### Interpretation

Textual Interpretation refers to the teacher's didactic analysis of a written work in terms of the four major questions a demanding reader should ask of a text. Using the term work instead of book, these questions are: (1) What is the text about as a whole? (2) What is being said in detail, and how? (3) Is the text true, in whole or part? and (4) What of it? The Exordium begins to answer the first question because it introduces the whole text both orally and in writing (although the oral presentation may be limited in the case of longer works). It is in the Interpretation stage of Column One instruction that the teacher didactically begins to thoroughly unlock the second question. The third and fourth questions are relevant to Interpretation, but question two receives most of the teacher's attention. It is only when the student begins Column Two activities that a fuller grasp of questions three and four begins to mature in the student's mind. Consistent with the purpose of Column One instruction, the teacher is simply introducing elements of proper interpretation for the student to build on during Column Two and Column Three learning.
These questions can be appropriately modified for analysis of a work in science, mathematics, or the fine arts. Analysis of these types of works proceeds in a manner analagous to that of a text. Inasmuch as imaginative literature can be considered a work of fine art, the analogies drawn in Adler's and Van Doren's How to Read a Book can serve as a guide to other types of works too.

#### Interpretation of <Words and Terms> or <Elements>

In textual interpretation, the teacher didactically presents the author's key terms in the stage of Interpretation of Words and Terms. In addition, the teacher anticipates unfamiliar general vocabulary. These words and terms are given didactically, either orally or in writing, or both, but the task of interpreting is a Column Two skill of learning that the teacher must coach. Consequently, the purpose of this Column One stage is merely to point out key terms and potentially unfamiliar terms. The student must learn how to interpret. Again, this planning can be adapted to other kinds of works.

##### Interpretation of Key Terms

The key terms are those few words or phrases the author uses in unique, special, or important ways.. In the Column Two stage, students are coached both to find these key terms and to "unlock" them on their own. This skill is essential to analytical reading. In this Column One stage, however, the teacher points out a list of such terms. Students should understand that this listing is not necessarily exhaustive. In addition, the teacher provides students with a handful of these terms worked out in detail for consideration; it should consist of about three to five terms.
* <First Term>
* <Second Term>
* <Etc.>

##### General Vocabulary

The teacher may anticipate general unfamiliar vocabulary and point out the more difficult words either orally or in writing or both. However, defining words using context, a dictionary, or a knowlegable friend or adult (including the teacher) is a Column Two skill that must be coached. Teachers must help students build good habits of knowing the meanings of words. Dictionaries, in both electronic and book form must be available, and students must be taught how to use them. They must also be taught how to ask for definitions--a perfectly acceptible life skill commonly used by demanding readers!
* <First Word>
* <Second Word>
* <Etc.>
Note: If the teacher points out words in anticipation of their potential difficulty, this should be done in context by giving citations or electronically highlighting the words.

#### Interpretation of Sentences

One point of didactic interpretation at the level of interpreting sentences is to use grammar to get at the author's meaning. As with interpreting words and terms, this level of interpretation is also a Column Two skill that must be coached. Consequently, at the Column One didactic level, a teacher should choose a handful of the most difficult sentences in the text for demonstration. The teacher will always unlock the grammar of a few important and more difficult sentences for students independent of whether these sentences are key premeses to an argument. As appropriate to the text, a teacher should also consider demonstrating the grammar of sentences that work together as propositions in the author's most important arguments.
Another important point is to demonstrate the meter and prosody in both poetry and prose texts. This aim is in great danger of being completely overlooked or forgotten in a world where oral reading is not nearly as common as it once was. Nevertheless, great speechs often succeed in part because the author understands prosody. Lincoln's Gettysburg Address and King's I Have a Dream serve as striking examples. The teacher should select sentences or versus to demonstrate both meter and rhythm.
* <First Sentence>: <explanation of the grammar and how it helps to unlock the author's meaning>
* <Second Sentence>: <etc.>
* <Third Sentence>: <explanation of meter and rhythm, consideration of overall prosody>
* <Fourth Sentence>: <etc.>

