OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Anatomy/Spine

The spine, or vertebral column, is made up of 26 bones, the majority of which are the vertebrae. The cocyx and sacrum are the other two bones; these are the most inferior bones of the spine and are actually fusions of vertebrae. The vertebrae protect the spinal cord and aid in maintaining an upright position. The three regions of the vertebral column are the cervical (kneck region), thoracic (thorax section, ach connecting to ribs), and the lumbar section (lower back).
Vertebral Regions
Each of these regions is curved in a specific manner to aid in balance, support, and posture.
Vertebrae are separated by intervertebral discs, cartilagenous joints, primarily made up of water, that soften the contact between vertebrae as well as hold them together. The disc is made up of two primary parts; the annulus fibrosis and the nucleus pulposus. The nucleus acts as a shock absorber. With the exception of the C1 to C2 joint, all vertebrae have intervertebral discs.
Common Vertebral Disorders
* Kyphosis - a condition associated with a rounded or "hunched" back.
* Lordosis - a forward projection causing the abdomen to project outward.
* Scoliosis - an abnormal curvature of the spine causing a swayed appearance. This disorder is the most common and is associated with an "S" shape.
# Anatomy/Cardiovascular System

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and the blood vessels. The heart is responsible for pumping the blood, the body's transport medium, around the body through the blood vessels.

## The Heart

The adult heart is approximately the size of a fist and weighs between 250 and 350 grams.
It is located in the medial compartment of the mediastinum (see also thorax). The heart extends obliquely for 12 to 14 centimeters (5 inches), from the second rib to the fifth intercostal space. Approximately two-thirds of the mass of the heart lies to the left of the midsternal line (or midline). The heart is surrounded by the right and left lungs, which are themselves enveloped in their own pleural sacs.
Although rare, there is a medical condition known as dextrocardia in which the orientation of the heart is reversed.
# Anatomy/Muscles

Muscles are comprised of fascicles, which are bundles of muscle fibers. Perimysium, a layer of connective tissue, surrounds each fascicle, and holds it together. Endomysium surrounds each muscle fiber, and epimysium surrounds the muscle itself.
Penetrating the muscle, are arteries, veins, and nerve fibers.

## Skeletal muscle

The study of anatomy focuses primarily on skeletal muscles, muscles that are under voluntary nervous control. The five primary functions of skeletal muscle are maintaining body temperature, regulation of material entering or leaving the body, supporting soft tissue, aiding in the maintenance of posture, and aid in movement. There are three types of skeletal muscle fibers - fast, slow and intermediate skeletal muscle fibers. Fast fibers are powerful and can remain contracted for only about 0.01 seconds. These contractions generate more force than other fibers and use a significant amount of ATP. These fibers are also known as white fibers (associated with white meat). Weight training increases the size of fast fibers. Slow fibers, also known as red fibers (associated with red meat), react slowly to stimuli but can remain contracted for a long time. Slow fibers have a larger capillary network, aiding in the oxygenation of these fibers so that they can remain contracted for longer periods. Intermediate fibers are just that, fibers with properties in the spectrum between fast and slow fibers. Many fast fibers are slowly converted to intermediate fibers in endurance athletes, in relation to the extensiveness of their training.

## Types of muscle

There are three types of muscle:
* Skeletal
* Cardiac: Muscle that are found only in the heart. They are specialised and autonomous, with intercalated discs between each cell. The nervous system has the ability to effect changes globally.
* Smooth or visceral: Smooth or visceral muscels are not under voluntary nervous control. These muscles are found in blood vessels, the digestive system, etc. Smooth muscles are responsible for peristalsis, the slow movement of food along the gastrointestinal tract towards the anus.

