OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Educational Media Awareness Campaign/Geography: General/POTD 3

Gallery of featured media for geography
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Educational Picture of the Day
Earth cut-away
The structure of the Earth is chemically divided into layers. The Earth has an outer silicate solid crust, a highly viscous mantle, a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle, and a solid inner core. Click on the image for a full size version which you can freely re-use and modify. Print it and use it for your lessons, integrate it into your pages on Wikiversity, or use it in other learning resources and websites. Use the links below to find more images like this one.
Earth sciences images - Earth cut-aways - Geography images This image is a part of the Educational Media Awareness Campaign, raising awareness among educators about the availability and usage of millions of free internet media in education. :
# Educational Media Awareness Campaign/Geography: Climate/POTD 3

Gallery of featured media for geography
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Tornadoes
This is a a diagram of a tornadic supercell, showing winds, motions and other main features inside and above a tornado. Click on the image for a full size version which you can freely re-use and modify. Print it and use it for your lessons, integrate it into your pages on Wikiversity, or use it in other learning resources and websites. Use the links below to find more images like this one.
Weather images - Tornado images This image is a part of the Educational Media Awareness Campaign, raising awareness among educators about the availability and usage of millions of free internet media in education. :
# Educational Media Awareness Campaign/Geography: Climate/POTD 6

Gallery of featured media for geography
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The Water Cycle
The diagram shows the storage and exchange of water between the atmosphere, the geosphere (land) and the oceans. Transformations of water between ice, liquid and vapour are shown, as is the terminology for these transformations. Click on the image for a full size version which you can freely re-use and modify. Print it and use it for your lessons, integrate it into your pages on Wikiversity, or use it in other learning resources and websites. Use the links below to find more images like this one.
Atmosphere images - Climate images - Environment images Atmospheric circulation images - Water images Geography images in general This image is a part of the Educational Media Awareness Campaign, raising awareness among educators about the availability and usage of millions of free internet media in education. :
# Educational Media Awareness Campaign/Geography: Climate/POTD 8

Gallery of featured media for geography
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The Atmosphere
The diagram shows the evolution and cycles of various chemicals in the Earth's atmosphere. Click on the image for a full size version which you can freely re-use and modify. Print it and use it for your lessons, integrate it into your pages on Wikiversity, or use it in other learning resources and websites. Use the links below to find more images like this one.
Atmosphere images - Climate images - Environment images Geography images in general This image is a part of the Educational Media Awareness Campaign, raising awareness among educators about the availability and usage of millions of free internet media in education. :
# Educational Media Awareness Campaign/Geography: General/POTD 1

Gallery of featured media for geography
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Volcano cut-away
1. Ash plume 2. Lapilli 3. Lava fountain 4. Volcanic ash rain
5. Volcanic bomb 6. Lava flow 7. Layers of lava and ash 8. Stratum
9. Sill 10. Magma conduit 11. Magma chamber 12. Dike
Click on the image for a full size version which you can freely re-use and modify. Print it and use it for your lessons, integrate it into your pages on Wikiversity, or use it in other learning resources and websites. Use the links below to find more images like this one.
Volcanological diagrams - Earth sciences images - Geography images This image is a part of the Educational Media Awareness Campaign, raising awareness among educators about the availability and usage of millions of free internet media in education. :
# Educational Media Awareness Campaign/Geography: Climate/POTD 4

Gallery of featured media for geography
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Weather Symbols
This is a useful collection of weather symbols - use an image editor to cut up the image and use the symbols you need. Click on the image for a full size version which you can freely re-use and modify. Print it and use it for your lessons, integrate it into your pages on Wikiversity, or use it in other learning resources and websites. Use the links below to find more images like this one.
Weather images - Wikimedia Commons guide to weather maps This image is a part of the Educational Media Awareness Campaign, raising awareness among educators about the availability and usage of millions of free internet media in education. :
# Editing Internet Texts/American Exceptionalism and National Myths in John F. Kennedy's Rhetoric/Tasks

Decide which rhetorical device each of the following is an example of.
# Alexandrite

Alexandrite is one of the rarest and most valuable gemstones. It was discovered by chance during a search for emeralds near Yekaterinburg in 1833, on the day of Alexander the Second's birthday anniversary (hence the name). It is a very valuable variety of chrysoberyl, which ranks as the third-hardest gemstone, right after diamond and corundum.
Alexandrite changes its color depending upon the nature of ambient lighting. It is emerald-colored or grass-green in daylight and purple-reddish in artifical light. Its color varies also from red to orange-yellowish depending on the angle from which it is looked at.

