OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# English-Chinese/Health agencies suggest people to keep normal weight by eating more vegetables, eating less energy-dense foods, sugary drinks, red and processed meats, and alcohol

Health agencies suggest people to keep normal weight by eating more vegetables, eating less energy-dense foods, sugary drinks, red and processed meats, and alcohol.
卫生机构 建议 人们 通过 多吃 蔬菜，少吃 能量密度高的 食物、含糖 饮料、红色 和 加工 肉类 以及 酒精 来 保持 正常 体重。
# English-Chinese/Healthy diet improves health

A healthy diet is a diet that helps to maintain or improve overall health.
健康饮食 是 一种 有助于 维持 或 改善 整体健康 的 饮食。
# English-Chinese/Healthy diet provides essential nutrition

A healthy diet provides the body with essential nutrition: fluid, macronutrients, micronutrients, and adequate calories.
健康 的 饮食 为 身体 提供 必需 的 营养：液体，常量营养素，微量营养素 和 足够 的 卡路里。
# English-Chinese/Health

Health is "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease" according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Physical is about the body. Mental is about how people think and feel. Social is about how people live with other people. It is about family, work, school, and friends.
据 世界卫生组织（WHO）称，健康 是 “一种 完整的 体能，精神 和 社会 健康的 状态，而 不仅 没有 疾病”。体能 是 关于 身体的。心理 是 关于 人们的 想法 和 感受。社交 是 关于 人们 如何 与 其他 人 生活 在一起。它是 关于 家庭，工作，学校 和 朋友。
# English-Chinese/Human digestive system

The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder). In this system, the process of digestion has many stages, the first of which starts in the mouth. Digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components, until they can be absorbed and assimilated into the body.
人体消化系统 由 消化道 加上 其他 消化器官（舌头，唾液腺，胰腺，肝脏 和 胆囊）组成。在 这个 系统中，消化过程 有 很多 阶段，其中 第一 阶段 始于 口腔。消化 包括 将 食物 分解成 越来越小的 组分，直到 它们 被吸收 并 融合到 体内。
# English-Chinese/Human evolution

Human evolution is about the origin of human beings. All humans belong to the same species, which has spread from its birthplace in Africa to almost all parts of the world. Its origin in Africa is proved by the fossils which have been found there.
人类进化 是 关于 人类的 起源。所有人 都 属于 同一物种，从 非洲的 出生地 蔓延到 世界上 几乎 所有地区。它 在 非洲的 起源 由 在 那里 发现的 化石 证明。
# English-Chinese/Human eyes help to provide a three dimensional, moving image, normally can see color in daylight

Human eyes help to provide a three dimensional, moving image, normally can see color in daylight.
人眼有助于提供三维动态图像，通常可以在白天看到颜色。
# English-Chinese/Human body

The human body is the body of a person. It is the physical structure of a person.
The body is a thing that can be hurt or killed. Its functions are stopped by death. You need your muscles and your joints to move.
人体 是 人的 身体。它是 人的 身体 结构。
身体 是 可以 被伤害 或 被杀的 东西。其 功能 因 死亡 而 停止。你 需要 你的 肌肉 和 关节 才能 移动。
# English-Chinese/Human mouth

In human anatomy, the mouth is the first portion of the alimentary canal that receives food and produces saliva. The oral mucosa is the mucous membrane epithelium lining the inside of the mouth.
In addition to its primary role as the beginning of the digestive system, in humans the mouth also plays a significant role in communication. While primary aspects of the voice are produced in the throat, the tongue, lips, and jaw are also needed to produce the range of sounds included in human language.
在 人体 解剖学中，嘴 是 接收 食物 和 产生 唾液的 消化道的 第一 部分。口腔 粘膜 是 衬 在 口腔 内部的 粘膜 上皮。
除了 其 作为 消化系统 开始的 主要 作用 之外，在 人类中，口腔 在 交流中 也 起着 重要 作用。虽然 声音的 主要 方面 是 在 喉咙中 产生的，但 舌头，嘴唇 和 下巴 也是 产生 包含 在 人类 语言中的 各种 声音 所需要的。
# English-Chinese/Hongdousha is a sweet porridge that is made with red beans and sugar