## Origin and Insertion

Muscles are usually partly described by their origin at one end and insertion at the other. These are points of muscle attachment to bones: the origin being the point that moves least under contraction and the insertion being the end that moves most. The origin is usually more proximal and the insertion more distal. Also, the connection at the origin is typically to a stronger/thicker bone. If a muscle arises from more than one place (as in the biceps or triceps), we say that it has two (or possibly more) heads.
2.0 Upper Limb

## Additional resources

* w: Sternocleidomastoid muscle
# Automotive Technology/Automatic Transmission Fluid

Automatic Transmission Fluid is a lubricating oil with friction modifiers and detergents
* Sometimes used in power steering, manual gear boxes, transfer boxes
* used by some as an additive to motor oil to clean the residue from the oil passages
* used by some to defog plastic lamp covers
If the fluid is
* Dark brown or black and/or has a burnt odor, the fluid has been overheated
* Milky white color means coolant has leaked into the transmission
* Dark particles come from clutch or band material
* Silver-white particles come from the transmission parts
* Coating on the stick indicates fluid oxidation
# Automotive Technology/Automatic Transmission Pressure Tests

This operation is not generally recommended for diagnosis. Only under these conditions would the test be useful
Somewhere near the valve body should be opening to passages for applying the clutches, bands, and parking pawl.
# Automotive Technology/Bearings
## Bearing preload

    should be fifteen foot-pounds on new bearings
    an acceptable low is ten foot pounds.
# Automotive Technology/Battery and Starting System Diagnosis and Repair

Usually a multimeter tell you battery voltage
If the battery puts out half of the CCA, then it's considered good
Resetting the clock can be difficult. Resetting a stereo or alarm system is worse. Put in a battery in the Power Jack and have at least nine volts(9v) to keep the modules alive
Observe safety precautions and use this battery charging technique
Inspecting for damage takes a moment of your time to do right
Using this battery charging technique
Best done with an ammeter
A loss of half a volt is the maximum for a starter draw circuit
Knowing basic starter operation will tell you if the solenoid or motor fails. Otherwise, you should be able to test the relays, wires, and safety switches.
Automotive No Crank Condition
# Automotive Technology/Alignment

For ASE A4C
First know the angles you are talking about. See Wheel Alignment

## Diagnostics
### Torque steer

    pull to side during acceleration

### Memory steer
## Diagrams

Needs some
# Automotive Technology/Automatic Transmission

Automatic transmission (U.S.) Automatic gearbox (U.K.) In British English in this context the word Transmission refers to the whole driveline and includes driveshafts and the differential (if housed seperately) and will include the transfer box in four-wheel drive vehicles.
Working with an automatic transmission can be expensive and difficult. Transmissions often require special tools to disassemble and assemble. The weight of a transmission alone requires safety procedures
They are considered to be more complex than engines, because of the valve body and solenoid controls. Planetary gears are complex and puzzle-like. Every piece, especially thrust washers fit one way. You can check the clearances when you're done assembling the transmission.

## Automatic Transmission Diagnostics

* Automatic Transmission Fluid is red or pink and should be checked regularly
* Vibration and Noise
** Vibration usually comes from the output shaft or torque converter
** Noise is usually related to gear and engine speed
* Pressure Test can be used to read pressure during operation, design permitting
** should be used when shifts are rough or shift timing is wrong
* Stall Test
* Lockup Torque Converter Clutch
* Engine Vacuum lines leaking at the transmission may consume atf
* Electronic Transmission Control Systems
* Verify start and change systems

## Maintenance

* Shift Linkage may become loose or disconnected
* Transmission Range Sensor tells modules the shift linkage position
* Throttle Valve is connected to the pedal by cable linkage
* Kickdown Switch tells the module of Wide Open Throttle condition
* Accumulator
* Band adjustment
* Replace fluid and filter

## In Vehicle Service

* Vacuum modulator and system
* Governor Valve
* Seals and gaskets
* Extension Housing Oil Seal
* ATF Cooler
* Speed Sensor and Drive Gear
* Valve Body
* Valve Body Bolt Torque
* Servo
* Accumulator
* Parking Pawl
* Electronic components
* Powertrain Mounts can fail to prevent vibration dampening

