OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Literature/2000/LaFollette

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &
* http://ebm.rsmjournals.com/cgi/content/full/224/4/211
* http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/content/full/224/4/211

## Excerpts

* Scientific misconduct became a controversial public policy issue in the United States in the 1970s and 1980s when several cases of faked and fabricated research were discovered in prestigious academic institutions and resulted in coverage in the general as well as scientific press. This publicity drew Congressional and federal agency attention to what, until then, had been treated primarily as a matter of institutional or laboratory policy. No scientist had ever condoned such behavior, but most preferred to handle the investigation or resolution internally and quietly, regardless of the source of funding or the prestige or standing of the accused.

## Hearings
### U.S. House of Representatives

* Scientific Fraud and Misconduct and the Federal Response, 1988: Hearing of the Committee on Government Operations, Subcommittee on Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations, 100th Cong., 1st Sess., 11 April, 1988.
* Scientific Fraud and Misconduct in the National Institutes of Health Biomedical Grant Programs, 1988: Hearing of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, 100th Cong., 1st Sess., 12 April, 1988.
* Scientific Fraud and Misconduct: The Institutional Response, 1989: Hearing of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, 101st Cong., 1st Sess., 9 May, 1989.
* Scientific Fraud, 1990: Hearing of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, 101st Cong., 2nd Sess., 14 May, 1990.
* Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, 1990: Maintaining the Integrity of Scientific Research, 101st Cong., 2nd Sess., 1990.

## Wikimedia

* w: William Summerlin
# Literature/2000/Silberman

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &
* http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.02/autonomy.html
* http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.02/autonomy_pr.html (Print version)

## Excerpts

* The broad sweep of [Peter] Rayner's academic and cultural interests was a powerful influence on the young engineer, who says his mentor's insistence on problem solving over "hand-waving, headline-grabbing rubbish" encouraged him to think of innovative and practical applications for Bayes' work. It was over morning coffee with Rayner and other graduate students, says Lynch, that he first considered applying the 250-year-old theorem to the task of training computers to recognize patterns of meaning.
* Susan Dumais, senior researcher of adaptive systems and interaction for Microsoft, notes that a Web surfer who types printer into a search engine or help system is probably not seeking information on writing code for printer-driver software - even if the word appears 100 times in such a document, yielding a strong keyword match. The average person is probably looking for information on setting up a printer, trying to figure out why a printer isn't working, or looking for a good price on equipment. The prior knowledge of what most users are searching for can be factored into Bayesian information-retrieval strategies. The ability of Bayes nets to snare relationships among words that elude keyword-matching schemes "points to the rich way that human discourse is generated," Dumais observes, "out of words not said and all the finely shaded ways of saying things."
* Lynch sees the marriage of Bayes' ideas and modern processing power as characteristic of a new, more mature phase of technology - an era in which humanity will no longer believe it's standing at the center of the universe. "Rules-based, Boolean computing assumes that we know best how to solve a problem," he says. "My background comes completely the other way. The problem tells you how to solve the problem. That's what the next generation of computing is going to be about: listening to the world."

## Wikimedia

* w: Michael Richard Lynch
* w: Autonomy Corporation
* w: Interwoven
* w: Ronald Cohen
* w: Susan Dumais
* w: Latent semantic analysis
* w: Bayes' theorem
* w: Bayesian inference
* w: Bayesian probability In the 1980s, there was a dramatic growth in research and applications of Bayesian methods, mostly attributed to the discovery of Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, which removed many of the computational problems, and an increasing interest in nonstandard, complex applications. Despite the growth of Bayesian research, most undergraduate teaching is still based on frequentist statistics. Nonetheless, Bayesian methods are widely accepted and used, such as for example in the field of machine learning.
* w: Bayesian network
* w: Information theory
# Literature/2002/Blair

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Authors
### w: David Blair (information technologist)

* Computer and Information Systems, Graduate School of Business, University of Michigan
* DBLP

## Abstract

This article examines the nature of Knowledge Management - how it differs from Data Management and Information Management, and its relationship to the development of Expert Systems and Decision Support Systems. It also examines the importance of Communities of Practice and Tacit Knowledge for Knowledge Management. The discussion is organized around five explicit questions. One: What is "knowledge"? Two: Why are people, especially managers, thinking about Knowledge Management? Three: What are the enabling technologies for Knowledge Management? Four: What are the prerequisites for Knowledge Management? Five: What are the major challenges for Knowledge Management?