Hongdousha is a sweet porridge that is made with red beans and sugar.
红豆沙是一种用红豆和糖制成的甜粥。
# English-Chinese/Human

A human (also called a human being or person) is a member of the species Homo sapiens, which means 'wise man' in Latin. Carolus Linnaeus put humans in the mammalian order of primates. Humans are a type of hominoid, and chimpanzees are their closest living relatives.
人类（也 称为 人）是 Homo sapiens 物种 的 成员，Homo sapiens 源自 Latin语，是 “智者” 的 意思。 Carolus Linnaeus 将 人类 置于 灵长类 哺乳动物 的 体系 之中。人类 是 一种 类人猿，而 黑猩猩 是 它们 最亲近的 亲戚。
# English-Chinese/Hong Kong

Hong Kong is a special administrative region of China. It is located in the south of China. It is governed by Hong Kong government.
香港是中国的特别行政区。它位于中国南部。它由香港政府管理。
# English-Chinese/Huajia

Huajia is a traditional way of celebrating one's 60th birthday in East Asia. The number 60 means accomplishing one big 60-year cycle and starting another one in one's life following the traditional 60-year calendar cycle of the lunar calendar.
花甲 是 东亚 庆祝 60岁生日的 传统方式。数字60 意味着 完成 一个 60年的 大周期，并且 在 农历的 传统 60年 日历 周期 之后 开始 另一个 周期。
# English-Chinese/Human geography

Human geography is a branch of geography. It studies how people and environment have an effect on each other.
人文地理学 是 地理学的 一个 分支。它 研究 人 与 环境 如何 相互 影响。
# Colonial Haiti/Unit 4

Course / Previous Unit / Next Unit
# Column densities

A column density is the number of units of matter observed along a line of sight that has an area of observation. This area has a height that is the distance to an object, or through which observation is taking place.

## Astronomy

"A region of the sky [at top right] called the "Lockman Hole", located in the constellation of Ursa Major, is one of the areas surveyed in infrared light by the Herschel Space Observatory. All of the little dots in this picture are distant galaxies. The pattern of their collective light is what's known as the cosmic infrared background. By studying this pattern, astronomers were able to measure how much dark matter it takes to create a galaxy bursting with young stars."

## Theoretical column densities

Def. a "total amount per unit area of a material suspended in a fluid or in a cloud in space, measured along the length of a column" is called a column density.
Usage notes:
* "Quoted in terms of mass per (cross-sectional) area, or number per area".

## Lockman Hole

"We have made a detailed 21 cm study of areas that have the smallest known amount of H I in the northern sky. These observations were corrected for stray radiation using a method described in an Appendix and have an estimated uncertainty in N$_{HI}$ of ≤ 5 x 10$^{18}$ cm$^{-2}$. The region of main interest, around α = 10$^h$45$^m$, δ = 57°20', has a minimum N$_{HI}$ of 4.5 x 10$^{19}$ cm$^{-2}$."
Probably "most of the [neutral] hydrogen is extended and not contained in very small, unresolved, clouds. For example, there would have to be ~100 small clouds in the ~0.2 deg$^2$ of the 43 m beam to produce the observed σ/〈N$_{HI}$〉≈ 0.1. At a distance of 100 pc, each would have a diameter ~0.1 pc and a density〈n〉~ 200 cm$^{-3}$."

## Problem 1

Using the numbers in the above section for the beam diameter at the antenna, the distance of 100 pc, the number of clouds, assume a uniform distribution of neutral hydrogen, and the neutral hydrogen particle density, calculate the column density along the line of sight and compare it to the column density mentioned above.

