OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# English-Chinese/Several drugs of abuse can cause or exacerbate depression, whether in intoxication, withdrawal, and from chronic use

Several drugs of abuse can cause or exacerbate depression, whether in intoxication, withdrawal, and from chronic use. These include alcohol, sedatives (including prescription benzodiazepines), opioids (including prescription pain killers and illicit drugs such as heroin), stimulants (such as cocaine and amphetamines), hallucinogens, and inhalants.
几种滥用药物可引起或加剧抑郁症，无论是中毒，戒断还是长期使用。 这些包括酒精，镇静剂（包括处方苯二氮卓类），阿片类药物（包括处方止痛药和海洛因等非法药物），兴奋剂（如可卡因和安非他明），致幻剂和吸入剂。
# English-Chinese/Severe emotional and physical stress leads to a form of heart dysfunction known as Takotsubo syndrome in some people

Severe emotional and physical stress leads to a form of heart dysfunction known as Takotsubo syndrome in some people.
严重的情绪和身体压力导致某些人称为Takotsubo综合征的一种心脏功能障碍。
# English-Chinese/Sexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction is how most animals and plants reproduce. Some protists and fungi also reproduce this way. Organisms that reproduce sexually have two different sexes: male and female. Offspring is made by a sperm fertilising an ovum from the female.It involves both meiosis and mitosis and is very slow method of multiplication. Different steps are involved in the process.
有性繁殖 是 大多数 动植物 繁殖的 方式。一些 原生生物 和 真菌 也 以 这种 方式 繁殖。有性生殖的 生物 有 两种 不同的 性别：男性 和 女性。后代 是 由 一个 精子 从 雌性 受精卵 产生的。它 涉及 减数分裂 和 有丝分裂，是 一种 非常 缓慢的 增殖方法。该 过程 涉及 不同的 步骤。
# English-Chinese/Shanghai

Shanghai is the biggest city in China and one of the world's largest cities. It had 23,000,000 people in 2010. It is so big and important that it is a special province-level city ("municipality"), like Beijing, Tianjin, and Chongqing. Right now, it is the biggest port in the world.
上海 是 中国 最大的 城市，也是 世界上 最大的 城市 之一。 2010年 达到 2300万 人。它 像 北京，天津 和 重庆 一样 是 一个 特殊的 省级城市（“直辖市”）。现在，它是 世界上 最大的 港口。
# English-Chinese/She awoke with the dawn

She awoke with the dawn.
她在黎明时醒来。
# English-Chinese/Severe cases of low blood sugar can lead to unconsciousness and must be treated with intravenous glucose or injections with glucagon

Severe cases of low blood sugar can lead to unconsciousness and must be treated with intravenous glucose or injections with glucagon.
严重的低血糖病例可导致意识丧失，必须静脉注射葡萄糖或注射胰高血糖素。
# English-Chinese/Sexual intercourse

Sexual intercourse is the insertion and thrusting of a male's penis into a female's vagina.
性交 是 将 男性 阴茎 插入 并 猛冲 女性 阴道。
# English-Chinese/Sesame porridge

Sesame porridge is a common food in the east of Asia. It is eaten hot usually. Its main ingredients are black sesame seeds, rice and water. Sugar is added usually. Tangyuan is sometimes added. Sesame porridge can be purchased in powder form.
芝麻糊 是 亚洲 东部 一种 常见 食品。它 通常 是 热吃。它的 主要 成分 是 黑芝麻，大米 和 水。通常 添加 糖。有时 加入 汤圆。芝麻糊 也 有 粉末 形式 出售。
# English-Chinese/Severe acute respiratory syndrome

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was an atypical pneumonia. It started in November 2002 in Guangdong Province, in the city of Foshan, of the People's Republic of China. The disease was caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS CoV), a new coronavirus. It can be spread through both sexual and casual contact.
严重急性呼吸系统综合症（SARS）是 一种 非典型肺炎。它 始于 2002年11月，于 中华人民共和国 广东省 佛山市。这种 疾病 是由 SARS冠状病毒（SARS CoV）引起的，这是 一种 新的冠状病毒。它 可以 通过 性接触 和 偶然接触 传播。
# English-Chinese/Severe or life-threatening reactions may be triggered by other allergens, and are more common when combined with asthma