#### Interpretation of Passages

At the level of passages, the full trivium (grammar, logic, and rhetoric) come into play. First, a teacher should choose one or two of the author's most important arguments for a demonstration of how to use logic as a key to interpreting a text. Next, the teacher should select several passages to demonstrate how they conform (or not) to rhetorical, poetical, and sylistic rules. These rules, of course, must be didactically taught as prerequisites to interpretation of texts.
* <Argument>: <demonstration of both the grammar of the sentences comprising premeses and of the concluding proposition along with the logic of the argument followed by an explanation of how the arguments help to unravel the author's meaning>
* <Passage Illustrating Rhetorical Rules>: <demonstration of the rhetorical rules and their value in the success of the author's purpose>
* <Passage Illustrating Poetical Rules>: <demonstration of the poetical rules and their value in the success of the author's purpose>
* <Passage Illustration Stylistic Rules>: <demonstration of the stylistic rules and their value in the success of the author's purpose>

### Erudition

Erudition refers to all manner of background information assumed by or necessary to understanding or fully appreciating the text.
<Note that these categories are presented alphabetically for ease of organization>

#### Anthropological References

* <information relevant to anthropological issues and discoveries--include citations--delete if not used>

#### Antiquarian References

* <information about references to things no longer commonly understood because of their situation in ages past--include citations--delete if not used>

#### Archaeological References

* <information about details related to archaeological discoveries--include citations--delete if not used>

#### Biographical References

* <information about the author--always include>
* <information about other textual references to important people--include citations--delete if not used>

#### Cultural References

* <information and links to cultural references--include citations--delete if not used>

#### Ethical References

* <information and links to ethical references--include citations--delete if not used>

#### Geographical References

* <links to relevant maps--delete if not used>
* <information relevant to geographical references--include citations--delete if not used>

#### Historical References

* <information and links to historical references--include citations--delete if not used>

#### Mathematical References

* <information and links to mathematical references--include citations--delete if not used>

#### Political References

* <information and links to political references--include citations--delete if not used>

#### Religious References

* <information and links to religious references--include citations--delete if not used>

#### Scientific References

* <information and links to scientific references--include citations--delete if not used>

## Column Two

Column Two teaching consists of coaching. This mode of instruction aims at helping students to form habitual skills in the language, scientific, and fine arts. Thus, a teacher must correct students as they practice listening, speaking, reading, writing, observing with the senses unaided, observing with the aid of scientific apparatus, measuring, estimating, calculating, and exercising dexterity in the musical and visual arts. Each of these arts in turn rely upon the aquisition of fine and gross motor, imagination, and memory skills. These rules for developing Paideia Unit Plans address teachers. For their counterpart written for students, see Paideia Learning Plan.
Column Two learning comprises 65% to 75% of scheduled learning time. It's chief charactaristic is student activity. Students must be practicing some skill or skills while the teacher corrects him or her. While athletic coaching is an obvious example of this type of instruction, debate coaching, directing a drama, art instruction, and piano lessons also represent coaching. In order to coach well, a teacher must have a repertoire of activities carefully designed to exercised desired skills. Additionally, the teacher must have a clear idea of how to correct the skills as students practice them to ensure their habitual formation.

### Activities
#### Prerequisite Activities
##### Fine & Gross Motor Skills

<delete if not used>

##### Sensory Imagination Skills

<delete if not used>

##### Mnuemonic Skills

<consider this category for every unit>

#### Language Arts
##### Listening Skills

* <links to additional quality recordings--include citations--delete if not used>
* <information relevant to listening for grammatical, logical, rhetorical, poetical, and stylistic elements of the work--include citations--delete if not used>

##### Speaking Skills

* <imitation of quality oral readings--should be a part of every unit>
* <recitations from memory--should be some part of every unit>
* <oral presentations of written work--should be a part of most units>
* <class discussions--should be a part of every unit>
* <recitation of the rules of reading from Adler's and Van Doren's How to Read a Book or similar rules>