## Problem 2

Using the uncertainty in the column density, calculate the approximate uncertainty in the hydrogen density.

## Problem 3

Using the column density for the Lockman Hole, calculate the apparent neutral hydrogen flux in units of m$^{-2}$ sr$^{-1}$. Calculate the uncertainty in units of flux.

## Problem 4

In regions like the Lockman Hole "the dust particles are small (radii a < 0.25 m)". The dust column density (D$^T$) is 0.44 MJy sr$^{-1}$ so that the D$^T$/N(H I) = 0.077.
Using this information, calculate the dust column density in number of dust grains cm$^{-2}$.

## Problem 5

According to SIMBAD there are some 1217 objects within 30' radius of the centered position for the Lockman Hole. Although these are mostly astronomical infrared sources and galaxies, if these are large dust particles, calculate their column density.
Of these only 349 are X-ray sources, calculate their column density.

## Hypotheses

* Probably the number one reason the sky is black at night is the absorption due to media between stars, galaxies, etc.
# Combinatorics

   "There is no problem in all mathematics that cannot be solved by direct counting."-Ernst Mach
Combinatorics is a branch of pure mathematics concerning the study of discrete (and usually finite) objects. It is related to many other areas of mathematics, such as algebra, probability theory, ergodic theory and geometry, as well as to applied subjects in computer science and statistical physics. Aspects of combinatorics include "counting" the objects satisfying certain criteria (enumerative combinatorics), deciding when the criteria can be met, and constructing and analyzing objects meeting the criteria, finding "largest", "smallest", or "optimal" objects (as in combinatorial designs, extremal combinatorics and combinatorial optimization), and finding algebraic structures these objects may have (algebraic combinatorics).

### Developed resources

* Combinatorics/Rule of product counts what might be called "decisions". It is still under construction, but quite developed. See also: w:Rule of product and b:Probability/The Counting Principle
* Combinatorics/Binomial coefficients introduces binomial coefficients using a tree diagram that recovers Pascal's triangle. A number of advanced topics are then discussed, including Catalan numbers, and Lattice paths

### Undeveloped resources

The following resources are undeveloped; some are little more than stubs:
* Combinatorics/About this resource is currently a stub that contains comments that compare the various wikis.
* Combinatorics/Graph & Ramsey Theory
* Combinatorics/Structural Algebra (truly a stub)
Subpages
# Combinatorics/Graph & Ramsey Theory

In mathematics and computer science, graph theory is the study of graphs: mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects from a certain collection. A "graph" in this context refers to a collection of 'vertices' or 'nodes' and a collection of edges that connect pairs of vertices. A graph may be undirected, meaning that there is no distinction between the two vertices associated with each edge, or its edges may be directed from one vertex to another. The graphs studied in graph theory should not be confused with "graphs of functions" and other kinds of graphs.

## Theorems

Ramsey's Theorem is the solution to the Party Planner Problem
Schur's Theorem is a central theorem in Ramsey theory and combinatorial number theory that is concerned with arithmetic progressions.
Van der Waerden's Theorem is another theorem that is concerned with arithmetic progressions on the integers.

## See Also

* Wikipedia: Ramsey theory
* Wikipedia: Ramsey's theorem
* Wikipedia: Schur's lemma
* Wikipedia: Van der Waerden's theorem
# Combinatorial chemistry