# Basic properties

| Composition | Al$_2$BeO$_4$ |
| Class | Oxydes and hydroxydes |
| Crystal system | Rhombic |
| Mohs' hardness | 8,5 |
| Fracture | Conchoidal |
| Cleavage | Imperfect |
| Lustre | Glassy |
| Streak | White |
| Localities | Tanzania, Brazil, Sri Lanka, Republic of South Africa, India, Zimbabwe, Tasmania |

# References

* ↑ Minerały i kamienie szlachetne by RBA Collecionables, S.A., ISBN 978-83-7813-150-2, 2012.
# Almandine

Almandine is the most common mineral belonging to the garnet group. It is also most widely used in jewelry. Its color varies from pink (mostly in the case of little crystals) to deep red. The finest almandine crystals are used in jewelry, where they are frequently cut with a convex face or en cabochon.

# Basic properties

| Composition | Fe$_3$$^{2+}$Al$_2$(SiO$_4$)$_3$ |
| Class | Silicates (orthosilicates) |
| Crystal system | Cubic |
| Mohs' hardness | 7-7,5 |
| Fracture | Conchoidal |
| Cleavage | None |
| Lustre | Glassy |
| Streak | White |
| Localities | India, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Austria, Vietnam, Afghanistan, Zambia, Madagascar, Norway |
# Agate

The stone was named after the river Achates, where colorful agates were obtained in the ancient times. It is a microcrystalline and cryptocrystalline variety of the quartz group (crystals are visible only through microscopic examination), usually translucent in thin slices, otherwise opaque. The beauty of its stripey appearance can be highlighted by cutting it en cabochon.

# Basic properties

| Composition | SiO$_2$ |
| Class | Oxydes and hydroxydes |
| Crystal system | Trigonal |
| Mohs' hardness | 7 |
| Fracture | Conchoidal |
| Cleavage | None |
| Lustre | Glassy |
| Streak | White |
| Localities | Brazil, Uruguay (Artigas), Germany (Rochlitz), India (Gujarat), Madagascar, Mexico, USA (Florida) |
# Chemicals/Fluorines

Although they do not occur naturally on the surface of the Earth, the phase diagram on the right shows temperatures and pressures for α-F (monoclinic) and β-F (cubic).

## Emissions

Fluorine has green emission lines that occur in plasmas at 526.83, 528.56, 529.76 and 530.27 nm from F VI.
The emission and absorption spectra of fluorine contains at least eight lines or bands from the cyan to the ultraviolet.

## Gases

The set of images on the right compare the color of air (1) with fluorine (2) and chlorine (3) gases.

## Liquids

Liquid fluorine in the tube on the right is yellow-orange in color.
"Variations in sea-surface temperature (SST) occur in association with changes in the Earth's climate. [...] However, despite a large effort, the glacial record of SST is still controversial, especially in the tropics. [Studies] of foraminifera demonstrated that the interspecific variability in Mg/Ca ratios of planktonic shells is strongly correlated with water temperature at the estimated calcification depth [...] Similar correlations were also observed Sr/Ca and F/Ca [...] possibly suggesting an important role for temperature on the elemental composition of foraminifera. [...] F/Ca of foraminafera is governed primarily by biological processes."

## Stars

"Fluorine abundances for red giants of type K, Ba, M, MS, S, SC,N, and J [may be] obtained from the [infrared] rotation-vibration lines of the molecule HF. There appears to be a clear correlation between [F/O] and $^{12}$C/$^{16}$O since N stars display F abundances up to 30 times the solar system value. This correlation points toward the He-burning shell as the site of F synthesis. The nuclear chain $^{14}$N(α,γ)$^{18}$F(β$^+$)$^{18}$O(p,α)$^{15}$N(α,γ)$^{19}$F (where protons come from $^{13}$C(α,n)$^{16}$O followed by $^{14}$N(n,p)$^{14}$C) operating at the very beginning of He-burning is the most likely for $^{19}$F production in thermal pulses."

## Resources

* Chemicals/Actinides
* Chemicals/Aluminums
* Chemicals/Berylliums
* Chemicals/Heliums
* Chemicals/Hydrogens
* Chemicals/Leads
* Chemicals/Lithiums
* Chemicals/Materials
* Chemicals/Mineraloids
* Chemicals/Nickels
* Chemicals/Nitrogens
* Chemicals/Oxidanes
* Chemicals/Reactions
* Chemicals/Reactions/Oxidation numbers
* Chemicals/Rocks
* Chemicals/Thoriums
# Chemicals/Heliums/Quiz

Heliums is an effort, in a lecture format, to describe the chemicals called heliums (the varieties of the element helium).
You are free to take this quiz based on the lecture/article heliums at any time.
To improve your score, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{chemistry resources}} and {{geology resources}} templates. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.
As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.
Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.
To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* There is at least one chemical unique to Earth.
# Chemicals/Bromines

Bromine is the third-lightest halogen and is a volatile red-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates readily to form a similarly coloured vapour. Its properties are intermediate between those of chlorine and iodine.
At standard conditions for temperature and pressure it is a liquid; the only other element that is liquid under these conditions is mercury.

