# Motivation and emotion/Book/2023/Self-discrepancy theory and emotion

* Multimedia presentation (3 min)

## Overview

   "Self-discrepancy theory proposes that specific conflicting cognitive representations of the self result in “emotional vulnerabilities" (Higgins, 1987).
Self-discrepancy theory states that individuals compare their 'actual' self to their 'ideal' and 'ought' self. The discrepancies between 'actual', 'ideal' and 'ought' are associated with emotional discomfort.
Edward Tory Higgins developed the self-discrepancy theory in 1987. He sought to show that having an internal disagreement causes emotional and psychological turmoil.
* Focus Questions:
* What is the relationship between self-discrepancy theory and emotion
* How does self-discrepancy theory help us to understand emotion

## Domains of the self

The self-discrepancy theory suggests three basic domains of the self:

### The 'actual' self

* the actual self is your representation of the traits you believe yourself to actually possess
* it is/ can also be the traits that you believe others think you possess

### The 'ideal' self

* the ideal self is the idealised version of yourself created from your life experiences.
* usually motivates change, improvement and/or achievement
* presence or absence of positive outcomes

### The 'ought' self

* the ought self is the person you believe you should be or should become
* represents obligations and responsibilities
* it is the presence or absence of negative emotions
The 'ideal' and 'ought' selves act as guides by which the 'actual' self wants to be aligned
* Case Study:
* point 1
* point 2
* point 3

### Standpoints of the self

the two standpoints from which 'the self' is perceived.

#### own

individuals standpoint

#### other

standpoint of a significant other (friends, family, spouse)

## Additional domain of self

* In 1999 Charles Carver further developed the theory of self-discrepancy by adding the domain of the feared self
* The 'Feared' self being what one does not desire to be.

## Previous theories proving this concept

* something about how the theory developed and what came before it

#### Cognitive dissonance theory

* when two beliefs are inconsistent it causes the individual to experience negatively arousing cognitive conflict (dissonance)
* making the individuals want to change one of the beliefs to reduce it

#### the imbalance theory (Balance theory?)

* proposed by Fritz Heider
* cognitive consistency motive as a drive toward psychological balance
* urge to maintain values and beliefs overtime
Have you been paying attention?

## Applications

* Procrastination
* Emotions

## Cultural Considerations?

* look into cultural considerations
** is this theory consistent across cultures or amplified? or is this just the standpoints of the self?
* does this theory work for people who are neurodivergent?
** ties with procrastination, look at self-discrepancy theory and ADHD

## Conclusion

The theory of self-discrepancy becomes applicable when addressing some of the psychological problems, individuals face with undesired self image. Self discrepancy theory inadvertently provides a means to systematically lessen negative affect associated with self discrepancies by reducing the discrepancies between the self domains in conflict with one another