Severe or life-threatening reactions may be triggered by other allergens, and are more common when combined with asthma.
其他过敏原可能引发严重或危及生命的反应，并且与哮喘合并时更常见。
# Literature/1949/Ryle

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Wikimedia
### w: The Concept of Mind

* The fundamental error ... is a category mistake made when philosophers talk about mind and matter as if they were "... terms of the same logical type."
* A prospective student who visits a university and sees the library, the labs, the sports arena, may ask the tour guide, "But where is the university?", having supposed that it is a different place altogether. According to Ryle, the student fails to realize that "university" and "library" are terms that belong to different logical categories.
* Ryle claims his purpose is to correct the logical geography of the knowledge that we already possess about mental powers and mental operations. Also, he declares that he is determining the logical cross-bearings of concepts. In so doing, he metaphorically compares such knowledge to the reading of a map. This activity displays the logic of the propositions that are used to communicate the concepts. Such logic is ... a spatial metaphor that reveals how propositions consistently precede and follow concepts.

### w: Ghost in the machine

| w: Monism w: Mind-body dualism w: The Ghost in the Machine | w: Philosophy of mind w: Philosophy of language w: Philosophy of science |

## Chronology

* Literature/1981/Putnam $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1978/Koestler $^{[^]}$
* Popper, Karl and Eccles, John (1977). The Self and Its Brain: An Argument for Interactionism. Routledge, 1983. $^{[^]}$
* Putnam, Hilary (1975). Mind, Language and Reality, Philosophical Papers Vol. 2, Cambridge University Press. $^{[^]}$
* Geertz, Clifford (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1972/Popper $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1967/Koestler $^{[^]}$
* Popper, Karl (1963), Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge,. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. $^{[^]}$
* Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1953). Philosophical Investigations. Blackwell Publishing. $^{[^]}$
* Strawson, Peter (1950). "On Referring." Mind, vol. 59, no. 235, pp. 320-344. $^{[^]}$
* Ryle, Gilbert (1949). The Concept of Mind. University Of Chicago Press. $^{[^]}$
* Ogden, C. K. & I. A. Richards (1923). The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. $^{[^]}$
* Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1922). Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Frank P. Ramsey & C. K. Ogden, trans., Kegan Paul, 1922. $^{[^]}$
* Russell, Bertrand (1905). "On Denoting." Mind, vol. 14, pp. 479-493. $^{[^]}$
# Literature/1949/Shaw

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Wikimedia
### w: Emanuel Goldberg

* After four years working for Zeiss subsidiaries in France, Goldberg moved to Palestine in 1937 where he established a laboratory, later called Goldberg Instruments, which became the Electro-Optical Industries ("El-Op") in Rehovot. A photograph taken 1943 by John Phillips for Life Magazine shows Goldberg in his work shop in Palestine.
| w: Vannevar Bush w: Memex | w: Engineering Research Associates w: Ralph R. Shaw |

## Chronology

* Buckland, Michael (1992). "Emanuel Goldberg, Electronic Document Retrieval, and Vannevar Bush's Memex." Journal of the American Society for Information Science, vol. 43, no. 4 (May 1992), pp. 284-294. $^{[^]}$
* Smith, Linda Cheryl (1980). "'Memex' as an image of potentiality in information retrieval research and development." Proceedings of the 3rd annual ACM conference on research and development in information retrieval (SIGIR '80, Cambridge, England, 1980) Kent, UK: Butterworth, 1981. pp. 345-369. $^{[^]}$
* McCorduck, Pamela (1979). Machines Who Think. 25th anniversary edition, Natick, MA: A K Peters, Ltd., 2004. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1971/Kaprelian $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1961/Bagg $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1958/Fairthorne $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1957/Neumann $^{[^]}$
* Shaw, Ralph R. (1949). "Machines and the Bibliographical Problems of the Twentieth Century." (pp. 37-71) In: L. N. Ridenour, et al. Bibliography in an Age of Science. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. $^{[^]}$
* Bush, Vannevar (1945). "As We May Think." The Atlantic Monthly (July 1945): 101-108. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1940/Schwegmann $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1939/Bush $^{[^]}$
* Bernal, J. D. (1939). The Social Function of Science. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. $^{[^]}$
* Wells, H. G. (1938). World Brain. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Co. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1937/Schuermeyer $^{[^]}$
* Wells, H. G. (1936). World Encyclopaedia. Lecture delivered at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, November 20th, 1936. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1935/Davis $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1934/Otlet $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1933/Keegstra $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1933/Schuermeyer $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1932/Sebille $^{[^]}$
* Goldberg, Emanuel (1932). "Methods of Photographic Registration." British Journal of Photography, 79: 533-534. $^{[^]}$
* Goldberg, Emanuel (1931). Statistical Machine. U.S. patent 1,838,389. Dec. 29, 1931. $^{[^]}$
# Literature/1950

