OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hindi 1/Travel Hindi

The aim of this course is to give people travelling to India a small number of basic words and phrases for general conversational use.
Many Indians understand at least some basic English, and a relatively large number, especially in big cities, are fluent English speakers. For this reason it is not essential to understand Hindi to get around, but a few Hindi phrases always help.
The course will be set into several lessons each covering approximately 5 phrases. Each phrase will be accompanied by discussion of the word's context, and some Indian culture.
# Hinduism/Rama

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Rama (Sanskrit:राम) (also Shri Ram, Ramchandra) is considered as one of the most important figure in Hinduism and is considered as the the 7th avatar of Vishnu. Besides Hinduism, he has also significance presence in Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism. He is considered as an iconic character in India and Nepal due to his influence on Hinduism.
Rama was born to Kaushalya and Dasharatha in Ayodhya, the ruler of the Kingdom of Kosala. His siblings included Lakshmana, Bharata, and Shatrughna. He married Sita. Though born in a royal family, their life is described in the Hindu texts as one challenged by unexpected changes such as an exile into impoverished and difficult circumstances, ethical questions and moral dilemmas. Of all their travails, the most notable is the kidnapping of Sita by demon-king Ravana, followed by the determined and epic efforts of Rama and Lakshmana to gain her freedom and destroy the evil Ravana against great odds. The entire life story of Rama, Sita and their companions allegorically discusses duties, rights and social responsibilities of an individual.
# Hindi 1/Simple Sentences and Pronouns
## Sentence Order

Hindi follows a Subject Object Verb word order, unlike English which follows a Subject Verb Object word order. This means that the action word in a sentence comes last. Consider the sentence
यह सेब है yah seb hai (this is an apple)
The word order is this apple is.
Notably the sentenced did not call the object an apple, only apple. Hindi does not have special articles like English. In English it is compulsory to say the apple, or the house when talking about a specific apple or house. When talking about something that is unspecified, it is compulsory to say an apple, or a house.

## Prepositions and the Auxillary Verb

मैं हूँ maĩ hŭ (I am)
तु है tu hai you are
यह है yah hai this is
वह है vah hai that is (pronounced—vo)
तुम हो tum ho you are
आप हैं āp haĩ you are
ये हैं ye haĩ these are
वे हैं ve haĩ those/they are
Some notes
Hindi does not have separate words for he, she and it. It only uses four words that whether an something is close or distant, and singular, or plural. Hindi tends to favour the use of वह vah and वे ve more than english does. यह yah and ये ye are only used to indicate a particular sense of closeness.
Hindi has three levels of you. This is a very important idea to understand:
* आप āp is for formal use, with superiors and unfamiliar people
* तुम tum is for more familiar use, with peers, and for use with subordinates, servants etc.
* तु tu is intimate, used for very close people, in songs etc.
This level system is important to understand because using the wrong version of you can be very offensive. This also varies from person to person, from region to region, and from generation to generation. The best bet is to use आप āp whenever there is any doubt.

## Exercises

Answers
# Hinduism

Hinduism is the predominant and indigenous religious tradition of the Indian subcontinent. Hinduism is often referred to as Sanātana Dharma (a Sanskrit phrase meaning "the eternal law") by its adherents. Generic "types" of Hinduism that attempt to accommodate a variety of complex views span folk and Vedic Hinduism to bhakti tradition, as in Vaishnavism. Hinduism also includes yogic traditions and a wide spectrum of "daily morality" based on the notion of karma and societal norms such as Hindu marriage customs.
Hinduism is formed of diverse traditions and has no single founder. Among its roots is the historical Vedic religion of Iron Age India, and as such Hinduism is often called the "oldest living religion" or the "oldest living major tradition".
Demographically, Hinduism is the world's third largest religion, after Christianity and Islam, with more than a billion adherents, of whom approximately 1 billion live in the Republic of India. Other significant populations are found in Nepal (23 million), Bangladesh (14 million) and the Indonesian island of Bali (3.3 million).
A large body of texts is classified as Hindu, divided into Śruti ("revealed") and Smriti ("remembered") texts. These texts discuss theology, philosophy and mythology, and provide information on the practice of dharma (religious living). Among these texts, the Vedas are the foremost in authority, importance and antiquity. Other major scriptures include the Upanishads, Purāṇas and the epics Mahābhārata and Rāmāyaṇa. The Bhagavad Gītā, a treatise from the Mahābhārata, spoken by Krishna, is of special importance.