## Off Vehicle Service

* Engine Core Plugs should be checked for leakage while dismounting transmission
* Transmission Dowel Pins keep position between bell housing and engine block
* Remove Automatic Transmission
* Disassemble Automatic Transmission
* Reassemble Automatic Transmission
* Flex Plate
* Torque Converter
* Oil Pump
* End play and Preload
* Thrust washers and Bearings
* Shafts
* Oil passages
* Bushings
* Planetary Gear assembly
* Transmission case
* Drive Chain
* Final drive components

## Friction and reaction units

* Clutch assembly
* Clutch Pack Clearance
* Air test clutch and servo
* One Way Clutch
* Bands and drums
# Automotive Technology/Automatic Transmission/Planetary Gear

This style of gears changes given output ratios and direction when a single gear of the set is held in place or held to another gear.
# Automotive Technology/Automotive No Crank Condition

When a car won't start, it's usually referred to as a no-crank condition. When dealing with these, start with the key start and work from there
# Automotive Technology/Brake Systems Diagnosis and Repair
### Pedal Linkage

* Binding, looseness, adjustment

### Wheel Bearings

* Wheel shimmy, vibration, noise
* R&R Wheel Bearing

### Parking Brakes

* Adjust Parking brake
* switch, wiring, brake indicator

### Electrical

* Brake switch, lamps, circuits
# 2D Animation/Image Magick

Assume you have a list of files that have file names with the following enumeration:
The Image Magck uses images with an alpha numeric order. There you need the prefix "00" for an index lower than 10 and a prefix "0" for images between the frame count 10 and 99.
The following command converts the sequence of images into an animated GIF. This can be used also for image sequences generated with Pencil2D.
The following command converts the image sequence into an animated GIF named myanimation.gif. Between the single frames the GIF animation a delay time is defined. With -delay 100 the animation waits 100 milliseconds until the next frame of the animation will be displayed. With shorter delay time you can generate a time lapse for the image sequence and with a higher delay time between the frames you can generate a slow motion. The frames can also be generated for with Pencil2D as export format. The result is a decomposed animation with sequence of image extracted frame by frame from the animation. -loop 5 defines the number of repetitions of the animation (here 5 repetitions). -loop 0 repeats the animation infinitely often.
Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)

## Learning Task

We will create an AppLSAC that will be able to load files into a browser (without connection to remote server) and rename the files with an specific enumeration format according to the given number in the filename.
* (OpenSource Analysis) At first we will perform an OpenSource analysis AppLSAC that uses
** the library loadfile4dom.js to upload a list of images into the browser (not server)
** rename the file
*** image0.png into image000.png,
*** image1.png into image001.png,
** stores the renamed files into a ZIP file with jszip.js and
** saves the ZIP in the download folder of you browser with the library filesaver.js
* (Create LoadSaveZIP Module) First of all we want to create NPM module/Javascript library that is able to load and save ZIP-files within an AppLSAC. What are the methods and attributes required for such a Javascript class. Define the class in UML (Unified Modelling Language).
* (Share your Results to other Learners) If you like you can provide the final AppLSAC as link to a GitLab, Bitbucket, GitHub, ... repository here in the learning resource, so that other learner can build on your work and perform new learning task similar to the renaming task.
* (Modification of Renaming App) Modify the AppLSAC above in way that that rename the images in the order of the upload and you do not consider any images numbers in the filename. Just the order of loading step by step defines the filename, e.g.
** rename the file
*** firstimage.png into image000.png,
*** mycar1989.png into image001.png,
*** bert19yearsold.png into image002.png,
* (Animation Sequence) Explain the different approaches for renaming the images and identify the corresponding use-cases for them. E.g.
** the filenames have already an enumeration in the filenames.
** Some images should be skipped,
    Analyse the possibilities to create a GIF animation with a Shell Script and the application of the OpenSource software ImageMagick.
# 2D Animation/Animated Avatar

An animated Avatar is an animation that is used for a specific process that the individual performs.