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Subpages

* Literature/1950/Gombrich $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1950/MacKay $^{[^]}$
* Strawson, Peter (1950). "On Referring." Mind, vol. 59, no. 235, pp. 320-344. $^{[^]}$
* Wiener, Norbert (1950). The Human Use of Human Beings. 2nd ed., Houghton Milfflin, 1954. $^{[^]}$
# Literature/1948/Skinner

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Excerpts

* Science in general emerged from a competitive culture. Most scientists are still inspired by competition or at least supported by those who are. But when you come to apply the methods of science to the special study of human behavior, the competitive spirit commits suicide. It discovers the extraordinary fact that in order to survive, we must in the last analysis not compete.‎

## Wikimedia
### w: B. F. Skinner

| w: Utopia | w: Walden |

## Chronology

* Literature/1976/Skinner $^{[^]}$
* Skinner, B. F. (1971). Beyond Freedom and Dignity. Alfred A Knopf, 1971. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1963/Gabor $^{[^]}$
* Chomsky, Noam (1959). "A Review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior." Language, 35(1): 26-57. $^{[^]}$
* Skinner, B. F. (1957). Verbal Behavior. Acton, Massachusetts: Copley Publishing Group. $^{[^]}$
* Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and Human Behavior. Macmillan Co., 1948. $^{[^]}$
* Orwell, George (1949). Nineteen Eighty-Four. London: Secker and Warburg, 1949. $^{[^]}$
* Skinner, B. F. (1948). Walden Two. Macmillan Co., 1948. $^{[^]}$
* Orwell, George (1945). Animal Farm: A Fairy Story. London: Secker and Warburg, 1945. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1945/Popper $^{[^]}$
* Wells, H. G. (1938). World Brain. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Co. $^{[^]}$
* Wells, H. G. (1933). The Shape of Things to Come. Hutchinson. $^{[^]}$
* Huxley, Aldous (1932). Brave New World. Harper Perennial, 1932. $^{[^]}$
* Russell, Bertrand (1926). "The Meaning of Meaning." Dial, vol.81 (August 1926) pp. 114-121. $^{[^]}$
* Ogden, C. K. & I. A. Richards (1923). The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. $^{[^]}$
* Wells, H. G. (1923). Men Like Gods. Cassell and Co., Ltd. $^{[^]}$
* Russell, Bertrand (1921). The Analysis of Mind. London: George Allen & Unwin. $^{[^]}$
* Watson, John B. (1913). "Psychology as the behaviorist views it," Psychological Review, 20, pp. 158-177. $^{[^]}$
* Wells, H. G. (1905). A Modern Utopia. New York, NY: Penguin Group, 2005. $^{[^]}$
* Pavlov, Ivan (1903). "The Experimental Psychology and Psychopathology of Animals." The 14th International Medical Congress, Madrid, Spain, April 23-30, 1903. $^{[^]}$
# Literature/1949

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Subpages

* Literature/1949/Borges $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1949/Crossman $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1949/Frank $^{[^]}$
* Hayakawa, S. I. (1949). Language in Thought and Action. Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1949. $^{[^]}$
* Orwell, George (1949). Nineteen Eighty-Four. London: Secker and Warburg, 1949. $^{[^]}$
* Ryle, Gilbert (1949). The Concept of Mind. University Of Chicago Press. $^{[^]}$
* Shannon, Claude E. & Warren Weaver (1949). The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press. $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1949/Wellek $^{[^]}$
# Literature/1949/Shannon