## Resources

* Books
* Bhagavad Gita

## Sanskrit documents

http://sanskritdocuments.org
# Hindi Script

Hindi is written in the Devanagari Script, whose alphabet is as follows:
Vowels
अ a आ ā इ i ई ī उ u ऊ ū ऋ ṛ ए e
ऐ ai ओ o औ au
Dependent Forms of the Vowels With the consonant त (t)
त ta ता tā ति ti ती tī तु tu तू tū ते te तै tai तो to तौ tau
Nasalised Vowels
अँ ã आँ ă इँ ĩ ईँ ĭ उँ ũ ऊँ ŭ एँ ẽ ऐँ aĩ ओँ õ औँ aũ
तँ tã ताँ tă तिँ tĩ तीँ tĭ तुँ tũ तूँ tŭ तेँ tẽ तैँ taĩ तोँ tõ तौँ taũ
Consonants
क k क़ q ख kh ख़ kh ग g ग़ g घ gha ङ n * च c छ ch ज j ज़ z ञ ñ ट ṭ ठ ṭh ड ḍ ड़ ṛ ढ ḍh ढ़ ṛh ण ṇ त t थ th द d ध dh न n प p फ ph फ़ f ब b भ bh म m य y र r ल l व v श śh ष ṣh स s ह h
Conjuncts
When two consonants are pronounced together they are often joined together in a form called a conjunct, for example स+त→स्त in the word दोस्त dost (friend).
Two consecutive consonants not forming a conjunct can indicate the presence of अ a, as in कम kam (little, a small amount of). However, two non-conjunctive consonants can also indicate that the consonants are pronounced separately. For example in बिलकुल bilkul (completely), the ल and क do not form a conjunct because बिल and कुल are separate syllables-बिलकुल is pronounced bil—kul.
It is generally not possible to tell whether two non conjoined consonants are separated by 'अ' or not. Sometimes the absence of 'अ' is marked by a stroke under the leading consonant, but this is rarely done outside of dictionaries. Hindi-English dictionaries also give the pronunciation in roman script, from which the pronunciation can be inferred. Also, there are some patterns:
* Two consecutive unjoined consonants at the start of a verb are almost always separated by 'अ'.
* Verbs in their regular infinitive form consist of a stem followed by ना nā. In this case the n is not conjoined with a preceding consonant, e.g. बोलना bolnā (to speak) देखना dekhnā (to see). The same principle applies to the imperfective form of verbs, e.g. बोलता boltā (speaks).
* When two words form a compound word, the consonants at their interface are not conjoined e.g. गपशाप=गप-शाप gapshap=gap-shap (gossip, an echo word) अजकल=अज-कल ajkal=aj-kal (these days). The latter is formed from aj (today) and kal (yesterday, tomorrow).
# Hinduism/Bhagavad Gita

The Shrimad Bhagavad Gita ('The Song by God'), often referred to as the Gita, is a 700-verse Hindu scripture that is part of the epic Mahabharata (chapters 23–40 of Bhishma Parva), dated to the second half of the first millennium BCE and exemplary for the emerging Hindu synthesis. It is considered to be one of the holy scriptures for Hinduism.

## See Also

* Wikipedia: Bhagavad Gita
# Objective

In this lesson, we will cover variables, expressions, equations, and methods of manipulating them.
Methods of manipulation include simplifying, substituting, and solving.

# Key Terminology

Caption text :
| Term | Definition | Part of Speech |
| Variable | A symbol used to represent a quantity that can change. Variables are numbers. | Noun |
| Expression | A representation of a quantity that uses numbers or variables, or the mathematical product of both. | Noun |
| Equation | A statement of equality using the symbol $=$. The quantities on each side of the equal sign are the same a each other. | Noun |
| Solution | A value or values that make equations true. | Noun |
| Manipulate | Modify an expression or an equation in a way that changes what's written on the page. | Verb |
| Solve | Look for solutions | Verb |
| Simplify | Rewrite an expression as a less complicated expression | Verb |
| Substitute | Replace a value with another thing of equal value | Verb |