## History

This learning resource was started in the context of using low bandwidth usage for video conferencing. The basic ideas was developed in the context of substainabiliy. Streaming a video requires more energy than using an animated avatar. In comparison to a pure audio connection an animated avatar is showing who is speaking. In a lecture or seminar it is sometimes not necessary to have a live stream of the person who is speaking but it helps to have a visual image about person who is speaking.

## Learning Task

* (Video conferencing) Analyze Open Source video conferencing e.g. BigBlueButton or Jitsi how a video stream is encoded and calculate the consumption of bandwidth with 40 clients have switch on the camera.
* (Bandwidth) Explain why bandwidth is a collaboratively used resource and describe how a reduction data transport contributes to a reduction of energy consumption. Compare a streamed video and used network components with a locally played video.
* (Comparision Image) Also an image can be used to have a visual impression about a person who is speaking. An animated avatar with two GIF-animation for talking and silence, will be shown according to sound in the audio stream. What are the challenges and constraints for such an approach? (silence detection in the audio stream) What is the benefit and drawbacks of such an approach in comparision to a static image?
# 2D Animation/Open Source Software

2D Animations can be created with different OpenSource tools. In this learning
The animation example is based of Pencil2D. Other software packages, such as Geogebra, can also be used to create animations, especially for Wikiversity, but the internal structure and setup of animations cannot be learned with Geogebra. Therefore, please install Pencil2D as open source software for this tutorial to create an example 2D animation step by step.
Next Step: Next step will be to understand the basic components, that are required for the SIR-model animation.

## Open Source Softwares for Animations

* (Geogebra) If you want to create animations for the mathematical topic, it could make sense to go to the learing resource about Geogebra and see how you can create animations directly from a geometrical construction.
* (GIMP) Also the Open Source software for editing raster images is able to create GIF and PNG animation. The layer concept in GIMP is used to represent frames in the animation.
* (Pencil2D) Install Pencil2D as Open Source software for this learning resource.

## External Links

* Pencil2D Homepage: https://www.pencil2d.org/
# 2D Animation/Vector Images

The advantage of vector images in comparison to raster images is that they can be
* edited or changed especially when you want to create a animation for learning resources e.g. in other languages and you want to change the english label in a background image by a german label. All the other content remains the same.
* especially for moving objects there is a big benefit, that objects can be dragged and dropped instead of merging into one image in the raster format (especially when objects overlap - a disadvantage of raster images).
* content elements in the vector image can be scaled much better especially when you zoom in with the camera option in Pencil2D. In raster images zooming in creates unwanted effects on the quality of the images due to the rectangular matrix of pixels.
</nocinclude>
# 2D Animation/Background

Animation in Pencil2D are organized in layers. The background image is image in first layer other layers loke person icon is moved on top of the background layer. For the example animation following background image was used.

## Learning Task

* (Import Background Image) Import the background image on the right in the OpenSource software Pencil2D and rename the layer with the name "Background".
* (Create Background Image in LibreOffice Draw) Create your own background image in LibreOffice Draw and export your own background image as PNG file.
* (Background Image - Cover Details) In upper example with the GIF animation for the SIR-Model the objects are moved on top of the background layer. It is also possible to add details in the background image and cover the details with rectangle or lines on top the background image. This is also an option that you have in conjunction with background images. In the first slide some details in the background image are covered with a white geometrical object and in following frames of the animation the covered geometrical element is removed. This gives also the illusion that obejcts appear in the animation, but everthing is already defined from the beginning. This approach makes sense if details are static on the page and you just want to uncover the detail step by step in the animation. It saves some time for positioning the appearing details on the screen. If you want to move object then the cover-uncover method is not recommended. Analyse the AudioSlides4Web animation and identify which content elements are created by the cover-uncover method and which images are added with layers on the background.
# 2D Animation/Raster Images

Raster images are used in Animation e.g.
* for tutorials with screenshots,
* a stop motion approach with a sequence of JPG images,
* sequence of images that are extracted as frames from a video,

## Learning Task

* Identify use cases for the application of raster images in comparison to vector images.
* Snapshots from your camera are provide as raster images. How could you use the snapshots as background images for your animation. Let a raster images move in that camera image. Create a bouncing circle with the Pencil2D animation.
# 2D Animation/Shell script

This learning resource is about creating a GIF animation from the command line from several images.