## Liquids

Bromine is a halogen that is a liquid at room temperature and pressure.

## Solids

Like solid chlorine and iodine, solid bromine crystallises in the orthorhombic crystal system, in a layered arrangement of Br2 molecules, where the Br–Br distance is 227 pm (close to the gaseous Br–Br distance of 228 pm) and the Br···Br distance between molecules is 331 pm within a layer and 399 pm between layers (compare the van der Waals radius of bromine, 195 pm); thus, bromine is a very poor conductor of electricity, with a conductivity of around 5 × 10$^{−13}$ Ω$^{−1}$ cm$^{−1}$ just below the melting point, although this is higher than the essentially undetectable conductivity of chlorine.
At a pressure of 55 GPa (roughly 540,000 times atmospheric pressure) bromine undergoes an insulator-to-metal transition. At 75 GPa it changes to a face-centered orthorhombic structure. At 100 GPa it changes to a body centered orthorhombic monatomic form.

## Alloys

AcOBr exists. Astatine bromide has the chemical formula AtBr.

## Compounds

The simplest compound of bromine is hydrogen bromide, HBr.
Aqueous hydrogen bromide is known as hydrobromic acid, which is a strong acid (pKa = −9) because the hydrogen bonds to bromine are too weak to inhibit dissociation. The HBr/H2O system also involves many hydrates HBr·nH2O for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6, which are essentially salts of bromine anions and hydronium cations. Hydrobromic acid forms an azeotrope with boiling point 124.3 °C at 47.63 g HBr per 100 g solution; thus hydrobromic acid cannot be concentrated beyond this point by distillation.

## Remedy

"Br and Pb were more evenly distributed over the various food groups; the group 'nuts' showed the highest content of Br (about 8 mg/kg), but for Pb such a dominant group could not be indicated."

## Resources

* Chemicals/Actinides
* Chemicals/Aluminums
* Chemicals/Berylliums
* Chemicals/Leads
* Chemicals/Lithiums
* Chemicals/Nickels
* Chemicals/Thoriums
# Chemicals/Chlorines

This phase diagram was taken from "Phase Diagrams of the Elements", David A. Young, UCRL-51902 "Prepared for the U.S. Energy Research & Development Administration under contract No. W-7405-Eng-48".

## Gases

Chlorine is a "toxic, green gaseous chemical element".

## Liquids

On the right is liquid chlorine (Cl$_2$) contained in a flask for analysis. Liquid chlorine is yellow in color.
Image on the left is an ampoule containing liquid chlorine. It has been liquefied under pressure at >7.4 bar, sealed in the quartz vial (ampoule), further sealed in an "acrylic glass" (i.e., Plexiglas, Lucite) cube, cube edge length: 5 cm.

## Cosmic rays

"Chlorine-36 is produced in rocks at the surface of the earth by cosmic-ray spallation, mainly of K and Ca, and by activation of $^{35}$Cl by cosmic-ray neutrons (PHILLIPS et al., 1986; FABRYKA-MARTIN, 1988). Cosmogenic $^{36}$Cl significantly above subsurface concentrations is produced only to depths of a few meters below the earth’s surface (FABRYKA-MARTIN, 1988; LAL, 1987), and its buildup has been shown to be a regular function of time (PHILLIPS et al., 1986). Zreda et al. (1990, 1991) have determined $^{36}$Cl production rates (normalized to sea level and 90” N latitude) of 4,160 ± 310 atoms $^{36}$Cl (mol K)$^{-1}$ yr$^{-1}$ and 3,050 ± 210 atoms $^{36}$Cl (mol Ca)$^{-1}$ yr$^{-1}$, and a thermal neutron capture rate of (3.07 ± 0.24)*10$^5$ neutrons (kg rock)$^{-1}$ yr$^{-1}$. Meteor Crater is an excellent subject for cosmogenic nuclide accumulation dating because we can identify and sample one geological unit (the Kaibab Formation) that was virtually completely shielded from cosmic rays by 10 m of Moenkopi Sandstone prior to the impact (RODDY, 1978). Boulders of Kaibab Formation were nearly instantaneously exposed to cosmic radiation when they were ejected from the crater by the impact. The date of the impact can be determined by measuring the amount of cosmogenic $^{36}$Cl that has accumulated, provided that the boulder surfaces are not strongly eroded. Erosion rates in the range of millimeters per thousand years will have little effect on cosmogenic $^{36}$Cl dates, but loss of slabs of decimeter or greater thickness would reduce the apparent age."
$^{36}$Cl "is created by high-energy cosmic-ray neutron reactions on potassium and calcium and low energy neutron reactions on stable chlorine."
"Chlorine-36 buildup dating has successfully been applied to glacial moraines in the eastern Sierra Nevada (California) and to lava flows and meteorite impact craters in the western United States."
Chlorine-36 nuclides are also measured to date surface rocks. This isotope may be produced by cosmic ray spallation of calcium or potassium.