# Equations

A simple equation:
2a+3b+c = 0
This equation has 3 variables (a,b and c);; 3 terms (2a, 3b and c);; and this equation is an equality, because here is an equal sign (=) between both sides of the equation.
Next: solution to a simple algebra problem. Solve the following equation for (a):
${\begin{aligned}2a+3a-30&=10\\{\phantom {2a+3a}}+30&{\phantom {=}}+30\\2a+3a&=40\\5a&=40\\{\frac {5a}{5}}&={\frac {40}{5}}\\a&=8\end{aligned}}$
Some trig stuff:
sin ɵ = Opposite-Side/Hypotenuse
cos ɵ = Adjacent-Side/Hypotenuse
ø

## See Also

* Equations
* Expressions
# Escher
## Problem

Escher drawings can be made into 3D objects that if looked at in the right lighting, at the right angle, create an illusion ... typically of water going up hill or balls rolling up hill. These illusions make great demonstration devices that illustrate engineering and art to kids and start interesting conversations.

## Conceive

Escher drawings can be drawn in 3D software and then physically modeled so their percularities become more exposed. Project doesn't have to include a water pump.
* This project has to have a chin rest system so the eye lines create the illusion.
* Videoing the illusion is a must
* Lighting is going to be very important

## Demo

presentation

## Next Steps

* Make video of 2 ramp
* Create demo of the 2 ramp
* Draw water fall
* Make the four ramp
# Equine arteritis virus

Equine Arteritis Virus
Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV) belongs to the genus Arterivirus, family Arteriviridae of the order Nidovirales (1). EAV viral particles have an icosahedral capsid that is around 30-35 nm in diameter and also have an envelope surrounding this capsid. Temperature and pH affect the stability of EAV viral particles. While at room temperature EAV viruses are stable for 24hs, at temperatures around -70°C viral particles canbe stored for many years. On the other hand at pH lower than 3, EAV viral particles are rapidly inactivated and lose their ability to infect susceptible cells.
Horses and donkeys are susceptible to EAV infection. EAV is not transmitted to humans so this disease is not considered as a zoonosis concerning human health. EAV infections are usually subclinical so no symptoms of infections can be detected. The clinical signs of the disease vary widely depending on the EAV strain involucrate in the infection. They are characterized by respiratory disease, conjunctivitis, pneumonia and abortion (2).
After the exposure of horses to EAV, they develop antibodies which protect them from re-infection. Although stallions and mares change their serologic status to positive, only stallions can spread viruses after the infection. The reason is that EAV could infect testicle cells and could be stored there for many years. In the same conditions that have not been yet elucidated, the EAV virus could be reactivated and eliminated by the horse’s semen. This is the reason why carrier stallions could be a natural reservoir of EAV (3).
In the equine industry, EAV is widely distributed in all countries. In Argentina, Equine Viral Arteritis was an exotic disease until 2010. This year in an equine farm, many symptoms were associated with EAV so after the intervention of SENASA to avoid the spread of this disease, vaccination was approved in Argentina.
(1) Snijder EJ, Meulenberg JM. The molecular biology of arteriviruses. J Gen Virol. . (1998) 79: 961-979. (2) Jones TC. Clinical and pathologic features of equine viral arteritis. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. (1969) 155: 315-317. (3) Chirnside ED. Equine arteritis virus: an overview, Brit. Vet. J. (1992) 148: 181–197.
# Eric Von Hippel:Democratizing Innovation
## A Reading Group

A reading group for discussion of Eric Von Hippel's book Democratizing innovation. If you are interested in this text, please add your name to the list of participants and put this page on your watchlist.

### Chapters

* Introduction and Overview 1 - Discuss
* Development of Products by Lead Users 19 - Discuss
* Why Many Users Want Custom Products 33 - Discuss
* Users' Innovate-or-Buy Decisions 45 - Discuss
* Users' Low-Cost Innovation Niches 63 - Discuss
* Why Users Often Freely Reveal Their Innovations 77 - Discuss
* Innovation Communities 93 - Discuss
* Adapting Policy to User Innovation 107 - Discuss
* Democratizing Innovation 121 - Discuss
* Application: Searching for Lead User Innovations 133 - Discuss
* Application: Toolkits for User Innovation and Custom Design 147 - Discuss
* Linking User Innovation to Other Phenomena and Fields 165 - Discuss
Notes 179
Bibliography 183
Index 197

### The Text

Online: http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm
Type: Book
Language: English
Publisher: Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, ©2005.
Editions: 2 Editions
ISBN: 0262002744 9780262002745 0262220741 9780262220743
OCLC: 56880369
Related Subjects: Technological innovations -- Economic aspects. | Diffusion of innovations. | Democracy.