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Figures

* Fig. 1. -- Schematic diagram of a general communication system. (p. 34)

## Excerpts

* The word information, in this theory, is used in a special sense that must not be confused with its ordinary usage. In particular, information must not be confused with meaning. (p. 8)
* The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing at one point either exactly or approximately a message selected at another point. Frequently the message have meaning; that is they refer to or are correlated according to some system with certain physical or conceptual entities. These semantic aspects of communication are irrelevant to the engineering problem. The significant aspect is that the actual message is one selected from a set of possible messages. The system must be designed to operate for each possible selection, not just the one which will actually be chosen since this is unknown at the time of design. (p. 31)

## Wikimedia

| w: A Mathematical Theory of Communication w: Communication theory w: Information theory w: Signal processing w: Cryptography w: Communications system | w: Cybernetics |

## Related works

* Shannon, Claude E. & Warren Weaver (1949). The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press. $^{[^]}$
* Shannon, Claude E. (1948). "A Mathematical Theory of Communication." Bell System Technical Journal 27(3): 379-423, 27(4): 623-656.
* Wiener, Norbert (1948). Cybernetics: or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. 2nd ed., The MIT Press, 1965. $^{[^]}$
# Chatbot math/ChatGPT/24.02/Unitary Transformation & Matrix Symmetry

Wow! ChatGPT 3.5 (the free version) nailed the question. One downside is that pasting in Edit mode loses much of the formatting. RTTR on this page looks like $R^{T}TR$ on my computer screen.

## Here is the chat.

Question: If you subjet a symmetric tensor to a rotation, do the eigenvalues change?
Spelling is correct on subjet (should have been subject)
The behavior of eigenvalues under rotation depends on the type of tensor and the nature of the rotation. For symmetric tensors, it's helpful to consider how the eigenvalues transform under orthogonal transformations, such as rotations.
If you have a symmetric tensor T, and you subject it to a rotation R, the eigenvalues of the rotated tensor RTTR will remain the same as the eigenvalues of the original tensor T. This is because orthogonal transformations, like rotations, preserve the lengths of vectors, and the eigenvalues of a symmetric tensor are related to the principal axes lengths.
Mathematically, if v is an eigenvector of the original tensor T corresponding to eigenvalue λ, then RTTRv will be an eigenvector of the rotated tensor corresponding to the same eigenvalue λ.
In summary, for symmetric tensors, eigenvalues are invariant under orthogonal transformations such as rotations.
To find the eigenvalues of the given 2x2 matrix, we need to solve the characteristic equation, which is obtained by subtracting the eigenvalue λ times the identity matrix from the given matrix and then taking the determinant.
Question: Find the eigenvalues of ${\begin{matrix}2&1\\1&4\end{matrix}}$
The matrix is:
${\begin{bmatrix}2&1\\1&4\end{bmatrix}}-\lambda I$
where \(I\) is the 2x2 identity matrix) from \(A\): \[ A - \lambda I = \begin{bmatrix} 2 - \lambda & 1 \\ 1 & 4 - \lambda \end{bmatrix} \]
Now, calculate the determinant: ${\text{det}}(A-\lambda I)=(2-\lambda )(4-\lambda )-(1\cdot 1)$
\] Expand and simplify: \[ \text{det}(A - \lambda I) = \lambda^2 - 6\lambda + 7 \] Now, set the determinant equal to zero and solve for \(\lambda\): \[ \lambda^2 - 6\lambda + 7 = 0 \] This quadratic equation factors as: \[ (\lambda - 1)(\lambda - 7) = 0 \]
So, the eigenvalues (\(\lambda\)) are 1 and 7.
# Chatbot math/Bard/24.02/Free online algebra computer system
## Request for free online algebra software