##### Reading Skills

* <read hard-copy with a pencil in hand--always!>
* <marking up a text both with a pencil and electronically>
* <inspectional reading notes as taught in Adler's and Van Doren's How to Read a Book>
* <analytical reading notes as taught in the same work>
After a first read through, using the above principals, have students answer the following comprehension questions--go over examples of complete and/or thoughtful answers in class:
1. What reason does Woolf give for her assertion that a good reader must maintain a certain amount of independence?
2. With the freedom to choose what we read, what responsibility do we have?
3. According to Virginia Woolf what is the problem with dividing books into genre categories?
4. What is the advantage of genre divisions?
5. What does Virginia Woolf say is the advantage of biographies? (What do they give us that other types of books don’t?)
6. What does Woolf say is the disadvantage of reading lesser works that can be avoided when reading great works?
7. What genre does Woolf contend contains greater, “purer” truth?
8. How does Virginia Woolf feel about poetry?
9. According to Woolf, what is the first process we undertake when reading well?
10. What is the second process the reader must complete?
11. Why shouldn’t we just depend on experts and academics to tell us what value a piece of writing has?
12. Does Virginia Woolf regard reading as something to be done for a specific reason? If you said yes, tell what that reason is. If you said no, explain why not.

##### Writing Skills

This writing assignment is part of the preparation for the seminar, rather than as processing after, so the rough draft should be due the day before or the day of the seminar. Hopefully, the seminar discussion will help inform editing of the essay for the second draft.
Your task—Write your reading advice to other students—how should they approach the task, what strategies should they be sure to use?
Use the following structure:
Introduction, in which you explain the purpose and value of reading. (You are expected to say what you really think here.)
Specifics on how to read to meet the purpose you lay out and get that value. (2-5 paragraphs)
Conclusion

#### Scientific Arts
##### Solving Problems
### Correction
## Column Three
### Seminar Question Writing Guidelines

The following table serves to guide teachers in understanding the types of questions that guide good seminars and how to write them. Good seminars follow the general structure given by Mortimer Adler and Charles Van Doren in their classic How to Read a Book published by Simon & Schuster in 1972. Column one gives the four main questions that a demanding reader should ask of any book. These questions guide the types of questions and the purpose of each type used in good seminars. The last column serves to illustrate questions that might be asked of The Declaration of Independence, The Gettysburg Address, or Hamlet. This table could be easily adapted for any work of fine art like a painting or a musical score.
| From How to Read a Book Adler & Van Doren (1972) | Question Type | Purpose of Question Type | Sample Seminar Questions Answers to Be Supported from the Text |
| What is the book (work) about as a whole? | Opening | Identify main ideas | Answer her titular question in a short phrase. In other words, according to Virginia Woolf, how should one read a book? |
| What is being said in detail and how? | Analytical | Root out main ideas, assertions, and arguments | On page 11, Woolf describes the two processes a reader should undertake in terms of the roles the reader plays: first, the writer's friend, then the writer's judge. Why must you first be the author's friend, in Woolf's system? What does it mean to be his/her friend? Why would the reader have to stop being a friend in order to be a judge? How does a friend's role differ from a judges? Would having been a friend first effect they way you functioned as judge? How so? |
| Is the book (work) true, in whole or part? | Evaluative | Make and support judgments | pp 9-10 ". . .to enjoy the greater abstractness, the purer truth of fiction." Woolf says this in contrast with biography. In what way is fictional story more abstract than a biography? How can fiction be true? In what ways could it have purer truth? |
| What of it? | Closing | Relate judgments about ideas to one's own life | In the course of this seminar, you have had the opportunity to apply Woolf's own process to her essay--you have worked to be her friend and understand her. Now, you may judge. In what ways is she wrong? In what ways is she correct? Another way to frame this question relates to your most recent writing assignment: As you sat down to write your rough drafts of advice for reading well, what advice that you gave is the same or similar to advice Woolf gives? Do you have any points of similarity with Woolf's views? Are you completely different? |

### Specific Seminars

<Include written plans of actual seminars that have been conducted here.>