### Participants

Steve Perkins University of Sydney

### Recent Activity

* Neil Postman: Five Things We Need to Know About Technological Change
* Eric Von Hippel:Democratizing Innovation
# Human vision and function/Part 3: Vision in real life: case studies/3.2 Sam Sinclair
### Task 1

Your first task is to use the listed sites web-based resources on the previous page for material that describes “Cataract”.
Use the following headings to guide your reading:
* Definition of "Cataract" (with diagrams).
You will find a lot of information that may go into too much detail. Please restrict yourself to general, broad information about senile cataracts only (look for FACT sheets).
This means those cataracts that occur SIMPLY as a result of getting older.
* Risk factors (apart from simply getting older!)
* What is the most common form of treatment? (Find some simple diagrams).
* What is the effect of cataract in terms of it’s capacity to cause blindness, throughout the world? (Hintː check the WHO website).
* Consider the rates of surgery performed throughout the world, by looking at WHO data from 2004.

### Task 2

Scenario
Youː
* are the orthoptist working at a rural Victorian hospital
* are employed in an ophthalmology clinic
* both you and the ophthalmologist travel to this clinic once a month and stay for 1 week
Samː
* Sam Sinclair is a 75 year old
* He has been referred for ophthalmic (eye) assessment following a recent eye examination by his optometrist
* Sam is Nick's grandfather
* Carefully read Sam Sinclair's referral letter.
Make some notes for yourself about what you do and don't understand on the referral letter. Discuss with your group what additional information you need.

### Task 3

Consider the following questions with regards to Sam's case. Discuss each one in your group.
1. Was Sam's visual acuity normal?
    a) Use a diagram, to describe his vision (for each eye) in terms of the visual angle subtended at the nodal point.
2. Are Sam’s concern about losing his licence valid?
    Hintː Check the VicRoads website for information about minimum visual acuity for driving.
3. Sam has cataracts
    a) Describe what a cataract is, based on your previous investigations from Task 1 above.
    b) What is the treatment for cataract?
    This video might help you to answer question 3.
4. Waiting list for surgery.
When Sam sees the Orthoptist and Ophthalmologist they explain that the waiting list for cataract surgery is approximately 12 months, but suggest that if he can pay (out of his own pocket), for the first operation, he can wait for the other one to be done and pay nothing for that (as a public patient).
    a) Try to find some estimates of costs for cataract surgery within the Melbourne metropolitan area.
5. Sam makes a decision.
Sam decides that he can afford to pay for the first eye himself, so the Orthoptist makes an appointment for him to have an A-Scan (axial biometry), so that the power of the Intraocular lens (IOL) can be calculated.
    a) What is an IOL?
    b) Why is it necessary?
    c) How is it used in cataract surgery?
6. What is the prevalence & treatment rate of cataract estimated to beː
    a) In Australia?
    b) How does this compare with other countries?
# Human vision and function/Part 3: Vision in real life: case studies/3.3 Joe Bastoni

Scenario
Youː
* are the orthoptist working at a rural Victorian hospital
* are employed in an ophthalmology clinic
* both you and the ophthalmologist travel to this clinic once a month and stay for 1 week
Joeː
* Joe Bastoni is a 45 year old
* He has been referred for his two yearly ophthalmic review by his general practitioner
* He is Nick's father and Sam's son-in-law
* He is of Koori heritage, and has been diagnosed with Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes (NIDDM) for 5 years
You, as the orthoptist and Dr Buhajer (the ophthalmologist) examine Joe. You have recorded your ophthalmic notes and if you need more explanation about what it all means, click here.

### Task 1

Carefully read Joe's referral letter and ophthalmic notes. Make a note of any concepts you don't understand and discuss these with your group.

### Task 2

Consider the following questions with regards to Joe's case. Discuss each one in your group.
* The referring doctor seems concerned that Joe hasn’t had an eye check for 3 years. What is the recommended review period when diabetes is present?
* Is this the same recommendation if the patient is of indigenous heritage?
* If the presence of diabetes has caused diabetic retinopathy (DR), how does DR cause problems with vision? i.e. What is the mechanism for the damage?
* What are the prevalence rates for DR in Australia?
* What are the prevalence rates for vision loss from DR in Australia?
* Joe has been instructed to have a Fundus Fluoroscein Angiography (FFA) examination. Briefly describe what this examination reveals about DR.
* Joe is to undergo Pan Retinal Photocoagulation (PRP). Briefly describe WHAT this treatment is.
* Briefly describe HOW the treatment helps in DR.
Don't forget about those handy web based resources that can be found at the start of Part 3.
You might also find these helpful:
Pan-retinal photocoagulation
Laser management of diabetic retinopathy
# Human vision and function/Part 3: Vision in real life: case studies/3.4 Mary Bastoni