## Wikimedia
### w: Knowledge management

| w: Tacit knowledge | w: Community of practice |

## Chronology

* Literature/2006/Blair $^{[^]}$
* Literature/2002/Blair D $^{[^]}$
* Blair, David (2002). "Knowledge Management: Hype, Hope, or Help?" Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, vol. 53, no. 12, pp. 1019-1028. $^{[^]}$
* Wilson, Thomas D. (2002). "The nonsense of 'knowledge management'," Information Research 8(1), paper no. 144 (October, 2002). $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1995/Nonaka $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1992/Blair $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1991/Blair $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1991/Nonaka $^{[^]}$
* Literature/1986/Blair $^{[^]}$
# Literature/2000/Fodor

Authors :
* A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z &

## Excerpts

* Over the years, I've written a number of books in praise of the Computational Theory of Mind.... It is, in my view, by far the best theory of cognition that we've got; indeed, the only one we've got that's worth the bother of a serious discussion. There are facts about the mind that it accounts for and that we would be utterly at a loss to explain without it; and its central idea -- that intentional processes are syntactic operations defined on mental representations -- is strikingly elegant. There is, in short, every reason to suppose that the Computational Theory is part of the truth about cognition. (p. 1)

## Wikimedia

| w: Cognitivism | w: Cognitive science |

## Chronology

* Fodor, Jerry (2000). The Mind Doesn't Work That Way: The Scope and Limits of Computational Psychology. MIT Press. $^{[^]}$
* Fodor, Jerry (1998). The Trouble with Psychological Darwinism." London Review of Books. Vol. 20 No. 2 (22 January 1998) pp. 11-13. $^{[^]}$
* Fodor, Jerry (1998). In Critical Condition. MIT Press.
* Fodor, Jerry (1996). Concepts: Where Cognitive Science Went Wrong. The 1996 John Locke Lectures. Oxford University Press, 1998.
* Pinker, Steven (1997). How the Mind Works. W. W. Norton. $^{[^]}$
* Henry Plotkin (1997). Evolution in Mind: An Introduction to Evolutionary Psychology. Allen Lane.
* Fodor, Jerry (1990). A Theory of Content and Other Essays. MIT Press.
* Fodor, Jerry (1987). Psychosemantics: The Problem of Meaning in the Philosophy of Mind. MIT Press.
* Fodor, Jerry (1983). The Modularity of Mind: An Essay on Faculty Psychology. MIT Press.
* Fodor, Jerry (1979). Representations: Essays on the Foundations of Cognitive Science, MIT Press.
* Fodor, Jerry (1975). The Language of Thought. Harvard University Press. $^{[^]}$
# Location-independent differential equation/Constant distance between solutions/Understanding/Exercise

Convince yourself that in a location-independent differential equation (i.e. $f(t,y)$ does not depend on $y$) the difference between two solutions $y_{1}$ and $y_{2}$ does not depend on time, that is $y_{1}(t)-y_{2}(t)$ is constant. Show with an example that this may not happen in a time-independent differential equation.
# Location-independent initial value problem/y is 3t^2-4t+7/y (2) is 5/Exercise

Solve the initial value problem
    $y'=3t^{2}-4t+7{\text{ with }}y(2)=5$
# Location-independent initial value problem/y is 3t^3-2t+5/y (3) is 4/Exercise

Solve the initial value problem
    $y'=3t^{3}-2t+5{\text{ with }}y(3)=4$
# Location-independent differential equation/Separable variables/Exercise

Interpret a location-independent differential equation as a differential equations with separable variables using the theorem for differential equations with separable variables.
# Neptune/Quiz

Neptune is a lecture about a specific astronomical object. It is an offering from the Radiation astronomy department.
You are free to take this quiz based on Neptune at any time.
To improve your score, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{radiation astronomy resources}} template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.
As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.
Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.
To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* Neptune may have been a lot closer to the Sun 40,000 b2k.
# Nested intervals/Euler's number/Fact/Proof/Exercise

Show, using Bernoullis's inequality, that the sequence
    $x_{n}={\left(1+{\frac {1}{n}}\right)}^{n}\,$
is increasing.
# Nested intervals/Sequence/Convergence/Exercise

Let $I_{n}$, $n\in \mathbb {N}$, be a sequence of nested intervals in $\mathbb {R}$ and let ${\left(x_{n}\right)}_{n\in \mathbb {N} }$ be a real sequence with $x_{n}\in I_{n}$ for all $n\in \mathbb {N}$. Prove that this sequence converges to the unique number belonging to the intersection of the family of nested intervals.
# Nervous system