This page deals with the principles of combinatorial chemistry.
Please feel free to develop and add educational resoures to this page as you see fit!
Combinatorial chemistry involves the rapid synthesis or the computer simulation of a large number of different but structurally related molecules.
Although combinatorial chemistry has only really been taken up by industry since the 1990s, its roots can be seen as far back as the 1960s when a researcher at Rockefeller University, Bruce Merrifield, started investigating the solid-phase synthesis of peptides. In the 1980s researcher H. Mario Geysen developed this technique further, creating arrays of different peptides on separate supports.
In its modern form, combinatorial chemistry has probably had its biggest impact in the pharmaceutical industry. Researchers attempting to optimize the activity profile of a compound create a 'library' of many different but related compounds. Advances in robotics have led to an industrial approach to combinatorial synthesis, enabling companies to routinely produce over 100,000 new and unique compounds per year (see medicinal chemistry).
In order to handle the vast number of structural possibilities, researchers often create a 'virtual library', a computational enumeration of all possible structures of a given pharmacophore with all available reactants. Such a library can consist of thousand to millions of 'virtual' compounds. The researcher will select a subset of the 'virtual library' for actual synthesis, based upon various calculations and criteria (see ADME, computational chemistry, and QSAR).
Materials science has applied to the techniques of combinatorial chemistry to the discovery of new materials. This work was pioneered by P.G. Schultz et al. in the mid nineties (Science, 1995, 268: 1738-1740) in the context of luminescent materials obtained by co-deposition of elements on a silicon substrate. Work has been continued by several academic groups as well as companies with large research and development programs (Symyx Technologies, GE, etc).

## Participants

* My name is Phi so it doesnt matter anyways, But I will learn with you guys. Call me cam!

## Topics

* Combinatorial chemistry for pharmaceuticals
# Combinatorics/About this resource
### Structure and purpose

Wikipedia has "articles", Wikibooks has "articles", and Wikiversity has "resources", the latter being so vaguely defined that it can include student projects, lesson plans, and even original research. This resource resembles the review article used in academia, except that we don't review the cutting edge status of scientific progress, but the status of WMF articles on a topic associated with higher education. Virtually all the information associated with high school and lower division college is available, not only on the internet at large, but also on Wikipedia, Wikibooks, and Wikipedia. Unfortunately, from a pedagogical point of view, the "best" material is available only at a cost, and is designed for use by established colleges and schools. The mission of Wikiversity is to "set education free". An important first step is to consolidate links to OER resources that might make that dream come true.
# Color of the stars

A star's color is critical in identifying the star because it tells us the star’s surface temperature in the black body radiation scale. The sun has a surface temperature of 5,500 K, typical for a yellow star. Red stars are cooler than the sun, with surface temperatures of 3,500 K for a bright red star and 2,500 K for a dark red star. The hottest stars are blue, with their surface temperatures falling anywhere between 10,000 K and 50,000 K. Stars are fuelled by the nuclear fusion reactions at their core. There is a dynamic equilibrium maintained throughout the star’s life between the expanding heat of the reactive core and gravitational forces holding the star together. Fusion produces extremely high energy. Fusion releases some of the energy that binds the particles of the nucleus together, unleashing remarkable power. Stars begin as a mass of dust and gas dense enough to start collapsing inwards under the pressure of its own gravity. If this protostar is massive enough, it will eventually initiate a nuclear reaction in its hot, dense core. This initiates the main sequence of a star’s life cycle when hydrogen forms helium at the star’s core through the process of nuclear fusion. Heat from the star’s core radiates outwards through the layers of the star to the photosphere, the visible surface, which emits electromagnetic energy and charged particles as the solar wind.
A star does not stay the same color throughout its lifecycle since the surface temperature alters depending on the type of fusion reaction fuelling the star at the time. Depending on the initial mass of the star, it will evolve along the lines of one of three main star types: low-mass stars, intermediate-mass stars (like our sun) and high-mass stars.
# Coma (OSCE)
## Causes of Coma

* One Mnemonic is “GAMETIMES”:
* G glucose (hyperosmolar or hypoglycemia)
* A anoxia, acidosis, alcohol’s
* M medications (one of the most common causes)
* E electrolytes, “environment” (hypothermia)
* T tumor, toxins, trauma
* I infections (e.g. meningitis, encephalitis, sepsis)
* M Metabolic, adrenal, renal, hepatic, (diabetes listed above)
* E epilepsy
* S stroke, (P)sychiatric pseudocoma