## Learning Task

* Create a sequence of images with a red circle that is bouncing on the ground.
* You can use also LibreOffice Draw file with ab image as background and a red disk is bouncing with that image background.
* Move the red disc or circle downwards and export the altered image to img01.png, img02.png, img03.png, img04.png, ... Keep in mind, that the second bounce is not as high as the first one.
* After you have the sequence in a folder we will create an animated GIF from image from the shell with image magick.

## Generation with a Script

The generation of the GIF-animation can be trigger with a script:
* Change to the directory where the images are stored.
* It might want to resize the images prior to backing the GIF-animation. You can do this with:
After the optional step of resizing the images you back the GIF-animation. with
Delay time is 100 milliseconds between each frame. Higher number make the animation run much slower. 25-30 frames per seconds is an frame rate for movies. Delay time 100 milliseconds is equivalent to 10 frames per second.
# 2D Animation/Basic Concept

In this learning resource we create the SIR-Model animation for the learning resource COVID-19.
As a requirement for animation of object in the 2D plane we need:
* background image and
* objects that are moving in front of the background

## Background Image

A background image can be
* raster image - e.g. snapshot of a building that is used as background image for the animation.
* vector image - e.g. for diagrams, flow charts, .... as background
For the SIR-model in epidemiology we use a vector image as background, because the animation more like an animated diagram with geometric shapes than a snapshot with camera.
The background composed of 3 circles in different colors that are representing the epidemioligical state of the people.
* (S - Blue Circle) for susceptible people,
* (I - Red Circle) for infected people,
* (R - Green Circle) for recovered people.
* Text elements as part of vector graphics is used to display information about the circle (e.g. "Susceptible"). These text elements can be replaced in the background image e.g. for translation in another language.

## Moving Objects

Moving objects are the icons for people. The icons (people) move e.g. from the blue circle (S) for susceptible people towards the red circle (O) for infected people. This movement of objects visualize the infection of susceptible people. If infected people recover the icon moves from the red circle (I) to the green circle for recovered.
* Red arrow as vector image is used to point at a specific object in the animation.
* Icon for a person is used to visualize someone is in a specific epidemioligical status.

## Generation of the Background Image

The background image can be a snapshot. Then the background will be a raster image. In this case the circle consist of geometrical objects, so the background image is generated as a vector image.
* (Learning Task) Create the background image in LibreOffice Draw and save that as ODG file format in LibreOffice for further editing or export the background image as SVG-image (Scalable Vector Graphic) for further editing in the OpenSource software w:en:InkScape.
# BCP/Acer pensylvanicum/Logs

This page contains recent bloom logs for Acer pensylvanicum (Striped Maple). If you saw this plant blooming today (or sometime within the last 3 days), you can help improve the bloom clock by logging it. Just click on "edit" next to the Recent Logs heading, add *~~~~ (an asterisk followed by four tildes) on a new line just below the last signature, and then click "save page". This will add your signature and the date to log the plant.
Please make sure you've signed up on the contributors' page so that we can know the location of the plant you saw blooming and use your contribution to create a flora for your region! When you're done, you can go back to one of the main pages and find logs of other flowers you might have seen today.

### Logs
#### 2008 Logs

* --Jomegat 23:20, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

#### 2009 Logs

* Jomegat 00:51, 12 May 2009 (UTC)
* Jomegat 00:23, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

##### Recent Logs=

* Jomegat 03:49, 24 May 2010 (UTC)