## Resources

* Chemicals/Actinides
* Chemicals/Aluminums
* Chemicals/Berylliums
* Chemicals/Leads
* Chemicals/Lithiums
* Chemicals/Nickels
* Chemicals/Thoriums
# Chemicals/Hydrogens/Quiz

Hydrogens is an effort, in a lecture format, to describe the chemicals that are the element hydrogen.
You are free to take this quiz based on the lecture hydrogens at any time.
To improve your score, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{chemistry resources}} and {{geology resources}} templates. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.
As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.
Suggestion: Have the lecture available in a separate window.
To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.
Enjoy learning by doing!

## Hypotheses

* There is at least one chemical unique to Earth.
# English-Chinese/I don't like it

I don't like it, so I sent it back.
我不喜欢它，所以我寄回去了。
# English-Chinese/I have a meeting coming up with the Community Advisory Board

I have a meeting coming up with the Community Advisory Board.
我与社区顾问委员会召开会议。
# English-Chinese/I have not been there before

I have not been there before.
我 以前 没有 去过 那里。
# English-Chinese/I bought the book because I wanted to read it

I bought the book because I wanted to read it.
我 买了 这本 书 是 因为 我 想 读 它。
# English-Chinese/I can do whatever I want

I can do whatever I want, I don't need your consent.
我可以做任何我想做的事，我不需要你的同意。
# English-Chinese/I can see him across the street

I can see him across the street.
我可以看到他在街对面。
# English-Chinese/I gave my teacher an apple

I gave my teacher an apple.
我给了老师一个苹果。
# English-Chinese/I could see some grass where the snow had blown away

I could see some grass where the snow had blown away.
雪吹走了，我可以看到一些草。
# English-Chinese/I don't understand why rough men are very attractive to you

I don't understand why rough men are very attractive to you.
我不明白为什么粗旷的男人对你很有吸引力。
# English-Chinese/I feel a strong attraction to my husband

I feel a strong attraction to my husband.
我觉得我丈夫很有吸引力。
# Digital Media Concepts/Trinh Cong Son (Vietnamese songwriter)
## Trinh Cong Son

Trinh Cong Son was born on February 28, 1939, in Buôn Ma Thuột, Vietnam, and he passed away on April 1, 2001, in Saigon, Vietnam. He had written many anti-war songs and love songs during the Vietnam war. After the Reunification in 1975, he was sent to prison by the communist government. But, he was honored by the authority and many people sent their respects with floral tributes.

## Education

Trinh Cong Son attended elementary schools and studied at French high school in Hue. Unfortunately, his father, Trinh Xuan Thanh, who worked for the revolutionary movement, died in 1955 when he crashed his Vespa in Quang Tri. Between 1956-1957, Son studied at the School run by the Catholic diocese in Hue. After receiving his bachelor degree, Son moved to Saigon where he studied philosophy at Le Quy Don High School to avoid the draft.

## Career

Trinh Cong Son was a teacher in Hue for many years in the mid-1950. However, he decided to give up teaching and became a songwriter. Son's songs were performed by famous singers such as Khanh Ly and Hong Nhung. Lastly, he had been the author of more than 600 songs which were popular with Vietnamese youth.

## Noble work and award

In 2004, Son was a great influential songwriter of the anti-war movement and he was one of the sixth honored songwriters at the Second Annual World Peace Music Award concert in Hanoi. Especially, his peace song Lullaby was the best hit in Asia during 1969. At this time, Son was sick, but his sister, Trinh Vinh Trinh was at the United Nations in New York when the award was announced.

## Personal life

According to BBC news, Son's family successfully fled to America. After the war ended, some of Son's songs were banned in Vietnam. Son had owned a popular Cabaret in Saigon and he was a heavy drinker through his adult life. Unfortunately, Son was diagnosed with Diabetes mellitus and died in Sai Gon. Finally, Son had left his written composed songs to his sister, so that she would continue his career of writing songs.

## Legacy

Trinh Cong Son's songs have influenced other songwriters in Vietnam such as Hoang Thi Tho, Pham Duy, and Van Cao about the power of love and the patriotism of his own country. They believed that the beauty and the patriotism of Son's songs will create a better world. Furthermore, Son's songs has performed many times by an Italian saxophonist, Fulvio Albano. Finally, Son's songs have involved the beauty of the Vietnamese culture and the power of the Vietnamese language that influenced Fulvio.