Crystalfish 06:04, 12 December 2008 (UTC)The nervous system is the human body's quick transmission system that make the body aware of its experience of itself (hunger, thirst, pain) as well as its experience of the environment(heat, light, predator, etc.).It also enables the body to react to these various stimuli. The nervous system is didvded into two sections,the central nervous syetem (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord while the PNS consists of all the nerve fibers that allow the CNS to communicate with the rest of the body.
The Nervous system is a highly complex network of specialized cells called neurons. The functions of the nervous system can be studied under three main categories – (1) survival and regulation of internal organ function; (2) response to the external environment and (3) in humans, facilitating higher functions like thinking, reasoning, consciousness, etc.
The PNS consists of all the spinal and cranial nerves. It can further be divided into two parts based on the functions.
(1) The somatic nervous system consists of nerves that connect the voluntary muscles to the central nervous system enabling the individual to move the parts of the body to perform actions at will. The sensory fibres of this system come from the major receptor organs like the eye, ears, touch receptors etc., the motor fibres of the somatic system are connected to the striated muscles that move the arms, legs, etc. This system also works in congruence with the autonomous nervous system during emotional arousal (e.g., muscle tension and faster breathing during strong emotional arousal)
(2) The autonomous nervous system which is involved in regulating and maintaining the involuntary actions of the body like digestion, heartbeat, blood pressure, etc. The autonomous nervous system is further made up of two distinct parts – the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body to expend energy in response to a stimulus (e.g., to meet the energy requirement of running away from danger) while the parasympathetic nervous system brings the body back to a relaxed state and helps to conserve energy. Together, these two systems work in coordination to enable us to respond appropriately to thousands of stimuli everyday. However, they are also actively involved in the process of emotional arousal (even in the absence of an immediate external stimulus) and subsequent relaxation. Memory of a recent traumatic incident like a traffic accident can trigger an emotion of fear and the corresponding sympathetic activity like higher heart rate, higher blood pressure, etc., even if the individual is comfortably seated in the safety of his home.
For a more detailed description, consult the Fundamentals of Neuroscience course.
# Nested intervals/Arithmetic and geometric mean/Exercise

Let $b>a>0$ be positive real numbers. We define recursively two sequences ${\left(x_{n}\right)}_{n\in \mathbb {N} }$ and ${\left(y_{n}\right)}_{n\in \mathbb {N} }$ such that $x_{0}=a$, $y_{0}=b$, and that
    $x_{n+1}={\text{ geometric mean of }}x_{n}{\text{ and }}y_{n}\,,$
    $y_{n+1}={\text{ arithmetic mean of }}x_{n}{\text{ and }}y_{n}\,.$
Prove that $[x_{n},y_{n}]$ is a sequence of nested intervals.
# Nested intervals/Convergence of lengths/Non empty intersection/Exercise

Give an example of a sequence of closed intervals ($n\in \mathbb {N} _{+}$)
    $I_{n}=[a_{n},b_{n}]\subseteq \mathbb {R} \,$
such that $b_{n}-a_{n}$ is a null sequence, such that the intersection $\bigcap _{n\in \mathbb {N} _{+}}I_{n}$ consists in exactly one point, but such that $I_{n}$ is not a family of nested intervals.
# Net (command)

Net is a Windows command used to view and modify network settings. It has options for computer, group, localgroup, print, session, share, use, user, and view. These activities will show you how to use the net command.

## Readings

* Wikipedia: net (command)

## Activities

* View Computers and Shared Resources
* Manage Users
* Manage Groups

## See Also

* Microsoft: Net Commands on Windows Operating Systems]
# Esper/rp/oy

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Esper', English, Esperanto. :
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Esper', English, German, Lithuanian, Esperanto. :
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# Esper/rp/u

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# Esper/rp/uc

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# Esper/rp/ot

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# Esper/rp/ox

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# Esper/rp/oz

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# Esper/rp/os

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# Esper/rp/ov

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# Esper/rp/ow

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# Esper/rp/ub

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# Federal Writers' Project – Life Histories/2020/Fall/105/Section 061

This project is associated with English 105.061 at the University of North Carolina.

## Project

Students in the course have studied the Federal Writers' Project Papers at UNC's Wilson Library. Each student has chosen an individual to research and record on our class website.

## Life Histories

Special:Prefixindex/Federal Writers' Project – Life Histories/2020/Fall/105/Section 061/
Use the following to create a new life history subpage:
# Ifconfig

ifconfigis a command in Unix-like operating systems like Linux, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, macOS for Ethernet network interface configuration.
In macOS, the ifconfig command functions as a wrapper to the IPConfiguration agent, and can control the BootP and DHCP clients from the command-line. Use of ifconfig to modify network settings in macOS is discouraged, because ifconfig operates below the level of the system frameworks which help manage network configuration. To change network settings in macOS from the command line, use /usr/sbin/ipconfig or /usr/sbin/networksetup.
ifconfig command is included in the net-tools package but not installed by default in RHEL since version 7.