## The Glasgow Coma Scale

| Eye opening | Best Motor Response | Verbal Response |
| Spontaneous 4 | Follows commands 6 | Orientated 5 |
| To speech 3 | Localizes to painful stimuli 5 | Confused conversation 4 |
| To pain 2 | Withdrawal from pain 4 | Inappropriate words 3 |
| No response 1 | Flexion reflex response to pain 3 | Incomprehensible sounds 2 |
| | Extension reflex response to pain 2 | No response 1 |
| | No response 1 | |

## Neurological Exam

| Function | Normal | Diencephalon | Midbrain | Pons |
| Respiration | Normal | Cheyne-Stokes | Regular, hyperventilation | Irregular, erratic |
| Pupil Size and Response to light | Normal | Small, Reactive | Mid-position, fixed | Pinpoint Reactive |
| Oculovestibular Reflex | Suppressed | Constant (tonic) deviation | Dysconjugate gaze | No response |
| Motor response to pain | Appropriate | Decorticate (arms flexor response) | Decerebrate (all extensor response) | No response |
# Colonial Haiti/Unit 5

Course / Previous Unit
# English-Chinese/Long-term vision loss can also be caused by diabetic retinopathy

Long-term vision loss can also be caused by diabetic retinopathy.
糖尿病视网膜病变也可导致长期视力丧失。
# English-Chinese/Lithosphere

The lithosphere is the solid shell of the planet Earth. That means the crust, plus the part of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on long time scales.
岩石圈 是 地球的 固体壳。这 意味着 地壳，加上 长远上 表现出 弹性的 上部地幔的 部分。
# English-Chinese/Logogram

A logogram or logograph is a grapheme (or symbol) which represents a word or morpheme in a language. This is contrasted with a phonogram, which is a symbol that represents a sound.
语标 或 标志 是 字素（或 符号），表示 语言中的 单词 或 语素。这 与 表音文字 形成对比，表音文字 是 表示声音的 符号。
# English-Chinese/Longevity

The word longevity means long life, or life expectancy. It often means someone or something lasting longer than expected.
Longevity usually includes thinking about methods to extend life. Longevity has been a topic not only for the scientific community but also for writers of science fiction and utopian novels.
长寿 这个 词 意味着 长的 寿命 或 预期寿命。它 通常 意味着 持续 时间 超过 预期的 某人 或 某物。
长寿 通常 包括 思考 延长 寿命的 方法。长寿 不仅是 科学界的 主题，也是 科幻小说 和 乌托邦小说 作者的 主题。
# English-Chinese/Liver

The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion. In humans, it is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, below the diaphragm. Its other roles in metabolism include the regulation of glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells and the production of hormones.
肝脏 是 一种 仅 在 脊椎动物中 发现的 器官，能够 对 各种 代谢产物 进行解毒，合成 蛋白质 并 产生 消化 所必需的 生物化学物质。在 人体中，它 位于 膈下的 腹部 右上腹。它 在 代谢中的 其他 作用 包括 糖原 贮存的 调节，红细胞的 分解 和 激素的 产生。
# English-Chinese/Long-term particulate matter exposure increased rate of atherosclerosis and inflammation

Long-term particulate matter exposure increased rate of atherosclerosis and inflammation.
长期颗粒物暴露会增加动脉粥样硬化和炎症的发生率。
# English-Chinese/Literature is an art form

More restrictively, literature refers to writing considered to be an art form or any single writing deemed to have artistic or intellectual value, often due to deploying language in ways that differ from ordinary usage.
更严格地说，文献指的是被认为是艺术形式或任何被认为具有艺术或知识价值的单一作品的写作，通常是由于以与普通用法不同的方式部署语言。
# English-Chinese/Long sitting can lead to obesity

Long sitting can lead to obesity.
长时间坐着会导致肥胖。
# English-Chinese/Little research has been done on the natural variation of allergen concentrations in the unmodified crops