The following is an excerpt from a request for online Computer algebra systems that are free to use.
* Geogebra at geogebra.org. (graphing, geometric constructions, and symbolic algebra)
* Mathway: Website and app that solves basic algebra problems like factoring, simplifying expressions, and finding equation solutions. Provides step-by-step solutions.
* Symbolab: Similar to Mathway, Symbolab offers solutions to basic and intermediate algebra problems with step-by-step explanations. It also features a graphing calculator and a variety of other math tools.
Computer Algebra Systems (CAS):
* SageMath: An open-source with large user community and extensive library of mathematical functions.
* Maxima: A free CAS focused on symbolic manipulation and problem-solving with a strong command-line interface. It's popular for research and computer algebra education.
* Xcas: A free CAS with a user-friendly interface and integrated graphing capabilities. It's specifically designed for teaching and learning.
# Chatbot math/ChatGPT

creating page
# EuroLex/F/Elegant

* Original language: French
* Original form and meaning: élégant, élégante - 1. elegant; 2. gracefully concise and simple; admirably succinct (of scientific, technical, or mathematical theories, solutions, etc.)
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Czech | elegantní | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | elegant | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | elegant | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| English | elegant | 15c | 'meaning 1, 2' | '...' | http://www.etymonline.com |
| Estonian | elegantne | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| French | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | elegant | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Hungarian | elegáns | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | elegante | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Latvian | elegants | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | elegantiškas | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | elegant | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Polish | elegancki | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | elegante | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | elegantný | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | eleganten | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | elegante | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |
| Swedish | elegant | ... | 'meaning 1' | '...' | ... |

### Annotations

Etymology: from MF élégant, from L elegantem (nom. elegans) "choice, fine, tasteful", prp. of eligere "select with care, choose". Elegans was originally a term of reproach, "dainty, fastidious"; the notion of "tastefully refined" emerged in classical L.
Source: http://www.etymonline.com

### Information on Other Languages

Finnish: tyylikäs
# EuroLex/F/En passant

* Original language: French
* Original form and meaning: en passant - 1. casually, additionally, by the way
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| English | en passant | 17c; reference to chess: 19c | 'meaning 1; and also: used in reference to a move in chess in which a pawn that has just completed an initial advance to its fourth rank is captured by an opponent pawn as if it had only moved to its third rank' | '...' | http://www.etymonline.com |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| French | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | en passant | ... | 'meaning 1; and also: used in reference to a move in chess in which a pawn that has just completed an initial advance to its fourth rank is captured by an opponent pawn as if it had only moved to its third rank' | '...' | ... |
| Hungarian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Polish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Swedish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |

### Annotations

Etymology: from F, literally "in passing". In reference to chess, first attested 1818.
Source: http://www.etymonline.com
# EuroLex/F/Engagement

* Original language: French
* Original form and meaning: engagement - 1. commitment, responsibility; 2. commitment, dedication; 3. promise, consent (to marry); 4. [milit] deployment, mission
(Note: If the status is not specifically indicated then the word is stylistically neutral and generally used; if earlier meaning and status equals current use the former may be expressed by writing "dito". Cf. also the project guidelines.)
| Language | Form | Date of Borrowing (and Obsolescence) | Current Meaning and Status | Earlier Meanings and Statusses | Source |
| Catalan | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Croatian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Czech | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Danish | engagement | ... | 'meaning 1, 2' | '...' | ... |
| Dutch | engagement | ... | 'meaning 1, 2' | '...' | ... |
| English | engagement | 17c | 'meaning 1, 3, 4; and also: a) employment, or a period or post of employment, esp. in the performing arts; b) mechanics: the act or state of interlocking' | '...' | http://dictionary.reference.com |
| Estonian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Finnish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| French | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Frisian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| German | Engagement | ... | 'meaning 1, 2, 4; and also: employment, or a period or post of employment, esp. in the performing arts' | '...' | ... |
| Hungarian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Irish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Italian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Latvian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Lithuanian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Maltese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Norwegian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Polish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Portuguese | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Rumantsch | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovak | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Slovenian | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Spanish | ... | ... | '...' | '...' | ... |
| Swedish | engagemang | ... | 'meaning 1, 2' | '...' | ... |

### Annotations

Etymology: engage + -ment
engage : 1430, from MF engagier, from OF en gage "under pledge", from en "make" + gage "pledge", through Frankish from PGmc *wadiare "pledge" (showing the common evolution of Gmc. -w- to Fr. -g-). Specific sense of "promise to marry" first recorded 1727.
-ment: ME, from OF, from L -mentum, suffix forming nouns, usually from verbs
Sources: http://dictionary.reference.com, http://www.etymonline.com