## macOS alias

Configure 3 alias in en1 interface, https://ss64.com/osx/ifconfig.html:
or

## Activities

* Show interface configuration in Linux including ip addresses: ifconfig -a or ip a
* Show interface Ethernet network capabilities of your interface, such as speed, with: mii-tool -v YOUR_INTERFACE_NAME, mii-tool -v eth0
* Show all network inferfaces in Linux:
       lspci | egrep -i --color 'network|ethernet'
       lshw -class network
       ifconfig -a
       ip link show
       ip a
       cat /proc/net/dev
       systemd/networkctl|networkctl list
       nmcli|nmcli device show
* Learn about Linux Naming Schemes Hierarchy.
# Igneous rocks

These are described as formations that begin as molten rock or magmas within the asthenosphere that rise up towards and through the lithosphere. Intrusive rocks either settle beneath the crust or solidifying within the country rock (crust) and forming plutons. Extrusive rock break through the crustal rock and extrude onto the surface of the Earth through volcanoes, spreading centres and mantle plumes.

## Intrusive Igneous rock

For the rest of this page we will be dealing only on this topic and its effects on fossilization.
For a rock to be an intrusive igneous rock or plutonic rock it must have rose up as a magma and solidified at some point within the lithosphere. Igneous rock makes up 95% of crustal rock and are one of the oldest types of rockthe main rocks that are formed from intrusion are Granite, diorite, gabbro and ultramafic Rocks. Of these the most common type is the granite rock which is composed of mainly potassium and silicon rich Feldspars and quartz. Because intrusive rock is in the lithosphere, the heat release is slow and the magma can cool slowly over thousands to millions of years, the magma slowly forms silicate minerals that make up igneous rock and the crystal structure can become quite large if there is enough room.
Intrusive rocks are named and classified according to 1. Is the body large or small? 2.Does it have a particular geometric shape? 3. Did the rock form at considerable depth or was it a shallow intrusion? and 4. What is the geometric relationship of the intrusion to the country rock? (McGeary and Plummer 1994, p.217)

### Small intrusive bodies

Dikes, sills and laccoliths are small but important intrusions. Dikes are discordant and sills are concordant and tubular intrusions, while a laccolith is a domed concordant intrusion. A laccolith is also rare as an intrusion because of the pressure needed to force other rock apart and make its unique shape. These small intrusions are generally offshoots of banoliths and other magmatic hotspots.

## Effects of intrusive body on fossilization

When an intrusive body penetrates a rock strata like siltstone, shale etc, the effects of heat from the intrusion on the country rock and the fossils it may contain can be drastic. Firstly, any rock directly in contact or within reach of being altered, will destroy any presence of a fossil. For rock that is not directly melted but still receives substantial heat, this rock can be morphed into another type of rock, eg. limestone into marble. This metamorphosis will either distort the fossils appearance or may destroy it.

## Readings

* Resources from the central Michigan University
* Rock types and hardness By Kim Brannon
* Igneous Rock by Dave Jessey and Don Tarman
# Ido

Welcome to the Department of Ido at Wikiversity, part of the Center for Foreign Language Learning and the School of Languages and Literatures.

## Introduction

Ido (also known as "improved Esperanto") is an international auxiliary language originally based on Esperanto. Ido was created in an attempt to address many of the interlinguistic problems of Esperanto (such as diacritics). Ido is based on the six base languages of English, French, German, Italian, Russian, and Spanish. The language is designed so that someone who speaks at least two of the base languages (e.g. English and Spanish) should be able to have a relatively high comprehension of Ido, allowing Ido text to be read by many European bilinguals (e.g. French-Italian speakers can better communicate with German-Russian speakers by using Ido as an auxiliary language). The spelling and pronunciation is phonetic and the grammar is simplified and highly regular, making the language easy to learn and speak. The Ido alphabet (traditionally written using Roman letters) also has a one-to-one correspondence with the Cyrillic alphabet, making Cyrillic transliteration of Ido very easy and precise (with no changes in pronunciation between scripts).

## Courses

* Beginning Ido
** Ido alphabet
* Intermediate Ido
* Advanced Ido

## Resources

* Wikipedia: Ido (language)

## Participants

* Nicole Sharp (discuss • contribs) 19:12, 5 June 2016 (UTC)

## Departmental news

* Department founded: 19:12, 5 June 2016 (UTC)