Scenario
Youː
* are the orthoptist working at a rural Victorian hospital
* are employed in an ophthalmology clinic
* both you and the ophthalmologist travel to this clinic once a month and stay for 1 week
Maryː
* Mary Bastoni is a 40 year old
* She has been referred for an ophthalmic review by the optometrist
* She is Nick's mother and Joe Bastoni's wife and Sam Sinclair's daughter

### Task 1

Carefully read Mary's referral letter and ophthalmic notes. Make a note of any concepts you don't understand and discuss these with your group.
You will notice that the optometrist has enclosed a copy of the visual field of Mary's right eye. The black shaded areas are sections of her visual field that have no sight. This is linked to optic disc cupping, where the optic nerve (at the point where it enters the eye - the lamina cribrosa) is affected by high intra ocular pressure. A cup-disc ratio of 0.8 is very high - indicating pathology, whilst 0.3 (Mary's left eye) is within normal limits.

### Task 2

Consider the following questions with regards to Mary's case. Discuss each one in your group.
* What is glaucoma?
* What are some of the characteristic signs/symptoms of the disease?
* What are the three main types of treatment and what do they aim to achieve?
* What are the main issues to be aware of when using eye drops to treat glaucoma? Use this helpful resource from Glaucoma Australia.
* What are the prevalence rates for glaucoma in Australia?
* What are the predicted costs of glaucoma, in the future?
Find your own resources to answer these questions.

### Task 3

As you would have seen from Mary's ophthalmic notes, Nick accompanies his Mother today (his pupils look about 4mm!), and asks about the use of marijuana for glaucoma treatment.
What can you tell him?
Hint: Look up “Cannabinoids & Glaucoma”
Other resources: Drug facts - cannabis Glaucoma Australia - resource 1 Glaucoma Australia - resource 2
# Human vision and function/The five common eye diseases

In this topic, you will consider a range of case studies to engage the five most common eye diseases:
* Refractive error (the need for corrective lenses/glasses).
* Cataract
* Diabetic eye disease
* Glaucoma
* Age-related macular degeneration

## Topic learning objectives

* Describe a problem clearly.
* Identify learning needs.
* Identify authoritative information.
* Take responsibility for developing effective learning strategies.
* Individually and as part of a team, evaluate behaviour of self and others.
* Communicate effectively to manage conflict, brainstorming and encouragement of others.
* Describe outcomes from managing the problem effectively.
* Interpret complex information into an appropriate mode to inform others.
* Risk factors for eye disease and those most at risk.
* Programs that aim to decrease risk factors.
* Social and monetary costs associated with decreased vision.
# Humanagogy

This Education resource is a "stub". Learn how you can help Wikiversity to develop it.
Humanagogy refers to how humans learn. Knudson (1979, 1980) proposed this as combined term to encompass pedagogy (child-focused teaching) and andragogy (adult-focused learning). An alternative proposed term to bring together pedagogy and andragogy is pedandragogy (Samaroo, Cooper, & Green, 2013).
# Human vision and function/Part 3: Vision in real life: case studies/3.5 Marion Sinclair

Scenario Youː
* are the orthoptist working at a rural Victorian hospital
* are employed in an ophthalmology clinic
* both you and the ophthalmologist travel to this clinic once a month and stay for 1 week
Marionː
* Marion Sinclair is a 72 year old
* She has been referred for ophthalmic review by her optometrist
* She is Nick's grandmother, Sam's wife, Joe's mother-in-law and Mary's mother

### Task 1

Carefully read Marion's referral letter and look at her Amsler grid results. If you've never seen an Amsler grid before, you can find out more here.
Make a note of any concepts you don't understand and discuss these with your group.

### Task 2

Working with your group, answer the following questions. Of course, find your own resources, but you can start by referring to the Macular Disease Foundation website.
* What is ARMD?
* What are the mechanisms for it’s cause?
* Briefly describe the types of ARMD.
* Are there risk factors for this condition?
* What are common symptoms?
* How will tests help to diagnose the condition?
* Are there treatments? If so, what are they?
* What are the prevalence rates and projected numbers of affected people by 2020?