Little research has been done on the natural variation of allergen concentrations in the unmodified crops.
关于未改性作物中过敏原浓度的自然变化的研究很少。
# English-Chinese/Long sitting can lead to have hemorrhoids

Long sitting can lead to have hemorrhoids.
长时间坐着会导致痔疮。
# Elsevier boycotts

In the fight for open access, many academics have started boycotting Reed Elsevier, one of the academic publishers, for their support of both the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and the Research Works Act in the United States. This page collects resources about the boycott.
* The Cost of Knowledge — a list of academics who have pledged to boycott Elsevier
* Boycott Elsevier for Supporting SOPA, CSTheory Community Blog
* A science-centric SOPA boycott, BoingBoing
* Friends Don’t Let Friends Publish in Elsevier Journals, Crooked Timber
* A Referee's Boycott, Computational Complexity
* Cornell and Other University Libraries to Cancel Elsevier Titles
* MDs, Scientists Call For Elsevier Group Boycott, GrrlScientist blog
* Elsevier — my part in its downfall, Tim Gowers (mathematician)
* Who Gets to See Published Research?, Chronicle of Higher Education
# Elevated building foundation

Elevated building foundation (EBF) is a kind of seismic base isolation technology which is made a major part of a building superstructure. It is made to protect the building's superstructure against damage from the shaking caused by an earthquake.
This goal can be met with the right building materials, size, and setup of EBF for the building site and local soil conditions.
As a result of multiple wave reflections and diffractions, as well as energy dissipation of the seismic waves as they move up through the EBF, any movement of seismic wave energy into the building superstructure will be decreased, which will lower seismic loads and improve seismic performance of the structure.
In other words, the building does not shake as much because it is sitting on the elevated building foundation, and will probably take less damage from the earthquake.
# Embedded System Engineering
## Introduction

Welcome to the Embedded System Engineering Department of Wikiversity. Embedded system engineering is a very exciting field of engineering where devices capable of interacting with the “real world” are designed and programmed. Embedded System Engineering is very strongly related to Computer Engineering, and there will be strong overlap between the two curricula. Computer Engineering is more of a balanced merger between CS and EE topics, where as Embedded Systems engineering is heavily lopsided in favor of the CS topics.
See Also:
* Computer Engineering
* Electrical Engineering
* Computer Science

## Curriculum
### Mathematics

* Calculus
* Linear algebra
* Differential equations

### Computer Science

* Ada Programming
* C
* Forth
* Introduction to assembly language
* Algorithms
* Data Structures
* Computer Science:Logic
* Programmable Logic
* Parallel Computing and Computer Clusters
* Internet Technologies
* Operating System Design
* Serial Programming
* Digital logic design

### Electrical Engineering

* Digital Circuits
* Embedded Systems
* Robotics
* Electronics
* LearnElectronics
* PLCs
* Digital Signal Processing

## Course Listing

* Embedded Systems 1

## Related Wikipedia Articles

* Real-time operating system
* VXworks
* RTAI
* RT Linux
* Embedded C++
* Programming languages

## Wikibooks

* Embedded Systems
# Evidence-based assessment/Children's Nonverbal Learning Disabilities Scale (C-NLD)

HGAPS is finding new ways to make psychological science conferences more accessible!
Here are examples from APA 2022 and the JCCAP Future Directions Forum. Coming soon... ABCT! ~ More at HGAPS.org ~
Question breakdown, scoring and interpretation Time to complete is about 5–10 minutes. Each question asks the respondent to rate a statement or behavior with "never/rarely", "sometimes", "often" , or "I don't know".
Question breakdown Each question belongs to one of three categories: motor skills, visual-spatial skills, and interpersonal skills.
Scoring and interpretation If the respondent selects "often" or "sometimes" for three or more of the motor skills questions, four or more of the visual-spatial skills questions, and three or more of the interpersonal skills questions, it is highly recommended that a more in-depth evaluation of the respondent.